id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
236307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Silver | George Silver | George Silver (ca. 1550s–1620s) was a gentleman of England during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, who is known for his writings on swordplay. He is thought to have been the eldest of four brothers (one of whom, Toby, was also a swordsman who accompanied his brother in at least one challenge), and eleventh in descent from Sir Bartholomew Silver, who was knighted by Edward II. He married a woman named Mary Haydon in London, in 1580 (1579 in the old calendar then in use in England). Silver's activities after the publication of his book are unclear. The fencing historian Aylward claims that he was alive in 1622, when he was visited (a kind of audit of people claiming noble or gentlemanly status) by Cooke, Clarenceux King-of-Arms. However, Robert Cooke died in 1593. The Clarenceux King-of Arms in 1622 was William Camden, but as he became paralyzed in 1622 and died in 1623 it is doubtful whether he visited Silver either.
Fencing
As a gentleman, Silver was not a professional fencing teacher (a role mostly played by members of the fencing teachers' guild, the London-based Corporation of Maisters of the Noble Science of Defence), but he was familiar with the fencing schools of the time, and the systems of defence that they taught, and claimed to have achieved a perfect understanding of the use of all weapons. Silver championed the native English martial arts while objecting on ethical and technical grounds to the fashionable continental rapier systems being taught at the time. He particularly disliked the immigrant Italian fencing masters Rocco Bonetti and Vincentio Saviolo, going so far as to challenge the latter to a public fencing match with various weapons atop a scaffold. Silver and his brother Toby had handbills posted all around Saviolo's fencing school and had one hand delivered to him on the day but Saviolo failed to appear.
His major objections to the rapier itself and to its pedagogy were expressed in his 1599 work, Paradoxes of Defence. Silver saw the rapier as an incredibly dangerous weapon, which did not offer the user sufficient protection during a fight. Silver also bemoans other weapons that do not offer sufficient protection to the user (such as daggers); the rapier, however bears the brunt of his attention, as it was seemingly quite common in the day. Despite his dislike of the weapon, Silver did claim some familiarity with the rapier, listing it first in the weapons he proposed to use in his challenge to Saviolo.
He later wrote his Bref Instructions on my Paradoxes of Defence in which he explained some of his method for using his preferred weapons (he recommends the shorter backsword as being more versatile and offering better defence than the rapier). The manuscript is undated but refers to the "nation of Great Britain" and so must have been written after James I's introduction of that term in late 1604. Bref Instructions, however, remained an unpublished manuscript until its publication in 1898 by fencing historian Captain Cyril G. R. Matthey as a training manual to aid soldiers fighting in the Boer War.
Silver recommends a highly dynamic system which he deemed suitable for duelling, street defence and the battlefield, rather than the purely duelling orientation of the rapier.
A major difference between Silver's system and Italian rapier fencing lies in his not advocating the use of the lunge but rather the use of a gathering step, the normal fencing step in which the feet do not pass, or a full passing step in which they do, to come into range to strike the opponent, followed by instantly "flying out" again. He does not mention specific instructions for the placing of the feet relative to each other or regarding what angle from each other they are placed at. One image in his Paradoxes of Defence shows a man measuring the length of his sword standing with his back foot out at a 90-degree angle from his imagined opponent.
One point of similarity with Italian rapier fencing is that Silver advocates the use of the thrust together with the cut; he claims that in the English tradition thrusts were forbidden at sword, while cuts were forbidden with rapiers. He deems this prohibition of thrusting an "evill order or custome" and believes that "there is no fight perfect without both blow and thrust".
See also
Alfred Hutton
Historical European martial arts
Additional Resources
di Grassi, Giacomo; Saviolo, Vincentio; Silver, George. Three Elizabethan Fencing Manuals. Ed. James Louis Jackson. Scholars Facsimiles & Reprint, 1972.
Silver, George. The Works of George Silver. Ed. Cyril G. R. Matthey. London: George Bell and Sons, 1898.
Wagner, Paul. Master of Defence: The Works of George Silver. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008.
Hand, Stephen. English Swordsmanship: The True Fight of George Silver, Vol. 1: Single Sword. Highland Village, TX Chivalry Bookshelf,2006.
References
External links
Facsimiles of Paradoxes of Defence
Paradoxes of Defence -(transcription into modern spelling)
Brief Instructions Upon My Paradoxes of Defence -(transcription into modern spelling)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-ZN8wWITHw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG0tGQL43Ec
Schools that teach Silver's swordsmanship
https://www.terrybrownenglishmartialarts.com/
http://englishmartialarts.bmaba.com/
https://www.aaoema.com/classes
http://www.backswording.co.uk/
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Aisle-OVar-Backswording-Clubbe/102137246515295
https://stoccata.org/
British male fencers
Historical fencing
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
1560s births
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century deaths | [
-0.16632606089115143,
0.8697376847267151,
-0.7694159746170044,
-0.14333312213420868,
-0.2212160974740982,
0.43608856201171875,
0.46597006916999817,
0.2998063862323761,
-0.40752169489860535,
-0.17891710996627808,
0.09269699454307556,
-0.3438760042190552,
0.19164788722991943,
0.8822731375694275,
-0.016654491424560547,
0.3061377704143524,
-0.17712631821632385,
1.055378794670105,
0.19610512256622314,
-0.4102713167667389,
-0.12787023186683655,
-0.09741687029600143,
0.025287684053182602,
-0.5388278365135193,
-0.6292283535003662,
-0.1953965276479721,
0.22459827363491058,
-0.4164424240589142,
0.021259870380163193,
-0.1502816528081894,
-0.29097238183021545,
0.6399712562561035,
-0.16052982211112976,
-0.2667946517467499,
0.18689322471618652,
-0.10286079347133636,
0.20576514303684235,
-0.23264800012111664,
0.3112488090991974,
-0.1888263076543808,
0.3367311358451843,
0.15479108691215515,
0.7971172332763672,
0.21488073468208313,
0.2506117522716522,
-0.09095552563667297,
-2.2176501750946045,
-0.30014118552207947,
-0.6865068078041077,
-0.07864642888307571,
0.2157870978116989,
0.05772395059466362,
0.6265490651130676,
0.40998712182044983,
-0.13854797184467316,
0.7683359384536743,
-0.5702921152114868,
0.636150062084198,
0.5890240669250488,
0.21967877447605133,
0.009847643785178661,
-0.21105006337165833,
-0.0702817291021347,
0.06298656761646271,
0.3224219083786011,
0.3553454279899597,
-0.19319544732570648,
0.8610537052154541,
-0.00881020724773407,
0.27129846811294556,
-0.2284928560256958,
-0.19502712786197662,
0.6732407212257385,
0.2730464041233063,
-0.3099660277366638,
0.07038045674562454,
0.10987549275159836,
0.09773977845907211,
0.11485258489847183,
-0.13771389424800873,
-0.09560541063547134,
0.0028853651601821184,
0.3760760724544525,
0.0846635028719902,
0.4995398223400116,
0.18217140436172485,
-0.31571993231773376,
-0.5304235219955444,
0.20481163263320923,
0.6696531176567078,
-0.6251652240753174,
0.009067539125680923,
0.19219493865966797,
0.546046793460846,
-0.21253588795661926,
-0.34124094247817993,
-0.18515385687351227,
0.41080668568611145,
0.2623107135295868,
0.21656189858913422,
-0.21322250366210938,
0.16159957647323608,
0.2350756675004959,
-0.15208475291728973,
-0.387964129447937,
-0.04924372211098671,
-0.36277487874031067,
0.13707920908927917,
0.38116392493247986,
-2.306692123413086,
0.08020953834056854,
0.14822882413864136,
-0.5224443674087524,
0.09137335419654846,
0.029389945790171623,
0.6849049925804138,
0.7318992018699646,
-0.3357442021369934,
-0.3897712826728821,
0.31617501378059387,
-0.015339401550590992,
1.020543098449707,
-0.596129298210144,
-0.06836744397878647,
-0.31002238392829895,
0.6022608280181885,
0.42090246081352234,
0.12768025696277618,
0.23723922669887543,
0.24209299683570862,
-0.02678978629410267,
0.6694084405899048,
-0.33794888854026794,
-0.7340387105941772,
-0.4128057360649109,
-0.1889084130525589,
0.539153516292572,
0.5046840906143188,
-0.3085940480232239,
0.0429486446082592,
-0.3635238707065582,
-0.2574589252471924,
-2.7222630977630615,
-0.03725052997469902,
1.1037869453430176,
0.5806960463523865,
0.03539202734827995,
0.002242503920570016,
0.2796410322189331,
0.24343989789485931,
0.2818363904953003,
-0.29188966751098633,
0.4151832163333893,
0.6862130165100098,
-0.3107956349849701,
0.17348545789718628,
0.24025385081768036,
-0.48825323581695557,
0.8825767040252686,
0.4529818296432495,
-0.001051030121743679,
0.005716521758586168,
0.05678005889058113,
0.059305589646101,
-0.20642372965812683,
0.18109652400016785,
0.10676853358745575,
-0.17342346906661987,
-0.20158812403678894,
0.3170485198497772,
-0.654182493686676,
0.09646815806627274,
-0.2860146760940552,
-0.4629732072353363,
0.2632007896900177,
-0.11299990862607956,
0.1977609544992447,
0.5284676551818848,
0.1358286589384079,
-0.5626382231712341,
-0.14700788259506226,
-0.24583391845226288,
0.07976516336202621,
-0.10274411737918854,
0.3439856767654419,
-0.03542710095643997,
0.6028231978416443,
0.06953734159469604,
0.2153903990983963,
0.033245999366045,
0.01048105675727129,
-0.19249236583709717,
0.2564008831977844,
-0.017884766682982445,
0.6979109048843384,
0.28112316131591797,
-0.48515111207962036,
-0.18072257936000824,
0.46746325492858887,
0.6641722321510315,
-0.23310574889183044,
-0.19852395355701447,
0.01080506481230259,
-0.10230255126953125,
-0.36980384588241577,
2.9446828365325928,
0.5788556337356567,
-0.3576216697692871,
0.5004748702049255,
0.44142359495162964,
0.8069427013397217,
-0.6158676743507385,
-0.10583076626062393,
-0.047143030911684036,
-0.10883988440036774,
-0.3521469533443451,
0.30123886466026306,
-0.235199972987175,
-0.1860225349664688,
-0.619266152381897,
0.20389993488788605,
0.24493488669395447,
-0.010214353911578655,
0.3687501847743988,
-0.05610879883170128,
1.0719456672668457,
-0.17166230082511902,
0.07655148953199387,
-0.22760018706321716,
-0.5257852077484131,
0.15046820044517517,
0.04051483795046806,
-0.4215674102306366,
-0.33032307028770447,
-0.45129257440567017,
0.3712266981601715,
0.18078084290027618,
-0.7629277110099792,
0.08360297977924347,
0.10730770975351334,
0.44970089197158813,
0.03587179258465767,
-0.2355543076992035,
0.17185457050800323,
-0.39763325452804565,
0.5883618593215942,
-0.034242138266563416,
0.15142598748207092,
0.045242466032505035,
-0.26112815737724304,
0.5101100206375122,
0.08561877906322479,
0.1895199418067932,
-0.4715481400489807,
-0.25009268522262573,
-0.11462040990591049,
-0.34582242369651794,
-0.6710608601570129,
-0.22447451949119568,
-0.43538495898246765,
-0.24432694911956787,
0.23061659932136536,
0.0706847682595253,
-0.147328719496727,
-0.05689472332596779,
-0.8070854544639587,
-0.2947629392147064,
-0.5126262307167053,
0.008376237004995346,
-0.16924427449703217,
0.22069518268108368,
-0.21776045858860016,
-0.3334546387195587,
-3.4916505813598633,
0.5648746490478516,
0.8031371831893921,
-0.3903570771217346,
0.34178903698921204,
-0.752578616142273,
-0.008046875707805157,
0.5160044431686401,
0.6528773307800293,
-0.2435612976551056,
0.24246330559253693,
-0.3717872202396393,
0.3830035924911499,
0.0633448138833046,
-0.020547006279230118,
0.045065052807331085,
-0.19961050152778625,
0.32626962661743164,
-0.26713642477989197,
-0.13876940310001373,
0.48046424984931946,
-0.16507740318775177,
0.2642621695995331,
-0.22662082314491272,
-0.2010895311832428,
0.0859026312828064,
-0.2948073446750641,
-0.26473289728164673,
-0.024558382108807564,
-0.5184878706932068,
-0.1600642055273056,
0.14331825077533722,
-0.010949165560305119,
-0.006032891105860472,
-0.5336866974830627,
-3.2134547233581543,
-0.10645804554224014,
-0.27703025937080383,
-0.1813838630914688,
0.13865169882774353,
-0.5059430599212646,
0.6736786961555481,
-0.28286224603652954,
-0.1251879632472992,
0.11535563319921494,
-0.004899269435554743,
-0.19156505167484283,
-0.0700448527932167,
0.6386745572090149,
0.8470610976219177,
0.7315705418586731,
0.8151498436927795,
0.1794741451740265,
0.21304886043071747,
-0.3897804617881775,
-0.18349631130695343,
0.32726147770881653,
-0.2909753620624542,
0.14210844039916992,
0.516555905342102,
0.7143039703369141,
-0.09732083976268768,
0.25602641701698303,
-0.6000117659568787,
0.3325662314891815,
-0.16213123500347137,
0.03259796276688576,
-0.2879185676574707,
-0.6880801320075989,
-0.5087621808052063,
0.10823740065097809,
0.7321189045906067,
0.8983545303344727,
0.27665597200393677,
-0.1634306162595749,
-0.06673366576433182,
0.49288421869277954,
-0.3154497444629669,
0.51297926902771,
0.3285815119743347,
0.23635727167129517,
-0.9030863642692566,
-0.34816664457321167,
-0.31226861476898193,
0.06054096296429634,
-0.010325928218662739,
-0.2957528829574585,
1.4245740175247192,
0.41298216581344604,
0.0958324745297432,
-0.3717063367366791,
0.6447704434394836,
-0.14418160915374756,
-0.39404192566871643,
0.2063402533531189,
0.7880836725234985,
0.0441746711730957,
0.6600416898727417,
0.08048585802316666,
0.13614578545093536,
-0.4910218417644501,
0.2015714794397354,
-0.20760855078697205,
-0.17541149258613586,
0.20415732264518738,
-0.08145710825920105,
0.4806181788444519,
0.11839248239994049,
-0.7768794298171997,
0.25400859117507935,
-0.16950246691703796,
-0.11121153831481934,
0.5033904910087585,
0.024459950625896454,
0.23792162537574768,
0.03694780170917511,
0.19139719009399414,
-0.5295388102531433,
0.9494920372962952,
-0.005820729769766331,
0.03311849385499954,
-0.13327360153198242,
0.39719510078430176,
-0.6818668246269226,
-0.3589777946472168,
-0.5661524534225464,
0.3726341724395752,
-0.049714598804712296,
0.5846372842788696,
-0.19827967882156372,
-0.08799570053815842,
0.9018387794494629,
-0.7055560350418091,
0.22582225501537323,
-0.5730758905410767,
-0.2007034718990326,
-0.4008379578590393,
-0.42630884051322937,
-0.48610734939575195,
-0.48033344745635986,
-0.20795731246471405,
0.0326862633228302,
0.025473009794950485,
-0.009834167547523975,
0.02135794423520565,
-0.17195259034633636,
0.1392141729593277,
-0.41703155636787415,
-0.054491836577653885,
1.2414056062698364,
0.03265051916241646,
-0.1446784883737564,
0.3845027983188629,
0.34391745924949646,
0.447824090719223,
0.2399395853281021,
0.49614018201828003,
0.41879281401634216,
-0.15928220748901367,
-0.09091770648956299,
-0.12138333171606064,
0.3062630891799927,
-0.4202268421649933,
-0.6877551674842834,
0.021360846236348152,
-0.09864115715026855,
0.39344850182533264,
-0.15158429741859436,
-0.45318278670310974,
-0.5588027834892273,
-0.0985679104924202,
-0.47563159465789795,
0.13356466591358185,
0.40938952565193176,
-0.47060084342956543,
0.16916005313396454,
0.10190781205892563,
-0.7673284411430359,
0.7993554472923279,
-0.1557062864303589,
0.5599040389060974,
0.19986844062805176,
-0.18898214399814606,
-0.620760977268219,
0.16927818953990936,
-0.18067730963230133,
-0.8240746259689331,
0.4399808347225189,
-0.693550705909729,
0.055212851613759995,
-0.20281654596328735,
-0.3145875036716461,
-0.18566201627254486,
0.07422756403684616,
0.12276984751224518,
-0.29562056064605713,
0.36564576625823975,
-1.0588243007659912,
0.6863073706626892,
0.26187604665756226,
-1.0681123733520508,
0.1370364874601364,
-0.12276002019643784,
-0.41317838430404663,
0.6286885738372803,
-0.05318157747387886,
-0.010331135243177414,
-0.20950084924697876,
-0.3616408109664917,
0.3891269862651825,
0.13704223930835724,
0.017085418105125427,
0.08065570145845413,
0.2502777874469757,
-0.26099893450737,
-0.05623678117990494,
0.10452960431575775,
-0.45773249864578247,
0.19507820904254913,
0.19051070511341095,
-0.36196330189704895,
-0.5116235017776489,
-0.14642146229743958,
-0.2819872796535492,
0.596105694770813,
-0.45060575008392334,
0.06659652292728424,
0.8025026321411133,
0.09945660829544067,
-0.6998298764228821,
-0.32062196731567383,
0.4310954213142395,
0.03339574486017227,
0.060213178396224976,
-0.771216094493866,
0.5254774689674377,
0.35825249552726746,
-0.24717071652412415,
0.26225683093070984,
0.17182834446430206,
-0.8343306183815002,
0.04800461605191231,
0.5966395139694214,
-0.6895986199378967,
0.7671154141426086,
0.31576308608055115,
-0.6314225792884827,
-0.005862332880496979,
0.06895282119512558,
-0.04378076642751694,
-0.08168505877256393,
0.3954547941684723,
0.18227259814739227,
-0.20622193813323975,
-0.6508064866065979,
0.2967129051685333,
-0.18124760687351227,
-0.5200979709625244,
-0.5076108574867249,
-0.587853193283081,
0.35735416412353516,
0.08443710207939148,
-0.6067464351654053,
0.007935340516269207,
-0.4641868770122528,
-0.3693733215332031,
0.0930081382393837,
0.11003421247005463,
0.2024662345647812,
0.22322338819503784,
0.2940469980239868,
-0.3455160856246948,
0.24648939073085785,
-0.05729028210043907,
-0.0024700346402823925,
-0.08572858572006226,
0.6960397958755493,
0.2925567030906677,
-0.27188053727149963,
-0.5271621346473694,
0.17743347585201263,
0.24487857520580292,
-0.0565054826438427,
-0.44147399067878723,
0.16367512941360474,
0.292313814163208,
-0.7085043787956238,
-0.4499557316303253,
-0.26467159390449524,
0.9499937891960144,
-0.07176768779754639,
0.28940877318382263,
0.6091518998146057,
0.11037183552980423,
-0.06707543879747391,
0.05114779993891716,
0.30447790026664734,
-0.19145971536636353,
0.46549415588378906,
-0.3911677896976471,
0.6799510717391968,
0.3538613021373749,
0.36688631772994995,
0.41075095534324646,
-0.39251509308815,
0.06332110613584518,
-0.3737430274486542,
-0.18766221404075623,
0.48048317432403564,
-0.2138684242963791,
-0.3670580983161926,
0.019963692873716354,
-0.744715690612793,
-0.2881908416748047,
-0.3116842210292816,
1.4411414861679077,
0.3151356875896454,
0.5270536541938782,
-0.1117214784026146,
0.12875808775424957,
-0.3667018413543701,
-0.5701795220375061,
0.03682176396250725,
-0.4599887728691101,
-0.013764702714979649,
-0.0842018872499466,
-0.27992162108421326,
-0.04057011753320694,
0.26424530148506165,
-0.1340925395488739,
0.3491467833518982,
-0.8325937986373901,
-0.40263301134109497,
-0.2707025408744812,
0.06947560608386993,
-0.976416289806366,
0.9476950168609619,
0.012462588027119637,
0.4663330614566803,
0.5541268587112427,
0.23737271130084991,
0.021020643413066864,
-0.7037709355354309,
-0.05365850031375885,
0.011777878738939762,
0.07043898850679398,
0.04273448884487152,
0.3033139109611511,
0.47859248518943787,
-0.030252007767558098,
0.1357848048210144,
0.14193908870220184,
-0.5719266533851624,
-0.1393076330423355,
0.2747049033641815,
-0.10719873756170273,
-0.3454482853412628,
0.8573718070983887,
-0.0074137477204203606,
0.19113506376743317,
0.5413000583648682,
-0.6784628629684448,
-0.06674253195524216,
0.7190923690795898,
-0.33074283599853516,
0.09596951305866241,
-0.45150065422058105,
-1.1015645265579224,
0.5031339526176453,
-0.24240738153457642,
0.16356945037841797,
0.022928984835743904,
0.10223180055618286,
-0.18960416316986084,
0.2323528677225113,
-0.013467548415064812,
0.05490875989198685,
-0.016442397609353065,
-0.04354824498295784,
0.18700475990772247,
-0.32528790831565857,
-0.5610248446464539,
-0.008595487102866173,
0.1273425817489624,
-0.04305167496204376,
0.38430508971214294,
0.2780144214630127,
0.24466359615325928,
-0.2984617352485657,
0.2057858556509018,
-0.48763197660446167,
0.16551059484481812,
-0.22598770260810852,
0.02705516666173935,
-2.6119112968444824,
0.1887722909450531,
-0.3778819143772125,
0.5133384466171265,
0.017892709001898766,
-0.14017774164676666,
-0.6638922095298767,
0.06237853690981865,
-0.2845710813999176,
-0.34235063195228577,
0.6446514129638672,
0.45103323459625244,
0.17530538141727448,
0.3035534918308258,
0.6808974146842957,
0.5596879124641418,
0.14638085663318634,
0.367983877658844,
-0.304161936044693,
0.10417639464139938,
-0.14744549989700317,
-0.14497895538806915,
-0.18632182478904724,
-0.03826310485601425,
-0.2843821048736572,
0.30809924006462097,
-0.27193698287010193,
-0.15061645209789276,
0.434317409992218,
0.2555202841758728,
-0.29457974433898926,
0.575463593006134,
0.15838760137557983,
0.1877916157245636,
0.41287344694137573,
-0.5516668558120728,
-0.08233069628477097,
-0.6330671906471252,
0.09520140290260315,
-0.2122366577386856,
-0.30180492997169495,
-0.014459834434092045,
0.21697910130023956,
0.22735556960105896,
0.14107923209667206,
0.07558346539735794,
0.07737089693546295,
-0.8285255432128906,
0.2848900854587555,
-0.277898907661438,
0.542313814163208,
-0.5028542280197144,
-0.18348464369773865,
-0.33909469842910767,
0.42179378867149353,
0.06524746119976044,
0.08768787980079651,
0.20602823793888092,
-0.38781270384788513,
-0.21709413826465607,
0.22446689009666443,
0.08453723043203354,
-0.08929917216300964,
0.4062167704105377,
0.14656057953834534,
-0.33155447244644165,
-0.5012852549552917,
0.0580543577671051,
-0.052041344344615936,
0.1510685384273529,
-0.056090936064720154,
-0.08270219713449478,
0.27472344040870667,
-0.23376032710075378,
-0.2193976491689682,
-0.39913326501846313,
0.214626744389534,
0.34644657373428345,
1.001389503479004,
0.4181976020336151,
0.06314944475889206,
-0.37731775641441345,
-0.5259274840354919,
0.31919020414352417,
0.16908183693885803,
-6.616820335388184,
-0.35537052154541016,
0.07900679856538773,
-0.7813646197319031,
0.6241906881332397,
0.30302488803863525,
-0.26895174384117126,
-0.12923023104667664,
0.004350010305643082,
0.37478747963905334,
0.36371853947639465,
0.36052271723747253,
0.10096517205238342,
-0.9427480101585388,
0.3664301037788391,
0.3459906280040741
] |
236309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Duffy | James Duffy | James Duffy may refer to:
Sportsmen
James E. Duffy (American football) (1867–1953), American football player and lawyer
Jimmy Duffy (1890–1915), winner of the 1914 Boston Marathon
Jim Duffy (rugby league) (active 1915–1920), rugby league footballer
James F. Duffy (1892–1961), American football coach
Jim Duffy (umpire) (1920–2003), American baseball umpire
Jim Duffy (footballer) (born 1959), former manager of Greenock Morton F.C. and Hibernian F.C.
Jim Duffy (baseball coach) (born 1974), American college baseball coach
Jamie Duffy (born 1983), Irish footballer in 2007 FAI Cup, 2008 Dundalk F.C. season and 2008 Dundalk F.C. season
James Duffy (cricketer), English cricketer in MCC University matches in 2005
Others
James E. Duffy Jr. (born 1942), retired associate justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court
James Duffy (Irish publisher) (1809–1871), Irish publisher of Nationalist and Roman Catholic books, bibles and religious texts
James Duffy (VC) (1889–1969), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
James Duffy, a character in the short story "A Painful Case" (part of the book Dubliners) by James Joyce
James Albert Duffy (died 1968), first bishop for the Diocese of Grand Island
James P.B. Duffy (1878–1969), former U.S. Congressman from New York
Jim Duffy (journalist) (born 1966), Irish historian and political commentator
Jim Duffy (animator) (1937–2012), American animator
Jim Duffey (born 1950), former Virginia Secretary of Technology | [
-0.02446756139397621,
0.8776715397834778,
-1.0099976062774658,
-0.8606419563293457,
-0.060381606221199036,
0.3834720253944397,
0.6486081480979919,
0.7637326717376709,
-0.8560025095939636,
-0.2697315216064453,
-0.16219057142734528,
0.03622238337993622,
-0.4223669767379761,
0.2770873010158539,
0.11893432587385178,
0.46241411566734314,
0.257222056388855,
0.9964839816093445,
0.20778536796569824,
-0.7151681780815125,
-0.1330399513244629,
0.24603959918022156,
-0.03308066725730896,
-0.3024815618991852,
0.05281892046332359,
0.0020464358385652304,
0.056715864688158035,
-0.34890350699424744,
-0.5596073865890503,
0.021019138395786285,
0.12537801265716553,
0.5749357342720032,
0.5619454383850098,
-0.1510503888130188,
0.14548537135124207,
-0.04693050682544708,
0.38931435346603394,
-0.4361196458339691,
-0.20494793355464935,
0.4596135914325714,
-0.24265126883983612,
-0.20124925673007965,
0.3133835792541504,
0.11593431234359741,
0.30636081099510193,
-0.007049030624330044,
-1.9199244976043701,
-0.19951313734054565,
-0.6671604514122009,
0.30656883120536804,
0.09927618503570557,
-0.18882903456687927,
0.4697455167770386,
0.4267154335975647,
-0.14182202517986298,
0.5933524370193481,
-0.5824568271636963,
0.11033035069704056,
0.8172103762626648,
-0.2413998395204544,
0.48464101552963257,
0.6730091571807861,
-0.17936965823173523,
0.14577201008796692,
0.19420446455478668,
0.44374921917915344,
0.0946839302778244,
0.4751361310482025,
-0.23547206819057465,
0.22416777908802032,
0.4106810688972473,
0.3516084551811218,
0.27718502283096313,
0.04411351680755615,
-0.027845041826367378,
-0.5175360441207886,
0.04199032858014107,
-0.17090508341789246,
-0.11637404561042786,
-0.5543885827064514,
0.41949328780174255,
-0.2366272509098053,
0.5307241082191467,
1.224351167678833,
0.3452112376689911,
0.40055546164512634,
-0.7334249019622803,
-0.5127493739128113,
0.22958967089653015,
0.31361883878707886,
-0.7742390632629395,
-0.025418106466531754,
-0.14184635877609253,
0.11336279660463333,
-0.21393431723117828,
0.5459348559379578,
-0.19972722232341766,
0.0611162930727005,
0.21266727149486542,
-0.06883039325475693,
-0.1640683263540268,
-0.052956901490688324,
0.24159395694732666,
-0.10026860237121582,
-0.22180338203907013,
0.10209501534700394,
-0.30015766620635986,
-0.48424479365348816,
0.6040562391281128,
-1.3409653902053833,
-0.7706841230392456,
0.05826772004365921,
-0.11046656221151352,
0.28124645352363586,
0.5702431797981262,
0.16564130783081055,
0.5184468030929565,
-0.025908375158905983,
-0.7726409435272217,
0.4268347918987274,
-0.1129220649600029,
0.6811477541923523,
-0.5685227513313293,
0.3571927845478058,
-0.6030314564704895,
0.19349902868270874,
0.41009998321533203,
0.14164398610591888,
0.5946289896965027,
0.3323732614517212,
-0.03093337081372738,
0.8444498777389526,
-0.8998434543609619,
-0.4643974304199219,
-0.3922263979911804,
-0.019693709909915924,
0.5971489548683167,
0.06732568144798279,
-0.12221772968769073,
0.31729063391685486,
-0.3909061551094055,
0.14695069193840027,
-1.3968316316604614,
-0.16264843940734863,
0.1936991959810257,
0.4153488576412201,
-0.29077714681625366,
0.15620125830173492,
0.5136479139328003,
0.043174512684345245,
-0.05218096449971199,
-0.44279855489730835,
0.520062267780304,
0.3679158091545105,
-0.5297580361366272,
0.9179173707962036,
0.022428348660469055,
0.11262155324220657,
0.4089809060096741,
0.11141621321439743,
0.14712026715278625,
0.20615679025650024,
-0.09856856614351273,
0.09370219707489014,
0.11089644581079483,
0.844262421131134,
0.22290529310703278,
-0.02707461640238762,
0.1332768201828003,
-0.2630484402179718,
-0.25019925832748413,
0.0334274061024189,
0.1507399082183838,
-0.8642522692680359,
-0.33541223406791687,
0.35968518257141113,
0.7729954719543457,
0.5986403822898865,
-0.03276599943637848,
-0.9840865731239319,
-0.6358673572540283,
-0.30712416768074036,
0.0003073857515119016,
-0.43636658787727356,
0.32653382420539856,
0.1420055776834488,
0.5481739640235901,
-0.38747134804725647,
0.17026720941066742,
0.31548571586608887,
-0.24816171824932098,
-0.4068344533443451,
0.312249094247818,
-0.9811452031135559,
0.8838064074516296,
0.04125063866376877,
-0.09905698150396347,
0.20309816300868988,
-0.20275019109249115,
1.4904778003692627,
-0.23076729476451874,
0.09718988835811615,
0.0970783457159996,
-0.10240741074085236,
-0.47328177094459534,
1.9798386096954346,
0.6671889424324036,
0.3327762186527252,
0.6972615122795105,
0.9135405421257019,
1.0090067386627197,
-0.25021639466285706,
0.25924429297447205,
0.03537670895457268,
-0.4290507733821869,
-0.012062436901032925,
0.27885037660598755,
-0.47595882415771484,
-0.22902081906795502,
-0.14831861853599548,
0.263041615486145,
-0.0009130191756412387,
0.3888634145259857,
0.976385235786438,
0.8548457622528076,
1.1163969039916992,
0.4465867280960083,
-0.3505098521709442,
-0.2840443253517151,
-0.9951013922691345,
-0.1688460260629654,
-0.28972840309143066,
-0.15821029245853424,
-0.12583211064338684,
0.08692105114459991,
-0.4846506416797638,
0.6315088272094727,
-0.4370800256729126,
-0.4412327706813812,
-0.29322996735572815,
0.5547683238983154,
0.02592645399272442,
-0.5020849108695984,
0.2197563350200653,
-0.330612450838089,
0.3375484347343445,
-0.20414794981479645,
0.5412663817405701,
-0.16377422213554382,
-0.2595936954021454,
0.6918399333953857,
0.19202347099781036,
0.8787091374397278,
-0.38244906067848206,
0.07215526700019836,
0.18196243047714233,
0.07813579589128494,
-0.014762993901968002,
-0.3921840786933899,
0.14508767426013947,
0.01729646511375904,
0.019709225744009018,
0.4289702773094177,
0.2570069432258606,
-0.5983424782752991,
-0.6055927276611328,
-0.06914792954921722,
-0.35975953936576843,
0.2640579044818878,
0.1632068008184433,
0.41628965735435486,
-0.2947610318660736,
-0.609845757484436,
-1.811201572418213,
-0.11607781052589417,
0.5509240031242371,
-0.44867685437202454,
0.19967179000377655,
-0.7899942398071289,
-0.27193447947502136,
0.2083497941493988,
0.8556013107299805,
-0.1287722885608673,
0.1716337949037552,
-0.5053200721740723,
0.6553281545639038,
-0.3656172454357147,
-0.15406456589698792,
-0.15774895250797272,
-0.19803668558597565,
0.18736585974693298,
-0.40900883078575134,
-0.3657817542552948,
0.022354235872626305,
0.28542929887771606,
0.035942442715168,
0.42985478043556213,
-0.42640089988708496,
0.1050887256860733,
-0.29340556263923645,
-0.3065915107727051,
0.11918612569570541,
-0.34027689695358276,
0.2653195559978485,
0.5295490622520447,
-0.10347083956003189,
0.01920522004365921,
-0.04531889408826828,
-4.710182189941406,
0.31810805201530457,
0.08643084019422531,
-0.0926085039973259,
0.13247792422771454,
-0.6079176068305969,
0.8124249577522278,
-0.5020768642425537,
-0.08954604715108871,
-0.2890390455722809,
-0.5823413729667664,
0.14088916778564453,
0.2607991397380829,
0.6297778487205505,
0.7868047952651978,
0.2393251210451126,
0.6944898366928101,
-0.12683962285518646,
0.4421042203903198,
0.1464458703994751,
-0.12229366600513458,
0.1956668496131897,
-0.2963487207889557,
0.09925594925880432,
0.22945570945739746,
0.34180691838264465,
0.013200325891375542,
-0.09805313497781754,
-0.6978052854537964,
-0.29961538314819336,
-0.0887373685836792,
0.445343017578125,
-0.1959526538848877,
-0.5577456951141357,
-0.5360276699066162,
-0.3052397668361664,
0.5217670798301697,
0.4328320324420929,
0.7706178426742554,
-0.6129091382026672,
0.142022043466568,
0.32613641023635864,
-0.11082743108272552,
-0.1402251422405243,
0.16458949446678162,
-0.37197867035865784,
-1.1182961463928223,
0.17652076482772827,
-0.6843135952949524,
0.6935005187988281,
-0.09635698795318604,
-0.013053173199295998,
0.8358527421951294,
0.3974876403808594,
0.4125675857067108,
-0.49066242575645447,
0.504584550857544,
-0.5366471409797668,
-0.3804761469364166,
0.4416104257106781,
0.5719684362411499,
-0.48453211784362793,
0.1973087340593338,
-0.8804024457931519,
-0.45463332533836365,
-0.543091356754303,
0.022123446688055992,
-0.31140264868736267,
-0.13275423645973206,
-0.20902274549007416,
-0.06420709192752838,
0.3252275884151459,
0.13688181340694427,
-1.4792729616165161,
-0.09289572387933731,
0.20928876101970673,
-0.2292974442243576,
0.5224810242652893,
-0.04809080809354782,
-0.4050768315792084,
-0.10386726260185242,
-0.3858814537525177,
-1.0017629861831665,
1.2151910066604614,
0.29084455966949463,
0.37501204013824463,
-0.3136265277862549,
0.33333417773246765,
-0.8422713875770569,
-0.7526612281799316,
0.4357905387878418,
0.4739662706851959,
-0.011695885099470615,
0.4434850215911865,
0.03838961943984032,
0.3037758469581604,
0.32532641291618347,
-0.6162394881248474,
0.23834271728992462,
-0.5190300345420837,
-0.08939584344625473,
-0.41771963238716125,
0.182251438498497,
-0.37907645106315613,
-0.19058223068714142,
-0.3401276171207428,
-0.595180332660675,
0.01717451401054859,
-0.0417504608631134,
0.15566381812095642,
0.02381804771721363,
-0.4303824007511139,
-0.37997084856033325,
0.013654922135174274,
0.24775826930999756,
-0.2834246754646301,
-0.2961919903755188,
-0.2070074826478958,
0.7251639366149902,
0.12081702798604965,
0.25677040219306946,
0.42248591780662537,
-0.1411736011505127,
-0.24489499628543854,
-0.42046865820884705,
-0.3997724652290344,
0.8252043724060059,
-0.34369537234306335,
-0.07249689102172852,
-0.2807757258415222,
0.012071719393134117,
0.4042922854423523,
0.08774465322494507,
-0.39652273058891296,
-0.23409481346607208,
0.2722875773906708,
-0.756574809551239,
-0.22842712700366974,
0.294808566570282,
-0.32893994450569153,
0.42893508076667786,
-0.5867303013801575,
-0.05279248207807541,
-0.10984060168266296,
-0.034232378005981445,
0.5207886695861816,
-0.33192893862724304,
-0.11224676668643951,
-0.6750579476356506,
0.43605905771255493,
-0.5273869037628174,
-0.851590633392334,
0.4420589506626129,
-0.8619124889373779,
-0.18633820116519928,
-0.014501105062663555,
-0.5532636642456055,
0.10173555463552475,
-0.4023164212703705,
0.2102360725402832,
0.16549615561962128,
-0.35855820775032043,
-0.641409695148468,
0.24826355278491974,
0.1923479437828064,
-0.04977021738886833,
0.003467892063781619,
-0.21708287298679352,
-0.5437602996826172,
1.078244924545288,
-0.22519196569919586,
-0.09301713854074478,
-0.5379371643066406,
-0.36792293190956116,
0.7313530445098877,
0.25831738114356995,
-0.018282653763890266,
0.3532823920249939,
0.09551064670085907,
-0.3613281846046448,
0.09463701397180557,
0.3750368058681488,
0.16835495829582214,
0.68594890832901,
0.926048219203949,
-0.7597994804382324,
-0.40813103318214417,
-0.15488705039024353,
-0.13388507068157196,
0.3265466094017029,
-0.16453954577445984,
0.9528205990791321,
0.4377916157245636,
0.026983190327882767,
-0.42123574018478394,
-0.7202783823013306,
-0.2971220016479492,
0.5134822130203247,
0.03889542073011398,
-0.29147303104400635,
0.9023200273513794,
-0.09832148253917694,
-0.05532684549689293,
0.48881471157073975,
0.14802537858486176,
-0.7653300166130066,
-0.28728294372558594,
-0.31436121463775635,
-0.36903414130210876,
0.2937227487564087,
0.6319818496704102,
-0.614565908908844,
0.13464726507663727,
0.765514612197876,
-0.12294656038284302,
0.06947614997625351,
0.4448525905609131,
0.592637836933136,
-0.42180514335632324,
-0.6015450954437256,
-0.11030248552560806,
-0.5826475024223328,
-0.23672893643379211,
0.3082607090473175,
-0.48081132769584656,
0.005888371728360653,
0.37653204798698425,
-0.4981624186038971,
1.0469542741775513,
-0.1814872771501541,
-0.6028934121131897,
0.34532687067985535,
0.3262397348880768,
0.18588466942310333,
0.20425276458263397,
0.33440738916397095,
-0.17111869156360626,
0.5659351348876953,
-0.7982618808746338,
0.3247227668762207,
0.29103150963783264,
1.5339452028274536,
0.2678811550140381,
-0.4867388904094696,
-0.4578339159488678,
-0.12175538390874863,
0.1559755653142929,
0.14672459661960602,
-0.3649348318576813,
0.1800464689731598,
-0.16923734545707703,
-0.21954502165317535,
-0.3600940406322479,
-0.3239293098449707,
1.0495116710662842,
-0.41563814878463745,
0.14146265387535095,
0.35772210359573364,
0.4510843753814697,
0.37342673540115356,
-0.07875469326972961,
-0.2470196634531021,
-0.3627603054046631,
0.3870999813079834,
0.4072601795196533,
0.3510550558567047,
-0.11387909948825836,
0.014560271054506302,
0.4625846743583679,
0.015751445665955544,
-0.7006971836090088,
-0.20270803570747375,
0.09432302415370941,
0.6058810949325562,
0.037731532007455826,
-0.3730810880661011,
0.4265678822994232,
-0.6527661085128784,
0.09195280075073242,
-0.7614156007766724,
0.8102165460586548,
0.3415544927120209,
0.5016894936561584,
-0.27263540029525757,
0.03236914053559303,
-0.5140853524208069,
-0.405848890542984,
-0.21362286806106567,
-0.25561287999153137,
-0.12306779623031616,
-0.6965883374214172,
0.20958483219146729,
-0.20421497523784637,
0.2516080141067505,
-0.47225719690322876,
-0.0035827835090458393,
-0.2838301360607147,
-0.4198226034641266,
-0.9133787751197815,
-0.2920753061771393,
-0.37462830543518066,
0.20973820984363556,
0.3056966960430145,
0.10043872892856598,
0.07996275275945663,
0.02648921310901642,
0.10349012166261673,
-0.8880541920661926,
-0.33116838335990906,
-0.0402773879468441,
0.008385319262742996,
-0.04906800761818886,
0.273286372423172,
-0.24772949516773224,
0.1552780419588089,
-0.09174934774637222,
0.57615727186203,
-0.9132028818130493,
-0.16170884668827057,
0.03175109624862671,
-0.27684664726257324,
-0.7384686470031738,
0.2123427838087082,
0.23031339049339294,
0.004859681706875563,
0.21202600002288818,
-0.30069535970687866,
-0.5319380760192871,
0.7044646739959717,
-0.19615726172924042,
-0.31253811717033386,
-0.12887588143348694,
-0.7209798097610474,
0.5978415012359619,
-0.2550722658634186,
0.13044473528862,
0.04382391646504402,
-0.61037278175354,
-0.41887596249580383,
0.5646992921829224,
0.7256159782409668,
0.6162659525871277,
-0.06396312266588211,
-0.15849371254444122,
0.22506631910800934,
-0.2636071741580963,
0.06932955235242844,
0.17435485124588013,
-0.17338024079799652,
-0.1474977284669876,
0.36741864681243896,
0.11555523425340652,
0.46668946743011475,
-0.36954620480537415,
-0.006419943645596504,
0.23513641953468323,
-0.5844365954399109,
-0.8005778789520264,
-0.11306581646203995,
-1.0535237789154053,
-0.20258715748786926,
-0.026285221800208092,
0.677057683467865,
-0.39641791582107544,
0.02046321891248226,
-0.46528634428977966,
-0.11582852900028229,
-0.0729798749089241,
-0.008492213673889637,
0.6832271218299866,
0.21560591459274292,
0.15242014825344086,
-0.00561824394389987,
0.03944019973278046,
0.36248478293418884,
-0.11398154497146606,
0.4416602849960327,
-0.17849713563919067,
0.2642797529697418,
-0.31966525316238403,
-0.18936482071876526,
0.4556412398815155,
-0.2412371039390564,
0.23353977501392365,
0.2093866616487503,
-0.4933195114135742,
0.0207112617790699,
0.48566728830337524,
-0.5181291103363037,
-0.11540074646472931,
0.4342954754829407,
-0.06336856633424759,
-0.20271913707256317,
0.4691110849380493,
-0.10991249233484268,
0.14841070771217346,
-1.0894578695297241,
0.6112352609634399,
1.1240535974502563,
-0.3492548167705536,
-0.1982288956642151,
0.349470317363739,
-0.4032238721847534,
-0.06005207449197769,
-0.1323845535516739,
0.9104486703872681,
-0.1825583428144455,
0.3367178738117218,
-0.3655448257923126,
0.682797372341156,
-0.22623080015182495,
-0.1372087001800537,
-0.4518633186817169,
0.6731312274932861,
0.09741964936256409,
0.20753243565559387,
0.3619407117366791,
-0.5204150080680847,
-0.30263420939445496,
-0.10119490325450897,
0.14131805300712585,
0.36227303743362427,
0.8509831428527832,
0.39886099100112915,
-0.3437400162220001,
-0.37504565715789795,
-0.5214198231697083,
-0.12328057736158371,
0.6903640627861023,
0.061983127146959305,
0.14957575500011444,
0.046119727194309235,
-0.23578718304634094,
0.08992617577314377,
-0.03161751478910446,
-0.135095477104187,
0.14919714629650116,
0.5070655941963196,
0.42388537526130676,
0.23414744436740875,
0.15470872819423676,
0.1822284758090973,
0.3685457706451416,
0.3704114854335785,
-3.7023391723632812,
-0.4077248275279999,
0.10885011404752731,
-0.5242841243743896,
0.47068843245506287,
0.047694914042949677,
0.5060820579528809,
-0.38081276416778564,
-0.13881759345531464,
-0.3053639233112335,
0.35756877064704895,
-0.324496865272522,
-0.41650334000587463,
-0.7426468729972839,
0.06827422231435776,
0.03710000589489937
] |
236313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Livingston | William Livingston | William Livingston (November 30, 1723July 25, 1790) was an American politician who served as the first governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) during the American Revolutionary War. As a New Jersey representative in the Continental Congress, he signed the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. He is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Early life
Livingston was born in Albany in the Province of New York on November 30, 1723. He was the son of Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh. His older siblings included Robert Livingston (1708–1790), 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), New York State Treasurer, and Philip Livingston (1716–1778), a member of the New York State Senate.
Livingston received his early education from local schools and tutors. At age 13, Livingston was sent to live for a year and prepare for college with the Anglican missionary catechist and Yale College graduate Henry Barclay who lived among the Iroquois in the Mohawk Valley at Fort Hunter. Livingston enrolled at Yale in 1737 and graduated in 1741. He went on to New York City, where he studied law and became a law clerk for the eminent lawyer James Alexander. He left Alexander's office in the spring of 1746 before finishing his apprentiship because of some disagreement and joined the office William Smith, Sr.
Career
He became a lawyer in 1748 and began his practice in New York City. In 1752, he founded a weekly journal, the Independent Reflector, along with fellow Presbyterian lawyers William Smith, Jr., the son of his law teacher, and John Morin Scott. The three were called by contemporaries "The Triumvirate". The Reflector was New York's first serial non-newspaper publication and the only one being published in British North America at the time. It was used as a platform by the political upstate Presbyterian land-owning "country faction" led by Livingston for challenging the powerful downstate Anglican and Dutch Reformed merchant or "popular faction" led by Chief Justice James De Lancey. Most notably the Triumvirate attacked the founding of King's College as a conspiracy by Anglicans to install a bishop in America, including his former tutor Rev. Henry Barclay, rector of Trinity Church, and his former law teacher James Alexander.
Publication of the Reflector ceased with the fifty-second issue in late 1753 after political pressure was brought to bear upon its printer, James Parker, but Livingston and his allies continued to attack the college over the next year with columns in newspapers. By raising divisive issues, he managed to divert half the funds raised by a state lottery for the college to fund the construction of a new jail and a detention house for sailors from diseased ships. King's College was defiantly opened despite Livingston's efforts by President Rev. Samuel Johnson in July 1754 and granted a charter by the king on October 31, 1754. Though he failed to close the college, no bishop arrived as predicted.
Livingston remained politically active and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768 and served one term in the New York General Assembly until his political allies lost power in 1769 and was replaced by his nephew, Peter Robert Livingston, the eldest surviving son of his brother Robert.
New Jersey
In 1772, he moved to Elizabethtown (today Elizabeth, New Jersey), where he rented a house in town. A young Alexander Hamilton lived with Livingston for at least the winter while he attended Francis Barber's grammar school. Livingston started construction of a large country home to house his growing family. The house, known as Liberty Hall, still stands today. After attaining considerable influence amongst the local patriots, Livingston was elected to serve as one of New Jersey's delegates to the Continental Congress. He served from July 1774 to June 1776. The state's Provincial Congress declined to reappoint him to the Continental Congress as he did not favor independence. Instead, they offered him command of the state's militia, an offer he declined. He returned to New Jersey and relied on his previous commission (of October 1775) as a brigadier general of the New Jersey Militia.
In August 1776, he was elected Governor of New Jersey. For much of the time between 1776 and 1779, the family was located in Parsippany for safety. Liberty Hall was frequently visited by British troops or naval forces since there was a substantial reward for Livingston's capture. One attempt to kidnap him took place in mid-June 1779. False information about Livingston visiting his second home in Parsippany resulted in a raid by Loyalists and their subsequent capture. The Loyalist mayor of New York City (and a distant cousin through the Schuyler family), David Mathews, was suspected by being behind the attempted capture of Livingston. The family returned to Liberty Hall in 1779 to begin restoring their looted home. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782.
Later years
Livingston joined the New Jersey Delegation to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was one of the signers of the U.S. Constitution. He was appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands in 1788 by U.S. Congress but turned down the proposition. He continued to be reelected governor of New Jersey each year until his death in 1790.
Personal life
Livingston married Susannah French (1723–1789) in New Jersey in 1745. She was the daughter of landowner Philip French III and Susanna (née Brockholst) French. Her paternal grandparents were Phillip French, the 27th mayor of New York City, and Annetje (née Philipse) French (the daughter of Frederick Philipse). Her maternal grandparents were Susanna Maria Brockholst and Anthony Brockholst, an acting governor of colonial New York under Sir Edmund Andros. They had 13 children, including:
Livingston (1746–1746), a son who died in infancy.
Livingston (1747–1747), a son who died in infancy.
Susannah Livingston (1748–1840), who married John Cleves Symmes (1742–1814) in 1780 and became the stepmother-in-law of President William Henry Harrison.
Catherine Livingston (1751–1813), who married Matthew Ridley (1746–1789), and later, her cousin John Livingston (1750–1822), son of Robert Livingston.
Mary Livingston (born 1753), who married James Linn in May 1771.
William Livingston, Jr. (1754–1817), who married Mary Lennington.
Philip Van Brugh Livingston (born 1755), who died unmarried.
Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (1756–1802), who married John Jay (1745–1829).
Henry Brockholst Livingston (1757–1823), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States who married 3 times.
Judith Livingston (1758–1843), who married John W. Watkins, an attorney.
Philip French Livingston (born 1760), who drowned in the Hackensack River.
John Lawrence Livingston (1762–1781), who died at sea aboard the .
Elizabeth Clarkson Livingston (1764–1765), who died young.
Descendants
Livingston's daughter, Sarah, was born in 1756 and was educated at home in penmanship, English grammar, the Bible, and classic literature. At a time when women were usually relegated to the kitchen, she was brought up to be politically aware, even serving at times as her father's secretary. Sarah, at the age of 17, married John Jay. Sarah accompanied Jay to Spain and then Paris, where he, along with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Henry Laurens negotiated the Treaty of Paris in 1783. She is credited with writing the celebratory Treaty of Paris dinner toast. When Sarah and John returned to New York, Jay was appointed U.S. Foreign Secretary, and her Parisian training came in handy, as she and her husband established the custom of weekly dinners for the diplomatic corps and other guests in the U.S. capital city of New York. Sarah served in her hospitality role as the wife of the first Chief Justice of the United States and First Lady of New York.
Among the other prominent descendants of William Livingston were Julia Kean, wife of United States Secretary of State and New York Governor Hamilton Fish, a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Director-General of New Amsterdam; Edwin Brockholst Livingston, a historian; Henry Brockholst Ledyard, mayor of Detroit.
Death and legacy
Livingston died on July 25, 1790, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and was originally buried at Trinity Church, Manhattan, but on May 7, 1844, was reinterred at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn.
In 1747, Livingston wrote and published a long pastoral poem entitled, "Philosophic Solitude, or the Choice of a Rural Life". One of the first successful original poems written by an American colonist, it was anthologized numerous times into the 19th century. In 1754, Livingston also played a key role in founding the New York Society Library, which is still in existence over a quarter of a millennium later. Livingston also authored a commentary upon the government of England in comparison to the United States Constitution, titled 'Examen du Gouvernement
d’Angleterre comparé aux Constitutions des Etats-Unis', which was cited approvingly by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in his pamphlet 'What Is the Third Estate?'.
The township of Livingston, New Jersey was given its name in his honor, as was Governor Livingston High School in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. The Livingston campus of Rutgers University New Brunswick also was given its name in his honor.
See also
Livingston family
Isaac Collins (printer)
References
Further reading
James J Gigantino II, William Livingston's American Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
External links
New Jersey Governor William Livingston, National Governors Association
"PHILOSOPHIC SOLITUDE" (1747) by William Livingston
– cenotaph at Trinity Churchyard
– Green-Wood Cemetery
Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search
1723 births
1790 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
American people of Scottish descent
American Presbyterians
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Continental Army soldiers
Members of the New York General Assembly
Continental Congressmen from New Jersey
18th-century American politicians
Federalist Party state governors of the United States
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Governors of New Jersey
William
Members of the Middle Temple
New Jersey Federalists
Politicians from Albany, New York
Politicians from Elizabeth, New Jersey
Schuyler family
Signers of the United States Constitution
Yale University alumni
Van Brugh family
Signers of the Continental Association | [
-0.514664351940155,
-0.22096633911132812,
-0.27246201038360596,
0.10045818984508514,
0.6967111229896545,
0.4778120815753937,
0.5019777417182922,
0.06259071826934814,
-0.46172529458999634,
-0.7429101467132568,
0.12280752509832382,
0.37960049510002136,
-0.4562765657901764,
0.2339034527540207,
-0.7624395489692688,
0.4901283383369446,
0.5108570456504822,
-0.3187718093395233,
-0.24856959283351898,
-0.26089879870414734,
-0.27996155619621277,
0.0976865142583847,
0.4367189407348633,
0.25581273436546326,
-0.21947425603866577,
0.05826761573553085,
0.14464989304542542,
-0.5266327261924744,
0.0303175188601017,
-0.016821375116705894,
-0.2741193473339081,
0.11211080849170685,
0.3759021759033203,
0.1277223378419876,
-0.7721149325370789,
-0.3290310800075531,
-0.7455519437789917,
0.0981723964214325,
-0.248998761177063,
-0.05193200334906578,
-0.5586484670639038,
-0.05762329325079918,
0.07147456705570221,
-0.01116875745356083,
-0.19041882455348969,
-0.34996506571769714,
-0.8205050230026245,
0.1428389996290207,
-0.24461910128593445,
-0.2851383090019226,
0.0042010704055428505,
0.1937379091978073,
-0.20257291197776794,
0.4048246443271637,
-0.10959415137767792,
-0.31364625692367554,
-0.35069897770881653,
-0.557656466960907,
0.05339444428682327,
-0.24078987538814545,
0.35691922903060913,
0.31146419048309326,
0.4369064271450043,
-0.04383868724107742,
0.1775839775800705,
-0.48445841670036316,
-0.20570290088653564,
0.6902846097946167,
-0.3520206809043884,
-0.35069864988327026,
0.3238963484764099,
0.8221459984779358,
0.5005754232406616,
0.3977159857749939,
0.41887152194976807,
-0.11450162529945374,
0.4262688457965851,
0.35456418991088867,
0.3811761140823364,
0.06848615407943726,
-0.42309877276420593,
-0.45625343918800354,
0.5671153664588928,
0.2837739586830139,
-0.060049619525671005,
0.42889320850372314,
-0.33897116780281067,
0.3959999978542328,
-0.18146631121635437,
-0.545394778251648,
-0.27898621559143066,
0.31682687997817993,
0.22891195118427277,
-0.16896489262580872,
-0.2828454375267029,
-0.23568907380104065,
-0.19739678502082825,
-0.32169246673583984,
-0.2583015263080597,
-0.4456177353858948,
0.1623597890138626,
0.010769816115498543,
0.40661492943763733,
0.08234119415283203,
-0.5121511220932007,
0.2244582176208496,
0.4063997268676758,
0.4630875289440155,
-0.1955839842557907,
-0.05296572297811508,
-0.14988695085048676,
0.01452573761343956,
-0.1336391717195511,
0.01675489731132984,
0.029864149168133736,
1.017109751701355,
0.028288809582591057,
-0.8159569501876831,
-0.7510464191436768,
-0.6509937644004822,
-0.501300573348999,
0.7459656596183777,
-0.09161121398210526,
0.43747714161872864,
0.06282652914524078,
-0.18105155229568481,
0.392363041639328,
0.0527389794588089,
0.08384919166564941,
0.20589794218540192,
0.21376650035381317,
0.6793105602264404,
-0.7834964394569397,
-0.24053621292114258,
-0.3567521870136261,
-0.18519337475299835,
-0.3180035352706909,
0.18492509424686432,
0.09893891960382462,
0.2193465232849121,
-0.8470430970191956,
-0.14527906477451324,
0.01605246029794216,
0.057388901710510254,
-0.048294615000486374,
-0.1343992054462433,
0.5461791157722473,
-0.04773448407649994,
-0.4963131248950958,
0.16570661962032318,
0.12102960795164108,
0.04815961793065071,
0.15339995920658112,
-0.20754651725292206,
0.2524630129337311,
0.28877002000808716,
0.5088211894035339,
0.2460934966802597,
0.47106611728668213,
0.4326615035533905,
-0.026671601459383965,
-0.0159086212515831,
-0.11779404431581497,
-0.12785017490386963,
0.7250750660896301,
0.044344786554574966,
0.06523772329092026,
-0.4088393449783325,
0.2643702030181885,
-0.30122092366218567,
-0.13003909587860107,
-0.037488702684640884,
0.02181018516421318,
-0.2552379071712494,
0.04929053410887718,
0.4732402563095093,
0.25966793298721313,
-0.096107617020607,
-0.10603562742471695,
-0.36708369851112366,
-0.6338865756988525,
0.11937306076288223,
0.5643582344055176,
-0.5149672627449036,
-0.10315022617578506,
0.038938261568546295,
0.18980072438716888,
-0.14557211101055145,
0.49633193016052246,
-0.3314506411552429,
0.005415839143097401,
-0.28592705726623535,
0.15504585206508636,
-0.4207260310649872,
0.5861377716064453,
0.5370381474494934,
-0.42529046535491943,
0.6258841753005981,
-0.2194778174161911,
0.7412275671958923,
-0.24224884808063507,
-0.25734519958496094,
0.5218494534492493,
0.17180413007736206,
-0.10607022792100906,
0.17261873185634613,
0.1527414172887802,
-0.33287903666496277,
0.5645864605903625,
0.8902507424354553,
0.3461448848247528,
-0.1417626142501831,
-0.0855548158288002,
0.4097517132759094,
-0.16823740303516388,
-0.8083981275558472,
0.01706290990114212,
-0.3810715079307556,
0.40578484535217285,
-0.20434334874153137,
0.9584760069847107,
0.17202192544937134,
0.1593351811170578,
1.0921083688735962,
0.17423558235168457,
0.41012874245643616,
-0.5052651762962341,
0.014458808116614819,
-0.6007936596870422,
-0.0834503099322319,
-0.7942249774932861,
-0.20877937972545624,
-0.0352698415517807,
-0.7259904146194458,
0.5403238534927368,
-0.0471685454249382,
-0.1918867975473404,
-0.09413709491491318,
0.14686942100524902,
0.06958501785993576,
0.11426109075546265,
0.33743226528167725,
-0.8551173210144043,
0.025598345324397087,
0.4127955138683319,
0.6312923431396484,
-0.41001996397972107,
-0.6319169402122498,
0.38569456338882446,
-0.9034627079963684,
-0.13480348885059357,
0.3841409683227539,
0.40807297825813293,
-0.2204839289188385,
0.6244064569473267,
-0.13346897065639496,
-0.008819074369966984,
-0.05114185810089111,
0.1272454708814621,
0.3995254933834076,
-0.5490329265594482,
0.20482148230075836,
-0.31988078355789185,
0.3658304810523987,
0.12975546717643738,
0.23963256180286407,
-0.46158960461616516,
-0.19827508926391602,
-0.31592756509780884,
-0.288568913936615,
0.9637420177459717,
-0.8147720694541931,
-0.17746305465698242,
-0.3579760789871216,
0.7856863737106323,
-0.29213279485702515,
-0.34045758843421936,
0.3513014018535614,
-0.21745792031288147,
-0.8618807792663574,
0.30370843410491943,
0.5189991593360901,
-0.27352163195610046,
0.10511243343353271,
0.16651804745197296,
-0.73711758852005,
0.026300255209207535,
-0.25711965560913086,
0.042401138693094254,
-0.021973509341478348,
0.13812698423862457,
-0.06846590340137482,
-0.5431428551673889,
0.48320576548576355,
-0.08755598962306976,
0.5943596959114075,
0.14294138550758362,
-0.4911952614784241,
-0.2052873820066452,
-0.06520594656467438,
-0.6219953894615173,
0.08386197686195374,
0.37557801604270935,
0.0368431992828846,
0.6788383722305298,
-0.32822930812835693,
0.35047218203544617,
0.010846517980098724,
-5.624397277832031,
0.19292974472045898,
-0.11958944797515869,
-0.042876049876213074,
0.3682164251804352,
-0.09189627319574356,
0.5817655324935913,
-0.18502677977085114,
0.5840448141098022,
0.29208898544311523,
0.7464795708656311,
0.023721227422356606,
-0.2055911272764206,
0.20674875378608704,
0.7824896574020386,
0.5906490683555603,
0.7944263219833374,
-0.3947792053222656,
0.34701740741729736,
0.3053733706474304,
0.24219954013824463,
-0.131429061293602,
0.15892294049263,
-0.23042774200439453,
0.6040232181549072,
0.22678345441818237,
-0.12074687331914902,
-0.06623758375644684,
-0.2835339307785034,
-0.2339807003736496,
-0.33962106704711914,
0.39279311895370483,
0.3818857967853546,
-0.38178467750549316,
-0.3675749599933624,
-0.6489621996879578,
0.08733668178319931,
0.6117082834243774,
0.17238515615463257,
-0.284343421459198,
0.021051326766610146,
0.12568369507789612,
-0.9103488326072693,
0.044013991951942444,
0.09592820703983307,
-0.5386463403701782,
-0.29313790798187256,
0.33105695247650146,
-0.447447270154953,
0.5487746000289917,
0.2811463475227356,
0.5009099245071411,
0.3943836987018585,
0.08489559590816498,
-0.0899614468216896,
0.32489585876464844,
-0.2415858507156372,
0.49625661969184875,
-1.1001611948013306,
0.35655519366264343,
0.2827930748462677,
-0.7886267900466919,
-0.13415396213531494,
-0.1088830977678299,
0.26175251603126526,
-0.1279764473438263,
-0.16873624920845032,
-0.360085666179657,
0.5627303719520569,
-0.01201712992042303,
0.373539537191391,
0.7871549725532532,
0.6441712975502014,
-0.8587398529052734,
0.6308062672615051,
-0.6681656241416931,
-0.9692999124526978,
0.36535677313804626,
-0.23043906688690186,
-0.4737347662448883,
-0.14909082651138306,
0.02167065255343914,
0.15305382013320923,
1.2202101945877075,
0.3556649386882782,
0.22110101580619812,
-0.2923864722251892,
0.25971177220344543,
-0.632402777671814,
-0.08307696878910065,
0.33236926794052124,
-0.057252831757068634,
-0.1503559947013855,
0.18760447204113007,
-0.027956116944551468,
-0.18984203040599823,
-0.26785534620285034,
0.42826974391937256,
0.26867493987083435,
0.08234034478664398,
0.17109708487987518,
0.6303430795669556,
-0.44571664929389954,
-1.106273889541626,
0.28243252635002136,
-0.19687892496585846,
-0.39853227138519287,
0.5382101535797119,
0.3389570116996765,
0.34989896416664124,
0.0335739441215992,
0.04524197056889534,
-0.5715177059173584,
-0.8770052194595337,
-0.2304932177066803,
-0.6171683073043823,
0.09252846240997314,
0.1820996105670929,
1.6353373527526855,
-0.23254123330116272,
0.08078628033399582,
0.5904902815818787,
0.14904694259166718,
-0.3331553637981415,
-0.2492223083972931,
-0.33388251066207886,
0.1561557501554489,
-0.044251102954149246,
-0.19533012807369232,
0.1918686032295227,
0.438854455947876,
0.4964807629585266,
-0.39854204654693604,
-0.07983509451150894,
0.003974276129156351,
-0.3209640085697174,
-0.015804633498191833,
-0.8178229331970215,
-0.3748128414154053,
-0.07713469862937927,
-0.3439349830150604,
-0.42095544934272766,
-0.06999551504850388,
-0.06537792086601257,
0.06701767444610596,
-0.05216096714138985,
0.3555038273334503,
0.08703140169382095,
-0.45387211441993713,
0.6606491208076477,
-0.32012036442756653,
-0.22244307398796082,
0.34262874722480774,
-0.24167266488075256,
0.29370930790901184,
-0.3124399781227112,
0.1684315949678421,
-0.5721930861473083,
0.2523516118526459,
0.37801873683929443,
0.2327827364206314,
0.43597590923309326,
-0.8047402501106262,
-0.14233538508415222,
0.3450227975845337,
0.1765671819448471,
-0.8797024488449097,
-0.13527585566043854,
-0.7463858127593994,
0.7905240058898926,
0.26941418647766113,
-0.6796937584877014,
-0.3125295639038086,
-0.14384226500988007,
0.025006622076034546,
-0.35014936327934265,
0.19503569602966309,
0.6664362549781799,
-0.10832715779542923,
0.12940558791160583,
0.5636341571807861,
-0.04973683878779411,
-0.43830934166908264,
0.06152559444308281,
1.0516799688339233,
-0.779861330986023,
-0.4349881410598755,
-0.4723019599914551,
-0.19243718683719635,
-0.044522691518068314,
-0.43416908383369446,
-0.3453570008277893,
0.27922752499580383,
0.5885788202285767,
-0.013435936532914639,
0.29588228464126587,
0.25872156023979187,
0.09213071316480637,
0.11272133886814117,
-0.4835799038410187,
-0.09904368221759796,
0.2165067046880722,
-0.07689404487609863,
-0.06275560706853867,
-0.49639415740966797,
-0.29052209854125977,
-0.24657060205936432,
-0.1565808355808258,
0.04414490610361099,
0.654244065284729,
-0.05159088969230652,
-0.5765926241874695,
0.2684359848499298,
-0.11155232042074203,
0.04226677864789963,
0.0017287380760535598,
0.08832338452339172,
0.017886484041810036,
-0.06549540162086487,
-0.5463053584098816,
-0.5587782263755798,
-0.15167425572872162,
-0.4699621796607971,
-0.4117066562175751,
-0.16499847173690796,
0.19725127518177032,
0.3183048665523529,
-0.22270584106445312,
0.9057784080505371,
-0.10211054235696793,
-0.4100460410118103,
-0.2698817253112793,
-0.3375733494758606,
0.21054980158805847,
-0.1631644070148468,
-0.1078992560505867,
0.6098179817199707,
0.32338863611221313,
-0.30041593313217163,
0.396529883146286,
0.4801620841026306,
1.2437633275985718,
-0.03379910811781883,
-0.39623358845710754,
-0.09995623677968979,
0.14619344472885132,
0.2293262779712677,
-0.22133204340934753,
-0.44849804043769836,
-0.0921187624335289,
0.4866150915622711,
-0.36728352308273315,
-0.5732187628746033,
-0.09652768820524216,
1.358158826828003,
-0.1343463510274887,
0.32335153222084045,
0.3619403541088104,
0.03474631905555725,
-0.41648098826408386,
-0.4396320879459381,
0.42722803354263306,
-0.2601494789123535,
-0.2884567677974701,
0.335587739944458,
-0.6394228935241699,
0.008309375494718552,
0.19503936171531677,
0.3573209345340729,
-0.12964588403701782,
-1.0069633722305298,
-0.8272666931152344,
-0.204647034406662,
0.6543260812759399,
-0.23441171646118164,
-0.1409642994403839,
0.340212881565094,
-0.07454495131969452,
0.7840261459350586,
-0.04010195657610893,
-1.098049283027649,
-0.0004576198698487133,
-0.35964348912239075,
0.09597927331924438,
0.004617330152541399,
-0.5941064357757568,
-0.022740133106708527,
0.14949870109558105,
0.19280360639095306,
0.006820539943873882,
-0.35193195939064026,
-0.2216469794511795,
-0.2878546118736267,
-0.9671025276184082,
-0.30986544489860535,
0.4473669230937958,
-0.2382553368806839,
0.9275037050247192,
-0.13733212649822235,
-0.2646886706352234,
-0.7102013230323792,
0.6481838822364807,
0.7003430724143982,
-0.130851149559021,
-0.18738962709903717,
0.46484658122062683,
0.018726930022239685,
-0.39181146025657654,
-0.23408810794353485,
-0.09542740881443024,
0.06675391644239426,
-0.22149373590946198,
0.38368916511535645,
-0.048313457518815994,
-0.7088849544525146,
-0.3981316089630127,
0.6244038343429565,
-0.5352519750595093,
-0.8335894346237183,
-0.4725486934185028,
-0.014522098936140537,
-0.3477708697319031,
-0.0298886951059103,
0.10854480415582657,
0.5364086031913757,
0.7301685810089111,
-0.1862901747226715,
-0.35927730798721313,
-0.16090232133865356,
0.18788838386535645,
0.13717196881771088,
0.36242926120758057,
-1.0711957216262817,
0.4425498843193054,
-0.0931052640080452,
0.2039785534143448,
0.2315833568572998,
-0.1458047330379486,
-0.05188089609146118,
1.1039751768112183,
0.23411695659160614,
1.1414358615875244,
-0.1942920684814453,
0.04934489354491234,
-0.038819536566734314,
0.1720557063817978,
-0.03770167753100395,
0.10590796917676926,
0.13569819927215576,
-0.5472139716148376,
0.6140041947364807,
0.06696777790784836,
-0.0137907350435853,
-0.28836536407470703,
-0.06896983087062836,
0.0210589449852705,
0.17230916023254395,
-0.009847531095147133,
0.05152800306677818,
-0.6490308046340942,
-0.19587737321853638,
-0.2894865870475769,
0.9421623349189758,
-0.10579873621463776,
-0.036758750677108765,
0.03626294806599617,
0.1803261935710907,
-0.11609671264886856,
0.2993195354938507,
0.2682344615459442,
0.27845868468284607,
-0.4215867519378662,
0.005410394165664911,
-0.3648313581943512,
0.17854931950569153,
0.3776201605796814,
0.31171944737434387,
0.4562413990497589,
-0.46745115518569946,
-0.10948669910430908,
-0.5025673508644104,
-0.19544175267219543,
-0.15591472387313843,
-0.41715365648269653,
0.015724187716841698,
0.3980320394039154,
-0.14854538440704346,
0.030690563842654228,
-0.48601874709129333,
-0.35437846183776855,
0.36729562282562256,
-0.6336934566497803,
0.11596451699733734,
0.228487029671669,
-0.35878807306289673,
0.5851659774780273,
-0.10362917929887772,
1.013017177581787,
0.5633581876754761,
0.14695791900157928,
-0.0014836260816082358,
-0.059161972254514694,
-0.09862019866704941,
-0.30628716945648193,
0.049754031002521515,
0.9316912293434143,
-0.3163450062274933,
-0.17746181786060333,
-0.9364022016525269,
0.7111759781837463,
0.22879867255687714,
0.34768739342689514,
-0.41503462195396423,
0.5028289556503296,
-0.27135342359542847,
0.2954902648925781,
0.5909509658813477,
0.031327228993177414,
-0.6165789365768433,
-0.20777975022792816,
-0.01549728587269783,
-0.05443572252988815,
-0.007622200064361095,
0.193850576877594,
0.1510416567325592,
-0.22223509848117828,
0.2538657486438751,
-0.1282249391078949,
-0.3561638593673706,
0.6007533669471741,
0.31631502509117126,
-0.7724180817604065,
-0.2953370213508606,
-0.2699209451675415,
-0.015224750153720379,
-0.09878754615783691,
0.6334322690963745,
0.5864481925964355,
-0.041674673557281494,
-0.1030498743057251,
0.10057079792022705,
-0.0031820901203900576,
0.10717296600341797,
0.1737542450428009,
0.1226351410150528,
-0.4643687307834625,
0.22469128668308258,
-0.3319881856441498,
-0.14671838283538818,
0.2383156269788742,
0.1844661831855774,
-0.2425231784582138,
0.7846589088439941,
-0.774458646774292,
0.576381266117096,
0.12238759547472,
-0.22357024252414703,
-0.613639771938324,
0.036049727350473404,
0.4624105393886566
] |
236315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%A4ge%20Musik | Schräge Musik | Schräge Musik, which may also be spelled Schraege Musik, was a common name for the fitting of an upward-firing autocannon or machine gun, to an interceptor aircraft, such as a night fighter. The term was introduced by the German Luftwaffe during World War II. "Schräge Musik" was previously a German colloquialism, meaning music that featured an unusual tuning and/or time signature. By itself, the word Schräge has often been translated as "slanting" or "oblique", although it may instead be rendered into English as "weird" or "strange".
The first such systems were developed in World War I. They
were also developed and used by the Japanese military during World War II. Like the Luftwaffe, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) and Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) fitted such weapons to twin-engined night fighters. Both the Luftwaffe and IJNAS had their first victories with upward-firing autocannons in May 1943. Night fighters used them to approach and attack Allied bombers from below, outside the bomber crew's field of view and/or defensive fire. Many of the commonly-used Allied night bomber aircraft of that era (such as the Avro Lancaster) lacked ventral turrets (such as ball turrets), making them vulnerable to approaches and attacks from below.
In the initial stages of its operational use by German air crews, from mid-1943 to early 1944, many attacks using Schräge Musik achieved complete surprise while destroying bombers. The Allied bomber crews that survived such attacks, during this period, often believed that damage and casualties had been caused by ground-based anti-aircraft artillery (AA or AAA), rather than fighters. The complete technical details and tactical usage of German Schräge Musik systems were not fully understood by Allied air forces until after the end of the war in Europe.
Background
World War I
During World War I, pusher-configured fighter aircraft with flexibly-mounted forward-firing machine guns (especially the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2s), enabled gunners to discover the principle of zero-deflection shooting. When firing upward at roughly a 45° elevation, when the attacking aircraft and its target are travelling at about the same speed and the range is fairly short, the trajectory will appear straight. The bullets' true path is a parabola, but the movement forward of both aircraft, and the air passing the aircraft counter the tendency of the round to arc down after leaving the muzzle so it appears to follow a straight line, simplifying accurate sighting which then requires no deflection or leading of the target.
The pilots of Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 night fighters, after trying various schemes for attacking the Zeppelin raiders of 1915–16, hit on the idea of firing a mixture of explosive and incendiary bullets into the body of the airship from below. For this purpose a air-cooled Lewis gun was mounted in front of the pilot, firing upward. Exploitation of this led to the destruction of six German airships between September and December 1916. Later British night fighters were similarly armed with upward firing guns.
Several tractor-configured single-seat biplanes of the time featured machine guns mounted on the centre section of the top wing to fire over the radius of the propeller to bypass the need for synchronization gears). Both the French mountings and the British Foster mounting allowed a machine gun to be tipped back to reload and whether by accident or design, this allowed the gun to be held at an intermediate angle (ideally about 45°) and fired upward, steadying the gun and firing it with the "normal" trigger rather than the remote Bowden cable used for forward firing. These could then be used to attack enemy aircraft from the blind spot below the tail. Most notable of the airplanes used were the Nieuport 11, 16 and 17 and 23 fighters from 1915 onwards, and the tactic was continued in British service, with the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s and Sopwith Dolphin. That Dolphin entered service near the end of World War I, and was delivered with a pair of Lewis guns on a cross-tube connecting the upper wing spars. British ace Albert Ball in particular was a great exponent of this technique, The Germans copied the arrangement in 1917, when Gerhard Fieseler of Jasta 38 attached two machine guns to an Albatros D.V, pointing upwards and forwards.
Interwar years
The Boulton Paul Bittern was a twin-engined night fighter (designed to Specification 27/24) with an armament of barbette mounted guns, that could be angled upwards for attack against bombers, without having to enter a climb. The first of two Bittern prototypes flew in 1927, though performance was poor and the development stopped.
The Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter (1930) and Vickers Type 161 (1931) were designed in response to Air Ministry specification F.29/27. This called for an interceptor fighter operating as a stable gun platform for the Coventry Ordnance Works 37 mm autocannon produced by the Coventry Ordnance Works (COW).
The COW gun had been developed in 1918 for use in aircraft and had been tested on the Airco DH.4. The cannon fired shells and was to be mounted at 45 deg or more above the horizontal. The tactic was to fly below the target bomber or airship and fire upwards into it. Gun firing trials with both types went well, with no detriment to airframe or performance, although the Westland prototype displayed "alarming" handling characteristics. Neither the Type 161 nor its competitor, the Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter were ordered, and no more was heard of this use of the aerial COW gun.
Similar logic lay behind the later Vickers Type 414 twin-engined fighter. This aircraft, which can be seen a natural successor to the Vickers COW gun fighter, combined a streamlined monoplane two-seater fighter airframe with a remotely controlled nose-mounted 40mm cannon that could be elevated for no-allowance shooting.
While turret fighters like the Boulton Paul Defiant and the naval Blackburn Roc addressed the same threat – enemy bombers attacking the UK – the approach was very different: upward-firing guns and no-allowance shooting are separate and distinct, and the equipment that can do the one can, generally speaking, be arranged so as to do the other (unless the fixed armament is automatically triggered, as in the photo-cell firing arrangements detailed below). On paper at least, the advantages of flexible aim and weight of fire from a two-seater were clear: the pilot is not overburdened, several fighters could be brought to bear on a target together, and there are two pairs of eyes per aircraft. However, the weight of a powered turret and air gunner imposed their own severe and often fatal penalties.
The RAF put the Defiant into service in 1939, intending to use it against bombers, despite the bombers' numerous gun positions; however, it quickly became apparent that bombers escorted by nimble single-engined fighters brought within range by the speed and unprecedented territorial gains of blitzkrieg could not be engaged effectively. Despite being utterly outclassed as a day fighter, when moved to the night-fighter role it had some success, typically attacking from below and slightly ahead of the bomber, well outside its field of defensive fire.
Meanwhile, in the United States, the twin-engine Bell YFM-1 Airacuda was designed as a "bomber-destroyer", touted as "... a mobile anti-aircraft platform." Its armament included mainly forward-firing M4 37mm cannon, with an accompanying gunner mounted in a forward compartment of each of the two engine nacelles. Theoretically, the cannon could be slewed, aimed and fired at an oblique angle but flight tests and operational evaluation, disproved the theory: the type proved troublesome and except for initial flight testing in 1937, where full armament was carried, the nacelle cannon armament and the accompanying gunner–loaders were eliminated in the final development aircraft.
World War II
German developments
Oberleutnant Rudolf Schoenert of 4./NJG 2 decided to experiment with upward-firing guns in 1941 and began trying out upward-firing installations, amid scepticism from his superiors and fellow pilots. The first installation was made late in 1942, in a Dornier Do 17Z-10 that was also equipped with the early UHF-band version of the FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C radar. In July 1942, Schoenert discussed the results of his experiment with General Kammhuber, who authorized the conversion of three Dornier Do 217J-1s, to add a vertical armament of four or six MG 151s. Further experiments were carried out by the Luftwaffe flight testing centre ) at Tarnewitz on the Baltic Sea coast through 1942. An angle between 60° and 75° was found to give best results, allowing a target turning at 8°/sec to be kept in the gunsight.
Schönert was made CO of II./NJG 5, and an armourer serving with the Gruppe, Oberfeldwebel Mahle, developed a working arrangement with the unit's Messerschmitt Bf 110s, mounting a pair of MG FF/M cannon in the rear compartment of the upper fuselage, firing through twin holes in the canopy's glazing. Schönert used such a modified Bf 110 to shoot down a bomber in May 1943. From June 1943, an official conversion kit was produced for the Junkers Ju 88 and Dornier Do 217N fighters. Between August 1943 and the end of the year, Schönert achieved 18 kills with the new gun installation.
Before the introduction of Schräge Musik in 1943, the Nachtjagdgeschwadern (NJG, night fighter wings) were simply equipped with heavy fighters fitted with radar in the nose and a combination of front-firing and defensive weapons.
In the standard interception, the fighter approached the target from the rear to get into a firing position, presenting the night fighter crew with a much smaller target, a problem compounded by the Royal Air Force bombers (such as the Whitley and Wellington medium bombers) first being fitted with twin-gun hydraulic tail turrets, later upgraded to four guns to fend off just such attacks.
While the small calibre made these guns less effective than hoped, rear-gunners also maintained a watch for fighters and, if warned, the pilot would make evasive manoeuvres such as corkscrews. Night-fighter pilots therefore developed a new tactic to avoid the turret guns: instead of approaching directly from the rear they would approach about below the bomber, pull up sharply and start firing when the nose of the bomber appeared in the gunsight. As the fighter slowed and the bomber passed over them, its wings were sprayed with cannon or machine gun rounds. While effective, this manoeuvre was difficult to perform, there was a risk of collision and, if the bomb load exploded, it could also destroy the attack aircraft.
Systems similar to the original Schräge Musik, such as the Sondergerät 500 or Jägerfaust, were tested on day fighters and other airframes, with the largest-calibre upward-firing aerial ordnance in German service, based on the quintuple-launcher of the 21 cm Nebelwerfer infantry barrage rocket, the experimental heavy-bomber based Grosszerstörer (heavy destroyer) also under test.
The Jägerfaust system, firing projectiles vertically into the lower sides of bombers, was triggered by an optical device, so the pilot's only task was to pass beneath the target. This was tested on the Fw 190, and was destined for installation in the Me 163B and the Me 262B. The definitive night fighter version of the Messerschmitt Me 262, the Me 262B-2, was also designed to carry such an installation but the system was a failure and it was not used operationally. Trials with the Komet were promising, with six operational aircraft modified. On 10 April 1945, a Halifax bomber was shot down by Fritz Kelb flying a Jägerfaust-equipped Me 163B, most probably from I. Gruppe/JG 400 operating from Brandis, Germany.
As experimental aircraft were developed as night fighters, such as the Horten Ho 229, a Schräge Musik system was incorporated from the outset. The experimental Horten Ho 229 flying wing series was proposed for consideration, with a form of unusual upward-firing armament for testing on the V4 night fighter prototype, photoelectric fired vertically mounted rockets or recoilless guns, instead of cannon armament inspired by the Jagdfaust.
Typical installations
Dornier Do 217N: 4 × 20 mm MG 151/20
Focke-Wulf Fw 189: 1 × 20 mm MG151/20 (used mainly on Eastern Front)
Heinkel He 219: 2 × 30 mm MK 108
Junkers Ju 88C/G: 2 × 20 mm MG 151/20
Junkers Ju 388J: 2 × 30 mm MK 108
Messerschmitt Bf 110G-4: 2 × 20 mm MG FF/M
Messerschmitt Me 262B-2: 2 × 30 mm MK 108 (proposal only, B-2 version never produced)
Focke-Wulf Ta 154: 2 × 30 mm MK 108
Method of sighting guns
In the Ju 88 G-6 night fighter, which was both fast and manoeuvrable, the Revi 16N gunsight was modified to allow the pilot to aim at the target by placing a mirror above his head, parallel to a similar mirror placed behind the gunsight (where the eye would normally be), which was further to the rear, functioning together in the manner of a periscope. The Ju 88 G-6 was guided into position from sighting and final approach by commands from the radar operator, with the pilot only taking over when visual contact was made just prior to firing.
Operational use
Schräge Musik (or Schrägwaffen, as it was also called) was first used operationally during Operation Hydra (the first instance of the Allied bombing of Peenemünde) on the night of 17/18 August 1943. Three waves of aircraft bombed the area and a diversion on Berlin by RAF Mosquitoes, attracted the main Luftwaffe fighter effort and meant that only the last of the three waves was met by many night fighters. Number 5 Group and RCAF 6 Group in the third wave, lost 29 of their 166 bombers, well over the 10 percent losses considered "unsustainable". In this raid 40 aircraft were lost: 23 Lancasters, 15 Halifaxes and two Short Stirlings.
Adoption of Schräge Musik began in late 1943 and by 1944, a third of all German night fighters carried upward-firing guns. Schräge Musik proved most successful in the Jumo 213 powered Ju 88 G-6. An increasing number of these installations used the more powerful calibre, short-barrelled MK 108 cannon, such as those fitted to the Heinkel He 219, fully contained within the fuselage. By mid-1944, He 219 aircrew were critical of the MK 108 installation, because its low muzzle velocity and limited range, meant that the night fighter had to be close to the bomber to attack and be vulnerable to damage from debris. They demanded that either the MK 108s be removed and replaced by MG FF/Ms or the angle of the mounting be changed. Although He 219s continued to be delivered with the twin 30 mm mounted, these were removed by front line units. Using the Schräge Musik required precise timing and swift evasion; a fatally damaged bomber could fall on the night fighter if the fighter could not quickly turn away. The He 219 was particularly prone to this; its high wing loading left it at the edge of stalling speed when matching the Lancaster's cruising speed, and therefore quite unmaneuverable. The same was true to a lesser extent of other Luftwaffe types such as the Ju 88, which was considered quite a "hot ship" by its crews. This was also a problem during normal stern attacks at low closure rate, but it was even more exaggerated during schräge musik attacks, since the pilot could not even make use of the limited climb performance available at the edge of the flight envelope to avoid debris from the stricken target.
Schräge Musik allowed German night fighters to attack undetected, using special ammunition with a faint glowing trail replacing the standard tracer, combined with a "lethal mixture of armour-piercing, explosive and incendiary ammunition." Approaching from below provided the night fighter crew with the advantage that the bomber crew could not see them against the dark ground or sky, yet allowed the German crew to see the silhouette of the aircraft before they attacked. The optimum target for the night fighter was the wing fuel tanks, not the fuselage or bomb bay, because of the risk that exploding bombs would damage the attacker. "To overcome some of the problems, many NJG pilots closed the range at a lower level, below the Monica zone of coverage, until they could see the bomber above; then they pulled up into a climb with all front guns blazing. This demanded fine judgement, gave only a second or two of firing time and almost immediately brought the fighter up behind the bomber's tail turret.
Schräge Musik produced devastating results, with its most successful deployment in the winter of 1943–1944. This was a time when Bomber Command losses became unsupportable: the RAF lost 78 of 823 bombers that attacked Leipzig on 19 February, and 96 of the 795 bombers that attacked Nuremberg on 30/31 March 1944. RAF Bomber Command was slow to react to the threat from Schräge Musik, with no reports from shot-down crews reporting the new tactic; the sudden increase in bomber losses had often been attributed to flak. Reports from air gunners of German night fighters stalking their prey from below had appeared as early as 1943 but had been discounted. A myth developed among RAF Bomber Command crews that "scarecrow shells" were encountered over Germany. The phenomenon was thought to be "AA shells simulating an exploding four-engined bomber and designed to damage morale. In many cases these were actual 'kills' by Luftwaffe night fighters... It was not for many months that evidence of these deadly attacks was accepted."
A detailed analysis of the damage done to returning bombers clearly showed that the night fighters were firing from below. Defence against the attacks included mixing de Havilland Mosquito night fighters into the bomber stream, to pick up radar emissions from the German night fighters. Wing Commander J. D. Pattinson of 429 "Bison" Squadron, recognized an unseen danger but to him, it "was all presumption, not fact." He ordered that the mid-upper turrets be removed and the "displaced gunner would lie on a mattress on the floor as an observer, looking through a perspex blister for night fighters coming up from below." Some early Lancaster B. IIs had retained the FN.64 ventral turret but its sighting periscope provided an overly tight field of view that left the gunner blind, and the traverse speed was too slow, making it useless, and a small number of Halifax and Lancaster bombers were fitted with a machine-gun mounted to fire through the hole where the turret would have been, normally of although Canadian units tended to use the machine gun. Initially these were unofficial, but Mod 925 provided an official modification in aircraft not equipped with H2S bombing radar, which covered the turret location.
Even in the last year of the war, 18 months after the Peenemunde Raid, Schräge Musik night fighters were still taking a heavy toll, for example on the Mitteland–Ems Canal Raid, 21 February 1945:
Japan
In 1943, Commander Yasuna Kozono of the 251st Kōkūtai, Imperial Japanese Navy in Rabaul came up with the idea of converting the Nakajima J1N (J1N1-C) Irving into a night fighter. On 21 May 1943, at about the same time as the Luftwaffe's Oberleutnant Schoenert had his first victory with Schräge Musik in Europe, the field-modified J1N1-C KAI shot down two B-17s of the 43rd Bomb Group who were attacking air bases around Rabaul. The Navy took immediate notice and placed orders with Nakajima, for the newly designated J1N1-S night fighter design. This model was christened the Model 11 Gekkō (月光, Moonlight). It required only two crew and like the KAI, had a -calibre twinned pair of Type 99 Model 1 cannon firing upward and a second pair firing downward at a forward 30° angle, also placed in the fuselage behind the cabin. The Type 99 20mm calibre autocannon ordnance used by Japanese aircraft was based on the drum-magazine fed Swiss Oerlikon FF ordnance which was itself the basis for the Germans' own MG FF weapon, used to pioneer Schräge Musik for the Luftwaffe.
The Japanese Army Air Force Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" twin engined fighter was used to test the Schräge Musik armament format in its Ki-46 III KAI version in June 1943, using a 37 mm Ho-203 cannon with 200 rounds of ammunition, the largest calibre autocannon used for Schräge Musik-type operations. It was mounted in a similar position in the fuselage as the Luftwaffe's night fighters. Operational deployment began in October 1944.
One of the main Japanese fighters using this device was the Kawasaki Ki-45 "Nick". With the Schräge Musik installation on the IJNAS's Nakajima J1N1-S "Gekkō" (two or three 20mm cannons firing upwards, some had two firing downwards), the Nakajima C6N1-S "Myrt" single-engined, high-speed reconnaissance aircraft was used with a pair of 20 mm Type 99 cannons.
One variant of the common A6M5 Zero single-seat fighter—the A6M5d-S—had a 20mm Type 99 cannon mounted just behind the pilot, firing upwards for night fighter combat.
United Kingdom
Air Ministry Specification F.9/37 led to the second, Rolls-Royce Peregrine powered, prototype of the Gloster G39 having its armament installed at an angle of +12° for 'no-allowance' firing – three dorsal 20mm cannon in the fuselage and two in the nose. While it was a promising aircraft in its own right, by the time that the second prototype was completed the conventionally-armed Bristol Beaufighter was already in production, so neither the G39 nor the subsequent Gloster Reaper were pursued.
Similar logic lay behind Air Ministry specification F11/37, which specified a turret-mounted cannon armament: of three companies who tendered (Armstrong Whitworth and Bristol) had turrets that could only traverse through the forward hemisphere, as did Air Ministry specification F22/39, written around the Vickers Type 414 twin-engined fighter, which combined a streamlined monoplane two-seater fighter airframe with a remotely controlled 40mm cannon in the nose that could be elevated for no-allowance shooting.
The Boulton Paul Defiant "turret fighter" was originally conceived under the F.9/35 specification for a "two-seat day and night fighter" to defend Great Britain against massed formations of unescorted enemy bombers. Regardless of the requirement, the use of its dorsal turret was based on the "broadside" fighter interception and combined fighter attack tactic of bomber interception. Attempts to take on single-seat fighters with Defiants led to catastrophic results in 1940 over France and during the Battle of Britain. With such high losses in day operations, the Defiant was transferred to night fighting and there the type achieved some success. Defiant night fighters typically attacked enemy bombers from below, in a similar manoeuvre to the later German Schräge Musik attacks, more often from slightly ahead or to one side, rather than from directly under the tail. During the Blitz on London of 1940–1941, the Defiant equipped four squadrons, shooting down more enemy aircraft than any other type. The Defiant Mk II was fitted with AI.IV radar and a Merlin XX engine. A total of 207 Defiant Mk IIs were built but the Defiant was retired as radar-equipped Beaufighter and Mosquito night fighters entered service in 1941 and 1942. Turret fighters with four 20mm cannon were specified under F.11/37 but got no further than a scaled prototype.
A Douglas Havoc, BD126, was fitted with six upward firing machine guns in the fuselage behind the cockpit. The guns could be controlled in elevation from 30–50 degrees and 15 degrees in the azimuth by the gunner in the nose. The aircraft was tested at the A&AEE in 1941 and then by the GRU and Fighter Interception Unit.
United States
The American Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter could deliver a Schräge Musik-like surprise of its own, because of the design of its remote dorsal turret carrying a quartet of .50 Caliber Browning M2 machine guns, that could elevate to a full 90° position.
Postwar
The Northrop F-89 Scorpion was originally designed to meet the 1945 United States Army Air Forces Army Air Technical Service Command specification ("Military Characteristics for All-Weather Fighting Aircraft") for a jet-powered night fighter to replace the P-61 Black Widow. The N-24 company proposal was armed with four 20 mm (.79 in) cannon in a unique trainable nose turret that could rotate 360˚ with the guns able to elevate to 105˚. Ultimately, the F-89 design abandoned the swiveling nose turret in favor of a more standard front-firing cannon arrangement. A similar design – with .50 caliber machine guns – would also be tested on a United States Navy Grumman F9F Panther.
In 1947, the United States Air Force tested a Schräge Musik gun installation on a Lockheed F-80A Shooting Star standard "day fighter" aircraft (s/n 44-85044) to study the ability to attack Soviet bombers from below. Twin 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns were fixed in an oblique mount.
A final attempt to exploit a fully traversing turret was found in the original 1948 design of the Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk all-weather jet fighter interceptor. Armament was to be a nose-mounted, powered turret containing four 20 mm (.79 in) cannon, but this installation was only fitted to the mock-up and never incorporated in the two prototypes.
In the Soviet Union the concept lasted slightly longer, with elevatable guns being tested on a Mikoyan MiG-17 in the early 1950s.
Analysis
Freeman Dyson, who was an analyst for Operations research of RAF Bomber Command in World War II, commented on the effectiveness of Schräge Musik:
See also
Bomber destroyer
Strategic bombing
List of aircraft weapons
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Aders, Gebhard. History of the German Night Fighter Force 1917–45. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1979. .
Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan'. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 2nd ed., 1988. .
Boyne, Walt. "A Fighter for All Weather... Curtiss XP-87 Blackhawk." Wings, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 1975.
Bowers, Peter W. "Junkers Ju 88: Demon in the Dark." Wings, Vol. 12, No. 2, August 1982.
Bruce, J.M. Warplanes of the First World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald, 1969. .
Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .
Bowyer, Michael J.F. "The Boulton Paul Defiant." Aircraft in Profile, Vol. 5. London, Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
Davis, Larry and Dave Menard. F-89 Scorpion in action (Aircraft Number 104). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1990. .
Gunston, Bill. Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, First edition 1976. .
Hastings, Sir Max. Bomber Command (Pan Grand Strategy Series). London: Pan Books, 1999. .
Hinchliffe, Peter. Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces vs. Bomber Command. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 1996. .
James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991. .
Mason, Francis K. The Avro Lancaster. Bucks, UK: Ashton Publications Ltd., First edition 1989.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter Since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1977. .
Mason, Tim. The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down 1939–1945. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2010, First edition 1998. .
Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books, 2006. .
Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 2002. .
Norton, Bill. U.S. Experimental & Prototype Aircraft Projects: Fighters 1939–1945. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2008. .
"Scorpion with a Nuclear Sting: Northrop F-89". Air International, July 1988, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 44–50. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634.
Scutts, Jerry. Mosquito in Action, Part 1. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1993. .
Taylor, James and Martin Davidson. Bomber Crew. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 2004. .
Taylor, John W.R. "Boulton Paul Defiant." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
Thompson, Warren. P-61 Black Widow Units of World War 2 (Osprey Combat Aircraft 8). Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. .
Wilson, Kevin. Men Of Air: The Doomed Youth Of Bomber Command (Bomber War Trilogy 2). London: Phoenix, 2008. .
Winchester, Jim. "Bell YFM-1 Airacuda". The World's Worst Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2005. .
External links
Peter Spoden Luftwaffe Night Fighter ace demonstrates Schrage Musik
German night fighters
World War II aircraft of Germany
Aircraft guns | [
0.012713748030364513,
0.5221686959266663,
-0.31728288531303406,
-0.06489471346139908,
-0.557532548904419,
0.35161760449409485,
0.5774224400520325,
-0.6903924942016602,
-0.07036557793617249,
-0.23533186316490173,
-0.7571817636489868,
0.36243677139282227,
-0.17298808693885803,
-0.02217249386012554,
-0.6379162669181824,
0.023830950260162354,
0.23891495168209076,
-0.0867643728852272,
-0.23386403918266296,
-0.2618129849433899,
0.04703696444630623,
-0.1055411547422409,
0.20379436016082764,
0.059303801506757736,
0.03796519339084625,
-0.038247790187597275,
0.5256969928741455,
0.08167585730552673,
-0.16383296251296997,
0.4832402765750885,
0.06239576265215874,
0.48296302556991577,
0.15821866691112518,
-0.44131386280059814,
-0.3568483293056488,
0.5176494717597961,
0.1367347687482834,
0.02745223045349121,
-0.1693432331085205,
-0.9741555452346802,
-0.01132508646696806,
0.11891543865203857,
0.3726987838745117,
0.05162901431322098,
-0.26741716265678406,
-0.49602845311164856,
-1.5713211297988892,
0.4602220356464386,
-0.42591995000839233,
0.06409742683172226,
-0.05333567038178444,
0.30885130167007446,
0.06970245391130447,
0.7275282144546509,
-0.021810423582792282,
0.34488770365715027,
-0.5878632664680481,
-0.5335660576820374,
0.32445231080055237,
-0.38719308376312256,
0.22245930135250092,
-0.38495776057243347,
0.3423283100128174,
0.10270268470048904,
0.22158855199813843,
-0.22683946788311005,
-0.42098578810691833,
0.5438492894172668,
-0.11014890670776367,
-0.7541604042053223,
-0.11868707090616226,
-0.7400215268135071,
0.22532393038272858,
-0.0797547921538353,
0.0627799853682518,
-0.03824923560023308,
0.31022757291793823,
-0.43856266140937805,
-0.10416506230831146,
-0.10632524639368057,
0.20305348932743073,
0.05870863422751427,
0.3468393385410309,
-0.17235501110553741,
0.40532010793685913,
0.18097886443138123,
-0.9216898083686829,
0.3479393720626831,
-0.42787253856658936,
0.4351046681404114,
0.19839386641979218,
-0.966560423374176,
0.6011341214179993,
0.21318139135837555,
0.018946383148431778,
0.39604756236076355,
0.4978159964084625,
0.20598140358924866,
0.347915917634964,
0.18447953462600708,
0.8052600622177124,
-0.046377189457416534,
0.7259045839309692,
-0.2502002418041229,
-0.9098384976387024,
0.037755001336336136,
-0.016324358060956,
-0.8418607711791992,
-0.3478603959083557,
0.38128337264060974,
-0.7512299418449402,
-0.4622197151184082,
0.3164424002170563,
0.05655853450298309,
-0.12969134747982025,
-0.03356560692191124,
-0.23706288635730743,
-0.10214220732450485,
0.07657790184020996,
0.523362398147583,
0.31273919343948364,
0.6543532609939575,
-0.06638950109481812,
0.048683278262615204,
-0.3594842255115509,
0.022446876391768456,
0.5684114694595337,
1.143407940864563,
-1.0517128705978394,
-0.2282526046037674,
0.28572002053260803,
0.6219013929367065,
0.13469316065311432,
0.49827802181243896,
-0.2303251028060913,
-0.4615567624568939,
0.9176771640777588,
0.06361529976129532,
-0.07179747521877289,
0.3746776878833771,
-0.7130306363105774,
-0.2587326169013977,
-0.28889787197113037,
-0.690585196018219,
-0.17234668135643005,
-0.3551146388053894,
-0.030941464006900787,
-0.5213526487350464,
-0.19539251923561096,
-0.28643733263015747,
0.21455354988574982,
-0.3400536775588989,
-0.34680065512657166,
-0.0600535087287426,
-0.2814539670944214,
0.29187965393066406,
-0.20116470754146576,
-0.2777661085128784,
0.1659468412399292,
-0.23622924089431763,
0.15811298787593842,
0.0903392806649208,
-0.8520728945732117,
0.7606549859046936,
0.01040173415094614,
-0.06586848199367523,
-0.07955892384052277,
0.2682304084300995,
-0.049071941524744034,
-0.03184031322598457,
-0.16293855011463165,
0.13311298191547394,
0.3847164511680603,
-0.030050287023186684,
0.1835085153579712,
0.7043709754943848,
0.7651022672653198,
0.18372578918933868,
0.20669762790203094,
-0.26605695486068726,
-0.5666795372962952,
-0.23865194618701935,
0.5916016101837158,
-0.048975709825754166,
-0.21232983469963074,
-0.03010752610862255,
-0.07479341328144073,
-0.3933337330818176,
0.2366943359375,
-0.07398705184459686,
-0.8832305073738098,
-0.5980944633483887,
0.6838579177856445,
-0.421038419008255,
1.2105889320373535,
-0.06204165890812874,
-0.09807590395212173,
-0.024085329845547676,
-0.20352807641029358,
0.3090435862541199,
0.09352397173643112,
-0.3058120906352997,
0.5492047667503357,
-0.017021970823407173,
-0.4559774696826935,
-0.1635570526123047,
-0.4690667986869812,
0.25563493371009827,
-0.10088104009628296,
0.274537593126297,
0.25446438789367676,
-0.38849878311157227,
0.3377409875392914,
-0.15108120441436768,
-0.18375751376152039,
0.6148063540458679,
-1.0722239017486572,
0.6674110293388367,
-0.5776752829551697,
-0.4597133994102478,
-0.06086866930127144,
-0.11033021658658981,
-0.5982508659362793,
0.5146282315254211,
-0.0013307866174727678,
0.10364237427711487,
0.2940220832824707,
0.06532690674066544,
0.33279627561569214,
-0.8286153674125671,
0.3409258723258972,
0.0019114997703582048,
0.15001265704631805,
0.025498423725366592,
0.09071355313062668,
0.303935170173645,
0.03370978310704231,
-0.10794886946678162,
-0.06919088214635849,
-0.838801383972168,
0.35585740208625793,
0.07814910262823105,
-0.14514397084712982,
0.21206045150756836,
0.05929213762283325,
0.06439769268035889,
0.31309473514556885,
0.2518974840641022,
0.14473062753677368,
-0.023340368643403053,
0.6070927381515503,
0.9733090400695801,
0.5076419711112976,
-0.5726356506347656,
-0.31992101669311523,
-0.251058429479599,
0.3302363455295563,
0.251635879278183,
0.4937940835952759,
-0.09883251041173935,
0.015798643231391907,
-0.0321526899933815,
0.8294529914855957,
0.21299755573272705,
0.18197959661483765,
-0.46634817123413086,
0.32062849402427673,
-0.05701619014143944,
-0.09179593622684479,
0.10744867473840714,
-0.06391822546720505,
0.4153963327407837,
-0.19291536509990692,
0.23469725251197815,
-0.6343687772750854,
-0.8780726790428162,
-0.14176324009895325,
0.16698570549488068,
-0.490611732006073,
-0.04095117002725601,
-0.2444646805524826,
0.6378483772277832,
0.3961881995201111,
-0.6905402541160583,
-0.24739962816238403,
0.2728055417537689,
0.642510175704956,
-0.10233652591705322,
-0.16745297610759735,
0.08342770487070084,
-0.27765753865242004,
0.4670083522796631,
-0.5696470141410828,
0.6142622232437134,
-0.04858217015862465,
0.5310871005058289,
-0.5703756809234619,
0.04253699257969856,
0.7812853455543518,
-0.3759392499923706,
-0.414049357175827,
0.7189618349075317,
-0.32750576734542847,
-0.0014177471166476607,
-0.20455703139305115,
-0.22112789750099182,
-0.6128515005111694,
0.2990642786026001,
-5.705987453460693,
0.40010058879852295,
-0.33805760741233826,
-0.45879530906677246,
0.04639625549316406,
0.940371572971344,
0.029163558036088943,
-0.5649448037147522,
-0.06355445086956024,
-0.27248841524124146,
0.14295928180217743,
-0.2714269757270813,
-0.04708157852292061,
0.21577519178390503,
0.3268536627292633,
-0.050498005002737045,
-0.12391156703233719,
-0.07076603919267654,
0.1622287482023239,
0.14650081098079681,
0.6010941863059998,
0.03965310379862785,
0.31927236914634705,
0.7166863083839417,
-0.13946807384490967,
-0.18224285542964935,
-0.24617664515972137,
-0.1210339143872261,
-0.4798705279827118,
-0.07919676601886749,
0.5117595195770264,
0.12532326579093933,
-0.29960182309150696,
0.456592857837677,
-0.07205307483673096,
0.18539370596408844,
0.9333284497261047,
0.26559969782829285,
0.40790677070617676,
0.0056694080121815205,
-0.020427657291293144,
0.8161799907684326,
0.1808546632528305,
0.060093190521001816,
0.7694927453994751,
-0.3244200050830841,
-0.08465676009654999,
0.4281730353832245,
-0.5078400373458862,
0.5759686231613159,
0.41634321212768555,
-0.39134904742240906,
0.09192081540822983,
-0.14252713322639465,
0.03497689589858055,
0.03516247496008873,
-0.049087438732385635,
0.21225698292255402,
0.31056466698646545,
-0.051614727824926376,
-0.1285424679517746,
-0.3325216770172119,
-0.42036551237106323,
-0.009084374643862247,
-0.2876891493797302,
-0.20512042939662933,
-0.47535446286201477,
-0.5128545761108398,
0.47326767444610596,
0.49636131525039673,
-0.3298356831073761,
1.0280095338821411,
0.2908308207988739,
-1.066580891609192,
0.3691156804561615,
-0.4174436330795288,
-0.22898007929325104,
-0.24080732464790344,
-0.0014519008109346032,
0.582110583782196,
0.3993091881275177,
-0.36634060740470886,
-0.018137460574507713,
-0.5629183650016785,
0.5907989740371704,
0.13469992578029633,
-0.40333083271980286,
0.37805044651031494,
0.010069300420582294,
0.4043891727924347,
0.7069312930107117,
-0.36006560921669006,
0.44684267044067383,
0.40668532252311707,
0.14239418506622314,
0.3152613341808319,
-0.15477976202964783,
-0.1531926393508911,
0.6658616065979004,
-0.005698615685105324,
0.3152023255825043,
0.22142979502677917,
0.3119376599788666,
-0.01720489375293255,
-0.09008674323558807,
-0.14663636684417725,
0.01511930301785469,
0.295949250459671,
1.229517936706543,
-0.19392797350883484,
0.025719646364450455,
-0.029878174886107445,
-0.17760324478149414,
-0.3802536725997925,
0.3981100916862488,
-0.7480636239051819,
-0.6935029625892639,
0.4877389371395111,
0.0014433495234698057,
-0.39593634009361267,
0.157627671957016,
-0.2034834772348404,
-0.5497767329216003,
-0.6204080581665039,
-0.2559543251991272,
-0.1302087903022766,
-0.290599524974823,
0.0045916358940303326,
0.04722817987203598,
0.6247453093528748,
-0.07826849818229675,
0.3154076635837555,
0.03655523806810379,
0.21876764297485352,
0.6655791997909546,
-0.5414518117904663,
-0.2882424294948578,
0.1441386491060257,
-0.2728048264980316,
-0.29846855998039246,
0.10661374032497406,
-0.08630290627479553,
0.06312700361013412,
-0.24113890528678894,
1.0488841533660889,
0.7394313216209412,
0.026561923325061798,
-0.6927768588066101,
-0.07897581160068512,
0.16593743860721588,
-0.2287682145833969,
0.029051776975393295,
0.1603577882051468,
-0.6381826996803284,
-0.4217819273471832,
0.15730760991573334,
0.10973022133111954,
0.05196090415120125,
-0.021181510761380196,
-0.4185175597667694,
0.7761411070823669,
0.11562030017375946,
-1.3490978479385376,
-0.16815030574798584,
-0.06411290913820267,
0.5006293654441833,
-0.0630917027592659,
-0.3001696467399597,
0.07189573347568512,
0.30609485507011414,
-0.23190777003765106,
-0.5583171844482422,
-0.8074683547019958,
0.025595877319574356,
0.2520469129085541,
0.26900389790534973,
-0.03453969210386276,
-0.3431296944618225,
0.24726097285747528,
0.0685831680893898,
-0.26389479637145996,
-0.11448326706886292,
-0.40830785036087036,
0.6013853549957275,
-0.09451945871114731,
-0.8156800866127014,
-0.6589694619178772,
0.4489767551422119,
-0.6443702578544617,
-0.5295177102088928,
-0.11527937650680542,
-0.4786837100982666,
0.27931591868400574,
0.2114701271057129,
-0.41455408930778503,
-0.817035973072052,
-0.6609224081039429,
-0.06516831368207932,
-0.07255581766366959,
-0.4577313959598541,
0.26802369952201843,
0.3451254963874817,
-0.21271461248397827,
0.20780974626541138,
0.15990939736366272,
-0.31456631422042847,
0.43418166041374207,
-0.1665513664484024,
-0.21171604096889496,
0.7040485143661499,
-0.30273985862731934,
-1.0494637489318848,
-0.011768694967031479,
0.911453902721405,
0.16258084774017334,
0.4810340106487274,
-0.32122665643692017,
0.1331232190132141,
-0.483979195356369,
-0.0019785454496741295,
-0.056397225707769394,
0.20300021767616272,
-0.4371371269226074,
0.09938012063503265,
-0.8158426284790039,
0.04911145195364952,
-0.20135045051574707,
-0.7292795777320862,
0.27698948979377747,
0.0027669176924973726,
-0.23842477798461914,
0.30236026644706726,
0.31486526131629944,
-0.11105494201183319,
0.20345692336559296,
-0.3916481137275696,
-0.0646621510386467,
0.31233397126197815,
-0.029186835512518883,
0.10851049423217773,
0.5098527669906616,
0.9805757999420166,
-0.09620407223701477,
-0.07309062033891678,
-0.0996599942445755,
0.2345287799835205,
0.4204123616218567,
-0.7335302233695984,
-0.4691380560398102,
0.3062079846858978,
-0.4236963093280792,
0.08444882929325104,
-0.628915548324585,
0.08800284564495087,
0.6906359195709229,
-0.4972102642059326,
-0.11416561901569366,
0.24115398526191711,
0.26875871419906616,
0.6954631805419922,
-0.19150632619857788,
0.6036915183067322,
-0.08993157744407654,
-0.3116539418697357,
-0.24967312812805176,
0.13587221503257751,
-0.33541402220726013,
-0.5806385278701782,
0.21960707008838654,
-0.5527543425559998,
0.5232278108596802,
0.16445763409137726,
0.5906901955604553,
0.2474597841501236,
0.6484277248382568,
0.23647914826869965,
-0.1907484531402588,
-0.2576586902141571,
-0.4005049467086792,
0.44793274998664856,
-0.2770175337791443,
-0.18048834800720215,
0.01969350315630436,
-0.36567696928977966,
-0.06385229527950287,
-0.4798903465270996,
0.38163936138153076,
-0.13494159281253815,
-0.20182865858078003,
0.17971664667129517,
-0.17798854410648346,
0.2951659858226776,
-0.07036542892456055,
0.6910095810890198,
-0.06647048890590668,
0.034975066781044006,
-0.41906309127807617,
-0.4107655882835388,
-0.0028006709180772305,
0.4037543833255768,
-0.13962766528129578,
-0.3654170632362366,
0.18153895437717438,
-0.5550669431686401,
0.22660179436206818,
0.13246117532253265,
0.21680958569049835,
-0.6071968674659729,
-0.1839173138141632,
-0.19408534467220306,
-0.3382090926170349,
-0.2624082863330841,
-0.4688390791416168,
0.5872684717178345,
-0.024409953504800797,
0.2012457251548767,
0.1721518635749817,
0.260919451713562,
0.2803289294242859,
0.18708565831184387,
0.2857115566730499,
0.21216264367103577,
0.6533085107803345,
0.0742986723780632,
-0.4627339243888855,
-0.17057272791862488,
-0.08281424641609192,
-0.44909435510635376,
-0.597963273525238,
0.2816559076309204,
0.6963720917701721,
0.022298021242022514,
-0.041777875274419785,
0.9012470245361328,
-0.17491023242473602,
-0.3184087872505188,
0.6485720872879028,
-0.5177886486053467,
-0.19668740034103394,
0.2980618178844452,
-0.020944606512784958,
0.4120747447013855,
0.16626589000225067,
-0.5084128975868225,
-0.14530833065509796,
0.2782619893550873,
0.12349466234445572,
0.09858914464712143,
0.36959338188171387,
0.09403283149003983,
0.006817926652729511,
0.5473163723945618,
-0.1861943155527115,
0.3112857937812805,
0.1700868159532547,
0.10801630467176437,
0.801284909248352,
-0.16160927712917328,
0.17330870032310486,
0.37253645062446594,
-0.007685811724513769,
0.1578119993209839,
0.19667436182498932,
-0.40158092975616455,
-0.3540346324443817,
0.30377084016799927,
-0.1984156370162964,
-0.9539517760276794,
0.12617342174053192,
-0.18298956751823425,
0.17013037204742432,
-0.3045600354671478,
-0.34385642409324646,
-0.03344326466321945,
0.3230384290218353,
-0.15410375595092773,
0.7917981743812561,
0.03482672944664955,
0.34594160318374634,
0.17818614840507507,
-0.0566440187394619,
0.11554022133350372,
0.02561517059803009,
-0.39255717396736145,
0.2206437885761261,
-0.28852593898773193,
-0.4358937442302704,
-0.25268030166625977,
0.2773424983024597,
-0.26279470324516296,
0.16168519854545593,
-0.5578739047050476,
-0.1486714482307434,
-0.012327632866799831,
0.0007920631323941052,
0.06626181304454803,
-0.11241396516561508,
0.9803338646888733,
0.1804637461900711,
0.18531648814678192,
-0.4664851129055023,
0.17516940832138062,
-0.7271361947059631,
-0.27741870284080505,
-0.1520226001739502,
0.07888138294219971,
0.35974809527397156,
0.0336071252822876,
0.11112170666456223,
0.9914070963859558,
0.31635043025016785,
-0.3069213926792145,
-0.04836585000157356,
-0.01735018752515316,
-0.17466558516025543,
-0.3789304494857788,
0.7626588344573975,
-0.2660229504108429,
0.15599064528942108,
-0.7815102934837341,
0.42413046956062317,
-0.44127556681632996,
0.428151398897171,
-0.5523756146430969,
-0.14006918668746948,
0.08078454434871674,
0.21286745369434357,
-0.293075829744339,
-0.021458936855196953,
0.33965402841567993,
-0.2661092281341553,
0.3198959231376648,
-0.44620805978775024,
0.05213775485754013,
-0.5690591931343079,
-0.4040205776691437,
0.5789111256599426,
0.07956735789775848,
0.46011731028556824,
0.0879645049571991,
0.4703744649887085,
-0.40700793266296387,
0.1576867252588272,
-0.2853236496448517,
0.03463270515203476,
0.6395127177238464,
-0.13301600515842438,
0.02367670275270939,
-0.15331293642520905,
0.9119563698768616,
-0.4971204698085785,
-0.6009337306022644,
0.4828454256057739,
-0.6629015803337097,
-0.4557059407234192,
0.17110572755336761,
-0.36265692114830017,
-0.45703649520874023,
-0.035535573959350586,
-0.3593004047870636
] |
236316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Behaim | Martin Behaim | Martin Behaim (6 October 1459 – 29 July 1507), also known as and by various forms of , was a German textile merchant and cartographer. He served John II of Portugal as an adviser in matters of navigation and participated in a voyage to West Africa. He is now best known for his Erdapfel, the world's oldest surviving globe, which he produced for the Imperial City of Nuremberg in 1492.
Biography
Behaim was born in Nuremberg on 6 October 1459, the oldest son of Martin Behaim and Agnes Schopper. The elder Martin was a merchant involved in long-distance trade within Europe, including Venice; in 1461 he was elected a senator of Nuremberg. Their son, as a member of a prominent and prosperous family, likely received a good education at one of the best grammar schools in the city. Contrary to later assertions, it is unlikely that he was ever a student of the famous Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, Regiomontanus.
When his father died in 1474, Martin's uncle Leonhard sent him at the age of 15 to Mechelen, Flanders to gain experience as a textile merchant. There he joined the business of Jorius van Dorpp, a vendor of clothing. In 1477 they visited Antwerp where van Dorpp sold his wares to a German merchant; later that same year Behaim attended the Frankfurt fair with Bartels von Eyb, a friend of the family. Writing to his uncle in 1478, Behaim expressed a desire to improve his business prospects by moving to Antwerp, a leading center of the cloth trade. The following year he moved to Antwerp and joined the cloth-dye-house of Fritz Heberlein, a native of Nuremberg.
In 1484 Behaim moved to Portugal and set up residence in Lisbon. The circumstances behind this move are unclear but Lisbon was the hub of a wide-ranging trade network that included spices, slaves, and gold from Africa and it is likely that Behaim was looking for trading opportunities. He quickly found favor as a counselor in the court of King John II where he supposedly provided advice on navigation and astronomy. However, despite assertions by his early biographers, there is no evidence that Behaim made any significant contributions in these areas. Claims that he taught celestial navigation or introduced the Portuguese to new navigational instruments are belied by the fact that these technologies were already known and used by Portuguese mariners. He may have acted as an importer of scientific instruments, the finest of which were produced at that time in his native town of Nuremberg.
On 18 February 1485 Behaim was knighted by John II, presumably for his contributions as adviser on navigation and astronomy but there is no record of the exact reasons for his honor.
It appears that Behaim participated in a voyage to West Africa around 1485; however it is unlikely that he accompanied Diogo Cão on his second expedition as is sometimes claimed. It is more likely that he participated in a trading voyage to Guinea led by João Afonso de Aveiro.
Following his marriage to Joana de Macedo in 1486, he resided on the Portuguese island of Faial in the Azores, where his father-in-law, Josse van Huerter, was Captain-donatário and leader of the Flemish community. In 1490, Behaim returned to Nuremberg to settle a will case, and remained in the city for three years. He managed to convince leading members of the city council to finance the construction of his famous terrestrial globe under his direction. He returned to Faial in 1493 by way of Flanders and Lisbon, and he remained there until 1506.
Behaim died in the hospice of Saint Bartholomew on 29 July 1507 while visiting Lisbon for business.
Unsubstantiated claims
Numerous assertions have been made regarding Behaim's accomplishments, some made by himself and others by his early biographers. Since the twentieth century, historians have taken a more critical look at these claims and have concluded that many of them are unsubstantiated by any documentary evidence, and in some cases flatly contradicted by existing documentation.
Historian Johann Christoph Wagenseil claimed in 1682 that Behaim had discovered America before Columbus. Other authors say that Behaim at least gave Columbus the idea of sailing west. There is no evidence that Behaim ever sailed west on a voyage of discovery and although it is possible that Behaim and Columbus met in Lisbon, neither Behaim or Columbus ever referenced such a meeting.
Behaim has been hailed as a great mathematician and astronomer but there is no evidence of a scientific education nor are there any extant scientific writings by him. Behaim claimed to be a disciple of the Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, Regiomontanus. Regiomontanus was a neighbor in Nuremberg when Behaim was a boy, but there is no evidence that they ever studied together.
Biographers have claimed that Behaim accompanied Diogo Cão on his second voyage of discovery. Behaim may have contributed to the misunderstanding by leaving a confused account of an African voyage he made in 1485. The fact is that Behaim's dates do not match the dates of this voyage and there is no independent evidence that Behaim sailed with Cão.
Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian writer who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan alleges that Magellan had prior knowledge of a passage to the "Southern Sea" derived from a map made by Behaim. Historians now doubt that Behaim had any direct knowledge of such a passage but he may have depicted mysterious passages in an unknown land which Magellan interpreted as the strait he eventually discovered.
Behaim globe
After Behaim returned to Nuremberg in 1490, leading members of the city council financed the construction of a terrestrial globe. Under the direction of Behaim, a team of artisans and craftsmen constructed what has become the oldest extant globe. Georg Glockendon was the artist who created the actual map drawings following Behaim's specifications.
The globe is about 21 inches (51 cm) in diameter and was fashioned from a type of papier-mache and coated with gypsum. The ball was supported on a wooden tripod and secured by a pair of iron hoops. Glockendon's map drawings were painted onto parchment strips and pasted into position around the sphere. The globe contains more than 2,000 place names, 100 pictorial illustrations (plus 48 banners and 15 coats of arms), and more than 50 long legends. Many of the notations deal with fabulous monsters of foreign countries and their inhabitants, plants and animals. Many notes also deal with trade, explorations, and famous travelers like Marco Polo.
The world map depicted on the Behaim globe is based primarily on the geography of the second-century geographer Ptolemy. It also combines geographical information from other sources, including Marco Polo, John Mandeville, and Portuguese explorer Diogo Gomes. It is notable for lacking more current Portuguese geographic data which should have been available to Behaim and it contains numerous errors that did not reflect contemporary geographical understanding.
The completed globe, which came to be called Erdapfel (earth apple) by the townspeople, was originally housed in Nuremberg's city hall. In the 17th century the Behaim family took possession of the globe. It was inexpertly restored in 1823 and again in 1847, resulting in the corruption of many place-names and labels. The German National Museum in Nuremberg later took possession of the globe, which is commonly known as the Nuremberg Terrestrial Globe.
The antiquity of this globe and the year of its execution, on the eve of the discovery of the Americas, makes it not just the oldest globe but also represents an encyclopedia of Europe's knowledge of the known world in 1492.
See also
German inventors and discoverers
German inventions and discoveries
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Wolff, Hans, ed. America: Early Maps of the New World. Munich: Prestel 1992.
External links
Martin Behaim's Erdapfel 1492 globe gores at the American Geographical Society Library Digital Collection
Martin Behaim's Erdapfel 1492 globe gores at Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Digital Collection Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
1459 births
1507 deaths
German cartographers
Businesspeople from Nuremberg
15th-century explorers of Africa
Maritime history of Portugal | [
0.1013604924082756,
0.5383713245391846,
-0.1366719752550125,
-0.2452346235513687,
0.16005395352840424,
1.3642330169677734,
0.8521987795829773,
-0.08579181134700775,
-0.38874000310897827,
-0.361076295375824,
-0.10321645438671112,
-0.33197450637817383,
0.10694049298763275,
0.5619252920150757,
-0.1389196366071701,
-0.23776088654994965,
-0.11726514995098114,
-0.07756776362657547,
-0.2936711013317108,
-0.15593290328979492,
-0.40345895290374756,
-0.37071701884269714,
0.5609070658683777,
-0.32060787081718445,
-0.03443587198853493,
-0.08903753012418747,
0.38497188687324524,
-0.12026483565568924,
-0.08951754868030548,
0.17123734951019287,
0.05761292204260826,
0.4791076183319092,
0.37410688400268555,
-0.10163816809654236,
-0.522333562374115,
0.19038014113903046,
-0.7539745569229126,
-0.21666298806667328,
-0.23022578656673431,
-0.28385958075523376,
-0.6590943336486816,
0.48516374826431274,
0.02423480898141861,
0.47054874897003174,
-0.20957808196544647,
-0.5500190258026123,
-1.9452335834503174,
0.5883620977401733,
-0.9811191558837891,
-0.06339757889509201,
0.1514834612607956,
0.4026651382446289,
0.3508710563182831,
0.8646947741508484,
-0.2966703772544861,
0.4578968584537506,
-0.5865306854248047,
-0.5203558802604675,
0.6270001530647278,
-0.30460527539253235,
1.1208068132400513,
-0.1418677419424057,
0.4183785617351532,
-0.08395787328481674,
0.3723313808441162,
-0.1648779809474945,
-0.39803293347358704,
0.5054983496665955,
0.22050464153289795,
-0.6110617518424988,
-0.013726344332098961,
0.11717814207077026,
0.04219129681587219,
0.15705616772174835,
0.3874587118625641,
-0.3383954167366028,
-0.10534895211458206,
0.16987398266792297,
0.03539859130978584,
-0.21019934117794037,
-0.35834401845932007,
-0.35053128004074097,
0.9836869239807129,
0.19638393819332123,
0.41595908999443054,
0.25075671076774597,
-0.23100076615810394,
-0.0999806672334671,
-0.5076949000358582,
-0.03955703228712082,
0.15995527803897858,
-0.4069884121417999,
0.18582184612751007,
0.2223762422800064,
-0.0448259674012661,
-0.07931171357631683,
-0.7794181108474731,
0.40479809045791626,
0.001321653719060123,
-0.02484136074781418,
-0.12932607531547546,
0.3726876974105835,
0.5235676765441895,
0.4804554283618927,
0.17042729258537292,
0.03447763994336128,
0.06813089549541473,
-0.09938757866621017,
-0.07162316888570786,
0.25013211369514465,
0.07565095275640488,
0.23795723915100098,
-0.03446055203676224,
0.3153248429298401,
-0.05191739648580551,
0.7487497329711914,
0.39137113094329834,
-1.2397606372833252,
-0.5575730800628662,
0.12547722458839417,
-0.2724805176258087,
0.7591308355331421,
0.2582392990589142,
-0.22642146050930023,
-0.31479713320732117,
-0.039004839956760406,
-0.2115531861782074,
0.6632214188575745,
-0.49927419424057007,
0.5182619690895081,
-0.08281084895133972,
0.9708250761032104,
-0.11122126877307892,
0.007042151875793934,
-0.6688357591629028,
-0.213716059923172,
0.2842511832714081,
0.5224980711936951,
-0.3061714768409729,
0.03932119905948639,
-0.7416818141937256,
-0.13882796466350555,
-0.4988451600074768,
-0.15047504007816315,
0.11822615563869476,
-0.2425256371498108,
0.18861715495586395,
-0.5600968599319458,
-0.31284183263778687,
-0.12828539311885834,
-0.6630709171295166,
0.08687743544578552,
0.2968277335166931,
-0.31789350509643555,
-0.19015724956989288,
0.2757638394832611,
0.006726003251969814,
0.3542077839374542,
-0.07661501318216324,
-0.21041586995124817,
0.2901274859905243,
0.4923003911972046,
-0.5612503290176392,
0.2658117413520813,
0.27431726455688477,
-0.2983032464981079,
0.3960192799568176,
0.14497803151607513,
-0.03804318234324455,
-0.1156487986445427,
-0.027793314307928085,
-0.3650372326374054,
0.2611689567565918,
0.06302640587091446,
-0.20722033083438873,
1.1680480241775513,
0.3768395781517029,
-0.12061697989702225,
0.32871320843696594,
-0.5105248689651489,
-0.6099148392677307,
0.38674500584602356,
0.3131195604801178,
-0.09678275138139725,
0.34658312797546387,
0.2822020649909973,
0.666955292224884,
-0.32244738936424255,
0.48527947068214417,
-0.27934423089027405,
-0.36332932114601135,
-0.67426598072052,
0.2873503863811493,
-0.0730036199092865,
0.6568554043769836,
0.5810982584953308,
-0.5322620272636414,
0.608741283416748,
-0.42326998710632324,
0.4667675793170929,
-0.5163236856460571,
-0.5755623579025269,
-0.023132598027586937,
0.1916676163673401,
0.009533989243209362,
0.1444704681634903,
0.2639627754688263,
-0.06745807081460953,
0.16416484117507935,
0.28571009635925293,
0.8739328980445862,
-0.5004851222038269,
0.07743638753890991,
0.23211462795734406,
-0.3269440531730652,
-0.2874513864517212,
-0.08849795907735825,
0.23561996221542358,
-0.002798904199153185,
-0.23818625509738922,
0.5272107720375061,
0.018443703651428223,
-0.4650030732154846,
0.7264235615730286,
0.5664106011390686,
0.7899941205978394,
-0.4471109211444855,
-0.20952171087265015,
0.06141286715865135,
-1.033954381942749,
-0.16293330490589142,
0.2829436957836151,
0.6497954726219177,
-0.1527823656797409,
-0.335428923368454,
-0.16105243563652039,
-0.17223170399665833,
-0.12126058340072632,
0.12073545157909393,
-0.3594980537891388,
0.4389376938343048,
0.3640141785144806,
-0.040722668170928955,
-0.18583132326602936,
0.11379798501729965,
0.3285313546657562,
-0.17585252225399017,
-0.1756352037191391,
-0.032665520906448364,
-0.303046315908432,
0.2508001923561096,
0.44285786151885986,
-0.12002739310264587,
-0.16468335688114166,
-0.3009025752544403,
-0.25305497646331787,
0.3453129231929779,
0.1799164116382599,
0.38396841287612915,
0.6805213093757629,
0.4131366014480591,
-0.04100048914551735,
0.12132936716079712,
0.36648690700531006,
0.011528940871357918,
-0.4577336609363556,
-0.11993883550167084,
-0.3098513185977936,
0.3120935261249542,
-0.11955976486206055,
0.1641155481338501,
-0.2702264189720154,
-0.40364134311676025,
0.3513199985027313,
0.5622701048851013,
-0.8501247763633728,
0.0539836511015892,
-0.05983036383986473,
0.0248819999396801,
-0.3539845049381256,
-0.03334870934486389,
0.7394335865974426,
-0.08744700253009796,
-0.312867134809494,
0.46643099188804626,
-0.14495088160037994,
0.22290971875190735,
0.12010563164949417,
0.30810338258743286,
0.408237099647522,
-0.13246655464172363,
0.788733184337616,
-0.5531836152076721,
0.18315447866916656,
-0.13075117766857147,
0.5418700575828552,
-0.4689502716064453,
-0.7724220752716064,
-0.01491443533450365,
-0.11460930854082108,
-0.8880738615989685,
0.3212416172027588,
0.06596383452415466,
0.2602733075618744,
0.11736810952425003,
-0.05285198241472244,
-0.02376151829957962,
-0.09953516721725464,
-5.709384918212891,
-0.06132425367832184,
-0.14750708639621735,
-0.5031816363334656,
-0.26286453008651733,
0.2445380538702011,
0.3654884994029999,
0.026787325739860535,
0.34493160247802734,
-0.15736252069473267,
0.5652638673782349,
-0.5546389222145081,
-0.603989839553833,
0.2900969088077545,
0.6998937129974365,
0.6116419434547424,
0.25222402811050415,
0.6084932684898376,
0.005472238641232252,
-0.06110268458724022,
0.14367452263832092,
-0.44623053073883057,
-0.3551611006259918,
0.26689550280570984,
0.07149017602205276,
0.12645378708839417,
-0.6836285591125488,
0.3547878861427307,
-0.6203294992446899,
-0.49149709939956665,
0.2240719348192215,
-0.2986081838607788,
-0.08893947303295135,
0.06124792993068695,
0.040757983922958374,
-0.3507077991962433,
0.056164272129535675,
0.8183979988098145,
-0.5027542114257812,
0.3793950378894806,
0.019729655236005783,
0.7509804964065552,
-0.5183897018432617,
-0.06737887859344482,
0.2651945650577545,
-0.38314107060432434,
-0.7836540341377258,
0.4765683114528656,
-0.4628586769104004,
0.3575678765773773,
0.4429284632205963,
-0.35767263174057007,
0.1856958568096161,
-0.20407643914222717,
0.020443789660930634,
-0.009802522137761116,
0.1236996129155159,
0.27377891540527344,
-0.8499953746795654,
-0.1669647991657257,
0.1498447209596634,
-0.16248592734336853,
-0.007865572348237038,
0.12693831324577332,
0.12163052707910538,
-0.6345062255859375,
-0.11356929689645767,
-0.23338386416435242,
-0.05153854563832283,
-0.3505252003669739,
0.14627932012081146,
1.0146390199661255,
0.274383008480072,
-0.9590007662773132,
0.049104634672403336,
-0.5702855587005615,
-0.08145526796579361,
-0.5015104413032532,
-0.3418756425380707,
-0.4134986400604248,
-0.031780391931533813,
-0.7299185395240784,
0.513329267501831,
0.9169420599937439,
1.009701132774353,
0.2564544975757599,
-0.33159223198890686,
-0.055183980613946915,
-0.9007567167282104,
-0.06843949854373932,
0.3078870177268982,
-0.09413938969373703,
0.031499724835157394,
0.10705186426639557,
-0.4564714729785919,
0.35834166407585144,
-0.46719565987586975,
-0.2920963764190674,
0.6715282797813416,
0.44925346970558167,
0.053778938949108124,
0.39535588026046753,
-0.30134516954421997,
-0.1955958604812622,
0.5785408616065979,
0.10861052572727203,
-0.20542088150978088,
0.12230317294597626,
0.94032883644104,
0.7147352695465088,
0.14297175407409668,
0.746040403842926,
-0.26569321751594543,
-0.2627101540565491,
-0.04187390208244324,
-0.7820388674736023,
-0.343222975730896,
0.2574361264705658,
0.3381393551826477,
-0.11876805126667023,
0.12598882615566254,
-0.00555679015815258,
0.10840322822332382,
-0.7176286578178406,
0.0746406763792038,
-0.12484942376613617,
-0.29701825976371765,
0.22040651738643646,
-0.06968507915735245,
0.1388600915670395,
-0.2316521555185318,
0.3175473213195801,
-0.5463430881500244,
-0.2509552240371704,
0.0778583437204361,
-0.08149109035730362,
-0.4362472891807556,
-0.5505123138427734,
-0.13888365030288696,
-0.1791664958000183,
-0.10794400423765182,
-0.08355645090341568,
0.33070412278175354,
0.28510600328445435,
0.1362461894750595,
0.04164275899529457,
0.2252558320760727,
0.11304176598787308,
-0.36626875400543213,
0.529127836227417,
0.0938563272356987,
0.0014674159465357661,
0.44989198446273804,
0.07876671850681305,
-0.5759949088096619,
-0.35580626130104065,
0.2148990035057068,
0.5428124666213989,
-0.09503684192895889,
0.05383537709712982,
0.22944435477256775,
0.5319574475288391,
-1.0638792514801025,
0.10778633505105972,
-0.31449612975120544,
0.014169268310070038,
-0.09814530611038208,
0.2639419734477997,
0.22805652022361755,
0.4999871551990509,
0.361294686794281,
-0.4784338176250458,
-0.7698208689689636,
0.004716087132692337,
0.07045555114746094,
0.4345792531967163,
0.028935762122273445,
0.2728503942489624,
0.14367666840553284,
0.2723991274833679,
-0.30790024995803833,
0.14384281635284424,
-0.28276991844177246,
0.22296680510044098,
0.6013032793998718,
-0.014559751376509666,
-0.43223658204078674,
-0.3666653037071228,
-0.6709953546524048,
-0.5118119716644287,
0.05407535657286644,
-0.14574581384658813,
0.14440496265888214,
0.5974264740943909,
-0.11342969536781311,
-0.715053141117096,
-0.13420970737934113,
0.35729318857192993,
0.2216538041830063,
-0.19335535168647766,
-0.19282656908035278,
0.12736155092716217,
-0.5577570199966431,
-0.03652900829911232,
0.13264086842536926,
-0.9442135095596313,
-0.19005446135997772,
0.047929342836141586,
-0.021764621138572693,
0.16769017279148102,
-0.6695512533187866,
-0.4092221260070801,
0.13113468885421753,
0.540001630783081,
-0.5767872333526611,
-0.13592900335788727,
0.19742777943611145,
-0.09538058191537857,
-0.32242870330810547,
-0.4161268174648285,
-0.5338530540466309,
0.23614148795604706,
-0.5138430595397949,
0.0467134490609169,
-0.07023366540670395,
0.3738979697227478,
0.4056718945503235,
0.3539670407772064,
0.6096412539482117,
0.07275330275297165,
0.06481783837080002,
-0.022105470299720764,
-0.3121558129787445,
0.18791881203651428,
-0.19283738732337952,
-0.18223682045936584,
0.3488729000091553,
0.195909321308136,
0.10317737609148026,
0.03820200264453888,
0.22911180555820465,
0.442836731672287,
0.5022436380386353,
0.30013543367385864,
0.20855875313282013,
0.1462188959121704,
-0.07388771325349808,
-0.0735408365726471,
-0.05617101863026619,
0.09144889563322067,
-0.3284163773059845,
-0.18881064653396606,
-0.6225661039352417,
-0.28063061833381653,
1.2565547227859497,
-0.037158846855163574,
0.2389489859342575,
0.4823356866836548,
0.03019624389708042,
-0.17480075359344482,
0.24512018263339996,
0.5063436031341553,
0.36162593960762024,
-0.022401442751288414,
-0.2047377973794937,
-0.028405124321579933,
-0.5201614499092102,
0.012508598156273365,
-0.10571493953466415,
-0.08319421857595444,
-0.20065756142139435,
-0.5292086005210876,
-0.2683972418308258,
0.4992246627807617,
-0.07268218696117401,
0.1400640308856964,
0.19480940699577332,
-0.2613631784915924,
0.6935177445411682,
0.04940252751111984,
-1.4742661714553833,
-0.394396036863327,
-0.03201591596007347,
-0.013991744257509708,
-0.11472131311893463,
-0.038881540298461914,
-0.2916225492954254,
-0.0005348940612748265,
-0.3761621117591858,
0.19484716653823853,
-0.6224934458732605,
0.8048667311668396,
-0.5349199175834656,
0.5246888995170593,
-0.3936963677406311,
0.15786483883857727,
0.13965392112731934,
0.6482422947883606,
-0.08218001574277878,
-0.5610151290893555,
-0.15402823686599731,
0.30769750475883484,
0.6696029305458069,
-0.4890696406364441,
0.25112470984458923,
-0.08054139465093613,
-0.09890872240066528,
0.3176111578941345,
-0.41686585545539856,
-0.07860637456178665,
-0.07489176839590073,
-0.13002555072307587,
-0.14618751406669617,
-0.08376385271549225,
-0.0962061807513237,
-0.2279067486524582,
0.6004515886306763,
-0.20214615762233734,
-0.3672942519187927,
-0.205358624458313,
0.4121146500110626,
-0.0764835998415947,
0.549454927444458,
-0.29820626974105835,
0.052055031061172485,
0.4808112680912018,
0.42801061272621155,
-0.12168355286121368,
-0.9391002655029297,
0.1613612174987793,
0.00308059761300683,
-0.0007082631345838308,
-0.32162848114967346,
0.43982183933258057,
0.18212999403476715,
0.22229212522506714,
-0.04406331107020378,
-0.7137511968612671,
-0.35979849100112915,
0.29986730217933655,
-0.47508957982063293,
1.1384347677230835,
-0.20346839725971222,
-0.13737472891807556,
-0.11156594008207321,
-0.19950149953365326,
-0.5005434155464172,
-0.012994478456676006,
0.09262825548648834,
-0.07323674112558365,
0.06883998960256577,
-0.019306689500808716,
-0.1410270482301712,
-0.4977845251560211,
0.24915963411331177,
0.26568493247032166,
0.7611767053604126,
-0.15850730240345,
-0.2762228548526764,
0.11526917666196823,
0.14578655362129211,
-0.45041710138320923,
0.30861160159111023,
-0.31898167729377747,
-0.6423062086105347,
-0.0752558782696724,
-0.3225362002849579,
-0.6535290479660034,
0.21087093651294708,
0.29997268319129944,
0.24098548293113708,
-0.3672758638858795,
-0.11041583865880966,
0.6283150911331177,
0.2761572301387787,
0.18700823187828064,
0.5528519749641418,
0.11021972447633743,
-0.2583635151386261,
0.025849761441349983,
-0.7725761532783508,
-0.0943874791264534,
0.4148811995983124,
0.08592594414949417,
-0.1008143350481987,
-0.27764710783958435,
-0.49637025594711304,
-0.057773180305957794,
0.19175395369529724,
-0.5562726855278015,
-0.1389283686876297,
-0.6865853071212769,
0.07028964161872864,
0.0712680071592331,
-1.1737207174301147,
0.1612359583377838,
-0.1926148682832718,
1.1605424880981445,
-0.13334275782108307,
-0.11399102956056595,
-0.24458114802837372,
0.07660724967718124,
0.053914379328489304,
0.23457413911819458,
-0.3773382306098938,
-0.017761142924427986,
0.10190296918153763,
0.6494710445404053,
-0.43960580229759216,
1.0090655088424683,
0.3495318591594696,
-0.46222707629203796,
-0.4195966124534607,
0.17204982042312622,
-0.26574984192848206,
-0.48842504620552063,
0.399088978767395,
0.08242380619049072,
-0.10791517794132233,
0.056983236223459244,
0.47928282618522644,
-0.1688055843114853,
-0.4111049771308899,
-0.22368207573890686,
-0.4407755434513092,
-0.07273425161838531,
0.3726218342781067,
0.1489296555519104,
-0.18813207745552063,
0.297510027885437,
0.14360234141349792,
-0.12788347899913788,
-0.5147539973258972,
0.22106300294399261,
-0.30613982677459717,
-0.5429455041885376,
0.6416794061660767,
0.1599799394607544,
0.5997120141983032,
-0.6128996014595032,
0.5765848159790039,
-0.23663575947284698,
0.11144372075796127,
-0.1382976621389389,
0.2788895070552826,
0.6808798313140869,
0.21166594326496124,
0.23273865878582,
0.08245161175727844,
0.582455575466156,
-0.023696521297097206,
-0.14223258197307587,
0.20342282950878143,
-0.5728276371955872,
0.47187837958335876,
0.03148636966943741,
-0.38952675461769104,
-0.42794856429100037,
0.5375645160675049,
-0.22264227271080017
] |
236319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioxane | Trioxane | Trioxane refers to any of three isomeric organic compounds composed of a six-membered ring with three carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms, having the molecular formula C3H6O3.
The three isomers are:
1,2,3-trioxane, a hypothetical compound related to molozonide,
1,2,4-trioxane, a hypothetical compound whose skeleton occurs as a structural element of some antimalarial agents (artemisinin and similar drugs),
1,3,5-trioxane, a trimer of formaldehyde used as fuel and in plastics manufacture, and also as a solid fuel tablet when combined with Hexamine.
References
Hypothetical chemical compounds | [
0.16773401200771332,
0.6136165261268616,
-0.4643738567829132,
-0.4555443823337555,
-0.5789207220077515,
0.5215621590614319,
0.11380143463611603,
-0.24767358601093292,
0.16844376921653748,
-0.19481855630874634,
-0.3430913984775543,
-0.05716688930988312,
-0.72003573179245,
0.18655894696712494,
-0.04028650000691414,
0.9217981100082397,
0.7921549081802368,
0.6927754878997803,
-0.1268308311700821,
-1.0706759691238403,
0.028643552213907242,
-0.30993005633354187,
0.2865433394908905,
-0.4288341701030731,
0.5895091891288757,
0.38614895939826965,
0.17312632501125336,
0.3998980224132538,
1.076714038848877,
0.12044015526771545,
0.6942930221557617,
0.8984099626541138,
0.34145820140838623,
-0.4427154064178467,
0.6116337776184082,
0.5814481377601624,
-0.1455087810754776,
-0.3097175657749176,
-0.22303663194179535,
-0.34169429540634155,
0.21327471733093262,
-0.4987504482269287,
0.5411509275436401,
0.42729446291923523,
-0.33362165093421936,
0.592250406742096,
-1.0034104585647583,
1.2575427293777466,
-0.6434047222137451,
0.342173308134079,
-0.4471591114997864,
0.004287138115614653,
0.5427318811416626,
0.5391961932182312,
0.15421327948570251,
0.33474740386009216,
-1.288886308670044,
-0.4748380482196808,
0.24849192798137665,
-0.25844135880470276,
-0.6596139073371887,
0.21778850257396698,
0.16655293107032776,
-0.07989362627267838,
0.42450833320617676,
0.17859026789665222,
-0.4525509178638458,
0.6087455153465271,
-0.608674943447113,
0.7787842154502869,
0.1063753142952919,
0.27703580260276794,
-0.321634441614151,
0.04289449006319046,
-0.3789798617362976,
0.1068560779094696,
-0.20833730697631836,
-0.021739425137639046,
0.1718677282333374,
0.6651901602745056,
0.08067057281732559,
0.7934849858283997,
0.26678454875946045,
0.03810044378042221,
0.2061806321144104,
0.29089978337287903,
-1.537691354751587,
0.5940733551979065,
-0.9790685176849365,
0.6376304030418396,
-0.14311003684997559,
-0.29713618755340576,
0.422150194644928,
0.343018114566803,
-0.394395649433136,
0.42760711908340454,
0.16643133759498596,
-0.22752121090888977,
0.5445111393928528,
0.6033813953399658,
0.44526439905166626,
0.21016882359981537,
0.18180447816848755,
-0.5190355777740479,
-0.30084824562072754,
-0.32794439792633057,
-0.7284835577011108,
-0.7610582113265991,
-0.17150656878948212,
0.26680856943130493,
-0.9506908655166626,
0.5626845359802246,
0.060861580073833466,
-0.3328072428703308,
-0.026474716141819954,
0.024317434057593346,
0.04964735731482506,
0.8329085111618042,
0.012590217404067516,
-0.183333158493042,
-0.35873982310295105,
0.537533700466156,
-0.36972931027412415,
0.22281306982040405,
-0.24086277186870575,
0.12637987732887268,
-0.20559372007846832,
0.16241998970508575,
-0.43446266651153564,
-0.09040739387273788,
0.1550270915031433,
0.5916377305984497,
0.2587023973464966,
-0.14484669268131256,
-0.2060980200767517,
-0.7059958577156067,
0.06286745518445969,
0.20026260614395142,
0.639243483543396,
-0.12161795794963837,
-0.8584876656532288,
-0.06995487958192825,
-0.5527554750442505,
0.21232222020626068,
0.1425955444574356,
0.21442009508609772,
0.0008877580985426903,
0.36668676137924194,
0.3864937126636505,
0.4569025933742523,
-0.4947631359100342,
-0.5242598056793213,
-0.11907418072223663,
-0.20850911736488342,
-0.7764366269111633,
-0.595302939414978,
0.11742401123046875,
-0.31923907995224,
-0.018102087080478668,
-0.7873779535293579,
0.23393061757087708,
-0.47058042883872986,
0.4079492688179016,
0.020141305401921272,
0.29453548789024353,
-0.19992920756340027,
-0.2914736866950989,
0.21343863010406494,
-0.5953449010848999,
0.8886260390281677,
0.5486570596694946,
-0.6405071020126343,
-0.08795030415058136,
-0.616544246673584,
-0.19559568166732788,
-0.452668696641922,
-0.2432258427143097,
-0.4829493463039398,
0.3720126748085022,
-0.1064113900065422,
-0.7993589639663696,
0.0014010271988809109,
0.3670869469642639,
-0.2732040286064148,
0.06286583095788956,
0.2564241290092468,
0.9074706435203552,
-0.23792290687561035,
0.022182267159223557,
0.274005651473999,
-0.7691492438316345,
0.016025347635149956,
0.43566304445266724,
-0.5772905945777893,
1.476720929145813,
-0.43021541833877563,
-0.5679835677146912,
-0.5787718892097473,
0.44956672191619873,
0.2597863972187042,
-0.9310673475265503,
0.4974544644355774,
0.8151785731315613,
-0.40887537598609924,
-0.8354842662811279,
0.6481418609619141,
0.16906660795211792,
-0.1248510479927063,
0.6115744113922119,
0.22779546678066254,
0.17700457572937012,
-0.2801298499107361,
0.7180484533309937,
-0.057867735624313354,
0.1429154872894287,
-0.3534063994884491,
0.2020147442817688,
0.5230985283851624,
-0.26051008701324463,
0.6317750811576843,
0.5563291907310486,
-0.24498595297336578,
-0.22939087450504303,
0.44131070375442505,
-0.3849888741970062,
0.9252232909202576,
0.44221481680870056,
0.06791896373033524,
0.3489220142364502,
0.5643963813781738,
0.2066069394350052,
-0.49363747239112854,
0.013504864647984505,
-0.3130066394805908,
0.568665087223053,
-0.3873770236968994,
0.16609975695610046,
-0.18865464627742767,
-0.20832479000091553,
-0.8305851817131042,
0.44345778226852417,
-0.15113325417041779,
-1.0944969654083252,
-0.6945921182632446,
0.1965639293193817,
-0.12024995684623718,
0.06344036012887955,
-0.15423905849456787,
-0.12084238231182098,
-0.1866622269153595,
-0.2629869282245636,
-0.1760985553264618,
0.4478827714920044,
-0.14295122027397156,
0.23356960713863373,
-0.3934784531593323,
0.0664365142583847,
-0.05913734436035156,
-0.4124201834201813,
-0.34732550382614136,
-0.23314420878887177,
0.20293909311294556,
0.10884379595518112,
-0.12315399199724197,
-0.1634916514158249,
-0.6027078628540039,
-0.3172999918460846,
0.1874009519815445,
1.0081595182418823,
-0.24176445603370667,
0.8305283784866333,
-0.40094518661499023,
-0.7309950590133667,
-0.034687403589487076,
-1.111910104751587,
-0.27199798822402954,
-0.5518314838409424,
-0.6253883838653564,
-0.9734538793563843,
-0.4786267876625061,
0.4931603968143463,
0.3061372935771942,
0.10147710889577866,
-0.6308250427246094,
-0.3885432481765747,
0.372390478849411,
0.2785993814468384,
-0.5506779551506042,
-0.1291462481021881,
-0.7423054575920105,
-0.04496600106358528,
-0.02911347523331642,
-0.1407613605260849,
-0.02867700159549713,
0.496511310338974,
-0.18194833397865295,
-0.5511391758918762,
0.5639601349830627,
0.3852868378162384,
-0.1800602823495865,
0.423932820558548,
0.36006852984428406,
-0.429171621799469,
-0.0038899679202586412,
0.3354751169681549,
0.21511472761631012,
0.4430829882621765,
0.4803634285926819,
-5.019876480102539,
0.5179203152656555,
-0.5959488749504089,
0.19774940609931946,
0.3198881447315216,
0.20046065747737885,
0.4938577115535736,
-0.7340766787528992,
0.169152170419693,
-0.2480197548866272,
-0.3918318748474121,
-0.11974916607141495,
-0.03982324153184891,
-0.057161666452884674,
-0.027820006012916565,
0.13491412997245789,
-0.1694914698600769,
-0.333854615688324,
0.6132417321205139,
0.7419284582138062,
0.26961392164230347,
0.3207423985004425,
-0.1975894570350647,
0.4380248785018921,
0.02609902061522007,
-0.5257194638252258,
0.18047276139259338,
-0.191803976893425,
-0.6674790978431702,
-0.46316108107566833,
-0.3284379243850708,
-0.5481114387512207,
-0.3511168360710144,
-0.32570356130599976,
-0.3643401563167572,
-0.28651511669158936,
0.2730795741081238,
-0.3543356955051422,
-0.6248332858085632,
-0.5581468343734741,
-0.40622010827064514,
0.5995045900344849,
0.6485146284103394,
0.026965247467160225,
1.3802456855773926,
-0.24288776516914368,
-0.2416091412305832,
-0.8939262628555298,
0.16339027881622314,
0.9147874116897583,
0.2956531047821045,
-0.007302829064428806,
0.09092482924461365,
-0.3185727000236511,
0.3173394501209259,
0.20007619261741638,
0.2259044051170349,
-0.0929827094078064,
-0.18539249897003174,
0.48406490683555603,
1.0426512956619263,
0.28394973278045654,
-0.4695766866207123,
-0.4907401204109192,
-0.6893316507339478,
-0.5641207695007324,
-0.3680158853530884,
0.20928451418876648,
0.13256721198558807,
0.3381309509277344,
-0.5567499399185181,
0.5950533151626587,
-0.19320248067378998,
-0.601601243019104,
0.7978612184524536,
-0.08278509974479675,
0.00810891855508089,
-0.21575497090816498,
0.14744111895561218,
0.40158525109291077,
-0.27866804599761963,
0.15521734952926636,
0.2915017902851105,
0.8046993017196655,
0.25528162717819214,
-0.041239168494939804,
-0.8540390133857727,
0.6417446732521057,
0.175448939204216,
0.12332981824874878,
0.6437574625015259,
-0.18812836706638336,
0.6225139498710632,
0.6180221438407898,
-0.1397579461336136,
0.1410921961069107,
0.14826048910617828,
0.6196955442428589,
0.7213791608810425,
0.2513861358165741,
0.6009702682495117,
0.41225752234458923,
-0.26982957124710083,
0.26354971528053284,
-0.4527312219142914,
-0.6253530979156494,
0.07739414274692535,
0.25158971548080444,
0.30436742305755615,
0.22064054012298584,
0.17516696453094482,
0.5414623022079468,
-0.9858760237693787,
-0.2315765619277954,
1.1748149394989014,
-0.33634185791015625,
-0.2177661955356598,
0.4647524952888489,
0.643313467502594,
-0.0847206562757492,
-0.008996078744530678,
0.5437667965888977,
0.02715275064110756,
0.1756875216960907,
-0.8095923066139221,
-0.3868997395038605,
-0.06346630305051804,
-0.1742335706949234,
-0.09740332514047623,
-0.02200104296207428,
-0.6286007165908813,
0.11191506683826447,
-0.09632490575313568,
-0.13608281314373016,
-0.2816987633705139,
-0.45185890793800354,
-0.6486672759056091,
0.2010122686624527,
-0.053791072219610214,
-0.166451096534729,
0.20635999739170074,
-0.07941839843988419,
-0.25359851121902466,
0.04314493387937546,
0.5935316681861877,
0.5123968124389648,
-0.4604332745075226,
0.29914963245391846,
-0.17171329259872437,
0.6649951338768005,
0.07543874531984329,
-0.6572644114494324,
0.7081314325332642,
-0.6840702295303345,
0.11866805702447891,
0.24818658828735352,
-0.1702764630317688,
0.5926266312599182,
-0.10708923637866974,
-0.8685185313224792,
0.14774271845817566,
0.2883513271808624,
-0.8636248707771301,
0.024622991681098938,
0.28521478176116943,
-0.07233726233243942,
-0.1438150405883789,
0.025696925818920135,
-0.8848441243171692,
0.18320325016975403,
-0.33956193923950195,
-0.25477081537246704,
0.12279710918664932,
-0.42008766531944275,
0.13460056483745575,
0.12704648077487946,
0.07912999391555786,
0.4703510105609894,
-0.18231673538684845,
-0.5476585030555725,
-0.4967021942138672,
-0.23391354084014893,
0.41061705350875854,
0.35642775893211365,
0.5448329448699951,
-0.29556047916412354,
-0.24720147252082825,
-0.09296709299087524,
-0.3661274015903473,
-0.07022231817245483,
0.09351815283298492,
-0.2764509916305542,
-0.46558305621147156,
0.12474160641431808,
-0.3280894160270691,
-0.056363917887210846,
0.28484490513801575,
0.35422927141189575,
-0.12660841643810272,
-0.8838995099067688,
-0.33613449335098267,
0.6691313982009888,
-0.4260914623737335,
0.47155681252479553,
1.2372256517410278,
-0.20706871151924133,
0.002420268254354596,
0.5578422546386719,
-0.13580501079559326,
0.05351667106151581,
0.03504059836268425,
-0.9393107891082764,
-0.3970896303653717,
-0.5617508888244629,
-0.43311354517936707,
0.6771841645240784,
0.21910282969474792,
-0.45769667625427246,
-0.3770245909690857,
-0.22935287654399872,
0.3119150400161743,
-0.7497247457504272,
0.8782613277435303,
-0.44627565145492554,
0.020458711311221123,
0.5622151494026184,
-0.20039796829223633,
0.36590060591697693,
0.8183900117874146,
-0.23548553884029388,
-0.39207881689071655,
0.30210569500923157,
-0.13548849523067474,
0.6512643098831177,
-0.7285943031311035,
-0.38536596298217773,
-0.7846489548683167,
0.33422043919563293,
-0.022648543119430542,
0.40840765833854675,
0.14663641154766083,
0.25546571612358093,
0.2739524245262146,
-0.3224116563796997,
-0.5466904044151306,
-0.5985453724861145,
0.7696852087974548,
-0.06927863508462906,
-0.31169140338897705,
-0.315475732088089,
0.6620150208473206,
-0.6047328114509583,
-0.2597392499446869,
-1.1751893758773804,
0.7268611192703247,
0.10493533313274384,
0.1576090157032013,
-0.29733729362487793,
-0.18430796265602112,
0.41575321555137634,
-0.06960075348615646,
0.08332467824220657,
-0.1535356342792511,
0.4297749102115631,
0.25877633690834045,
-0.47584378719329834,
-0.6726787686347961,
-0.4078778922557831,
0.8977945446968079,
-0.5383702516555786,
-0.23125533759593964,
0.01757851056754589,
0.5094667673110962,
0.9889267683029175,
-0.06031912565231323,
0.7436960339546204,
0.5051631927490234,
-0.6725419759750366,
-0.18504562973976135,
0.23192822933197021,
-0.9155234098434448,
0.39263057708740234,
0.5779497027397156,
0.3505593240261078,
0.4315524995326996,
-0.5298987030982971,
-0.6790386438369751,
-0.3172357678413391,
-0.4180969297885895,
-0.13668805360794067,
-0.10015726834535599,
0.12979252636432648,
-0.37600991129875183,
-0.09519578516483307,
0.21862241625785828,
0.759635329246521,
0.003110146149992943,
0.5334742665290833,
0.4277285039424896,
0.3525306284427643,
-0.5745274424552917,
0.760831892490387,
0.2860826253890991,
-1.0415910482406616,
-0.008555648848414421,
-0.20388741791248322,
0.17265497148036957,
-0.6591360569000244,
-0.08776499330997467,
0.5004433989524841,
-0.013400658965110779,
0.31001439690589905,
-0.5594329237937927,
0.5520037412643433,
-0.43174538016319275,
0.3515618145465851,
0.5215184688568115,
-0.05060615390539169,
0.1480301022529602,
0.3367491066455841,
0.0885990634560585,
0.0029448531568050385,
0.28114449977874756,
0.6738775968551636,
-0.831062912940979,
0.2931954860687256,
0.015196993947029114,
-0.2361377775669098,
0.044177472591400146,
0.5532827377319336,
0.5097861289978027,
0.24349041283130646,
0.11435917019844055,
0.35486817359924316,
-0.10389150679111481,
-0.39345234632492065,
-0.40163323283195496,
-0.3382039964199066,
-0.28845128417015076,
0.8395559191703796,
0.4097347557544708,
0.40979745984077454,
0.10723321884870529,
0.05399046838283539,
0.5391967296600342,
0.7974309325218201,
-0.23240238428115845,
-0.3584618866443634,
-0.13002488017082214,
0.30373477935791016,
0.3752010464668274,
0.4392375946044922,
0.47887372970581055,
-0.2955003082752228,
-0.8641957640647888,
0.771144449710846,
0.07857188582420349,
0.11289424449205399,
-0.46068593859672546,
0.4283294975757599,
-0.3266998529434204,
0.10502839833498001,
-0.07750169932842255,
0.1457231640815735,
-0.7844745516777039,
-0.4157259464263916,
-0.36534661054611206,
-0.18347887694835663,
0.0446053221821785,
-0.05934711918234825,
-0.3087499439716339,
0.09566228091716766,
-0.8193338513374329,
0.0725812166929245,
-0.27457231283187866,
-0.41435539722442627,
-0.005593137349933386,
0.3424564301967621,
-0.500088632106781,
-0.3849003314971924,
-0.9055711030960083,
0.1612461656332016,
-1.1295065879821777,
-0.023575620725750923,
-0.26591718196868896,
-0.07680215686559677,
-0.39544937014579773,
0.16293147206306458,
0.09247656166553497,
0.3289042115211487,
0.7181172370910645,
-0.03431868925690651,
-0.03251953050494194,
-0.839232861995697,
0.02685898169875145,
-0.11842469125986099,
0.08342563360929489,
0.7830907106399536,
0.559469997882843,
-0.09640704095363617,
-0.04681354761123657,
0.06459002941846848,
0.334600567817688,
-0.3974611759185791,
0.22598084807395935,
0.17592082917690277,
-0.2172849029302597,
0.2810279428958893,
-0.8648709058761597,
0.27258744835853577,
0.17556163668632507,
0.21918369829654694,
0.048850033432245255,
1.0503547191619873,
0.3467739224433899,
0.12296006828546524,
0.5127906799316406,
0.0022300020791590214,
-0.1062043160200119,
-0.21263620257377625,
0.5705884695053101,
0.17336216568946838,
-0.31659355759620667,
0.34673044085502625,
-0.7076810598373413,
0.3100716173648834,
0.2539680600166321,
0.05817273259162903,
-0.2649533450603485,
0.5436645150184631,
0.3255011737346649,
0.2129814773797989,
-0.5666919350624084,
-0.5401291251182556,
-1.0402898788452148,
-0.6709769368171692,
0.005957288667559624,
0.8340716361999512,
-0.14250534772872925,
-0.16871283948421478,
-0.2048451453447342,
0.1019686609506607,
-0.3930753469467163,
0.032928068190813065,
-0.15003150701522827,
-0.07471052557229996,
-0.23887817561626434,
-0.4245564341545105,
-0.2674109935760498,
0.058255162090063095,
-0.08364598453044891,
0.07791520655155182,
-0.238545760512352,
0.22519487142562866,
-0.7049030065536499,
-0.6490759253501892,
0.7127207517623901,
-0.8510724902153015,
0.6412191987037659,
0.19609223306179047
] |
236321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromanagement | Micromanagement | In business management, micromanagement is a management style whereby a manager closely observes and/or controls and/or reminds the work of his or her subordinates or employees.
Micromanagement is generally considered to have a negative connotation, mainly because it shows a lack of freedom in the workplace.
Definition
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary defines micromanagement as "manage[ment] especially with excessive control or attention on details". Dictionary.com defines micromanagement as "manage[ment] or control with excessive attention to minor details". The online dictionary Encarta defined micromanagement as "atten[tion] to small details in management: control [of] a person or a situation by paying extreme attention to small details".
The notion of micromanagement can extend to any social context where one person takes a bully approach in the level of control and influence over the members of a group. Often, this excessive obsession with the most minute of details causes a direct management failure in the ability to focus on the major details.
Symptoms
Rather than giving general instructions on smaller tasks and then devoting time to supervising larger concerns, the micromanager monitors and assesses every step of a business process and avoids delegation of decisions. Micromanagers are usually irritated when a subordinate makes decisions without consulting them, even if the decisions are within the subordinate's level of authority.
Micromanagement also frequently involves requests for unnecessary and overly detailed reports ("reportomania"). A micromanager tends to require constant and detailed performance feedback and to focus excessively on procedural trivia (often in detail greater than they can actually process) rather than on overall performance, quality and results. This focus on "low-level" trivia often delays decisions, clouds overall goals and objectives, restricts the flow of information between employees, and guides the various aspects of a project in different and often opposed directions. Many micromanagers accept such inefficiencies as less important than their retention of control or of the appearance of control.
It is common for micromanagers, especially those who exhibit narcissistic tendencies and/or micromanage deliberately and for strategic reasons, to delegate work to subordinates and then micromanage those subordinates' performance, enabling the micromanagers in question to both take credit for positive results and shift the blame for negative results to their subordinates. These micromanagers thereby delegate accountability for failure but not the authority to take alternative actions that would have led to success or at least to the mitigation of that failure.
The most extreme cases of micromanagement constitute a management pathology closely related to workplace bullying and narcissistic behavior. Micromanagement resembles addiction in that although most micromanagers are behaviorally dependent on control over others, both as a lifestyle and as a means of maintaining that lifestyle, many of them fail to recognize and acknowledge their dependence even when everyone around them observes it. Some severe cases of micromanagement arise from other underlying mental health conditions such as obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. (Renee Kowalski)
Although micromanagement is often easily recognized by employees, micromanagers rarely view themselves as such. In a form of denial similar to that found in addictive behavior, micromanagers will often rebut allegations of micromanagement by offering a competing characterization of their management style such as "structured", "organized", or "perfectionistic".
Compared with mismanagement
Micromanagement can be distinguished from the mere tendency of a manager to perform duties assigned to a subordinate. When a manager can perform a worker's job more efficiently than the worker can, the result is merely suboptimal management: although the company suffers lost opportunities because such managers would serve the company even better by doing their own job (see comparative advantage). In micromanagement, the manager not only tells a subordinate what to do but dictates that the job be done a certain way regardless of whether that way is the most effective or efficient one or if such instruction is necessary.
Causes
The most frequent motivations for micromanagement, such as detail-orientedness, emotional insecurity, and doubts regarding employees' competence, are internal and related to the personality of the manager. Since manager-employee relationships include a difference in power and often in age, workplace psychologists have used models based on transference theory to draw analogies between micromanagement relationships and dysfunctional parent-child relationships, e.g., that both often feature the frequent imposition of double binds and/or a tendency by the authority figure to exhibit hypercriticality. However, external factors such as organizational culture, severe or increased time or performance pressure, severe demands of the regulatory environment, and instability of managerial position (either specific to a micromanager's position or throughout an organization) may also play a role.
In many cases of micromanagement, managers select and implement processes and procedures not for business reasons but rather to enable themselves to feel useful and valuable and/or create the appearance of being so. A frequent cause of such micromanagement patterns is a manager's perception or fear that they lack the competence and creative capability necessary for their position in the larger corporate structure. In reaction to this fear, the manager creates a "fiefdom" within which the manager selects performance standards not on the basis of their relevance to the corporation's interest but rather on the basis of the ability of the manager's division to satisfy them.
Such motivations for micromanagement often intensify, at both the individual-manager and the organization-wide level, during times of economic hardship. In some cases, managers may have proper goals in mind but place disproportionate emphasis on the role of their division and/or on their own personal role in the furtherance of those goals. In others, managers throughout an organization may engage in behavior that, while protective of their division's interests or their personal interests, harms the organization as a whole.
Micromanagement can also stem from a breakdown in the fundamentals of delegation. When a task or project is delegated in an unclear way, or where there is a lack of trust between the manager and the person doing the work, micromanagement naturally ensues. Clearer delegation, with a well defined goal, clear vision of the constraints and dependencies, and effective oversight, can help prevent micromanagement.
Less frequently, micromanagement is a tactic consciously chosen for the purpose of eliminating unwanted employees: A micromanager may set unreachable standards later invoked as grounds for termination of those employees. These standards may be either specific to certain employees or generally applicable but selectively enforced only against particular employees. Alternatively, the micromanager may attempt by this or other means to create a stressful workplace in which the undesired employees no longer desire to participate. When such stress is severe or pervasive enough, its creation may be regarded as constructive discharge (also known in the United Kingdom as "constructive dismissal" and in the United States as "constructive termination").
Effects
Regardless of a micromanager's motive for this conduct, its potential effects include:
Creation of ex post resentment in both vertical (manager-subordinate) and horizontal (subordinate-subordinate) relationships
Damage to ex ante trust in both vertical and horizontal relationships
Interference with existing teamwork and inhibition of future teamwork in both vertical relationships (e.g., via malicious compliance) and horizontal relationships (e.g., exploitation of moral hazard created by poorly proportioned effort-reward structures).
Because a pattern of micromanagement suggests to employees that a manager does not trust their work or judgment, it is a major factor in triggering employee disengagement, often to the point of promoting a dysfunctional and hostile work environment in which one or more managers, or even management generally, are labeled "control freaks." Disengaged employees invest time, but not effort or creativity, in the work in which they are assigned. The effects of this phenomenon are worse in situations where work is passed from one specialized employee to another. In such a situation, apathy among upstream employees affects not only their own productivity but also that of their downstream colleagues.
Severe forms of micromanagement can eliminate trust, stifle opportunities for learning and development of interpersonal skills, and even provoke anti-social behavior. Micromanagers of this severity often rely on inducing fear in the employees to achieve more control and can severely affect self-esteem of employees as well as their mental and physical health. Occasionally, and especially when their micromanagement involves the suppression of constructive criticism that could otherwise lead to internal reform, severe micromanagers affect subordinates' mental and/or physical health to such an extreme that the subordinates' only way to change their workplace environment is to change employers or even leave the workplace despite lacking alternative job prospects (see constructive discharge, supra).
Finally, the detrimental effects of micromanagement can extend beyond the company itself, especially when the behavior becomes severe enough to force out skilled employees valuable to competitors. Current employees may complain about micromanagement in social settings or to friend-colleagues (e.g., classmates and/or former co-workers) affiliated with other firms in a field. Outside observers such as consultants, clients, interviewees, or visitors may notice the behavior and recount it in conversation with friends and/or colleagues. Most harmfully to the company, forced-out employees, especially those whose advanced skills have made them attractive to other companies and gained them immediate respect, may have few reservations about speaking frankly when answering questions about why they changed employers; they may even deliberately badmouth their former employer. The resulting damage to the company's reputation may create or increase insecurity among management, prompting further micromanagement among managers who use it to cope with insecurity; such a feedback effect creates and perpetuates a vicious cycle. It may follow the forced-out employee to the new job and create an environment of new micromanagement.
See also
References
Further reading
Harry Chambers: "My Way or the Highway: The Micromanagement Survival Guide", Berrett-Koehler Publishers (2004),
Niko Canner and Ethan Bernstein: "Why is Micromanagement So Infectious?", Harvard Business Review, 17 August
External links
Softpanorama micromanagement page
Organizational Realities - Micromanagement: What It Is and How to Deal with It
The Real Cost of Micromanagement
Management
Narcissism
Pejorative terms
Workplace
Workplace bullying
Waste of resources | [
-0.127066969871521,
0.28628408908843994,
-0.538570761680603,
0.16358385980129242,
0.060060903429985046,
-0.029335992410779,
0.6214460134506226,
0.21551966667175293,
-0.30041423439979553,
-0.42657744884490967,
-0.6056583523750305,
0.5846412181854248,
-0.45235779881477356,
0.4777872860431671,
-0.9597547650337219,
0.30380335450172424,
0.3200588822364807,
0.4262365996837616,
0.04621196538209915,
-0.21568651497364044,
-0.2522815763950348,
-0.19390584528446198,
-0.2850646376609802,
-0.30349940061569214,
-0.22334086894989014,
0.10571634769439697,
0.02603263221681118,
-0.1147160455584526,
-0.18248987197875977,
0.11589262634515762,
0.16580335795879364,
0.0471687912940979,
0.023294836282730103,
-0.057347703725099564,
0.26025155186653137,
0.05993018299341202,
0.2749679684638977,
-0.09884719550609589,
-0.5285575985908508,
-0.5434865951538086,
0.2335950881242752,
0.3696199357509613,
-0.020438773557543755,
0.3976075351238251,
-0.5444416999816895,
-0.6697482466697693,
-1.5681216716766357,
-0.024952853098511696,
-0.43465715646743774,
-0.3791109323501587,
-0.9927446246147156,
0.11436212062835693,
0.8081142902374268,
-0.03221547603607178,
-0.42551007866859436,
0.5734909176826477,
-0.0736706405878067,
-0.018074139952659607,
-0.10877298563718796,
-0.5444244146347046,
0.2047443389892578,
-0.2619647979736328,
-0.020276794210076332,
-0.03199030086398125,
0.23329471051692963,
0.00672668032348156,
-0.07470884174108505,
-0.012016506865620613,
-0.3977985382080078,
-0.6354535818099976,
-0.9010276198387146,
-0.5757275819778442,
0.016225067898631096,
0.19771157205104828,
-1.0926238298416138,
-0.033636219799518585,
0.2762114405632019,
-0.16821971535682678,
-0.3926682770252228,
0.15633524954319,
-0.37268444895744324,
0.512578547000885,
0.325235515832901,
-0.5195063352584839,
0.46168068051338196,
-0.33811718225479126,
-0.09800858795642853,
0.699483335018158,
-0.2345718890428543,
1.1902161836624146,
0.4427482485771179,
-0.5277007222175598,
1.0161718130111694,
0.11883411556482315,
-0.08025126904249191,
0.01641140505671501,
0.5541178584098816,
0.2780166268348694,
0.05097975954413414,
0.40948373079299927,
0.0057442402467131615,
0.13767871260643005,
0.37021926045417786,
-0.17743386328220367,
0.21071697771549225,
-0.6767385601997375,
0.10579846799373627,
-0.6818867921829224,
-0.20503321290016174,
-0.5942920446395874,
-0.20380204916000366,
0.2025911957025528,
-0.5976372957229614,
0.3979036509990692,
-0.5061970949172974,
0.5029939413070679,
-0.06752226501703262,
0.48115694522857666,
-0.20466817915439606,
0.08239403367042542,
0.6608514785766602,
0.7212064862251282,
-0.2944942116737366,
-0.40155643224716187,
-0.41087639331817627,
-0.14038395881652832,
0.35540226101875305,
0.24853293597698212,
-0.4768943786621094,
-0.02562122792005539,
0.18838834762573242,
1.0486640930175781,
-0.639610230922699,
0.06411817669868469,
-0.4006105065345764,
-0.10660084336996078,
0.8129792809486389,
0.16018563508987427,
0.38339072465896606,
-0.4173518717288971,
-0.24805842339992523,
-0.3832454979419708,
-0.7612385153770447,
0.17781388759613037,
0.31595510244369507,
-0.28887060284614563,
0.5015810132026672,
-0.46628472208976746,
-0.054389115422964096,
-0.03222855180501938,
0.06608417630195618,
-0.27107682824134827,
-0.24958854913711548,
0.27540332078933716,
0.13374708592891693,
-0.14409078657627106,
0.32627633213996887,
-1.0738449096679688,
0.040779728442430496,
0.3049074113368988,
0.04710528254508972,
-0.11064435541629791,
-0.736457347869873,
-0.2092001885175705,
0.021660661324858665,
-0.620938777923584,
0.5697634816169739,
0.6375598907470703,
0.28379133343696594,
0.2555307447910309,
-0.54190593957901,
0.4246878921985626,
0.10055761784315109,
-0.4859890937805176,
0.3548959493637085,
0.6491852402687073,
0.15240420401096344,
0.23916950821876526,
0.7942726612091064,
0.24315981566905975,
-0.7517141103744507,
0.24050143361091614,
0.6007066965103149,
0.045509595423936844,
0.6838073134422302,
-0.23017628490924835,
0.32410967350006104,
-0.06158190220594406,
-0.2425084412097931,
-0.2673397958278656,
-0.8739800453186035,
-0.07600833475589752,
0.3269532322883606,
-0.4857191741466522,
0.42929327487945557,
-0.046351198107004166,
-0.15397730469703674,
0.6027937531471252,
0.18198232352733612,
0.11588549613952637,
-0.2249150425195694,
-0.12839573621749878,
-0.5587295293807983,
-0.18498532474040985,
-0.42752566933631897,
0.7943215370178223,
0.47542595863342285,
0.34848326444625854,
-0.6177060008049011,
0.5298027396202087,
0.23795810341835022,
-0.5238673090934753,
0.025899553671479225,
-0.40318241715431213,
0.4538043737411499,
0.4066871702671051,
-0.5626351833343506,
0.2069517970085144,
-0.2832227945327759,
-0.22204923629760742,
0.775923490524292,
0.002310581738129258,
-0.11080341786146164,
1.0725497007369995,
-0.09109514206647873,
0.06355414539575577,
0.8012655973434448,
-0.013275311328470707,
0.7165074944496155,
-0.6769177317619324,
0.37834522128105164,
-0.10768909752368927,
0.20759879052639008,
-0.22003045678138733,
-0.37372007966041565,
0.6634960770606995,
-0.14240145683288574,
-0.24812451004981995,
0.18901042640209198,
-0.4394299387931824,
-0.2732875347137451,
-0.2323879897594452,
-0.2395545244216919,
0.8070782423019409,
0.5572248697280884,
0.1003250777721405,
-0.4168454110622406,
0.7591439485549927,
-0.7254768013954163,
0.45134612917900085,
0.02391030080616474,
0.6390882730484009,
0.6920933723449707,
-0.9444096088409424,
-0.23270320892333984,
-0.4325293004512787,
-0.2663212716579437,
0.19094523787498474,
-0.13737064599990845,
-0.11963379383087158,
-0.04388460889458656,
0.2725523114204407,
-0.438262939453125,
-0.002947975881397724,
0.15980744361877441,
-0.30008915066719055,
-0.5272896885871887,
0.010220576077699661,
-0.18265992403030396,
-0.49258700013160706,
0.049314770847558975,
-0.3979265093803406,
-0.8907889723777771,
-0.13904643058776855,
-0.07234000414609909,
-0.7691536545753479,
0.07237447798252106,
0.20011703670024872,
-0.26429179310798645,
-0.5844042897224426,
0.3737260699272156,
0.7455146312713623,
0.5270587801933289,
-0.5751743316650391,
-0.34889861941337585,
-0.4927908182144165,
-0.06084646284580231,
-0.10058396309614182,
-0.027509842067956924,
-0.05509372428059578,
-0.4889114499092102,
0.1388808637857437,
-0.22076085209846497,
0.3257428705692291,
-0.1717822104692459,
0.42061933875083923,
-0.0931859165430069,
0.08250904083251953,
0.42697712779045105,
-0.02429288998246193,
0.059292733669281006,
-0.25025564432144165,
-0.0625537782907486,
-0.495283842086792,
-0.24616165459156036,
-0.4389459192752838,
-0.11465319246053696,
-0.452600359916687,
-5.5449299812316895,
-0.0398726724088192,
0.33445584774017334,
-0.13007670640945435,
-0.2976735234260559,
-0.02114781364798546,
0.8510564565658569,
0.06502283364534378,
-0.5342636108398438,
0.3827408254146576,
-0.3463223874568939,
-0.23324188590049744,
0.5552332401275635,
0.4856785833835602,
0.39192718267440796,
0.2986496686935425,
1.1534191370010376,
-0.03023560717701912,
0.23306657373905182,
0.1876133233308792,
-0.18975003063678741,
0.2701489329338074,
0.11205285042524338,
0.2749284505844116,
0.1014186218380928,
-0.15315356850624084,
-0.17932817339897156,
0.14163725078105927,
-1.0267095565795898,
0.1721385270357132,
-0.1876426488161087,
-0.0791575014591217,
-0.205595001578331,
-0.2824617028236389,
0.10695929080247879,
0.2815515697002411,
0.23215021193027496,
0.2161790281534195,
-0.16282688081264496,
-0.31792476773262024,
0.18596206605434418,
0.5462455749511719,
-0.11232805252075195,
0.4650951623916626,
0.6127071380615234,
0.5171123743057251,
-0.6342357993125916,
-0.752447783946991,
-0.3802117109298706,
0.640834629535675,
0.08901942521333694,
0.36954742670059204,
0.6314715147018433,
-0.1032414585351944,
0.2166302651166916,
0.004753603134304285,
0.8692997694015503,
-0.15979944169521332,
-0.47518810629844666,
0.4432993233203888,
0.5186820030212402,
-0.09921193867921829,
0.13878774642944336,
-0.3784821033477783,
0.08205666393041611,
-0.10698351263999939,
-0.26438799500465393,
-0.9938008785247803,
0.2871662676334381,
0.019315384328365326,
-0.32429176568984985,
0.35800641775131226,
0.5005902647972107,
-0.6122917532920837,
0.2201777547597885,
-0.6011456847190857,
0.021274182945489883,
0.3261122703552246,
0.9180384278297424,
-0.07600033283233643,
-0.1454395055770874,
-0.27239492535591125,
-0.502601146697998,
-0.4617137610912323,
0.03429626300930977,
-0.23719896376132965,
0.32422345876693726,
0.9960831999778748,
-0.6054646372795105,
0.47705432772636414,
0.5015427470207214,
0.4315134584903717,
0.06402026116847992,
0.33989742398262024,
0.3949478268623352,
0.2321450561285019,
0.08128567039966583,
0.08310696482658386,
0.09593573957681656,
-0.2930721938610077,
0.2572088837623596,
-0.7111490368843079,
-0.26877695322036743,
-0.06510598212480545,
0.5332300662994385,
0.07771168649196625,
-0.47592291235923767,
0.2124769538640976,
0.5494359731674194,
0.07390911132097244,
0.4894801676273346,
0.6851153373718262,
-0.45175519585609436,
0.0299079567193985,
0.32885658740997314,
0.1980263590812683,
-0.6320554614067078,
0.4495268762111664,
0.30038514733314514,
-0.15944086015224457,
-0.0539691336452961,
-0.11477735638618469,
-0.4289461672306061,
0.18675348162651062,
-0.5214551687240601,
-0.4532635807991028,
0.018542706966400146,
0.36418747901916504,
0.13735069334506989,
0.3100484609603882,
0.7613519430160522,
0.6751408576965332,
-0.006259419489651918,
-0.5974875092506409,
0.3149680197238922,
-0.5730206966400146,
0.4050345718860626,
0.11579405516386032,
-0.4133337140083313,
-0.699661910533905,
0.42122185230255127,
0.1545124650001526,
0.030047014355659485,
-0.12326084077358246,
0.3828906714916229,
0.2949846386909485,
-0.17030368745326996,
-0.1317003220319748,
0.07942651212215424,
0.388389527797699,
-0.06704774498939514,
-0.4053366482257843,
-0.15530042350292206,
-0.26927870512008667,
0.60600745677948,
-0.05343184992671013,
0.2461681067943573,
-0.13802491128444672,
0.13023099303245544,
-0.4916260540485382,
0.09193053841590881,
-0.024238232523202896,
-1.4328656196594238,
-0.4206373393535614,
-0.006486027967184782,
0.21976536512374878,
-0.4675533175468445,
-0.767495334148407,
-0.3871552646160126,
0.5936627984046936,
-0.3513142168521881,
-0.30762845277786255,
-0.8313727974891663,
-0.8055965304374695,
0.3002486526966095,
0.22341319918632507,
0.47265806794166565,
0.11311902105808258,
-0.0569353848695755,
0.030501391738653183,
-0.06299274414777756,
0.017718272283673286,
-0.41322875022888184,
0.30154499411582947,
-0.04062916710972786,
-0.34325793385505676,
0.11271630972623825,
0.2729659080505371,
-0.7079560160636902,
-0.19981573522090912,
0.37917470932006836,
0.27735278010368347,
0.6929551362991333,
0.21911819279193878,
0.3802699148654938,
-0.24634037911891937,
-0.00708392821252346,
0.4110017418861389,
-0.2741973102092743,
-0.5083482265472412,
0.3763728439807892,
0.7642722725868225,
-0.6948175430297852,
0.27369746565818787,
0.3954308331012726,
-0.4793750047683716,
0.10704338550567627,
0.22197943925857544,
-0.44666117429733276,
0.4299922287464142,
-1.0589591264724731,
-0.07091006636619568,
-1.0703699588775635,
0.04684857651591301,
-0.09911643713712692,
-0.32869473099708557,
0.03745095431804657,
-0.3384723365306854,
-0.31905388832092285,
-0.2833457291126251,
0.39582329988479614,
-0.11479601263999939,
-0.24634715914726257,
-0.1017756387591362,
-0.26174241304397583,
-0.12456897646188736,
0.05208728834986687,
-0.26259100437164307,
-0.014401226304471493,
-0.06056467816233635,
-0.1475735753774643,
-0.08425366133451462,
-0.10805665701627731,
-0.11951117217540741,
-0.3410423696041107,
-0.03772411495447159,
-0.12873941659927368,
0.643372654914856,
0.2963615655899048,
-0.3942483067512512,
-0.16632701456546783,
0.9546774625778198,
0.10321968048810959,
-0.5589436888694763,
-0.15349730849266052,
0.24018751084804535,
0.18761032819747925,
-0.5004215836524963,
-0.30286848545074463,
-0.14154329895973206,
0.1737128496170044,
-0.366148978471756,
-0.1811918467283249,
0.20983891189098358,
0.6493885517120361,
-0.23171290755271912,
0.11619777977466583,
-0.24914909899234772,
0.35303813219070435,
0.2770986258983612,
-0.06598156690597534,
-0.46741169691085815,
-0.07246436923742294,
0.03220101445913315,
0.42908331751823425,
0.6425230503082275,
-0.2140989899635315,
0.20257437229156494,
-0.06024729460477829,
-1.123444676399231,
0.6298766136169434,
0.0008676476427353919,
0.32129374146461487,
0.4320284128189087,
0.5255827903747559,
-0.03129163384437561,
0.15223565697669983,
-0.35421285033226013,
-0.3855079710483551,
-0.2977842390537262,
0.3025045692920685,
-0.11262692511081696,
0.046448662877082825,
-0.45489996671676636,
0.6474365592002869,
-0.7898545861244202,
0.30626577138900757,
-0.19856011867523193,
-0.75755774974823,
-0.4741363823413849,
-0.7425569295883179,
0.11020386964082718,
0.3218112885951996,
0.6856885552406311,
-0.5025923848152161,
0.04639429226517677,
0.04138500243425369,
-0.3172656297683716,
-0.31813839077949524,
0.5521073937416077,
-0.35204070806503296,
0.089145228266716,
-0.22794722020626068,
-0.4201848804950714,
0.5328054428100586,
-0.04823945090174675,
-0.39055031538009644,
-0.6753684282302856,
-0.25998830795288086,
-0.474432110786438,
-0.1618690937757492,
0.03767184913158417,
0.11369584500789642,
0.4676170349121094,
-0.3743886351585388,
-0.22845502197742462,
0.24511504173278809,
-0.15616917610168457,
0.5662419199943542,
0.17043635249137878,
0.04100155457854271,
-0.42219632863998413,
0.7265110015869141,
-0.06761549413204193,
0.27135616540908813,
0.44298747181892395,
-0.1735406517982483,
0.41368556022644043,
0.3163200914859772,
0.040564246475696564,
0.40388765931129456,
0.4270123541355133,
-0.10522249341011047,
0.5534947514533997,
-0.11469630897045135,
-0.3670790493488312,
0.6369165778160095,
-0.434550017118454,
-0.34618330001831055,
0.3505071997642517,
0.8488761186599731,
0.29542040824890137,
0.29724565148353577,
0.543488085269928,
-0.18848338723182678,
0.024741753935813904,
0.4455495774745941,
0.27455607056617737,
-0.4425298571586609,
0.6074829697608948,
-0.3280789256095886,
-0.334503710269928,
0.4332483410835266,
-0.36422857642173767,
0.04395793750882149,
-0.7240701913833618,
0.5699445605278015,
0.3216783404350281,
-0.003852522000670433,
-0.656008243560791,
-0.00357905775308609,
0.0820489227771759,
-0.3116791546344757,
-0.16717593371868134,
0.47990497946739197,
-0.4213620722293854,
0.4286578893661499,
-0.39765167236328125,
0.1765429526567459,
0.5509179830551147,
0.2125771939754486,
0.4579642415046692,
0.19127434492111206,
0.26246893405914307,
0.7937597036361694,
-0.2973955571651459,
0.772520899772644,
0.4073410928249359,
0.012557259760797024,
-0.028266724199056625,
0.24168701469898224,
0.6764154434204102,
0.0004805020580533892,
-0.07270009815692902,
-0.30763593316078186,
0.5110692381858826,
-0.16676722466945648,
0.23484252393245697,
0.4735451638698578,
-0.18391068279743195,
0.3171364367008209,
-0.02401517517864704,
-0.4005698561668396,
0.19323211908340454,
0.22619657218456268,
0.22073186933994293,
-0.16469384729862213,
0.6252062916755676,
0.5454020500183105,
-0.2084997594356537,
-0.11187853664159775,
0.1106417179107666,
-0.0924898162484169,
0.30819231271743774,
-0.19321969151496887,
-0.5047992467880249,
-0.4763965308666229,
0.10568994283676147,
-0.7156692147254944,
0.17626646161079407,
0.5510238409042358,
-0.5105875730514526,
-0.28413692116737366,
0.5351836085319519,
0.3141832947731018,
0.2936667799949646,
0.28899577260017395,
-0.48593199253082275,
0.0905144140124321,
-0.6317145228385925,
0.3190963864326477,
0.06807015091180801,
0.6823796033859253,
-0.06692953407764435,
-0.01039895974099636,
-0.047784388065338135,
0.09606777131557465,
0.0956726223230362,
0.008515337482094765,
0.6888270378112793,
-0.6833362579345703,
0.17139488458633423,
-0.3881937861442566,
0.22432942688465118,
-0.4596579670906067,
-0.15088827908039093,
0.36212512850761414,
0.3268611431121826,
0.7649534344673157,
-0.24900932610034943,
0.4130856394767761,
-0.3959857225418091,
0.08818983286619186,
-0.20797224342823029,
-1.5997788906097412,
0.5735886096954346,
-0.2675294876098633,
0.0788804143667221,
-0.06934040784835815,
0.462745726108551,
0.664557695388794,
-0.646030604839325,
0.04794923961162567,
-0.3395546078681946,
-0.3350306451320648,
0.14007596671581268,
-0.1249789223074913,
-0.837632954120636,
-0.5180001258850098,
0.287652850151062
] |
236322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plone%20%28software%29 | Plone (software) | Plone is a free and open source content management system (CMS) built on top of the Zope application server. Plone is positioned as an enterprise CMS and is commonly used for intranets and as part of the web presence of large organizations. High-profile public sector users include the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Brazilian Government, United Nations, City of Bern (Switzerland), New South Wales Government (Australia), and European Environment Agency. Plone's proponents cite its security track record and its accessibility as reasons to choose Plone.
Plone has a long tradition of development happening in so-called "sprints", in-person meetings of developers over the course of several days, the first having been held in 2003 and nine taking place in 2014. The largest sprint of the year is the sprint immediately following the annual conference. Certain other sprints are considered strategic so are funded directly by the Plone Foundation, although very few attendees are sponsored directly. The Plone Foundation also holds and enforces all copyrights and trademarks in Plone, and is assisted by legal counsel from the Software Freedom Law Center.
History
The Plone project began in 1999 by Alexander Limi, Alan Runyan, and Vidar Andersen. It was made as a usability layer on top of the Zope Content Management Framework. The first version was released in 2001. The project quickly grew into a community, receiving plenty of new add-on products from its users. The increase in community led to the creation of the annual Plone conference in 2003, which is still running today. In addition, "sprints" are held, where groups of developers meet to work on Plone, ranging from a couple of days to a week. In March 2004, Plone 2.0 was released. This release brought more customizable features to Plone, and enhanced the add-on functions. In May 2004, the Plone Foundation was created for the development, marketing, and protection of Plone. The Foundation has ownership rights over the Plone codebase, trademarks, and domain names. Even though the foundation was set up to protect ownership rights, Plone remains open source.
On March 12, 2007, Plone 3 was released. This new release brought inline editing, an upgraded visual editor, and strengthened security, among many other enhancements. Plone 4 was released in September 2010. There are over 450 developers contributing to Plone's code. Plone won two Packt Open Source CMS Awards.
Release history
Design
Plone runs on the Zope application server, which is written in Python. Plone by default stores all information in Zope's built-in transactional object database (ZODB). It comes with installers for Windows, macOS, and Linux, along with other operating systems. New updates are released regularly on Plone's website. Plone is available in over 50 languages. It complies with WCAG 2.0 AA and U.S. section 508, which allows people with disabilities to access and use Plone. A major part of Plone is its use of skins and themes. Plone's Diazo theming engine can be used to customize a website's look. These themes are written with JavaScript, HTML, XSLT, and Cascading Style Sheets. In addition, Plone comes with a user management system called Pluggable Authentication Service (PAS). PAS is used to search for users and groups in Plone. Most importantly, PAS covers the security involved for users and groups, requiring authentication in order to log into Plone. This gives users an increase in both security and organization with their content.
A large part of Plone's changes have come from its community. Since Plone is open source, the members of the Plone community regularly make alterations or add-ons to Plone's interface, and make these changes available to the rest of the community via Plone's website.
The name Plone comes from a band by that name and "Plone should look and feel like the band sounds".
Languages
Plone is built on the Zope application framework and therefore is primarily written in Python but also contains large amounts of HTML and CSS, as well as JavaScript. Plone uses jQuery as its Javascript framework in current versions, after abandoning a declarative framework for progressive enhancement called KSS. Plone uses an XML dialect called ZCML for configuration, as well as an XML based templating language, meaning approximately 10% of the total source code is XML based.
Add-on products
The community supports and distributes thousands of add-ons via company websites but mostly through PYPI and www.plone.org. There are currently 2149 packages available via PyPI for customizing Plone.
Since its release, many of Plone's updates and add-ons have come from its community. Events called Plone "sprints" consist of members of the community coming together for a week and helping improve Plone. The Plone conference is also attended and supported by the members of the Plone community. In addition, Plone has an active IRC channel to give support to users who have questions or concerns. Up through 2007, there have been over one million downloads of Plone. Plone's development team has also been ranked in the top 2% of the largest open source communities.
Strengths and weaknesses
A 2007 comparison of CMSes rated Plone highly in a number of categories (standards conformance, access control, internationalization, aggregation, user-generated content, micro-applications, active user groups and value). However, as most of the major CMSes, including Plone, Drupal, WordPress and Joomla, have undergone major development since then, only limited value can be drawn from this comparison. Plone is available on many different operating systems, due to its use of platform-independent underlying technologies such as Python and Zope. Plone's Web-based administrative interface is optimized for standards, allowing it to work with most common web browsers, and uses additional accessibility standards to help users who have disabilities. All of Plone's features are customizable, and free add-ons are available from the Plone website.
Focus on security
Mitre is a not-for-profit corporation which hosts the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) Database. The CVE database provides a worldwide reporting mechanism for developers and the industry and is a source feed into the U.S. National Vulnerability Database (NVD). According to Mitre, Plone has the lowest number of reported lifetime and year to date vulnerabilities when compared to other popular Content Management Systems. This security record has led to widespread adoption of Plone by government and non-governmental organizations, including the FBI.
The following table compares the number of CVEs as reported by Mitre. Logged CVEs take into account vulnerabilities exposed in the core product as well as the modules of the software, of which, the included modules may be provided by 3rd party vendors and not the primary software provider.
See also
Content management system
Diazo (software)
List of content management systems
List of applications with iCalendar support
Zope
References
External links
Free content management systems
Zope
Free software programmed in Python
Cross-platform software
Web frameworks | [
-0.015706950798630714,
0.0569879375398159,
0.18096524477005005,
0.11041682958602905,
0.08942094445228577,
-0.14320790767669678,
-0.13050277531147003,
0.3006179630756378,
-0.11437932401895523,
-0.3434114158153534,
-0.5775267481803894,
0.2908470332622528,
-0.11173748224973679,
-0.1810063272714615,
0.16874025762081146,
-0.5563410520553589,
0.7189263701438904,
0.682248055934906,
0.2778605818748474,
-0.5730919241905212,
-0.32234278321266174,
-0.3029502332210541,
-0.24482478201389313,
-0.4558149576187134,
-0.5463410019874573,
-0.04566279053688049,
0.2729855179786682,
0.14747411012649536,
0.2001066654920578,
0.07174695283174515,
0.1858462244272232,
0.6828055381774902,
-0.1635894924402237,
-0.5360638499259949,
-0.21009746193885803,
-0.48811542987823486,
-0.37984153628349304,
0.3141213655471802,
-0.40477272868156433,
-0.5623365640640259,
-0.04470917582511902,
-0.11743064969778061,
0.03823946788907051,
0.04051585868000984,
0.24134813249111176,
0.0509377159178257,
-1.6206008195877075,
-0.0740409791469574,
-0.44704511761665344,
-0.05928550660610199,
-0.9140847325325012,
0.5015900135040283,
0.11086541414260864,
0.11578551679849625,
0.1527286320924759,
-0.08658761531114578,
-0.5815038084983826,
-0.3646751046180725,
0.12926925718784332,
0.22177059948444366,
-0.1110140010714531,
0.15225353837013245,
-0.40056371688842773,
-0.1317307949066162,
0.6023193001747131,
0.13840651512145996,
0.00038078712532296777,
0.7507156729698181,
-0.6881287097930908,
-0.3950083553791046,
0.3163754642009735,
-0.39138612151145935,
0.01372226420789957,
0.1612243801355362,
-0.025381356477737427,
0.2556890547275543,
0.4605400562286377,
0.00527883879840374,
0.7070164680480957,
0.4950355887413025,
0.13150101900100708,
0.8468854427337646,
0.7976412773132324,
-0.05260373651981354,
0.24235866963863373,
0.16245415806770325,
-0.16693197190761566,
0.38985010981559753,
-0.22169950604438782,
0.20919007062911987,
0.09518460184335709,
-0.18707311153411865,
0.5112810134887695,
0.10295355319976807,
0.42985475063323975,
0.41560569405555725,
-0.5294684767723083,
0.3808494210243225,
0.293186753988266,
0.06323720514774323,
-0.21924588084220886,
0.0877917930483818,
-0.4816769063472748,
-0.12989450991153717,
-0.14047490060329437,
-0.25928929448127747,
-0.5618528127670288,
-0.5868493318557739,
-0.02188805490732193,
-0.12540572881698608,
0.1503118872642517,
0.28218725323677063,
-0.28630518913269043,
0.01953883096575737,
-0.5051960945129395,
0.5038730502128601,
0.2805984914302826,
-0.089321568608284,
0.13241422176361084,
-0.0485992394387722,
0.03281072527170181,
1.1545658111572266,
0.19582565128803253,
0.246045783162117,
0.05236446484923363,
0.1938311904668808,
0.5684714913368225,
0.531792938709259,
0.2847529947757721,
0.32353198528289795,
0.16796757280826569,
1.0926742553710938,
0.3731406331062317,
0.11364895850419998,
0.26267603039741516,
-0.5964581966400146,
0.5893867611885071,
-0.05556665360927582,
-0.021517707034945488,
0.33613619208335876,
-0.7455094456672668,
0.3500036299228668,
-0.8390454649925232,
0.24260902404785156,
0.2886347770690918,
0.6087890267372131,
0.10092081129550934,
-0.5260215997695923,
-0.4776158332824707,
-0.17895059287548065,
-0.15520727634429932,
0.5181369781494141,
-0.35520103573799133,
-0.14355990290641785,
-0.4486101567745209,
1.0591638088226318,
0.43719956278800964,
-0.20256398618221283,
-0.2075662761926651,
-0.04737106338143349,
0.2702646553516388,
0.2604164779186249,
-0.36146965622901917,
-0.054000865668058395,
0.04414669796824455,
-0.722816526889801,
0.4771367907524109,
0.2885917127132416,
0.815743088722229,
0.34906893968582153,
0.07004980742931366,
0.1367252767086029,
-0.21246007084846497,
-0.009746337309479713,
0.5869797468185425,
0.09808896481990814,
0.6104326844215393,
0.3697325587272644,
0.3140309751033783,
0.16039852797985077,
-0.6808045506477356,
0.33059632778167725,
0.16345809400081635,
-0.42222118377685547,
0.19123603403568268,
0.1499900072813034,
0.7935937643051147,
0.16089774668216705,
-0.3209437131881714,
-0.16230644285678864,
-1.037500262260437,
-0.6951376795768738,
0.5214207768440247,
-0.33469530940055847,
1.4593069553375244,
0.31731361150741577,
-0.8474069833755493,
0.4371784031391144,
0.07957368344068527,
0.3220362663269043,
0.17188496887683868,
-0.08596628159284592,
-0.03841997683048248,
-0.28905463218688965,
-0.6520846486091614,
0.07910729199647903,
-0.04699091613292694,
-0.34738725423812866,
-0.2646830081939697,
0.14457139372825623,
-0.024888837710022926,
-0.2726903557777405,
0.7961664199829102,
-0.3832353353500366,
0.3136289417743683,
0.06824517250061035,
-0.3013685941696167,
-0.03729914873838425,
0.3361894190311432,
0.13668382167816162,
0.8372802138328552,
-0.6471251249313354,
0.25413352251052856,
0.7278148531913757,
-0.6165068745613098,
0.6820431351661682,
0.6167473196983337,
0.005728648044168949,
0.4201648533344269,
-0.03095211461186409,
-0.43735337257385254,
0.09500302374362946,
-0.5155441761016846,
-0.7000548243522644,
0.09300833940505981,
-0.26888176798820496,
0.22752313315868378,
-0.7068211436271667,
0.5238139629364014,
0.42944636940956116,
0.456169456243515,
0.20045678317546844,
-0.4367648959159851,
-0.29376649856567383,
0.33834409713745117,
0.036205537617206573,
0.09037591516971588,
0.0862215906381607,
0.23095394670963287,
-0.2867940664291382,
0.21482129395008087,
0.5317068099975586,
-0.3208889067173004,
-0.4983827471733093,
0.1192903146147728,
0.25260066986083984,
0.0019544223323464394,
-0.09286210685968399,
-0.5957199931144714,
0.7798473238945007,
0.09734901040792465,
-0.10147862881422043,
-0.05003185197710991,
0.6433830857276917,
0.21245984733104706,
-1.0173876285552979,
-0.1917123943567276,
-0.1560870260000229,
0.558815598487854,
0.30318230390548706,
0.008202016353607178,
-0.5691359639167786,
-0.4286192059516907,
-0.7517709136009216,
-0.37187713384628296,
-0.4575299024581909,
-0.3100692629814148,
0.20816859602928162,
-0.7307223677635193,
-1.1052154302597046,
0.48026636242866516,
0.6280131340026855,
0.6209135055541992,
-0.13789306581020355,
0.010137726552784443,
0.06652463972568512,
0.44615086913108826,
-0.2848440110683441,
-0.5271755456924438,
-0.3302079439163208,
-0.13782916963100433,
0.31253209710121155,
-0.23430415987968445,
0.3202745020389557,
0.47639280557632446,
0.6567056775093079,
-0.02826680615544319,
0.04530305415391922,
0.5068610906600952,
-0.03066081739962101,
-0.4479656219482422,
-0.02880893647670746,
-0.25119033455848694,
-0.4073895514011383,
0.22430644929409027,
-0.18459448218345642,
0.09510517120361328,
-0.5753729343414307,
-5.623892307281494,
0.15065573155879974,
-0.4293132424354553,
0.16466939449310303,
-0.16754615306854248,
-0.24408535659313202,
0.5672104358673096,
-0.26094725728034973,
0.3293980658054352,
-0.28146806359291077,
-0.32415488362312317,
0.4844701588153839,
-0.2928197383880615,
0.29545095562934875,
0.34549322724342346,
0.7221876382827759,
0.7670387029647827,
0.3389050364494324,
0.3890787661075592,
-0.03993832692503929,
-0.19324754178524017,
-0.008784672245383263,
0.21695393323898315,
-0.045062996447086334,
0.33782699704170227,
0.1716054230928421,
-0.6762945055961609,
0.4646781086921692,
-0.22795426845550537,
-0.10519655048847198,
0.15762211382389069,
-0.5232720971107483,
-0.4549371302127838,
-0.26923948526382446,
-0.2892657518386841,
-0.3735367953777313,
0.6643953919410706,
0.04439277946949005,
0.17470037937164307,
-0.5056437849998474,
0.17015407979488373,
0.3817574083805084,
0.1997433304786682,
0.028195759281516075,
0.4714348614215851,
-0.41114938259124756,
-0.3314434587955475,
0.09153368324041367,
0.04555106908082962,
1.0568454265594482,
-0.4696577787399292,
-0.17512041330337524,
0.09754928946495056,
0.06392334401607513,
-0.26333102583885193,
-0.4047307074069977,
0.4982074797153473,
0.3140753507614136,
-0.3400490880012512,
0.7677708268165588,
0.5711385011672974,
-0.697242021560669,
0.18178871273994446,
-1.511912226676941,
-0.3745693266391754,
-0.054495733231306076,
-0.5954228043556213,
-0.36871978640556335,
-0.21811529994010925,
0.37515130639076233,
-0.1570315957069397,
0.5321775674819946,
-0.11619264632463455,
-0.6889612674713135,
0.449038028717041,
-0.5140908360481262,
-0.08837791532278061,
-0.1623971313238144,
-0.22770579159259796,
0.2969885766506195,
0.12103131413459778,
-0.7188716530799866,
-0.39543795585632324,
0.2233283668756485,
-0.36767587065696716,
-0.21520599722862244,
-0.1544693410396576,
-0.08556798100471497,
-0.08411790430545807,
-0.27468451857566833,
0.8513759970664978,
-0.3728275001049042,
0.017198631539940834,
0.4601239860057831,
0.5346656441688538,
0.4498071074485779,
0.5977720618247986,
0.15262582898139954,
-0.13571281731128693,
-0.4214649796485901,
0.001793034141883254,
-0.28004083037376404,
-0.33123666048049927,
-0.17159657180309296,
0.12428293377161026,
-0.01978553645312786,
-0.5879250764846802,
-0.17587289214134216,
0.5464889407157898,
0.2369033247232437,
-0.010650054551661015,
-0.24652916193008423,
-0.1090209037065506,
-0.09990546107292175,
0.03473828360438347,
0.15714094042778015,
-0.4382343888282776,
0.2596161961555481,
0.3654697835445404,
-0.6568824052810669,
-0.15500856935977936,
0.7397564649581909,
0.42068418860435486,
-0.5510488748550415,
-0.19924509525299072,
-0.581716775894165,
0.46507665514945984,
-0.3195573091506958,
-0.04978681355714798,
0.0036832382902503014,
-0.08794660866260529,
0.49598777294158936,
-0.1352802962064743,
-0.2924807667732239,
0.2798645794391632,
-0.5773017406463623,
-0.34429997205734253,
0.05955898016691208,
0.29652827978134155,
-0.15799683332443237,
0.19429898262023926,
0.11356554925441742,
-0.11590542644262314,
0.18139028549194336,
0.6279856562614441,
0.34491947293281555,
-0.09946375340223312,
-0.29687243700027466,
-0.4993034601211548,
0.15046998858451843,
-0.05124291032552719,
-0.7152543663978577,
0.3821871876716614,
-0.09465206414461136,
0.06999024748802185,
0.0021502873860299587,
0.05656536668539047,
0.3615536093711853,
0.1763085126876831,
-0.1057879626750946,
0.10027116537094116,
-0.04710592329502106,
-0.9524815678596497,
0.3091947138309479,
0.6005027890205383,
-0.5856969356536865,
-0.7343560457229614,
-0.22091495990753174,
-0.35958707332611084,
0.14959624409675598,
0.029489463195204735,
-0.2874660789966583,
-0.35871824622154236,
-0.1530972123146057,
0.2170349657535553,
0.005174795165657997,
0.1142783835530281,
-0.06349194049835205,
-0.35065150260925293,
-0.2178983986377716,
-0.09820260852575302,
-0.6181244850158691,
-0.16767284274101257,
0.22713574767112732,
0.5220174789428711,
-0.36948293447494507,
-0.24701805412769318,
0.21236765384674072,
-0.29886895418167114,
-0.31520944833755493,
-0.22067691385746002,
0.379242867231369,
0.16508275270462036,
0.33610808849334717,
-0.24413375556468964,
-0.7624255418777466,
0.08483756333589554,
0.12004071474075317,
-0.24233047664165497,
-1.4301031827926636,
-0.5176010727882385,
0.4658258855342865,
-0.44127169251441956,
0.8620442152023315,
-0.06559527665376663,
-0.7136202454566956,
0.2568166255950928,
0.048750873655080795,
-0.24122710525989532,
0.182715505361557,
-0.32103708386421204,
-0.4595395028591156,
0.03985380381345749,
-0.10959452390670776,
-0.45855283737182617,
0.2014392614364624,
0.65594083070755,
-0.04308045282959938,
-0.7758874297142029,
-0.2441718578338623,
-0.3409940302371979,
-0.044573232531547546,
-0.6454338431358337,
-0.22629480063915253,
-0.8443054556846619,
0.6182170510292053,
0.5690512657165527,
-0.4043367803096771,
0.28622421622276306,
-0.2789265513420105,
0.030022671446204185,
-0.23885896801948547,
-0.19004185497760773,
-0.05617140606045723,
-0.2315196543931961,
0.15164053440093994,
-0.3967999815940857,
0.39790672063827515,
0.18393942713737488,
-0.06741266697645187,
0.19308048486709595,
0.4065186381340027,
-0.48985958099365234,
-0.36654478311538696,
-0.5219752788543701,
0.3846396803855896,
0.05153435841202736,
-0.035281017422676086,
-1.1630851030349731,
-0.07955852150917053,
0.4148789048194885,
-0.4312785863876343,
-0.32862547039985657,
-0.5760600566864014,
1.0949199199676514,
0.2224169224500656,
-0.3137078583240509,
-0.5148271918296814,
-0.17995305359363556,
0.010187811218202114,
0.21520055830478668,
-0.3711513578891754,
-0.45828482508659363,
0.210322767496109,
0.29495012760162354,
0.29615306854248047,
0.15664497017860413,
-0.7874110341072083,
0.25672709941864014,
-0.5340414643287659,
-0.1912548691034317,
0.10470869392156601,
0.007059948518872261,
0.7817637920379639,
0.19193154573440552,
-0.1837461292743683,
0.16277100145816803,
-0.181496724486351,
0.2725975215435028,
0.27806973457336426,
-0.22064785659313202,
-0.1565554440021515,
0.5234180688858032,
-0.34597623348236084,
0.2761210799217224,
-0.25665292143821716,
0.38655802607536316,
-0.036272305995225906,
-0.048831600695848465,
0.2197868376970291,
-0.6333670616149902,
0.24200096726417542,
-0.3267427980899811,
0.09341871738433838,
0.2172841578722,
-0.040621016174554825,
-0.20745618641376495,
-0.5582150816917419,
-0.3812718987464905,
-0.3249468505382538,
-0.3678067624568939,
0.7594648003578186,
0.7050096392631531,
-0.2819262146949768,
0.853982150554657,
0.913969874382019,
-0.006396106909960508,
-0.07521577179431915,
0.2275492250919342,
-0.2111184000968933,
0.32207196950912476,
0.01656300388276577,
0.23344504833221436,
0.4351019561290741,
-0.5872045755386353,
-0.013899624347686768,
0.04454093798995018,
-0.37554892897605896,
0.6193422079086304,
0.21493026614189148,
-0.22775870561599731,
-0.016041923314332962,
0.8178504109382629,
0.05241922289133072,
-0.4733527600765228,
0.44024786353111267,
-0.332547664642334,
-0.14699099957942963,
0.691089391708374,
-0.03880101442337036,
0.4778059124946594,
0.01860416680574417,
-0.3538503646850586,
0.07997824251651764,
0.14404693245887756,
-0.30477917194366455,
-0.20274917781352997,
0.5047135353088379,
-0.14021465182304382,
0.589098334312439,
0.47259995341300964,
0.2223580926656723,
0.045419469475746155,
0.1538703292608261,
-0.27964311838150024,
0.5442538261413574,
-0.032004669308662415,
0.28011035919189453,
0.1160067543387413,
0.4954887330532074,
0.07522979378700256,
-0.09187277406454086,
-0.1100899875164032,
-0.3166249692440033,
-0.46652841567993164,
-0.7597090005874634,
0.10163593292236328,
0.2972327172756195,
0.39665940403938293,
0.035160839557647705,
0.1750984489917755,
0.5745210647583008,
0.26910731196403503,
0.2148856371641159,
-0.7484384775161743,
0.13518156111240387,
0.29789257049560547,
-0.16414496302604675,
0.13920558989048004,
0.08173909783363342,
0.010696232318878174,
0.49292707443237305,
-0.06327348202466965,
0.7819594144821167,
-0.1467946171760559,
0.05999281629920006,
0.2098873406648636,
-0.017067598178982735,
0.006654203403741121,
-0.10733801871538162,
-0.022126879543066025,
-0.10982979089021683,
-0.01907353848218918,
0.21265169978141785,
0.17038771510124207,
-0.4544921815395355,
-0.29290643334388733,
0.2617316246032715,
0.4216034412384033,
-0.6647814512252808,
-0.45224273204803467,
-0.6661282777786255,
0.13073332607746124,
0.26682397723197937,
-0.4470914304256439,
0.5386849641799927,
-0.31478026509284973,
1.277218222618103,
0.3173188865184784,
-0.013709199614822865,
0.2468189299106598,
0.2831571102142334,
-0.032731883227825165,
0.32862502336502075,
-0.004579479340463877,
0.554065465927124,
-0.8789467215538025,
0.25940871238708496,
-0.965556800365448,
0.35138535499572754,
0.45460912585258484,
0.7048444151878357,
0.16603459417819977,
0.20293252170085907,
0.12752991914749146,
0.49908292293548584,
0.424530029296875,
0.12248075008392334,
-0.08253353089094162,
0.2441032975912094,
-0.5317220687866211,
-0.7232577204704285,
0.4873558580875397,
-0.031085330992937088,
0.475617915391922,
-0.2354346215724945,
0.25973275303840637,
0.04969024285674095,
-0.352983683347702,
0.15178105235099792,
0.07556094229221344,
-0.053200624883174896,
-0.4686366617679596,
0.6172207593917847,
-0.2868126928806305,
0.6297878623008728,
-0.33358097076416016,
0.7065081596374512,
0.21460677683353424,
-0.698524534702301,
-0.4746026396751404,
-0.22950302064418793,
0.02007474936544895,
0.44687405228614807,
-1.3288156986236572,
-0.12419072538614273,
-0.44166526198387146,
-0.5125368237495422,
-0.834226667881012,
0.0455109067261219,
0.45128127932548523,
0.03192334622144699,
0.30495306849479675,
-0.6765312552452087,
-0.37736183404922485,
0.5545071363449097,
0.17700405418872833,
-0.7133098840713501,
-0.14615017175674438,
0.20586355030536652
] |
236323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%20krone | Danish krone | The krone (; plural: kroner; sign: kr.; code: DKK) is the official currency of Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, introduced on 1 January 1875. Both the ISO code "DKK" and currency sign "kr." are in common use; the former precedes the value, the latter in some contexts follows it. The currency is sometimes referred to as the Danish crown in English, since krone literally means crown. Historically, krone coins have been minted in Denmark since the 17th century.
One krone is subdivided into 100 øre (; singular and plural), the name øre is probably derived from the Roman word for gold. Altogether there are eleven denominations of the krone, with the smallest being the 50 øre coin (one half of a krone). Formerly there were more øre coins, but those were discontinued due to inflation.
The krone is pegged to the euro via the ERM II, the European Union's exchange rate mechanism. Adoption of the euro is favoured by some of the major political parties; however, a 2000 referendum on joining the Eurozone was defeated with 53.2% voting to maintain the krone and 46.8% voting to join the Eurozone.
History
The oldest known Danish coin is a penny () struck AD 825–840, but the earliest systematic minting produced the so-called () minted by Harald Bluetooth in the late 10th century.
Organised minting in Denmark was introduced on a larger scale by Canute the Great in the 1020s.
Lund (now in Sweden) was the principal minting place and one of Denmark's most important cities in the Middle Ages, but coins were also minted in Roskilde, Slagelse, Odense, Aalborg, Århus, Viborg, Ribe, Ørbæk and Hedeby. For almost 1,000 years, Danish kings – with a few exceptions – have issued coins with their name, monogram and/or portrait. Taxes were sometimes imposed via the coinage, such as by the compulsory substitution of coins handed in by new coins handed out with a lower silver content.
Danish coinage was generally based on the Carolingian silver standard. Periodically, the metal value of the minted coins was reduced, and thus did not correspond to the face value of the coins. This was mainly done to generate income for the monarch and/or the state. As a result of the debasement, the public started to lose trust in the respective coins. Danish currency was overhauled several times in attempts to restore public trust in the coins, and later issued in paper money.
In 1619 a new currency was introduced in Denmark, the krone (). One krone had the value of rigsdaler species accounting for 96 kroneskillinger, later for 144 common skillinger.
Until the late 18th century, the krone was a denomination equal to 8 mark, a subunit of the Danish rigsdaler. A new krone was introduced as the currency of Denmark in January 1875. It replaced the rigsdaler at a rate of 2 kroner = 1 rigsdaler. This placed the krone on the gold standard at a rate of 2,480 kroner = 1 kilogram fine gold. The latter part of the 18th century and much of the 19th century saw expanding economic activity and thus also a need for means of payment that were easier to handle than coins. Consequently, banknotes were increasingly used instead of coins.
The introduction of the new krone was a result of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which came into effect in 1873 (with the coins being adopted two years later) and lasted until World War I. The parties to the union were the three Scandinavian countries, where the name was krone in Denmark and Norway and krona in Sweden, a word which in all three languages literally means ‘crown’. The three currencies were on the gold standard, with the krone/krona defined as of a kilogram of pure gold.
The Scandinavian Monetary Union came to an end in 1914 when the gold standard was abandoned. Denmark, Sweden and Norway all decided to keep the names of their respective and now separate currencies.
Denmark returned to the gold standard in 1924 but left it permanently in 1931. Between 1940 and 1945, the krone was tied to the German Reichsmark. Following the end of the German occupation, a rate of 24 kroner to the British pound was introduced, reduced to 19.34 (4.8 kroner = 1 US dollar) in August the same year. Within the Bretton Woods System, Denmark devalued its currency with the pound in 1949 to a rate of 6.91 to the dollar. A further devaluation in 1967 resulted in rates of 7.5 kroner.
In 2014, it was decided to stop printing of the krone in Denmark, but the work would be outsourced, and on 20 December 2016, the last notes were printed by the National Bank.
Current status
Relationship to the euro
Denmark has not introduced the euro, following a rejection by referendum in 2000, but the Danish krone is pegged closely to the euro (with the rate 7.46038±2.25%) in ERM II, the EU's exchange rate mechanism. Denmark borders one eurozone member, Germany, and one other EU member, Sweden, which is legally obliged to join the euro in the future (though Sweden maintains that joining ERM II is voluntary, thus avoiding euro adoption for the time being).
Faroe Islands and Greenland
The Faroe Islands uses a localized, non-independent version of the Danish krone, known as the Faroese króna pegged with the Danish krone at par, using the Danish coin series, but have their own series of distinct banknotes, first being issued in the 1950s and later modernized in the 1970s and the 2000s.
Greenland adopted the Act on Banknotes in Greenland in 2006 with a view to introducing separate Greenlandic banknotes. The Act entered into force on 1 June 2007. In the autumn of 2010, a new Greenlandic government indicated that it did not wish to introduce separate Greenlandic banknotes and Danmarks Nationalbank ceased the project to develop a Greenlandic series. Still, Greenland continues to use Danish kroner as sole official currency.
Historically, Greenland under the colonial administration issued distinct banknotes between 1803 and 1968, together with coins between 1926 and 1964 (see Greenland rigsdaler and Greenland krone).
Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own IBAN codes (FO and GL, while Denmark has DK). Transfers between the countries count as international with international fees, outside EU rules.
Coins
Alloys and colour scheme
The design of the coin series is intended to ensure that the coins are easy to distinguish from each other:
The series is therefore divided into three sequences, each with its own metal colour. This division into colours has its roots in history. In earlier times, the value of the coins was equivalent to the value of the metal from which they were minted: gold was used for the coins of the highest denominations, silver for the next-highest, and copper for the lowest coin denominations. This correlation between colour and value has been retained in the present coin series (see examples to the right). The 50-øre coins are thus minted from copper-coloured bronze, the 1-, 2- and 5-krone coins from a silver-coloured cupronickel alloy, and the 10- and 20-krone coins from golden aluminium bronze.
The coins differ in terms of size, weight and rim. Within each sequence the diameter and weight of the coins increase with their value. The 50-øre and 10-krone coins have smooth rims, while the rims of the 1- and 5-krone coins are milled. The rims of the 2- and 20-krone coins have interrupted milling. The 1-, 2- and 5-krone coins have a hole in the middle. Use of these various characteristics makes it easy for the blind and sight-impaired to tell the coins apart.
Commemoratives and thematic coins
The coins of the programme have the same size and metal composition as the regular coins of their denomination.
The first series, 20-krone coins featuring towers in Denmark, ran between 2002 and 2007 and spawned ten different motifs. Upon selecting the towers, importance had been attached not only to display aesthetic towers, but also towers with different form, functions and from different regions of Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The last coin depicting the Copenhagen City Hall was issued in June 2007, marking the end of the series.
A second series of 20-krone coins, starting in 2007 with twelve different planned motifs and ten already released by November 2011, shows Denmark as a maritime nation in the world, featuring iconic Danish, Faroese and Greenlandic ships and like the previous series of tower coins, the series reflect various landmarks in shipbuilding in the three countries.
In 2005, Danmarks Nationalbank issued the first in a series of five 10-krone commemorative coins with motifs from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales. The motifs depicted on the coins were chosen to illustrate various aspects and themes central to the fairy tales with the fifth and final fairy tale coin inspired by The Nightingale being issued on 25 October 2007.
In 2007, as the fairy tale series ended, a second series of three 10-krone commemorative coins was introduced, celebrating the International Polar Year. Featuring motifs of a polar bear, the Sirius Sledge Patrol and the Aurora Borealis, the coins aimed to accentuate scientific research in the backdrop of Greenlandic culture and geography. The third and final coin entitled 'Northern Lights' marked the completion of the series in 2009.
Banknotes
Most Danish banknotes (with a few exceptions) issued after 1945 are valid as payment. Banknotes have since 1945 been issued with the values: 5 kroner, 10 kroner, 20 kroner, 50 kroner, 100 kroner, 200 kroner, 500 kroner & 1000 kroner.
Portrait and landscape series
The Portrait and landscape series was issued from 1952 to 1964. It was replaced in 1972.
Jens Juel series
The Jens Juel series was issued from 1975 to 1980. It was replaced in 1997. Every note had a painting made by Jens Juel on the obverse side.
1997 series
The 1997 series was issued from 1997 to 1999. It was replaced in 2009.
Bridge series
The process of designing the 'Bridge' banknotes was initiated in 2006 by the Danish National Bank. The theme of the new banknotes is Danish bridges and the surrounding landscapes, or details from these landscapes. Danish artist Karin Birgitte Lund has chosen to interpret this theme in two ways: bridges as links between various parts of Denmark and as links between the past and the present. The present is represented by the bridges, the past by five distinctive prehistoric objects found near the bridges. Among the new security features is a window thread ("Motion") with a moving wave pattern. Another feature is a new, sophisticated hologram that reflects light in different colors. The new banknotes also have the traditional security features such as the watermark and the hidden security thread.
Nicknames
Within context, some of the banknotes have figurative meanings with the 100-krone note sometimes referred to as a hund (dog) shortening the word hundrede (a hundred). The 500-krone note can be referred to as a plovmand (ploughman) because previous circulations of the note featured a picture of a man with a plough and the 1000-krone note, too, can be referred to as a tudse (toad) taken from a wordplay on the word tusinde meaning a thousand. The 1000-krone note may also be referred to as an egern (squirrel) because the 1972 series version of the note featured a squirrel.
Exchange rates
See also
Denmark and the euro
Economy of Denmark
Economy of the Faroe Islands
Economy of Greenland
References
Citations
Sources
Schön, Günter und Gerhard, Weltmünzkatalog 1900–2010, 39. Auflage, 2011, Battenberg Gietl Verlag, .
External links
Royal Mint of Denmark see Denmark's coin series.
Historical and current banknotes of Denmark
http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/banknotes_and_coins/Danish_coins/Pages/default.aspx
Krone, Danish
Fixed exchange rate
Currencies introduced in 1875
Currencies of North America
1875 establishments in Denmark | [
-0.28806182742118835,
0.058106679469347,
0.09290549159049988,
-0.14316441118717194,
-0.37740203738212585,
0.27916932106018066,
0.3602272868156433,
0.5050232410430908,
-0.268798291683197,
-0.14404264092445374,
-0.08052036166191101,
0.05932334437966347,
0.21432577073574066,
-0.07756605744361877,
-0.5498524308204651,
0.19312986731529236,
0.24887897074222565,
0.9075139164924622,
-0.04354812204837799,
-0.7388770580291748,
-0.15795880556106567,
-0.0631200522184372,
0.2627292573451996,
-0.5552886128425598,
0.4989831745624542,
-0.3124326169490814,
0.06656597554683685,
-0.23797503113746643,
-0.45686960220336914,
0.2009926587343216,
-0.07179722934961319,
0.670503556728363,
-0.45534947514533997,
0.2818925082683563,
0.23491129279136658,
-0.304982453584671,
0.34021463990211487,
-0.18056301772594452,
0.0294495839625597,
-0.4302001893520355,
0.16006678342819214,
-0.3387278914451599,
0.007226545363664627,
0.31828776001930237,
-0.8203931450843811,
-0.845115602016449,
-1.316550612449646,
0.22131085395812988,
-0.181906059384346,
0.2886563837528229,
-0.48059603571891785,
-0.22464844584465027,
0.09971270710229874,
0.5059099793434143,
0.3669735789299011,
0.562402069568634,
-0.9006356000900269,
0.03785298019647598,
0.19008921086788177,
0.27530473470687866,
0.48696374893188477,
-0.12088405340909958,
-0.20142272114753723,
-0.19568459689617157,
0.31888988614082336,
0.057832617312669754,
0.11598767340183258,
0.6931408643722534,
-0.16502390801906586,
-0.8013230562210083,
-0.14176982641220093,
0.13404247164726257,
-0.2640390694141388,
0.23426590859889984,
0.1373581737279892,
-0.34851905703544617,
-0.12146256864070892,
-0.13399773836135864,
0.22278210520744324,
-0.2706470191478729,
-0.03488585352897644,
0.3854803740978241,
0.8169869184494019,
-0.13050884008407593,
0.26915237307548523,
0.535416305065155,
-0.3083308935165405,
-0.19715024530887604,
-0.3656478226184845,
0.32485759258270264,
0.8379092216491699,
-0.12667608261108398,
0.4390965402126312,
0.4026290476322174,
-0.19771051406860352,
0.308877170085907,
-0.09475051611661911,
0.3705192506313324,
-0.23890946805477142,
0.4058138132095337,
-0.09171359241008759,
0.29474717378616333,
0.22988294064998627,
0.08166475594043732,
-0.7344868183135986,
-0.35288554430007935,
-0.47413375973701477,
0.0828995630145073,
-0.23824472725391388,
-0.37932905554771423,
-0.8077292442321777,
0.12804676592350006,
0.041193827986717224,
0.9596202969551086,
-0.23787325620651245,
0.0011542892316356301,
0.48220863938331604,
-0.16603590548038483,
-0.22600555419921875,
0.2317488193511963,
0.029618993401527405,
0.3041771352291107,
0.03858679160475731,
-0.3568738102912903,
0.03277548775076866,
0.08322182297706604,
-0.024303946644067764,
1.0487439632415771,
0.1733732670545578,
-0.28208690881729126,
0.10886416584253311,
0.5630943775177002,
-0.009936743415892124,
0.42870959639549255,
-0.09826193004846573,
-0.27162855863571167,
0.34716299176216125,
0.0649137943983078,
0.05180550739169121,
0.32809978723526,
-0.9541080594062805,
-0.16780003905296326,
-0.0986049547791481,
0.014605408534407616,
-0.08005308359861374,
-0.2931683361530304,
-0.08470961451530457,
-0.21941706538200378,
-0.2003413289785385,
0.5814034938812256,
0.18806764483451843,
-0.31802597641944885,
0.23389840126037598,
0.36134326457977295,
-0.45762479305267334,
-0.34803980588912964,
-0.179872527718544,
0.23488953709602356,
0.3936455547809601,
0.17108505964279175,
-0.4092407822608948,
0.2096979022026062,
-0.16002508997917175,
-0.2583904266357422,
0.1362079232931137,
-0.19949029386043549,
0.5151295065879822,
0.8453263640403748,
-0.6138830184936523,
0.17143331468105316,
-0.2455710470676422,
0.1390506476163864,
0.45929813385009766,
0.6203153729438782,
-0.23936058580875397,
0.1565820276737213,
-0.07383523136377335,
0.16315096616744995,
0.13236771523952484,
-0.20840217173099518,
-0.671032190322876,
0.6195905804634094,
0.710008442401886,
-0.062010928988456726,
0.16196033358573914,
-0.17147813737392426,
-0.145004004240036,
0.02075098641216755,
0.18789486587047577,
-0.4734317660331726,
-0.6584709882736206,
-0.8520318269729614,
0.5452701449394226,
0.3209802806377411,
0.7379266023635864,
-0.47549036145210266,
-0.11363377422094345,
-0.19420503079891205,
0.22703386843204498,
0.5493916869163513,
0.1306641846895218,
-0.7839396595954895,
0.31121617555618286,
-0.14003004133701324,
0.37617430090904236,
0.5351367592811584,
-0.11279437690973282,
-0.3466503918170929,
0.24759574234485626,
0.49079281091690063,
0.45809686183929443,
-0.06292130798101425,
0.6251877546310425,
-0.2103123962879181,
-0.09102550148963928,
0.4285217821598053,
0.03118586167693138,
0.2927221953868866,
0.13263212144374847,
0.00861225463449955,
0.5627359747886658,
0.08527684956789017,
-0.31188514828681946,
0.4541570842266083,
-0.2648719251155853,
0.5240989923477173,
-0.11885573714971542,
0.36330196261405945,
-0.02975853532552719,
-0.5014499425888062,
0.09546472877264023,
-0.6315655708312988,
-0.15523551404476166,
-0.30785876512527466,
-0.09438027441501617,
0.013427798636257648,
-0.38130325078964233,
0.06757307797670364,
0.8129761815071106,
-0.5319768190383911,
0.1938151866197586,
0.262128621339798,
-0.3872760534286499,
0.6347957849502563,
0.13844341039657593,
0.7566676139831543,
-0.02768842503428459,
-0.0606333389878273,
-0.8031811118125916,
-0.7228703498840332,
0.21584594249725342,
-0.2699521780014038,
-0.278970330953598,
-0.2997085750102997,
0.0938195064663887,
-0.4332391023635864,
0.339548259973526,
-0.0949653908610344,
0.23681078851222992,
-0.01077011227607727,
-0.018639231100678444,
0.123419389128685,
0.5543486475944519,
-0.3128630816936493,
-0.24970152974128723,
-0.2799305319786072,
-0.3312245011329651,
-0.4251460134983063,
0.5407479405403137,
0.17632779479026794,
0.17557431757450104,
0.3095683455467224,
-0.9014525413513184,
0.11288997530937195,
-0.26361051201820374,
-0.5704916715621948,
0.3965400159358978,
-0.16450363397598267,
-0.6966264247894287,
-0.33337944746017456,
-0.2361670434474945,
0.2774215638637543,
0.05679548159241676,
-0.45619481801986694,
0.2378080040216446,
-0.877436101436615,
0.14008522033691406,
-0.3739657402038574,
0.16478027403354645,
-0.42756158113479614,
-0.2550213634967804,
-0.08522463589906693,
-0.5356290340423584,
-0.20925168693065643,
-0.24392066895961761,
-0.016443148255348206,
0.16533920168876648,
0.1618555188179016,
0.8936368823051453,
-0.12821538746356964,
-0.31290560960769653,
0.045179929584264755,
0.3620007038116455,
-0.28524887561798096,
-0.30300119519233704,
-0.32866960763931274,
-0.562448263168335,
-0.1611584573984146,
-5.586393356323242,
0.242721289396286,
-0.44866397976875305,
-0.01971825771033764,
-0.36114612221717834,
0.3145063817501068,
0.7718417048454285,
0.1792594939470291,
0.06803290545940399,
-0.20193471014499664,
0.0925518348813057,
-0.247288778424263,
-0.0690470039844513,
0.6052453517913818,
0.3697081208229065,
0.1382642388343811,
0.626657247543335,
0.08160431683063507,
0.009195826947689056,
0.21251609921455383,
-0.41518259048461914,
-0.1228521317243576,
0.43584680557250977,
0.48900216817855835,
0.9733101725578308,
0.7505642175674438,
-0.06880214810371399,
-0.1493527740240097,
-0.3343046009540558,
-0.09927632659673691,
0.004710949957370758,
0.1844579428434372,
0.7453128099441528,
-0.6544603705406189,
0.2532917559146881,
0.14926867187023163,
0.4318719804286957,
1.0038317441940308,
0.002649929141625762,
-0.5507986545562744,
0.2798762917518616,
0.9746803045272827,
0.13473282754421234,
-0.3674715459346771,
0.9195430278778076,
-0.24823758006095886,
-0.054334528744220734,
0.3589663505554199,
-0.9799228310585022,
0.6654473543167114,
-0.002084423555061221,
-0.005351337604224682,
-0.4079960584640503,
-0.45935267210006714,
-0.09352734684944153,
0.2815600335597992,
0.06856558471918106,
0.1404360830783844,
-0.6650030612945557,
0.23099783062934875,
0.6532029509544373,
-0.15726903080940247,
0.012115963734686375,
-0.20056301355361938,
-0.47280803322792053,
-0.8588293194770813,
-0.44638460874557495,
-0.002476741559803486,
0.3282180726528168,
0.0002824606199283153,
-0.34608158469200134,
-0.027768360450863838,
0.3642061650753021,
-0.514826774597168,
0.13710014522075653,
-0.9639455080032349,
-0.26389893889427185,
0.34547561407089233,
-0.0561489574611187,
0.265495240688324,
-0.6546450257301331,
-0.3816024959087372,
-0.4409746527671814,
0.724449098110199,
0.27262115478515625,
-0.69002366065979,
-0.4748542308807373,
0.13657410442829132,
-0.2211715281009674,
-0.3468465507030487,
0.6722114086151123,
-0.8517178893089294,
0.19752436876296997,
0.0059549747966229916,
-0.5354885458946228,
-0.0015409515472128987,
0.0205051451921463,
-0.8154355883598328,
0.189533531665802,
-0.10126668959856033,
1.1569887399673462,
-0.5624373555183411,
0.1804700344800949,
-0.44781437516212463,
-0.3939273953437805,
-0.5153497457504272,
-0.3387557864189148,
0.6403945088386536,
0.9267094731330872,
0.005743363872170448,
0.11171566694974899,
-0.01911633461713791,
-0.19556529819965363,
-0.6694693565368652,
0.2648562490940094,
-0.3635202646255493,
-0.4979443848133087,
0.6351598501205444,
0.5197373628616333,
-0.2215908169746399,
0.13856925070285797,
0.14453984797000885,
0.280997633934021,
-0.8567311763763428,
-0.6526132822036743,
-0.0655079260468483,
0.18699149787425995,
-0.12844857573509216,
-0.24955910444259644,
0.6300836205482483,
-0.012254883535206318,
0.42986515164375305,
-0.07213395088911057,
-0.4239066243171692,
-0.6501868963241577,
-0.020962467417120934,
0.15417329967021942,
-0.21513429284095764,
-0.24351271986961365,
-1.1574370861053467,
0.3973325490951538,
-0.43757814168930054,
0.25223082304000854,
0.30641570687294006,
-0.21494942903518677,
0.15422560274600983,
0.30678093433380127,
-0.15856647491455078,
-0.3809396028518677,
0.58608478307724,
0.001688445801846683,
0.2447696179151535,
0.6576635837554932,
-0.5889145135879517,
-0.01236066222190857,
-0.041864797472953796,
0.2167075276374817,
0.18527385592460632,
-0.30240222811698914,
-0.6037343740463257,
0.11698286980390549,
-0.22381973266601562,
-0.8855771422386169,
-0.3609292507171631,
0.48448070883750916,
-1.027100682258606,
-0.9302865862846375,
0.020202254876494408,
-0.1719505339860916,
0.843906044960022,
0.2601954936981201,
-1.0521899461746216,
-0.46825355291366577,
0.04563099518418312,
-0.2919444143772125,
-0.02463613450527191,
0.17767760157585144,
-0.13832929730415344,
-0.2625327706336975,
0.1889275759458542,
0.5427302122116089,
-0.03634955361485481,
-0.07915555685758591,
0.8404118418693542,
0.44846832752227783,
-0.0126730902120471,
0.2482246607542038,
0.02766786329448223,
-0.18719032406806946,
0.5830876231193542,
0.3449474275112152,
0.10133673250675201,
0.40440231561660767,
0.3047427535057068,
-0.5442044734954834,
-0.4921959340572357,
-0.41613516211509705,
1.1575684547424316,
0.17035000026226044,
0.2059910148382187,
0.4534149169921875,
0.9290186762809753,
-0.3155864179134369,
-0.06867817044258118,
0.16507650911808014,
-0.15938982367515564,
0.6124593019485474,
0.08913558721542358,
-0.4233679473400116,
0.16228483617305756,
-1.0749902725219727,
-0.9319638609886169,
-0.5673816800117493,
0.08022474497556686,
-0.47196531295776367,
0.05254832282662392,
0.17494922876358032,
-0.49314841628074646,
-0.17661207914352417,
-0.7574336528778076,
-0.4177953600883484,
0.060251183807849884,
-0.7234725952148438,
-0.09898849576711655,
0.18235689401626587,
-0.17466454207897186,
-0.21506763994693756,
0.04796523228287697,
0.07314333319664001,
-0.5965144634246826,
0.8389027714729309,
-0.05090056359767914,
0.15690486133098602,
0.3684769868850708,
-0.13692620396614075,
0.6344320178031921,
0.0008356223115697503,
0.41850578784942627,
0.6437603831291199,
0.2982698976993561,
0.8090888261795044,
0.7582948207855225,
-0.10368544608354568,
-0.27307215332984924,
-0.4794168770313263,
0.40253016352653503,
0.0676756352186203,
-0.31100818514823914,
-0.40721139311790466,
0.6673251390457153,
-0.09225655347108841,
-0.4905642569065094,
-0.5081021785736084,
-0.46804845333099365,
0.9970255494117737,
-0.5461077094078064,
0.5220047831535339,
0.22454793751239777,
0.21447862684726715,
-0.13843896985054016,
0.02479379065334797,
0.08029665797948837,
-0.3026980459690094,
0.2787700593471527,
0.17992103099822998,
0.46666228771209717,
-0.5056931376457214,
0.21005664765834808,
0.6293745040893555,
-0.22414135932922363,
-0.6760257482528687,
-0.7864648103713989,
0.46137046813964844,
0.07852732390165329,
-0.07159940898418427,
0.02354609966278076,
0.04368986934423447,
0.06594561040401459,
-0.4730835258960724,
0.13196857273578644,
-0.21737965941429138,
0.38848283886909485,
0.4179268181324005,
-0.12389005720615387,
-0.288097620010376,
-0.3593839406967163,
-0.2254089117050171,
0.02152732014656067,
-0.6922243237495422,
-0.36766085028648376,
0.1946394294500351,
-0.26449111104011536,
-0.4481269121170044,
0.4373265504837036,
0.18034492433071136,
0.6111496090888977,
0.34276995062828064,
0.2172531932592392,
0.44601869583129883,
0.4221609830856323,
-0.8000910878181458,
0.36844244599342346,
0.4128645360469818,
-0.9938310384750366,
0.25378039479255676,
0.43916741013526917,
0.10026427358388901,
-0.014631056226789951,
-0.08603300899267197,
-0.09998823702335358,
-0.09925980120897293,
0.1965438574552536,
0.003506844863295555,
0.7157801389694214,
-0.08398885279893875,
-0.4268578588962555,
0.5818358063697815,
-0.25980299711227417,
-0.054258402436971664,
0.503993809223175,
0.3440345227718353,
-0.4637722074985504,
0.3777872920036316,
0.6287796497344971,
-0.6934706568717957,
0.7659156918525696,
-0.2369915395975113,
0.04002806916832924,
0.2786766290664673,
-0.20850855112075806,
-0.010958557017147541,
0.6325437426567078,
-0.9610317945480347,
0.20182472467422485,
-0.2692421078681946,
0.08356179296970367,
0.25103652477264404,
-0.09464243799448013,
-0.17601244151592255,
1.0675883293151855,
0.12947654724121094,
0.5312192440032959,
-0.19850236177444458,
-0.23772305250167847,
0.010167410597205162,
0.1364382654428482,
-0.4580696225166321,
-0.5117266774177551,
0.5075807571411133,
0.12616245448589325,
0.4761503338813782,
-0.1601700782775879,
-0.056332334876060486,
-0.516875147819519,
-0.3610478639602661,
-0.261963427066803,
-0.3254123330116272,
-0.34839165210723877,
-0.826217770576477,
-0.508414626121521,
-0.03639093041419983,
-0.3484937846660614,
0.2772574722766876,
0.2958858907222748,
-0.10447896271944046,
-0.13328728079795837,
0.31487828493118286,
-0.35546737909317017,
0.1273583173751831,
-0.04717513918876648,
0.4868972599506378,
-0.04529665410518646,
0.3992016911506653,
-0.14315545558929443,
0.015580383129417896,
0.38019832968711853,
0.6676568984985352,
0.16150963306427002,
0.3450581133365631,
-0.2911282777786255,
-0.48041000962257385,
0.10435256361961365,
-0.12541602551937103,
-0.8939791917800903,
-0.3726440370082855,
-0.2054184079170227,
-0.1198800578713417,
-0.2492443472146988,
0.02499573864042759,
0.25075075030326843,
0.8241415619850159,
0.09206362068653107,
0.4947182238101959,
-0.46438881754875183,
-0.885263979434967,
-0.4617486298084259,
-0.055770546197891235,
0.7081419229507446,
-0.025212513282895088,
-0.5934109091758728,
-0.3014112710952759,
0.06667094677686691,
-0.09153973311185837,
-0.012768394313752651,
-0.09206536412239075,
0.5617198348045349,
-0.30501502752304077,
0.5378321409225464,
0.2153061479330063,
0.012154344469308853,
0.6914296746253967,
-0.8112136721611023,
0.07553718984127045,
0.15263140201568604,
-0.21855175495147705,
-0.09858915209770203,
0.6595010757446289,
-0.09101872891187668,
-0.07629790902137756,
-0.147070974111557,
0.08501788973808289,
0.5007821321487427,
0.34320056438446045,
0.12660394608974457,
0.07633225619792938,
0.1016661673784256,
0.506534218788147,
0.45245474576950073,
-0.5506073832511902,
0.3298446834087372,
-0.9723659753799438,
0.6976790428161621,
-0.711249828338623,
-0.08472330868244171,
-0.15840725600719452,
0.09772200882434845,
0.29935339093208313,
0.1399267464876175,
-0.3004162907600403,
-0.2321407049894333,
0.1178027018904686,
-0.0925518125295639,
0.4332082271575928,
0.7665042281150818,
-0.18322457373142242,
0.5891430377960205,
-0.20385313034057617,
-0.11283518373966217,
-0.9423909187316895,
-0.4739941358566284,
0.31398695707321167,
-0.5521050691604614,
0.7800252437591553,
0.12078065425157547,
0.27432534098625183,
-0.1414221078157425,
0.3375145494937897,
-0.481265664100647,
0.15750540792942047,
0.37775179743766785
] |
236325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile%20work%20environment | Hostile work environment | In United States labor law, a hostile work environment exists when one's behavior within a workplace creates an environment that is difficult or uncomfortable for another person to work in, due to illegal discrimination. Common complaints in sexual harassment lawsuits include fondling, suggestive remarks, sexually-suggestive photos displayed in the workplace, use of sexual language, or off-color jokes. Small matters, annoyances, and isolated incidents are usually not considered to be statutory violations of the discrimination laws. For a violation to impose liability, the conduct must create a work environment that would be intimidating, hostile, or offensive to a reasonable person. An employer can be held liable for failing to prevent these workplace conditions, unless it can prove that it attempted to prevent the harassment and that the employee failed to take advantage of existing harassment counter-measures or tools provided by the employer.
A hostile work environment may also be created when management acts in a manner designed to make an employee quit in retaliation for some action. For example, if an employee reported safety violations at work, was injured, attempted to join a union, or reported regulatory violations by management, and management's response was to harass and pressure the employee to quit. Employers have tried to force employees to quit by imposing unwarranted discipline, reducing hours, cutting wages, or transferring the complaining employee to a distant work location.
The United States Supreme Court stated in Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. that Title VII is "not a general civility code". Thus, federal law does not prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not extremely serious. Rather, the conduct must be so objectively offensive as to alter the conditions of the individual's employment. The conditions of employment are altered only if the harassment culminates in a tangible employment action or is sufficiently severe or pervasive.
Burdens of proof
Where a hostile environment is alleged, the legality of behaviors must be determined on a case by case basis. In the workplace, such a claim focuses on the working conditions that must be experienced by the victim as a condition of employment, rather than on tangible job changes. To establish whether the situation is actionable the "totality of circumstances" must be weighed with an eye to determining "that the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment in that it was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the condition of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment".
Relation to other laws
In many United States jurisdictions, a hostile work environment is not an independent legal claim. That is, an employee could not file a lawsuit on the basis of a hostile work environment alone. Instead, an employee must prove they have been treated in a hostile manner because of their membership in a protected class, such as gender, age, race, national origin, disability status, and similar protected traits. Importantly, the hostile work environment is gender neutral, that is, men can sexually harass men or women and women can sexually harass men or women.
Likewise, a hostile work environment can be considered the "adverse employment action" that is an element of a whistleblower claim or a reprisal (retaliation) claim under a civil rights statute. When an employee claims that a hostile work environment is an adverse employment action, the legal analysis is similar to the burdens of proof described above. However, to recover damages, the employee must also establish all other elements of the claim, such as that the employee engaged in protected conduct such as making a report of discrimination or reporting an employer's violation of law, and also establish that the employer created the hostile work environment, at least in part, because the employee engaged in the protected activity.
See also
Abusive supervision
Workplace bullying
Workplace incivility
Cases
EEOC v. Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America
Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story movie about Ellison v. Brady, which set the "reasonable woman" precedent in sexual harassment law.
Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co.
North Country, a 2005 American film dealing with sexual harassment, inspired by Jenson v. Eveleth
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services
Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.
Weaver v NATFHE
References
Labour law
Ethically disputed working conditions
Workplace bullying
Workplace
Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment in the United States
United States labor law
Harassment | [
0.2990361750125885,
0.5569745302200317,
-0.8999995589256287,
-0.1283791959285736,
0.1347583532333374,
-0.007540140300989151,
0.7401610016822815,
0.2679055631160736,
-0.14730185270309448,
-0.7067974805831909,
-0.5871080756187439,
0.2491605281829834,
-0.6812261939048767,
0.4514956772327423,
-0.4815067946910858,
0.6210729479789734,
0.15260876715183258,
0.467891663312912,
0.11118833720684052,
0.04912029579281807,
-0.25328314304351807,
-0.5123891234397888,
0.027641668915748596,
-0.004867256619036198,
0.4110572636127472,
-0.13242897391319275,
0.3444064259529114,
0.2701672613620758,
-0.32351744174957275,
0.19307222962379456,
0.2062113881111145,
0.36231759190559387,
0.0783393606543541,
0.08203661441802979,
0.04385008290410042,
0.3094031512737274,
0.050755877047777176,
0.06433479487895966,
-0.036868900060653687,
-0.6413277983665466,
0.11976506561040878,
0.23806077241897583,
0.05634839087724686,
0.14826075732707977,
-0.1666385680437088,
0.13868916034698486,
-1.809407114982605,
-0.2010510414838791,
-0.17250072956085205,
-0.2472592443227768,
-0.23279857635498047,
0.09043514728546143,
0.5087308883666992,
0.27178871631622314,
-0.3066296875476837,
-0.05793590098619461,
-0.5698228478431702,
-0.10209634155035019,
0.15826556086540222,
-0.7111527323722839,
0.4446714520454407,
0.1895657479763031,
-0.14773203432559967,
-0.08324644714593887,
0.2992555797100067,
0.27835074067115784,
0.2265830636024475,
-0.2873782217502594,
-0.3144181966781616,
-0.7572329640388489,
-0.8287144899368286,
-0.29716286063194275,
0.01660330407321453,
-0.10803559422492981,
-0.6908677816390991,
-0.08639886230230331,
0.029628317803144455,
-0.3504645824432373,
-0.9021250009536743,
0.6080948710441589,
0.19780275225639343,
0.41698378324508667,
0.10449638217687607,
-0.4187992513179779,
0.6554076075553894,
-0.6206223368644714,
-0.3563377857208252,
0.8744927644729614,
0.07396312803030014,
0.7128933668136597,
0.6512332558631897,
0.40523678064346313,
0.5562335252761841,
0.12215423583984375,
0.2651478350162506,
0.5780263543128967,
0.7737868428230286,
0.25496599078178406,
0.08192284405231476,
0.32530301809310913,
0.0023478385992348194,
0.018170049414038658,
0.35963672399520874,
-0.022161176428198814,
-0.01662573777139187,
-0.33803415298461914,
0.28455543518066406,
-0.4490835964679718,
-0.11659163236618042,
-0.07008539140224457,
-0.25800269842147827,
0.4313737452030182,
-0.14290755987167358,
-0.05681834742426872,
-0.5133473873138428,
0.1799982637166977,
-0.20089080929756165,
0.37147390842437744,
0.3372960686683655,
0.049522899091243744,
0.40010038018226624,
-0.02971864864230156,
-0.7182238698005676,
0.483610600233078,
-0.37758150696754456,
0.4913332462310791,
0.13553470373153687,
0.5269784331321716,
-0.5352944731712341,
-0.04703470692038536,
0.11035769432783127,
0.6649406552314758,
0.32519659399986267,
0.49585387110710144,
-0.17024551331996918,
0.06702306866645813,
0.6335175633430481,
0.17441946268081665,
0.4415735602378845,
-0.01825341023504734,
-0.4397105872631073,
-0.831085741519928,
-0.2976687550544739,
-0.13083600997924805,
0.1662793755531311,
-0.8249000906944275,
0.6374969482421875,
-0.45847174525260925,
-0.14499114453792572,
-0.2047601342201233,
0.07164014875888824,
-0.22697259485721588,
-0.6075135469436646,
0.0027390371542423964,
0.09662763774394989,
-0.3568935692310333,
0.401934415102005,
-0.8590953946113586,
0.08618684858083725,
0.06397876888513565,
0.1752685308456421,
0.44968271255493164,
-1.0233092308044434,
-0.012249438092112541,
-0.003721010871231556,
0.004982321057468653,
-0.31225523352622986,
-0.06826788187026978,
-0.03764525055885315,
0.4185534119606018,
-0.30408668518066406,
0.5835705995559692,
0.07472977787256241,
-0.5472629070281982,
0.09537459164857864,
0.24697020649909973,
0.19683927297592163,
0.13303160667419434,
0.9187779426574707,
0.4391195476055145,
-0.6069430112838745,
0.20818127691745758,
0.3226943016052246,
0.31826648116111755,
0.10722950100898743,
-0.3117259740829468,
0.3966362774372101,
-0.7998709082603455,
-0.4847395420074463,
-0.08052615821361542,
-0.5661940574645996,
-0.32519325613975525,
0.36209651827812195,
-0.7273984551429749,
1.2708464860916138,
-0.2757432460784912,
-0.283490389585495,
0.7532094717025757,
0.04236254096031189,
0.5423769354820251,
-0.0810852125287056,
0.13667790591716766,
0.46692243218421936,
-0.0859680324792862,
-0.7059662938117981,
0.48695164918899536,
0.12345021218061447,
0.1943672001361847,
-0.1698174923658371,
0.21782942116260529,
0.5498045682907104,
-0.11752955615520477,
0.20543420314788818,
-0.5158234238624573,
-0.008295305073261261,
0.1743878871202469,
-0.42875581979751587,
0.08060579746961594,
-0.05518454685807228,
-0.07085395604372025,
0.61175537109375,
-0.36423781514167786,
0.1494433581829071,
0.39812466502189636,
-0.3392314314842224,
0.12071500718593597,
0.07196149975061417,
0.25288230180740356,
0.8102484941482544,
-1.0091934204101562,
0.6545857787132263,
0.5209022164344788,
0.10012932866811752,
-0.2960536479949951,
-0.4745178520679474,
0.2638634443283081,
0.39050784707069397,
-0.3556392788887024,
-0.09395334124565125,
-0.41925477981567383,
-0.4913889467716217,
0.32596728205680847,
-0.260440468788147,
0.6982407569885254,
-0.38517460227012634,
-0.402598112821579,
-0.042064424604177475,
0.609580934047699,
-0.26104477047920227,
0.6223525404930115,
0.06472315639257431,
0.4307030439376831,
0.21387575566768646,
-0.2317793071269989,
-0.30293145775794983,
0.024845555424690247,
-0.6599825620651245,
-0.26865047216415405,
-0.16460169851779938,
-0.8636771440505981,
-0.3129671514034271,
-0.06434095650911331,
-0.3624778389930725,
0.3189293146133423,
-0.2407640516757965,
-0.1094907820224762,
-0.18320666253566742,
0.14210425317287445,
-0.42904800176620483,
0.30952614545822144,
0.36962130665779114,
0.06591780483722687,
-0.2788859009742737,
-0.2153296023607254,
-0.2790193557739258,
0.23153044283390045,
0.09488058090209961,
0.22934626042842865,
0.03765936195850372,
-0.04125536233186722,
0.43770095705986023,
0.578559398651123,
0.15707701444625854,
-0.8070456385612488,
-0.0009510508389212191,
-0.5499716401100159,
0.12224575877189636,
-0.6678723692893982,
-0.4841322898864746,
-0.3674810826778412,
-0.58502596616745,
0.15425142645835876,
0.0024991724640130997,
-0.012574211694300175,
0.3185324966907501,
0.48090270161628723,
0.0027436839882284403,
0.44620218873023987,
0.7002151608467102,
-0.08781405538320541,
0.1683173030614853,
0.020751025527715683,
-0.6613748669624329,
-0.29386746883392334,
-0.29275768995285034,
-0.17410436272621155,
-0.4353622496128082,
-0.6494075059890747,
-5.688385486602783,
0.21390952169895172,
-0.05306129902601242,
-0.05953262373805046,
-0.2121918797492981,
0.08572975546121597,
0.8759781122207642,
-0.07393372803926468,
-0.5290181636810303,
0.4445323646068573,
-0.19424289464950562,
0.15593089163303375,
0.18663230538368225,
0.31179988384246826,
0.35548049211502075,
0.2848474085330963,
0.8696696162223816,
-0.603782594203949,
0.051625628024339676,
-0.16125555336475372,
-0.5518344640731812,
0.7359621524810791,
-0.13881342113018036,
0.14233501255512238,
0.5962234139442444,
0.22342845797538757,
-0.41221967339515686,
0.17899377644062042,
-0.46790018677711487,
0.03136828541755676,
0.07202667742967606,
-0.20164844393730164,
-0.49828630685806274,
-0.34624555706977844,
0.26681241393089294,
0.33412832021713257,
0.3709610104560852,
0.02182198129594326,
-0.2291584610939026,
-0.24991294741630554,
-0.4170771539211273,
0.33161941170692444,
-0.06798940151929855,
0.28747084736824036,
0.5308705568313599,
-0.07018716633319855,
-0.07463322579860687,
-0.7321349382400513,
-0.2745894491672516,
0.5473976135253906,
-0.5462066531181335,
0.33818143606185913,
0.8116671442985535,
0.2808176279067993,
0.3874845504760742,
0.16771581768989563,
0.580223560333252,
0.06367667019367218,
-0.46853819489479065,
-0.17015765607357025,
0.15574325621128082,
-0.7928013205528259,
-0.4555657207965851,
-0.6295374631881714,
-0.07980614900588989,
-0.29793310165405273,
-0.5658690929412842,
-0.9424129724502563,
0.4747982919216156,
-0.05473613739013672,
0.13844074308872223,
0.16430778801441193,
0.6370731592178345,
-0.7479044198989868,
0.14428341388702393,
-0.4053155183792114,
-0.22419780492782593,
-0.2139587551355362,
0.8668550848960876,
-0.4119093716144562,
-0.42432451248168945,
0.2603231966495514,
-0.1101207584142685,
-0.20138075947761536,
0.09808699041604996,
-0.06052905693650246,
0.5631155371665955,
0.7324935793876648,
-0.35246607661247253,
0.08599908649921417,
0.6234733462333679,
0.38594648241996765,
0.12143511325120926,
-0.028713427484035492,
0.1092488244175911,
0.38754937052726746,
0.44756364822387695,
-0.17478641867637634,
0.2510528862476349,
-0.15733109414577484,
0.5179646015167236,
-0.7544019222259521,
-0.5016635656356812,
-0.4905547797679901,
0.4436914622783661,
-0.010139995254576206,
-0.43737179040908813,
0.5547980666160583,
0.42391636967658997,
-0.16351741552352905,
0.561139702796936,
0.38160645961761475,
-0.36441683769226074,
-0.1238100454211235,
0.3363615870475769,
0.03680063411593437,
-0.5011463761329651,
0.8945537805557251,
0.4350496828556061,
0.15427808463573456,
0.16020368039608002,
0.15544450283050537,
-0.47077396512031555,
0.4294044077396393,
-0.1192859560251236,
-0.40185225009918213,
0.12236250936985016,
0.3390060365200043,
-0.21854287385940552,
-0.15341007709503174,
0.19414040446281433,
0.4323281943798065,
0.06781842559576035,
-0.2849220335483551,
0.23854778707027435,
-0.026496917009353638,
0.09040424972772598,
0.1803087443113327,
-0.12294217199087143,
-0.6287652850151062,
0.03414568305015564,
-0.008746319450438023,
-0.19306831061840057,
-0.3124346435070038,
0.35743239521980286,
0.2639634609222412,
-0.4128057062625885,
-0.25317928194999695,
0.04750892147421837,
0.07468672096729279,
-0.14994162321090698,
-0.3124401271343231,
-0.41288578510284424,
-0.07746225595474243,
0.2778281271457672,
-0.1966094672679901,
0.17191024124622345,
0.4369509518146515,
-0.16540271043777466,
-0.6727824807167053,
0.2287854254245758,
-0.2976266145706177,
-1.023217797279358,
-0.3956011235713959,
0.138029545545578,
-0.3515357971191406,
-0.19193676114082336,
-0.3777781128883362,
-0.7231411933898926,
1.007470726966858,
-0.026177648454904556,
-0.31677135825157166,
-0.3865375518798828,
-0.43961066007614136,
-0.09046359360218048,
-0.05512348189949989,
0.04538979008793831,
0.03591633588075638,
0.07918523252010345,
-0.18832601606845856,
0.03917130082845688,
0.007476362399756908,
-0.5294569134712219,
0.22094957530498505,
-0.1660418063402176,
-0.16330717504024506,
0.13777948915958405,
0.095311738550663,
0.11709459125995636,
-0.8023701310157776,
-0.011433149687945843,
-0.2306777983903885,
0.23467671871185303,
-0.0409703329205513,
-0.012647200375795364,
-0.05384895205497742,
-0.09154771268367767,
0.04844966530799866,
-0.17322778701782227,
-0.4321022033691406,
0.19080115854740143,
0.7936888933181763,
-1.0882457494735718,
0.19536955654621124,
0.034830618649721146,
-0.534257173538208,
0.47942155599594116,
0.18799467384815216,
-0.7586995363235474,
-0.034254882484674454,
-0.6010235548019409,
-0.08137943595647812,
-0.7366280555725098,
0.31864604353904724,
-0.5869728922843933,
-0.7096713781356812,
0.13650763034820557,
-0.033135589212179184,
-0.34480059146881104,
0.44829636812210083,
0.27294379472732544,
-0.1267903745174408,
-0.34639909863471985,
-0.11398147791624069,
-0.3917297124862671,
0.1472710371017456,
-0.024915676563978195,
-0.5467166900634766,
0.8116562366485596,
-0.15665249526500702,
-0.07151952385902405,
0.18566976487636566,
0.6046561002731323,
-0.20282810926437378,
-0.5147234797477722,
-0.14358733594417572,
-0.05212310701608658,
0.0868726298213005,
0.17323827743530273,
-0.024863097816705704,
0.2193334400653839,
0.7027153372764587,
0.33646002411842346,
-0.7168081402778625,
0.1257871389389038,
0.0563487783074379,
0.055776018649339676,
-0.5634211897850037,
-0.7303249835968018,
0.09311583638191223,
0.10356233268976212,
-0.2347518503665924,
-0.3195153474807739,
0.24223068356513977,
0.6909156441688538,
-0.019456757232546806,
-0.1526166796684265,
0.3167110085487366,
0.35785210132598877,
0.4214634597301483,
-0.1862833946943283,
-0.44743233919143677,
-0.1543615460395813,
0.1291198879480362,
0.27136504650115967,
0.15414580702781677,
0.17268112301826477,
-0.08881570398807526,
-0.29017335176467896,
-1.0793464183807373,
0.09650033712387085,
0.03205368295311928,
0.9136987924575806,
0.27835023403167725,
0.6198558211326599,
-0.3420523703098297,
-0.4941331446170807,
-0.18258708715438843,
0.030670708045363426,
-0.14648254215717316,
0.31688591837882996,
-0.3967921733856201,
-0.10157617181539536,
-0.8788104057312012,
0.6236380338668823,
-0.5133251547813416,
0.31619057059288025,
-0.19785316288471222,
-0.8720195889472961,
-0.8328599333763123,
-0.47253045439720154,
0.11407320201396942,
0.3488975167274475,
0.35023751854896545,
-0.31442299485206604,
0.04907414689660072,
0.23563875257968903,
-0.13748735189437866,
-0.023220576345920563,
-0.06208863854408264,
-0.8658980131149292,
0.8761235475540161,
-0.2935195863246918,
-0.9080626964569092,
0.6506593823432922,
-0.0934968814253807,
-0.05981006845831871,
-0.5532666444778442,
0.06951099634170532,
-0.2675867974758148,
0.005432419944554567,
-0.21324318647384644,
0.10520020872354507,
0.5460678935050964,
-0.29257097840309143,
0.27236464619636536,
0.7349949479103088,
-0.829747200012207,
0.3744705319404602,
0.02755739726126194,
-0.10153264552354813,
-0.6886745691299438,
0.6415599584579468,
0.34958764910697937,
0.4543462097644806,
0.35689130425453186,
-0.16989809274673462,
0.5066156983375549,
0.2281184047460556,
0.04785562679171562,
0.46926289796829224,
0.3800101578235626,
-0.18822069466114044,
0.06756148487329483,
-0.07317248731851578,
0.04952247068285942,
0.23999302089214325,
-0.8862184286117554,
-0.8798558115959167,
0.6468957662582397,
0.469299852848053,
0.5599256157875061,
0.21161113679409027,
0.1122760996222496,
-0.08105312287807465,
0.21503432095050812,
0.496518075466156,
0.28553611040115356,
-0.46785616874694824,
0.6620537638664246,
0.06397587060928345,
-0.3416823148727417,
-0.04181523993611336,
0.16865414381027222,
0.020064176991581917,
-0.7428147196769714,
0.9355434775352478,
-0.005489113740622997,
-0.7168475985527039,
-0.05592792481184006,
-0.03558390587568283,
0.2470436543226242,
0.1117459163069725,
0.05865105614066124,
-0.07057369500398636,
-0.30060669779777527,
0.2705254554748535,
-0.38166680932044983,
-0.1729728728532791,
-0.08658389747142792,
0.25737589597702026,
0.06911266595125198,
-0.2626931071281433,
0.21532760560512543,
0.6570149064064026,
-0.3348211348056793,
0.8990964889526367,
0.23036597669124603,
0.08114837855100632,
0.1621001660823822,
0.18070903420448303,
0.8467406630516052,
-0.2211364507675171,
-0.5503464937210083,
0.4161888062953949,
0.4027189612388611,
-0.026438450440764427,
0.5642556548118591,
0.19995905458927155,
0.39368128776550293,
0.44707101583480835,
0.30452457070350647,
-0.07804590463638306,
0.06329730898141861,
-0.06077614054083824,
-0.05142223462462425,
-0.06174954026937485,
0.7515429258346558,
0.368187814950943,
-0.009041882120072842,
0.3355739116668701,
0.17536933720111847,
-0.21022309362888336,
0.3157009184360504,
-0.666006863117218,
-0.05906356871128082,
-0.6237955093383789,
0.004389177076518536,
-0.7975730299949646,
0.25883471965789795,
0.40856292843818665,
-0.011183716356754303,
-0.1955866664648056,
0.11133431643247604,
0.28476032614707947,
0.5139674544334412,
0.5482043027877808,
-0.5105145573616028,
0.06598213315010071,
-0.43181559443473816,
0.39072948694229126,
-0.20807583630084991,
0.30086350440979004,
0.3483843505382538,
-0.2545377314090729,
-0.28535380959510803,
0.656154453754425,
-0.10202918201684952,
0.5597261190414429,
0.529632568359375,
-0.3222988545894623,
0.4376102387905121,
-0.26108983159065247,
0.4127396047115326,
-0.17944273352622986,
-0.5281029939651489,
0.39827364683151245,
0.42894503474235535,
0.6874909400939941,
-0.5841631889343262,
-0.01801842637360096,
-0.7285349369049072,
0.14930285513401031,
-0.1658531278371811,
-0.3425416350364685,
0.4702202081680298,
-0.4318843185901642,
-0.07537736743688583,
0.21549449861049652,
0.42019468545913696,
0.39131438732147217,
-0.6943491101264954,
0.19493526220321655,
0.1219223290681839,
-0.45736756920814514,
-0.04787848889827728,
0.16093707084655762,
-0.8838297724723816,
-0.5333470106124878,
0.5242316722869873
] |
236327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20v.%20Texas | Lawrence v. Texas | Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that sanctions of criminal punishment for those who commit sodomy are unconstitutional. The Court reaffirmed the concept of a "right to privacy" that earlier cases, such as Roe v. Wade, had found the U.S. Constitution provides, even though it is not explicitly enumerated. The Court based its ruling on the notions of personal autonomy to define one's own relationships and of American traditions of non-interference with private sexual decisions between consenting adults.
In 1998, John Geddes Lawrence Jr., an older white man, was arrested along with Tyron Garner, a younger black man, at Lawrence's apartment in Harris County, Texas. Garner's former boyfriend had called the police, claiming that there was a man with a weapon in the apartment. Sheriff's deputies said they found the men engaging in sexual intercourse. Lawrence and Garner were charged with a misdemeanor under Texas' anti-sodomy law; both pleaded no contest and received a fine. Assisted by the American civil rights organization Lambda Legal, Lawrence and Garner appealed their sentences to the Texas Courts of Appeals, which ruled in 2000 that the sodomy law was unconstitutional. Texas appealed to have the court rehear the case en banc, and in 2001 it overturned its prior judgment and upheld the law. Lawrence appealed this decision to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which denied his request for appeal. Lawrence then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case.
The Supreme Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory. The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case Bowers v. Hardwick, where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy. It explicitly overruled Bowers, holding that it had viewed the liberty interest too narrowly. The Court held that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by substantive due process under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Lawrence invalidated similar laws throughout the United States that criminalized sodomy between consenting adults acting in private, whatever the sex of the participants.
The case attracted much public attention, and many amici curiae ("friends of the court") briefs were filed. Its outcome was celebrated by gay rights advocates, and set the stage for further reconsideration of standing law, including the landmark case of Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) which recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental right under the United States Constitution, and United States v. Windsor, which invalidated Section 3 of the Defense Of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Background
Legal punishments for sodomy often included heavy fines, prison sentences, or both, with some states, beginning with Illinois in 1827, denying other rights, such as suffrage, to anyone convicted of the crime of sodomy.<ref>{{cite book |last=de la Croix |first=St. Sukie |date=2012 |title=Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago Before Stonewall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&pg=PA248 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=248 |isbn=9780299286934 |access-date=January 29, 2015 }}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several states imposed various eugenics laws against anyone deemed to be a "sexual pervert". As late as 1970, Connecticut denied a driver's license to a man for being an "admitted homosexual".
As of 1960, every state had an anti-sodomy law. In 1961, the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code advocated the repeal of sodomy laws as they applied to private, adult, consensual behavior. Two years later the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took its first major case in opposition to these laws.
In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court struck down a law barring the use of contraceptives by married couples. In Griswold, the Supreme Court recognized for the first time that couples, at least married couples, had a right to privacy, drawing on the Fourth Amendment's protection of private homes from searches and seizures without a warrant based on probable cause, the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of due process of law in the states, and the Ninth Amendment's assurance that rights not specified in the Constitution are "retained by the people". Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) expanded the scope of sexual privacy rights to unmarried persons. In 1973, the choice whether to have an abortion was found to be protected by the Constitution in Roe v. Wade.
In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court heard a constitutional challenge to sodomy laws brought by a man who had been arrested, but was not prosecuted, for engaging in oral sex with another man in his home. The Court rejected this challenge in a 5 to 4 decision. Justice Byron White's majority opinion emphasized that Eisenstadt and Roe had only recognized a right to engage in procreative sexual activity, and that long-standing moral antipathy toward homosexual sodomy was enough to argue against the notion of a right to sodomy. Justice Blackmun, writing in dissent, argued that Eisenstadt held that the Constitution protects people as individuals, not as family units. He then reasoned that because state intrusions are equally burdensome on an individual's personal life regardless of his marital status or sexual orientation, there is no reason to treat the rights of citizens in same-sex couples any differently.
By the time of the Lawrence decision, ten states—Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, Utah, and Virginia—still banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and four—Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri (partially)—prohibited same-sex couples from engaging in anal and oral sex.
History
Arrest of Lawrence and Garner
On September 17, 1998, John Geddes Lawrence Jr., a gay 55-year-old medical technologist, was hosting two gay acquaintances, Tyron Garner, age 31, and Robert Eubanks, 40, at his apartment in northeast Harris County, Texas, east of the Houston city limits. Lawrence and Eubanks had been friends for more than 20 years. Garner and Eubanks had a tempestuous on-again off-again romantic relationship since 1990. Lacking transportation home, the couple were preparing to spend the night. Eubanks, who had been drinking heavily, left to purchase a soda from a nearby vending machine. Apparently outraged that Lawrence had been flirting with Garner, he called police and reported "a black male going crazy with a gun" at Lawrence's apartment.
Four Harris County sheriff's deputies responded within minutes and Eubanks pointed them to the apartment. They entered the unlocked apartment toward 11 p.m. with their weapons drawn. In accordance with police procedures, the first to arrive, Joseph Quinn, took the lead both in approaching the scene and later in determining what charges to bring. He later reported seeing Lawrence and Garner having anal sex in the bedroom. A second officer reported seeing them engaged in oral sex, and two others did not report seeing the pair having sex. Lawrence repeatedly challenged the police for entering his home. Quinn had discretionary authority to charge them for a variety of offenses and to determine whether to arrest them. When Quinn considered charging them with having sex in violation of state law, he had to get an Assistant District Attorney to check the statutes to be certain they covered sexual activity inside a residence. He was told that Texas' anti-sodomy statute, the "Homosexual Conduct" law, made it a Class C misdemeanor if someone "engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex". The statute, Chapter 21, Sec. 21.06 of the Texas Penal Code, had been adopted in 1973 when the state revised its criminal code to end its proscription on heterosexual anal and oral intercourse.
Quinn decided to arrest Lawrence and Garner and charge them with having "deviate sex". In the separate arrest reports he filed for each, he wrote that he had seen the arrestee "engaged in deviate sexual conduct namely, anal sex, with another man". Lawrence and Garner were held in jail overnight. At a hearing the next day, they pleaded not guilty to a charge of "homosexual conduct". They were released toward midnight. Eubanks pleaded no contest to charges of filing a false police report. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail but was released early.
Prosecution and appeals
The gay rights advocates from Lambda Legal litigating the case convinced Lawrence and Garner not to contest the charges and to plead no contest instead. On November 20, Lawrence and Garner pleaded no contest to the charges and waived their right to a trial. Justice of the Peace Mike Parrott found them guilty and imposed a $100 fine and court costs of $41.25 on each defendant. When the defense attorneys realized that the fine was below the minimum required to permit them to appeal the convictions, they asked the judge to impose a higher penalty. Parrott, well aware that the attorneys intended to use the case to raise a constitutional challenge, increased it to $125 with the agreement of the prosecutor.
To appeal, Lawrence and Garner needed to have their cases tried in Harris County Criminal Court. Their attorneys asked the court to dismiss the charges against them on Fourteenth Amendment equal protection grounds, claiming that the law was unconstitutional since it prohibited sodomy between same-sex couples, but not between heterosexual couples. They also asserted a right to privacy and that the Supreme Court's decision in Bowers v. Hardwick that found no privacy protection for consensual sex between homosexuals was "wrongly decided". On December 22, Judge Sherman Ross denied the defense motions to dismiss. The defendants again pleaded "no contest". Ross fined them $200 each, the amount agreed upon in advance by both sides.
A three-judge panel of the Texas Fourteenth Court of Appeals heard the case on November 3, 1999. Their 2–1 decision issued on June 8, 2000, ruled the Texas law was unconstitutional. Justice John S. Anderson and Chief Justice Paul Murphy found that the law violated the 1972 Equal Rights Amendment to the Texas Constitution, which bars discrimination based on sex, race, color, creed, or national origin. J. Harvey Hudson dissented. The Court of Appeals decided to review the case en banc. On March 15, 2001, without hearing oral arguments, it reversed the three-judge panel's decision and upheld the law's constitutionality 7–2, denying both the substantive due process and equal protection arguments. Attorneys for Lawrence and Garner asked the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the highest appellate court in Texas for criminal matters, to review the case. After a year's delay, on April 17, 2002, that request was denied. Lambda Legal's Harlow called that decision "a major abdication of judicial responsibility". Bill Delmore, the Harris County prosecutor who argued the case, called the judges "big chickens" and said: "They have a history of avoiding the hot potato cases if they can."
Consideration by the Supreme Court
In a petition for certiorari filed in the U.S. Supreme Court on July 16, 2002, Lambda Legal attorneys asked the Court to consider:
Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions under the Texas "Homosexual Conduct" law—which criminalizes sexual intimacy by same-sex couples, but not identical behavior by different-sex couples—violate the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws;
Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions for adult consensual sexual intimacy in their home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment;
Whether Bowers v. Hardwick should be overruled.
On December 2, 2002, the Court agreed to hear the case. Lambda Legal coordinated the submission of sixteen amicus curiae briefs to complement their own brief. Submitting organizations included the American Bar Association, the American Psychological Society, the American Public Health Association, the Cato Institute, the Log Cabin Republicans, a group of history professors, and a group of religious denominations. An op-ed in support by former Sen. Alan Simpson appeared in The Wall Street Journal on the morning scheduled for oral argument. The attorneys for Texas did not control the amicus briefs submitted in support of their position by representatives of religious and social conservatism, including Jay Alan Sekulow and Robert P. George. Several, including that of Liberty Counsel, depicted homosexuals as self-destructive, disease-prone, and promiscuous. The states of Alabama, South Carolina, and Utah advised the Court that unlike heterosexual sodomy, homosexual sodomy had "severe physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual consequences".
At oral argument on March 26, 2003, Paul M. Smith, an experienced litigator who had argued eight cases before the Supreme Court, spoke on behalf of the plaintiffs. Texas Attorney General John Cornyn, then a candidate for the US Senate, refused to have his office argue the case. Charles A. Rosenthal, District Attorney of Harris County, represented the state. His performance was later described as "the worst oral argument in years", but some believe his lack of preparation reflected his lack of enthusiasm for the statute he was defending.Carpenter, Flagrant Conduct, 189–191, 214–216, 234–247
Decision
On June 26, 2003, the Supreme Court issued a 6–3 decision in favor of Lawrence that struck down Texas's statute. Five justices held it violated the Due Process Clause, while a sixth, Sandra Day O'Connor, held it violated the Equal Protection Clause.
Opinion of the Court
Five justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by Justice Anthony Kennedy. The Court ruled that Texas's law prohibiting private homosexual activity between consenting adults violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Court did not speak of private sexual activity as a fundamental right that might require the highest "strict scrutiny" standard of judicial review. Instead, it focused on why the Court's decision in Bowers v. Hardwick was wrong.
First, the Court stated that its decision in Bowers went against its statements in cases involving child-rearing (Pierce v. Society of Sisters and Meyer v. Nebraska), contraception (Griswold v. Connecticut and Eisenstadt v. Baird, and abortion (Roe v. Wade) that the Constitution protects a right to privacy and personal autonomy. Next, Kennedy wrote that in Bowers the Court had misread the historical record regarding laws criminalizing homosexual relations. He stated that, after further research, the Court had found that historical American anti-sodomy laws had been directed at "nonprocreative sexual activity more generally," rather than specifically at homosexual acts, contrary to the Court's conclusions in Bowers. Combined with the fact that these laws were often unenforced, the Court saw this as constituting a tradition of avoiding interference with private sexual activity between consenting adults.
Lastly, Kennedy noted that Bowers jurisprudential foundation had been weakened by two subsequent cases involving sexuality (Planned Parenthood v. Casey and Romer v. Evans), and that the reasoning of Bowers had been criticized in the United States and rejected by most other developed Western countries. For this reason, Kennedy stated that there was a jurisprudential basis to think that it should be "an integral part of human freedom" for consenting adults to choose to privately engage in sexual activity.
Kennedy wrote: "The petitioners [Lawrence and Garner] are entitled to respect for their private lives. The State cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime." Kennedy reviewed the assumption the court made in Bowers, using the words of Chief Justice Burger's concurring opinion in that case, that "Condemnation of [homosexual practices] is firmly rooted in Judeo-Christian moral and ethical standards." He reviewed the history of legislation that criminalized certain sexual practices, but without regard for the gender of those involved. He cited the Model Penal Code's recommendations since 1955, the Wolfenden Report of 1957, and a 1981 decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Case 7525/76 Dudgeon v United Kingdom.
O'Connor's concurrence
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor only concurred in the judgment and wrote a concurring opinion in which she offered a different rationale for invalidating the Texas sodomy statute. She disagreed with the overturning of Bowers—she had been in the Bowers majority—and disputed the court's invocation of due process guarantees of liberty in this context. Rather than including sexuality within protected liberty, she would strike down the law as violating the equal protection clause because it criminalized male–male but not male–female sodomy. O'Connor maintained that a sodomy law that was neutral both in effect and application might be constitutional, but that there was little to fear because "democratic society" would not tolerate it for long. O'Connor noted that a law limiting marriage to heterosexual couples would pass rational scrutiny as long as it was designed to "preserv[e] the traditional institution of marriage" and not simply based on the state's dislike of homosexual persons.
Scalia's dissent
Justice Antonin Scalia wrote a dissent, which Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justice Clarence Thomas joined. Scalia objected to the Court's decision to revisit Bowers, pointing out many decisions from lower courts that relied on Bowers that might now need to be reconsidered. He noted that the same rationale used to overturn Bowers could have been used to overturn Roe v. Wade, which some of the Justices in the majority in Lawrence had upheld in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). Scalia also criticized the majority opinion for failing to give the same respect to stare decisis that three of those in the majority had insisted on in Casey. O'Connor's concurrence noted that Scalia's dissent conceded that if cases such as Romer v. Evans "have stare decisis effect, Texas' sodomy law would not pass scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause, regardless of the type of rational basis review" applied.
Scalia wrote that if the court was not prepared to validate laws based on moral choices as it had done in Bowers, state laws against bigamy, same-sex marriage, adult incest, prostitution, masturbation, adultery, fornication, bestiality, and obscenity would not prove sustainable.
He wrote that:
He cited the majority opinion's concern that the criminalization of sodomy could be the basis for discrimination against homosexuals as evidence that the majority ignored the views of most Americans:
He continued: "Let me be clear that I have nothing against homosexuals, or any other group, promoting their agenda through normal democratic means." The majority's "invention of a brand-new 'constitutional right'", he wrote, showed it was "impatient of democratic change".
Thomas's dissent
Justice Thomas wrote in a separate, two-paragraph dissent that the law the Court struck down was "uncommonly silly", a phrase from Justice Potter Stewart's dissent in Griswold v. Connecticut, but he voted to uphold it as he could find "no general right of privacy" or relevant liberty in the Constitution. He added that if he were a member of the Texas legislature he would vote to repeal the law.
Reactions
President George W. Bush's press secretary Ari Fleischer refused to comment on the decision, noting only that the administration had not filed a brief in the case. As governor, Bush had opposed the repeal of the Texas sodomy provision, which he called a "symbolic gesture of traditional values". After quoting Fleischer calling it "a state matter", Linda Greenhouse, writing in The New York Times, commented: "In fact, the decision today ... took what had been a state-by-state matter and pronounced a binding national constitutional principle."
The Lambda Legal's lead attorney in the case, Ruth Harlow, stated in an interview after the ruling that "the court admitted its mistake in 1986, admitted it had been wrong then ... and emphasized today that gay Americans, like all Americans, are entitled to full respect and equal claim to [all] constitutional rights."
Professor Laurence Tribe has written that Lawrence "may well be remembered as the Brown v. Board of Education of gay and lesbian America". Jay Alan Sekulow of the American Center for Law and Justice has referred to the decision as having "changed the status of homosexual acts and changed a previous ruling of the Supreme Court ... this was a drastic rewrite".
The end result of Lawrence v. Texas was "like the Roe v. Wade of the homosexual issue",Shapiro, Ari. (October 13, 2006). "Gay Republicans Feel Heat from the Foley Scandal". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 16, 2011. according to Peter LaBarbera of Culture and Family Institute and Americans for Truth about Homosexuality, an organization recognized as a homophobic hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Subsequent cases
Sexual privacy
Age of consent lawsLawrence invalidated age of consent laws that differed based on sexual orientation. The day after the Lawrence decision, the Supreme Court ordered the State of Kansas to review its 1999 "Romeo and Juliet" law that reduces the punishment for a teenager under 18 years of age who has consensual sexual relations with a minor no more than four years their junior but explicitly excludes same-sex conduct from the sentence reduction. In 2004, the Kansas Appeals Court upheld the law as is, but the Kansas Supreme Court unanimously reversed the lower court's ruling on October 21, 2005, in State v. Limon.
Consensual incest
In Muth v. Frank (2005), following Lawrence a man convicted of criminal behavior by having an incestuous relationship in Wisconsin appealed his ruling in an attempt to apply the logic of sexual privacy in Lawrence. The Seventh Circuit declined to extend the right of privacy stated in Lawrence to cases of consensual adult incest. The case was distinguished because parties were not similarly situated since there is in the latter case an enhanced possibility of genetic mutation of a possible offspring as suggested by geneticists who were witnesses at the trial.
Fornication
In Martin v. Ziherl, the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled the state's fornication law unconstitutional relying on Lawrence and the right to privacy.
Teacher-student relationships
The Connecticut Supreme Court rejected an argument based on Lawrence that a high school teacher had a constitutional right to engage in sexual activity with his consent-aged students. The court rejected the teacher's privacy and liberty arguments in the context of an "inherently coercive relationship wherein consent might not easily be refused".
Adult entertainment
Upon rehearing Williams v. Pryor after Lawrence, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Alabama's ban on the sale of sex toys. Facing comparable facts, the Fifth Circuit struck down Texas's sex toy ban holding that "morality is an insufficient justification for a statute" and "interests in 'public morality' cannot constitutionally sustain the statute after Lawrence".
Bestiality
According to Leighann Lassiter, director of animal abuse for the Humane Society of the United States, the Lawrence ruling that struck down all statutes in the United States prohibiting consensual human sexual conduct can also block prosecution of bestiality. Issues stem from several states that include human sexual conduct and bestiality in the same "anti-sodomy" statute. "Cases have been turned over on appeal because of unclear language in the law, and often times no charges are brought at all," said Leighann. As of 2018, 45 states have direct prohibitions on bestiality, while others may prohibit it under broader animal cruelty laws, according to the Animal Legal and Historical Center (Michigan State University College of Law).
Same-sex marriage bans
A few months later, on November 18, 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry. Although deciding the case on the basis of the state constitution, Chief Justice Margaret Marshall quoted Lawrence in its second paragraph: "Our obligation is to define the liberty of all, not to mandate our own moral code."
Aside from Massachusetts, other state case law had been quite explicit in limiting the scope of Lawrence and upholding state bans on same-sex marriage regulations. (See Standhardt v. Superior Court ex rel County of Maricopa, 77 P.3d 451 (Ariz. App. 2003); Morrison v. Sadler, 821 N.E.2d 15 (Ind. App. 2005); Hernandez v Robles (7 NY3d 338 2005).)
In the first successful federal court challenge to a state same-sex marriage ban, Judge Vaughn Walker cited Scalia's dissent in his decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger that found California's Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage unconstitutional.
United States military
The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the last court of appeals for courts-martial before the Supreme Court, ruled that Lawrence applies to Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the article banning sodomy. It also twice upheld prosecutions under Article 125 when applied as necessary to preserve good order and discipline in the armed forces.
The level of scrutiny applied in Lawrence
Justice Scalia and others have noted that the majority did not appear to apply the strict scrutiny standard of review that would be appropriate if the Lawrence majority had recognized a full-fledged "fundamental right". He wrote the majority, instead, applied "an unheard-of form of rational basis review that will have far-reaching implications beyond this case".
Nan D. Hunter has argued that Lawrence used a new method of substantive due process analysis, and that the Court intended to abandon its old method of categorizing due process rights as either "fundamental" or "not fundamental" as too restrictive. Justice Souter, for example, argued in Washington v. Glucksberg that the role of the Court in all cases, including unenumerated rights cases, is to ensure that the government's action has not been arbitrary. Justice Stevens had repeatedly criticized tiered scrutiny and preferred a more active judicial balancing test based on reasonability.
Lower courts have read Lawrence differently on the question of scrutiny. In Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children and Family Services the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld a state law barring adoption of children by homosexuals, holding explicitly that Lawrence did not apply strict scrutiny. In Witt v. Department of the Air Force, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that Lawrence applied intermediate scrutiny.
Plaintiffs
John Lawrence died of complications from a heart ailment in 2011, aged 68. Tyron Garner died of meningitis in 2006, aged 39, and Robert Eubanks was beaten to death in 2000, in a case that was never solved.
See also
Obergefell v. Hodges Sodomy laws in the United States
LGBT rights in the United States
List of sex-related court cases in the United States
2003 in LGBT rights
Baker v. Wade References
Citations
Works cited
Original case links
[ Official oral arguments (Transcript)]
Reading of opinion (Transcript)
Oral arguments (MP3 file)
Reading of opinion (MP3 file)
Further reading
A lengthy review of Carpenter, Flagrant Conduct''.
Wilkes Jr., Donald E. (2003). Lawrence v. Texas: An Historic Human Rights Victory.
External links
The Invasion of Sexual Privacy
2003 in LGBT history
2003 in Texas
2003 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
LGBT in Texas
United States equal protection case law
United States LGBT rights case law
United States substantive due process case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
Harris County, Texas
United States privacy case law
Right to privacy under the United States Constitution | [
-0.5280464887619019,
-0.015985578298568726,
-0.9625294208526611,
-0.21878865361213684,
-0.4087910056114197,
0.31977081298828125,
0.7307128310203552,
0.40332740545272827,
-0.1350318193435669,
0.3649316430091858,
-0.04825836420059204,
0.24144957959651947,
-0.06550628691911697,
1.5144290924072266,
-0.41351985931396484,
0.9840397834777832,
0.4113311767578125,
0.45550990104675293,
0.5272576212882996,
-0.7449378967285156,
0.48790788650512695,
-0.14387108385562897,
0.035707682371139526,
0.010420367121696472,
0.16443656384944916,
-0.0943240225315094,
0.43946361541748047,
-0.4327431619167328,
-0.5206460952758789,
0.3379209041595459,
-0.34994664788246155,
0.605377197265625,
-0.18257616460323334,
-0.21516704559326172,
-0.33432263135910034,
-0.05198964476585388,
0.6367295980453491,
-0.6239595413208008,
0.03905604034662247,
-0.3433469831943512,
-0.05143611878156662,
0.07719623297452927,
-0.1519421488046646,
0.3605838716030121,
-0.24345657229423523,
0.0973292663693428,
-1.9061638116836548,
-0.37715697288513184,
-0.7398363947868347,
-0.3652573525905609,
-0.2386057823896408,
0.07836306095123291,
-0.24654293060302734,
1.1810784339904785,
-0.3965572118759155,
1.0095160007476807,
-1.00697660446167,
-0.47812390327453613,
0.668729305267334,
-0.10959301888942719,
1.0026851892471313,
0.4631500542163849,
0.33865612745285034,
0.6313629746437073,
-0.30645132064819336,
-0.2593715488910675,
-0.3220948874950409,
1.1134428977966309,
-0.8236666917800903,
0.04679873213171959,
-0.8528164029121399,
0.11990152299404144,
0.22032961249351501,
0.20118719339370728,
0.13225820660591125,
0.5349318981170654,
-0.0041351886466145515,
-0.1860630065202713,
-0.34738612174987793,
0.006268317811191082,
0.29903239011764526,
-0.09020122140645981,
0.8231351375579834,
0.07112933695316315,
0.4101088345050812,
-0.07180356234312057,
-0.5349704027175903,
-0.49591514468193054,
-0.04999718815088272,
0.8658362030982971,
-0.6669762134552002,
1.1891151666641235,
-0.5760914087295532,
0.8461542725563049,
-0.09506268054246902,
-0.14670725166797638,
-0.5819050669670105,
-0.2210003137588501,
-0.1562104970216751,
0.13743694126605988,
0.30683910846710205,
0.13497236371040344,
1.3788005113601685,
0.016747767105698586,
-0.19091179966926575,
-0.202575221657753,
0.08507975190877914,
-0.30846038460731506,
-0.08844742178916931,
-1.0702073574066162,
-0.28399398922920227,
0.524718701839447,
0.15093721449375153,
0.18131066858768463,
-1.1245899200439453,
0.743514358997345,
0.3202442228794098,
-0.31777921319007874,
-0.09296105057001114,
0.6855071187019348,
0.12403741478919983,
0.7496258616447449,
-0.5380343198776245,
0.22742952406406403,
0.2665135860443115,
0.33829009532928467,
1.1335411071777344,
0.15452533960342407,
-0.33444342017173767,
0.6133623719215393,
-0.2185763567686081,
0.7244327664375305,
0.34710627794265747,
-1.0154004096984863,
-0.40651625394821167,
-0.8401376008987427,
0.5167192220687866,
0.11241430044174194,
0.7759027481079102,
0.16810506582260132,
-0.5027329921722412,
-0.38066360354423523,
-1.672110915184021,
-0.41230708360671997,
0.4118024408817291,
-0.2536891996860504,
-0.018525751307606697,
0.6779918074607849,
-0.03424457460641861,
0.2542932629585266,
0.3487609624862671,
0.05594080686569214,
-0.08480195701122284,
-0.024843808263540268,
0.23918665945529938,
0.4787565767765045,
0.20902231335639954,
-0.631186842918396,
0.38937705755233765,
1.0169930458068848,
-0.09375111758708954,
-0.1276610642671585,
0.4055342972278595,
-0.08107885718345642,
-0.1532350331544876,
0.4217667877674103,
0.3451174795627594,
-0.17433513700962067,
0.03835466876626015,
0.18358738720417023,
-0.8059300184249878,
0.42889758944511414,
-0.444547563791275,
-0.5206385850906372,
-0.38356462121009827,
-0.33300071954727173,
0.36109593510627747,
0.455439031124115,
0.3173469603061676,
-0.5848676562309265,
-0.024270065128803253,
0.47910380363464355,
0.13109268248081207,
0.07609755545854568,
0.11424466967582703,
0.4538727402687073,
0.8052420020103455,
-0.11690109223127365,
-0.030783530324697495,
-0.3402119278907776,
0.38936349749565125,
-0.6131658554077148,
0.3030848801136017,
-0.4291363060474396,
0.9779696464538574,
0.42445138096809387,
-0.4092087149620056,
-0.167739599943161,
-0.0638372078537941,
0.3751107156276703,
0.4647381901741028,
-0.11361075937747955,
0.3400954008102417,
0.023333996534347534,
-0.6216399073600769,
2.0194547176361084,
-0.45513877272605896,
-0.17967839539051056,
0.46646735072135925,
1.0837794542312622,
0.6435667276382446,
-0.13645082712173462,
-0.4568289816379547,
-0.23996387422084808,
-0.21990327537059784,
0.05895165354013443,
0.5576779842376709,
-0.009572177194058895,
0.58391934633255,
-0.30844441056251526,
0.35520026087760925,
0.492055207490921,
0.5717008709907532,
0.6364385485649109,
-0.08998837321996689,
0.5224449038505554,
-0.24649912118911743,
0.6477174758911133,
-0.6970653533935547,
-0.7742167711257935,
0.15492501854896545,
0.17106418311595917,
0.44588956236839294,
-0.5239437222480774,
0.02097295969724655,
-0.6880266070365906,
-0.9790855646133423,
0.1577875167131424,
0.32366541028022766,
-0.002741137519478798,
0.1627553552389145,
0.19924898445606232,
-0.40551403164863586,
0.17548315227031708,
-0.41106560826301575,
-0.30285370349884033,
-0.31785181164741516,
-0.5536625981330872,
0.03853386640548706,
-0.3250473439693451,
0.8060330152511597,
0.0622456930577755,
0.2218916416168213,
-0.4854860305786133,
0.5055768489837646,
-0.024628406390547752,
-0.0902215838432312,
-0.1304786205291748,
-0.07281017303466797,
0.17036551237106323,
-0.30478718876838684,
-0.015346094965934753,
0.5477244853973389,
-0.06852627545595169,
-0.5986966490745544,
-0.33278152346611023,
-1.271986484527588,
0.027571940794587135,
-0.6806067824363708,
0.5528740286827087,
0.3156089782714844,
-0.5806044936180115,
-0.18882900476455688,
-1.786001205444336,
0.5604240298271179,
0.5558277368545532,
-0.4818679094314575,
0.4505389630794525,
-0.6186825633049011,
0.16558173298835754,
0.1629049926996231,
0.1628088653087616,
-0.06139671057462692,
-0.6780163645744324,
-0.44408565759658813,
-0.5082933902740479,
0.49164465069770813,
-0.3770623207092285,
0.23687562346458435,
0.19711507856845856,
0.05990961566567421,
-0.5554797053337097,
-0.2896465063095093,
-0.0856805071234703,
-0.046772778034210205,
1.0031834840774536,
0.09034788608551025,
0.624302864074707,
0.29627057909965515,
-0.7165721654891968,
-0.8155556321144104,
0.41550755500793457,
-0.12529942393302917,
-0.256356418132782,
0.02756541036069393,
-0.3895703852176666,
-0.37642839550971985,
0.4469873607158661,
-4.193047523498535,
0.12146654725074768,
-0.8719976544380188,
0.4221964180469513,
0.739956796169281,
-0.5167179107666016,
0.06923873722553253,
0.13634677231311798,
0.15811653435230255,
0.6157340407371521,
0.10386957228183746,
-0.5932035446166992,
-0.7270700335502625,
0.2443830966949463,
0.6613633632659912,
0.4757643938064575,
0.8889341950416565,
-0.417769193649292,
0.70234614610672,
0.29052239656448364,
0.1753077507019043,
-0.28689849376678467,
0.12063020467758179,
-0.2563421428203583,
0.7801885604858398,
1.0041455030441284,
-0.017489777877926826,
-0.05770384520292282,
-0.9200254082679749,
-0.3644482493400574,
-0.8471089601516724,
0.18575111031532288,
-0.4154326617717743,
-0.5088052749633789,
-0.2424706518650055,
0.07780609279870987,
0.2271643728017807,
-0.26396897435188293,
0.5317369103431702,
-0.3088969886302948,
-0.45577582716941833,
0.7035592198371887,
-0.3647162616252899,
0.9553971886634827,
0.38662898540496826,
-0.041237544268369675,
-0.5604717135429382,
0.32488325238227844,
-0.1996694654226303,
0.4177134335041046,
-0.26666632294654846,
-0.013314567506313324,
1.0232930183410645,
0.2609591484069824,
0.22352321445941925,
-0.13516809046268463,
0.2468983232975006,
-0.369729220867157,
0.2553297281265259,
0.034320980310440063,
0.9592714309692383,
-0.8407815098762512,
0.16684643924236298,
0.20234669744968414,
0.3650051951408386,
-1.245863914489746,
0.07918303459882736,
-0.05754975602030754,
0.32894837856292725,
-0.04251987859606743,
0.05643325671553612,
0.5111562609672546,
-0.055111512541770935,
-1.4266166687011719,
0.3539932370185852,
0.40698885917663574,
-0.8195907473564148,
-0.4819165766239166,
0.14838895201683044,
-0.2636148929595947,
-0.2539539635181427,
0.6021058559417725,
-0.3011888861656189,
0.70660001039505,
0.20629186928272247,
0.03764531388878822,
-0.865276038646698,
1.0556578636169434,
-0.8204266428947449,
0.17569437623023987,
-0.2528044581413269,
0.5921489596366882,
0.48879680037498474,
-0.06168844550848007,
-0.03212432563304901,
0.24633100628852844,
0.8086459040641785,
-0.7662473917007446,
0.052372828125953674,
-0.18515752255916595,
-0.14443030953407288,
-0.4401901960372925,
-0.6872575283050537,
-0.667269229888916,
0.13791093230247498,
-0.34051886200904846,
-1.1280596256256104,
0.6894094944000244,
-0.10249881446361542,
-0.05267089605331421,
-0.5958418846130371,
-0.6106532216072083,
-0.26005932688713074,
0.31178563833236694,
0.7036751508712769,
-0.4224591851234436,
0.1795406937599182,
0.4340746998786926,
0.5355907082557678,
0.5156549215316772,
0.26711004972457886,
-0.05156490206718445,
-0.31339019536972046,
-0.5732429027557373,
-0.8454422354698181,
-0.30469954013824463,
-0.1405172348022461,
0.129659965634346,
-0.6573094725608826,
0.12258677184581757,
-0.790210485458374,
-0.4288919270038605,
0.059361450374126434,
-0.4650186598300934,
-0.42704200744628906,
-0.3468821942806244,
0.40510037541389465,
0.2482810914516449,
0.3174435794353485,
-0.18040740489959717,
0.557953953742981,
-0.2888382375240326,
-0.46757298707962036,
0.11934703588485718,
0.08264848589897156,
0.1122332438826561,
0.7515743374824524,
0.07955624163150787,
-0.966246485710144,
0.8254935145378113,
-0.3662513792514801,
-0.8463951945304871,
-0.1432197242975235,
0.05704868584871292,
-0.13114915788173676,
-0.5636388659477234,
0.4350324869155884,
0.6914345622062683,
0.2992378771305084,
-0.01566699892282486,
-0.10548389703035355,
0.18010789155960083,
-0.24174487590789795,
0.042807675898075104,
0.011335608549416065,
-0.6048880815505981,
0.24266114830970764,
0.3173004984855652,
-1.0218383073806763,
0.6863527297973633,
-0.47121909260749817,
-0.5767680406570435,
-0.8207215070724487,
0.6565541625022888,
1.1056958436965942,
-0.3952605426311493,
0.46414461731910706,
0.12648849189281464,
0.5050647258758545,
-0.009008410386741161,
0.16889843344688416,
-0.9906807541847229,
-0.3089379370212555,
0.57591313123703,
0.5936567783355713,
-0.5251988768577576,
-0.503814697265625,
-0.19234386086463928,
-0.32263898849487305,
-0.3608441650867462,
-0.44029802083969116,
-0.3644683361053467,
0.27377188205718994,
-0.22191092371940613,
-0.7134221792221069,
-0.49694105982780457,
-0.045219436287879944,
0.018108226358890533,
0.6844993233680725,
-0.039542149752378464,
0.05559637024998665,
0.8807429075241089,
-0.13970910012722015,
0.5145554542541504,
-0.21472544968128204,
-0.6119443774223328,
0.23570936918258667,
0.25530514121055603,
-0.9629811644554138,
0.6770423054695129,
0.29207396507263184,
-0.6963914632797241,
0.45555636286735535,
0.5777774453163147,
0.15725518763065338,
-0.6269477605819702,
0.8633595108985901,
0.20824718475341797,
-0.2179439812898636,
-0.05354722589254379,
-0.3413078188896179,
-0.9678717255592346,
-0.20395734906196594,
-0.82761549949646,
-0.4906799793243408,
0.4881887435913086,
-0.5919206142425537,
-0.6421142816543579,
0.9877015352249146,
0.005945160984992981,
-0.5163640975952148,
-0.5618659853935242,
0.16525548696517944,
0.9562757015228271,
-0.12352561950683594,
-0.36051705479621887,
-0.38934075832366943,
0.34974968433380127,
-0.3609590530395508,
0.21442683041095734,
0.26242661476135254,
0.8894456624984741,
0.33450403809547424,
-0.14535729587078094,
-0.6048283576965332,
0.028586436063051224,
-0.06437678635120392,
0.3550667464733124,
-0.4704936742782593,
0.1504969745874405,
-0.01583917625248432,
-0.18008464574813843,
-0.9154582619667053,
-0.3457413911819458,
0.5861927270889282,
-0.021845458075404167,
-0.11191513389348984,
0.4351290762424469,
0.291042685508728,
0.3345562815666199,
0.19316643476486206,
0.7211123108863831,
-0.4019520878791809,
-0.4592054784297943,
0.214302197098732,
0.039737313985824585,
0.290151447057724,
-0.4389408230781555,
0.8374374508857727,
-0.12411317974328995,
-0.13808363676071167,
-1.1826192140579224,
-0.2260611653327942,
0.06465339660644531,
0.4360548257827759,
0.40414664149284363,
-0.3887333571910858,
-0.21612121164798737,
0.5221921801567078,
-0.4065667986869812,
0.3740585446357727,
0.31224265694618225,
-0.4210483431816101,
0.1883246749639511,
0.29784852266311646,
0.10922407358884811,
-0.7581270337104797,
0.4500219523906708,
-0.14097313582897186,
-0.21967481076717377,
-0.17489874362945557,
0.377062052488327,
-0.17297248542308807,
0.015750562772154808,
-0.3616439402103424,
-0.1315791755914688,
-0.4299628734588623,
0.7896206378936768,
-0.5011213421821594,
0.18148088455200195,
-1.4032223224639893,
0.8880021572113037,
0.08206620812416077,
-0.21362441778182983,
0.038978662341833115,
0.2574463188648224,
0.4555424451828003,
-0.09946440160274506,
-0.19637857377529144,
0.0352773442864418,
-0.2628837823867798,
-0.1456979662179947,
-0.06537142395973206,
-0.257209450006485,
-0.02298549748957157,
-0.16777735948562622,
0.9407665133476257,
-0.6118543744087219,
-0.3234119713306427,
0.06434080004692078,
-0.09650157392024994,
-0.3364206552505493,
0.46662986278533936,
0.08116909861564636,
0.37909090518951416,
0.4203152656555176,
-0.16135142743587494,
0.1530127078294754,
0.3661532998085022,
-0.17720314860343933,
-0.2142668068408966,
-0.07135247439146042,
-0.8794469237327576,
0.38075336813926697,
0.0666871964931488,
-0.10152969509363174,
0.2680326998233795,
-0.6519725918769836,
-0.26417362689971924,
0.7283681035041809,
0.6490181684494019,
0.3945128321647644,
-0.08644738048315048,
-0.13250215351581573,
-0.7271174788475037,
0.226566344499588,
-0.17534685134887695,
-0.020354270935058594,
0.03400907292962074,
-0.3432837128639221,
-0.2454710751771927,
0.6523125171661377,
0.938280463218689,
-0.14935676753520966,
0.5125450491905212,
-0.09016863256692886,
-0.35463523864746094,
-0.23151010274887085,
-0.3544197380542755,
-1.4797463417053223,
-0.18193326890468597,
0.2428249567747116,
0.5366109013557434,
-0.5140952467918396,
0.7408225536346436,
-0.0777338445186615,
0.05529944598674774,
0.4741441011428833,
-0.37143710255622864,
0.33273208141326904,
0.5017650723457336,
-0.4090462923049927,
-0.08501750230789185,
0.16025614738464355,
0.7452949285507202,
0.43468600511550903,
0.30360662937164307,
-0.3730638325214386,
-0.19241060316562653,
0.11401882767677307,
0.23697063326835632,
-0.15391859412193298,
0.1418132483959198,
-0.44226932525634766,
-0.14597882330417633,
0.3152436316013336,
0.03287782147526741,
0.63926100730896,
0.4556688368320465,
-0.4851347506046295,
0.0025284430012106895,
-0.6192305684089661,
-0.2548460066318512,
0.6830350160598755,
-0.29693686962127686,
0.4657801687717438,
0.117406465113163,
0.5382668375968933,
0.15803316235542297,
0.3696969747543335,
0.5846648216247559,
0.06154820695519447,
-0.10409906506538391,
0.6062105894088745,
-0.9578955173492432,
0.5901334285736084,
-0.44366902112960815,
0.6840533018112183,
-0.6323676109313965,
0.6474149227142334,
-1.0005351305007935,
-0.11183668673038483,
0.08262145519256592,
0.3031272888183594,
-0.9179200530052185,
-0.17333440482616425,
0.7344295382499695,
-0.38328656554222107,
-0.6829549074172974,
-0.06342992931604385,
0.020787430927157402,
0.08510144799947739,
-0.4248470366001129,
-0.08181538432836533,
-0.8629097938537598,
-0.2007252275943756,
0.3537554442882538,
0.18007448315620422,
0.10271818190813065,
0.1208137720823288,
0.9765108823776245,
-0.04024983569979668,
0.03443367779254913,
-0.8391213417053223,
0.14037340879440308,
-0.3159272074699402,
-0.13022831082344055,
0.7925994992256165,
-0.0020423419773578644,
0.40800508856773376,
0.10519123077392578,
-0.37193912267684937,
0.5467135310173035,
-0.011401957832276821,
-2.8639144897460938,
-0.9050219058990479,
-0.5886310338973999,
-0.702984631061554,
0.5718318819999695,
0.4502471089363098,
-0.11422177404165268,
0.2011633664369583,
0.10045991837978363,
-0.04691968485713005,
0.1889210194349289,
0.10743121802806854,
-0.6051458716392517,
-0.4683306813240051,
0.36869069933891296,
-0.0785670280456543
] |
236329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28A%29 | List of diseases (A) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "A".
Aa–Ab
Aagenaes syndrome
Aarskog–Ose–Pande syndrome
Aarskog syndrome
Aase–Smith syndrome
Aase syndrome
Abasia
ABCD syndrome
Abdallat–Davis–Farrage syndrome
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal cystic lymphangioma
Abdominal defects
Abdominal musculature absent microphthalmia joint laxity
Abdominal neoplasm / Abdominal neoplasms
Aberrant subclavian artery
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome
Abnormal systemic venous return
Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome
Absence of gluteal muscle
Absence of tibia with polydactyly
Absent corpus callosum cataract immunodeficiency
Absent T lymphocytes
Ac
Acanthocheilonemiasis
Acanthocytosis
Acanthocytosis chorea
Acanthosis nigricans
Acatalasemia
Accessory deep peroneal nerve
Accessory navicular bone
Accessory pancreas
Ach–Ack
Achalasia
Achalasia-Addisonianism-Alacrimia syndrome
Achalasia alacrimia syndrome
Achalasia, familial esophageal
Achalasia microcephaly
Achard syndrome
Achard–Thiers syndrome
Acheiropodia
Achondrogenesis
Achondrogenesis Kozlowski type
Achondrogenesis type 1A
Achondrogenesis type 1B
Achondrogenesis type 2
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia Swiss type agammaglobulinemia
Achondroplastic dwarfism
Achromatopsia
Achromatopsia incomplete, X-linked
Acid maltase deficiency
Acidemia, isovaleric
Acidemia, propionic
Acitretine antenatal infection
Ackerman syndrome
Acn–Acq
Acne rosacea
Acne vulgaris; often called acne
Acoustic neuroma
Acoustic schwannomas
Acquired agranulocytosis
Acquired central hypoventilation syndrome
Acquired hypoprothrombinemia
Acquired ichthyosis
Acquired prothrombin deficiency
Acquired syphilis
Acr
Acra
Acral dysostosis dyserythropoiesis
Acral renal mandibular syndrome
Acro
Acro coxo mesomelic dysplasia
Acroc–Acrok
Acrocallosal syndrome, Schinzel type
Acrocephalopolydactyly
Acrocephalosyndactyly Jackson Weiss type
Acrocephaly
Acrocephaly pulmonary stenosis mental retardation
Acrocyanosis
Acrodermatitis
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Acrodysostosis
Acrodysplasia
Acrodysplasia scoliosis
Acrofacial dysostosis
Acrofacial dysostosis ambiguous genitalia
Acrofacial dysostosis atypical postaxial
Acrofacial dysostosis Catania form
Acrofacial dysostosis, Nager type
Acrofacial dysostosis, Palagonia type
Acrofacial dysostosis Preis type
Acrofacial dysostosis Rodriguez type
Acrofacial dysostosis Weyers type
Acrofrontofacionasal dysostosis
Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa
Acrom–Acros
Acromegaloid changes cutis verticis gyrata corneal
Acromegaloid facial appearance syndrome
Acromegaloid hypertrichosis syndrome
Acromegaly
Acromesomelic dysplasia
Acromesomelic dysplasia Brahimi Bacha type
Acromesomelic dysplasia Campailla Martinelli type
Acromesomelic dysplasia Hunter Thompson type
Acromesomelic dysplasia, Maroteaux type
Acromicric dysplasia
Acroosteolysis dominant type
Acroosteolysis neurogenic
Acroosteolysis osteoporosis skull and mandible changes
Acropectoral syndrome
Acropectorenal field defect
Acropectorovertebral dysplasia
Acrophobia
Acropigmentation of Dohi
Acrorenal syndrome recessive
Acrorenoocular syndrome
Acrospiroma
Act
ACTH deficiency
ACTH resistance
Actinic keratosis
Actinomycetales causes anal infection
Actinomycosis
Activated protein C resistance
Acu
Acut
Acuta
Acutane embryopathy
Acute
Acute a – Acute l
Acute anxiety
Acute articular rheumatism
Acute erythroblastic leukemia
Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
Acute gouty arthritis
Acute idiopathic polyneuritis
Acute intermittent porphyria
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia congenital sporadic aniridia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Acute m – Acute p
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Acute monoblastic leukemia
Acute monocytic leukemia
Acute mountain sickness
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
Acute myeloblastic leukemia, minimally differentiated
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 1
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 2
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 3
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 4
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 5
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 6
Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 7
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
Acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation
Acute myelocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia, secondary
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Acute non lymphoblastic leukemia (generic term)
Acute pancreatitis
Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute r – Acute t
Acute renal failure
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute tubular necrosis
Acy
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, medium chain, deficiency of
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short chain, deficiency of
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain, deficiency of
Acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency
Ad
Ada–Adi
Adactylia unilateral dominant
ADAM complex
Adams–Nance syndrome
Adams–Oliver syndrome
Addison's disease
Adducted thumb club foot syndrome
Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form
Adducted thumbs Dundar type
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Adenocarcinoid tumor
Adenocarcinoma of esophagus
Adenocarcinoma of lung
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Adenoma
Adenoma of the adrenal gland
Adenomelablastoma
Adenomyosis
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency
Adenosine triphosphatase deficiency, anemia due to
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Adie syndrome
Adiposis dolorosa, aka Dercum's disease
Ado–Adr
Adolescent benign focal crisis
Adrenal adenoma, familial
Adrenal cancer
Adrenal disorder
Adrenal gland hyperfunction
Adrenal gland hypofunction
Adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital
Adrenal hypertension
Adrenal hypoplasia
Adrenal hypoplasia congenital, X-linked
Adrenal incidentaloma
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal macropolyadenomatosis
Adrenal medulla neoplasm
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenogenital syndrome
Adrenoleukodystrophy, autosomal, neonatal form
Adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked
Adrenomyodystrophy
Adu
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Adult-onset Still's disease
Adult syndrome
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Ae–Ah
Aerosinusitis
Afibrinogenemia
African trypanosomiasis
Agammaglobulinemia
Aganglionosis
Aganglionosis, total intestinal
Aggressive fibromatosis
Aging
Agnathia
Agnathia holoprosencephaly situs inversus
Agnosia, primary visual
Agoraphobia
Agraphia
Agyria
Agyria pachygyria polymicrogyria
Agyria-pachygyria type 1
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome
Ai–Ak
Aicardi–Goutières syndromes
Aicardi syndrome
Aichmophobia
AIDS
AIDS dementia complex
AIDS dysmorphic syndrome
Ainhum
Akaba–Hayasaka syndrome
Akesson syndrome
Aksu–Stckhausen syndrome
Al
Al Awadi Teebi Farag syndrome
Al Frayh Facharzt Haque syndrome
Al Gazali Al Talabani syndrome
Al Gazali Aziz Salem syndrome
Al Gazali Donnai Mueller syndrome
Al Gazali Hirschsprung syndrome
Al Gazali Khidr Prem Chandran syndrome
Al Gazali Sabrinathan Nair syndrome
Ala–Alc
Alagille–Watson syndrome (AWS)
Alar nasal cartilages coloboma of telecanthus
Albers–Schonberg disease
Albinism
Albinism deafness syndrome
Albinism immunodeficiency
Albinism, minimal pigment type
Albinism, ocular
Albinism ocular late onset sensorineural deafness
Albinism oculocutaneous, Hermansky–Pudlak type
Albinism, yellow mutant type
Albinoidism
Albrecht–Schneider–Belmont syndrome
Albright–Turner–Morgani syndrome
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
Albright's syndrome
Alcohol antenatal infection
Alcohol dependence
Alcohol fetopathy
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis
Ald–All
Aldolase A deficiency
Aldred syndrome
Aleukemic leukemia cutis
Alexander disease
Alexia (acquired dyslexia)
Alien hand syndrome
Alkaptonuria
Allain–Babin–Demarquez syndrome
Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome
Allanson–Pantzar–McLeod syndrome
Allergic angiitis
Allergic autoimmune thyroiditis
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Allergic encephalomyelitis
Alo
Aloi Tomasini Isaia syndrome
Alopecia
Alopecia anosmia deafness hypogonadism syndrome
Alopecia areata
Alopecia congenita keratosis palmoplantaris
Alopecia contractures dwarfism mental retardation
Alopecia epilepsy oligophrenia syndrome of Moynahan
Alopecia, epilepsy, pyorrhea, mental subnormality
Alopecia hypogonadism extrapyramidal disorder
Alopecia immunodeficiency
Alopecia macular degeneration growth retardation
Alopecia mental retardation hypogonadism
Alopecia mental retardation syndrome
Alopecia totalis
Alopecia universalis
Alopecia universalis onychodystrophy vitiligo
Alp–Alz
Alpers disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-2 deficient collagen disease
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alpha-sarcoglycanopathy
Alpha-thalassemia
Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis
Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome
Alport syndrome
Alport syndrome, dominant type
Alport syndrome macrothrombocytopenia
Alport syndrome, recessive type
Alstrom's syndrome
Alternating hemiplegia
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Aluminium lung
Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Alveolar echinococcosis
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Alveolitis, extrinsic allergic
Alves Dos Santos Castello syndrome
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease, early-onset
Alzheimer's disease, familial
Am
Amaurosis
Amaurosis congenita of Leber
Amaurosis congenita of Leber, type 1
Amaurosis congenita of Leber, type 2
Amaurosis hypertrichosis
Amblyopia
Ambral syndrome
Ambras syndrome
Amebiasis
Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
Amelia (birth defect)
Amelia cleft lip palate hydrocephalus iris coloboma
Amelia facial dysmorphism
Amelia X linked
Amelogenesis
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta hypomaturation type
Amelogenesis imperfecta local hypoplastic form
Amelogenesis imperfecta nephrocalcinosis
Ameloonychohypohidrotic syndrome
Amenorrhea
American trypanosomiasis
Amnesia
Amnesia, anterograde
Amnesia, childhood
Amnesia, dissociative
Amnesia, drug-induced
Amnesia, lacunar
Amnesia, psychogenic
Amnesia, retrograde
Amnesia, source
Amnesia, transient global
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
An
Ana–Ane
Anaphylaxis
Anaplasmosis
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Andersen's disease
Andre syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
Anemia
Anemia, Diamond–Blackfan
Anemia, hypoplastic, congenital
Anemia, pernicious
Anemia, sideroblastic
Anemia sideroblastic spinocerebellar ataxia
Anencephaly
Anencephaly spina bifida X linked
Aneurysm
Aneurysm, intracranial berry
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
Ang
Angel shaped phalangoep
Anger irritation syndrome
Angiofollicular lymph hyperplasia
Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia
Angiokeratoma mental retardation coarse face
Angiolipoma
Angioma
Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous
Angiomatosis
Angiomatosis encephalotrigeminal
Angiomatosis leptomeningeal capillary - venous
Angiomatosis systemic cystic seip syndrome
Angiomyomatous hamartoma
Angioneurotic edema hereditary due to C1 esterase deficiency
Angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma of the liver
Angiosarcoma of the scalp
Angiostrongyliasis
Angiotensin renin aldosterone hypertension
Anguillulosis
Ani–Ank
Aniridia
Aniridia absent patella
Aniridia ataxia renal agenesis psychomotor retardation
Aniridia cerebellar ataxia mental deficiency
Aniridia mental retardation syndrome
Aniridia ptosis mental retardation obesity familial
Aniridia renal agenesis psychomotor retardation
Aniridia, sporadic
Aniridia type 2
Anisakiasis
Ankle defects short stature
Ankyloblepharon ectodermal defects cleft lip palate
Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum cleft palate
Ankyloblepharon filiforme imperforate anus
Ankyloglossia heterochromia clasped thumbs
Ankylosing spondylarthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing vertebral hyperostosis with tylosis
Ankylosis
Ankylosis of teeth
Ankylostomiasis
Ann
Annular constricting bands
Annular pancreas
Annuloaortic ectasia
Ano
Anodontia
Anomic aphasia
Anonychia
Anonychia ectrodactyly
Anonychia microcephaly
Anonychia onychodystrophy
Anonychia onychodystrophy brachydactyly type B
Anophthalia
Anophthalia pulmonary hypoplasia
Anophthalmia
Anophthalmia cleft lip palate hypothalamic disorder
Anophthalmia cleft palate micrognathia
Anophthalmia esophageal atresia cryptorchidism
Anophthalmia megalocornea cardiopathy skeletal anomalies
Anophthalmia microcephaly hypogonadism
Anophthalmia plus syndrome
Anophthalmia short stature obesity
Anophthalmia Waardenburg syndrome
Anophthalmos
Anophthalmos, clinical
Anophthalmos with limb anomalies
Anorchia
Anorchidism
Anorectal anomalies
Anorectal atresia / Ano-rectal atresia
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa binge-purge type
Anorexia nervosa restricting type
Anorgasmia
Anosmia
Anotia
Anotia facial palsy cardiac defect
Ans–Ant
Ansell–Bywaters–Elderking syndrome
Anterior horn disease
Anterior pituitary insufficiency, familial
Anterograde amnesia
Anthrax
Anti amnestic syndrome
Anti-factor VIII autoimmunization
Antigen-peptide-transporter 2 deficiency
Anti-HLA hyperimmunization
Antihypertensive drugs antenatal infection
Antinolo–Nieto–Borrego syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Anti-plasmin deficiency
Anti-plasmin deficiency, congenital
Antisocial personality disorder
Antisynthetase syndrome
Antithrombin deficiency, congenital
Antley–Bixler syndrome
Anton syndrome
Ao
Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula
Aortic aneurysm
Aortic arch anomaly peculiar facies mental retardation
Aortic arch interruption
Aortic arches defect
Aortic coarctation
Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection lentiginosis
Aortic supravalvular stenosis
Aortic valve stenosis
Aortic valves stenosis of the child
Aortic window
Ap
Ape–App
Apert like polydactyly syndrome
Apert syndrome
Aphalangia
Aphalangia hemivertebrae
Aphalangia syndactyly microcephaly
Aphthous stomatitis
Apiphobia
Aplasia
Aplasia cutis autosomal recessive
Aplasia cutis congenita
Aplasia cutis congenita dominant
Aplasia cutis congenita epibulbar dermoids
Aplasia cutis congenita intestinal lymphangiectasia
Aplasia cutis congenita of limbs recessive
Aplasia cutis congenita recessive
Aplasia cutis myopia
Aplasia/hypoplasia of pelvis, femur, fibula, and ulna with abnormal digits and nails
Aplastic anemia
Aplastic crisis
Apo A-I deficiency
Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess
Appelt–Gerken–Lenz syndrome
Appendicitis
Apr–Apu
Apraxia
Apraxia, Ideomotor
Apraxia manual
Apraxia, ocular motor, Cogan type
Apudoma
Aq
Aqueductal stenosis
Aqueductal stenosis, X linked
Ar
Ara–Aro
Arachindonic acid, absence of
Arachnodactyly
Arachnodactyly ataxia cataract aminoaciduria mental retardation
Arachnodactyly mental retardation dysmorphism
Arachnoid cysts
Arachnoiditis
Arakawa's syndrome II
Arbovirosis
Arc syndrome
AREDYLD syndrome
Argentine hemorrhagic fever
Arginase deficiency
Arginemia
Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency
Argininosuccinic aciduria
Argyria
Arhinia
Arhinia choanal atresia microphthalmia
Arnold–Stickler–Bourne syndrome
Arnold–Chiari malformation
Aromatase deficiency
Aromatase excess syndrome
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Arr–Ars
Arrhinia
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Arroyo–Garcia–Cimadevilla syndrome
Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial
Arsenic poisoning
Art
Arte
Arterial calcification of infancy
Arterial dysplasia
Arterial tortuosity
Arteriovenous malformation
Arteritis
Arth
Arthritis
Arthritis, juvenile
Arthritis short stature deafness
Arthrogryposis
Arthrogryposis due to muscular dystrophy
Arthrogryposis ectodermal dysplasia other anomalies
Arthrogryposis epileptic seizures migrational brain disorder
Arthrogryposis IUGR thoracic dystrophy
Arthrogryposis like disorder
Arthrogryposis like hand anomaly sensorineural
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita CNS calcification
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita distal
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita neurogenic type
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita pulmonary hypoplasia
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita whistling face
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 1
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 2
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal, x-linked
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Arthrogryposis ophthalmoplegia retinopathy
Arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis syndrome
Arthrogryposis spinal muscular atrophy
Ary
Arylsulfatase A deficiency
As
Asbestosis
Ascariasis
Ascher's syndrome
Aseptic meningitis
Asherman's syndrome
Ashman phenomenon
Aspartylglycosaminuria
Aspergillosis
Asperger syndrome
Asphyxia neonatorum
Aspiration pneumonia
Asplenia
Astasia-abasia
Astasis
Asthenia
Asthma
Astigmatism
Astrocytoma
Astrovirus infection
Asymmetric septal hypertrophy
At
Ataxia
Ataxia, Marie's
Ataxia telangiectasia
Ataxia telangiectasia variant V1
Atelectasis
Atelosteogenesis type I
Atelosteogenesis, type II
Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis
Atherosclerosis
Athetosis
Athlete's foot
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic conjunctivitis
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis
Atresia
Atresia of small intestine
Atrial myxoma
Atrial septal defect
Atrioventricular fistula
Atrioventricular septal defect
Atrophic vaginitis
Atrophoderma
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
Atrophy
ATR-X
ATR-16 syndrome
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attenuated FAP
Atypical lipodystrophy
Au–Az
Auditory processing disorder
Aughton syndrome
Ausems Wittebol Post Hennekam syndrome
Autism
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, type I
Autonomic dysfunction
Autonomic nervous system diseases
Avoidant personality disorder
Axial mesodermal dysplasia
Axial mesodermal dysplasia spectrum
Axial spondyloarthritis
Axial osteomalacia
Axial osteosclerosis
Ayazi syndrome
Notes
A | [
-0.007014424540102482,
0.5747410655021667,
-0.79432612657547,
-0.23435446619987488,
-0.41561824083328247,
0.29289424419403076,
0.8448725342750549,
0.3728537857532501,
-0.7193223834037781,
-0.624970018863678,
-0.08928018063306808,
0.02526102028787136,
-0.47708097100257874,
1.0603077411651611,
0.45096737146377563,
0.5377614498138428,
-0.0579867847263813,
0.8655861020088196,
-0.21578817069530487,
0.12495891004800797,
-0.06931287050247192,
-0.3163091540336609,
0.5111767649650574,
-0.5531773567199707,
0.051816873252391815,
-0.04266991838812828,
0.06724647432565689,
0.15296290814876556,
-0.004387823399156332,
-0.1625179797410965,
0.016729988157749176,
0.630917489528656,
0.21709249913692474,
-0.12566658854484558,
-0.254379004240036,
-0.343207448720932,
0.10297841578722,
-0.42735111713409424,
0.0032845360692590475,
-0.6284660696983337,
-0.3355524241924286,
-0.12048175930976868,
-0.12160547822713852,
0.8965917825698853,
-0.06030098721385002,
0.07206498831510544,
-1.7328470945358276,
-0.16794614493846893,
-0.553985059261322,
0.058211058378219604,
0.5593317747116089,
-0.25834134221076965,
0.6164802312850952,
0.20246320962905884,
0.02999614179134369,
0.39768922328948975,
-0.6250938773155212,
0.125368133187294,
0.09390302747488022,
0.47825244069099426,
1.0006612539291382,
-0.250363826751709,
0.29488885402679443,
0.2562662363052368,
0.46718722581863403,
0.7453480362892151,
-0.12520888447761536,
0.729141891002655,
-0.6184202432632446,
-0.14091642200946808,
-0.16326580941677094,
-0.53236985206604,
0.3230929374694824,
0.006248730234801769,
0.05428100377321243,
-0.10455707460641861,
-0.23833227157592773,
-0.46177664399147034,
0.05294736847281456,
-0.654560923576355,
-0.4022825360298157,
0.08758050203323364,
0.1861082762479782,
-0.2521996796131134,
0.10846193879842758,
-0.30332738161087036,
-0.43632784485816956,
-0.31979262828826904,
-0.1841820627450943,
0.7611517310142517,
0.465091347694397,
0.2870023250579834,
0.3792538642883301,
-0.4236459732055664,
-0.035399578511714935,
-0.25417160987854004,
-0.3877239525318146,
-0.21397987008094788,
-0.14046749472618103,
-0.017428439110517502,
0.1389387547969818,
0.39261871576309204,
0.142818421125412,
-0.5871655941009521,
-0.23365065455436707,
-0.3604387044906616,
0.2272743284702301,
0.10539254546165466,
0.09424591809511185,
-1.5273003578186035,
-0.6505855917930603,
0.25601887702941895,
-0.1778637021780014,
-0.24478323757648468,
-0.7956415414810181,
0.7174149751663208,
0.49050793051719666,
0.1601041704416275,
0.16101780533790588,
-0.213558167219162,
-0.2326112538576126,
0.45574817061424255,
-0.024042725563049316,
-0.2228900045156479,
-0.09222223609685898,
0.6549807786941528,
0.3729320466518402,
-0.20363222062587738,
0.5448997020721436,
0.5616248846054077,
0.038293156772851944,
0.7534928321838379,
-0.37840330600738525,
-0.30204638838768005,
0.2673669457435608,
-0.44220176339149475,
-0.16280899941921234,
0.48393356800079346,
0.5061726570129395,
0.0038669041823595762,
-0.5374923944473267,
-0.4643056392669678,
-1.7531888484954834,
0.15704764425754547,
0.32659468054771423,
-0.20994608104228973,
-0.5629096627235413,
0.12100113928318024,
0.38079899549484253,
-0.0007577985525131226,
-0.12794406712055206,
-0.14349423348903656,
-0.2461317628622055,
0.747610330581665,
-0.24890710413455963,
0.23685820400714874,
0.616892397403717,
-0.4620170295238495,
0.43899300694465637,
0.24984271824359894,
0.5993719696998596,
0.5625644326210022,
0.09342843294143677,
0.046952154487371445,
0.05394553393125534,
-0.18255509436130524,
0.025558024644851685,
0.06507138162851334,
0.003920398652553558,
-0.19718080759048462,
-0.48359745740890503,
-0.456508606672287,
0.09830646961927414,
-0.4276094436645508,
0.3932606875896454,
0.17108245193958282,
0.6881636381149292,
-0.1268049031496048,
0.7375233769416809,
0.06328754127025604,
-0.34079673886299133,
-0.31843310594558716,
0.13580432534217834,
-0.3910268545150757,
0.42299774289131165,
-0.24068543314933777,
0.5813403725624084,
0.3503974676132202,
0.4327891170978546,
0.3931199014186859,
0.047354795038700104,
-0.22316503524780273,
0.34814509749412537,
0.4617495536804199,
0.6718052625656128,
-0.17304931581020355,
-0.28017958998680115,
0.18739637732505798,
0.15893910825252533,
-0.042776789516210556,
-0.2544669210910797,
0.04320366680622101,
0.25607508420944214,
0.3965897858142853,
-0.596211314201355,
1.7319554090499878,
-0.056705255061388016,
0.20251722633838654,
-0.023250121623277664,
0.3129867613315582,
0.675897479057312,
-0.4131188988685608,
0.3974113166332245,
-0.6750392913818359,
0.47341081500053406,
-0.11191552877426147,
-0.31861263513565063,
0.5080267190933228,
-0.4229312241077423,
-0.2982698082923889,
0.30884483456611633,
-0.3482663631439209,
0.017134765163064003,
0.43860554695129395,
0.05116691440343857,
0.7967414855957031,
-0.08812270313501358,
0.18190087378025055,
0.49605852365493774,
-0.9286327958106995,
0.9833075404167175,
-0.24567782878875732,
0.3143444061279297,
-0.4610992968082428,
-0.4136798083782196,
0.2561762034893036,
-0.24772493541240692,
-0.10319726169109344,
-0.2669231593608856,
-0.6124779582023621,
0.004735059104859829,
0.5411400198936462,
-0.8236300945281982,
-0.0023372573778033257,
0.15944840013980865,
-0.38411208987236023,
-0.031449828296899796,
-0.5393065810203552,
-0.34437623620033264,
-0.09847293049097061,
0.18056795001029968,
0.06835667788982391,
0.3890664875507355,
-0.3490813672542572,
-0.05110763758420944,
0.13132701814174652,
0.17128513753414154,
0.10495346784591675,
0.240101620554924,
-0.1233266219496727,
-0.5510058999061584,
0.49120864272117615,
0.3700336813926697,
0.276806116104126,
-0.4247232675552368,
-0.22246897220611572,
-0.37561702728271484,
-0.49477478861808777,
0.45608246326446533,
0.11486633867025375,
0.9127905368804932,
0.21038655936717987,
-0.5893003344535828,
-2.1470694541931152,
-0.0926593691110611,
-0.5521061420440674,
0.4718049466609955,
0.7549989223480225,
-0.8092487454414368,
0.21705296635627747,
-0.1797925978899002,
0.33063721656799316,
0.9214221835136414,
-0.21288126707077026,
-0.2674265503883362,
-0.5065432786941528,
0.7435648441314697,
-0.05971817299723625,
0.18680058419704437,
0.2192663997411728,
-0.739251434803009,
0.5345210433006287,
-0.4355878233909607,
0.10836321860551834,
-0.13792671263217926,
-0.6215801239013672,
-0.10189209878444672,
0.5893557071685791,
-0.3667198419570923,
-0.4565048813819885,
-0.48925405740737915,
0.6091506481170654,
-0.24788472056388855,
-0.3700573146343231,
-0.2903822064399719,
0.21073803305625916,
-0.1523325890302658,
0.4043467044830322,
-5.14453649520874,
0.023274265229701996,
-0.08720257878303528,
-0.1831427663564682,
-0.09016431868076324,
0.34693339467048645,
0.7642416954040527,
-0.04813523218035698,
-0.046404995024204254,
-0.11342110484838486,
0.34989258646965027,
0.16837434470653534,
0.04834437742829323,
0.42550551891326904,
0.385198175907135,
0.17617756128311157,
-0.13920491933822632,
0.15542249381542206,
0.28403958678245544,
0.06399916857481003,
0.06206183135509491,
0.8493837714195251,
-0.051738496869802475,
0.19840727746486664,
-0.2595994770526886,
0.592503011226654,
-0.3278782069683075,
0.5232906937599182,
-0.30613213777542114,
0.317494660615921,
0.5155656933784485,
-0.18748785555362701,
0.10438033938407898,
-0.6116724014282227,
-0.6246534585952759,
-0.20160456001758575,
0.14178818464279175,
0.23173877596855164,
-0.011528586968779564,
-0.012791930697858334,
-0.7743252515792847,
0.30146315693855286,
-0.19824029505252838,
0.12341534346342087,
0.18108591437339783,
-0.10031470656394958,
-0.5299688577651978,
0.2671828269958496,
0.11805936694145203,
0.9160184264183044,
-0.3532273769378662,
-0.02775055542588234,
0.7143061757087708,
0.5403245091438293,
0.1317836344242096,
-0.2411164492368698,
0.3316360116004944,
0.19725735485553741,
-0.36185160279273987,
0.15661786496639252,
0.2451757788658142,
0.04651317745447159,
0.35491737723350525,
-0.3375687301158905,
0.4494587481021881,
-0.4252786934375763,
0.10340728610754013,
-0.42380908131599426,
0.3036433458328247,
-0.12202566862106323,
-0.06791961938142776,
0.05402949079871178,
-0.012602378614246845,
-0.8586552143096924,
0.287236750125885,
-0.2519621253013611,
-0.12231501936912537,
0.2536240518093109,
0.19064003229141235,
-0.0024219381157308817,
-0.22321221232414246,
-0.22950994968414307,
-0.5565131306648254,
0.4905436635017395,
0.23180250823497772,
-0.4453122019767761,
-0.23324407637119293,
-0.10504846274852753,
-0.6588737368583679,
-0.06632818281650543,
-0.014045711606740952,
0.10451474040746689,
0.591461181640625,
0.10303407907485962,
-0.08292980492115021,
0.6804490089416504,
0.559576690196991,
-0.2515436112880707,
0.7645654082298279,
-0.020279711112380028,
0.5679081082344055,
-0.4638519585132599,
-0.15213222801685333,
-0.49621692299842834,
-0.12670481204986572,
-0.40536627173423767,
-0.034831974655389786,
0.7233399152755737,
0.3665822446346283,
-0.7158284187316895,
-0.07251544296741486,
-0.24432235956192017,
-0.3554231524467468,
-0.5202258825302124,
0.5945142507553101,
-0.04692786931991577,
-0.022541193291544914,
0.8511929512023926,
0.5578388571739197,
0.1889190822839737,
0.24663588404655457,
0.2566538155078888,
0.02549680322408676,
-0.35501986742019653,
0.1686885803937912,
-0.019219499081373215,
-0.09833851456642151,
-0.3131685256958008,
-0.15889453887939453,
0.3736516535282135,
0.04494260624051094,
0.7578728795051575,
-0.24139992892742157,
-0.2636604309082031,
0.0077110775746405125,
-0.30146676301956177,
-0.1744270771741867,
0.5698965787887573,
-0.11659325659275055,
-0.6048047542572021,
-0.01453517097979784,
-0.12733156979084015,
-0.7412981986999512,
0.3894910216331482,
0.09745586663484573,
0.3163141906261444,
-0.03791804984211922,
-0.23563984036445618,
-0.0029574944637715816,
0.48645204305648804,
-0.06342080235481262,
-0.11813778430223465,
0.30796077847480774,
-0.2941884398460388,
-0.7186088562011719,
0.5155308246612549,
0.6460885405540466,
-0.03503337875008583,
-0.7864887714385986,
-0.5412546992301941,
-0.3412572741508484,
0.007105190772563219,
-1.143079161643982,
-0.24778880178928375,
0.2955276370048523,
-0.7079789042472839,
0.011313810013234615,
-0.5115947127342224,
-0.5096482634544373,
1.0222933292388916,
-0.1132211908698082,
-0.04507507011294365,
-0.3843610882759094,
-0.007977977395057678,
0.17182430624961853,
-0.17937301099300385,
-0.20428527891635895,
0.23712052404880524,
-0.015081923454999924,
0.1187092587351799,
0.10015510767698288,
-0.3476856052875519,
0.19568033516407013,
1.0299065113067627,
0.13585026562213898,
0.3961152732372284,
-0.0703769251704216,
-0.19170506298542023,
-0.24790167808532715,
-0.07634879648685455,
0.1857716590166092,
-0.08607097715139389,
0.330912709236145,
-0.07508548349142075,
-0.14181670546531677,
-0.282713919878006,
-0.08424161374568939,
-0.017594465985894203,
0.41307052969932556,
-0.6096380352973938,
0.42049235105514526,
0.49083152413368225,
-0.361219197511673,
0.344802588224411,
0.20986928045749664,
-0.6078283190727234,
0.0012349985772743821,
0.1287660151720047,
-0.7330255508422852,
0.49739745259284973,
0.015696406364440918,
-0.7115799188613892,
-0.20461280643939972,
0.5673864483833313,
-0.2527160942554474,
-0.18486177921295166,
0.14131668210029602,
-0.3344857096672058,
-0.24479255080223083,
-0.23346781730651855,
0.20525823533535004,
-0.07931959629058838,
0.02001482993364334,
-0.17692790925502777,
-0.1443726122379303,
0.26004084944725037,
0.44100692868232727,
-0.9362660646438599,
0.633259117603302,
0.25706222653388977,
-0.19396677613258362,
0.1493493914604187,
0.170709490776062,
-0.18936489522457123,
-0.42833688855171204,
-0.6565613150596619,
-0.33052223920822144,
-0.018467474728822708,
-0.011592969298362732,
0.259453147649765,
-0.12084227055311203,
0.47994518280029297,
0.192009836435318,
-0.855373740196228,
-0.015583561733365059,
0.05786890909075737,
0.3040173053741455,
-0.8711228966712952,
-0.3040042221546173,
0.2757298946380615,
-0.07926729321479797,
-0.3182549476623535,
-0.7353526949882507,
-0.8735666871070862,
0.8205598592758179,
0.2862972915172577,
-0.04294184222817421,
0.2666743993759155,
-0.13312813639640808,
0.23626641929149628,
-0.1324041783809662,
0.4232657551765442,
0.08180531859397888,
0.7582007646560669,
0.11088836938142776,
-0.06367125362157822,
-0.3620777726173401,
0.1303790658712387,
0.1959681659936905,
-0.3912374675273895,
-0.4072921574115753,
-0.23032021522521973,
0.4735566973686218,
0.5403432250022888,
0.19955115020275116,
0.09797602146863937,
0.2089860439300537,
-0.8774727582931519,
0.21721671521663666,
0.2350672483444214,
0.4349905252456665,
-0.2724880278110504,
0.40376347303390503,
-0.10676774382591248,
0.8381041884422302,
-0.5305532217025757,
-0.14095206558704376,
-0.25239241123199463,
-0.3411094844341278,
-0.013785596936941147,
0.2291364222764969,
0.14667515456676483,
-0.7010868787765503,
0.6202720999717712,
0.34694814682006836,
0.22436973452568054,
0.2113080769777298,
0.5114018321037292,
0.29852616786956787,
-0.4749215543270111,
-0.774140477180481,
0.6826926469802856,
0.2309749275445938,
-0.02161354199051857,
0.3248593807220459,
0.3627118468284607,
0.39559370279312134,
0.15177464485168457,
-0.5623661279678345,
0.08098234236240387,
0.1022135466337204,
-0.17735415697097778,
0.39066603779792786,
0.5060943961143494,
-0.023406503722071648,
0.29584115743637085,
-0.027818899601697922,
-0.3681813180446625,
0.13055044412612915,
-0.0843878760933876,
0.21194900572299957,
-0.26883184909820557,
0.2996976375579834,
0.08548017591238022,
-0.8272050023078918,
0.4432564973831177,
-0.04869481921195984,
-0.15665890276432037,
0.03144031763076782,
0.398103266954422,
0.7860894799232483,
-0.16918618977069855,
-0.3571470379829407,
0.38020333647727966,
-0.34599512815475464,
-0.1892625242471695,
0.12992222607135773,
-0.5040795207023621,
-0.5252212285995483,
0.588507354259491,
0.3011499345302582,
0.6558070778846741,
0.32748880982398987,
-0.2075340896844864,
-0.2610481381416321,
0.039942339062690735,
-0.5842437744140625,
0.15750254690647125,
0.19918082654476166,
-0.1547417938709259,
-0.05158551409840584,
0.27115970849990845,
0.07206384837627411,
0.09094426035881042,
-0.024956626817584038,
0.34969449043273926,
0.3225913643836975,
-0.4010150134563446,
-0.12222208082675934,
-1.7464841604232788,
-0.03513510152697563,
-0.10019944608211517,
-0.059164099395275116,
0.6414701342582703,
0.20631785690784454,
-0.060912199318408966,
0.12313424050807953,
-3.896526123980948e-8,
-0.11165619641542435,
0.23534609377384186,
0.28692197799682617,
-0.2543768286705017,
-0.10842147469520569,
0.3935929834842682,
0.04023469612002373,
0.337421178817749,
0.034143805503845215,
0.10114109516143799,
0.06185780465602875,
-0.44791528582572937,
-0.5665491819381714,
-0.05473441258072853,
-0.4176865816116333,
-0.763641893863678,
0.0015864594606682658,
0.13411669433116913,
-0.5366050601005554,
0.09594690799713135,
0.20355837047100067,
0.34288182854652405,
-0.06707999110221863,
0.19456176459789276,
0.45346513390541077,
-0.2851591408252716,
-0.6322818994522095,
0.1858212798833847,
-0.152227982878685,
0.5999848246574402,
-0.1607830673456192,
-1.0001933574676514,
-0.5293845534324646,
0.007875937037169933,
0.06621789932250977,
0.226382777094841,
-0.4916054606437683,
0.06819749623537064,
0.10492975264787674,
0.5064201951026917,
-0.42918696999549866,
0.3004877269268036,
0.03609497472643852,
0.07406210154294968,
0.011594166047871113,
0.7322851419448853,
0.02703346684575081,
0.15273047983646393,
0.2204650342464447,
-0.39312320947647095,
-0.3179369866847992,
-0.3759881556034088,
0.3701593279838562,
-0.7798540592193604,
-0.06366070359945297,
0.6872602701187134,
-0.8226869106292725,
-0.2729262709617615,
0.05396955832839012,
0.24272283911705017,
-0.15363925695419312,
0.4222351312637329,
-0.7357445359230042,
0.26846688985824585,
-0.5088047385215759,
-0.26660916209220886,
-0.389140784740448,
0.3636290729045868,
1.0750634670257568,
0.6783782839775085,
0.36732086539268494,
0.2775658369064331,
-0.4993797540664673,
-0.24047961831092834,
0.23504042625427246,
0.3215433657169342,
-3.421283483505249,
-0.003250200767070055,
-0.0526890754699707,
-0.3037090301513672,
-0.16033661365509033,
0.38011685013771057,
-0.22075070440769196,
0.10282808542251587,
0.055676113814115524,
0.05075010284781456,
0.18241874873638153,
-0.14642365276813507,
0.01791337877511978,
-0.5052163004875183,
-0.08074819296598434,
0.6693277955055237
] |
236330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka%20Halonen | Pekka Halonen | Pekka Halonen (23 September 1865 – 1 December 1933) was a painter of Finnish landscapes and people in the national romantic style. His favorite subjects were the Finnish landscape and its people which he depicted in his Realist style.
Biography
Pekka Halonen was born on 23 September 1865 in Linnasalmi, Lapinlahti, Finland, the son of Olli Halonen, a farmer, and Wilhelmina Halonen (née Uotinen). Halonen's father was himself an amateur artist who not only ran the farm, but also worked as a decorative painter on commissions from churches in neighbouring districts. Halonen often accompanied his father on these painting trips and was thus introduced into the craft of painting.
He studied in Helsinki at the Art Society's Drawing School for four years. He graduated with good grades and won a scholarship to study abroad. He went in 1890 to Paris, where he first studied at the Academie Julian and later under Paul Gauguin. He also studied at the Académie Vitti in Paris.
In 1896, he travelled to Florence, Siena, Rome and Naples to study early Renaissance art. In 1900, Halonen created two works for the Finnish Pavilion at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. In 1904, he traveled to Vienna to Florence by way of St. Petersburg.
In 1895, Pekka Halonen married a young music student, Maija Mäkinen. They had eight children: four sons and four daughters. Halonen died in Tuusula on 1 December 1933. He was buried at the Tuusula Church in Tuusula.
Style
Halonen chronicled the Finnish landscape and its people. He had an early interest in Symbolism, but Gauguin's decorative Synthetism, as well as Japanese woodcuts, had a deeper impression on his work.
Many of his paintings depict simple scenes from his everyday surroundings, such as Sauna in the Snow (1908), which vividly captures the stillness and subtle fragrance of freshly fallen snow. When at the beginning of the 20th century Finland's existence was threatened, Halonen strove to foster a sense of national pride through symbolic interpretations of the Finnish landscape.
Halonen stated that he never painted for anyone but himself. He felt that "Art should not jar the nerves like sandpaper – it should produce a feeling of peace."
Halosenniemi
In 1895, Halonen and his family settled down in a house with a studio on Lake Tuusula in Tuusula, Finland. Here the Halonen family lived in an imposing pinewood villa known as ‘Halosenniemi’. Halosenniemi was designed by Pekka Halonen himself and his brother Antti Halonen and was completed during the winter of 1901–02. Adjacent to the house, Halonen built a sauna, which in typical Finnish tradition also served as a laundry. The landscape near Halosenniemi was an important source of inspiration for his art. In Tuusula Halonen had a wide circle of artist friends and relatives which provided him with a daily source of social and cultural stimulation.
On the shores of the lake where he resided an artists' community flourished, helping to develop a sense of Finnish national identity. Halosenniemi was designed with the two-storey studios of Paris in mind, with high ceilings and tall windows in the studio, and second-floor living-quarters accessible by a set of stairs and a balcony that overlooked the studio.
The building is now a museum that includes original furnishings and Halonen's own art.
Selected works
See also
Golden Age of Finnish Art
Finnish art
References
External links
Halosenniemi Museum website
1865 births
1933 deaths
People from Lapinlahti
People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Alumni of the Académie Julian
19th-century Finnish painters
19th-century male artists
20th-century Finnish painters
20th-century male artists
Finnish male painters | [
0.3465392291545868,
0.443469762802124,
-0.6143801808357239,
0.21401765942573547,
-0.0007157871150411665,
1.0532211065292358,
0.8294013738632202,
-0.3574998676776886,
-0.7302050590515137,
-0.35152724385261536,
0.007342934142798185,
-0.08878020942211151,
-0.24323353171348572,
-0.16924190521240234,
-0.43337586522102356,
-0.4237983226776123,
-0.03819797933101654,
0.7211417555809021,
-0.7244344353675842,
0.3020571768283844,
-0.36086001992225647,
-0.5646018385887146,
0.5750205516815186,
-0.2409662902355194,
-0.7382403612136841,
-0.9580463171005249,
0.15942174196243286,
0.6511873006820679,
0.9364812970161438,
0.23112337291240692,
0.32910385727882385,
0.5589253306388855,
0.20185154676437378,
-0.5511873960494995,
-0.6156997084617615,
0.3444792628288269,
-0.10552846640348434,
0.029487580060958862,
0.10693658888339996,
0.0044194660149514675,
-0.7860216498374939,
0.3349117338657379,
-0.012751426547765732,
-0.2482222318649292,
0.1539885550737381,
-0.9531415700912476,
-1.21292245388031,
0.6180198788642883,
-0.46245041489601135,
-0.09489724040031433,
-0.20549771189689636,
0.06000547111034393,
0.5539419054985046,
1.0463203191757202,
-0.1842365860939026,
0.7997097373008728,
-0.6212739944458008,
-0.1361565887928009,
-0.7177942991256714,
-0.3430585265159607,
0.7445923686027527,
-0.2769201397895813,
0.5818605422973633,
0.041559528559446335,
0.45925232768058777,
0.20586852729320526,
-0.2076149731874466,
-0.4091034531593323,
0.6380465030670166,
-0.2989455759525299,
0.32520315051078796,
0.5835280418395996,
0.22115369141101837,
-0.2989898920059204,
0.20211179554462433,
-0.21056783199310303,
-0.20712146162986755,
-0.710044264793396,
-0.35925740003585815,
-0.5525323748588562,
-0.08996700495481491,
-0.6510927081108093,
0.9349468350410461,
0.7127259373664856,
0.14829057455062866,
0.20321378111839294,
0.31922587752342224,
-0.35846319794654846,
-0.27132877707481384,
0.22363050282001495,
-0.030794193968176842,
-0.39034709334373474,
0.3147142827510834,
-0.09394995123147964,
0.2701137065887451,
0.7828846573829651,
-0.4756583869457245,
1.1437231302261353,
-0.6105156540870667,
0.020810090005397797,
0.15212242305278778,
0.637929379940033,
-0.023028068244457245,
-0.28126025199890137,
-0.06396788358688354,
-0.628017246723175,
-0.22795170545578003,
-0.20359188318252563,
-0.008805700577795506,
0.08373689651489258,
-0.5449883341789246,
-0.07906538248062134,
-0.21178312599658966,
0.08370568603277206,
-0.3577365279197693,
0.22999899089336395,
-0.23474891483783722,
-0.27599087357521057,
-0.5297269821166992,
0.22157275676727295,
-0.548748254776001,
0.3519720137119293,
-0.3209645450115204,
0.04757912829518318,
-1.316710114479065,
0.2054992914199829,
-0.5525875687599182,
0.4682820439338684,
-0.4358692169189453,
0.12555073201656342,
0.3247182369232178,
0.7845749855041504,
-0.7947826385498047,
0.08048200607299805,
0.14484333992004395,
-0.2986558973789215,
0.7134943604469299,
-0.5383833050727844,
0.01213801372796297,
0.10747286677360535,
-0.7993839383125305,
-0.43794146180152893,
-0.21331527829170227,
0.08757529407739639,
0.08790586143732071,
-0.4693847596645355,
0.14244474470615387,
-0.18212847411632538,
-0.13906216621398926,
-0.5499832630157471,
0.06005358695983887,
-0.4183717966079712,
0.783196210861206,
-0.40230095386505127,
-0.05122834071516991,
0.8285543322563171,
0.6877621412277222,
0.4202524423599243,
0.40169426798820496,
-0.044574085623025894,
0.620951771736145,
0.6257084608078003,
0.07085806876420975,
0.29604795575141907,
0.5705799460411072,
-0.29440271854400635,
-0.0059285820461809635,
0.3754687011241913,
-0.022647615522146225,
-0.07215659320354462,
-0.062333766371011734,
0.16031131148338318,
0.09636741876602173,
0.026118453592061996,
0.4666259288787842,
-0.13791514933109283,
0.20833472907543182,
0.23576153814792633,
-0.12683069705963135,
-0.5503519773483276,
-0.9439245462417603,
-0.011571774259209633,
-0.04034951701760292,
0.1517018973827362,
0.5145662426948547,
0.3944944441318512,
-0.24164806306362152,
0.11836978048086166,
0.5539546608924866,
-0.40005844831466675,
-0.4989714026451111,
-0.7724097371101379,
0.1384216845035553,
-0.098348468542099,
1.087123990058899,
0.3530346751213074,
-0.3674097955226898,
0.4404723346233368,
0.05700824782252312,
0.7579017281532288,
-0.15488392114639282,
-0.33338773250579834,
-0.09348069131374359,
-0.23883506655693054,
0.19825391471385956,
0.5546947121620178,
-0.20026461780071259,
-0.0694810003042221,
0.1537979543209076,
0.28203630447387695,
0.28222984075546265,
-0.6128764748573303,
0.2663361728191376,
0.7232041954994202,
-0.5641441345214844,
-0.33651766180992126,
-0.8533663153648376,
0.0679146945476532,
0.09293679147958755,
0.2888886332511902,
0.1713612675666809,
0.20288076996803284,
-0.3140021860599518,
0.7625887989997864,
0.32129916548728943,
0.5635365843772888,
0.33177992701530457,
0.0960439071059227,
0.2975116968154907,
-0.1928960233926773,
0.02624335326254368,
0.36118727922439575,
-0.021880676969885826,
-0.04854147136211395,
0.24514876306056976,
0.2480165660381317,
0.9147416353225708,
0.5078896284103394,
0.9287534356117249,
-0.6439859867095947,
0.3060842454433441,
0.3993493318557739,
-0.28394925594329834,
0.04186173528432846,
0.46091046929359436,
0.6615186333656311,
-0.5493489503860474,
-0.3763578534126282,
-0.5768242478370667,
-0.05998075380921364,
-0.038086265325546265,
0.32055506110191345,
-0.3425573706626892,
-0.2850300967693329,
-0.7724748253822327,
-0.017087699845433235,
0.8862568736076355,
-1.081562876701355,
-0.10759419202804565,
0.32977020740509033,
0.44810277223587036,
0.043093789368867874,
0.14612315595149994,
0.4040929079055786,
0.3279055058956146,
-1.0566365718841553,
0.3647846579551697,
-0.41644588112831116,
0.5049704313278198,
-0.07838158309459686,
-0.20573794841766357,
-0.05808527022600174,
-0.22252002358436584,
0.22917848825454712,
0.26048967242240906,
-0.4398801326751709,
-0.8300079107284546,
0.0068414658308029175,
-0.3501282334327698,
0.1697184294462204,
0.008677014149725437,
1.1025340557098389,
-0.23663616180419922,
-0.48231029510498047,
-0.6392198204994202,
0.07943470031023026,
-0.2430700957775116,
-0.050611916929483414,
0.3380780816078186,
0.0657765343785286,
0.6390689015388489,
0.809013843536377,
-0.7320793271064758,
0.06030659005045891,
0.020661642774939537,
0.4245310425758362,
-0.6493252515792847,
-0.49879950284957886,
-0.04679611325263977,
-0.19154058396816254,
-1.3097046613693237,
0.024767816066741943,
0.18928834795951843,
0.01847178116440773,
0.37498077750205994,
0.6518585681915283,
-0.24084724485874176,
-0.20048218965530396,
-4.8557586669921875,
0.19236253201961517,
0.013520510867238045,
-0.5495785474777222,
-0.16914604604244232,
-0.04845069348812103,
0.5859487056732178,
-0.2617702782154083,
0.7616810202598572,
-0.6062487363815308,
0.8577234148979187,
-0.5874364376068115,
0.04425935819745064,
1.0617607831954956,
0.3876247704029083,
0.6968998312950134,
0.20723402500152588,
0.27120208740234375,
0.252981960773468,
0.11590596288442612,
-0.472282737493515,
-0.0913553461432457,
-0.19919584691524506,
0.7096742987632751,
0.114505335688591,
0.2980910539627075,
-0.02672777697443962,
-0.5816527009010315,
-0.6364562511444092,
-0.1147603988647461,
-0.013194631785154343,
-0.014646700583398342,
-0.11860952526330948,
-0.04333622381091118,
0.5590908527374268,
0.21285571157932281,
-0.11543190479278564,
1.041991949081421,
0.09064305573701859,
0.27987581491470337,
0.21304082870483398,
0.4625362157821655,
-0.6637734174728394,
-0.10617294162511826,
-0.36565691232681274,
-0.28104886412620544,
-0.6800255179405212,
-0.19794537127017975,
-0.931128740310669,
0.8611317873001099,
0.9626470804214478,
-0.45883673429489136,
-0.06417565792798996,
-0.09759258478879929,
0.12099690735340118,
0.12254039198160172,
0.13767863810062408,
-0.31416258215904236,
-0.9948700070381165,
0.1465606540441513,
-0.2719935178756714,
-0.31247755885124207,
0.19561107456684113,
-0.8688358664512634,
0.2091989368200302,
-0.23627053201198578,
-0.2922346293926239,
-0.28640517592430115,
-0.028135087341070175,
-0.5964100956916809,
-0.34876444935798645,
0.7833636999130249,
-0.004605492576956749,
-1.4019973278045654,
-0.5202541947364807,
-0.3804681897163391,
0.056437328457832336,
-0.5485256910324097,
-0.5010954141616821,
-0.10672390460968018,
0.6721053719520569,
-1.03788161277771,
-0.1248357817530632,
0.9276934862136841,
0.8517072200775146,
0.4197264313697815,
-0.018931835889816284,
-0.14998123049736023,
-0.5550245642662048,
-0.02555016614496708,
0.6306659579277039,
-0.5277806520462036,
-0.305789589881897,
-0.049100205302238464,
-0.17419683933258057,
0.6540917158126831,
0.03662832826375961,
-0.1100083589553833,
0.36651188135147095,
-0.2228468954563141,
0.08880872279405594,
0.12846678495407104,
-0.29907315969467163,
-0.03044120781123638,
-0.32965919375419617,
-0.057490717619657516,
-0.06876839697360992,
0.3176625669002533,
0.8633701205253601,
0.2106025069952011,
0.4142765700817108,
0.09632180631160736,
-0.06615673750638962,
-0.46644508838653564,
0.7594499588012695,
-0.11893799155950546,
0.7164686918258667,
0.9968463778495789,
0.48657575249671936,
0.1768023818731308,
0.19646398723125458,
-0.1122848242521286,
0.36356252431869507,
-0.17262299358844757,
0.7796199321746826,
0.04846007004380226,
-0.48307856917381287,
-0.2747986912727356,
-0.32149338722229004,
0.5902479887008667,
0.12341658025979996,
0.6706857681274414,
-0.033629074692726135,
-0.2798082232475281,
0.2997382581233978,
-0.2512930631637573,
-0.9673163890838623,
-0.36473459005355835,
0.1221134290099144,
-0.7041479349136353,
0.08162713795900345,
-0.15134665369987488,
-0.2815004587173462,
1.2327163219451904,
-0.27437928318977356,
-0.016187673434615135,
-0.36139771342277527,
-0.08833470195531845,
-0.3302728235721588,
-0.3725733160972595,
-0.8470857739448547,
-0.23592600226402283,
-0.11280714720487595,
-0.32573753595352173,
0.03338497132062912,
0.06398079544305801,
-1.1093047857284546,
0.13930629193782806,
-0.7278990745544434,
-0.5882858633995056,
0.25401434302330017,
-0.5985866785049438,
-1.3999019861221313,
-0.44018685817718506,
-0.008967486210167408,
-0.33564355969429016,
-0.5728849172592163,
-0.2925758361816406,
-0.6800552010536194,
0.5249361395835876,
0.030882900580763817,
-0.9490101933479309,
-0.40745070576667786,
-0.5305514931678772,
0.10197697579860687,
-0.27477747201919556,
0.11651181429624557,
0.5154447555541992,
-0.54281085729599,
0.056777000427246094,
-0.009894290007650852,
0.5953680872917175,
-0.6223277449607849,
-0.18825854361057281,
0.6163876056671143,
0.14657273888587952,
-0.4736602008342743,
-0.1883946806192398,
-0.15989269316196442,
0.3970993757247925,
0.34366974234580994,
0.06379241496324539,
0.10952244699001312,
0.7068338990211487,
-0.291950523853302,
-0.8542753458023071,
-0.22778497636318207,
0.00628526508808136,
-0.13658422231674194,
-0.2106846272945404,
-0.04146522656083107,
0.25229665637016296,
-0.3908679485321045,
-0.039668500423431396,
0.07602676749229431,
-0.8486810922622681,
0.9462112784385681,
1.1806919574737549,
-0.29500970244407654,
0.6368581056594849,
-0.6694652438163757,
-0.17552350461483002,
-0.5731549263000488,
0.3961445391178131,
-0.49286505579948425,
0.6127928495407104,
0.6891440749168396,
0.18581430613994598,
-0.6016202569007874,
-0.6267960071563721,
-0.9345118999481201,
-0.15750032663345337,
-1.0038518905639648,
-0.2541075348854065,
-0.39907440543174744,
-0.22339171171188354,
-0.06446433067321777,
0.021127849817276,
0.6185527443885803,
-0.048348378390073776,
0.7376626133918762,
0.027305306866765022,
0.12983663380146027,
-0.16350451111793518,
-0.18641230463981628,
-0.03652340546250343,
0.710308849811554,
-0.1017259731888771,
0.269273966550827,
0.24536722898483276,
0.7139009833335876,
1.1881380081176758,
0.19001129269599915,
0.27653083205223083,
-0.22348754107952118,
0.37742337584495544,
0.017920685932040215,
-0.16354107856750488,
-0.49083101749420166,
0.11397156119346619,
-0.0506468303501606,
-0.2858843207359314,
-0.2675102949142456,
-0.9822588562965393,
1.148461103439331,
-0.07499474287033081,
0.20732370018959045,
0.9498047232627869,
0.2604776918888092,
0.12837132811546326,
-0.002245780546218157,
0.2962381839752197,
0.23779785633087158,
-0.3183556795120239,
0.5691672563552856,
0.6309357285499573,
0.13678814470767975,
0.06639407575130463,
0.07086723297834396,
0.19571715593338013,
-0.6506478786468506,
-0.4120766520500183,
0.2862514555454254,
0.23992286622524261,
-0.27873915433883667,
-0.028886621817946434,
0.21066488325595856,
-0.6420851349830627,
-0.20779569447040558,
-0.4259212911128998,
-0.5062320828437805,
-0.031541816890239716,
0.10388714075088501,
0.11758556962013245,
-1.2411208152770996,
-1.205896258354187,
-0.38011953234672546,
-0.28870683908462524,
-0.2184411734342575,
-0.09664002805948257,
-0.7528882622718811,
0.11045894026756287,
0.3304554224014282,
0.09529022872447968,
0.272986501455307,
1.1786783933639526,
-0.37274789810180664,
0.7231064438819885,
-0.1757882833480835,
0.09671083837747574,
-0.07633373886346817,
0.0717097744345665,
0.13026076555252075,
0.2195938527584076,
0.39296382665634155,
0.12566009163856506,
-0.12472715228796005,
-0.4112970530986786,
-0.07244068384170532,
0.7496363520622253,
-0.00034719056566245854,
0.1453138291835785,
-0.017427800223231316,
0.5880429148674011,
-0.5519888997077942,
-0.5981560349464417,
0.9568413496017456,
-0.6306067705154419,
-0.7007315158843994,
-0.23152387142181396,
0.5725919604301453,
0.1599666327238083,
0.3287893533706665,
0.11345771700143814,
-0.1755906641483307,
0.4352738559246063,
0.5824132561683655,
0.6204010844230652,
0.18425776064395905,
0.5894020199775696,
-0.052512381225824356,
-0.3360627591609955,
-0.3299325406551361,
0.6928852200508118,
-0.15221984684467316,
0.09158013761043549,
-0.1251857876777649,
-0.31438976526260376,
-0.28394728899002075,
0.1580379456281662,
0.45847412943840027,
0.7649552822113037,
0.23470807075500488,
0.13208484649658203,
0.4049812853336334,
-0.37573322653770447,
0.07584592700004578,
0.16485464572906494,
-0.02878694050014019,
-0.18507735431194305,
0.8107429146766663,
-0.05319755896925926,
0.48924410343170166,
-0.44173234701156616,
-0.06616866588592529,
-0.20978029072284698,
0.44061943888664246,
-0.623263418674469,
0.03736354783177376,
0.014563574455678463,
-0.1691623330116272,
-1.0379137992858887,
0.529395341873169,
-0.1773623675107956,
-0.39403197169303894,
-0.6217495203018188,
0.06882402300834656,
0.058693721890449524,
0.24001432955265045,
0.26017025113105774,
-0.1334952563047409,
-0.5154427289962769,
-0.12144599109888077,
0.6573745012283325,
0.052454426884651184,
0.6172962784767151,
0.6986495852470398,
0.22866135835647583,
-0.2443854808807373,
-0.012702531181275845,
-0.49538037180900574,
0.8650858998298645,
0.047786496579647064,
-0.6748206615447998,
-0.13721761107444763,
-0.36934325098991394,
0.13585329055786133,
-0.06533777713775635,
0.040724750608205795,
-0.4362168312072754,
0.34819960594177246,
-0.21727254986763,
0.27638810873031616,
1.0279817581176758,
-0.6999935507774353,
0.3191421627998352,
-0.4614294171333313,
0.44954627752304077,
-0.2720783054828644,
-0.4093841016292572,
-0.3794827461242676,
0.39908692240715027,
0.3423832654953003,
0.2848568260669708,
-0.12576399743556976,
0.2767065167427063,
-0.4830877184867859,
0.6804646253585815,
-0.19923275709152222,
0.06754042953252792,
-0.23032411932945251,
0.4055468440055847,
-0.040201421827077866,
0.4599810838699341,
-0.2491849809885025,
0.013414790853857994,
1.0440561771392822,
-0.19647742807865143,
0.05415989086031914,
-0.5037406086921692,
0.4914972484111786,
-0.8593897223472595,
0.7151895761489868,
-0.29737189412117004,
-0.4505547881126404,
-0.49954330921173096,
-0.32742515206336975,
-0.040119946002960205,
0.5264252424240112,
0.5275190472602844,
-0.15431959927082062,
0.5633566379547119,
-0.5481681227684021,
-0.44549939036369324,
-0.585269570350647,
-0.5823513269424438,
0.5287054181098938,
0.5339214205741882,
1.0682761669158936,
-1.2819781303405762,
0.6581003665924072,
-0.27111971378326416,
0.08557228744029999,
0.17292986810207367,
0.14997291564941406,
0.29210665822029114,
-0.3546907603740692,
0.1948411911725998,
-0.37794944643974304,
0.09774487465620041,
0.16325202584266663,
-0.20179225504398346,
0.6961220502853394,
-0.7579123377799988,
-0.09790941327810287,
0.1926892101764679,
-0.05503831431269646,
-0.5403468012809753,
0.37702319025993347,
-0.3487032353878021
] |
236331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20harassment | Sexual harassment | Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, churches, etc. Harassers or victims may be of any sex or gender.
In modern legal contexts, sexual harassment is illegal. Laws surrounding sexual harassment generally do not prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or minor isolated incidents—that is due to the fact that they do not impose a "general civility code." In the workplace, harassment may be considered illegal when it is frequent or severe thereby creating a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim's demotion, firing or quitting). The legal and social understanding of sexual harassment, however, varies by culture.
Sexual harassment by an employer is a form of illegal employment discrimination. For many businesses or organizations, preventing sexual harassment and defending employees from sexual harassment charges have become key goals of legal decision-making.
Etymology and history
The modern legal understanding of sexual harassment was first developed in the 1970s, although related concepts have existed in many cultures.
The term "sexual harassment"
Although legal activist Catharine MacKinnon is sometimes credited with creating the laws surrounding sexual harassment in the United States with her 1979 book entitled Sexual Harassment of Working Women, she did not coin the term. The phrase appeared in print in a 1972 issue of The Globe and Mail newspaper published in Toronto. An early use of the term was in a 1973 report about discrimination called "Saturn's Rings" by Mary Rowe, Ph.D. At the time, Rowe was the Chancellor for Women and Work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Due to her efforts at MIT, the university was one of the first large organizations in the U.S. to develop specific policies and procedures aimed at stopping sexual harassment.
Rowe says that harassment of women in the workplace was being discussed in women's groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s. At Cornell University, instructor Lin Farley discovered that women in a discussion group repeatedly described being fired or quitting a job because they were harassed and intimidated by men. She and colleagues coined the term "sexual harassment" to describe the problem and generate interest in a "Speak Out" in May, 1975. She later described sexual harassment at length in 1975 testimony before the New York City Human Rights Commission. In the book In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brownmiller says the women at Cornell became public activists after being asked for help by Carmita Dickerson Wood, a 44-year-old single mother who was being harassed by a faculty member at Cornell's Department of Nuclear Physics. Farley wrote a book, Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job, published by McGraw-Hill in 1978 and in a paperback version by Warner Books in 1980.
These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Women United which, along with the Alliance Against Sexual Coercion (founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz), were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s. One of the first legal formulations of the concept of sexual harassment as consistent with sex discrimination and therefore prohibited behavior under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 appeared in the 1979 seminal book by Catharine MacKinnon entitled "Sexual Harassment of Working Women".
Key sexual harassment cases
Sexual harassment first became codified in U.S. law as the result of a series of sexual harassment cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Many of the early women pursuing these cases were African American, often former civil rights activists who applied principles of civil rights to sex discrimination.
Williams v. Saxbe (1976) and Paulette L. Barnes, Appellant, v. Douglas M. Costle, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1977) determined it was sex discrimination to fire someone for refusing a supervisor's advances. Around the same time, Bundy v. Jackson (1981) was the first federal appeals court case to hold that workplace sexual harassment was employment discrimination. Five years later the Supreme Court agreed with this holding in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. Another pioneering legal case was Alexander v. Yale (1980), which established that the sexual harassment of female students could be considered sex discrimination under Title IX, and was thus illegal. The first class-action lawsuit, Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., was filed in 1988 (concluding nine years later).
In 1991, Anita Hill witnessed and testified against Supreme Court of the United States nominee Clarence Thomas. Since Hill testified in 1991, the term sexual harassment became known outside academic and legal circles, and the number of cases reported in the United States and Canada increased markedly, climbing steadily since.
Situations
Sexual harassment may occur in a variety of circumstances and in places as varied as factories, schools, colleges, the theater, and the music business. Often, the perpetrator has or is about to have power or authority over the victim (owing to differences in social, political, educational or employment relationships as well as in age). Harassment relationships are specified in many ways:
The perpetrator can be anyone, such as a client, a co-worker, a parent or legal guardian, relative, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger.
Harassment can occur in varying locations, in schools, colleges, workplaces, in public, and in other places.
Harassment can occur whether or not there are witnesses to it.
The perpetrator may be completely unaware that their behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment. The perpetrator may be completely unaware that their actions could be unlawful.
Incidents of harassment can take place in situations in which the targeted person may not be aware of or understand what is happening.
An incident may be a one-time occurrence.
Adverse effects on harassed persons include stress, social withdrawal, sleep disorders, eating difficulties, and other impairments of health.
The victim and perpetrator can be any gender.
The perpetrator does not have to be of the opposite sex.
The incident may arise from misunderstanding by the perpetrator and/or the victim. These misunderstandings can be reasonable or unreasonable.
With the advent of the internet, social interactions, including sexual harassment, increasingly occur online, for example in video games or in chat rooms.
According to the 2014 PEW research statistics on online harassment, 25% of women and 13% of men between the ages of 18 and 24 have experienced sexual harassment while online.
In the workplace
The United States' Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines workplace sexual harassment as "unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature ... when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment" (EEOC). "The challenged conduct must be unwelcome in the sense that the employee did not solicit or incite it, and in the sense that the employee regarded the conduct as undesirable or offensive." "Particularly when the alleged harasser may have some reason (e.g., prior consensual relationship) to believe that the advances will be welcomed, it is important for the victim to communicate that the conduct is unwelcome."
Throughout the United States workplace, 79% of sexual harassment victims are women, and 21% are men. Out of those numbers, 51% of those people were harassed by a supervisor. Though sexual harassment happens in not all, but most professions, business, trade, banking, and finance are the biggest industries where sexual harassment occurs. Twelve per cent of the victims received threats of termination if they did not comply with their predators' request.
Sexual bribery
A sexual bribe is the solicitation of sex, any sexual activity or other sex-linked behaviour for a promise of elevation in work status or pay. It is in an employment setting in which a sexual relationship with an employer or superior is made an explicit or implied condition for obtaining/retaining employment or its benefits. A sexual bribe may be either overt or subtle but falls under the type of Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment.
In the military
Studies of sexual harassment have found that it is markedly more common in the military than in civilian settings. In 2018, an estimated 20,500 people in the US armed forces (about 13,000 women and 7,500 men) were assaulted, up from 14,900 in 2016. A Canadian study found that key risk factors associated with military settings are the typically young age of personnel, the 'isolated and integrated' nature of accommodation, the minority status of women, and the disproportionate number of men in senior positions. The traditionally masculine values and behaviours that are rewarded and reinforced in military settings, as well as their emphasis on conformity and obedience, are also thought to play a role. Canadian research has also found that the risk increases during deployment on military operations.
While some male military personnel are sexually harassed, women are substantially more likely to be affected. Women who are younger and joined the military at a younger age face a greater risk, according to American, British and French research.
Child recruits (under the age of 18) and children in cadet forces also face an elevated risk. In the UK, for example, hundreds of complaints of the sexual abuse of cadets have been recorded since 2012. In Canada, one in ten complaints of sexual assault in military settings are from child cadets or their parents.
Individuals detained by the military are also vulnerable to sexual harassment. During the Iraq War, for example, personnel of the US army and US Central Intelligence Agency committed a number of human rights violations against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison, including rape, sodomy, and other forms of sexual abuse.
Although the risk of sexual misconduct in the armed forces is widely acknowledged, personnel are frequently reluctant to report incidents, typically out of fear of reprisals, according to research in Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the US.
Women affected by sexual harassment are more likely than other women to suffer stress-related mental illness afterwards. Research in the US found that when sexual abuse of female military personnel is psychiatrically traumatic, the odds of suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after deployment on operations increase by a factor of nine.
Varied behaviors
One of the difficulties in understanding sexual harassment is that it involves a range of behaviors. In most cases (although not in all cases) it is difficult for the victim to describe what they experienced. This can be related to difficulty classifying the situation or could be related to stress and humiliation experienced by the recipient. Moreover, behavior and motives vary between individual cases.
Author Martha Langelan describes four different classes of harassers.
A predatory harasser: a person who gets sexual thrills from humiliating others. This harasser may become involved in sexual extortion, and may frequently harass just to see how targets respond. Those who don't resist may even become targets for rape.
A dominance harasser: the most common type, who engages in harassing behavior as an ego boost.
Strategic or territorial harassers who seek to maintain privilege in jobs or physical locations, for example a man's harassment of a female employee in a predominantly male occupation.
A street harasser: Another type of sexual harassment performed in public places by strangers. Street harassment includes verbal and nonverbal behavior, remarks that are frequently sexual in nature and comment on physical appearance or a person's presence in public.
Prevention
Sexual harassment and assault may be prevented by secondary school, college, and workplace education programs. At least one program for fraternity men produced "sustained behavioral change".
Many sororities and fraternities in the United States take preventive measures against hazing and hazing activities during the participants' pledging processes (which may often include sexual harassment). Many Greek organizations and universities nationwide have anti-hazing policies that explicitly recognize various acts and examples of hazing, and offer preventive measures for such situations.
Anti-sexual harassment training programs have little evidence of effectiveness and "Some studies suggest that training may in fact backfire, reinforcing gendered stereotypes that place women at a disadvantage".
The use of audio and video recording can help in preventing sexual harassment in the workplace. Audio recording apps are available for use on smartphones, and can for instance be used during job interviews.
Impact
The impact of sexual harassment can vary. In research carried out by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency, 17,335 female victims of sexual assault were asked to name the feelings that resulted from the most serious incident of sexual assault that they had encountered since the age of 15. 'Anger, annoyance, and embarrassment were the most common emotional responses, with 45% of women feeling anger, 41% annoyance, and 36% embarrassment. Furthermore, close to one in three women (29%) who has experienced sexual harassment have said that they felt fearful as a result of the most serious incident, while one in five (20%) victims say that the most serious incident made themselves feel ashamed of what had taken place. In other situations, harassment may lead to temporary or prolonged stress or depression depending on the recipient's psychological abilities to cope and the type of harassment and the social support or lack thereof for the recipient. Harnois and Bastos (2018) show an association between women's perceptions of workplace sexual harassment and self-reported physical health. Psychologists and social workers report that severe or chronic sexual harassment can have the same psychological effects as rape or sexual assault. For example, in 1995, Judith Coflin committed suicide after chronic sexual harassment by her bosses and coworkers. (Her family was later awarded six million dollars in punitive and compensatory damages.) Victims who do not submit to harassment may also experience various forms of retaliation, including isolation and bullying.
As an overall social and economic effect every year, sexual harassment deprives women from active social and economic participation and costs hundreds of millions of dollars in lost educational and professional opportunities for mostly girls and women. However, the quantity of men implied in these conflicts is significant.
Coping
Sexual harassment, by definition, is unwanted and not to be tolerated. There are ways, however, for offended and injured people to overcome the resultant psychological effects, remain in or return to society, regain healthy feelings within personal relationships when they were affected by the outside relationship trauma, regain social approval, and recover the ability to concentrate and be productive in educational and work environments. These include stress management and therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, friends and family support, and advocacy.
Immediate psychological and legal counseling are recommended since self-treatment may not release stress or remove trauma, and simply reporting to authorities may not have the desired effect, may be ignored, or may further injure the victim at its response.
A 1991 study done by K.R. Yount found three dominant strategies developed by a sample of women coal miners to manage sexual harassment on the job: the "lady", the "flirt", and the "tomboy".
The "ladies" were typically the older women workers who tended to disengage from the men, kept their distance, avoided using profanity, avoided engaging in any behavior that might be interpreted as suggestive. They also tended to emphasize by their appearance and manners that they were ladies. The consequences for the "ladies" were that they were the targets of the least amount of come-ons, teasing and sexual harassment, but they also accepted the least prestigious and lowest-paid jobs.
The "flirts" were most often the younger single women. As a defense mechanism, they pretended to be flattered when they were the targets of sexual comments. Consequently, they became perceived as the "embodiment of the female stereotype,...as particularly lacking in potential and were given the fewest opportunities to develop job skills and to establish social and self-identities as miners."
The "tomboys" were generally single women, but were older than the "flirts". They attempted to separate themselves from the female stereotype and focused on their status as coal miners and tried to develop a "thick skin". They responded to harassment with humor, comebacks, sexual talk of their own, or reciprocation. As a result, they were often viewed as sluts or sexually promiscuous and as women who violated the sexual double standard. Consequently, they were subjected to intensified and increased harassment by some men. It was not clear whether the tomboy strategy resulted in better or worse job assignments.
The findings of this study may be applicable to other work settings, including factories, restaurants, offices, and universities. The study concludes that individual strategies for coping with sexual harassment are not likely to be effective and may have unexpected negative consequences for the workplace and may even lead to increased sexual harassment. Women who try to deal with sexual harassment on their own, regardless of what they do, seem to be in a no-win situation. For example, after an anti-groping device allowing victims to mark their assailants with an invisible ink stamp has been released in Japan, some experts claimed it is wrong to put the onus on the victim.
Common effects on the victims
Common psychological, academic, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation:
Becoming publicly sexualized (i.e. groups of people "evaluate" the victim to establish if he or she is "worth" the sexual attention or the risk to the harasser's career)
Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip
Decreased work or school performance as a result of stress conditions; increased absenteeism in fear of harassment repetition
Defamation of character and reputation
Effects on sexual life and relationships: can put extreme stress upon relationships with significant others, sometimes resulting in divorce
Firing and refusal for a job opportunity can lead to loss of job or career, loss of income
Having one's personal life offered up for public scrutiny—the victim becomes the "accused", and his or her dress, lifestyle, and private life will often come under attack.
Having to drop courses, change academic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition) in fear of harassment repetition or as a result of stress
Having to relocate to another city, another job, or another school
Loss of references/recommendations
Loss of trust in environments similar to where the harassment occurred
Loss of trust in the types of people that occupy similar positions as the harasser or his or her colleagues, especially in case they are not supportive, difficulties or stress on peer relationships, or relationships with colleagues
Psychological stress and health impairment
Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles (friends, colleagues, or family may distance themselves from the victim, or shun him or her altogether)
Some of the psychological and health effects that can occur in someone who has been sexually harassed as a result of stress and humiliation:
depression; anxiety; panic attacks; sleeplessness; nightmares; shame; guilt; difficulty concentrating; headaches; fatigue; loss of motivation; stomach problems; eating disorders (such as weight loss or gain); alcoholism; feeling betrayed, violated, angry, violent towards the perpetrator, powerless or out of control; increased blood pressure; loss of confidence or self-esteem; withdrawal; isolation; overall loss of trust in people; traumatic stress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); complex post-traumatic stress disorder; suicidal thoughts or attempts, and suicide.
Post-complaint retaliation and backlash
Retaliation and backlash against a victim are very common, particularly a complainant. Victims who speak out against sexual harassment are often labeled troublemakers who are on their own "power trips", or who are looking for attention. Similar to cases of rape or sexual assault, the victim often becomes the accused, with their appearance, private life, and character likely to fall under intrusive scrutiny and attack. They risk hostility and isolation from colleagues, supervisors, teachers, fellow students, and even friends. They may become the targets of mobbing or relational aggression.
Women are not necessarily sympathetic to female complainants who have been sexually harassed. If the harasser was male, internalized sexism (or jealousy over the sexual attention towards the victim) may encourage some women to react with as much hostility towards the complainant as some male colleagues. Fear of being targeted for harassment or retaliation themselves may also cause some women to respond with hostility. For example, when Lois Jenson filed her lawsuit against Eveleth Taconite Co., the women shunned her both at work and in the community—many of these women later joined her suit. Women may even project hostility onto the victim in order to bond with their male coworkers and build trust.
Retaliation has occurred when a sexual harassment victim suffers a negative action as a result of the harassment. For example, a complainant be given poor evaluations or low grades, have their projects sabotaged, be denied work or academic opportunities, have their work hours cut back, and other actions against them which undermine their productivity, or their ability to advance at work or school, being fired after reporting sexual harassment or leading to unemployment as they may be suspended, asked to resign, or be fired from their jobs altogether. Retaliation can even involve further sexual harassment, and also stalking and cyberstalking of the victim. Moreover, a school professor or employer accused of sexual harassment, or who is the colleague of a perpetrator, can use their power to see that a victim is never hired again(blacklisting), or never accepted to another school.
Of the women who have approached her to share their own experiences of being sexually harassed by their teachers, feminist writer Naomi Wolf wrote in 2004:
I am ashamed of what I tell them: that they should indeed worry about making an accusation because what they fear is likely to come true. Not one of the women I have heard from had an outcome that was not worse for her than silence. One, I recall, was drummed out of the school by peer pressure. Many faced bureaucratic stonewalling. Some women said they lost their academic status as golden girls overnight; grants dried up, letters of recommendation were no longer forthcoming. No one was met with a coherent process that was not weighted against them. Usually, the key decision-makers in the college or university—especially if it was a private university—joined forces to, in effect, collude with the faculty member accused; to protect not him necessarily but the reputation of the university, and to keep information from surfacing in a way that could protect other women. The goal seemed to be not to provide a balanced forum, but damage control.
Another woman who was interviewed by sociologist Helen Watson said, "Facing up to the crime and having to deal with it in public is probably worse than suffering in silence. I found it to be a lot worse than the harassment itself."
Backlash stress
Backlash stress is stress resulting from an uncertainty regarding changing norms for interacting with women in the workplace. Backlash stress now deters many male workers from befriending female colleagues, or providing them with any assistance, such as holding doors open. As a result, women are being handicapped by a lack of the necessary networking and mentorship.
Organizational policies and procedures
Most companies have policies against sexual harassment; however, these policies are not designed and should not attempt to "regulate romance" which goes against human urges.
Act upon a report of harassment inside the organization should be:
When organizations do not take the respective satisfactory measures for properly investigating, stress and psychological counseling and guidance, and just deciding of the problem this could lead to:
Decreased productivity and increased team conflict
Decreased study or job satisfaction
Loss of students and staff. Loss of students who leave school and staff resignations to avoid harassment. Resignations and firings of alleged harassers.
Decreased productivity and increased absenteeism by staff or students experiencing harassment
Decrease in success at meeting academic and financial goals
Increased health-care and sick-pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment or retaliation
The knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine ethical standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff or students lose respect for, and trust in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, or treat improperly sexual harassment
If the problem is ignored or not treated properly, a company's or school's image can suffer
High jury awards for the employee, attorney fees and litigation costs if the problem is ignored or not treated properly (in case of firing the victim) when the complainants are advised to and take the issue to court.
Studies show that organizational climate (an organization's tolerance, policy, procedure etc.) and workplace environment are essential for understanding the conditions in which sexual harassment is likely to occur, and the way its victims will be affected (yet, research on specific policy and procedure, and awareness strategies is lacking). Another element which increases the risk for sexual harassment is the job's gender context (having few women in the close working environment or practicing in a field which is perceived as atypical for women).
According to Dr. Orit Kamir, the most effective way to avoid sexual harassment in the workplace, and also influence the public's state of mind, is for the employer to adopt a clear policy prohibiting sexual harassment and to make it very clear to their employees. Many women prefer to make a complaint and to have the matter resolved within the workplace rather than to "air out the dirty laundry" with a public complaint and be seen as a traitor by colleagues, superiors and employers, adds Kamir.
Most prefer a pragmatic solution that would stop the harassment and prevent future contact with the harasser rather than turning to the police. More about the difficulty in turning an offense into a legal act can be found in Felstiner & Sarat's (1981) study, which describes three steps a victim (of any dispute) must go through before turning to the justice system: naming – giving the assault a definition, blaming – understanding who is responsible for the violation of rights and facing them, and finally, claiming – turning to the authorities.
Evolution of law in different jurisdictions
It may include a range of actions from mild transgressions to sexual abuse or sexual assault. Sexual harassment is a form of illegal employment discrimination in many countries, and is a form of abuse (sexual and psychological abuses) and bullying.
The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women classifies violence against women into three categories: that occurring in the family, that occurring within the general community, and that perpetrated or condoned by the State. The term sexual harassment is used in defining violence occurring in the general community, which is defined as: "Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution."
Sexual harassment is subject to a directive in the European Union. The United States' Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) states, "It is unlawful to harass a person (an applicant or employee) because of that person's sex."
In India, the case of Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan in 1997 has been credited with establishing sexual harassment as illegal. In Israel, the 1988 Equal Employment Opportunity Law made it a crime for an employer to retaliate against an employee who had rejected sexual advances, but it wasn't until 1998 that the Israeli Sexual Harassment Law made such behavior illegal.
In May 2002, the European Union Council and Parliament amended a 1976 Council Directive on the equal treatment of men and women in employment to prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace, naming it a form of sex discrimination and violation of dignity. This Directive required all Member States of the European Union to adopt laws on sexual harassment, or amend existing laws to comply with the Directive by October 2005.
In 2005, China added new provisions to the Law on Women's Right Protection to include sexual harassment. In 2006, "The Shanghai Supplement" was drafted to help further define sexual harassment in China.
Sexual harassment was specifically criminalized for the first time in modern Egyptian history in June 2014.
, sexual harassment remains legal in Kuwait and Djibouti.
Varied legal guidelines and definitions
The United Nations General Recommendation 19 to the convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women defines sexual harassment of women to include:
such unwelcome sexually determined behavior as physical contact and advances, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography and sexual demands, whether by words or actions. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem; it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.
While such conduct can be harassment of women by men, many laws around the world which prohibit sexual harassment recognize that both men and women may be harassers or victims of sexual harassment. However, most claims of sexual harassment are made by women.
There are many similarities, and also important differences in laws and definitions used around the world.
Africa
Egypt
Sexual harassment is rife in Egypt. A 2013 study from the United Nations showed that 99.3 percent of Egyptian women have suffered some form of sexual harassment. Authorities punish women when they do speak out.
Morocco
In 2016, a stricter law proscribing sexual harassment was proposed in Morocco specifying fines and a possible jail sentence of up to 6 months. The existing law against harassment was reported to not be upheld, as harassment was not reported to police by victims and even when reported, was not investigated by police or prosecuted by the courts.
Australia
The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 defines sexual harassment as "... a person sexually harasses another person (the person harassed ) if: (a) the person makes an unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for sexual favours, to the person harassed; or (b) engages in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the person harassed; in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated the possibility that the person harassed would be offended, humiliated or intimidated."
Europe
In the European Union, there is a directive on sexual harassment. The Directive 2002/73/EC – equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions states:
For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply: (...)
sexual harassment: where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment
Harassment and sexual harassment within the meaning of this Directive shall be deemed to be discrimination on the grounds of sex and therefore prohibited.
The Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence also addresses the issue of sexual harassment (Article 40), using a similar definition.
Denmark
Sexual harassment is defined as, when any verbal, non-verbal or physical action is used to change a victim's sexual status against the will of the victim and resulting in the victim feeling inferior or hurting the victim's dignity. Man and woman are looked upon as equal, and any action trying to change the balance in status with the differences in sex as a tool, is also sexual harassment. In the workplace, jokes, remarks, etc., are only deemed discriminatory if the employer has stated so in their written policy. Law number 1385 of December 21, 2005 regulates this area.
France
In France, both the Criminal Code and the Labor Code are relevant to the issue of sexual harassment. Until May 4, 2012, article 222-33 of the French Criminal Code described sexual harassment as "The fact of harassing anyone in order to obtain favors of a sexual nature". Since 2002, it recognized the possibility of sexual harassment between co-workers and not only by supervisors. On May 4, 2012, the Supreme Court of France quashed the definition of the criminal code as being too vague. The 2012 decision resulted from a law on priority preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality. As a consequence of this decision, all pending procedures before criminal courts were cancelled. Several feminist NGOs, such as AFVT, criticized this decision. President François Hollande, the Minister of Justice (Christine Taubira) and the Minister of Equality (Najat Belkacem) asked that a new law be voted rapidly. As a result, LOI n°2012-954 du 6 août 2012 was voted in, providing a new definition. In addition to criminal provisions, the French Labor code also prohibits sexual harassment. The legislator voted a law in 2008 that copied the 2002/73/EC Directive definition without modifying the French Labour Code.
According to Abigail C. Saguy in her book What is Sexual Harassment: From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne, "According to French penal law, sexual harassment is also different from rape and sexual assault in that it does not involve physical contact. Rather, with sexual harassment, economic dependence and official authority alone are used to pressure a person into having sexual relations(pg.24)."
Germany
In June 2016, the governing coalition decided about the key points of a tightening of the law governing sexual offenses (Sexualstrafrecht, literally: law on the punishment of sexual delicts). On July 7, 2016, the Bundestag passed the resolution and by fall of that year, the draft bill will be presented to the second chamber, the Bundesrat. By this change, sexual harassment shall become punishable under the Sexualstrafrecht.
Now sexual harassment is punishable by law according to § 184i of the law governing sexual offenses. The law only states unwanted physical contact as sexual haressment but has been extended in 2020 to include "cybergrooming" as well.
Greece
In response to the EU Directive 2002/73/EC, Greece enacted Law 3488/2006 (O.G.A.'.191). The law specifies that sexual harassment is a form of gender-based discrimination in the workplace. Victims also have the right to compensation. Prior to this law, the policy on sexual harassment in Greece was very weak. Sexual harassment was not defined by any law, and victims could only use general laws, which were very poor in addressing the issue.
Russia
In the Criminal Code, Russian Federation, (CC RF), there exists a law which prohibits utilization of an office position and material dependence for coercion of sexual interactions (Article 118, current CC RF). However, according to the Moscow Center for Gender Studies, in practice, the courts do not examine these issues.
In 2008, The Daily Telegraph quoted a survey in which "100 percent of female professionals [in Russia] said they had been subjected to sexual harassment by their bosses, 32 per cent said they had had intercourse with them at least once and another seven per cent claimed to have been raped."
Switzerland
A ban on discrimination was included in the Federal Constitution (Article 4, Paragraph 2 of the old Federal Constitution) in 1981 and adopted in Article 8, paragraph 2 of the revised Constitution. The ban on sexual harassment in the workplace forms part of the Federal Act on Gender Equality (GEA) of 24 March 1995, where it is one of several provisions which prohibit discrimination in employment and which are intended to promote equality. Article 4 of the GEA defines the circumstances, Article 5 legal rights and Article 10 protection against dismissal during the complaints procedure. Article 328, paragraph 1 of the Code of Obligations (OR), Article 198 (2) of the Penal Code (StGB) and Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Employment Act (ArG) contain further statutory provisions on the ban on sexual harassment. The ban on sexual harassment is intended exclusively for employers, within the scope of their responsibility for protection of legal personality, mental and physical well-being and health.
Article 4 of the GEA of 1995 discusses the topic of sexual harassment in the workplace: "Any harassing behaviour of a sexual nature or other behaviour related to the person's sex that adversely affects the dignity of women or men in the workplace is discriminatory. Such behaviour includes in particular threats, the promise of advantages, the use of coercion and the exertion of pressure in order to obtain favours of a sexual nature."
United Kingdom
The Discrimination Act of 1975 was modified to establish sexual harassment as a form of discrimination in 1986. It states that harassment occurs where there is unwanted conduct on the ground of a person's sex or unwanted conduct of a sexual nature and that conduct has the purpose or effect of violating a person's dignity, or of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. If an employer treats someone less favourably because they have rejected, or submitted to, either form of harassment described above, this is also harassment.
Sexual harassment is also now considered discrimination under the Equality Act 2010. The Equality Act 2010 merged over 116 separate pieces of legislation under one act that protects the rights of citizens and promotes equality for all people. Although this act is in place, many are pushing the UK government to put even more policies in place to stop sexual harassment in the workplace. One group in particular, "This is Not Working", acts because according to recent surveys done by the Women and Equalities Committee, workplace sexual harassment is still very prevalent, even with the current legislation. The movement pushes for even more employers to take responsibility and proactively prevent sexual harassment.
Asia
China
In China, the 2005 Law for the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests of the People's Republic of China states "sexual harassment against women is prohibited" although the law does not explicitly define what sexual harassment is.
Sexual harassment is still pervasive within Chinese culture. A 2018 survey of female journalists revealed that 80% had experienced unwanted behavior, and an online survey of college students from all 34 provinces the same year revealed that 75% of female students and 35% of male students had experienced sexual harassment.
Lebanon
As of 2020, it is estimated that one in four women in Lebanon have been subjected to some form of unsolicited sexual advance, ranging from verbal to physical. On 21 December 2020, the Lebanese Parliament passed a law criminalizing sexual harassment. There was no national legislation to directly criminalize sexual harassment prior, with draft laws being proposed several times without effect.
India
Sexual harassment in India is termed "Eve teasing" and is described as: unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as sexually colored remarks; physical contact and advances; showing pornography; a demand or request for sexual favours; any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature or passing sexually offensive and unacceptable remarks. The critical factor is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour, thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator. According to the Indian constitution, sexual harassment infringes the fundamental right of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21.
In 1997, the Supreme Court of India in a Public Interest Litigation defined sexual harassment at workplace, preventive measures and redress mechanism. The judgment is popularly known as Vishaka Judgment. In April 2013, India enacted its own law on sexual harassment in the workplace—The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. Almost 16 years after the Supreme Court's landmark guidelines on prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace (known as the "Vishaka Guidelines"), the Act has endorsed many of the guidelines, and is a step towards codifying gender equality. The Act is intended to include all women employees in its ambit, including those employed in the unorganized sector, as well as domestic workers. The Indian law does not permit the victim or complainant to take assistance of a legal professional in the inquiry, however, in Arti Devi Vs Jawaharlal Nehru University, the High Court of Delhi permitted the complainant to avail the services of a counsel as her defence assistant.
The Act has identified sexual harassment as a violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under article 21 of the Constitution; as well as the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment. The Act also states that the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rights by international conventions and instruments such as Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, which has been ratified on the 25th June, 1993 by the Government of India.
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offense under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense.
Israel
The 1998 Israeli Sexual Harassment Law interprets sexual harassment broadly, and prohibits the behavior as a discriminatory practice, a restriction of liberty, an offense to human dignity, a violation of every person's right to elementary respect, and an infringement of the right to privacy. Additionally, the law prohibits intimidation or retaliation thus related to sexual harassment are defined by the law as "prejudicial treatment".
Japan
Sexual Harassment, or chikan in Japanese is a massive problem in the Asian State and it appeared most dramatically in Japanese discourse in 1989, when a court case in Fukuoka ruled in favor of a woman who had been subjected to the spreading of sexual rumors by a co-worker. When the case was first reported, it spawned a flurry of public interest: 10 books were published, including English-language feminist guidebooks to 'how not to harass women' texts for men. Sekuhara was named 1989's 'Word of the Year'. The case was resolved in the victim's favor in 1992, awarding her about $13,000 in damages, the first sexual harassment lawsuit in Japanese history.
Laws then established two forms of sexual harassment: daisho, in which rewards or penalties are explicitly linked to sexual acts, and kankyo, in which the environment is made unpleasant through sexual talk or jokes, touching, or hanging sexually explicit posters. This applies to everyone in an office, including customers.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, sexual harassment as defined by the Employment Act 1955, is "any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, visual, gestural or physical, directed at a person which is offensive, humiliating or a threat to their well-being". The Act does not distinguish between male and female or employer and employee. As such, sexual harassment can be committed by a female against a male, or an employee against an employer.
Sexual harassment is common, and since 2010 trains on the Malaysian Railway have included pink-colored women-only cars as a means of cutting down on it. There are also women-only buses in Kuala Lumpur since 2010. In 2011, the government launched a women-only taxi service in the greater Kuala Lumpur area. The taxis have women drivers, and operate on an on-call basis.
Pakistan
Pakistan introduced the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act in 2010. This law defines the act of harassment as. "[A]ny unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favors or other verbal or written communication or physical conduct of a sexual nature or sexually demeaning attitude, causing interference with work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment, or the attempt to punish the complainant for refusal to such a request or is made a condition for employment." Pakistan adopted a Code of Conduct for Gender Justice in the Workplace that will deal with cases of sexual harassment. The Alliance Against Sexual Harassment (AASHA) announced they would be working with the committee to establish guidelines for the proceedings. AASHA defines sexual harassment similarly to the United States.
Philippines
The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 was enacted:
primarily to protect and respect the dignity of workers, employees, and applicants for employment as well as students in educational institutions or training centers. This law, consisting of ten sections, provides for a clear definition of work, education or training-related sexual harassment and specifies the acts constituting sexual harassment. It likewise provides for the duties and liabilities of the employer in cases of sexual harassment, and sets penalties for violations of its provisions. A victim of sexual harassment is not barred from filing a separate and independent action for damages and other relief aside from filing the charge for sexual harassment.
United States
Evolution of sexual harassment law
Workplace
In the United States, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on race, sex, color, national origin or religion. was initially intended to only combat sexual harassment of women, but the prohibition of sex discrimination covers both men and women. This discrimination occurs when the sex of the worker is made as a condition of employment (i.e. all female waitpersons or male carpenters) or where this is a job requirement that does not mention sex but ends up preventing many more persons of one sex than the other from the job (such as height and weight limits). This act only applies to employers with 15 or more employees.
Barnes v. Train (1974) is commonly viewed as the first sexual harassment case in America, even though the term "sexual harassment" was not used. In 1976, Williams v. Saxbe established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination when sexual advances by a male supervisor towards a female employee, if proven, would be deemed an artificial barrier to employment placed before one gender and not another. In 1980 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued regulations defining sexual harassment and stating it was a form of sex discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the 1986 case of Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, the Supreme Court first recognized "sexual harassment" as a violation of Title VII, established the standards for analyzing whether the conduct was welcome and levels of employer liability, and that speech or conduct in itself can create a "hostile environment". This case filed by Mechelle Vinson ruled that the sexual conduct between the subordinate and supervisor could not be deemed voluntary due to the hierarchical relationship between the two positions in the workplace. Following the ruling in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, reported sexual harassment cases grew from 10 cases being registered by the EEOC per year before 1986 to 624 case being reported in the subsequent following year. This number of reported cases to the EEOC rose to 2,217 in 1990 and then 4,626 by 1995.
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 added provisions to Title VII protections including expanding the rights of women to sue and collect compensatory and punitive damages for sexual discrimination or harassment, and the case of Ellison v. Brady (US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit – 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991)) resulted in rejecting the reasonable person standard in favor of the "reasonable woman standard" which allowed for cases to be analyzed from the perspective of the complainant and not the defendant. However, some legal scholars have argued this does not go far enough and that the reasonable person standard also needs to take intersectionality into account. Also in 1991, Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. became the first sexual harassment case to be given class action status paving the way for others. Seven years later, in 1998, through that same case, new precedents were established that increased the limits on the "discovery" process in sexual harassment cases, that then allowed psychological injuries from the litigation process to be included in assessing damages awards. In the same year, the courts concluded in Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, Florida, and Burlington v. Ellerth, that employers are liable for harassment by their employees. Moreover, Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services set the precedent for same-sex harassment, and sexual harassment without motivation of "sexual desire", stating that any discrimination based on sex is actionable so long as it places the victim in an objectively disadvantageous working condition, regardless of the gender of either the victim, or the harasser.
In the 2006 case of Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, the standard for retaliation against a sexual harassment complainant was revised to include any adverse employment decision or treatment that would be likely to dissuade a "reasonable worker" from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.
During 2007 alone, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and related state agencies received 12,510 new charges of sexual harassment on the job. In Astra USA v. Bildman, 914 N.E.2d 36 (Mass. 2009), applying New York's faithless servant doctrine, the court held that a company's employee who had engaged in financial misdeeds and sexual harassment must "forfeit all of his salary and bonuses for the period of disloyalty." The court held that this was the case even if the employee "otherwise performed valuable services," and that the employee was not entitled to recover restitution for the value of those other services.
The 2010 case, Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. ruled that a hostile work environment can be created in a workplace where sexually explicit language and pornography are present. A hostile workplace may exist even if it is not targeted at any particular employee.
From 2010 through 2016, approximately 17% of sexual harassment complaints filed with the EEOC were made by men.
Education
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (United States) states "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
In Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court held that private citizens could collect damage awards when teachers sexually harassed their students. In Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986) the courts ruled that schools have the power to discipline students if they use "obscene, profane language or gestures" which could be viewed as substantially interfering with the educational process, and inconsistent with the "fundamental values of public school education." Under regulations issued in 1997 by the U.S. Department of Education, which administers Title IX, school districts should be held responsible for harassment by educators if the harasser "was aided in carrying out the sexual harassment of students by his or her position of authority with the institution." In Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, and Murrell v. School Dist. No. 1, 1999, schools were assigned liability for peer-to-peer sexual harassment if the plaintiff sufficiently demonstrated that the administration's response shows "deliberate indifference" to "actual knowledge" of discrimination.
Additionally
There are a number of legal options for a complainant in the U.S.: mediation, filing with the EEOC or filing a claim under a state Fair Employment Practices (FEP) statute (both are for workplace sexual harassment), filing a common law tort, etc. Not all sexual harassment will be considered severe enough to form the basis for a legal claim. However, most often there are several types of harassing behaviors present, and there is no minimum level for harassing conduct under the law. The section below "EEOC Definition" describes the legal definitions that have been created for sexual harassment in the workplace. Definitions similar to the EEOC definition have been created for academic environments in the U.S. Department of Education Sexual Harassment Guidance.
EEOC Definition
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission claims that it is unlawful to harass an applicant or employee of any sex in the workplace. The harassment could include sexual harassment. The EEOC says that the victim and harasser could be any gender and that the other does not have to be of the opposite sex. The law does not ban offhand comments, simple teasing, or incidents that aren't very serious. If the harassment gets to the point where it creates a harsh work environment, it will be taken care of. In 1980, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission produced a set of guidelines for defining and enforcing Title VII (in 1984 it was expanded to include educational institutions). The EEOC defines sexual harassment as:
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:
Submission to such conduct was made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment,
Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual was used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
1. and 2. are called "quid pro quo" (Latin for "this for that" or "something for something"). They are essentially "sexual bribery", or promising of benefits, and "sexual coercion".
Type 3. known as "hostile work environment", is by far the most common form. This form is less clear cut and is more subjective.
Note: A workplace harassment complainant must file with the EEOC and receive a "right to sue" clearance, before they can file a lawsuit against a company in federal court.
Quid pro quo sexual harassment
Quid pro quo means "this for that." In the workplace, this occurs when a job benefit is directly tied to an employee submitting to unwelcome sexual advances. For example, a supervisor promises an employee a raise if he or she will go out on a date with him or her, or tells an employee he or she will be fired if he or she doesn't sleep with him or her. Quid pro quo harassment also occurs when an employee makes an evaluative decision, or provides or withholds professional opportunities based on another employee's submission to verbal, nonverbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Quid pro quo harassment is equally unlawful whether the victim resists and suffers the threatened harm or submits and thus avoids the threatened harm.
Hostile environment sexual harassment
This occurs when an employee is subjected to comments of a sexual nature, unwelcome physical contact, or offensive sexual materials as a regular part of the work environment. For the most part, a single isolated incident will not be enough to prove hostile environment harassment unless it involves extremely outrageous and egregious conduct. The courts will try to decide whether the conduct is both "serious" and "frequent". Supervisors, managers, co-workers and even customers can be responsible for creating a hostile environment.
The line between "quid pro quo" and "hostile environment" harassment is not always clear and the two forms of harassment often occur together. For example, an employee's job conditions are affected when a sexually hostile work environment results in a constructive discharge. At the same time, a supervisor who makes sexual advances toward a subordinate employee may communicate an implicit threat to retaliate against her if she does not comply.
"Hostile environment" harassment may acquire characteristics of "quid pro quo" harassment if the offending supervisor abuses his authority over employment decisions to force the victim to endure or participate in the sexual conduct. Sexual harassment may culminate in a retaliatory discharge if a victim tells the harasser or her employer she will no longer submit to the harassment, and is then fired in retaliation for this protest. Under these circumstances it would be appropriate to conclude that both harassment and retaliation in violation of section 704(a) of Title VII have occurred.
Sexual orientation discrimination
In the United States, there are no federal laws prohibiting discrimination against employees based on their sexual orientation. However, Executive Order 13087, signed by President Bill Clinton, outlaws discrimination based on sexual orientation against federal government employees. If a small business owner owns his or her business in a state where there is a law against sexual orientation discrimination, the owner must abide to the law regardless of there not being a federal law. Twenty states and the District of Columbia have laws against this form of discrimination in the workplace. These states include California, Connecticut, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. For example, California has laws in place to protect employees who may have been discriminated against based upon sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation. California law prohibits discrimination against those "with traits not stereotypically associated with their gender", such as mannerisms, appearance, or speech. Sexual orientation discrimination comes up, for instance, when employers enforce a dress code, permit women to wear makeup but not men, or require men and women to only use restrooms designated for their particular sex regardless of whether they are transgender.
Retaliation
Retaliation has occurred when an employee suffers a negative action after he or she has made a report of sexual harassment, file a grievance, assist someone else with a complaint, or participate in discrimination prevention activities. Negative actions can include being fired, demotion, suspension, denial of promotion, poor evaluation, unfavorable job reassignment—any adverse employment decision or treatment that would be likely to dissuade a "reasonable worker" from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. (See Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White.) Retaliation is as illegal as the sexual harassment itself, but also as difficult to prove. Also, retaliation is illegal even if the original charge of sexual harassment was not proven.
New Jersey
New Jersey was historically known to have one of the strongest anti-sexual harassment laws in the United States. The Law Against Discrimination used to hold an employer liable if the sexual harassment was done by a member of upper-level management. In 2015, the New Jersey Supreme Court modified the precedence in the State of New Jersey and prevented the company from being liable if they had a well-published and enforced anti-harassment policy. Accordingly, if a policy existed and was enforced, the victim or witness to the sexual harassment would need to complain about the conduct. The company would not be liable if they investigate the matter and take some remedial measures to make sure that the harassment stops. The company only becomes liable if the activity occurs again. (See Aguas v. NJ.)
Military
In January 2022 sexual harassment was made illegal under U.S. military law under a executive order by president Joe Biden.
Criticism
Though the phrase sexual harassment is generally acknowledged to include clearly damaging and morally deplorable behavior, its boundaries can be broad and controversial. Accordingly, misunderstandings can occur. In the US, sexual harassment law has been criticized by persons such as the criminal defense lawyer Alan Dershowitz and the legal writer and libertarian Eugene Volokh, for imposing limits on the right to free speech.
Jana Rave, professor in organizational studies at the Queen's School of Business, criticized sexual harassment policy in the Ottawa Business Journal as helping maintain archaic stereotypes of women as "delicate, asexual creatures" who require special protection when at the same time complaints are lowering company profits. Camille Paglia says that young girls can end up acting in such ways as to make sexual harassment easier, such that for example, by acting "nice" they can become a target. Paglia commented in an interview with Playboy, "Realize the degree to which your niceness may invoke people to say lewd and pornographic things to you—sometimes to violate your niceness. The more you blush, the more people want to do it."
Other critics assert that sexual harassment is a very serious problem, but current views focus too heavily on sexuality rather than on the type of conduct that undermines the ability of women or men to work together effectively. Viki Shultz, a law professor at Yale University comments, "Many of the most prevalent forms of harassment are designed to maintain work—particularly the more highly rewarded lines of work—as bastions of male competence and authority." Feminist Jane Gallop sees this evolution of the definition of sexual harassment as coming from a "split" between what she calls "power feminists" who are pro-sex (like herself) and what she calls "victim feminists", who are not. She argues that the split has helped lead to a perversion of the definition of sexual harassment, which used to be about sexism but has come to be about anything that's sexual.
There is also concern over abuses of sexual harassment policy by individuals as well as by employers and administrators using false or frivolous accusations as a way of expelling employees they want to eliminate for other reasons. These employees often have virtually no recourse thanks to the at-will law in most US states.
O'Donohue and Bowers outlined 14 possible pathways to false allegations of sexual harassment: "lying, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, psychosis, gender prejudice, substance abuse, dementia, false memories, false interpretations, biased interviews, sociopathy, personality disorders not otherwise specified."
There is also discussion of whether some recent trends towards more revealing clothing and permissive habits have created a more sexualized general environment, in which some forms of communication are unfairly labeled harassment, but are simply a reaction to greater sexualization in everyday environments.
There are many debates about how organizations should deal with sexual harassment. Some observers feel strongly that organizations should be held to a zero tolerance standard of "Must report—must investigate—must punish."
Others write that those who feel harassed should in most circumstances have a choice of options.
Sexual harassment laws may also be used unfairly applied in effect. Unsolicited sexual advances were considered more disturbing and more discomforting when perpetrated by an unattractive opposite sex colleague than when perpetrated by an attractive opposite sex colleague.
In media and literature
678, a film focusing on the sexual harassment of women in Egypt
9 to 5, a comedy film starring Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, and Dolly Parton, about three women who are subjected to constant bullying and sexual harassment by their boss.
In the pilot episode of the US comedy series Ally McBeal, Ally leaves her job at her first firm because of unwanted attention from and groping by a male co-worker.
The Ballad of Little Jo, a film based on the true story of a woman living in the frontier west who disguises herself as a man to protect herself from the sexual harassment and abuse of women all too common in that environment
Bombshell, a 2019 film based upon the accounts of the women at Fox News who set out to expose CEO Roger Ailes for sexual harassment.
Disclosure, a film starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore in which a man is sexually harassed by his female superior, who tries to use the situation to destroy his career by claiming that he was the sexual harasser
Disgrace, a novel about a South African literature professor whose career is ruined after he has an affair with a student.
The Fox television musical-drama show Glee deals with issues around sexual harassment in the episodes "The Power of Madonna", "Never Been Kissed" and "The First Time".
Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story: television movie about Ellison v. Brady, the case that set the "reasonable woman" precedent in sexual harassment law
The 1961 musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying deals with themes of both consensual office romance and unwelcome sexual harassment; one man is fired for making a pass at the wrong woman, and another man is warned via a song called "A Secretary is Not a Toy".
Hunter's Moon, a novel by Karen Robards, deals with a female's experience of sexual harassment in the workplace.
In the Company of Men, a film about two male coworkers who, angry at women, plot to seduce and maliciously toy with the emotions of a deaf subordinate who works at the same company
The AMC drama show Mad Men, set in the 1960s, explores the extent to which sexual harassment was prevalent in society during that time.
The Magdalene Sisters, a film based on the true stories of young women imprisoned for "bringing shame upon their families" by being raped, sexually abused, flirting, or simply being pretty, and subsequently subjected to sexual harassment and abuse by the nuns and priests in the Magdalene asylums in Ireland.
Les Misérables, a musical based on the novel by Victor Hugo. The character Fantine is fired from her job after refusing to have sex with her supervisor.
North Country, a 2005 film depicting a fictionalized account of Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., the first sexual harassment class action lawsuit in the US.
Oleanna, an American play by David Mamet, later a film starring William H. Macy. A college professor is accused of sexual harassment by a student. The film deals with the moral controversy as it never becomes clear which character is correct.
Pretty Persuasion, a film starring Evan Rachel Wood and James Woods in which students turn the tables on a lecherous and bigoted teacher. A scathingly satirical film of sexual harassment and discrimination in schools, and attitudes towards females in media and society.
War Zone, a documentary about street harassment
Commander Jeffrey Gordon, a military spokesman at Guantanamo Bay, complained that a reporter had been sexually harassing him.
See also
References
Citations
Sources
Boland, Mary L. Sexual Harassment: Your Guide to Legal Action. Naperville, Illinois: Sphinx Publishing, 2002. .
Further reading
Coburn, Jennifer. (1995). Take Back Your Power: A Working Woman's Response to Sexual Harassment. ism press.
Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus. American Association of University Women. 2006.
Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School. American Association of University Women. 2002.
Dromm, Keith (2012). Sexual Harassment: An Introduction to the Conceptual and Ethical Issues. Broadview Press. .
LaLonde, Jane; O'Shea, Tracy (1998). Sexual Harassment: A Practical Guide to the Law, Your Rights, and Your Options for Taking Action. St. Martin's Griffin. .
MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1979). Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. Yale University Press. .
Patai, Daphne. Heterophobia: Sexual Harassment and the Future of Feminism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. .
Petrocelli, William; Repa, Barbara Kate (1998). Sexual Harassment on the Job: What It Is and How to Stop it. NOLO. .
Roberts, Barry S.; Mann, Richard A. "Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Primer" .
Swift, James T. (2010). "Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles". Applied Research Projects. Texas State University-San Marcos.
Saguy, Abigail C. (2003). What is Sexual Harassment: From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne. Berkeley. University of California Press, c2003, 2003.
Uggen, Christopher; Powers, Ráchael A.; McLaughlin, Heather; Blackstone, Amy (2021). "Toward a Criminology of Sexual Harassment". Annual Review of Criminology. 4 (1): 33–51.
External links
U.S. Dept. Of Education Sexual Harassment Resources
Committee for Children: Bullying and sexual harassment in schools
Diversity Australia Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment Training, Audits and Reviews
Bullying
Feminism and education
Feminism and sexuality
Feminism and social class
Feminist economics
Gender-related violence
Harassment
Labour law
Misandry
Misogyny
Sex crimes
Sexuality and society
Ethically disputed working conditions
Workplace bullying
Harassment
Sexual ethics | [
0.2675178647041321,
0.7222170829772949,
-0.6611749529838562,
0.15443027019500732,
-0.41464728116989136,
-0.0121685229241848,
0.49131348729133606,
0.5918831825256348,
-0.16015449166297913,
-0.1282062977552414,
-0.2778015732765198,
0.5107825398445129,
-0.2837214171886444,
0.11619170010089874,
-0.23997415602207184,
0.45718932151794434,
0.04070865362882614,
0.8703449964523315,
-0.023369448259472847,
0.1795957386493683,
-0.6937225461006165,
-0.3580116927623749,
-0.2904464900493622,
-0.5102686285972595,
0.22097383439540863,
0.2650872468948364,
0.47317805886268616,
0.017379900440573692,
-0.40400874614715576,
0.10390602052211761,
0.3009469211101532,
0.3307148814201355,
0.05868985876441002,
0.282505065202713,
-0.3371308147907257,
0.2611163556575775,
-0.3073303699493408,
-0.4423168897628784,
-0.06530820578336716,
-0.3539060950279236,
0.023539213463664055,
0.09570374339818954,
-0.21160656213760376,
0.0858992263674736,
0.17696763575077057,
-0.2902069687843323,
-1.5724610090255737,
0.0378703698515892,
-0.4351128339767456,
0.08246654272079468,
-1.0448415279388428,
0.25192275643348694,
0.1019476130604744,
0.30840229988098145,
0.552080512046814,
0.6221286058425903,
-0.5644210577011108,
-0.339861661195755,
0.14462566375732422,
-0.547805666923523,
0.13610944151878357,
-0.26151061058044434,
0.1483042687177658,
-0.42040345072746277,
0.5533862113952637,
0.19072134792804718,
0.1117340698838234,
0.36621618270874023,
-0.5014564394950867,
-0.985154926776886,
-0.07036852836608887,
0.07456925511360168,
0.08170780539512634,
-0.21751204133033752,
-0.7113001942634583,
0.2425905168056488,
-0.03134794905781746,
0.0003279116644989699,
-0.6350266933441162,
0.30750828981399536,
-0.3128621578216553,
0.6799967885017395,
0.3716329038143158,
0.18705809116363525,
0.411779522895813,
-0.3493146002292633,
-0.08235427737236023,
1.2225812673568726,
0.259431928396225,
0.20833270251750946,
0.15025119483470917,
0.4745694696903229,
0.5363174676895142,
0.1334492713212967,
0.24142947793006897,
0.3593791723251343,
0.5920196175575256,
0.1443408876657486,
0.3505919277667999,
0.03675004839897156,
0.1893930435180664,
-0.025369109585881233,
0.4235953986644745,
-0.18318307399749756,
-0.06401029974222183,
-0.28323492407798767,
0.21100017428398132,
-0.657706618309021,
-0.07374715805053711,
-0.5905957818031311,
-0.09154549986124039,
0.15301813185214996,
-0.2718699276447296,
-0.13832198083400726,
-0.5986441969871521,
0.7685861587524414,
0.1827223002910614,
0.08868926763534546,
-0.3439497649669647,
-0.2108679562807083,
0.0574936717748642,
-0.2523992657661438,
-0.2017941027879715,
0.38384902477264404,
-0.06563013792037964,
0.5994513630867004,
0.817510724067688,
0.9959936141967773,
-0.5918800234794617,
0.233587846159935,
-0.2361881583929062,
0.8326659798622131,
0.0400099977850914,
0.015490693971514702,
0.04971689358353615,
-0.14213573932647705,
0.3512323796749115,
-0.18038131296634674,
0.6148377656936646,
-0.04910125583410263,
-0.5904369354248047,
-0.6524716019630432,
-0.7432926893234253,
-0.045936886221170425,
0.37226584553718567,
-0.3790320158004761,
0.6726664900779724,
-0.3281773328781128,
-0.1997695416212082,
-0.1929609328508377,
0.09181983768939972,
-0.1655665785074234,
-0.35267677903175354,
-0.15849240124225616,
0.1767731010913849,
-0.6250151991844177,
0.5258511304855347,
-0.3191320598125458,
-0.0019181990064680576,
0.22327396273612976,
0.1825467348098755,
-0.1325509399175644,
-1.1601759195327759,
0.09954549372196198,
0.047929853200912476,
0.08034366369247437,
-0.2019072026014328,
0.49066075682640076,
0.234037846326828,
0.4078291356563568,
-0.28645071387290955,
0.23588815331459045,
0.17399680614471436,
-0.3191604018211365,
0.3504018485546112,
0.6835352778434753,
0.04275720193982124,
0.25027358531951904,
0.4913926124572754,
0.5357797145843506,
-0.8851385712623596,
0.44682979583740234,
0.2622479498386383,
0.06651105731725693,
0.09207656234502792,
-0.2618921399116516,
0.22584901750087738,
-0.20432661473751068,
-0.29528921842575073,
-0.27834218740463257,
-1.0128345489501953,
-0.4020484685897827,
0.5902921557426453,
-0.34478113055229187,
1.2735252380371094,
-0.2003679871559143,
-0.407379150390625,
0.6311692595481873,
0.08455998450517654,
0.19933247566223145,
0.014704018831253052,
-0.06408844143152237,
-0.06043918803334236,
0.12993916869163513,
-1.0587348937988281,
0.34381505846977234,
0.04076018184423447,
-0.032624468207359314,
-0.38095375895500183,
0.38853520154953003,
0.26704394817352295,
0.14307880401611328,
0.06412265449762344,
-0.5199870467185974,
0.10069703310728073,
0.4782017469406128,
-0.6250506043434143,
0.5349276661872864,
-0.2382054179906845,
-0.5059905648231506,
0.4391968250274658,
-0.7272377610206604,
-0.05658986419439316,
0.39900439977645874,
0.12783020734786987,
0.955472469329834,
-0.2309507429599762,
0.23049795627593994,
0.7084767818450928,
-0.6812149286270142,
0.7564389109611511,
0.7668352723121643,
0.4476773142814636,
-0.33025112748146057,
-0.7643253207206726,
0.7892162799835205,
0.5730001926422119,
-0.23281846940517426,
-0.15053431689739227,
-0.6197068095207214,
0.08104364573955536,
0.6428442597389221,
-0.3417464792728424,
0.47066831588745117,
-0.1542467474937439,
-0.27220749855041504,
-0.5583838224411011,
0.20148763060569763,
-0.5816423296928406,
0.2547622621059418,
-0.10966195166110992,
0.3685881793498993,
0.034467946738004684,
-0.5206084847450256,
0.15097080171108246,
-0.22425833344459534,
-0.30760595202445984,
0.07662307471036911,
0.2559763193130493,
-0.4633724093437195,
0.2350807636976242,
0.19749309122562408,
-0.24269036948680878,
0.6567139029502869,
-0.3306049704551697,
0.04624103754758835,
-0.10538244247436523,
0.16805499792099,
-0.11852075159549713,
0.1332428902387619,
0.520666241645813,
0.05475828796625137,
-0.8831465840339661,
-0.3429763615131378,
-0.31756094098091125,
-0.11003418266773224,
-0.11762721091508865,
0.22746819257736206,
-0.2668835520744324,
-0.42351943254470825,
-0.14368268847465515,
0.4476744532585144,
-0.11446654796600342,
-0.40094825625419617,
0.06700729578733444,
-0.7554377317428589,
-0.2316134124994278,
-0.3328644037246704,
-0.21938194334506989,
-0.3159655034542084,
-0.888046145439148,
0.6425055265426636,
0.0682016983628273,
0.04657921940088272,
0.0017502111149951816,
0.4749309718608856,
-0.1462314873933792,
0.6391884684562683,
0.6544309258460999,
-0.32584261894226074,
0.13611114025115967,
-0.24656763672828674,
-0.6910984516143799,
-0.17882150411605835,
-0.31059712171554565,
-0.3404094874858856,
-0.3415798246860504,
-0.1793232262134552,
-5.443735599517822,
0.33166760206222534,
-0.5136616230010986,
-0.251703143119812,
-0.6882432699203491,
0.2273603230714798,
0.5905038118362427,
-0.38120487332344055,
-0.27867332100868225,
0.21247553825378418,
-0.25235167145729065,
0.27613890171051025,
0.3733258545398712,
-0.11006450653076172,
0.3948477506637573,
0.33558884263038635,
0.5906538367271423,
-0.6420793533325195,
0.08502225577831268,
0.3433789312839508,
-0.11886046081781387,
0.6025470495223999,
-0.34388503432273865,
0.5255118608474731,
0.22364892065525055,
0.3012329041957855,
-0.026096640154719353,
0.14387263357639313,
0.06566567718982697,
0.10558445006608963,
0.21504591405391693,
-0.2200959473848343,
0.10093426704406738,
0.1102442517876625,
-0.06176682561635971,
0.5811613202095032,
0.7161322236061096,
-0.3566065728664398,
-0.3113623857498169,
-0.45021480321884155,
-0.2578606903553009,
0.46220090985298157,
-0.09041445702314377,
0.32585608959198,
1.2962578535079956,
0.02945510856807232,
-0.18584056198596954,
-0.7021441459655762,
-0.4333515465259552,
-0.03247223049402237,
-0.2787790298461914,
-0.26473742723464966,
0.3782407343387604,
0.4077838957309723,
0.13135667145252228,
-0.23595090210437775,
0.3494584560394287,
-0.5655600428581238,
-0.4152349829673767,
-0.15176598727703094,
0.1888570338487625,
-0.4383510649204254,
-0.17638801038265228,
-0.5102978944778442,
0.05336640775203705,
-0.11461319774389267,
-0.4137067496776581,
-0.8140577077865601,
0.6556767225265503,
-0.24515503644943237,
-0.48659971356391907,
0.5957300662994385,
0.3929458260536194,
-0.496875137090683,
0.44609153270721436,
-1.0216599702835083,
-0.17966917157173157,
0.3644092381000519,
0.6401121020317078,
-0.17405793070793152,
-0.20841193199157715,
-0.01003036368638277,
-0.5969986915588379,
-0.02711164765059948,
0.2930346727371216,
-0.6343277096748352,
0.20698539912700653,
-0.020018480718135834,
-0.3631744682788849,
-0.21303555369377136,
1.3739423751831055,
0.23435091972351074,
-0.02288287878036499,
0.4988049566745758,
0.11447645723819733,
0.9448772072792053,
0.10546734929084778,
0.1036517545580864,
0.43054378032684326,
-0.35724183917045593,
0.3418661057949066,
-0.6100696921348572,
-0.2991909980773926,
-0.535182774066925,
-0.026744410395622253,
-0.016091514378786087,
-0.029180282726883888,
0.10090363770723343,
0.6269622445106506,
-0.7247534394264221,
0.6388880610466003,
0.18402041494846344,
-0.4391091763973236,
-0.021399950608611107,
0.3832840323448181,
0.05327880382537842,
-0.28740182518959045,
1.1378517150878906,
0.8845046758651733,
0.03411701321601868,
0.2786674499511719,
0.25434279441833496,
-0.32667237520217896,
0.32017216086387634,
-0.060692545026540756,
-0.5737819075584412,
0.06842910498380661,
0.4038637578487396,
-0.39296603202819824,
0.059463661164045334,
0.9617518186569214,
0.40576913952827454,
0.0017305737128481269,
-0.021427642554044724,
0.14484050869941711,
-0.035807132720947266,
-0.14671193063259125,
-0.3048568069934845,
-0.3110872805118561,
-0.6864314079284668,
0.24934570491313934,
-0.1395280361175537,
-0.47237688302993774,
0.4417244791984558,
0.2708141505718231,
-0.09400564432144165,
-0.12305261194705963,
-0.18589723110198975,
-0.04274924099445343,
0.8539173603057861,
-0.28624236583709717,
-0.6445528864860535,
0.4123550057411194,
-0.2983276844024658,
0.4768128991127014,
0.4123785197734833,
0.13887564837932587,
0.39772483706474304,
-0.6436249017715454,
-0.14441928267478943,
0.0071352338418364525,
-0.010691939853131771,
-0.9135393500328064,
-0.032891929149627686,
-0.390237033367157,
-0.4129064679145813,
-0.8690168261528015,
-0.2962958812713623,
-0.3899710774421692,
0.5627541542053223,
-0.10284242779016495,
-0.47988784313201904,
-0.31461572647094727,
-0.14693106710910797,
0.33643949031829834,
-0.1466609239578247,
-0.18770039081573486,
0.5531413555145264,
-0.5714812278747559,
-0.264509379863739,
0.07776390016078949,
-0.178986594080925,
-0.13290107250213623,
0.31037071347236633,
0.4256557524204254,
-0.1786627620458603,
0.32488423585891724,
0.40502530336380005,
-0.3538677990436554,
-0.013202797621488571,
-0.3818083107471466,
-0.26488587260246277,
0.537163257598877,
-0.2610439956188202,
-0.30328187346458435,
-0.3293326497077942,
-0.4988442361354828,
0.08990070223808289,
0.08883529901504517,
-0.26794877648353577,
0.35525986552238464,
0.8810940384864807,
-0.8040030598640442,
0.06359083950519562,
-0.33758988976478577,
-0.4381694197654724,
0.5220378041267395,
-0.23316428065299988,
-0.5380287170410156,
0.13463075459003448,
-0.47979792952537537,
0.2043246477842331,
-0.6182109713554382,
0.6937357783317566,
-0.24223031103610992,
-0.46303296089172363,
-0.04035070538520813,
-0.44815775752067566,
-0.7007997632026672,
0.10188505798578262,
0.6367268562316895,
-0.17166723310947418,
-0.5923216938972473,
0.30490756034851074,
-0.46186211705207825,
-0.18432718515396118,
0.09218903630971909,
-0.8522889018058777,
0.7448847889900208,
0.18687976896762848,
-0.11110740900039673,
0.12194890528917313,
0.31795424222946167,
-0.2291005253791809,
-0.2840031683444977,
-0.010394059121608734,
0.17013543844223022,
0.3927552402019501,
0.5804551839828491,
-0.0019357771379873157,
0.14557532966136932,
0.44626784324645996,
0.021505380049347878,
-0.6563593745231628,
0.25903573632240295,
0.3657216727733612,
0.16415637731552124,
-0.8137437701225281,
-0.8620837926864624,
0.37910908460617065,
0.15084630250930786,
-0.393953412771225,
-0.46493181586265564,
-0.16119179129600525,
0.2689487934112549,
0.08431405574083328,
0.1042666807770729,
-0.2156277596950531,
0.48601245880126953,
0.10745622217655182,
0.5956567525863647,
0.026711013168096542,
-0.7414246797561646,
-0.13153694570064545,
0.4778280258178711,
0.21915803849697113,
0.2748068571090698,
0.7234076857566833,
-0.33354663848876953,
-0.007164743263274431,
-0.36459603905677795,
-0.43857619166374207,
0.5973800420761108,
0.4683302640914917,
-0.10175947099924088,
0.2038833200931549,
-0.3112107515335083,
-0.33791598677635193,
-0.09562081098556519,
-0.12354230880737305,
0.06846984475851059,
-0.5813926458358765,
0.3694137632846832,
-0.729656457901001,
0.5085928440093994,
-0.3635788559913635,
0.5040896534919739,
-0.29109159111976624,
-0.38725051283836365,
-0.890823483467102,
-0.3493460416793823,
0.01878942921757698,
0.005774874705821276,
0.650971531867981,
0.015514587983489037,
0.48445257544517517,
0.19674183428287506,
-0.11128168553113937,
-0.21009160578250885,
-0.26889991760253906,
-0.27544206380844116,
0.08008258789777756,
-0.25367674231529236,
-0.8874638080596924,
0.9529522061347961,
0.15354107320308685,
-0.0519564151763916,
-0.8240139484405518,
0.3196185529232025,
-0.5127757787704468,
-0.14621619880199432,
-0.2065967321395874,
0.011004328727722168,
0.14122328162193298,
-0.451550155878067,
0.21274352073669434,
0.3698769211769104,
-0.015337904915213585,
0.5082808136940002,
-0.021777309477329254,
0.08028022199869156,
-0.6088183522224426,
1.1945302486419678,
-0.12166278809309006,
0.6783835887908936,
0.05540228635072708,
0.022531738504767418,
0.34204959869384766,
0.8569206595420837,
-0.02423764020204544,
0.4593925178050995,
-0.35574284195899963,
0.2052018940448761,
0.15157665312290192,
0.1856553852558136,
-0.6005330085754395,
0.44230562448501587,
-0.5998589992523193,
-0.8088760375976562,
0.9903725385665894,
0.5467199087142944,
0.042133454233407974,
-0.0017534249927848577,
0.16758017241954803,
-0.29922083020210266,
0.9181293249130249,
0.23222759366035461,
0.3422618508338928,
-0.27652454376220703,
-0.12543538212776184,
0.30741459131240845,
0.018295271322131157,
-0.16388827562332153,
-0.42652037739753723,
0.25031667947769165,
-0.7689691781997681,
0.6823104619979858,
-0.0038981768302619457,
-0.7884169220924377,
-0.354529470205307,
0.15030178427696228,
-0.0849452018737793,
0.426654189825058,
-0.10882987082004547,
0.5354768633842468,
0.14179417490959167,
-0.12130630016326904,
-0.28675052523612976,
-0.018820544704794884,
0.028296764940023422,
0.3662315011024475,
0.004934661090373993,
-0.23071494698524475,
0.0258586797863245,
0.3146948218345642,
-0.3613503575325012,
0.732611894607544,
0.14860005676746368,
-0.14089421927928925,
-0.12653848528862,
-0.29947853088378906,
0.27812084555625916,
0.0752149149775505,
-0.6594730019569397,
0.3710887134075165,
-0.08583072572946548,
0.1343030035495758,
0.7123924493789673,
-0.10442664474248886,
-0.3027649223804474,
0.48185792565345764,
0.0736432671546936,
0.21344690024852753,
0.18136663734912872,
-0.21384745836257935,
-0.1736598163843155,
0.18401095271110535,
0.6793261766433716,
-0.02586122788488865,
-0.060216329991817474,
-0.3365842401981354,
0.278825581073761,
0.043195296078920364,
0.18887925148010254,
-0.9946421384811401,
0.026682300493121147,
-0.9554930925369263,
-0.16078120470046997,
-0.6391159892082214,
0.11104750633239746,
0.581890344619751,
-0.23087772727012634,
0.12745288014411926,
-0.18730545043945312,
0.19629454612731934,
0.265211284160614,
0.5770760774612427,
-0.6064803004264832,
-0.3885434865951538,
0.07539702951908112,
0.1696181297302246,
-0.2308235764503479,
0.4299236238002777,
0.5373219847679138,
-0.26250752806663513,
-0.13084663450717926,
0.5627812743186951,
-0.26867562532424927,
0.2462417334318161,
0.3157886266708374,
-0.39392173290252686,
0.28213009238243103,
-0.49782392382621765,
0.5551429390907288,
0.3124573230743408,
-0.26482218503952026,
0.4837108254432678,
0.4345255494117737,
0.5848993062973022,
-0.5625709295272827,
0.4885225296020508,
-0.7741539478302002,
0.21570472419261932,
-0.3434204161167145,
-1.1710491180419922,
0.25151148438453674,
0.12262959778308868,
0.0570664256811142,
-0.3615120053291321,
-0.12163563072681427,
0.21241094172000885,
-0.7222939729690552,
0.3700450658798218,
0.03576652333140373,
-0.0696377381682396,
0.2030818909406662,
0.19047275185585022,
-0.8504942059516907,
-0.9397836923599243,
0.5434234142303467
] |
236333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28B%29 | List of diseases (B) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "B".
Ba
Bab–Bam
Baber's syndrome
Babesiosis
Bacillus cereus infection
Bacterial endocarditis
Bacterial food poisoning
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial pneumonia
Bacterial vaginosis
Bagatelle–Cassidy syndrome
Bahemuka–Brown syndrome
Baker–Vinters syndrome
Baker–Winegard syndrome
Balantidiasis
Ballard syndrome
Ballistophobia
Balo disease
Balo's concentric sclerosis
Bamforth syndrome
Ban
BANF acoustic neurinoma
Bangstad syndrome
Banki syndrome
Bannayan–Zonana syndrome
Banti's syndrome
Bantu siderosis
Bar
Baraitser–Brett–Piesowicz syndrome
Baraitser–Rodeck–Garner syndrome
Barber–Say syndrome
Barbiturate dependence
Barbiturate overdose
Bardet–Biedl syndrome
Bardet–Biedl syndrome, type 1
Bardet–Biedl syndrome, type 2
Bardet–Biedl syndrome, type 3
Bardet–Biedl syndrome, type 4
Bare lymphocyte syndrome 2
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
Baritosis
Barnicoat–Baraitser syndrome
Barrett syndrome
Barrow–Fitzsimmons syndrome
Barth syndrome
Bartonella infections
Bartsocas–Papas syndrome
Bartter syndrome, antenatal form
Bartter syndrome, classic form
Bas–Baz
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell nevus anodontia abnormal bone mineralization
Basal ganglia diseases
Basan syndrome
Basaran–Yilmaz syndrome
Basedow's coma
Basilar artery migraines
Basilar impression primary
Bassoe syndrome
Bathophobia
Batrachophobia
Battaglia–Neri syndrome
Batten disease
Batten–Turner muscular dystrophy
Baughman syndrome
Bazex–Dupré–Christol syndrome
Bazopoulou–Kyrkanidou syndrome
Bc–Bd
B-cell lymphomas
Bd syndrome
Be
Bea–Bel
Beals syndrome
Beardwell syndrome
Bébé–Collodion syndrome
Becker disease
Becker's muscular dystrophy
Becker's nevus
Beemer–Ertbruggen syndrome
Beemer–Langer syndrome
Behcet syndrome
Behr syndrome
Behrens–Baumann–Dust syndrome
Bejel
Bellini–Chiumello–Rinoldi syndrome
Bell's palsy
Ben–Ber
Ben Ari Shuper Mimouni syndrome
Benallegue–Lacete syndrome
Bencze syndrome
Benign astrocytoma
Benign autosomal dominant myopathy
Benign congenital hypotonia
Benign essential blepharospasmass
Benign essential tremor syndrome
Benign familial hematuria
Benign familial infantile convulsions
Benign familial infantile epilepsy
Benign fasciculation syndrome
Benign lymphoma
Benign mucosal pemphigoid
Benign myoclonic epilepsy
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Bentham Driessen Hanveld syndrome
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy
Berdon syndrome
Berger disease
Beriberi
Berlin breakage syndrome
Berry aneurysm, cirrhosis, pulmonary emphysema, and cerebral calcification
Berylliosis
Beta ketothiolase deficiency
Beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency
Beta-mannosidosis
Beta-sarcoglycanopathy
Beta-thalassemia
Bethlem myopathy
Bh
Bhaskar Jagannathan syndrome
Bi
Bib–Bil
Bickel Fanconi glycogenosis
Bicuspid aortic valve
Bidirectional tachycardia
Biemond syndrome
Biemond syndrome type 1
Biemond syndrome type 2
Biermer disease
Bifid nose dominant
Bilateral renal agenesis dominant type
Bilateral renal agenesis
Biliary atresia, extrahepatic
Biliary atresia, intrahepatic, non syndromic form
Biliary atresia, intrahepatic, syndromic form
Biliary atresia
Biliary cirrhosis
Biliary hypoplasia
Biliary malformation renal tubular insufficiency
Biliary tract cancer
Billard Toutain Maheut syndrome
Billet Bear syndrome
Bin–Bix
Bindewald–Ulmer–Muller syndrome
Binswanger's disease
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Biotin deficiency
Biotinidase deficiency
Bird headed dwarfism Montreal type
Birdshot chorioretinopathy
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
Bixler–Christian–Gorlin syndrome
Bj–Bk
Björnstad syndrome
BK virus nephritis
Bl
Bla–Ble
Black piedra
Bladder neoplasm
Blamronesis
Blaichman syndrome
Blastoma
Blastomycosis
Blepharitis
Blepharo cheilo dontic syndrome
Blepharo facio skeletal syndrome
Blepharo naso facial syndrome Van maldergem type
Blepharonasofacial malformation syndrome
Blepharophimosis nasal groove growth retardation
Blepharophimosis ptosis esotropia syndactyly short
Blepharophimosis ptosis syndactyly mental retardation
Blepharophimosis syndrome Ohdo type
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus
Blepharophimosis
Blepharoptosis aortic anomaly
Blepharoptosis cleft palate ectrodactyly dental anomalies
Blepharoptosis myopia ectopia lentis
Blepharospasm
Blethen–Wenick–Hawkins syndrome
Blo–Blu
Blomstrand syndrome
Blood coagulation disorders
Blood platelet disorders
Blood vessel disorder
Bloom syndrome
Blount's disease
Blue cone monochromatism
Blue diaper syndrome
Blue rubber bleb nevus
Bo
Bod–Boo
BOD syndrome
Boder syndrome
Body dysmorphic disorder
Boil
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Bone development disorder
Bone dysplasia Azouz type
Bone dysplasia corpus callosum agenesis
Bone dysplasia lethal Holmgren type
Bone dysplasia Moore type
Bone fragility craniosynostosis proptosis hydrocephalus
Bone marrow failure neurologic abnormalities
Bone marrow failure
Bone neoplasms
Bone tumor (generic term)
Bonneau–Beaumont syndrome
Bonneman–Meinecke–Reich syndrome
Bonnemann–Meinecke syndrome
Bonnevie–Ullrich–Turner syndrome
Book syndrome
Boomerang dysplasia
Booth– Haworth–Dilling syndrome
Bor–Boy
Borderline personality disorder
Borjeson syndrome
Bork–Stender–Schmidt syndrome
Borreliosis
Borrone–Di Rocco–Crovato syndrome
Boscherini–Galasso–Manca–Bitti syndrome
Bosma–Henkin–Christiansen syndrome
Bothriocephalosis
Botulism
Boucher–Neuhauser syndrome
Boudhina–Yedes–Khiari syndrome
Bourneville's disease
Bowen syndrome
Bowen–Conradi syndrome
Bowenoid papulosis
Bowen's disease
Bowing congenital short bones
Bowing of long bones congenital
Boylan–Dew–Greco syndrome
Br
Bra
Brac
Brach
Brachi–Brachm
Brachioskeletogenital syndrome
Brachman-de Lange syndrome
Brachy
Brachyc
Brachycephalofrontonasal dysplasia
Brachycephaly deafness cataract mental retardation
Brachyd
Brachydactylous dwarfism Mseleni type
Brachydactyly
Brachydactyly
Brachydactyly a – Brachydactyly s
Brachydactyly absence of distal phalanges
Brachydactyly anonychia
Brachydactyly clinodactyly
Brachydactyly dwarfism mental retardation
Brachydactyly elbow wrist dysplasia
Brachydactyly hypertension
Brachydactyly long thumb type
Brachydactyly mesomelia mental retardation heart defects
Brachydactyly nystagmus cerebellar ataxia
Brachydactyly preaxial hallux varus
Brachydactyly scoliosis carpal fusion
Brachydactyly small stature face anomalies
Brachydactyly Smorgasbord type
Brachydactyly t
Brachydactyly tibial hypoplasia
Brachydactyly type A1
Brachydactyly type A2
Brachydactyly type A3
Brachydactyly type A5 nail dysplasia
Brachydactyly type A6
Brachydactyly type A7
Brachydactyly type B
Brachydactyly type C
Brachydactyly type D
Brachydactyly type E
Brachydactyly types B and E combined
Brachym–Brachyt
Brachymesomelia renal syndrome
Brachymesophalangy 2 and 5
Brachymesophalangy mesomelic short limbs osseous anomalies
Brachymesophalangy type 2
Brachymetapody anodontia hypotrichosis albinoidism
Brachymorphism onychodysplasia dysphalangism syndrome
Brachyolmia recessive Hobaek type
Brachyolmia
Brachytelephalangy characteristic facies Kallmann
Brad–Braz
Braddock–Carey syndrome
Braddock–Jones–Superneau syndrome
Bradykinesia
Brain cavernous angioma
Brain neoplasms
Brain stem neoplasms
Branchial arch defects
Branchial arch syndrome X linked
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome Hing type
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome
Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR syndrome)
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Bre–Bro
Breast cancer
Breast cancer, familial
Brief psychotic disorder
Bright's disease
Brittle bone disease
Brittle bone syndrome lethal type
Brittle cornea syndrome
Broad beta disease
Broad-betalipoproteinemia
Bromidrosiphobia
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis oligospermia
Bronchiolitis obliterans with obstructive pulmonary disease
Bronchiolotis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
Bronchitis, Chronic
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchopulmonary amyloidosis
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Brown syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Bru
Brucellosis
Bruck syndrome
Brugada syndrome
Brunoni syndrome
Bruton type agammaglobulinemia
Bruyn Scheltens syndrome
Bu–Bz
Bubonic plague
Budd–Chiari syndrome
Buerger's disease
Bulbospinal amyotrophy, X-linked
Bulimia nervosa
Bull Nixon syndrome
Bullous dystrophy macular type
Bullous ichtyosiform erythroderma congenita
Bullous pemphigoid
Buntinx–Lormans–Martin syndrome
Burkitt's lymphoma
Burn–Goodship syndrome
Burnett–Schwartz–Berberian syndrome
Burning mouth syndrome- Type 3
Burning mouth syndrome
Buruli ulcer
Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
Bustos–Simosa–Pinto–Cisternas syndrome
Buttiens–Fryns syndrome
Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency
Byssinosis
References
B | [
0.14979277551174164,
0.7734682559967041,
-0.7653226256370544,
-0.3138847351074219,
-0.5974642038345337,
0.39515945315361023,
0.7818085551261902,
0.24685508012771606,
-0.7212852835655212,
-0.5653514266014099,
-0.06518028676509857,
-0.003117953659966588,
-0.48173561692237854,
1.113363265991211,
0.47417110204696655,
0.7525104880332947,
0.0776241272687912,
0.6236139535903931,
0.004053926561027765,
-0.08427736908197403,
0.08788032829761505,
-0.11281370371580124,
0.4825502932071686,
-0.5125490427017212,
-0.18218602240085602,
0.19862110912799835,
0.10498472303152084,
0.237753227353096,
-0.06753368675708771,
-0.20394644141197205,
0.007774426136165857,
0.6964738368988037,
0.1935584843158722,
0.06719069182872772,
-0.030572135001420975,
-0.2502334713935852,
0.0023333944845944643,
-0.6459455490112305,
-0.04841301962733269,
-0.6060149073600769,
-0.4032819867134094,
-0.03622282296419144,
-0.05933791771531105,
0.9112284779548645,
-0.020536847412586212,
0.10489677637815475,
-1.6932910680770874,
-0.13430185616016388,
-0.42478352785110474,
-0.022077003493905067,
0.6671835780143738,
-0.07775302976369858,
0.4347964823246002,
0.24640169739723206,
-0.00681771757081151,
0.36146870255470276,
-0.5259583592414856,
0.09328088164329529,
0.18348009884357452,
0.360967755317688,
1.0122789144515991,
-0.36780568957328796,
0.1212596744298935,
0.24691016972064972,
0.4933539628982544,
0.6927553415298462,
-0.23821556568145752,
0.8005759716033936,
-0.6246554851531982,
-0.12158691138029099,
-0.41329002380371094,
-0.4985755383968353,
0.36626964807510376,
0.004462525714188814,
-0.062040507793426514,
-0.03402872756123543,
-0.2615683078765869,
-0.555717408657074,
0.18474739789962769,
-0.7924082279205322,
-0.3327661454677582,
0.17115852236747742,
0.09414929896593094,
-0.19743680953979492,
0.12341096997261047,
-0.05450655519962311,
-0.4531777501106262,
-0.37738877534866333,
-0.2920905649662018,
0.8199880123138428,
0.2623668313026428,
0.27270862460136414,
0.4805518388748169,
-0.24814939498901367,
-0.19074377417564392,
-0.2343909740447998,
-0.30244505405426025,
-0.3144804835319519,
-0.14472860097885132,
-0.006909654010087252,
0.15065671503543854,
0.34284549951553345,
0.25600549578666687,
-0.40690284967422485,
-0.3523982763290405,
-0.42366185784339905,
-0.015395197086036205,
0.026418959721922874,
0.027026543393731117,
-1.3737704753875732,
-0.6919648051261902,
0.20409244298934937,
-0.177435040473938,
-0.20231324434280396,
-0.759765088558197,
0.8609934449195862,
0.28522154688835144,
0.06318178027868271,
-0.030992558225989342,
0.13198937475681305,
-0.16801947355270386,
0.47892653942108154,
-0.22510582208633423,
-0.25502052903175354,
-0.030181119218468666,
0.5034253001213074,
0.419940710067749,
-0.2844444513320923,
0.5975937843322754,
0.6309155225753784,
-0.011930597014725208,
0.6959062814712524,
-0.18463097512722015,
-0.213825061917305,
0.19685940444469452,
-0.5391177535057068,
-0.18056711554527283,
0.41800937056541443,
0.21547676622867584,
0.04972624033689499,
-0.6156095862388611,
-0.34780409932136536,
-1.6522486209869385,
0.07324987649917603,
0.5395448803901672,
-0.05987861752510071,
-0.6046181917190552,
0.25590670108795166,
0.3399934768676758,
0.019241472706198692,
-0.12295267730951309,
-0.24753248691558838,
-0.2680947184562683,
0.7345256209373474,
-0.32666951417922974,
0.40642642974853516,
0.5299317240715027,
-0.5193451642990112,
0.4571164846420288,
0.31748533248901367,
0.5603151917457581,
0.42167413234710693,
0.12718211114406586,
0.15658661723136902,
-0.0777280181646347,
-0.21567340195178986,
0.2220286726951599,
-0.059192296117544174,
-0.05772339180111885,
-0.03743349015712738,
-0.5160285830497742,
-0.4792862832546234,
0.08486638963222504,
-0.5828996896743774,
0.32447105646133423,
-0.03730041906237602,
0.7556635141372681,
-0.2422136664390564,
0.7554749846458435,
-0.09444715827703476,
-0.2989175617694855,
-0.36495330929756165,
0.19648410379886627,
-0.2940128445625305,
0.3676670789718628,
-0.4240606427192688,
0.5107229351997375,
0.3176176846027374,
0.44623497128486633,
0.621326744556427,
0.03786424174904823,
-0.35097289085388184,
0.39211905002593994,
0.4983516037464142,
0.7275463342666626,
-0.17005787789821625,
-0.24318532645702362,
0.3259626030921936,
0.032040711492300034,
-0.048101652413606644,
-0.4130823016166687,
0.20330284535884857,
0.3090168237686157,
0.3023588955402374,
-0.5061209797859192,
1.7429375648498535,
0.04091965779662132,
0.22838884592056274,
0.10646649450063705,
0.31456372141838074,
0.7326269149780273,
-0.4136417508125305,
0.35500308871269226,
-0.649418294429779,
0.6956265568733215,
-0.28077808022499084,
-0.2519429922103882,
0.5339016914367676,
-0.4650646150112152,
-0.3534862995147705,
0.27379077672958374,
-0.4024535119533539,
-0.007877672091126442,
0.30176758766174316,
0.028685156255960464,
0.8043386340141296,
-0.1778453141450882,
0.13155701756477356,
0.4141194820404053,
-0.8289586901664734,
0.869144082069397,
-0.09205915033817291,
0.40027281641960144,
-0.2726938724517822,
-0.7219210863113403,
0.35930633544921875,
-0.5082716941833496,
-0.1398182511329651,
-0.3222012221813202,
-0.6015294790267944,
-0.01681237667798996,
0.5410144329071045,
-0.8277718424797058,
-0.23842695355415344,
0.07258342206478119,
-0.23733733594417572,
0.05630219355225563,
-0.38861435651779175,
-0.4328467547893524,
-0.15287213027477264,
0.3406020700931549,
0.23274695873260498,
0.4475839138031006,
-0.46121832728385925,
0.03510367125272751,
0.30880287289619446,
0.11182423681020737,
0.0647963285446167,
0.3258645832538605,
-0.1640322506427765,
-0.5664673447608948,
0.47610780596733093,
0.3579064607620239,
0.2506275475025177,
-0.5333429574966431,
-0.08378279954195023,
-0.4164905250072479,
-0.45309510827064514,
0.3400050401687622,
0.0913519635796547,
0.6897469758987427,
0.031544752418994904,
-0.559442400932312,
-1.8709166049957275,
0.013643143698573112,
-0.643152117729187,
0.7059632539749146,
0.6445284485816956,
-0.9377681016921997,
0.34735557436943054,
-0.1575457751750946,
0.38479912281036377,
0.9911674857139587,
-0.08780774474143982,
-0.26306819915771484,
-0.4695614278316498,
0.8086457252502441,
0.20586375892162323,
0.48823341727256775,
0.07988571375608444,
-0.7267139554023743,
0.6579972505569458,
-0.41591253876686096,
0.09054650366306305,
-0.21282131969928741,
-0.559889018535614,
-0.20725199580192566,
0.35610082745552063,
-0.28239428997039795,
-0.4003685414791107,
-0.4287428557872772,
0.6181647777557373,
-0.33084413409233093,
-0.3481628894805908,
-0.13677333295345306,
0.11673278361558914,
-0.311567097902298,
0.7184110879898071,
-5.150934219360352,
0.13614971935749054,
-0.019196892157197,
-0.4052858054637909,
-0.21179302036762238,
0.32137471437454224,
0.7107900381088257,
-0.15947116911411285,
-0.04256042093038559,
-0.2630223035812378,
0.2093009650707245,
0.12660540640354156,
0.05385377258062363,
0.5856296420097351,
0.34734010696411133,
0.21939612925052643,
-0.13906730711460114,
0.053433582186698914,
0.2904871702194214,
0.2604213356971741,
0.17142102122306824,
0.7214207649230957,
-0.1073002889752388,
0.09286917001008987,
-0.27420946955680847,
0.8429386019706726,
-0.5082700252532959,
0.6424264311790466,
-0.2474878579378128,
0.3307340145111084,
0.4184035658836365,
-0.0960802435874939,
0.18955090641975403,
-0.6895607113838196,
-0.551603376865387,
-0.14220030605793,
0.17976884543895721,
0.42934754490852356,
0.23994600772857666,
0.1088111624121666,
-0.6759259104728699,
0.47565799951553345,
-0.2675383388996124,
0.28963133692741394,
0.22659702599048615,
-0.17132088541984558,
-0.6024121642112732,
0.29795587062835693,
0.1977275013923645,
0.7648886442184448,
-0.1934724897146225,
-0.09620673209428787,
0.6943827271461487,
0.5892876982688904,
0.15934373438358307,
-0.31845301389694214,
0.16414114832878113,
0.10243060439825058,
-0.3981955945491791,
0.16991880536079407,
0.2578599154949188,
0.059363074600696564,
0.31358665227890015,
-0.31020835041999817,
0.29290658235549927,
-0.6413607597351074,
-0.007674227934330702,
-0.30299127101898193,
0.22315269708633423,
-0.04391562566161156,
-0.02759869024157524,
0.029626620933413506,
-0.14215652644634247,
-0.8268378376960754,
0.27557599544525146,
-0.17178714275360107,
-0.17100943624973297,
0.07984069734811783,
0.27069777250289917,
0.046824563294649124,
-0.1343323439359665,
-0.3875965476036072,
-0.5714669823646545,
0.4710843861103058,
0.24998606741428375,
-0.6142160296440125,
-0.25969594717025757,
0.22752796113491058,
-0.8463836908340454,
-0.22295193374156952,
-0.1146131306886673,
-0.04460235685110092,
0.5827372074127197,
0.30308976769447327,
-0.2072717398405075,
0.7830920219421387,
0.558364748954773,
-0.36559322476387024,
0.657450795173645,
0.02211807109415531,
0.6403522491455078,
-0.48756375908851624,
-0.375296026468277,
-0.6056230664253235,
-0.22715209424495697,
-0.4354444146156311,
0.05209009349346161,
0.8886893391609192,
0.12468685954809189,
-0.5843338370323181,
-0.07320035994052887,
-0.14980223774909973,
-0.26061633229255676,
-0.5729444026947021,
0.9151042103767395,
-0.027274709194898605,
-0.14446775615215302,
0.7481157183647156,
0.5565047860145569,
0.19782568514347076,
0.3839779198169708,
0.14615347981452942,
0.11424748599529266,
-0.19847920536994934,
0.12142444401979446,
0.08928705006837845,
-0.14188361167907715,
-0.2764410376548767,
-0.37778228521347046,
0.31443527340888977,
0.11388947814702988,
0.6619714498519897,
-0.23614223301410675,
-0.274116188287735,
0.04436763375997543,
-0.30622488260269165,
-0.30039364099502563,
0.6223266124725342,
-0.06762214750051498,
-0.7639479637145996,
0.10335621982812881,
-0.0725262314081192,
-0.8762814998626709,
0.23154787719249725,
-0.20308172702789307,
0.19672177731990814,
0.013091042637825012,
-0.01803474687039852,
0.010198329575359821,
0.36027246713638306,
-0.05435992777347565,
-0.03788445517420769,
0.36615923047065735,
-0.37117999792099,
-0.7031508088111877,
0.31845176219940186,
0.5897209048271179,
0.08230562508106232,
-0.422407329082489,
-0.7117187976837158,
-0.2876535952091217,
0.005526449531316757,
-1.132154107093811,
-0.1771005243062973,
0.18532943725585938,
-0.6210991740226746,
0.19897012412548065,
-0.6398429274559021,
-0.26297470927238464,
1.0876119136810303,
-0.044356003403663635,
-0.10787490010261536,
-0.2879087030887604,
-0.08131714165210724,
0.2716650366783142,
-0.20225630700588226,
-0.27609530091285706,
0.049497053027153015,
-0.0013846172951161861,
0.14367027580738068,
-0.02949279360473156,
-0.29663458466529846,
0.3059101998806,
1.1046375036239624,
0.240471750497818,
0.43978753685951233,
-0.11752806603908539,
-0.10082456469535828,
-0.37946513295173645,
-0.25406184792518616,
0.07176756858825684,
-0.05615980178117752,
0.6042094826698303,
0.014891272410750389,
-0.2933937609195709,
-0.4883163869380951,
-0.09687229245901108,
0.07934887707233429,
0.40204519033432007,
-0.66017085313797,
0.414877712726593,
0.46908119320869446,
-0.3143060803413391,
0.311836302280426,
0.39297789335250854,
-0.5586735606193542,
0.08591723442077637,
0.16776429116725922,
-0.7261145710945129,
0.5616301894187927,
0.0687873587012291,
-0.6735590100288391,
-0.22475242614746094,
0.3889700770378113,
-0.49335333704948425,
-0.24685980379581451,
0.1963009387254715,
-0.3354453444480896,
-0.1631951779127121,
-0.12014410644769669,
0.11507301032543182,
-0.13470809161663055,
-0.045817580074071884,
-0.1816292405128479,
-0.10763824731111526,
0.23222002387046814,
0.2772528827190399,
-0.9191901087760925,
0.6108483672142029,
0.12761341035366058,
-0.3843952715396881,
-0.0063414741307497025,
0.14681631326675415,
-0.23715563118457794,
-0.5278394818305969,
-0.5637907385826111,
-0.31020450592041016,
0.1083194687962532,
0.008233041502535343,
0.06781942397356033,
-0.1590440273284912,
0.42696934938430786,
0.23957157135009766,
-0.9421007633209229,
0.09734588861465454,
0.10944090783596039,
0.2729606330394745,
-0.907472550868988,
-0.25610071420669556,
0.41925686597824097,
0.01477360911667347,
-0.24639549851417542,
-0.7854554653167725,
-0.7894497513771057,
0.9065338373184204,
0.26479610800743103,
-0.03431693837046623,
0.1378185749053955,
-0.09207430481910706,
0.2610023617744446,
-0.15887287259101868,
0.48998019099235535,
0.015289638191461563,
0.729164719581604,
0.07854489982128143,
-0.05255289748311043,
-0.16749772429466248,
0.08417684584856033,
0.28231918811798096,
-0.3691394329071045,
-0.3353305757045746,
-0.15102329850196838,
0.22181929647922516,
0.3405406177043915,
0.0033936952240765095,
0.11510579288005829,
0.21198946237564087,
-1.002139925956726,
0.06463705748319626,
0.3026423156261444,
0.3880811035633087,
-0.22519846260547638,
0.5008924603462219,
-0.283291757106781,
0.9840806722640991,
-0.6971153616905212,
-0.011579819954931736,
-0.1768982708454132,
-0.19898229837417603,
0.08431971818208694,
0.2926177978515625,
0.0457543209195137,
-0.8972081542015076,
0.45435231924057007,
0.14752981066703796,
0.0010015126317739487,
-0.008386238478124142,
0.520331859588623,
0.4050382375717163,
-0.6567248106002808,
-0.7111364603042603,
0.7668836712837219,
0.16476599872112274,
0.1403622031211853,
0.33300554752349854,
0.3482820391654968,
0.4572696387767792,
0.1740960031747818,
-0.5846444964408875,
0.16404762864112854,
-0.0052930270321667194,
-0.09270966798067093,
0.4847789406776428,
0.48754462599754333,
-0.06764890998601913,
0.41424840688705444,
-0.10390091687440872,
-0.3399803340435028,
0.14815469086170197,
-0.04904073104262352,
0.31543266773223877,
-0.26723581552505493,
0.40716108679771423,
0.04075373336672783,
-0.9066877365112305,
0.5371617078781128,
-0.1548106074333191,
-0.15311773121356964,
-0.02172979712486267,
0.27755966782569885,
0.6866350173950195,
-0.13715946674346924,
-0.37418410181999207,
0.5210322141647339,
-0.4179326891899109,
-0.082764632999897,
0.05670763552188873,
-0.5876998901367188,
-0.27775850892066956,
0.5230175256729126,
0.09201997518539429,
0.6562918424606323,
0.2267947494983673,
-0.33038535714149475,
-0.29205548763275146,
0.1788783073425293,
-0.6253203749656677,
-0.03611566871404648,
0.06316467374563217,
-0.10543585568666458,
-0.035722773522138596,
0.2989215850830078,
-0.10163304954767227,
0.3206345736980438,
-0.0014563043368980289,
0.4195437729358673,
0.5529909133911133,
-0.44500404596328735,
-0.2748819589614868,
-1.5130318403244019,
0.03521045297384262,
-0.06097784638404846,
0.0015395375667139888,
0.7916405200958252,
0.32544878125190735,
-0.14923350512981415,
0.13904039561748505,
-0.09559059143066406,
0.0795186385512352,
0.2493002861738205,
0.2600454092025757,
-0.19238562881946564,
-0.13564980030059814,
0.13771408796310425,
0.08629734814167023,
0.41236943006515503,
-0.06086094304919243,
0.05201905220746994,
-0.08519363403320312,
-0.23445501923561096,
-0.5794932842254639,
0.0267459899187088,
-0.5387363433837891,
-0.8164061307907104,
-0.013316798023879528,
-0.1114775612950325,
-0.5652675628662109,
0.15184807777404785,
0.3298710584640503,
0.23868368566036224,
-0.09246567636728287,
0.11618586629629135,
0.3169659376144409,
-0.26921314001083374,
-0.506930410861969,
0.1386118233203888,
-0.041974831372499466,
0.6830252408981323,
-0.015203491784632206,
-0.6492155194282532,
-0.45963218808174133,
0.07051891088485718,
-0.009267699904739857,
0.18107891082763672,
-0.5029619932174683,
0.07485867291688919,
0.13028210401535034,
0.6311049461364746,
-0.4059218764305115,
0.24728286266326904,
0.044150661677122116,
0.06135912984609604,
-0.0759626179933548,
0.8422753810882568,
0.16281644999980927,
0.37254804372787476,
0.3264012932777405,
-0.512125551700592,
-0.3437882363796234,
-0.36365774273872375,
0.39291226863861084,
-0.6658436059951782,
-0.09914575517177582,
0.8194928765296936,
-0.7826454043388367,
-0.31411832571029663,
-0.09384146332740784,
0.01573440432548523,
-0.3324359059333801,
0.3112543225288391,
-0.7169651985168457,
0.20945152640342712,
-0.4435359835624695,
-0.38142406940460205,
-0.3800339102745056,
0.23046188056468964,
1.1594380140304565,
0.6603005528450012,
0.3432594835758209,
0.02505781687796116,
-0.5631135702133179,
-0.20595954358577728,
0.4768940210342407,
0.28603214025497437,
-3.1956090927124023,
0.02750830352306366,
0.002473635831847787,
-0.446359246969223,
-0.06625565141439438,
0.5014355182647705,
-0.1722629964351654,
0.2328270822763443,
0.07758177071809769,
0.04651530086994171,
0.2869536578655243,
-0.1373184472322464,
0.03171703591942787,
-0.492472767829895,
0.05201145261526108,
0.5476049184799194
] |
236334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus%20curiae | Amicus curiae | An amicus curiae (literally, "friend of the court"; plural: amici curiae) often referred to as amicus brief is defined as the legal brief where someone who is not a party to a case assists a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case. The decision on whether to consider an amicus brief lies within the discretion of the court. The phrase amicus curiae is legal Latin and its origin of the term has been dated back to 1605–1615. The scope of amicus curiae is generally found in the cases where broad public interests are involved and concerns regarding civil rights are in question.
In the United States, amicus curiae typically refers to what in some other jurisdictions is known as an intervenor: a person or organization who requests to provide legal submissions so as to offer a relevant alternative or additional perspective regarding the matters in dispute. In other jurisdictions, such as Canada, an amicus curiae is a lawyer who is asked by the court to provide legal submissions regarding issues that would otherwise not be aired properly, often because one or both of the parties is not represented by counsel.
History
Direct or indirect connections between the amicus curiae figure and the Roman juridical experience are still debated. Some scholars simply explain the Latin expression with the fact that the cultural elites' (including the jurists one) language of the Anglo-Saxon world of the past was the Latin, so many Latin legal terms spread in the English law before and so in the Law of the United States then also. The Italian academic Giovanni Criscuoli, while admitting the theoretical possibility of eventually compare it with the Roman figure of the "consiliarius", concludes that: "it is a figure of exclusive Anglo-Saxon blood".
Starting in the 9th century, it was incorporated into English law, and it was later extended to most common law systems. Later, it was introduced in international law, in particular concerning human rights. From there, it was integrated in some civil law systems (it has been, as at 2013, integrated into Argentina's law system and Honduras's 2010 civil procedures code). Today, it is used by the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.
Presentation
The role of an amicus is often confused with that of an intervenor. The role of an amicus is, as stated by Salmon LJ (as Lord Salmon then was) in Allen v Sir Alfred McAlpine & Sons Ltd [1968] 2 QB 229 at p. 266 F-G:
The situation most often noted in the press is when an advocacy group files a brief in a case before an appellate court in which it is not a litigant. Appellate cases are normally limited to the factual record and arguments coming from the lower court case under appeal; attorneys focus on the facts and arguments most favorable to their clients. Where a case may have broader implications, amicus curiae briefs are a way to articulate those concerns, so that the possibly broad legal or public policy implications of the court's anticipated decisions will not depend solely on the positions and arguments advanced by the parties directly involved in the case.
In prominent cases, amici curiae are generally organizations with sizable legal budgets. In the United States, for example, non-profit legal advocacy organizations, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the Landmark Legal Foundation, the Pacific Legal Foundation, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the American Center for Law and Justice or the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), frequently submit such briefs to advocate for or against a particular legal change or interpretation. If a decision could affect an entire industry, companies other than the litigants may wish to have their concerns heard. In the United States, federal courts often hear cases involving the constitutionality of state laws. Hence states may file briefs as amici curiae when their laws or interests are likely to be affected, as in the Supreme Court case McDonald v. Chicago, when thirty-two states under the aegis of Texas (and California independently) filed such briefs.
Amici curiae who do not file briefs often present an academic perspective on the case. For example, if the law gives deference to a history of legislation of a certain topic, a historian may choose to evaluate the claim from their specialized expertise. An economist, statistician, or sociologist may choose to do the same. Newspaper editorials, blogs, and other opinion pieces arguably have the capability to influence Supreme Court decisions as de facto amici curiae. They are not, however, technically considered amici curiae, as they do not submit materials to the Court, do not need to ask for leave, and have no guarantee that they will be read.
United States Supreme Court rules
The Supreme Court of the United States has special rules for amicus curiae briefs sought to be filed in cases pending before it. Supreme Court Rule 37 states, in part, such a brief should cover "relevant matter" not dealt with by the parties which "may be of considerable help". The cover of an amicus brief must identify which party the brief is supporting, or if the brief supports only affirmance or reversal. The Court also requires that all non-governmental amici identify those providing a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of the brief. Briefs must be prepared in booklet format, and 40 copies must be served with the Court.
In the United States Supreme Court, unless the amicus brief is being filed by the federal government (or one of its officers or agents) or a U.S. state, permission of the court (by means of motion for leave) or mutual consent of the parties is generally required. Allowing an amicus curiae to present oral argument is considered "extraordinary". The court can also appoint its own amicus curiae if neither party supports the decision of the lower court, which it has done at least 44 times.
In the World Trade Organization
The role of amicus curiae briefs in the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system is controversial. The controversy arises due to the governmental nature of WTO disputes. As only WTO members have access to the system, any non-members such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are excluded and have no right to be heard. Thus the only way for them to contribute to a WTO decision is through amicus curiae briefs. To date there is a divergence in approaches in the WTO as to the admissibility of such briefs.
Panel and Appellate Body reports
The first WTO case to comprehensively examine the admissibility of amicus curiae briefs was US – Shrimp. The case concerned a ban by the US on imports of all shrimp and shrimp products not caught with turtle excluder devices. The panel at first instance rejected the two amicus curiae briefs that were submitted by environmental groups, on the basis they were not expressly solicited by the panel under Article 13 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO. This was overturned by the Appellate Body who held a panel had authority to accept, consider or reject briefs under Articles 12 and 13 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding regardless of whether they were expressly solicited.
The issue was re-examined in US – Lead and Bismuth II which concerned the imposition of duties by the US on certain imported hot rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel from the UK. The Panel at first instance affirmed the position in the US – Shrimp case and accepted two amicus curiae briefs that were submitted. On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Article 17.9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding and Rule 16(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review to create rules to accept amicus curiae briefs. This was deemed as the source of legal authority to accept such briefs by an Appellate Body.
The next significant case to deal with amicus curiae briefs was EC – Asbestos, where the French government banned domestically produced and imported asbestos products. Of the five amicus curiae briefs received by the Panel, only two that were submitted by the European Community, were accepted. The panel did not provide any explanation as to why they were accepted or rejected. On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Rule 16(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review to create additional procedures to deal with the amicus curiae briefs. Of the 11 briefs submitted, the Appellate Body accepted none on the basis they failed to comply with these additional procedures.
Canada
In Canadian law, an amicus curiae is a lawyer, rather than an outside entity, who is asked by the Court to provide submissions in such a way as to make sure the legal issues affecting the interests of all parties are properly canvassed. Where one of the parties (e.g. the accused in a criminal case) is unrepresented (and is ineligible for or refuses to apply for legal aid), and the judge is concerned that this will leave that party at a significant disadvantage and risk a miscarriage of justice, the judge may appoint a lawyer as amicus curiae. The lawyer is not retained by and does not represent the unrepresented party as such, but he or she has a responsibility to ensure that points of law of importance to the party's case are brought to the attention of the court. For example, in the case of a criminal trial, the amicus will have the responsibility to ensure that the accused's right to make full answer and defence is upheld. Examples of situations that could call for the appointment of amicus could include a highly complex or technical trial, an unsophisticated accused or one with cognitive or psychiatric challenges, or an unruly and disruptive accused. In some cases, when an accused has retained counsel for part of the trial but then fires that counsel, and if the judge finds that amicus is needed, the former counsel may be asked to remain as amicus, given his or her familiarity with the case.
Another situation in which amicus may be appointed is when an accused is self-represented in a trial for offences such as sexual assault or assault in a domestic violence context. An unrepresented accused has the right to cross-examine Crown witnesses, but it may be undesirable to permit him or her to personally cross-examine, for example, the complainant. As a result, the Criminal Code permits the judge to order that the accused will not personally cross-examine the witness, and to name an uninvolved lawyer to conduct the cross-examination in place of the accused.
Constitutional Court of Italy rules
In Italian law, "Amici curiae" are "nonprofit organizations and the institutional subjects, bearers of collective or diffuse interests related to the issue of constitutionality" who "may submit a written opinion to the constitutional Court".
See also
Intervention (law)
References
External links
Wiktionary
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
Dictionary – MSN Encarta (2009-10-31)
Definitions from Dictionary.com
The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
Roman law
Legal documents
Latin legal terminology
pt:Anexo:Lista de expressões jurídicas em latim#A | [
-0.03374527767300606,
0.05579625815153122,
-0.16967110335826874,
-0.16879437863826752,
0.19901981949806213,
0.286705881357193,
-0.25467339158058167,
0.11306143552064896,
0.04633278772234917,
-0.3841361999511719,
-0.41479256749153137,
0.8568578958511353,
0.30092087388038635,
-0.11872144043445587,
-0.6440355181694031,
0.18162944912910461,
0.37716156244277954,
0.2762404978275299,
-0.0360153466463089,
-0.5027060508728027,
-0.06870895624160767,
0.4220978319644928,
-0.0668734684586525,
-0.7877950668334961,
0.46741199493408203,
-0.13764411211013794,
0.13951216638088226,
0.5038554668426514,
-0.5504547357559204,
-0.3207166790962219,
0.5414872169494629,
0.43096989393234253,
-0.12143612653017044,
-0.14141298830509186,
-0.6006183624267578,
-0.12183571606874466,
0.4184371531009674,
0.04547363892197609,
-0.24348817765712738,
-0.7083428502082825,
0.1689079999923706,
0.17083962261676788,
-0.4523727297782898,
0.13172200322151184,
-0.770623505115509,
-0.4264327585697174,
-1.7715901136398315,
0.3656406104564667,
-0.7085615992546082,
0.3480069041252136,
0.20210671424865723,
0.29061686992645264,
-0.2654564380645752,
0.6337186694145203,
-0.26974764466285706,
0.47966137528419495,
-0.6611109972000122,
-1.001883625984192,
0.677997887134552,
-0.6960326433181763,
0.7854065299034119,
0.1566629856824875,
0.8620309233665466,
0.17761191725730896,
0.14646422863006592,
0.11358614265918732,
0.24236398935317993,
0.17309977114200592,
-0.449908584356308,
-0.14993572235107422,
-0.5435393452644348,
-0.4522518813610077,
-0.14004038274288177,
0.824541449546814,
-0.22695763409137726,
-0.18519578874111176,
0.4144493639469147,
-0.41066181659698486,
-0.2130887806415558,
-0.014640924520790577,
0.325199156999588,
0.42733997106552124,
0.4727098047733307,
0.41702812910079956,
0.1945066601037979,
0.049940504133701324,
-0.43545961380004883,
0.06399306654930115,
-0.07995576411485672,
-0.04033617675304413,
0.3243553936481476,
0.23445281386375427,
-0.23381860554218292,
0.029599184170365334,
0.4844954311847687,
0.4205836355686188,
0.801936686038971,
-0.14677368104457855,
0.30583977699279785,
0.5900515913963318,
0.05601034685969353,
0.09645161777734756,
0.49676936864852905,
-0.23505128920078278,
-0.5328993797302246,
0.36685195565223694,
-0.10060358792543411,
-0.6252478957176208,
-0.12148583680391312,
0.4582216441631317,
0.16026204824447632,
0.017766887322068214,
0.06618599593639374,
0.520195722579956,
-1.2891178131103516,
0.05111619457602501,
0.41789811849594116,
0.12723244726657867,
-0.6682019233703613,
-0.08844874054193497,
-0.03862389549612999,
0.05275607109069824,
0.4390418529510498,
0.008156719617545605,
0.40385735034942627,
0.022613342851400375,
-0.10829251259565353,
0.45027023553848267,
-0.6919891238212585,
0.1024642065167427,
0.4945236146450043,
0.218178391456604,
-0.0683288723230362,
-0.09484227001667023,
-0.5338835716247559,
0.19931891560554504,
0.4684355854988098,
0.18316155672073364,
0.7683947682380676,
-0.04533073678612709,
-0.3540077805519104,
-0.8421112298965454,
-0.39346086978912354,
-0.43339675664901733,
0.6929104328155518,
-0.5839369297027588,
0.38304299116134644,
-0.13977183401584625,
-0.354653000831604,
0.029817843809723854,
-0.18653175234794617,
-0.11416056007146835,
-0.16182316839694977,
0.01844262145459652,
0.4468711018562317,
0.7153807282447815,
0.9329280257225037,
-0.47810763120651245,
-0.2698269784450531,
0.5269491076469421,
-0.2355043590068817,
-0.2337237149477005,
-0.724844217300415,
-0.3398554027080536,
0.17438238859176636,
0.02037619613111019,
-0.06230336055159569,
-0.2289104014635086,
0.15009301900863647,
0.12873594462871552,
-0.6224793195724487,
0.2902815341949463,
0.00306406756862998,
-0.5154122114181519,
-0.15436632931232452,
0.7531298398971558,
0.8125796318054199,
-0.03452565148472786,
0.9991424679756165,
-0.49527812004089355,
-0.1539444923400879,
0.048766881227493286,
0.21220679581165314,
-0.2978096008300781,
-0.2463092803955078,
-0.15217478573322296,
0.11724749207496643,
-0.4443078637123108,
-0.10879022628068924,
-0.3736804723739624,
-0.5940814018249512,
-0.010343671776354313,
0.1251315325498581,
-0.7492570281028748,
1.1218022108078003,
0.11330093443393707,
-0.07661637663841248,
1.0548324584960938,
0.08055198192596436,
0.646111011505127,
-0.08381384611129761,
0.512475311756134,
0.497159868478775,
0.4184374213218689,
-0.7188597321510315,
0.4966365098953247,
0.3500494658946991,
-0.07325123995542526,
0.09811175614595413,
0.38127601146698,
0.35338565707206726,
0.35014063119888306,
0.07920485734939575,
-0.8900551795959473,
-0.3001267611980438,
-0.04922864958643913,
-0.083826445043087,
0.30749279260635376,
-0.19285640120506287,
-0.1601179540157318,
1.1268084049224854,
-0.21779412031173706,
0.26170629262924194,
0.7756488919258118,
-0.566188633441925,
0.1792963296175003,
-0.32556599378585815,
0.36774563789367676,
0.06378214806318283,
-0.7374785542488098,
0.4398275315761566,
0.16835033893585205,
0.37598392367362976,
-0.9638513922691345,
-0.2656746208667755,
-0.48300251364707947,
0.0019769687205553055,
-0.0940353199839592,
-0.058157145977020264,
0.2973054349422455,
0.2624911963939667,
0.30241304636001587,
-0.4811226725578308,
0.26932814717292786,
-0.13720020651817322,
-0.05067601799964905,
-0.2449425607919693,
0.23958736658096313,
0.2444961667060852,
0.42420485615730286,
0.43533650040626526,
0.03205617144703865,
-0.02134876511991024,
-0.5114356279373169,
0.29384636878967285,
-0.15094316005706787,
-0.218702033162117,
0.5149257183074951,
0.12040628492832184,
-0.36172205209732056,
-0.8856987953186035,
0.0446748211979866,
0.6817688345909119,
0.33007118105888367,
-0.3424157202243805,
-0.20706522464752197,
0.3229732811450958,
-0.20831581950187683,
-0.47954559326171875,
0.5295343995094299,
0.37225794792175293,
0.16817425191402435,
-0.8639153242111206,
-0.0481824055314064,
-0.2923245429992676,
-0.21161019802093506,
-0.06699609011411667,
0.2641283869743347,
-0.12847155332565308,
-0.3626379668712616,
0.07200387865304947,
0.2282070368528366,
0.3564540147781372,
-0.6853547096252441,
0.03584454581141472,
-0.543587327003479,
0.062414467334747314,
-0.5487067699432373,
-0.3995554447174072,
0.5631322264671326,
-0.2768980860710144,
-0.24301207065582275,
-0.5392397046089172,
0.2951553761959076,
0.6811403036117554,
0.3187934160232544,
0.12591353058815002,
0.2074691504240036,
0.09149486571550369,
-0.9359012246131897,
-0.24153409898281097,
-0.15159030258655548,
-0.05245552584528923,
0.02718427963554859,
0.5635647177696228,
0.06061599776148796,
-0.3663237988948822,
0.08762689679861069,
-5.477224826812744,
-0.12721213698387146,
-0.8857777118682861,
0.045227110385894775,
0.5077393651008606,
0.30769309401512146,
0.8242888450622559,
-0.5545431971549988,
-0.10857034474611282,
0.011398483999073505,
0.19211091101169586,
0.20970986783504486,
0.616949200630188,
0.6938890218734741,
0.3690841794013977,
0.3891119658946991,
-0.44172096252441406,
0.28318560123443604,
-0.24244356155395508,
-0.054561179131269455,
0.1626109927892685,
-0.18238314986228943,
0.2631261646747589,
0.38847219944000244,
0.3481135964393616,
-0.08617915958166122,
-0.6192372441291809,
0.7421680092811584,
0.2709243595600128,
0.10577236115932465,
0.20355954766273499,
0.04009102284908295,
-0.17046451568603516,
-0.6465314626693726,
-0.4768386483192444,
0.36214834451675415,
0.4179966449737549,
-0.25209957361221313,
-0.14601753652095795,
0.021334361284971237,
-0.3296305537223816,
0.25542178750038147,
0.12596361339092255,
0.0945838913321495,
-0.29113078117370605,
-0.18801447749137878,
-0.4506239593029022,
0.0058873617090284824,
0.21365247666835785,
0.8085139989852905,
-0.763713002204895,
0.43560194969177246,
-0.01223739143460989,
0.38847851753234863,
-0.21776297688484192,
-0.14261458814144135,
0.4956117570400238,
-0.08708813041448593,
-0.4527434706687927,
-0.2680036425590515,
0.15286342799663544,
-1.1898541450500488,
-0.41624635457992554,
-0.2594718337059021,
-0.030451100319623947,
-0.4003104865550995,
-0.6156912446022034,
-0.39638540148735046,
0.9941713809967041,
-0.0038145985454320908,
-0.4775775074958801,
0.7850030064582825,
-0.09652916342020035,
-1.1944926977157593,
0.1183343157172203,
-0.3280244767665863,
-0.001027276972308755,
0.15260490775108337,
0.3131179213523865,
0.2644129693508148,
0.10928872227668762,
0.3306266665458679,
-0.6464458107948303,
0.15464763343334198,
0.07323537021875381,
-0.16784116625785828,
0.6569516658782959,
0.3453289568424225,
-0.5892331004142761,
0.10400005429983139,
0.19734600186347961,
0.055842325091362,
-0.3070230782032013,
0.45808202028274536,
-0.17120660841464996,
0.6541383266448975,
-0.2717413604259491,
0.062488753348588943,
0.4688478410243988,
-0.03585148602724075,
0.3490864336490631,
0.06452739983797073,
0.3625175654888153,
-0.7076715230941772,
0.038491927087306976,
-0.4217653274536133,
-1.1055501699447632,
0.6523714661598206,
0.6068119406700134,
0.21254242956638336,
-0.06816931813955307,
0.00783149991184473,
0.195153146982193,
0.15127544105052948,
-0.20848684012889862,
-0.05963761731982231,
-0.6685965657234192,
0.3248031437397003,
0.09566844999790192,
-0.21604599058628082,
0.009438805282115936,
-0.04193530231714249,
-0.21971438825130463,
0.21353201568126678,
-1.0475798845291138,
-0.14594683051109314,
-0.2205834686756134,
0.3541213870048523,
0.012421289458870888,
0.5452097058296204,
0.40247979760169983,
0.025154298171401024,
-0.3140591084957123,
0.5413524508476257,
0.2082938402891159,
-0.7554693222045898,
0.0807097777724266,
0.20907282829284668,
-0.12725535035133362,
-0.4498058259487152,
-0.06836067140102386,
-0.6875984072685242,
-0.1902194619178772,
-0.19834895431995392,
0.5943180918693542,
-0.31934142112731934,
-0.3319363594055176,
0.23942382633686066,
-0.34329545497894287,
0.8056129813194275,
0.03015270084142685,
-0.19891345500946045,
-0.30077987909317017,
-0.05837232992053032,
-0.01784549094736576,
-0.40980064868927,
0.03970324248075485,
0.33379989862442017,
0.004040305037051439,
-0.04895178601145744,
-0.2857919931411743,
0.23844313621520996,
-0.7289427518844604,
-0.8345556259155273,
0.14463286101818085,
-0.670253336429596,
-1.190799593925476,
-0.102939173579216,
-0.5604426860809326,
0.5148213505744934,
-0.5080546140670776,
0.013016817159950733,
-0.9160358309745789,
-0.4072064757347107,
0.5191880464553833,
0.3001168370246887,
0.05318393558263779,
0.4770926833152771,
0.06673110276460648,
0.5361459851264954,
0.4349164366722107,
-0.9405930638313293,
-0.14440152049064636,
-0.16915950179100037,
0.369961678981781,
-0.7563778162002563,
0.56801438331604,
-0.26824140548706055,
-0.2683343291282654,
-1.0247882604599,
0.20659777522087097,
-0.3270951211452484,
0.37630516290664673,
-0.12093254178762436,
0.2605118751525879,
-0.48222285509109497,
0.23360487818717957,
0.14916111528873444,
-0.3744797706604004,
-0.32513704895973206,
0.2763473093509674,
0.8370864987373352,
-0.8676912784576416,
-0.002568917814642191,
-0.22559194266796112,
-0.6368312835693359,
0.31033656001091003,
-0.41295987367630005,
-0.45712023973464966,
0.8616856932640076,
-0.4634597897529602,
-0.21222415566444397,
0.35340508818626404,
1.05553138256073,
-0.4439166486263275,
-0.5212656259536743,
0.3536074459552765,
-0.27353960275650024,
-0.5361294150352478,
0.016768179833889008,
0.2422664910554886,
-0.5989454388618469,
-0.4055749475955963,
0.15357793867588043,
-0.8004227876663208,
0.43539950251579285,
0.05865895003080368,
-0.5462415218353271,
0.8610756993293762,
-0.01838058978319168,
0.24864685535430908,
-0.37497878074645996,
0.09049217402935028,
0.11926665157079697,
-0.1720123291015625,
-0.12015761435031891,
-0.39681828022003174,
0.020245518535375595,
0.03507373481988907,
0.23588472604751587,
0.3690129816532135,
1.0869348049163818,
0.14990918338298798,
-0.4015108048915863,
0.19889992475509644,
0.3919387757778168,
0.5237901210784912,
-0.2864433228969574,
-0.883884072303772,
0.5159916877746582,
0.31507793068885803,
0.2813747823238373,
-0.10524345189332962,
0.09684174507856369,
0.14245674014091492,
-0.8546782732009888,
-0.3610970079898834,
0.125751793384552,
-0.006499147973954678,
0.5537349581718445,
0.4856009781360626,
-0.8882927894592285,
-0.23211906850337982,
-0.682830274105072,
0.24173827469348907,
-0.28562110662460327,
-0.09323801845312119,
0.1589399129152298,
0.3425803780555725,
-0.6403967142105103,
0.2252635955810547,
-0.4216151535511017,
0.6080734133720398,
0.1759367436170578,
0.07753647863864899,
0.13577349483966827,
0.22759462893009186,
-0.1023741215467453,
0.4032615125179291,
-0.0037495396099984646,
-0.17256096005439758,
0.1554655283689499,
-0.5849291682243347,
-0.21451939642429352,
0.21520838141441345,
-0.5208132266998291,
0.40827715396881104,
1.1058090925216675,
-0.7784304618835449,
-0.50380539894104,
-0.7359771132469177,
0.2066061943769455,
-0.23576974868774414,
0.4976007044315338,
-0.20312659442424774,
0.13332755863666534,
0.21178756654262543,
0.2335265576839447,
-0.13163262605667114,
0.35236606001853943,
-0.55831378698349,
0.2982855439186096,
0.5893304944038391,
-1.380477786064148,
0.34372878074645996,
0.31958338618278503,
-0.4015698730945587,
-0.022179538384079933,
-0.44521039724349976,
-0.2483941912651062,
-0.019315071403980255,
-0.5975027084350586,
0.3848814070224762,
0.3760102093219757,
0.16888681054115295,
-0.6785581707954407,
-0.2695116400718689,
-0.8699896931648254,
-0.0948348119854927,
0.021880174055695534,
0.05033881589770317,
0.047681428492069244,
0.5364305377006531,
-0.7109463810920715,
0.42576420307159424,
0.25857505202293396,
0.13012932240962982,
0.0012291858438402414,
-0.35195446014404297,
0.520139753818512,
0.7611913681030273,
0.4525047838687897,
-0.16751129925251007,
-0.2823988199234009,
0.16493472456932068,
-0.558043360710144,
0.4579717218875885,
-0.7094557881355286,
-0.1770223081111908,
0.6609998941421509,
0.454446941614151,
0.32131436467170715,
0.08767672628164291,
-0.1402236968278885,
-0.5484722852706909,
0.487454891204834,
0.4545050859451294,
0.2869918644428253,
-0.04372723028063774,
0.19733211398124695,
0.39329904317855835,
0.275787889957428,
0.9941472411155701,
-0.12149064987897873,
0.314039409160614,
-0.12671200931072235,
0.12881657481193542,
-0.3050568699836731,
-0.4482228457927704,
0.02219477668404579,
0.2637490928173065,
0.5123032331466675,
0.3238990604877472,
-0.24648281931877136,
-0.26043662428855896,
0.17148004472255707,
0.716373085975647,
-0.31063002347946167,
0.14502085745334625,
-0.09870470315217972,
-0.23929980397224426,
0.07999345660209656,
-0.5478793382644653,
0.45675283670425415,
0.4403539299964905,
-0.9421889185905457,
0.5776340365409851,
-0.06330376118421555,
0.5021952390670776,
-0.07665829360485077,
-0.11406061798334122,
-0.39774972200393677,
-0.07139690220355988,
-0.1928817331790924,
0.00965584721416235,
0.046209514141082764,
0.24805738031864166,
0.46150311827659607,
0.09825518727302551,
-0.14835962653160095,
-0.8719334602355957,
-0.5518624782562256,
-0.152926966547966,
0.6760939955711365,
-0.31698453426361084,
0.6065164804458618,
0.20232108235359192,
0.8512054085731506,
-0.27063098549842834,
-0.5610861778259277,
-0.13979323208332062,
0.23421289026737213,
-0.3360311985015869,
-0.38064175844192505,
-0.12092741578817368,
0.04553346708416939,
-0.16148854792118073,
0.14024890959262848,
-0.4868784248828888,
-0.1612376719713211,
0.46477967500686646,
0.07793797552585602,
-0.4510256350040436,
0.27860188484191895,
0.21739739179611206,
0.17705214023590088,
0.6468079686164856,
0.09001975506544113,
0.4910891056060791,
-0.8240921497344971,
0.10638384521007538,
0.8512646555900574,
0.6949930787086487,
0.1867697834968567,
-0.1947285234928131,
-0.13490094244480133,
0.581141471862793,
0.34836456179618835,
-0.4080560505390167,
0.5745965242385864,
-0.3909590542316437,
0.12930312752723694,
-0.2978411018848419,
0.5074419379234314,
0.11065641790628433,
-0.03153558075428009,
-0.3812122344970703,
0.12780751287937164,
0.3700792193412781,
-0.2223675549030304,
0.0500708669424057,
-0.24579213559627533,
0.12451373785734177,
-0.11792825907468796,
0.036744941025972366,
0.20610927045345306,
-0.08698542416095734,
-0.3381410539150238,
-0.5478328466415405,
0.08754359930753708,
0.5193917751312256,
-0.5588745474815369,
0.5325921177864075,
-0.3683595061302185,
-0.32874244451522827,
-0.024513408541679382,
-0.18338759243488312,
0.04025951027870178,
-0.11989150941371918,
0.4719352424144745
] |
236335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28C%29 | List of diseases (C) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "C".
C
C syndrome
C1 esterase deficiency (angioedema)
Ca
Cac–Cal
Cacchi–Ricci disease
CACH syndrome
Café au lait spots syndrome
Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
Caffey disease
CAHMR syndrome
Calcinosis cutis (see also CREST syndrome)
Calciphylaxis
Calculi
Calderon–Gonzalez–Cantu syndrome
Calloso genital dysplasia
Callus disease
Calpainopathy
Calvarial hyperostosis
Coronavirus
Cam–Can
Camera–Marugo–Cohen syndrome
Camfak syndrome
Campomelia Cumming type
Camptobrachydactyly
Camptocormism
Camptodactyly fibrous tissue hyperplasia skeletal dysplasia
Camptodactyly joint contractures facial skeletal dysplasia
Camptodactyly overgrowth unusual facies
Camptodactyly syndrome Galajara type 1
Camptodactyly syndrome Galajara type 2
Camptodactyly taurinuria
Camptodactyly vertebral fusion
Campylobacteriosis
Camurati–Engelmann disease
Canavan leukodystrophy
Candidiasis familial chronic
Candidiasis
Canga's bead symptom
Canine distemper
Cannabis dependence
Cannabis withdrawal
Cantalamessa–Baldini–Ambrosi syndrome
Cantu–Sanchez–Corona–Fragoso syndrome
Cantu–Sanchez–Corona–Garcia syndrome
Cantu–Sanchez–Corona–Hernandes syndrome
Cap
Capillary leak syndrome
Capillary leak syndrome with monoclonal gammopathy
Capillary venous leptomeningeal angiomatosis
Caplan's syndrome
Capos syndrome
Car
Cara–Carc
Caratolo–Cilio–Pessagno syndrome
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I deficiency disease (ornithine carbamoyl phosphate deficiency)
Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome
Carbon baby syndrome
Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency
Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoma of the vocal tract
Carcinoma, squamous cell of head and neck
Carcinoma, squamous cell
Carcinophobia
Card
Cardi
Cardia
Cardiac amyloidosis
Cardiac and laterality defects
Cardiac arrest
Cardiac conduction defect, familial
Cardiac diverticulum
Cardiac hydatid cysts with intracavitary expansion
Cardiac malformation
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac valvular dysplasia, X-linked
pernambuco viadim
Cardio
Cardioauditory syndrome of Sanchez- Cascos
Cardioauditory syndrome
Cardiofacial syndrome short limbs
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Cardiogenital syndrome
Cardiomelic syndrome Stratton Koehler type
Cardiomyopathy:
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathic lentiginosis
Cardiomyopathy cataract hip spine disease
Cardiomyopathy diabetes deafness
Dilated cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 1, Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 2, Cardiomyopathy, familial dilated
Cardiomyopathy due to anthracyclines
Cardiomyopathy hearing loss type t RNA lysine gene mutation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: familial
Cardiomyopathy hypogonadism metabolic anomalies
Cardiomyopathy spherocytosis
Cardiomyopathy, fatal fetal, due to myocardial calcification
Cardiomyopathy, X linked, fatal infantile
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Cardioskeletal myopathy-neutropenia
Cardiospasm
Care–Carr
Caregiver syndrome
Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome
Carnevale–Canun–Mendoza syndrome
Carnevale–Hernandez–Castillo syndrome
Carnevale–Krajewska–Fischetto syndrome
Carney syndrome
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
Carnitine transporter deficiency
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency
Carnosinase deficiency
Carnosinemia
Caroli disease
Carotenemia
Carotid artery dissection
Carpal deformity migrognathia microstomia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpenter–Hunter type
Carpenter syndrome
Carpo tarsal osteolysis recessive
Carpotarsal osteochondromatosis
Carrington syndrome
Cart
Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
Cartilage hair hypoplasia like syndrome
Cartilaginous neoplasms
Cartwright–Nelson–Fryns syndrome
Cas
Cassia–Stocco–Dos Santos syndrome
Castleman's disease
Castro–Gago–Pombo–Novo syndrome
Cat
Cat cry syndrome – see Cri du chat
Cat eye syndrome
Cat Rodrigues syndrome
Cat scratch disease
Cata
Cataract
Cataract, congenital ichthyosis
Cataract aberrant oral frenula growth retardation
Cataract anterior polar dominant
Cataract ataxia deafness
Cataract cardiomyopathy
Cataract congenital autosomal dominant
Cataract congenital dominant non nuclear
Cataract congenital Volkmann type
Cataract congenital with microphthalmia
Cataract dental syndrome
Cataract Hutterite type
Cataract hypertrichosis mental retardation
Cataract mental retardation hypogonadism
Cataract microcornea syndrome
Cataract microphthalmia septal defect
Cataract skeletal anomalies
Cataract, alopecia, sclerodactyly
Cataract, congenital, with microcornea or slight microphthalmia
Cataract, total congenital
Cataract-glaucoma
Catc–Cate
CATCH 22 syndrome
Catecholamine hypertension
Catel–Manzke syndrome
Cau–Cay
Caudal appendage deafness
Caudal duplication
Caudal regression syndrome
Causalgia
Cavernous hemangioma
Cavernous lymphangioma
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cayler syndrome
Cc–Cd
CCA syndrome
Ccge syndrome
CCHS
CDG syndrome type 1A
CDG syndrome type 1B
CDG syndrome type 1C
CDG syndrome type 2
CDG syndrome type 3
CDG syndrome type 4
CDG syndrome
CDK4 linked melanoma
Ce
Cec–Cep
Cecato De lima Pinheiro syndrome
Celiac disease epilepsy occipital calcifications
Celiac sprue
Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
Cennamo–Gangemi syndrome
Central core disease
Central diabetes insipidus
Central nervous system protozoal infections
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Central type neurofibromatosis
Centromeric instability immunodeficiency syndrome
Centronuclear myopathy
Centrotemporal epilepsy
Cephalopolysyndactyly
Cer
Cera
Ceramidase deficiency
Ceramide trihexosidosis
Ceraunophobia
Cere
Cereb
Cerebe
Cerebellar agenesis
Cerebellar ataxia areflexia pes cavus optic atrophy
Cerebellar ataxia ectodermal dysplasia
Cerebellar ataxia infantile with progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Cerebellar ataxia, dominant pure
Cerebellar degeneration, subacute
Cerebellar degeneration
Cerebellar hypoplasia endosteal sclerosis
Cerebellar hypoplasia tapetoretinal degeneration
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebellar parenchymal degeneration
Cerebelloolivary atrophy
Cerebelloparenchymal disorder 3
Cerebellum agenesis hydrocephaly
Cerebr
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, familial
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Cerebral aneurysm
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Cerebral calcification cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebral calcifications opalescent teeth phosphaturia
Cerebral cavernous malformation
Cerebral cavernous malformations
Cerebral gigantism jaw cysts
Cerebral gigantism
Cerebral hypoxia
Cerebral malformations hypertrichosis claw hands
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral thrombosis
Cerebral ventricle neoplasms
Cerebro facio articular syndrome
Cerebro facio thoracic dysplasia
Cerebro oculo dento auriculo skeletal syndrome
Cerebro oculo genital syndrome
Cerebro oculo skeleto renal syndrome
Cerebro reno digital syndrome
Cerebroarthrodigital syndrome
Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome
Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome
Cerebroretinal vasculopathy
Cero–Cerv
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 1, infantile
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 2, late infantile
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 3, juvenile
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 4, adult type
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 5, late infantile
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 6, late infantile
Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal
Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 4
Cervical cancer
Cervical hypertrichosis neuropathy
Cervical hypertrichosis peripheral neuropathy
Cervical ribs sprengel anomaly polydactyly
Cervical spinal stenosis
Cervical vertebral fusion
Cervicooculoacoustic syndrome
Ch
Cha
Chag–Chao
Chagas disease
Chalazion
Chanarin disease
Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome ichthyosis
Chancroid
Chandler's syndrome
Chands syndrome
Chang–Davidson–Carlson syndrome
Chaotic atrial tachycardia
Char
Char syndrome
Charc
Charco
Charcot
Charcot d
Charcot disease
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease deafness dominant type
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease deafness mental retardation
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease deafness recessive type
Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1 aplasia cutis congenita
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1B
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1C
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2B1
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2B2
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2C
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2D
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4A
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4B
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease with ptosis and parkinsonism
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, intermediate form
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, neuronal, type A
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, neuronal, type B
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, neuronal, type D
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, X-linked type 2, recessive
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, X-linked type 3, recessive
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Charcot–Marie–Tooth peroneal muscular atrophy, X-linked
Charg–Charl
CHARGE syndrome
Charles' disease
Charlie M syndrome
Chav
Chavany–Brunhes syndrome
Che
Chediak–Higashi syndrome
Cheilitis glandularis
Chemke–Oliver–Mallek syndrome
Chemodectoma
Chemophobia
Chen-Kung Ho–Kaufman–Mcalister syndrome
Cherubism
Chi–Chl
Chiari type 1 malformation
Chiari–Frommel syndrome
Chickenpox
Chikungunya
CHILD syndrome ichthyosis
Childhood disintegrative disorder
Childhood pustular psoriasis
Chimerism
Chinese restaurant syndrome
Chitayat–Haj–Chahine syndrome
Chitayat–Meunier–Hodgkinson syndrome
Chitayat–Moore–Del Bigio syndrome
Chitty–Hall–Baraitser syndrome
Chitty–Hall–Webb syndrome
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis
Cho
Choa–Chol
Choanal atresia deafness cardiac defects dysmorphia
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangitis, primary sclerosing
Cholecystitis
Choledochal cyst, hand malformation
Cholelithiasis
Cholemia, familial
Cholera
Cholestasis pigmentary retinopathy cleft palate
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 1
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 2
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 3
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic
Cholestasis
Cholestatic jaundice renal tubular insufficiency
Cholesterol ester storage disease
Cholesterol esterification disorder
Cholesterol pneumonia
Chon
Chondroblastoma
Chondrocalcinosis familial articular
Chondrocalcinosis
Chondrodysplasia lethal recessive
Chondrodysplasia pseudohermaphrodism syndrome
Chondrodysplasia punctata 1, x-linked recessive
Chondrodysplasia punctata with steroid sulfatase deficiency
Chondrodysplasia punctata, brachytelephalangic
Chondrodysplasia punctata, Sheffield type
Chondrodysplasia punctata
Chondrodysplasia situs inversus imperforate anus polydactyly
Chondrodysplasia, Grebe type
Chondrodystrophy
Chondroectodermal dysplasia
Chondroma (benign)
Chondromalacia
Chondromatosis (benign)
Chondrosarcoma (malignant)
Chondrysplasia punctata, humero-metacarpal type
Chor
Chordoma
Chorea acanthocytosis
Chorea familial benign
Chorea minor
Chorea
Choreoacanthocytosis amyotrophic
Choreoathetosis familial paroxysmal
Choriocarcinoma
Chorioretinitis
Chorioretinopathy dominant form microcephaly
Choroid plexus cyst
Choroid plexus neoplasms
Choroidal atrophy alopecia
Choroideremia hypopituitarism
Choroideremia
Choroiditis, serpiginous
Choroiditis
Choroido cerebral calcification syndrome infantile
Chr
Chri
Christian–Demyer–Franken syndrome
Christian–Johnson–Angenieta syndrome
Christian syndrome
Christianson–Fourie syndrome
Christmas disease
Chro
Chrom
Chromhidrosis
Chromo
Chromom–Chromop
Chromomycosis
Chromophobe renal carcinoma
Chromos
Chromosoma
Chromosomal triplication
Chromosome
Chromosome 1
Chromosome 1 ring
Chromosome 1, 1p36 deletion syndrome
Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25
Chromosome 1, duplication 1p21 p32
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1p
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1p22 p13
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1p31 p22
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1p32
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1p34 p32
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1q25 q32
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1q32 q42
Chromosome 1, monosomy 1q4
Chromosome 1, q42 11 q42 12 duplication
Chromosome 1, trisomy 1q32 qter
Chromosome 1, trisomy 1q42 qter
Chromosome 1, uniparental disomy 1q12 q21
Chromosome 10 – Chromosome 12
Chromosome 10 ring
Chromosome 10, distal trisomy 10q
Chromosome 10, monosomy 10p
Chromosome 10, monosomy 10q
Chromosome 10, trisomy 10p
Chromosome 10, trisomy 10pter p13
Chromosome 10, trisomy 10q
Chromosome 10, uniparental disomy of
Chromosome 10p terminal deletion syndrome
Chromosome 11, deletion 11p
Chromosome 11, partial trisomy 11q
Chromosome 11-14 translocation
Chromosome 11p, partial deletion
Chromosome 11q partial deletion
Chromosome 11q trisomy
Chromosome 12 ring
Chromosome 12, 12p trisomy
Chromosome 12, trisomy 12q
Chromosome 12p deletion
Chromosome 12p partial deletion
Chromosome 13 – Chromosome 15
Chromosome 13 duplication
Chromosome 13 ring
Chromosome 13, partial monosomy 13q
Chromosome 13p duplication
Chromosome 13q deletion
Chromosome 13q trisomy
Chromosome 13q-mosaicism
Chromosome 14 ring
Chromosome 14 trisomy
Chromosome 14, deletion 14q, partial duplication 14p
Chromosome 14, trisomy mosaic
Chromosome 14q, partial deletions
Chromosome 14q, proximal duplication
Chromosome 14q, terminal deletion
Chromosome 14q, terminal duplication
Chromosome 15 ring
Chromosome 15, distal trisomy 15q
Chromosome 15, trisomy mosaicism
Chromosome 15q, partial deletion
Chromosome 15q, tetrasomy
Chromosome 15q, trisomy
Chromosome 16 – Chromosome 1q
Chromosome 16, trisomy 16p
Chromosome 16, trisomy 16q
Chromosome 16, trisomy
Chromosome 16, uniparental disomy
Chromosome 17 trisomy
Chromosome 17 deletion
Chromosome 17 ring
Chromosome 17, deletion 17q23 q24
Chromosome 17, trisomy 17p
Chromosome 17, trisomy 17p11 2
Chromosome 17, trisomy 17q22
Chromosome 18 long arm deletion syndrome
Chromosome 18 mosaic monosomy
Chromosome 18 ring
Chromosome 18, deletion 18q23
Chromosome 18, monosomy 18p
Chromosome 18, tetrasomy 18p
Chromosome 18, trisomy 18p
Chromosome 18, trisomy 18q
Chromosome 18, trisomy
Chromosome 19 ring
Chromosome 19, trisomy 19q
Chromosome 1q, duplication 1q12 q21
Chromosome 2
Chromosome 2, monosomy 2p22
Chromosome 2, monosomy 2pter p24
Chromosome 2, monosomy 2q
Chromosome 2, monosomy 2q24
Chromosome 2, monosomy 2q37
Chromosome 2, trisomy 2p
Chromosome 2, Trisomy 2p13 p21
Chromosome 2, trisomy 2pter p24
Chromosome 2, trisomy 2q
Chromosome 2, trisomy 2q37
Chromosome 20 – Chromosome 22
Chromosome 20 ring
Chromosome 20, deletion 20p
Chromosome 20, duplication 20p
Chromosome 20, trisomy
Chromosome 21 monosomy
Chromosome 21 ring
Chromosome 21, monosomy 21q22
Chromosome 21, tetrasomy 21q
Chromosome 21, uniparental disomy of
Chromosome 22 ring
Chromosome 22 trisomy mosaic
Chromosome 22, microdeletion 22 q11
Chromosome 22, monosome mosaic
Chromosome 22, trisomy q11 q13
Chromosome 22, trisomy
Chromosome 3
Chromosome 3 duplication syndrome
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3p
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3p14 p11
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3p2
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3p25
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3q13
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3q21 23
Chromosome 3, monosomy 3q27
Chromosome 3, trisomy 3p
Chromosome 3, trisomy 3p25
Chromosome 3, trisomy 3q
Chromosome 3, trisomy 3q13 2 q25
Chromosome 3, Trisomy 3q2
Chromosome 4 – Chromosome 5
Chromosome 4 ring
Chromosome 4 short arm deletion
Chromosome 4, monosomy 4p14 p16
Chromosome 4, monosomy 4q
Chromosome 4, monosomy 4q32
Chromosome 4, monosomy distal 4q
Chromosome 4, partial trisomy distal 4q
Chromosome 4, Trisomy 4p
Chromosome 4, trisomy 4q
Chromosome 4, trisomy 4q21
Chromosome 4, trisomy 4q25 qter
Chromosome 5, monosomy 5q35
Chromosome 5, trisomy 5p
Chromosome 5, trisomy 5pter p13 3
Chromosome 5, trisomy 5q
Chromosome 5, uniparental disomy
Chromosome 6 – Chromosome 7
Chromosome 6 ring
Chromosome 6, deletion 6q13 q15
Chromosome 6, monosomy 6p23
Chromosome 6, monosomy 6q
Chromosome 6, monosomy 6q1
Chromosome 6, monosomy 6q2
Chromosome 6, partial trisomy 6q
Chromosome 6, trisomy 6p
Chromosome 6, trisomy 6q
Chromosome 7 ring
Chromosome 7, monosomy 7q2
Chromosome 7, monosomy 7q21
Chromosome 7, monosomy 7q3
Chromosome 7, monosomy
Chromosome 7, partial monosomy 7p
Chromosome 7, trisomy 7p
Chromosome 7, trisomy 7p13 p12 2
Chromosome 7, trisomy 7q
Chromosome 7, trisomy mosaic
Chromosome 8 – Chromosome 9
Chromosome 8 deletion
Chromosome 8 ring
Chromosome 8, monosomy 8p
Chromosome 8, monosomy 8p2
Chromosome 8, monosomy 8p23 1
Chromosome 8, monosomy 8q
Chromosome 8, mosaic trisomy
Chromosome 8, partial trisomy
Chromosome 8, trisomy 8p
Chromosome 8, trisomy 8q
Chromosome 8, trisomy
Chromosome 9 inversion or duplication
Chromosome 9 Ring
Chromosome 9, duplication 9q21
Chromosome 9, monosomy 9p
Chromosome 9, partial monosomy 9p
Chromosome 9, partial trisomy 9p
Chromosome 9, tetrasomy 9p
Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q
Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q32
Chromosome 9, trisomy mosaic
Chromosome 9, trisomy
Chromosomes
Chromosomes 1 and 2, monosomy 2q duplication 1p
Chron
Chronic berylliosis
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic demyelinizing neuropathy with IgM monoclonal
Chronic erosive gastritis
Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
Chronic hiccup
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic mountain sickness
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Chronic necrotizing vasculitis
Chronic neutropenia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic polyradiculoneuritis
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis
Chronic renal failure
Chronic spasmodic dysphonia
Chronic, infantile, neurological, cutaneous, articular syndrome
Chu–Chy
Chudley–Lowry–Hoar syndrome
Chudley–Rozdilsky syndrome
Chudley–Mccullough syndrome
Churg–Strauss syndrome
Chylous ascites
Ci
Cicatricial pemphigoid
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Ciliary discoordination, due to random ciliary orientation
Ciliary dyskinesia, due to transposition of ciliary microtubules
Ciliary dyskinesia-bronchiectasis
Cilliers–Beighton syndrome
Cinchonism
Circumscribed cutaneous aplasia of the vertex
Circumscribed disseminated keratosis Jadassohn–Lew type
Citrullinemia
Cl
Cla
Clarkson disease
Clayton–Smith–Donnai syndrome
Cle
Clef
Cleft
Cleft h – Cleft l
Cleft hand absent tibia
Cleft lip and palate malrotation cardiopathy
Cleft lip and/or palate with mucous cysts of lower
Cleft lip palate abnormal thumbs microcephaly
Cleft lip palate deafness sacral lipoma
Cleft lip palate dysmorphism Kumar type
Cleft lip palate ectrodactyly
Cleft lip palate incisor and finger anomalies
Cleft lip palate mental retardation corneal opacity
Cleft lip palate oligodontia syndactyly pili torti
Cleft lip palate pituitary deficiency
Cleft lip palate-tetraphocomelia
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Cleft lip
Cleft lower lip cleft lateral canthi chorioretinal
Cleft p – Cleft u
Cleft palate cardiac defect ectrodactyly
Cleft palate colobomata radial synostosis deafness
Cleft palate heart disease polydactyly absent tibia
Cleft palate lateral synechia syndrome
Cleft palate short stature vertebral anomalies
Cleft palate stapes fixation oligodontia
Cleft palate X linked
Cleft palate
Cleft tongue syndrome
Cleft upper lip median cutaneous polyps
Clefti
Clefting ectropion conical teeth
Clei
Cleidocranial dysplasia micrognathia absent thumbs
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Cli–Clu
Cloacal exstrophy
Clonal hypereosinophilia
Clouston syndrome
Cloverleaf skull bone dysplasia
Cloverleaf skull micromelia thoracic dysplasia
Clubfoot
Cluster headache
Cm
CMV antenatal infection
Co
Coa–Cof
Coach syndrome
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Coarctation of aorta dominant
Coarse face hypotonia constipation
Coats disease
Cocaine antenatal infection
Cocaine dependence
Cocaine fetopathy
Cocaine intoxication
Coccidioidomycosis
Cochin Jewish Disorder
Cockayne syndrome type 1
Cockayne syndrome type 2
Cockayne syndrome type 3
Cockayne's syndrome
Codas syndrome
Codesette syndrome
Coeliac disease
Coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency of
Coffin–Lowry syndrome
Coffin–Siris syndrome
COFS syndrome
Cog–Coh
Cogan–Reese syndrome
Cogan syndrome
Cohen-Gibson syndrome
Cohen–Hayden syndrome
Cohen–Lockood–Wyborney syndrome
Cohen syndrome
Col
Cola–Coll
Colavita–Kozlowski syndrome
Cold abscess
Cold agglutination syndrome
Cold agglutinin disease
Cold antibody hemolytic anemia
Cold contact urticaria
Cold urticaria
Cole carpenter syndrome
Coleman–Randall syndrome
Colitis
Collagen disorder
Collagenous colitis
Collins–Pope syndrome
Collins–Sakati syndrome
Colo–Colv
Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia
Coloboma hair abnormality
Coloboma of choroid and retina
Coloboma of eye lens
Coloboma of iris
Coloboma of lens ala nasi
Coloboma of macula type B brachydactyly
Coloboma of macula
Coloboma of optic nerve
Coloboma of optic papilla
Coloboma porencephaly hydronephrosis
Coloboma uveal with cleft lip palate and mental retardation
Coloboma, ocular
Colobomata unilobar lung heart defect
Colobomatous microphthalmia heart disease hearing
Colobomatous microphthalmia
Colon cancer, familial nonpolyposis
Colonic atresia
Colonic malakoplakia
Color blindness
Colorado tick fever
Colver–Steer–Godman syndrome
Com
Combarros–Calleja–Leno syndrome
Combined hyperlipidemia, familial
Common cold
Common mesentery
Common variable immunodeficiency
Compartment syndrome
Complement component 2 deficiency
Complement component receptor 1
Complete atrioventricular canal
Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency
Complex 2 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency
Complex 3 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency
Complex 4 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency
Complex 5 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency
Complex regional pain syndrome
Con
Cond–Cone
Conduct disorder
Conductive deafness malformed external ear
Conductive hearing loss
Condyloma acuminatum
Condylomata lata
Cone dystrophy
Cone rod dystrophy amelogenesis imperfecta
Cone-rod dystrophy
Cong
Conge
Congen
Congenital a – Congenital b
Congenital absence of the uterus and vagina
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, lipoid
Congenital afibrinogenemia
Congenital alopecia X linked
Congenital amputation
Congenital aneurysms of the great vessels
Congenital antithrombin III deficiency
Congenital aplastic anemia
Congenital arteriovenous shunt
Congenital articular rigidity
Congenital benign spinal muscular atrophy dominant
Congenital brain disorder
Congenital bronchobiliary fistula
Congenital c – Congenital g
Congenital cardiovascular disorder
Congenital cardiovascular malformations
Congenital cardiovascular shunt
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Congenital constricting band
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
Congenital contractures
Congenital craniosynostosis maternal hyperthyroiditis
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
Congenital cystic eye multiple ocular and intracranial anomalies
Congenital cytomegalovirus
Congenital deafness
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital disorder of glycosylation
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Congenital facial diplegia
Congenital fiber type disproportion
Congenital gastrointestinal disorder
Congenital generalized fibromatosis
Congenital giant megaureter
Congenital h – Congenital l
Congenital heart block
Congenital heart disease ptosis hypodontia craniostosis
Congenital heart disease radio ulnar synostosis mental retardation
Congenital heart disorder
Congenital heart septum defect
Congenital hemidysplasia with ichtyosiform erythroderma and limbs defects
Congenital hemolytic anemia
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
Congenital hepatic porphyria
Congenital herpes simplex
Congenital hypomyelination neuropathy
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypotrichosis milia
Congenital ichthyosis, microcephalus, qriplegia
Congenital ichthyosis
Congenital ichtyosiform erythroderma
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
Congenital kidney disorder
Congenital limb deficiency
Congenital lobar emphysema
Congenital m – Congenital s
Congenital megacolon
Congenital megaloureter
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma
Congenital microvillous atrophy
Congenital mitral malformation
Congenital mitral stenosis
Congenital mixovirus
Congenital mumps
Congenital muscular dystrophy syringomyelia
Congenital myopathy
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Congenital nonhemolytic jaundice
Congenital rubella
Congenital short bowel
Congenital short femur
Congenital skeletal disorder
Congenital skin disorder
Congenital spherocytic anemia
Congenital spherocytic hemolytic anemia
Congenital stenosis of cervical medullary canal
Congenital sucrose isomaltose malabsorption
Congenital syphilis
Congenital t – Congenital v
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Congenital unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia
Congenital vagal hyperreflexivity
Congenital varicella syndrome
Conges
Congestive heart failure
Conju
Conjunctivitis ligneous
Conjunctivitis with pseudomembrane
Conjunctivitis
Conn–Conv
Connective tissue dysplasia Spellacy type
Connexin 26 anomaly
Conn's syndrome
Conotruncal heart malformations
Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
Constitutional growth delay
Constrictive bronchiolitis
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis, allergic
Contact dermatitis, irritant
Contact dermatitis, photocontact
Continuous muscle fiber activity hereditary
Continuous spike-wave during slow sleep syndrome
Contractural arachnodactyly
Contractures ectodermal dysplasia cleft lip palate
Contractures hyperkeratosis lethal
Contractures of feet-muscle atrophy-oculomotor apraxia
Conversion disorder
Convulsions benign familial neonatal dominant form
Convulsions benign familial neonatal
Coo–Cop
Cooks syndrome
Cooley's anemia
Copper deficiency familial benign
Copper transport disease
Coproporhyria
Cor
Cor biloculare
Cor pulmonale
Cor triatriatum
Corm–Coro
Cormier–Rustin–Munnich syndrome
Corneal anesthesia deafness mental retardation
Corneal cerebellar syndrome
Corneal crystals myopathy neuropathy
Corneal dystrophy
Corneal endothelium dystrophy
Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Corneodermatoosseous syndrome
Coronal synostosis syndactyly jejunal atresia
Coronaro-cardiac fistula
Coronary arteries congenital malformation
Coronary artery aneurysm
Coronary heart disease
Coronavirus disease 2019
Corp–Cort
Corpus callosum agenesis
Corpus callosum dysgenesis
Corsello–Opitz syndrome
Cortada–Koussef–Matsumoto syndrome
Cortes-Lacassie syndrome
Cortical blindness mental retardation polydactyly
Cortical degeneration of the cerebellum parenchymatous
Cortical dysplasia
Cortical hyperostosis syndactyly
Corticobasal degeneration
Cos–Cox
Costello syndrome
Costochondritis (otherwise Costal chondritis)
Costocoracoid ligament congenitally short
Cote–Adamopoulos–Pantelakis syndrome
Cote–Katsantoni syndrome
Cousin–Walbraum–Cegarra syndrome
Covesdem syndrome
Cowchock–Wapner–Kurtz syndrome
Cowden's disease
Cowpox
Coxoauricular syndrome
Cr
Cra
Cram
Cramer–Niederdellmann syndrome
Cramp
Cramp fasciculation syndrome
Cran
Crand–Crane
Crandall syndrome
Crane–Heise syndrome
Crani
Cranio
Cranio osteoarthropathy
Cranioa–Craniom
Cranioacrofacial syndrome
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Craniodigital syndrome mental retardation
Cranioectodermal dysplasia
Craniofacial and osseous defects mental retardation
Craniofacial and skeletal defects
Craniofacial deafness hand syndrome
Craniofacial dysostosis arthrogryposis progeroid appearance
Craniofacial dysostosis
Craniofacial dysynostosis
Craniofaciocardioskeletal syndrome
Craniofaciocervical osteoglyphic dysplasia
Craniofrontonasal dysplasia
Craniofrontonasal syndrome Teebi type
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia dominant type
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia recessive type
Craniomicromelic syndrome
Cranios–Craniot
Craniostenosis cataract
Craniostenosis with congenital heart disease mental retardation
Craniostenosis
Craniosynostosis alopecia brain defect
Craniosynostosis arthrogryposis cleft palate
Craniosynostosis autosomal dominant
Craniosynostosis cleft lip palate arthrogryposis
Craniosynostosis contractures cleft
Craniosynostosis exostoses nevus epibulbar dermoid
Craniosynostosis fibular aplasia
Craniosynostosis Fontaine type
Craniosynostosis Maroteaux Fonfria type
Craniosynostosis mental retardation clefting syndrome
Craniosynostosis mental retardation heart defects
Craniosynostosis Philadelphia type
Craniosynostosis radial aplasia syndrome
Craniosynostosis synostoses hypertensive nephropathy
Craniosynostosis Warman type
Craniosynostosis, sagittal, with Dandy-Walker malformation and hydrocephalus
Craniosynostosis
Craniotelencephalic dysplasia
Craw
Crawfurd syndrome
Cre–Cro
Creatine deficiency
Creeping disease
CREST syndrome (Calcinosis Raynaud's Esophagus Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia)
Cretinism athyreotic
Cretinism
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Cri du chat
Crigler–Najjar syndrome
Crisponi syndrome
Criss cross syndrome
Criswick–Schepens syndrome
Crohn's disease of the esophagus
Crohn's disease
Crome syndrome
Cronkhite–Canada syndrome
Crossed polydactyly type 1
Crossed polysyndactyly
Croup
Crouzon syndrome
Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome
Crow–Fukase syndrome
Cry
Cryoglobulinemia
Cryophobia
Cryptococcosis
Cryptogenic organized pneumopathy
Cryptomicrotia brachydactyly syndrome excess fingers
Cryptomicrotia brachydactyly syndrome
Cryptophthalmos-syndactyly syndrome
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptorchidism arachnodactyly mental retardation
Cryroglobulinemia
Crystal deposit disease
Cu
Cul–Cus
Culler–Jones syndrome
Curly hair ankyloblepharon nail dysplasia syndrome
Currarino triad
Curry–Hall syndrome
Curth–Macklin type ichthyosis hystrix
Curtis–Rogers–Stevenson syndrome
Cushing syndrome, familial
Cushing's symphalangism
Cushing's syndrome
Cut
Cutaneous anthrax
Cutaneous larva migrans
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous photosensitivity colitis lethal
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Cutaneous vascularitis
Cutis Gyrata syndrome of Beare and Stevenson
Cutis gyratum acanthosis nigricans craniosynostosis
Cutis laxa
Cutis laxa, recessive
Cutis laxa corneal clouding mental retardation
Cutis laxa osteoporosis
Cutis laxa with joint laxity and retarded development
Cutis laxa, dominant type
Cutis laxa, recessive type 1
Cutis laxa, recessive type 2
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita
Cutis verticis gyrata mental deficiency
Cutis verticis gyrata thyroid aplasia mental retardation
Cutis verticis gyrata
Cutler Bass Romshe syndrome
Cy–Cz
Cyanide poisoning
Cyclic neutropenia
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Cyclosporosis
Cyclothymia
Cypress facial neuromusculoskeletal syndrome
Cystathionine beta synthetase deficiency
Cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung
Cystic angiomatosis of bone, diffuse
Cystic fibrosis gastritis megaloblastic anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic hamartoma of lung and kidney
Cystic hygroma lethal cleft palate
Cystic hygroma
Cystic medial necrosis of aorta
Cystin transport, protein defect of
Cystinosis
Cystinuria
Cystinuria-lysinuria
Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency
Cytomegalic inclusion disease
Cytomegalovirus
Cytoplasmic body myopathy
Czeizel–Losonci syndrome
Czeizel syndrome
C | [
-0.12940523028373718,
0.7254398465156555,
-0.6038985848426819,
-0.1258181482553482,
-0.35853153467178345,
0.2291252762079239,
0.37065988779067993,
0.5960626006126404,
-0.8314327597618103,
-0.6135255694389343,
-0.19344572722911835,
0.1417989879846573,
-0.10568331927061081,
1.205909252166748,
0.49889451265335083,
0.7152162194252014,
0.16858406364917755,
0.7821020483970642,
-0.12772610783576965,
-0.1413882076740265,
0.02335236221551895,
-0.3948339521884918,
0.39568954706192017,
-0.5214977860450745,
-0.28598207235336304,
0.23247088491916656,
-0.19212575256824493,
0.17882871627807617,
-0.05271270498633385,
-0.11340094357728958,
0.24212084710597992,
0.7657366394996643,
0.30060434341430664,
0.016005761921405792,
-0.15158842504024506,
-0.3870203197002411,
-0.04271646589040756,
-0.6573507189750671,
0.014731533825397491,
-0.8421867489814758,
-0.3584194481372833,
-0.17749366164207458,
-0.03169843927025795,
0.9497641324996948,
-0.058247409760951996,
0.17396244406700134,
-1.5394059419631958,
-0.07990763336420059,
-0.4518047869205475,
0.1576070338487625,
0.5205367207527161,
-0.3566236197948456,
0.44658392667770386,
-0.004820022266358137,
0.2006111592054367,
0.3086966574192047,
-0.7218454480171204,
0.072719506919384,
0.029151057824492455,
0.44840699434280396,
1.0290347337722778,
-0.17386405169963837,
0.07526419311761856,
0.22968940436840057,
0.4091345965862274,
0.7989413738250732,
-0.05553311109542847,
0.7081716060638428,
-0.6875618100166321,
-0.05714115872979164,
-0.03196873888373375,
-0.3644999563694,
0.5269412398338318,
0.14133945107460022,
0.14147980511188507,
0.011643181554973125,
-0.3464115262031555,
-0.39652201533317566,
0.11046851426362991,
-0.7654073238372803,
-0.40913358330726624,
0.09658670425415039,
0.28115496039390564,
-0.31512102484703064,
0.17588332295417786,
-0.029600486159324646,
-0.6094861030578613,
-0.5192961096763611,
-0.23990441858768463,
1.0422906875610352,
0.249849334359169,
0.4552832543849945,
0.35025888681411743,
-0.12188254296779633,
-0.3655397295951843,
-0.3423379361629486,
-0.17924733459949493,
-0.38849741220474243,
-0.1286768615245819,
0.05411396920681,
0.2930753231048584,
0.24539168179035187,
0.24414421617984772,
-0.4666248559951782,
-0.5054299831390381,
-0.23422250151634216,
-0.045066602528095245,
0.20095837116241455,
-0.08040668815374374,
-1.4171359539031982,
-0.7002463936805725,
0.09460294991731644,
-0.41404151916503906,
-0.061181262135505676,
-0.709843099117279,
0.6461561322212219,
0.4602600634098053,
0.25665250420570374,
0.23693005740642548,
-0.10377475619316101,
-0.3975696265697479,
0.4141847491264343,
-0.15393126010894775,
-0.13268043100833893,
0.08454734086990356,
0.7944485545158386,
0.44177356362342834,
-0.280596524477005,
0.7534318566322327,
0.4672889709472656,
0.026665877550840378,
0.8353152871131897,
-0.3426532447338104,
-0.4859845042228699,
0.26360243558883667,
-0.5023430585861206,
-0.1200728639960289,
0.2755933403968811,
0.3310692608356476,
-0.015382976271212101,
-0.6322576403617859,
-0.605364978313446,
-1.721228003501892,
0.18375037610530853,
0.30232876539230347,
-0.0077012269757688046,
-0.6289545893669128,
0.22274310886859894,
0.4078352153301239,
0.14575430750846863,
-0.08218560367822647,
-0.17159628868103027,
-0.41570696234703064,
0.6584675312042236,
-0.39493513107299805,
0.40556785464286804,
0.4360032379627228,
-0.3724533021450043,
0.42154380679130554,
0.20861057937145233,
0.6547749638557434,
0.31113263964653015,
0.07654789090156555,
0.037788160145282745,
0.15407626330852509,
-0.29775214195251465,
-0.04131754860281944,
0.05029785633087158,
-0.23777328431606293,
0.015101703815162182,
-0.7001712918281555,
-0.3219105005264282,
0.10352553427219391,
-0.6635230779647827,
0.27527227997779846,
0.10852307826280594,
0.5437909960746765,
-0.07962017506361008,
0.7189967632293701,
0.07882692664861679,
-0.42936262488365173,
-0.2940394878387451,
0.22012905776500702,
-0.5278229713439941,
0.13902553915977478,
-0.5190516114234924,
0.5828834772109985,
0.16181433200836182,
0.5548356771469116,
0.605461597442627,
-0.3112923800945282,
-0.10598785430192947,
0.4797723889350891,
0.1891581267118454,
0.6765472292900085,
-0.1578931361436844,
-0.09460846334695816,
0.3423950672149658,
-0.10860609263181686,
-0.004154970403760672,
-0.5420967936515808,
0.17180101573467255,
0.5317851901054382,
0.3655281960964203,
-0.6913885474205017,
1.7794042825698853,
-0.07899042218923569,
0.23069195449352264,
0.02587362751364708,
0.2580846846103668,
0.7894672751426697,
-0.2141089141368866,
0.32626307010650635,
-0.6302633285522461,
0.6863096952438354,
-0.3975655138492584,
-0.2808070480823517,
0.3380255699157715,
-0.42914021015167236,
-0.31888896226882935,
0.34606969356536865,
-0.08710033446550369,
-0.020243462175130844,
0.8210604786872864,
-0.18109244108200073,
1.0110268592834473,
-0.24265174567699432,
0.34835535287857056,
0.5421229004859924,
-0.930363118648529,
0.8055259585380554,
-0.35110968351364136,
0.29754069447517395,
-0.532863199710846,
-0.5444539785385132,
0.31448787450790405,
-0.4362487494945526,
-0.08063659816980362,
-0.33064985275268555,
-0.4874750077724457,
0.048973873257637024,
0.4029783308506012,
-0.9196868538856506,
0.03342791646718979,
0.04900786653161049,
-0.09849479794502258,
-0.1592405140399933,
-0.5440904498100281,
-0.2378377616405487,
-0.24094344675540924,
0.31492120027542114,
0.17280153930187225,
0.42749935388565063,
-0.5249009132385254,
0.0834292322397232,
0.254971981048584,
0.30147987604141235,
0.2077386975288391,
-0.08949003368616104,
-0.034973010420799255,
-0.5384447574615479,
0.5770201086997986,
0.3423376679420471,
0.34412264823913574,
-0.5750256776809692,
-0.2960427701473236,
-0.370071142911911,
-0.5699402093887329,
0.36171820759773254,
0.08141346275806427,
0.3634874224662781,
0.12139560282230377,
-0.4929300546646118,
-2.0956196784973145,
-0.019185349345207214,
-0.42209282517433167,
0.3447699248790741,
0.6121482849121094,
-0.9715503454208374,
0.202950581908226,
-0.18627838790416718,
0.21125100553035736,
1.0372154712677002,
-0.18531109392642975,
-0.20431600511074066,
-0.36625275015830994,
0.5655954480171204,
0.13511326909065247,
0.07358776777982712,
0.027428362518548965,
-0.6833224892616272,
0.39358973503112793,
-0.2628891170024872,
0.28677818179130554,
-0.1866423487663269,
-0.8613958358764648,
-0.23039913177490234,
0.5431509017944336,
-0.4045194685459137,
-0.43567347526550293,
-0.3283790946006775,
0.7563557028770447,
-0.06952839344739914,
-0.5019287467002869,
-0.32840976119041443,
0.24508363008499146,
-0.04440511018037796,
0.5809080600738525,
-4.915307521820068,
0.11575198918581009,
-0.1032378152012825,
-0.25045648217201233,
-0.19614137709140778,
0.04333009570837021,
0.812167227268219,
-0.2710592746734619,
0.09798452258110046,
-0.13831306993961334,
0.45706334710121155,
0.19787812232971191,
-0.14019271731376648,
0.4774623513221741,
0.4363204836845398,
0.26554548740386963,
-0.031022140756249428,
0.24480699002742767,
0.16417071223258972,
0.17705845832824707,
0.31035757064819336,
0.9117623567581177,
0.1504768282175064,
0.171570286154747,
-0.49819687008857727,
0.6921477913856506,
-0.4279875159263611,
0.5258802771568298,
-0.6803617477416992,
0.3922218680381775,
0.3160068988800049,
0.12369132041931152,
0.12475243955850601,
-0.6825662851333618,
-0.8159450888633728,
-0.15103887021541595,
0.10365784168243408,
0.3860621154308319,
-0.15351955592632294,
-0.09776806086301804,
-0.8951122164726257,
0.3204728066921234,
-0.1661456823348999,
0.18086063861846924,
0.2860528826713562,
-0.2004437893629074,
-0.5110198855400085,
0.16719402372837067,
0.18234466016292572,
1.0510039329528809,
-0.17214897274971008,
-0.337261438369751,
1.0150362253189087,
0.7283384799957275,
0.2124282270669937,
-0.36619916558265686,
0.33637407422065735,
0.014477049000561237,
-0.28337764739990234,
0.29363757371902466,
0.2372116595506668,
0.020482627674937248,
0.38419458270072937,
-0.32793813943862915,
0.5547745227813721,
-0.4638308882713318,
0.04998636245727539,
-0.42071062326431274,
0.13277409970760345,
-0.0033320337533950806,
-0.16205474734306335,
0.14818111062049866,
-0.17072473466396332,
-0.7167409658432007,
0.21997690200805664,
-0.3965401351451874,
-0.04292910173535347,
0.3025888204574585,
0.3582427501678467,
0.07125166058540344,
-0.04617270827293396,
-0.23794542253017426,
-0.7313931584358215,
0.46473628282546997,
0.08973419666290283,
-0.6255735158920288,
-0.24278169870376587,
-0.07698323577642441,
-0.45472949743270874,
-0.1008405089378357,
-0.05127071216702461,
-0.055849589407444,
0.6214653849601746,
0.19146722555160522,
-0.2812853455543518,
0.564135730266571,
0.9719941020011902,
-0.2909216582775116,
0.36893171072006226,
-0.07280562818050385,
0.5878218412399292,
-0.36651432514190674,
-0.3340051770210266,
-0.522257387638092,
-0.22474326193332672,
-0.7488970756530762,
-0.008880557492375374,
0.8601380586624146,
0.13001394271850586,
-0.7683768272399902,
-0.13493703305721283,
-0.3245769143104553,
-0.2721256613731384,
-0.6064261198043823,
0.7179235816001892,
-0.10577468574047089,
0.10221453756093979,
0.7345696687698364,
0.5017155408859253,
0.0003580065967980772,
0.5552571415901184,
0.29674574732780457,
0.2792023718357086,
-0.12259576469659805,
0.17933446168899536,
0.07980621606111526,
-0.06309131532907486,
-0.20896808803081512,
-0.093962661921978,
0.49869304895401,
-0.42894235253334045,
0.7341693639755249,
0.04698694869875908,
-0.141912579536438,
0.03674910590052605,
-0.3674752116203308,
-0.07526269555091858,
0.612320601940155,
-0.16428044438362122,
-0.6951469779014587,
0.09014557301998138,
0.034885428845882416,
-1.1859209537506104,
0.29922595620155334,
0.0016341648297384381,
0.3650493323802948,
0.0836198478937149,
0.027605488896369934,
-0.09893722087144852,
0.6124319434165955,
-0.008478035219013691,
-0.04497632756829262,
0.4463181495666504,
-0.05991370975971222,
-0.751538097858429,
0.39901915192604065,
0.46125152707099915,
-0.03321659564971924,
-0.3843647539615631,
-0.6277944445610046,
-0.2163773626089096,
0.3675796389579773,
-1.1709845066070557,
-0.3869697153568268,
0.36722663044929504,
-0.541374683380127,
-0.06964365392923355,
-0.46950432658195496,
-0.5072786808013916,
1.0112571716308594,
-0.05960861220955849,
0.0906604751944542,
-0.7676605582237244,
0.031183632090687752,
0.3028550148010254,
-0.3881829082965851,
-0.15008871257305145,
0.24645459651947021,
0.16630315780639648,
0.2368001490831375,
0.17954975366592407,
-0.46925660967826843,
0.466594934463501,
1.0145182609558105,
0.37479162216186523,
0.2564087510108948,
-0.13382986187934875,
-0.17656190693378448,
-0.07471520453691483,
0.05378291755914688,
0.4761303663253784,
-0.004919896367937326,
0.46009883284568787,
-0.0671340599656105,
-0.06323975324630737,
-0.4224819839000702,
-0.10457780212163925,
0.178507998585701,
0.4784463942050934,
-0.7547680735588074,
0.3932898938655853,
0.6340121626853943,
-0.23631905019283295,
0.5464295148849487,
0.39113396406173706,
-0.5150532722473145,
0.14812467992305756,
0.23160138726234436,
-0.7988461256027222,
0.40858057141304016,
0.005996068008244038,
-0.7290722727775574,
-0.008450196124613285,
0.3527836203575134,
-0.25546354055404663,
-0.4803521931171417,
0.2716847062110901,
-0.428467720746994,
-0.22258979082107544,
-0.09648746252059937,
0.13336165249347687,
-0.19999854266643524,
0.06865812093019485,
-0.2675408720970154,
-0.23675762116909027,
0.2963521480560303,
0.3530366122722626,
-0.859786331653595,
0.5314407348632812,
0.13542769849300385,
-0.34489428997039795,
0.0937904492020607,
0.29219919443130493,
-0.29989880323410034,
-0.6395476460456848,
-0.6258342266082764,
-0.4412035048007965,
0.30887407064437866,
-0.016181444749236107,
0.1356809437274933,
-0.0304415263235569,
0.3427887558937073,
0.19773101806640625,
-0.8661101460456848,
0.06449464708566666,
0.252476304769516,
0.3584599792957306,
-0.7963569760322571,
-0.38093632459640503,
0.45548978447914124,
0.031802546232938766,
-0.1341668665409088,
-0.6604726910591125,
-0.9630990624427795,
0.787726640701294,
0.21379777789115906,
-0.07429080456495285,
0.12330639362335205,
0.07728549093008041,
0.2511139512062073,
-0.30506715178489685,
0.41932839155197144,
-0.020594606176018715,
0.8615399599075317,
0.1164957731962204,
0.2953769266605377,
-0.24586650729179382,
-0.02726074308156967,
0.18536847829818726,
-0.41608983278274536,
-0.5637626051902771,
-0.3112087845802307,
0.4563255310058594,
0.5162452459335327,
0.26767683029174805,
0.11939629167318344,
0.18496881425380707,
-0.9871325492858887,
0.15537136793136597,
0.05259617045521736,
0.39443129301071167,
-0.0949234813451767,
0.38340452313423157,
-0.0818486139178276,
0.8919309973716736,
-0.44496965408325195,
-0.20410680770874023,
-0.12150160223245621,
-0.2872653007507324,
0.214682474732399,
0.25731807947158813,
0.4146009385585785,
-1.0444416999816895,
0.6114914417266846,
0.5151040554046631,
0.08586335927248001,
0.10031703859567642,
0.7338470816612244,
0.2597181797027588,
-0.5409446954727173,
-0.7424907684326172,
0.7685903310775757,
0.3479148745536804,
-0.13207028806209564,
0.4633252024650574,
0.43244341015815735,
0.4214928150177002,
0.1481998860836029,
-0.4284060597419739,
0.21405725181102753,
0.21147628128528595,
-0.13098549842834473,
0.4208831191062927,
0.4243091642856598,
0.1933801919221878,
0.2851811945438385,
-0.130966454744339,
-0.4808276295661926,
0.16711506247520447,
-0.03766237944364548,
0.16514557600021362,
-0.2583157420158386,
0.5036213397979736,
0.0459635928273201,
-1.0391358137130737,
0.6940279603004456,
-0.42421650886535645,
-0.3586786091327667,
0.1336209774017334,
0.2512911260128021,
0.7003095746040344,
-0.13967064023017883,
-0.5253064036369324,
0.5018743276596069,
-0.4631030261516571,
-0.08505046367645264,
-0.24724164605140686,
-0.3936150074005127,
-0.4347273111343384,
0.5665261149406433,
0.1324884593486786,
0.5026510953903198,
0.25724315643310547,
-0.2297426462173462,
-0.26524412631988525,
0.2281709760427475,
-0.6149342060089111,
0.11644139140844345,
0.06095855310559273,
-0.3239317238330841,
0.017862441018223763,
0.2513146996498108,
0.14105284214019775,
0.18876563012599945,
0.04517047107219696,
0.49149224162101746,
0.22446727752685547,
-0.33881253004074097,
-0.04261290654540062,
-1.6218271255493164,
-0.09078996628522873,
-0.29106405377388,
0.23499156534671783,
0.7559970617294312,
0.21905718743801117,
-0.10300792008638382,
0.058606114238500595,
-0.09850579500198364,
-0.1490839123725891,
0.29916077852249146,
0.13271047174930573,
-0.36521217226982117,
-0.12109328806400299,
0.2060413807630539,
-0.11095651984214783,
0.08854436129331589,
-0.221533864736557,
-0.006025956477969885,
-0.05628430098295212,
-0.25747352838516235,
-0.858276903629303,
-0.2477806657552719,
-0.5948916673660278,
-0.7612078189849854,
-0.0038830190896987915,
0.11286858469247818,
-0.7708947658538818,
0.34954962134361267,
0.2948245704174042,
0.3508000671863556,
-0.015198777429759502,
-0.0063773877918720245,
0.37525856494903564,
-0.22949498891830444,
-0.5415664911270142,
0.24353699386119843,
-0.21361742913722992,
0.4938811957836151,
-0.12341929972171783,
-0.8196881413459778,
-0.6140315532684326,
-0.11236705631017685,
0.08446326106786728,
0.2686346173286438,
-0.406375527381897,
-0.009944590739905834,
0.10171101987361908,
0.7069286108016968,
-0.4686053991317749,
0.3979918956756592,
-0.1423361599445343,
0.08455149829387665,
0.021968118846416473,
0.9160093665122986,
-0.27562248706817627,
0.14311206340789795,
0.43858450651168823,
-0.3150729238986969,
-0.18131741881370544,
-0.6972156763076782,
0.2903406023979187,
-0.7478742599487305,
0.03173177316784859,
0.895134687423706,
-0.5233213305473328,
-0.42216989398002625,
-0.010948903858661652,
0.33706051111221313,
-0.3861899673938751,
0.35728320479393005,
-0.5530619621276855,
0.2390098124742508,
-0.5486003756523132,
-0.36272501945495605,
-0.42235714197158813,
0.14701411128044128,
1.005981206893921,
0.6999624371528625,
0.1961696445941925,
0.31137049198150635,
-0.5178154110908508,
-0.16978107392787933,
0.3951302468776703,
0.22819694876670837,
-3.226736307144165,
-0.07368549704551697,
-0.1753517985343933,
-0.20937001705169678,
-0.2843298614025116,
0.2504348158836365,
-0.04482201859354973,
0.13348983228206635,
0.14695794880390167,
-0.2168630063533783,
0.2632594406604767,
-0.31454792618751526,
-0.10612769424915314,
-0.4918731451034546,
0.04182247444987297,
0.6854671835899353
] |
236337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28D%29 | List of diseases (D) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "D".
D
D ercole syndrome
Da
Daentl Towsend Siegel syndrome
Dahlberg Borer Newcomer syndrome
Daish–Hardman–Lamont syndrome
Dandy–Walker facial hemangioma
Dandy–Walker malformation postaxial polydactyly
Dandy–Walker syndrome recessive form
Dandy–Walker malformation with mental retardation, basal ganglia disease, and seizures
Dandy–Walker malformation with mental retardation, macrocephaly, myopia, and brachytelephalangy
Dandy–Walker syndrome
Daneman–Davy–Mancer syndrome
Darier's disease
Davenport–Donlan syndrome
David syndrome
Davis–Lafer syndrome
De
De Barsy syndrome
De Hauwere–Leroy–Adriaenssens syndrome
DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome
Dea
Deaf
Deaf blind hypopigmentation
Deafn
Deafness
Deafne
Deafness c – Deafness s
Deafness conductive ptosis skeletal anomalies
Deafness conductive stapedial ear malformation facial palsy
Deafness congenital onychodystrophy recessive
Deafness craniofacial syndrome
Deafness enamel hypoplasia nail defects
Deafness epiphyseal dysplasia short stature
Deafness goiter stippled epiphyses
Deafness hyperuricemia neurologic ataxia
Deafness hypogonadism syndrome
Deafness hypospadias metacarpal and metatarsal syndrome
Deafness mesenteric diverticula of small bowel neuropathy
Deafness mixed with perilymphatic Gusher, X-linked
Deafness nephritis ano rectal malformation
Deafness neurosensory pituitary dwarfism
Deafness nonsyndromic, Connexin 26 linked
Deafness oligodontia syndrome
Deafness onychodystrophy dominant form
Deafness peripheral neuropathy arterial disease
Deafness progressive cataract autosomal dominant
Deafness skeletal dysplasia lip granuloma
Deafness symphalangism
Deafness v – Deafness x
Deafness vitiligo achalasia
Deafness white hair contractures papillomas
Deafness X-linked, DFN3
Deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural
Deafness, isolated, due to mitochondrial transmission
Deafness, neurosensory nonsyndromic recessive, DFN
Deafness, X linked, DFN
Deal
Deal–Barratt–Dillon syndrome
Dec–Del
Deciduous skin
Decompensated phoria
Decompression sickness
Deep vein thrombosis
Dabbing Syndrome
Defect in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin
Defective apolipoprotein B-100
Defective expression of HLA class 2
Degenerative motor system disease
Degenerative optic myopathy
Degos disease
Dehydratase deficiency
Dejerine–Sottas disease
Delayed ejaculation
Delayed membranous cranial ossification
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Delayed speech facial asymmetry strabismus ear lobe creases
Deletion 6q16 q21
Delirium
Delirium tremens
Delusional disorder
Delleman–Oorthuys syndrome
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency
Delta-sarcoglycanopathy
Dem–Dep
Dementia
Dementia, alcohol
Dementia progressive lipomembranous polycysta
Dementia, familial British
Dementia, frontotemporal
Dementia, HIV
Dementia pugilistica
Dementia, vascular
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Demodicidosis
Demyelinating disease
Dengue fever
Dennis–Cohen syndrome
Dennis–Fairhurst–Moore syndrome
Dent disease
Dental aberrations steroid dehydrogenase deficienciency
Dental caries
Dental fluorosis
Dental tissue neoplasm
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
Dentin dysplasia sclerotic bones
Dentin dysplasia, coronal
Dentin dysplasia, radicular
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Dentophobia
Dependent personality disorder
Depersonalization disorder
Depression (clinical)
Depressive personality disorder
Der–Dev
Der(22)t(8;22)(q24.1;q11.1) syndrome
Dercum's disease aka Adiposis dolorosa
Der Kaloustian–Jarudi–Khoury syndrome
Der Kaloustian–Mcintosh–Silver syndrome
Dermal dysplasia
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Dermatocardioskeletal syndrome Boronne type
Dermatographic urticaria
Dermatofibroma
Dermatoleukodystrophy
Dermatomyositis
Dermatoosteolysis Kirghizian type
Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
Dermatophytids
Dermatophytosis
Dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of François
Dermoodontodysplasia
Desbuquois syndrome
Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy
Desmoid disease
Desmoid tumor
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
Developmental coordination disorder
Developmental delay epilepsy neonatal diabetes (DEND syndrome)
Developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy
Developmental dyslexia
Developmental dysphasia familial
Devic syndrome
Devriendt–Legius–Fryns syndrome
Devriendt–Vandenberghe–Fryns syndrome
Dex
Dexamethasone sensitive hypertension
Dextrocardia with situs inversus
Dextrocardia
Dextrocardia-bronchiectasis-sinusitis
Dg
D-glycerate dehydrogenase deficiency
D-Glyceric acidemia
Di
Dia
Diab–Diam
Diabetes hypogonadism deafness mental retardation
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy
Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic type 1
Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic type 2
Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic type 3
Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, dominant type
Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, recessive type
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes persistent mullerian ducts
Diabetes, insulin dependent
Diabetic angiopathy
Diabetic embryopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diamond–Blackfan anemia
Diap–Dias
Diaphragmatic agenesia
Diaphragmatic agenesis radial aplasia omphalocele
Diaphragmatic defect limb deficiency skull defect
Diaphragmatic hernia abnormal face limb
Diaphragmatic hernia exomphalos corpus callosum agenesis
Diaphragmatic hernia upper limb defects
Diaphragmatic hernia, congenital
Diarrhea chronic with villous atrophy
Diarrhea polyendocrinopathy infections X linked
Diastematomyelia
Diastrophic dysplasia
Dib–Din
Dibasic aminoaciduria 2
Dibasic aminoaciduria type 1
Dicarboxylicaminoaciduria
Die Smulders–Droog–Van Dijk syndrome
Die Smulders–Vles–Fryns syndrome
Diencephalic syndrome
Dieterich's disease
Diethylstilbestrol antenatal infection
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Diffuse leiomyomatosis with Alport syndrome
Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis
Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian type
Diffuse panbronchiolitis
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease
DiGeorge syndrome
Digestive duplication
Digitorenocerebral syndrome
Digoxin toxicity
Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Dimitri–Sturge–Weber syndrome
Dincsoy–Salih–Patel syndrome
Dinno–Shearer–Weisskopf syndrome
Dio–Dip
Diomedi–Bernardi–Placidi syndrome
Dionisi–Vici–Sabetta–Gambarara syndrome
Diphallia
Diphallus rachischisis imperforate anus
Diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency of erythrocyte
Diphtheria
Diplopia
Diplopia, binocular
Diplopia, monocular
Dis–Div
Disaccharide intolerance iii
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Disinhibited attachment disorder
Dislocation of the hip dysmorphism
Disorder in the hormonal synthesis with or without goiter
Disorganization syndrome
Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative hysteria
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder
Distal arthrogryposis Moore–Weaver type
Distal myopathy Markesbery–Griggs type
Distal myopathy with vocal cord weakness
Distal myopathy, Nonaka type
Distal myopathy
Distal primary acidosis, familial
Distemper
Distichiasis heart congenital anomalies
Distomatosis
Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis
Dk–Do
Dk phocomelia syndrome
D-minus hemolytic uremic syndrome
Dobrow syndrome
Dominant cleft palate
Dominant ichthyosis vulgaris
Dominant zonular cataract
Donnai Barrow syndrome
DOOR syndrome
Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency
DOPA-responsive dystonia
Double cortex
Double discordia
Double fingernail of fifth finger
Double outlet left ventricle
Double outlet right ventricle
Double tachycardia induced by catecholamines
Double uterus-hemivagina-renal agenesis
Down syndrome
Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy
Dp–Du
D-plus hemolytic uremic syndrome
Drachtman–Weinblatt–Sitarz syndrome
Dracunculiasis
Duane anomaly mental retardation
Duane syndrome
Dubin–Johnson syndrome
Dubowitz syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duhring–Brocq disease
Duhring's disease
Duker–Weiss–Siber syndrome
Duodenal atresia tetralogy of Fallot
Duodenal atresia
Duplication of leg mirror foot
Duplication of the thumb unilateral biphalangeal
Duplication of urethra
Dupont–Sellier–Chochillon syndrome
Dupuytren subungual exostosis
Dupuytren's contracture
Dust-induced lung disease
Dw
Dwarfism
Dwarfism bluish sclerae
Dwarfism deafness retinitis pigmentosa
Dwarfism lethal type advanced bone age
Dwarfism mental retardation eye abnormality
Dwarfism short limb absent fibulas very short digits
Dwarfism stiff joint ocular abnormalities
Dwarfism syndesmodysplasic
Dwarfism tall vertebrae
Dwarfism thanatophoric
Dwarfism thin bones multiple fractures
Dy
Dyg–Dyk
Dyggve–Melchior–Clausen syndrome
Dykes–Markes–Harper syndrome
Dys
Dysa–Dysk
Dysautonomia
Dysbarism
Dyscalculia
Dyschondrosteosis nephritis
Dyschromatosis universalis
Dysencephalia splachnocystica or Meckel–Gruber
Dysequilibrium syndrome
Dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital
Dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital type 1
Dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital type 2
Dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital type 3
Dysexecutive syndrome
Dysferlinopathy
Dysfibrinogenemia, familial
Dysfibrinogenemia, acquired
Dysgerminoma
Dysgraphia
Dysharmonic skeletal maturation muscular fiber disproportion
Dyskeratosis congenita of Zinsser–Cole–Engman
Dyskeratosis congenita
Dyskeratosis follicularis
Dyskinesia, drug induced
Dyskinesia
Dysm–Dyss
Dysmorphism abnormal vocalization mental retardation
Dysmorphism cleft palate loose skin
Dysmorphophobia
Dysmyelination
Dysosteosclerosis
Dysostosis acral with facial and genital abnormalities
Dysostosis peripheral
Dysostosis Stanescu type
Dysostosis
Dyspareunia
Dysphasic dementia, hereditary
Dysphonia, chronic spasmodic
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica
Dysplasia
Dysplastic cortical hyperostosis
Dysplastic nevus syndrome
Dysprothrombinemia
Dysraphism cleft lip palate limb reduction defects
Dyssegmental dysplasia glaucoma
Dyssegmental dysplasia Silverman–Handmaker type
Dyst
Dysthymia
Dystonia musculorum deformans
Dystonia musculorum deformans type 1
Dystonia musculorum deformans type 2
Dystonia progressive with diurnal variation
Dystonia
Dystrophia myotonica
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Dystrophinopathy
D | [
-0.14483477175235748,
0.617079496383667,
-0.5102245211601257,
-0.15308554470539093,
-0.5651900768280029,
0.3425185978412628,
0.6007031798362732,
0.3464448153972626,
-0.612091600894928,
-1.016046404838562,
-0.31988033652305603,
0.03129309043288231,
-0.18958984315395355,
1.1983599662780762,
0.5720682144165039,
0.8438480496406555,
0.09350652992725372,
0.7452115416526794,
-0.07249787449836731,
-0.3565543293952942,
-0.09586289525032043,
-0.27932438254356384,
0.20680974423885345,
-0.5152023434638977,
-0.43431976437568665,
0.07936756312847137,
-0.026388658210635185,
0.043839775025844574,
-0.11837786436080933,
-0.01835271157324314,
0.13545338809490204,
0.5074087977409363,
0.04515138268470764,
0.2884778678417206,
-0.10145258158445358,
-0.26451390981674194,
0.05439009889960289,
-0.5458886623382568,
0.12043794244527817,
-0.4492136538028717,
-0.6391381025314331,
-0.24935628473758698,
-0.13796864449977875,
0.9658486247062683,
-0.009156969375908375,
0.13961976766586304,
-1.560961365699768,
-0.3609190285205841,
-0.4675426483154297,
-0.14169080555438995,
0.56043940782547,
-0.540763258934021,
0.5414299368858337,
0.30158478021621704,
0.08291720598936081,
0.31128668785095215,
-0.5979219079017639,
0.38843005895614624,
0.0365002267062664,
0.34974971413612366,
1.0685853958129883,
-0.2575482130050659,
-0.09563389420509338,
0.21319963037967682,
0.31966617703437805,
0.6725817322731018,
0.062432911247015,
0.7654482126235962,
-0.6420475244522095,
-0.1619679033756256,
-0.22956955432891846,
-0.3567158877849579,
0.5925139784812927,
0.18604132533073425,
0.2108268439769745,
0.11035672575235367,
-0.18883657455444336,
-0.4208294749259949,
0.08869192749261856,
-1.063307523727417,
-0.4203331172466278,
0.1654416173696518,
0.27266955375671387,
-0.1988864690065384,
0.1286708265542984,
-0.2280091792345047,
-0.5604541301727295,
-0.4884471297264099,
-0.32302987575531006,
1.1049559116363525,
0.32952576875686646,
0.35467997193336487,
0.3738168776035309,
-0.32792040705680847,
-0.3279133439064026,
-0.1784524768590927,
-0.10728107392787933,
-0.1654154658317566,
0.002513445448130369,
-0.050721555948257446,
0.2905498445034027,
0.3832254111766815,
0.29148146510124207,
-0.7572061419487,
-0.2204209864139557,
-0.5594620704650879,
-0.00321872066706419,
-0.08332628011703491,
-0.06226620450615883,
-1.7290595769882202,
-0.7990061044692993,
0.3088825047016144,
-0.3094712495803833,
-0.16187113523483276,
-0.610448956489563,
0.8571574687957764,
0.2623963952064514,
0.19414108991622925,
0.24644207954406738,
-0.08615786582231522,
-0.2590140998363495,
0.482058584690094,
-0.07141976803541183,
0.04165365919470787,
-0.04715283587574959,
0.7691953182220459,
0.16199679672718048,
-0.3497840166091919,
0.4437292516231537,
0.5180076956748962,
0.30518820881843567,
0.8367422223091125,
-0.3803434669971466,
-0.35712504386901855,
0.23779387772083282,
-0.5290188193321228,
0.09418264031410217,
0.4653593599796295,
0.3596934378147125,
-0.014574381522834301,
-0.6150041222572327,
-0.47634589672088623,
-2.130471706390381,
0.19554868340492249,
0.38503992557525635,
0.02156936563551426,
-0.2454366534948349,
0.30841994285583496,
0.4191438555717468,
0.013408669270575047,
-0.1178511306643486,
-0.3637840151786804,
-0.2177266925573349,
0.7831588387489319,
-0.37107157707214355,
0.36417993903160095,
0.2751281261444092,
-0.41843631863594055,
0.6202758550643921,
0.47700273990631104,
0.8409250974655151,
0.24629619717597961,
0.23909638822078705,
0.2662515938282013,
0.010974794626235962,
-0.19932687282562256,
0.2682427167892456,
-0.02871098928153515,
-0.1766718327999115,
-0.059892117977142334,
-0.6791041493415833,
-0.41743046045303345,
0.1749924272298813,
-0.7432995438575745,
0.35894152522087097,
0.17931295931339264,
0.3613828420639038,
-0.19751852750778198,
0.6918463110923767,
0.216542586684227,
-0.5171275734901428,
-0.4321522116661072,
0.34803807735443115,
-0.454372376203537,
0.32275983691215515,
-0.4476626217365265,
0.5907666087150574,
0.30750566720962524,
0.5325250625610352,
0.5476682782173157,
-0.3319757878780365,
-0.16196352243423462,
0.3186110258102417,
0.3636331558227539,
0.5698654651641846,
-0.09243707358837128,
-0.12364957481622696,
0.022418778389692307,
-0.04502711072564125,
0.19077661633491516,
-0.5390674471855164,
-0.06015700101852417,
0.34540313482284546,
0.4224211275577545,
-0.47195616364479065,
2.0153796672821045,
-0.22547857463359833,
0.22949393093585968,
-0.10546828806400299,
0.3739987313747406,
0.7175987362861633,
-0.5016314387321472,
0.34278711676597595,
-0.3417249321937561,
0.6895349621772766,
-0.2209441065788269,
-0.13462704420089722,
0.1988992840051651,
-0.5978150963783264,
-0.33701515197753906,
0.24979843199253082,
-0.10105189681053162,
0.15397363901138306,
0.74446040391922,
0.028912942856550217,
0.9768906235694885,
-0.13407613337039948,
0.5181704759597778,
0.5245698690414429,
-0.9411279559135437,
0.747680127620697,
-0.06772880256175995,
0.20254388451576233,
-0.4120730757713318,
-0.3999005854129791,
0.24325455725193024,
-0.29114362597465515,
-0.2305968850851059,
-0.3638157248497009,
-0.6740586161613464,
0.1309070885181427,
0.29705360531806946,
-0.4702044129371643,
0.02122490108013153,
-0.07800819724798203,
0.024790482595562935,
0.16639827191829681,
-0.475320428609848,
-0.19569642841815948,
-0.4532208740711212,
0.37104377150535583,
0.1513468325138092,
0.4105454385280609,
-0.46612223982810974,
-0.1339963674545288,
0.37181177735328674,
0.3187309801578522,
0.027576111257076263,
-0.09455036371946335,
-0.12152285873889923,
-0.5402230024337769,
0.5106661319732666,
0.4072059988975525,
0.20971253514289856,
-0.5602807402610779,
-0.428214430809021,
-0.44173070788383484,
-0.4858502149581909,
0.4210745394229889,
0.011947713792324066,
0.44815030694007874,
0.26354363560676575,
-0.6653319597244263,
-2.638756513595581,
-0.33926862478256226,
-0.6774787306785583,
0.5811139345169067,
0.5058035850524902,
-0.9775376319885254,
0.33482855558395386,
0.11269499361515045,
0.3476119041442871,
0.9503880739212036,
-0.10569139569997787,
-0.2559155523777008,
-0.5355381965637207,
0.7015969753265381,
0.028312569484114647,
0.0419592447578907,
0.09946320205926895,
-0.5627025365829468,
0.33308592438697815,
-0.3305163085460663,
0.2583267092704773,
-0.4258456826210022,
-0.8177657723426819,
-0.09001076221466064,
0.3815978169441223,
-0.13436362147331238,
-0.21932408213615417,
-0.1458241492509842,
0.5912793874740601,
-0.1894702911376953,
-0.1603592187166214,
-0.3522847592830658,
-0.1640590876340866,
-0.28732478618621826,
0.7121055722236633,
-4.463251113891602,
-0.05136585608124733,
-0.038790881633758545,
0.01685546524822712,
-0.1504826545715332,
0.14663495123386383,
0.9651428461074829,
-0.14114880561828613,
-0.12890513241291046,
-0.4567820727825165,
0.27818453311920166,
0.07206378132104874,
-0.21482612192630768,
0.5235169529914856,
0.3195800185203552,
0.18642237782478333,
0.41044071316719055,
0.16988830268383026,
0.3452824354171753,
-0.07059887796640396,
0.1051097959280014,
0.7304991483688354,
-0.06124824285507202,
0.13783767819404602,
-0.3065195679664612,
0.6182194948196411,
-0.5633357167243958,
0.3320132791996002,
-0.6020950675010681,
0.3003157675266266,
0.3712540864944458,
0.05591079592704773,
-0.06697918474674225,
-0.4018150866031647,
-0.5272517800331116,
-0.1477973312139511,
0.06412199139595032,
0.3728770315647125,
-0.042111195623874664,
-0.27126753330230713,
-0.7146440148353577,
0.5736560225486755,
-0.22801759839057922,
0.3213919699192047,
0.1462082713842392,
0.09949810802936554,
-0.45218294858932495,
0.07446794211864471,
0.11203375458717346,
0.9010468125343323,
-0.21320544183254242,
-0.2548498213291168,
0.9671496748924255,
0.6694779396057129,
0.19605445861816406,
-0.16852149367332458,
0.1730189025402069,
0.07284379005432129,
-0.25274303555488586,
0.348029226064682,
0.32533958554267883,
-0.017014995217323303,
0.27737948298454285,
-0.420166015625,
0.48103994131088257,
-0.5091773271560669,
0.11260335147380829,
-0.5245888829231262,
0.0494348369538784,
0.13116581737995148,
-0.26786091923713684,
0.3459881842136383,
-0.026331065222620964,
-0.8497000336647034,
0.34692975878715515,
-0.20372343063354492,
-0.057312481105327606,
0.10206343978643417,
0.2931083142757416,
-0.03737998753786087,
-0.0903211310505867,
-0.25612005591392517,
-0.48534470796585083,
0.5015372633934021,
0.06324294954538345,
-0.8439331650733948,
-0.30761879682540894,
-0.14777515828609467,
-0.47881704568862915,
-0.15082907676696777,
-0.17180830240249634,
0.02169855125248432,
0.6162561178207397,
-0.04788116738200188,
-0.2395247220993042,
0.9115947484970093,
0.8313707709312439,
-0.17114946246147156,
0.25236934423446655,
-0.13629363477230072,
0.7272300720214844,
-0.48359376192092896,
-0.3796956241130829,
-0.3429841995239258,
-0.2106524407863617,
-0.6734704375267029,
-0.1190062165260315,
0.9129152894020081,
-0.05231427028775215,
-0.7021752595901489,
-0.04721780866384506,
-0.23729509115219116,
-0.32869797945022583,
-0.7541442513465881,
0.9442852735519409,
-0.12994754314422607,
0.11208568513393402,
0.9395925998687744,
0.4730830192565918,
0.09744344651699066,
0.4127199053764343,
0.11563202738761902,
0.0560680627822876,
-0.21381914615631104,
0.3469594717025757,
0.03758063539862633,
-0.1689758151769638,
-0.28461942076683044,
-0.1277155578136444,
0.3733179569244385,
-0.162542462348938,
0.7456789016723633,
0.06724190711975098,
-0.39110037684440613,
-0.145570307970047,
-0.42128807306289673,
-0.22184787690639496,
0.7098336219787598,
-0.26627832651138306,
-0.5571907162666321,
0.16548015177249908,
0.02026699297130108,
-0.9701348543167114,
0.10511718690395355,
0.2565138041973114,
0.1652725338935852,
0.053869377821683884,
0.005573787726461887,
0.03779016062617302,
0.46559569239616394,
0.1396460384130478,
-0.11170383542776108,
0.3008779287338257,
-0.5356117486953735,
-0.5216622948646545,
0.3655412793159485,
0.5077154040336609,
0.04499465972185135,
-0.5320836305618286,
-0.6096086502075195,
-0.5860939025878906,
0.135710209608078,
-1.1239358186721802,
-0.10638360679149628,
0.4311719536781311,
-0.5813424587249756,
0.048387281596660614,
-0.6984202861785889,
-0.3398353159427643,
1.0948805809020996,
-0.07056924700737,
0.07161649316549301,
-0.8422346115112305,
0.09306669235229492,
0.3157102167606354,
-0.38668546080589294,
-0.17685289680957794,
0.2896999418735504,
0.17070874571800232,
0.22642545402050018,
-0.03302464261651039,
-0.427034467458725,
0.2944006025791168,
1.1649019718170166,
0.14408066868782043,
0.11912694573402405,
-0.12437555938959122,
-0.16649146378040314,
-0.2841399908065796,
0.16579870879650116,
0.1676533967256546,
-0.06164415180683136,
0.4431498050689697,
-0.24730490148067474,
-0.2374052107334137,
-0.5013482570648193,
0.0943756029009819,
0.2382756769657135,
0.35568103194236755,
-0.8145979046821594,
0.5452075004577637,
0.8437483906745911,
-0.37593162059783936,
0.4732041358947754,
0.4695340394973755,
-0.7040774822235107,
0.270656019449234,
0.30066609382629395,
-0.7356030344963074,
0.470004677772522,
-0.014650300145149231,
-0.6682553291320801,
-0.34023985266685486,
0.2659473717212677,
-0.2518059015274048,
-0.30536457896232605,
0.3049948513507843,
-0.656917929649353,
-0.24787086248397827,
-0.08747479319572449,
0.21970489621162415,
-0.24717555940151215,
-0.07823849469423294,
-0.11748626083135605,
-0.16626770794391632,
0.13732850551605225,
0.07527927309274673,
-1.0012394189834595,
0.5718464255332947,
0.06695019453763962,
-0.35725581645965576,
0.24713937938213348,
0.21721893548965454,
-0.17584991455078125,
-0.5416858792304993,
-0.576926052570343,
-0.33272212743759155,
0.34444794058799744,
0.11053552478551865,
0.1398211568593979,
0.24019549787044525,
0.21077892184257507,
0.06022512912750244,
-1.0587550401687622,
-0.15155087411403656,
0.19247886538505554,
0.21694663166999817,
-0.9395151734352112,
-0.44668468832969666,
0.3530788719654083,
0.13870559632778168,
-0.21234767138957977,
-0.6810399293899536,
-0.9991913437843323,
0.8343335390090942,
0.2639023959636688,
0.04916686937212944,
0.11654505878686905,
0.09870105981826782,
0.23637403547763824,
-0.4005115032196045,
0.6369562149047852,
0.09580540657043457,
0.9551039338111877,
0.1168530285358429,
0.20782814919948578,
-0.18752840161323547,
0.07285609096288681,
0.29128512740135193,
-0.3268769681453705,
-0.7027952075004578,
-0.21792176365852356,
0.24049077928066254,
0.35844263434410095,
0.32050853967666626,
0.1717914640903473,
0.3175663948059082,
-0.901191234588623,
0.181997150182724,
0.05323943495750427,
0.6402956247329712,
-0.07002398371696472,
0.3833194077014923,
-0.050658341497182846,
0.8446542024612427,
-0.5880978107452393,
-0.22527197003364563,
-0.07814151048660278,
-0.28497210144996643,
0.11344461888074875,
0.5972173810005188,
0.09688181430101395,
-0.8994244933128357,
0.5411030054092407,
0.33635613322257996,
0.2929582893848419,
-0.01898367516696453,
0.4076862931251526,
0.23777127265930176,
-0.8275070786476135,
-0.40322044491767883,
0.7970685958862305,
0.17535099387168884,
0.15533006191253662,
0.5126248598098755,
0.4054751992225647,
0.555857241153717,
0.18749241530895233,
-0.34573808312416077,
0.17901340126991272,
0.33034756779670715,
-0.13412021100521088,
0.45799973607063293,
0.6227962374687195,
0.09038221836090088,
0.39145416021347046,
-0.11703162640333176,
-0.19349762797355652,
0.031431086361408234,
-0.19180817902088165,
0.04488952457904816,
-0.4185899794101715,
0.5622193217277527,
0.00933811254799366,
-0.9614000916481018,
0.7007365822792053,
-0.2784212529659271,
-0.23115293681621552,
0.3221765458583832,
0.33015763759613037,
0.7491727471351624,
-0.14351192116737366,
-0.5610683560371399,
0.49842965602874756,
-0.34899139404296875,
-0.0785590186715126,
-0.06375289708375931,
-0.3550262153148651,
-0.19573062658309937,
0.525973916053772,
0.1999700963497162,
0.714245080947876,
0.4767684042453766,
0.00027289497666060925,
-0.33203381299972534,
0.17342175543308258,
-0.7089923620223999,
0.023644227534532547,
0.2507927715778351,
-0.46333596110343933,
-0.055121734738349915,
0.33134427666664124,
-0.044858407229185104,
0.3914690315723419,
0.031192593276500702,
0.12885037064552307,
0.4723562002182007,
-0.3973715901374817,
-0.028769971802830696,
-1.9934362173080444,
0.21535040438175201,
-0.37415772676467896,
0.07216950505971909,
0.7218128442764282,
0.24489255249500275,
-0.11747632175683975,
-0.07046050578355789,
-0.0027092767413705587,
-0.19850130379199982,
0.0789714977145195,
0.23241305351257324,
-0.2533935308456421,
-0.038017638027668,
-0.08143854141235352,
-0.10092899203300476,
0.2511900067329407,
0.15919601917266846,
-0.27922701835632324,
0.06769157201051712,
-0.12267675250768661,
-0.7418213486671448,
-0.05447692424058914,
-0.5638406872749329,
-0.74406898021698,
0.07009940594434738,
0.08795277774333954,
-0.8598385453224182,
0.31897178292274475,
0.57553631067276,
0.3046162724494934,
0.16955217719078064,
0.01106287818402052,
0.16938383877277374,
-0.42148303985595703,
-0.5419659614562988,
0.2806106209754944,
-0.21530786156654358,
0.6124145984649658,
-0.04290231317281723,
-0.7470653057098389,
-0.4202733039855957,
-0.09164954721927643,
0.020591482520103455,
0.16558662056922913,
-0.5249148011207581,
-0.09404703974723816,
0.03264854475855827,
0.6807475090026855,
-0.2861778736114502,
0.5662484169006348,
-0.12331245839595795,
-0.08891402184963226,
0.1890433430671692,
0.9462977647781372,
-0.12682810425758362,
0.21325910091400146,
0.438026487827301,
-0.26557618379592896,
-0.24356423318386078,
-0.5114079713821411,
0.2321326732635498,
-0.4958357810974121,
-0.06839396804571152,
0.8908718824386597,
-0.5896453857421875,
-0.34095194935798645,
0.0466526560485363,
0.441653311252594,
-0.1844884157180786,
0.3826238214969635,
-0.598141610622406,
0.2721598446369171,
-0.41913720965385437,
-0.4458445906639099,
-0.4856312572956085,
0.4778561294078827,
0.8928459882736206,
0.9499335289001465,
0.0805811733007431,
0.06054484844207764,
-0.6434489488601685,
-0.2999899387359619,
0.268451452255249,
0.5470853447914124,
-4.130777835845947,
-0.37806588411331177,
-0.3162868320941925,
-0.2936956286430359,
-0.07945903390645981,
0.4161635935306549,
0.058448534458875656,
0.360049307346344,
0.28086867928504944,
-0.14900332689285278,
0.22170691192150116,
-0.1307700276374817,
-0.18077760934829712,
-0.4759926497936249,
0.1626877337694168,
0.8501108884811401
] |
236338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28E%29 | List of diseases (E) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "E".
Eb
Ebola virus disease
Ec
Ech
Echovirus infection
Ect
Ecto
Ectod
Ectode
Ectodermal dysplasia absent dermatoglyphics
Ectodermal dysplasia adrenal cyst
Ectodermal dysplasia alopecia preaxial polydactyly
Ectodermal dysplasia anhidrotic
Ectodermal dysplasia arthrogryposis diabetes mellitus
Ectodermal dysplasia Bartalos type
Ectodermal dysplasia Berlin type
Ectodermal dysplasia blindness
Ectodermal dysplasia ectrodactyly macular dystrophy
Ectodermal dysplasia hypohidrotic autosomal dominant
Ectodermal dysplasia hypohidrotic hypothyroidism ciliary dyskinesia
Ectodermal dysplasia Margarita type
Ectodermal dysplasia mental retardation CNS malformation
Ectodermal dysplasia mental retardation syndactyly
Ectodermal dysplasia neurosensory deafness
Ectodermal dysplasia osteosclerosis
Ectodermal dysplasia tricho odonto onychial type
Ectodermal dysplasia, hydrotic
Ectodermal dysplasia, hypohidrotic, autosomal recessive
Ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermic dysplasia anhidrotic cleft lip
Ectop
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia lentis
Ectopia pupillae
Ectopic coarctation
Ectopic ossification familial type
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectr
Ectrodactyly cardiopathy dysmorphism
Ectrodactyly cleft palate syndrome
Ectrodactyly diaphragmatic hernia corpus callosum
Ectrodactyly dominant form
Ectrodactyly ectrodermal dysplasia
Ectrodactyly polydactyly
Ectrodactyly recessive form
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome
Ectropion inferior cleft lip and or palate
Ecz
Eczema
Ed–Eg
Edinburgh malformation syndrome
Edwards–Patton–Dilly syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Eec syndrome without cleft lip palate
Eec syndrome
Eem syndrome
Egg hypersensitivity
Egg shaped pupils
Eh–Ek
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Ehrlichiosis
Eijkman's syndrome
Eiken syndrome
Eisenmenger syndrome
Ekbom syndrome
El–Em
Elattoproteus in context of NF
Elective mutism
Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome
Electron transfer flavoprotein, deficiency of
Elejalde syndrome
Elephant man in context of NF
Elephantiasis
Elliott–Ludman–Teebi syndrome
Ellis–Yale–Winter syndrome
Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Emerinopathy
Emery–Nelson syndrome
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, dominant type
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Emetophobia
Emphysema, congenital lobar
Emphysema
Emphysema-penoscrotal web-deafness-mental retardation
Empty sella syndrome
En
Ena–Enc
Enamel hypoplasia cataract hydrocephaly
Encephalitis
Encephalitis lethargica
Encephalo cranio cutaneous lipomatosis
Encephalocele anencephaly
Encephalocele anterior
Encephalocele frontal
Encephalocele
Encephalomyelitis, myalgic
Encephalomyelitis
Encephalopathy
Encephalopathy, chronic traumatic
Encephalopathy, epileptic
Encephalopathy, Fetal Alcohol
Encephalopathy, Gluten
Encephalopathy, Glycine
Encephalopathy, Hashimoto's
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
Encephalopathy, HIV associated
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
Encephalopathy, Hypoxic ischemic
Encephalopathy, Lyme
Encephalopathy, Mitochondrial
Encephalopathy, Neonatal
Encephalopathy, Static
Encephalopathy, Toxic
Encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform
Encephalopathy, Uremic
Encephalopathy, Wernicke's
Encephalopathy intracerebral calcification retinal
Encephalopathy progressive optic atrophy
Encephalopathy subacute spongiform, Gerstmann-Stra
Encephalopathy-basal ganglia-calcification
Encephalopathy recurrent of childhood
Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis
Enchondromatosis (benign)
Enchondromatosis dwarfism deafness
Enchondromatosis dwarfism calfness
Encopresis
End–Ent
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Endocarditis, infective
Endocarditis
Endocrinopathy
Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Endometriosis
Endomyocardial fibroelastosis
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Enetophobia
Eng–Strom syndrome
Engelhard–Yatziv syndrome
Englemann disease
Enolase deficiency type 1
Enolase deficiency type 2
Enolase deficiency type 3
Enolase deficiency type 4
Enolase deficiency
Enterobiasis
Enteropathica
Enterovirus antenatal infection
Entomophthoramycosis
Enu–Env
Enuresis
Envenomization by bothrops lanceolatus
Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper
Environment associated hypertension
Eo
Eosinophilia
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
Eosinophilic cryptitis
Eosinophilic cystitis
Eosinophilic fasciitis
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Eosinophilic granuloma
Eosinophilic lymphogranuloma
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
Eosinophilic myocarditis
Eosinophilic synovitis
Eosophobia
Ep
Epe
Ependymoblastoma
Ependymoma
Epi
Epicondylitis
Epid
Epide
Epidem
Epidemic encephalitis
Epidemic encephalomyelitis
Epider
Epiderma
Epidermal nevus vitamin D resistant rickets
Epidermo
Epidermod–Epidermoi
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Epidermoid carcinoma
Epidermol
Epidermolysa bullosa simplex and limb girdle muscular dystrophy
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, Bart type
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, dominant type
Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis, Dowling–Meara
Epidermolysis bullosa intraepidermic
Epidermolysis bullosa inversa dystrophica
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with anodontia, hair
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Cockayne–Touraine type
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Koebner type
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Ogna type
Epidermolysis bullosa, dermolytic
Epidermolysis bullosa, generalized atrophic benign
Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional, Herlitz–Pearson
Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional, with pyloric atrophy
Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional
Epidermolysis bullosa, pretibial
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma Vorner type
Epidi
Epididymitis
Epil–Epis
Epilepsia partialis continua
Epilepsy
Epilepsy benign neonatal familial
Epilepsy benign neonatal familial 1
Epilepsy benign neonatal familial 2
Epilepsy benign neonatal familial 3
Epilepsy juvenile absence
Epilepsy mental deterioration Finnish type
Epilepsy microcephaly skeletal dysplasia
Epilepsy occipital calcifications
Epilepsy progressive myoclonic
Epilepsy telangiectasia
Epilepsy with myoclono-astatic crisis
Epilepsy, benign occipital
Epilepsy, myoclonic progressive familial
Epilepsy, nocturnal, frontal lobe type
Epilepsy, partial, familial
Epimerase deficiency
Epimetaphyseal dysplasia cataract
Epimetaphyseal skeletal dysplasia
Epiphyseal dysplasia dysmorphism camptodactyly
Epiphyseal dysplasia hearing loss dysmorphism
Epiphyseal dysplasia multiple
Epiphyseal stippling syndrome osteoclastic hyperplasia
Epiphysealis hemimelica dysplasia
Epit
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma
Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Epitheliopathy, acute posterior multifocal placoid
Epp–Eps
EPP (erythropoietic protoporphyria)
Epstein barr virus mononucleosis
Epstein syndrome
Eq
Equinophobia
Er
Erb–Duchenne palsy
Erdheim disease
Erdheim–Chester disease
Ergophobia
Eronen–Somer–Gustafsson syndrome
Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
Erysipelas
Erythema multiforme
Erythema nodosum
Erythermalgia
Erythroblastopenia
Erythroderma desquamativa of Leiner
Erythroderma lethal congenital
Erythrokeratodermia ataxia
Erythrokeratodermia progressive symmetrica ichthyosis
Erythrokeratodermia symmetrica progressiva
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis ichthyosis
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis, Mendes da Costa type
Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia
Erythrokeratolysis hiemalis ichthyosis
Erythromelalgia
Erythroplakia
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Es–Et
Escher–Hirt syndrome
Escherichia coli infection
Esophageal atresia associated anomalies
Esophageal atresia coloboma talipes
Esophageal atresia
Esophageal disorder
Esophageal duodenal atresia abnormalities of hands
Esophageal neoplasm
Esophageal varices
Esophoria
Esotropia
Essential fatty acid deficiency
Essential hypertension
Essential iris atrophy
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Essential thrombocytopenia
Essential thrombocythemia - synonym of Essential thrombocytosis
Essential thrombocytosis
Esthesioneuroblastoma
Ethylmalonic aciduria
Ethylmalonic adipic aciduria
Eu–Ew
Euhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Eumycetoma
Eunuchoidism familial
Evan's syndrome
Ewing's sarcoma
Ex–Ey
Exencephaly
Exercise induced anaphylaxis
Exfoliative dermatitis
Exner syndrome
Exogenous lipoid pneumonia
Exomphalos-macroglossia-gigantism syndrome
Exophoria
Exophthalmos
Exostoses anetodermia brachydactyly type E
Exostoses, multiple
Exostoses, multiple, type 1
Exostoses, multiple, type 2
Exostoses, multiple, type 3
Exostoses
Exotropia
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Exploding head syndrome
Exstrophy of the bladder
Exstrophy of the bladder-epispadias
Exudative retinopathy familial, autosomal dominant
Exudative retinopathy familial, autosomal recessive
Exudative retinopathy familial, X linked, recessive
Exudative retinopathy, familial
Extrapyramidal disorder
Extrasystoles short stature hyperpigmentation microcephaly
Eye defects arachnodactyly cardiopathy
Eyebrows duplication syndactyly
E | [
-0.07552928477525711,
0.6758368015289307,
-0.5429145097732544,
-0.10593323409557343,
-0.4548244774341583,
0.2842288315296173,
0.6559485793113708,
0.3542240560054779,
-0.5665790438652039,
-0.92584228515625,
-0.1715984344482422,
0.12348844110965729,
-0.38277095556259155,
1.0641309022903442,
0.26676568388938904,
0.519633412361145,
-0.010640117339789867,
0.950232982635498,
-0.4083206057548523,
-0.25641992688179016,
-0.18703752756118774,
-0.1455782651901245,
0.4817967116832733,
-0.3911575376987457,
-0.09168517589569092,
-0.029133150354027748,
-0.13174229860305786,
-0.1293344497680664,
0.258811891078949,
-0.06301324814558029,
0.45597976446151733,
0.7625635862350464,
-0.028444044291973114,
0.18909187614917755,
-0.06619896739721298,
-0.32598644495010376,
0.07419569045305252,
-0.3503113389015198,
0.11810843646526337,
-0.5630359053611755,
-0.40122607350349426,
-0.213882714509964,
-0.10580724477767944,
0.8757302165031433,
0.10110866278409958,
-0.13724395632743835,
-1.7575931549072266,
-0.13265593349933624,
-0.5755412578582764,
0.17949523031711578,
0.45658209919929504,
-0.376386433839798,
0.6864617466926575,
0.2600463628768921,
-0.13784173130989075,
0.3512188792228699,
-0.6313683986663818,
0.1221117377281189,
0.13851439952850342,
0.4066396951675415,
1.119087815284729,
-0.17541815340518951,
-0.047412578016519547,
0.20558394491672516,
0.32762646675109863,
0.5013620257377625,
0.006631157826632261,
0.7949676513671875,
-0.615959644317627,
-0.1859876811504364,
-0.15264175832271576,
-0.4951714277267456,
0.43277212977409363,
0.06082344055175781,
0.16777348518371582,
-0.19302859902381897,
-0.29996630549430847,
-0.4387090504169464,
0.12564939260482788,
-0.6012839078903198,
-0.3256767690181732,
0.14290374517440796,
0.20492088794708252,
-0.3944818079471588,
0.0640644058585167,
0.023067930713295937,
-0.4148454964160919,
-0.30457839369773865,
-0.2511861026287079,
0.8768768310546875,
0.5696187019348145,
0.12413179129362106,
0.2799451947212219,
-0.4303465485572815,
-0.18949075043201447,
-0.07167824357748032,
-0.21947914361953735,
-0.40554147958755493,
-0.06543484330177307,
0.13603073358535767,
0.28541311621665955,
0.22540217638015747,
0.1781097799539566,
-0.5872340798377991,
-0.2580694258213043,
-0.41046378016471863,
0.05035851523280144,
-0.048128679394721985,
0.22438079118728638,
-1.4744055271148682,
-0.777849018573761,
0.19716207683086395,
-0.38829880952835083,
-0.16424806416034698,
-0.629395067691803,
0.8137992024421692,
0.4849070906639099,
0.2311246544122696,
0.1111784428358078,
-0.14402545988559723,
-0.4248576760292053,
0.541620135307312,
0.042065463960170746,
-0.01539833378046751,
-0.009993163868784904,
0.7896381616592407,
0.3598991930484772,
-0.25039681792259216,
0.3161742687225342,
0.39487773180007935,
0.1414903700351715,
0.9242668151855469,
-0.3226288855075836,
-0.459183007478714,
0.26714420318603516,
-0.429385244846344,
0.02931533195078373,
0.4815177619457245,
0.3373045325279236,
-0.025791170075535774,
-0.5390686988830566,
-0.6420240998268127,
-1.8470491170883179,
0.22543272376060486,
0.42761680483818054,
-0.3784915506839752,
-0.6220377087593079,
0.025361258536577225,
0.4200376868247986,
0.12974470853805542,
-0.09529246389865875,
-0.35834795236587524,
-0.27106574177742004,
0.7792923450469971,
-0.1664278656244278,
0.28500843048095703,
0.4470248818397522,
-0.5005611777305603,
0.43705853819847107,
0.22510050237178802,
0.665973424911499,
0.2546834647655487,
0.1343286782503128,
0.16379882395267487,
-0.033976636826992035,
-0.15729527175426483,
0.17021895945072174,
0.207750603556633,
-0.09569759666919708,
-0.1275162249803543,
-0.47970643639564514,
-0.5208058953285217,
-0.05469349026679993,
-0.29717135429382324,
0.2589128017425537,
0.3071623146533966,
0.6131395101547241,
-0.09078844636678696,
0.7280816435813904,
0.1857225000858307,
-0.44145509600639343,
-0.3298153579235077,
0.2224862277507782,
-0.4830036163330078,
0.3953067362308502,
-0.17998941242694855,
0.5945395231246948,
0.46760094165802,
0.48385775089263916,
0.4136297404766083,
-0.1091226190328598,
-0.277692973613739,
0.538062334060669,
0.11056529730558395,
0.8349506855010986,
-0.08294623345136642,
0.027919897809624672,
0.060708820819854736,
-0.1737062931060791,
-0.11461137235164642,
-0.3215590715408325,
-0.004847517237067223,
0.39227229356765747,
0.35803455114364624,
-0.7020889520645142,
1.7199410200119019,
-0.124060720205307,
0.07318046689033508,
-0.2078935205936432,
0.2243134081363678,
0.7335357069969177,
-0.2844291925430298,
0.4434927701950073,
-0.7475153207778931,
0.5753228664398193,
-0.31341075897216797,
-0.22269952297210693,
0.35472825169563293,
-0.6214423179626465,
-0.38633450865745544,
0.33852195739746094,
-0.32598578929901123,
0.11445900052785873,
0.4259267747402191,
0.1512615978717804,
0.7509779334068298,
-0.1313367336988449,
0.2726703882217407,
0.5507376790046692,
-0.8153539896011353,
0.700247049331665,
-0.3517087996006012,
0.46842920780181885,
-0.36598730087280273,
-0.4635407328605652,
0.11660136282444,
-0.2233622819185257,
-0.16408470273017883,
-0.15424790978431702,
-0.7655041217803955,
0.09580715745687485,
0.576488196849823,
-0.7661827802658081,
0.06721259653568268,
0.11338767409324646,
-0.3206453323364258,
0.13721230626106262,
-0.6039685010910034,
-0.3094751536846161,
-0.23337869346141815,
0.32083818316459656,
0.10460358113050461,
0.4092065393924713,
-0.3587244749069214,
0.003758853767067194,
-0.00495351804420352,
0.5556060671806335,
0.2824777066707611,
0.0648677870631218,
0.06345323473215103,
-0.396939754486084,
0.3183715045452118,
0.5095484852790833,
0.43917569518089294,
-0.4721544682979584,
-0.18430502712726593,
-0.40052732825279236,
-0.7284892797470093,
0.4941616952419281,
-0.04621424525976181,
0.7479161620140076,
0.30642595887184143,
-0.5253837704658508,
-2.030010938644409,
-0.06490375846624374,
-0.5840019583702087,
0.5656875967979431,
0.9035854935646057,
-0.9671252369880676,
0.18730850517749786,
-0.06732206791639328,
0.5468770265579224,
1.0747649669647217,
-0.2872271239757538,
-0.1722855418920517,
-0.41739290952682495,
0.602522075176239,
-0.07397836446762085,
-0.040423113852739334,
0.15243300795555115,
-0.5079933404922485,
0.6045017242431641,
-0.38294485211372375,
-0.018151869997382164,
-0.09307492524385452,
-0.5952115058898926,
-0.054577626287937164,
0.5810068249702454,
-0.28934285044670105,
-0.27575331926345825,
-0.25236737728118896,
0.5862938165664673,
-0.08175794035196304,
-0.25779005885124207,
-0.23505885899066925,
-0.0628395602107048,
-0.06325197219848633,
0.594041109085083,
-5.087666988372803,
0.01312034297734499,
-0.06952545046806335,
-0.10854993760585785,
-0.2211102545261383,
0.17229078710079193,
0.8836177587509155,
-0.04926275089383125,
-0.05582519993185997,
-0.10893173515796661,
0.41141465306282043,
0.23815269768238068,
-0.07493050396442413,
0.31441640853881836,
0.09003052115440369,
0.22439758479595184,
0.20915590226650238,
0.23317335546016693,
0.28691473603248596,
0.03721318393945694,
0.277065634727478,
0.666128933429718,
-0.03608250617980957,
0.3782705068588257,
-0.012121752835810184,
0.44695624709129333,
-0.5159773230552673,
0.6321813464164734,
-0.27250176668167114,
0.1884198933839798,
0.5607863664627075,
-0.14866214990615845,
0.18031015992164612,
-0.5937435030937195,
-0.63616943359375,
-0.23229971528053284,
0.22131729125976562,
0.3917750418186188,
-0.12399719655513763,
-0.07275019586086273,
-0.7330140471458435,
0.5316280126571655,
-0.16434304416179657,
0.11216402053833008,
0.24192777276039124,
-0.11153195798397064,
-0.3172342777252197,
0.22014522552490234,
0.15554149448871613,
0.8862292766571045,
-0.46202704310417175,
-0.18586577475070953,
0.7805720567703247,
0.46912041306495667,
0.43964695930480957,
-0.15842978656291962,
0.10315027087926865,
0.4163040220737457,
-0.05909625440835953,
0.1855689138174057,
0.2512168288230896,
0.012617835775017738,
0.23553374409675598,
-0.5189283490180969,
0.4299297630786896,
-0.49196192622184753,
0.0029024307150393724,
-0.3594248294830322,
0.05776192992925644,
-0.012494645081460476,
0.011726714670658112,
0.2009088099002838,
0.07085344940423965,
-0.7780036330223083,
0.1304372400045395,
-0.1695440262556076,
0.024788672104477882,
0.2037806510925293,
0.19860762357711792,
-0.05613890662789345,
-0.3539113998413086,
-0.3857402801513672,
-0.6398423314094543,
0.4850025475025177,
0.15063326060771942,
-0.4563589096069336,
-0.3231232166290283,
-0.37608954310417175,
-0.6336188912391663,
-0.11635884642601013,
-0.12578819692134857,
-0.030698921531438828,
0.4541569948196411,
0.1794990450143814,
0.07540825754404068,
0.6770178079605103,
0.7852408289909363,
-0.049672726541757584,
0.43039095401763916,
-0.12863343954086304,
0.5354514122009277,
-0.2707153260707855,
-0.09261296689510345,
-0.29121461510658264,
-0.06225025653839111,
-0.44894641637802124,
0.05363423377275467,
0.7850134968757629,
0.483327716588974,
-0.6754257082939148,
-0.23072990775108337,
-0.1894708275794983,
-0.4418605864048004,
-0.6038948893547058,
0.3588864505290985,
-0.20004315674304962,
0.0022378263529390097,
0.6729600429534912,
0.5571368336677551,
0.24006600677967072,
0.3525959849357605,
0.2342974692583084,
-0.10718514025211334,
-0.26567062735557556,
0.14836814999580383,
0.09632405638694763,
-0.15529146790504456,
-0.28293949365615845,
-0.1855246126651764,
0.29131191968917847,
-0.08162423223257065,
0.7566874027252197,
-0.13989029824733734,
-0.14831407368183136,
0.21091003715991974,
-0.42679300904273987,
-0.03770780190825462,
0.5126168727874756,
-0.27611687779426575,
-0.6568750143051147,
0.07652170956134796,
-0.2165318876504898,
-0.9534857273101807,
0.295736163854599,
0.13221484422683716,
0.47842326760292053,
-0.061249155551195145,
-0.23065400123596191,
-0.1765466034412384,
0.7225524187088013,
0.05423443764448166,
-0.11615115404129028,
0.23467189073562622,
-0.24694599211215973,
-0.6333005428314209,
0.6637641787528992,
0.5662304759025574,
-0.17405058443546295,
-0.7515892386436462,
-0.5850663781166077,
-0.20317679643630981,
0.32671675086021423,
-1.0574373006820679,
-0.3712385594844818,
0.40914198756217957,
-0.5498716831207275,
-0.06611398607492447,
-0.3434966802597046,
-0.5628881454467773,
1.071613073348999,
0.1376360058784485,
0.2824840843677521,
-0.7950284481048584,
-0.010218869894742966,
0.06251499056816101,
-0.22587956488132477,
-0.20861375331878662,
0.46349215507507324,
0.024085434153676033,
0.2752186357975006,
0.24492503702640533,
-0.3955555558204651,
0.260332316160202,
0.981244683265686,
0.12244062125682831,
0.07457447797060013,
0.009257091209292412,
-0.14764197170734406,
-0.24851439893245697,
-0.221523717045784,
0.26116102933883667,
-0.09692572802305222,
0.1737803816795349,
-0.09367205202579498,
-0.14887836575508118,
-0.5241169333457947,
-0.2126796692609787,
-0.05534917861223221,
0.4507134258747101,
-0.6557193994522095,
0.48101067543029785,
0.5766853094100952,
-0.314816951751709,
0.409061998128891,
0.1897122859954834,
-0.6422840356826782,
0.02277221344411373,
0.15878362953662872,
-0.792079508304596,
0.3909738063812256,
-0.1910039335489273,
-0.8276896476745605,
-0.22639594972133636,
0.4668375551700592,
-0.24284619092941284,
-0.2453470528125763,
0.18062464892864227,
-0.45629405975341797,
-0.2154090702533722,
-0.19038864970207214,
0.14208172261714935,
-0.14222502708435059,
0.040352072566747665,
-0.14058980345726013,
0.0005197758437134326,
0.24986572563648224,
0.21254093945026398,
-0.8914576172828674,
0.6487656831741333,
-0.02674613893032074,
-0.5676783323287964,
0.2472251057624817,
0.22592061758041382,
0.051167987287044525,
-0.5473870635032654,
-0.4780590534210205,
-0.3243705928325653,
0.010743592865765095,
0.1129516214132309,
0.19188430905342102,
0.10716212540864944,
0.31633973121643066,
-0.11491471529006958,
-0.788857102394104,
-0.050245657563209534,
0.20207056403160095,
0.4723603427410126,
-0.7547770738601685,
-0.265551894903183,
0.2599506974220276,
-0.20727582275867462,
-0.18924269080162048,
-0.6406275629997253,
-0.9374292492866516,
0.6088250875473022,
0.10649475455284119,
0.015775535255670547,
0.049053970724344254,
-0.07629519701004028,
0.10522747784852982,
-0.36355531215667725,
0.35134512186050415,
0.01675388589501381,
0.8420668840408325,
0.2850368916988373,
0.4389750361442566,
-0.3813549876213074,
0.12774601578712463,
0.1996251940727234,
-0.19994716346263885,
-0.4435262084007263,
-0.16745755076408386,
0.25941309332847595,
0.4968040883541107,
0.14066261053085327,
0.009788897819817066,
0.013956456445157528,
-0.7584930658340454,
-0.04487591236829758,
0.05877174437046051,
0.3801746964454651,
-0.2393895834684372,
0.25196993350982666,
0.007831837981939316,
0.7480202317237854,
-0.48126542568206787,
-0.1916228085756302,
-0.20695263147354126,
-0.2764648199081421,
-0.0027499974239617586,
0.2469126284122467,
0.24135611951351166,
-0.9112776517868042,
0.6250786781311035,
0.4469625949859619,
0.2112175077199936,
0.18189454078674316,
0.3958590626716614,
0.28313061594963074,
-0.6410120725631714,
-0.6187193989753723,
0.7345498204231262,
0.27638766169548035,
0.0459246002137661,
0.43093669414520264,
0.37794819474220276,
0.45101457834243774,
0.22698968648910522,
-0.380820631980896,
0.0110344048589468,
0.15212678909301758,
-0.08836350589990616,
0.4106553792953491,
0.8037579655647278,
0.14905616641044617,
0.1588248759508133,
-0.13040462136268616,
-0.30078279972076416,
0.1152682676911354,
-0.26787251234054565,
0.10191367566585541,
-0.3190823197364807,
0.5972884893417358,
-0.007267147768288851,
-1.0082131624221802,
0.6030057668685913,
-0.034000463783741,
-0.13406801223754883,
0.038392022252082825,
0.42010968923568726,
0.944338321685791,
0.030877364799380302,
-0.613990843296051,
0.3903312087059021,
-0.38281652331352234,
-0.26645803451538086,
0.033849962055683136,
-0.505126953125,
-0.40262243151664734,
0.6303277015686035,
0.35062655806541443,
0.5806137323379517,
0.12332990020513535,
-0.04820984601974487,
-0.45645448565483093,
0.09684373438358307,
-0.6910662055015564,
0.23864993453025818,
0.13736598193645477,
-0.4789329171180725,
0.010514616966247559,
0.26384949684143066,
0.14675752818584442,
0.2041214555501938,
0.029065588489174843,
0.297089546918869,
0.2996857166290283,
-0.48085424304008484,
-0.018959995359182358,
-1.601304531097412,
0.057652462273836136,
-0.2541781961917877,
0.06132610887289047,
0.46159622073173523,
0.3431204855442047,
0.08351677656173706,
-0.20316670835018158,
-0.13974842429161072,
-0.17285753786563873,
0.18270081281661987,
0.31261035799980164,
-0.3534698486328125,
-0.0007724952301941812,
0.06761392951011658,
-0.12402313947677612,
0.3337900638580322,
-0.21486200392246246,
-0.05473273992538452,
0.2318136990070343,
-0.35083502531051636,
-0.7601248025894165,
-0.04230459779500961,
-0.34371641278266907,
-0.7857221961021423,
0.21508294343948364,
0.07953457534313202,
-0.5279276967048645,
0.10937218368053436,
0.39145326614379883,
0.3546943664550781,
-0.01864846982061863,
0.004103994928300381,
0.3605823814868927,
-0.38497868180274963,
-0.5730108022689819,
0.16070719063282013,
-0.22508519887924194,
0.8438769578933716,
-0.1807592213153839,
-0.6210516095161438,
-0.5306397080421448,
-0.046876803040504456,
0.007595812436193228,
0.05002886429429054,
-0.4538235366344452,
0.00213179481215775,
-0.0242264773696661,
0.6468731164932251,
-0.417105108499527,
0.20858412981033325,
-0.030391458421945572,
-0.029121072962880135,
0.1173212081193924,
0.7036966681480408,
-0.0002933726063929498,
0.08105304837226868,
0.0857723280787468,
-0.30187109112739563,
-0.26611995697021484,
-0.4366222321987152,
0.13282014429569244,
-0.5562407374382019,
-0.07571292668581009,
0.6467688679695129,
-0.6735942959785461,
-0.1692848652601242,
0.047138795256614685,
0.3819093108177185,
-0.13451065123081207,
0.40349602699279785,
-0.7669991254806519,
0.3930303454399109,
-0.5586495399475098,
-0.4189259111881256,
-0.4699556529521942,
0.4630330204963684,
0.913786768913269,
0.5467005372047424,
0.24130675196647644,
0.19636982679367065,
-0.5143338441848755,
-0.2119729220867157,
0.2277633249759674,
0.7667368650436401,
-3.464442253112793,
-0.11112198978662491,
-0.22900481522083282,
-0.26627117395401,
-0.1719001978635788,
0.30691444873809814,
0.08300496637821198,
-0.07148180902004242,
0.27197012305259705,
-0.09089039266109467,
0.18354913592338562,
-0.3543441891670227,
0.04944927990436554,
-0.48382842540740967,
0.244802787899971,
0.7218359708786011
] |
236339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28F%29 | List of diseases (F) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "F".
Fa
Fab
Fabry's disease
Fac
Face–Faci
Faces syndrome
Facial asymmetry temporal seizures
Facial clefting corpus callosum agenesis
Facial cleft
Facial dysmorphism macrocephaly myopia Dandy–Walker type
Facial dysmorphism shawl scrotum joint laxity syndrome
Facial femoral syndrome
Facial paralysis
Facies unusual arthrogryposis advanced skeletal malformations
Facio digito genital syndrome recessive form
Facio skeletal genital syndrome Rippberger type
Facio thoraco genital syndrome
Faciocardiomelic dysplasia lethal
Faciocardiorenal syndrome
Faciooculoacousticorenal syndrome
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Fact
Factor II deficiency
Factor V deficiency
Factor V Leiden mutation
Factor VII deficiency
Factor VIII deficiency
Factor X deficiency, congenital
Factor X deficiency
Factor XI deficiency, congenital
Factor XIII deficiency, congenital
Factor XIII deficiency
Fah–Fal
Fahr's disease
Fairbank disease
Fallot tetralogy
Fam
Fami
Famil
Famili
Familial a – Familial i
Familial ALS
Familial ALS with dementia
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Familial amyloid polyneuropathy
Familial aortic dissection
Familial band heterotopia
Familial cold autoinflamatory syndrome (FCAS)
Familial colorectal cancer
Familial deafness
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy
Familial dysautonomia
Familial emphysema
Familial eosinophilia
Familial hyperchylomicronemia
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type I
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type III
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type IV
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia
Familial hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Familial hypertension
Familial hypopituitarism
Familial hypothyroidism
Familial intestinal polyatresia syndrome
Familial m – Familial w
Familial Mediterranean fever
Familial multiple lipomatosis
Familial multiple trichodiscomas
Familial myelofibrosis
Familial nasal acilia
Familial non-immune hyperthyroidism
Familial opposable triphalangeal thumbs duplication
Familial partial epilepsy with variable focus
Familial periodic paralysis
Familial polyposis
Familial porencephaly
Familial supernumerary nipples
Familial symmetric lipomatosis
Familial Treacher–Collins syndrome
Familial veinous malformations
Familial ventricular tachycardia
Familial visceral myopathy
Familial wilms tumor 2
Fan–Faz
Fan death
Fanconi anemia type 1
Fanconi anemia type 2
Fanconi anemia type 3
Fanconi–Bickel syndrome
Fanconi ichthyosis dysmorphism
Fanconi like syndrome
Fanconi pancytopenia
Fanconi syndrome
Fanconi syndrome, renal, with nephrocalcinosis and renal stones
Fanconi anemia
Fara–Chlupackova syndrome
Farber's disease
Farmer's lung
Fas deficiency
Fascioliasis
Fatal familial insomnia
Fatty liver
Faulk–Epstein–Jones syndrome
Faye–Petersen–Ward–Carey syndrome
Fazio–Londe syndrome
Fe
Fea–Fer
Fealty syndrome
Febrile seizure
Fechtner syndrome
Feigenbaum–Bergeron–Richardson syndrome
Feigenbaum–Bergeron syndrome
Feingold syndrome
Felty's syndrome
Female pseudohermaphrodism Genuardi type
Female pseudohermaphroditism
Female sexual arousal disorder
Femoral facial syndrome
Femur bifid with monodactylous ectrodactyly
Femur fibula ulna syndrome
Fenton–Wilkinson–Toselano syndrome
Ferlini–Ragno–Calzolari syndrome
Fernhoff–Blackston–Oakley syndrome
Ferrocalcinosis cerebro vascular
Fet
Fetal acitretin syndrome
Fetal akinesia syndrome X linked
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal aminopterin syndrome
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Fetal antihypertensive drugs syndrome
Fetal brain disruption sequence
Fetal cytomegalovirus syndrome
Fetal diethylstilbestrol syndrome
Fetal edema
Fetal enterovirus syndrome
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Fetal indomethacin syndrome
Fetal iodine syndrome
Fetal left ventricular aneurysm
Fetal methimazole syndrome
Fetal methyl mercury syndrome
Fetal minoxidil syndrome
Fetal parainfluenza virus type 3 syndrome
Fetal parvovirus syndrome
Fetal phenothiazine syndrome
Fetal prostaglandin syndrome
Fetal thalidomide syndrome
Fetal warfarin syndrome
Fg
FG syndrome
Fi
Fib–Fil
Fiber type disproportion, congenital
Fibrinogen deficiency, congenital
Fibrochondrogenesis
Fibrolipomatosis
Fibroma
Fibromatosis gingival hypertrichosis
Fibromatosis multiple non ossifying
Fibromatosis
Fibromuscular dysplasia of arteries
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Fibromyalgia
Fibrosarcoma
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Fibrosing mediastinitis
Fibrosis
Fibrous dysplasia of bone
Fibrous dysplasia
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibula aplasia complex brachydactyly
Fibular aplasia ectrodactyly
Fibular hypoplasia femoral bowing oligodactyly
Fibular hypoplasia scapulo pelvic dysplasia absent
Fifth disease
Filariasis
Filippi syndrome
Fin–Fit
Fine–Lubinsky syndrome
Fingerprints absence syndactyly milia
Finnish lethal neonatal metabolic syndrome
Finnish type amyloidosis
Finucane–Kurtz–Scott syndrome
Fish poisoning
Fish-eye disease
Fissured tongue
Fistulous vegetative verrucous hydradenoma
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome
Fitzsimmons–Walson–Mellor syndrome
Fitzsimmons–Guilbert syndrome
Fitzsimmons–McLachlan–Gilbert syndrome
Fl
Flavimonas oryzihabitans
Flesh eating bacteria
Floaters
Floating limb syndrome
Floating-Harbor syndrome
Florid cystic endosalpingiosis of the uterus
Flotch syndrome
Fluorosis
Flynn–Aird syndrome
Fo
Focal agyria pachygyria
Focal alopecia congenital megalencephaly
Focal dermal hypoplasia
Focal dystonia
Focal facial dermal dysplasia
Focal or multifocal malformations in neuronal migration
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
Follicular atrophoderma-basal cell carcinoma
Follicular dendritic cell tumor
Follicular hamartoma alopecia cystic fibrosis
Follicular ichthyosis
Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoreticuloma
Fontaine–Farriaux–Blanckaert syndrome
Forbes–Albright syndrome
Forbes disease
Foreign accent syndrome
Forestier's disease
Formaldehyde poisoning
Forney–Robinson–Pascoe syndrome
Fountain syndrome
Fournier gangrene
Fowler–Christmas–Chapele syndrome
Fowler's syndrome
Fox–Fordyce disease
Fr
Fra
Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome type 1
Fragile X syndrome type 2
Fragile X syndrome type 3
Fragoso–Cid–Garcia–Hernandez syndrome
Franceschetti–Klein syndrome
Francheschini–Vardeu–Guala syndrome
Francois dyscephalic syndrome
Franek–Bocker–Kahlen syndrome
Fraser–Jequier–Chen syndrome
Fraser-like syndrome
Fraser syndrome
Frasier syndrome
FRAXA syndrome
FRAXD
FRAXE syndrome
Fre–Fri
Free sialic acid storage disease
Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
Freiberg's disease
Freire–Maia odontotrichomelic syndrome
Freire–Maia–Pinheiro–Opitz syndrome
Frenkel–Russe syndrome
Frey's syndrome
Frias syndrome
Fried–Goldberg–Mundel syndrome
Friedel–Heid–Grosshans syndrome
Friedman–Goodman syndrome
Friedreich ataxia congenital glaucoma
Friedreich's ataxia
Fro–Fru
Froelich's syndrome
Frölich's syndrome
Fronto nasal malformation cloacal exstrophy
Frontofacionasal dysplasia type Al gazali
Fronto-facio-nasal dysplasia
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia
Frontonasal dysplasia acromelic
Frontonasal dysplasia Klippel–Feil syndrome
Frontonasal dysplasia phocomelic upper limbs
Frontonasal dysplasia
Frontotemporal dementia
Froster–Huch syndrome
Froster–Iskenius–Waterson syndrome
Fructose intolerance
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, heredita
Fructosemia, hereditary
Fructosuria
Fry
Frydman–Cohen–Ashenazi syndrome
Frydman–Cohen–Karmon syndrome
Fryer syndrome
Fryns–Fabry–Remans syndrome
Fryns–Hofkens–Fabry syndrome
Fryns–Smeets–Thiry syndrome
Fu
Fucosidosis type 1
Fucosidosis
Fugue state
Fuhrmann–Rieger–De Sousa syndrome
Fukuda–Miyanomae–Nakata syndrome
Fukuyama-type muscular dystrophy
Fumarase deficiency
Fumaric aciduria
Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
Fuqua–Berkovitz syndrome
Furlong–Kurczynski–Hennessy syndrome
Furukawa–Takagi–Nakao syndrome
Furunculous myiasis
Fused mandibular incisors
F | [
-0.18147142231464386,
0.6629714965820312,
-0.6936210989952087,
-0.3144833743572235,
-0.446513295173645,
0.41425585746765137,
0.6881752014160156,
0.5561861991882324,
-0.6923156976699829,
-0.7043777704238892,
-0.31746214628219604,
0.10798517614603043,
-0.42811042070388794,
1.1796973943710327,
0.5692112445831299,
0.6480074524879456,
0.16333286464214325,
0.9379565119743347,
-0.09515514969825745,
-0.033929433673620224,
-0.04819035902619362,
-0.1818961799144745,
0.4198823869228363,
-0.545941948890686,
-0.2386501580476761,
0.030592067167162895,
-0.015973567962646484,
-0.10172484815120697,
0.1499883234500885,
0.022451000288128853,
0.21772067248821259,
0.8887702226638794,
-0.0032942371908575296,
0.027594024315476418,
-0.32243505120277405,
-0.3233785927295685,
0.21479582786560059,
-0.38331496715545654,
0.3402608036994934,
-0.39784368872642517,
-0.25790533423423767,
-0.3242996633052826,
-0.19723710417747498,
0.7673051357269287,
-0.023803317919373512,
0.021131090819835663,
-1.8174216747283936,
-0.29605451226234436,
-0.4562778174877167,
0.10861236602067947,
0.6487763524055481,
-0.3220198154449463,
0.471975177526474,
0.19400735199451447,
0.0034576570615172386,
0.5179040431976318,
-0.708935022354126,
0.23005273938179016,
0.048810794949531555,
0.4020920395851135,
1.0218148231506348,
-0.276404470205307,
0.14232373237609863,
0.24608051776885986,
0.32668665051460266,
0.5788848400115967,
-0.05519036203622818,
0.7798779010772705,
-0.7273160815238953,
-0.17641597986221313,
-0.16405807435512543,
-0.4865914285182953,
0.6293920278549194,
0.12960246205329895,
0.27152183651924133,
-0.1099620908498764,
-0.35217371582984924,
-0.4304499924182892,
0.1824624240398407,
-0.8275472521781921,
-0.179440438747406,
0.19272096455097198,
0.15030157566070557,
-0.2997119724750519,
0.02371351607143879,
-0.09545083343982697,
-0.3732636272907257,
-0.3909393846988678,
-0.1585904061794281,
0.8844954967498779,
0.4709410071372986,
0.4983460605144501,
0.4178304374217987,
-0.5799463391304016,
-0.021948717534542084,
-0.2584261894226074,
-0.1988065391778946,
-0.24507300555706024,
-0.17401470243930817,
0.06901529431343079,
0.21896864473819733,
0.3501819372177124,
0.09984484314918518,
-0.6127237677574158,
-0.41171666979789734,
-0.20707698166370392,
0.08808613568544388,
0.018155448138713837,
0.13329482078552246,
-1.4779438972473145,
-0.8106440305709839,
0.12124324589967728,
-0.28442123532295227,
-0.28649359941482544,
-0.9812387228012085,
0.6534650921821594,
0.447429358959198,
-0.0980980321764946,
0.2330656796693802,
-0.08959729224443436,
-0.3364408016204834,
0.399904727935791,
0.03306170925498009,
-0.13612209260463715,
-0.03670205548405647,
0.7192525863647461,
0.43175628781318665,
-0.2120426893234253,
0.6094634532928467,
0.46726563572883606,
0.14908762276172638,
0.8727776408195496,
-0.41928043961524963,
-0.3342173993587494,
0.26699039340019226,
-0.509352445602417,
-0.19935844838619232,
0.3554035723209381,
0.10458800196647644,
0.17562970519065857,
-0.5503239035606384,
-0.5210579037666321,
-1.9583466053009033,
0.1842707395553589,
0.46434372663497925,
-0.18978360295295715,
-0.46217581629753113,
0.13133549690246582,
0.41233351826667786,
-0.10107041895389557,
-0.13638919591903687,
-0.18931260704994202,
-0.4046221673488617,
0.8591227531433105,
-0.1664113998413086,
0.31535959243774414,
0.560061514377594,
-0.6256539821624756,
0.5507103204727173,
0.3903103172779083,
0.566877007484436,
0.1162697821855545,
0.006282588467001915,
0.19051040709018707,
-0.23117096722126007,
-0.020929276943206787,
0.14800459146499634,
0.13104170560836792,
-0.23408472537994385,
-0.09212318062782288,
-0.6555543541908264,
-0.38565269112586975,
0.15167364478111267,
-0.3446502685546875,
0.2585950791835785,
0.2526110112667084,
0.6671977639198303,
-0.02073933556675911,
0.742290198802948,
0.10087806731462479,
-0.4096592366695404,
-0.4748161733150482,
0.38312938809394836,
-0.3047213852405548,
0.476096510887146,
-0.43091124296188354,
0.6445476412773132,
0.2449181079864502,
0.5518516302108765,
0.4885505437850952,
-0.05509065464138985,
-0.3047592341899872,
0.5020657181739807,
0.3556596636772156,
0.9488038420677185,
-0.054002564400434494,
-0.27359849214553833,
-0.058507442474365234,
-0.01906297169625759,
0.19090314209461212,
-0.23195743560791016,
-0.089379221200943,
0.4833362102508545,
0.44733428955078125,
-0.5888820290565491,
1.7360261678695679,
-0.05893397703766823,
-0.016438981518149376,
0.003144344314932823,
0.17762494087219238,
0.7874721884727478,
-0.27888333797454834,
0.3214133381843567,
-0.7937448024749756,
0.49401384592056274,
-0.3492245078086853,
-0.26228272914886475,
0.39736148715019226,
-0.5444048047065735,
-0.354226291179657,
0.20688286423683167,
-0.22074344754219055,
0.16421616077423096,
0.4670933485031128,
0.007290199398994446,
0.7721276879310608,
-0.17177648842334747,
0.2231544852256775,
0.4657050669193268,
-0.8163701891899109,
0.8296145796775818,
-0.2922837734222412,
0.3488950729370117,
-0.33492282032966614,
-0.45575353503227234,
0.2097952514886856,
-0.15054680407047272,
-0.03319598361849785,
-0.44890326261520386,
-0.7123129367828369,
0.10706104338169098,
0.6896589994430542,
-0.826352059841156,
0.13490772247314453,
-0.1455572545528412,
-0.22662301361560822,
0.1449381560087204,
-0.559100329875946,
-0.19843894243240356,
-0.2908661663532257,
0.3495650589466095,
0.09656047821044922,
0.22451575100421906,
-0.39665400981903076,
-0.118467777967453,
0.2303328514099121,
0.49196934700012207,
0.21738305687904358,
-0.05822897329926491,
-0.1172228455543518,
-0.5541791915893555,
0.23305559158325195,
0.3620397746562958,
0.6138675808906555,
-0.510653555393219,
-0.5063978433609009,
-0.2625027298927307,
-0.6451950073242188,
0.37757477164268494,
0.01222473755478859,
0.7182840704917908,
0.17670443654060364,
-0.6099855303764343,
-2.1965880393981934,
0.04217052459716797,
-0.6089141368865967,
0.38349518179893494,
0.7719078660011292,
-1.1336016654968262,
0.3782784640789032,
-0.11798854917287827,
0.5147608518600464,
0.9471372365951538,
-0.055700890719890594,
-0.16017049551010132,
-0.4330262839794159,
0.6385717391967773,
0.038388196378946304,
0.23634402453899384,
0.09172454476356506,
-0.7052029371261597,
0.3118140995502472,
-0.370359867811203,
0.2713862359523773,
-0.3935377895832062,
-0.5931491851806641,
-0.16819871962070465,
0.44241005182266235,
-0.3198339343070984,
-0.4101896584033966,
-0.4486660361289978,
0.5897712707519531,
-0.140100359916687,
-0.34085503220558167,
-0.24235515296459198,
0.2076125591993332,
-0.39853909611701965,
0.6905184984207153,
-4.911113262176514,
0.1767512708902359,
-0.15210659801959991,
-0.16642965376377106,
-0.13194121420383453,
0.1908586025238037,
0.6325505375862122,
-0.07368718087673187,
-0.0929827094078064,
-0.3749089539051056,
0.34475255012512207,
0.2233651876449585,
-0.15077486634254456,
0.5521372556686401,
0.2350616753101349,
0.21225038170814514,
0.1435622274875641,
0.13759438693523407,
0.24757546186447144,
0.04227357357740402,
0.14412307739257812,
0.5375941395759583,
0.10584603250026703,
0.25729382038116455,
-0.1420842856168747,
0.8950173854827881,
-0.5820356607437134,
0.4716620445251465,
-0.3624885678291321,
0.20566242933273315,
0.39811819791793823,
0.06380539387464523,
0.0332980677485466,
-0.5464218854904175,
-0.6317967176437378,
-0.10496599972248077,
0.21259118616580963,
0.34493106603622437,
0.0853743925690651,
-0.07542292773723602,
-0.7010391354560852,
0.3730604946613312,
-0.3968570828437805,
0.2550537586212158,
0.23434849083423615,
-0.030869239941239357,
-0.5529484152793884,
0.3924769461154938,
0.10644078254699707,
0.7163844108581543,
-0.4868955612182617,
-0.18995541334152222,
0.6342416405677795,
0.635569155216217,
0.32629910111427307,
-0.29960426688194275,
0.2732918858528137,
0.20725791156291962,
-0.14862410724163055,
0.2898971438407898,
0.13016872107982635,
0.04469725489616394,
0.3089272081851959,
-0.2147025316953659,
0.23458808660507202,
-0.5133851766586304,
0.12634073197841644,
-0.25415268540382385,
0.1643792688846588,
-0.15959912538528442,
-0.06981783360242844,
0.13415899872779846,
0.1541299819946289,
-0.8596451878547668,
0.1402607560157776,
-0.21191860735416412,
-0.14990182220935822,
0.045423682779073715,
0.28322935104370117,
0.03937012329697609,
-0.23293112218379974,
-0.43444326519966125,
-0.8863238096237183,
0.385490745306015,
0.160744771361351,
-0.4988265037536621,
-0.2790629267692566,
-0.07240419089794159,
-0.4638523757457733,
-0.2036941796541214,
-0.21713757514953613,
-0.19094142317771912,
0.7069545388221741,
0.2419024556875229,
-0.14743919670581818,
0.8486921191215515,
0.6714543700218201,
0.03606024011969566,
0.42069485783576965,
0.005183045752346516,
0.65152907371521,
-0.4859412610530853,
-0.20971520245075226,
-0.552253007888794,
-0.11999934166669846,
-0.6644584536552429,
0.08269514888525009,
0.8672139048576355,
0.27053117752075195,
-0.5606061816215515,
-0.11739906668663025,
-0.34900540113449097,
-0.3687498867511749,
-0.5444560647010803,
0.5043360590934753,
-0.22554191946983337,
-0.07407892495393753,
0.7554847002029419,
0.47907131910324097,
0.25132298469543457,
0.4558383524417877,
0.06590686738491058,
-0.0733623206615448,
-0.4310801029205322,
0.1336011290550232,
0.23838701844215393,
-0.21339151263237,
-0.5211808085441589,
-0.1379687488079071,
0.3118667006492615,
-0.12474288046360016,
0.8973428010940552,
-0.11114445328712463,
0.029470346868038177,
0.12260124087333679,
-0.507716953754425,
-0.029573142528533936,
0.525998055934906,
-0.1492813527584076,
-0.6393563747406006,
0.22099658846855164,
-0.07954730838537216,
-0.9933700561523438,
0.25123244524002075,
0.06807532161474228,
0.398127943277359,
-0.11155907064676285,
-0.1823958158493042,
-0.02439894713461399,
0.7492054104804993,
-0.09921350330114365,
-0.11997238546609879,
0.03006390482187271,
-0.42839786410331726,
-0.7260450720787048,
0.5640255808830261,
0.43627578020095825,
0.21995720267295837,
-0.7229580879211426,
-0.6152793765068054,
-0.43781086802482605,
0.13378925621509552,
-1.094648003578186,
-0.3123568892478943,
0.28206825256347656,
-0.766255795955658,
-0.0055418661795556545,
-0.5836926698684692,
-0.6239084005355835,
1.1990257501602173,
-0.16681455075740814,
0.16778753697872162,
-0.6131314039230347,
0.06657641381025314,
0.16343890130519867,
-0.40344035625457764,
-0.1684187799692154,
0.31482845544815063,
0.03438754752278328,
0.30932608246803284,
-0.05024057626724243,
-0.3664841651916504,
0.22772270441055298,
1.0400466918945312,
0.2698913812637329,
0.2850077748298645,
-0.05136338621377945,
-0.1607464998960495,
-0.08901356160640717,
-0.059030741453170776,
0.1510290801525116,
-0.012822141870856285,
0.3001115620136261,
-0.06226523965597153,
-0.1875472217798233,
-0.48528140783309937,
-0.17622922360897064,
0.19159948825836182,
0.48210608959198,
-0.565129816532135,
0.40544405579566956,
0.759600818157196,
-0.21216990053653717,
0.43198680877685547,
0.29352903366088867,
-0.5884161591529846,
0.22565297782421112,
0.0395442359149456,
-0.613438069820404,
0.6392253637313843,
-0.14110179245471954,
-0.688261091709137,
-0.14180409908294678,
0.4915182590484619,
-0.28455260396003723,
-0.15764306485652924,
0.21527591347694397,
-0.3089529275894165,
-0.4579704701900482,
-0.2014908641576767,
0.08640150725841522,
-0.14468856155872345,
-0.04098118841648102,
-0.20959602296352386,
-0.29119476675987244,
0.15884101390838623,
0.25546589493751526,
-1.0238831043243408,
0.7985721826553345,
0.20395740866661072,
-0.3208311200141907,
0.1513369232416153,
0.2759912610054016,
-0.0004829951503779739,
-0.3036012053489685,
-0.4098573923110962,
-0.33999893069267273,
0.12774090468883514,
-0.043787650763988495,
0.03417173773050308,
0.0786297395825386,
0.3979414999485016,
0.01210413221269846,
-0.8878375291824341,
-0.16532830893993378,
0.018545689061284065,
0.4736429750919342,
-0.8758164644241333,
-0.2559463679790497,
0.31222599744796753,
-0.04650205746293068,
-0.26854655146598816,
-0.763740599155426,
-0.7594852447509766,
0.8196849822998047,
0.1036684662103653,
0.06845354288816452,
0.08669585734605789,
0.01768013834953308,
0.2315845489501953,
-0.27669286727905273,
0.539225697517395,
-0.07806243747472763,
0.9789325594902039,
0.12110663950443268,
0.3239786922931671,
-0.3205493688583374,
0.07026860117912292,
0.3860100507736206,
-0.20596274733543396,
-0.38576608896255493,
-0.09334857016801834,
0.0795108899474144,
0.2641390264034271,
0.03879200294613838,
0.1283123940229416,
0.24209994077682495,
-0.8172506093978882,
0.07679497450590134,
0.12230855226516724,
0.44303032755851746,
-0.17987534403800964,
0.387920081615448,
-0.2703181505203247,
0.688502311706543,
-0.5986636281013489,
-0.03767421469092369,
-0.1668698489665985,
-0.27151399850845337,
0.17301906645298004,
0.24025024473667145,
0.16068404912948608,
-0.7650724053382874,
0.4777691960334778,
0.3144831955432892,
0.01889653503894806,
0.08951570093631744,
0.5136112570762634,
0.21235793828964233,
-0.6348570585250854,
-0.734791100025177,
0.6887866258621216,
0.1670418232679367,
0.013183820061385632,
0.5039445757865906,
0.29046860337257385,
0.4899711012840271,
0.3482670187950134,
-0.4935075640678406,
0.08720868080854416,
0.21918073296546936,
-0.09429046511650085,
0.29179316759109497,
0.48449695110321045,
0.021193543449044228,
0.304206520318985,
-0.16396912932395935,
-0.35468190908432007,
0.0021673308219760656,
-0.07684825360774994,
0.28426796197891235,
-0.38323527574539185,
0.4902237355709076,
-0.15178926289081573,
-1.0829575061798096,
0.6810120940208435,
-0.04756970703601837,
-0.11565028131008148,
0.28798195719718933,
0.3853929936885834,
0.7426862716674805,
-0.30089426040649414,
-0.6917189955711365,
0.6250095963478088,
-0.2649969756603241,
-0.2491859644651413,
0.009373982436954975,
-0.48020750284194946,
-0.39300498366355896,
0.5835084915161133,
0.43990418314933777,
0.6953625679016113,
0.3044784367084503,
-0.1727711409330368,
-0.3535689115524292,
0.1051655262708664,
-0.8358738422393799,
0.17838448286056519,
0.14050647616386414,
-0.41942325234413147,
0.00557280657812953,
0.34274575114250183,
0.10141705721616745,
0.2942025363445282,
0.3021332621574402,
0.08929792791604996,
0.37630486488342285,
-0.6282835602760315,
-0.04633718729019165,
-1.7106788158416748,
0.1744527816772461,
-0.2689911127090454,
0.09295596927404404,
0.5965673327445984,
0.32848116755485535,
0.03035028465092182,
0.06482988595962524,
0.1776827722787857,
-0.2369130551815033,
0.15965686738491058,
0.3041214942932129,
-0.21009168028831482,
0.1987392157316208,
0.09673763811588287,
-0.11922159045934677,
0.35700684785842896,
0.03553777188062668,
-0.054397694766521454,
0.11878451704978943,
-0.3753795027732849,
-0.7275322079658508,
0.06066450476646423,
-0.33334869146347046,
-0.5751626491546631,
0.27656155824661255,
0.021737758070230484,
-0.6060455441474915,
0.24375976622104645,
0.27929922938346863,
0.22141000628471375,
0.07496806979179382,
0.05319564789533615,
0.2764330208301544,
-0.32707762718200684,
-0.47441014647483826,
0.19750338792800903,
-0.2248433232307434,
0.5683876276016235,
-0.10385216027498245,
-0.8095235228538513,
-0.4693633019924164,
-0.03573918715119362,
0.10685470700263977,
0.22681300342082977,
-0.6796714663505554,
-0.12042003124952316,
0.04590313509106636,
0.41225117444992065,
-0.2864554524421692,
0.1665586233139038,
-0.08947340399026871,
0.0626373440027237,
0.05055892467498779,
0.7482240796089172,
-0.22216090559959412,
0.17564308643341064,
0.3616836369037628,
-0.46854665875434875,
-0.22694337368011475,
-0.46656015515327454,
0.26376572251319885,
-0.6735600829124451,
-0.09395134449005127,
0.928766131401062,
-0.6525754928588867,
-0.14907784759998322,
0.048392437398433685,
0.27870917320251465,
-0.06499069184064865,
0.2979990541934967,
-0.9364423155784607,
0.35498756170272827,
-0.4129735827445984,
-0.361540287733078,
-0.3618297874927521,
0.30136576294898987,
1.039909839630127,
0.686760425567627,
0.15457680821418762,
0.12459047138690948,
-0.5181697010993958,
-0.2231810837984085,
0.3842385709285736,
0.5235006213188171,
-3.4287257194519043,
-0.10694579780101776,
-0.1646823287010193,
-0.4490954577922821,
0.05653951317071915,
0.3620508015155792,
-0.046935733407735825,
0.2936231195926666,
0.27352431416511536,
-0.0941588282585144,
0.23397305607795715,
0.031418610364198685,
0.01818523183465004,
-0.501081645488739,
0.08281020075082779,
0.688858151435852
] |
236340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28G%29 | List of diseases (G) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "G".
G
G syndrome
Ga
Gal–Gap
Galactorrhea
Galactocoele
Galactokinase deficiency
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia
Galactosamine-6-sulfatase deficiency
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency
Galactosemia
Galloway Mowat syndrome
Gamborg–Nielsen syndrome
Game–Friedman–Paradice syndrome
Gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase deficiency
Gamma-cystathionase deficiency
Gamma-sarcoglycanopathy
Gamstorp episodic adynamy
Ganglioglioma
Gangliosidosis
Gangliosidosis (Type2)(GM2)
Gangliosidosis GM1 type 3
Gangliosidosis type1
Ganser syndrome
GAPO syndrome
Garchichiliosis
Gar–Gau
Garcia–Torres–Guarner syndrome
Gardner–Morrisson–Abbot syndrome
Gardner–Silengo–Wachtel syndrome
Gardner–Diamond syndrome
Gardner's syndrome
Garret–Tripp syndrome
Gas/bloat syndrome
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastric lymphoma
Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic
Gastrocutaneous syndrome
Gastroenteritis, eosinophilic
Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Gastroenteritis
Gastroesophageal reflux
Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor
Gastrointestinal neoplasm
Gaucher disease
Gaucher disease type 1
Gaucher disease type 2
Gaucher disease type 3
Gaucher ichthyosis restrictive dermopathy
Gaucher-like disease
Gay
Gay–Feinmesser–Cohen syndrome
Ge
Gee–Gem
Geen Sandford Davison syndrome
Gelatinous ascites
Geleophysic dwarfism
Gelineau disease
Geliphobia
Gemignani syndrome
Gemss syndrome
Gen–Ger
Gender dysphoria
Genée-Wiedemann syndrome
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Generalized malformations in neuronal migration
Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone
Generalized seizure
Generalized torsion dystonia
Genes syndrome
Genetic diseases, inborn
Genetic reflex epilepsy
Genetic susceptibility to infections caused by BCG
Genital anomaly cardiomyopathy
Genital dwarfism, Turner type
Genital dwarfism
Genital retraction syndrome (also known as koro)
Genito palatocardiac syndrome
Genu valgum, st. Helena familial
Genu varum
Genuphobia
Geographic tongue
German syndrome
Germinal cell aplasia
Gerodermia osteodysplastica
Gershinibaruch–Leibo syndrome
Gerstmann syndrome
Ges
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational pemphigoid
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gh
Ghosal syndrome
Ghose–Sachdev–Kumar syndrome
Gi
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome
Giant axonal neuropathy
Giant cell arteritis
Giant cell myocarditis
Giant congenital nevi
Giant ganglionic hyperplasia
Giant hypertrophic gastritis
Giant mammary hamartoma
Giant papillary conjunctivitis
Giant pigmented hairy nevus
Giant platelet syndrome
Giardiasis
Gibson's Syndrome
Giedion syndrome
Gigantism advanced bone age hoarse cry
Gigantism partial, nevi, hemihypertrophy, macrocephaly
Gigantism
Gilbert's syndrome
Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome
Gingival fibromatosis dominant
Gingival fibromatosis facial dysmorphism
Gingival fibrosis
Gingivitis
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina
Gitelman syndrome
Gittings syndrome
Gl
Gla–Gli
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Glass–Chapman–Hockley syndrome
Glaucoma
Glaucoma ecopia microspherophakia stiff joints short stature
Glaucoma iridogoniodysgenesia
Glaucoma sleep apnea
Glaucoma type 1C
Glaucoma, congenital
Glaucoma, hereditary adult type 1A
Glaucoma, hereditary juvenile type 1B
Glaucoma, hereditary
Glaucoma, primary infantile type 3A
Glaucoma, primary infantile type 3B
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma
Glioma
Gliomatosis cerebri
Gliosarcoma
Glo
Globel disaccharide intolerance
Glomerulonephritis sparse hair telangiectases
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulosclerosis
Gloomy face syndrome
Glossodynia
Glossopalatine ankylosis micrognathia ear anomalies
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Glossophobia
Glu
Glucagonoma
Glucocorticoid deficiency, familial
Glucocorticoid resistance
Glucocorticoid sensitive hypertension
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate translocase deficiency
Glucose-galactose malabsorption
Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency
Glucosidase acid-1,4-alpha deficiency
Glut2 deficiency
Glutamate decarboxylase deficiency
Glutamate-aspartate transport defect
Glutaricaciduria I
Glutaricaciduria II
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Gly
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glycine synthase deficiency
Glycogen storage disease
Glycogen storage disease type 1B
Glycogen storage disease type 1C
Glycogen storage disease type 1D
Glycogen storage disease type 6, due to phosphorylation
Glycogen storage disease type 7
Glycogen storage disease type 9
Glycogen storage disease type II
Glycogen storage disease type V
Glycogen storage disease type VI
Glycogen storage disease type VII
Glycogen storage disease type VIII
Glycogenosis
Glycogenosis type II
Glycogenosis type III
Glycogenosis type IV
Glycogenosis type V
Glycogenosis type VI
Glycogenosis type VII
Glycogenosis type VIII
Glycogenosis, type 0
Glycosuria
Gm
GM2 gangliosidosis, 0 variant
GM2-gangliosidosis, B, B1, AB variant
GMS syndrome
Go
Goi–Gon
Goitre
Goldberg–Bull syndrome
Goldberg syndrome
Goldblatt–Wallis syndrome
Goldblatt–Wallis–Zieff syndrome
Goldblatt–Viljoen syndrome
Goldenhar syndrome
Goldskag–Cooks–Hertz syndrome
Goldstein–Hutt syndrome
Gollop–Coates syndrome
Gollop syndrome
Goltz syndrome
Gombo syndrome
Gomez and López-Hernández syndrome
Gonadal dysgenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis mixed
Gonadal dysgenesis Turner type
Gonadal dysgenesis XY type associated anomalies
Gonadal dysgenesis, XX type
Gonadal dysgenesis, XY female type
Goniodysgenesis mental retardation short stature
Gonococcal conjunctivitis
Gonzales Del Angel syndrome
Goo–Gou
Goodman camptodactyly
Goodpasture pneumorenal syndrome
Goodpasture's syndrome
Gordon hyperkaliemia-hypertension syndrome
Gordon syndrome
Gorham syndrome
Gorham's disease
Gorham–Stout disease
Gorlin–Bushkell–Jensen syndrome
Gorlin–Chaudhry–Moss syndrome
Gottron's syndrome
Gougerot–Blum syndrome
Gougerot–Sjogren syndrome
Gout
Gouty nephropathy, familial
Gr
Gra–Gri
Graft versus host disease
Graham–Boyle–Troxell syndrome
Grand–Kaine–Fulling syndrome
Grant syndrome
Granulocytopenia
Granuloma annulare
Granulomas, congenital cerebral
Granulomatosis, lymphomatoid
Granulomatous allergic angiitis
Granulomatous hypophysitis
Granulomatous rosacea
Graphite pneumoconiosis
Graves' disease
Gray platelet syndrome
Great vessels transposition
Greenberg dysplasia
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome GCPS
Griscelli disease
Grix–Blankenship–Peterson syndrome
Gro–Gru
Groll–Hirschowitz syndrome
Grosse syndrome
Grover's disease
Growth deficiency brachydactyly unusual facies
Growth delay, constitutional
Growth hormone deficiency
Growth mental deficiency syndrome of Myhre
Growth retardation alopecia pseudoanodontia optic
Growth retardation hydrocephaly lung hypoplasia
Growth retardation mental retardation phalangeal hypoplasia
Grubben–Decock–Borghgraef syndrome
Gt–Gy
GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency
Guérin–Stern syndrome
Guibaud–Vainsel syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Guizar–Vasquez–Luengas syndrome
Guizar–Vasquez–Sanchez–Manzano syndrome
Gunal–Seber–Basaran syndrome
Gupta–Patton syndrome
Gurrieri–Sammito–Bellussi syndrome
Gusher syndrome
Gymnophobia
Gynecomastia
Gyrate atrophy of the retina
Gyrate atrophy
G | [
-0.3544476330280304,
0.7394370436668396,
-0.5703977942466736,
-0.19652704894542694,
-0.6588861346244812,
0.40823960304260254,
0.5361862778663635,
0.4995131194591522,
-0.8460307121276855,
-0.7932049036026001,
-0.463537335395813,
0.1145615205168724,
-0.5396309494972229,
1.041663408279419,
0.3779630959033966,
0.6823657751083374,
0.14119325578212738,
0.7474756836891174,
-0.3368643522262573,
-0.24027155339717865,
0.03996318206191063,
-0.21258093416690826,
0.433152437210083,
-0.48622384667396545,
-0.2001459002494812,
0.16215229034423828,
-0.12808960676193237,
0.22275666892528534,
0.10248049348592758,
0.008624770678579807,
0.10020286589860916,
0.9382147789001465,
0.1647871732711792,
0.36010482907295227,
-0.25140607357025146,
-0.29265180230140686,
0.16954298317432404,
-0.5086298584938049,
0.2923412322998047,
-0.49777647852897644,
-0.07707350701093674,
-0.20744477212429047,
-0.41416436433792114,
0.9045007824897766,
0.1101045161485672,
0.03704206272959709,
-1.766649842262268,
-0.2332635223865509,
-0.5285909175872803,
0.016456294804811478,
0.2268366664648056,
-0.14305710792541504,
0.4996001124382019,
0.043690189719200134,
-0.08479129523038864,
0.5750069618225098,
-0.5739356279373169,
0.355639785528183,
0.049346789717674255,
0.35926130414009094,
0.8947774767875671,
-0.5609905123710632,
0.013953720219433308,
0.18674162030220032,
0.15639278292655945,
0.5014798641204834,
-0.0482710562646389,
0.7159017324447632,
-0.4691527783870697,
-0.29378965497016907,
-0.38618290424346924,
-0.5711888074874878,
0.5469118356704712,
0.20452585816383362,
0.19191917777061462,
0.167851984500885,
-0.3227711021900177,
-0.6469182968139648,
0.05037615820765495,
-0.7095361351966858,
-0.3508690595626831,
0.08099694550037384,
0.10028200596570969,
-0.27147698402404785,
-0.11735109239816666,
0.011818749830126762,
-0.2690117657184601,
-0.33834052085876465,
-0.20751963555812836,
1.1802189350128174,
0.38846126198768616,
0.22502484917640686,
0.3062607944011688,
-0.40234947204589844,
-0.08297984302043915,
-0.15920056402683258,
-0.04636012762784958,
-0.45161694288253784,
-0.008463236503303051,
-0.03854132816195488,
0.2620362937450409,
0.3441673815250397,
0.056957099586725235,
-0.5294547080993652,
-0.5855793952941895,
-0.4808535575866699,
0.01692999340593815,
-0.05166676640510559,
0.07995101064443588,
-1.382388949394226,
-0.726753294467926,
0.21769173443317413,
-0.3396066725254059,
-0.15811105072498322,
-0.5389585494995117,
0.7510349750518799,
0.2268756628036499,
-0.06315901130437851,
0.025278763845562935,
0.0911451131105423,
-0.5191864371299744,
0.32683780789375305,
-0.12293968349695206,
-0.06568223237991333,
0.1786157637834549,
0.7088542580604553,
0.4926915168762207,
-0.25574296712875366,
0.729937732219696,
0.4945657253265381,
0.06869480013847351,
0.7789478898048401,
-0.25883162021636963,
-0.4286015033721924,
0.17720632255077362,
-0.4386560916900635,
-0.020434662699699402,
0.4728134572505951,
0.08214754611253738,
0.11313460022211075,
-0.5353413224220276,
-0.5773807764053345,
-1.5665115118026733,
0.07929834723472595,
0.6949504613876343,
-0.18020084500312805,
-0.4828934073448181,
0.021963361650705338,
0.3026749789714813,
0.07777902483940125,
-0.07390575855970383,
-0.1597016453742981,
-0.3814861476421356,
0.7726303339004517,
0.00903079379349947,
0.4204999506473541,
0.3446691632270813,
-0.5553104877471924,
0.4494340121746063,
0.22704222798347473,
0.5713047981262207,
0.10461793839931488,
-0.046267326921224594,
0.23273329436779022,
-0.2259865701198578,
-0.16763080656528473,
0.11643058061599731,
0.10567117482423782,
-0.4068182706832886,
-0.24179217219352722,
-0.4800419807434082,
-0.4751735329627991,
-0.06415173411369324,
-0.3306107223033905,
0.21467983722686768,
0.19811546802520752,
0.7670687437057495,
-0.07543906569480896,
0.9262105822563171,
0.09341610968112946,
-0.4279806315898895,
-0.531583309173584,
0.397706001996994,
-0.36578819155693054,
0.4857047200202942,
-0.42935416102409363,
0.5849541425704956,
0.26134341955184937,
0.5520818829536438,
0.3349379301071167,
-0.13563868403434753,
-0.2875790297985077,
0.6891187429428101,
0.15737532079219818,
0.9622222185134888,
-0.08643689751625061,
0.03370065614581108,
-0.059567175805568695,
-0.10322213917970657,
-0.0062265763990581036,
-0.25063416361808777,
0.04568217322230339,
0.47224685549736023,
0.25036635994911194,
-0.7388051748275757,
1.5708681344985962,
-0.17903050780296326,
0.08550255745649338,
-0.2933625280857086,
0.3836328089237213,
0.7165845632553101,
-0.1980166882276535,
0.1827481985092163,
-0.6338109970092773,
0.5618685483932495,
-0.2941446602344513,
-0.2834600806236267,
0.4586089849472046,
-0.5187718868255615,
-0.3767565190792084,
0.24780035018920898,
-0.19196735322475433,
0.046803366392850876,
0.42570623755455017,
0.1495753973722458,
0.8811133503913879,
-0.011673941276967525,
0.4692395329475403,
0.6092502474784851,
-0.8319858312606812,
0.7447063326835632,
-0.2200441211462021,
0.5099785923957825,
-0.1703011393547058,
-0.6592742204666138,
0.3264482021331787,
-0.25346213579177856,
-0.0779314637184143,
-0.22311998903751373,
-0.7881284356117249,
0.02730361558496952,
0.5951032042503357,
-0.8349981307983398,
-0.028923511505126953,
-0.009389462880790234,
-0.27754607796669006,
0.09372039884328842,
-0.6479247808456421,
-0.4457009434700012,
-0.3787985146045685,
0.5205518007278442,
0.24743372201919556,
0.5190431475639343,
-0.1694425642490387,
0.10009398311376572,
0.07962944358587265,
0.34238335490226746,
0.08011423796415329,
0.06425349414348602,
-0.0754077136516571,
-0.37675991654396057,
0.2104843705892563,
0.29742130637168884,
0.39863258600234985,
-0.6644461750984192,
-0.23515579104423523,
-0.3546965718269348,
-0.6121560335159302,
0.19685040414333344,
-0.056467942893505096,
0.6271591186523438,
0.0006741259130649269,
-0.4194071888923645,
-1.853482961654663,
0.18015731871128082,
-0.8763192296028137,
0.48377954959869385,
0.7268462777137756,
-0.995640754699707,
0.20608173310756683,
0.01760636828839779,
0.5236042141914368,
1.045344352722168,
0.062164757400751114,
-0.24625007808208466,
-0.6062507033348083,
0.5182561278343201,
-0.04018546640872955,
0.22907651960849762,
0.0716017484664917,
-0.6432881355285645,
0.6412357687950134,
-0.4411965310573578,
-0.06183618679642677,
-0.335832804441452,
-0.5196866989135742,
-0.29662805795669556,
0.4372900426387787,
-0.39806830883026123,
-0.26520946621894836,
-0.30854037404060364,
0.7228488326072693,
-0.07617658376693726,
-0.295615017414093,
-0.38767194747924805,
0.07009511440992355,
-0.20099447667598724,
0.6157649755477905,
-5.037932395935059,
0.10388752818107605,
-0.07248576730489731,
-0.13595212996006012,
-0.475847452878952,
0.10528377443552017,
0.8757582902908325,
-0.16676701605319977,
-0.09848266839981079,
-0.35146453976631165,
0.4965137243270874,
0.053083375096321106,
-0.17389176785945892,
0.3977752923965454,
0.22586846351623535,
0.31425389647483826,
0.14924243092536926,
0.18811844289302826,
0.23037105798721313,
0.21070462465286255,
0.31615233421325684,
0.6245495080947876,
-0.04898513853549957,
0.13007766008377075,
-0.1710841804742813,
0.851571261882782,
-0.3553575575351715,
0.5249441266059875,
-0.49414464831352234,
0.43001171946525574,
0.4239281713962555,
-0.076217420399189,
-0.018387481570243835,
-0.5025758743286133,
-0.5433418154716492,
-0.08197928965091705,
0.22146908938884735,
0.523372232913971,
0.19672390818595886,
-0.06214769184589386,
-0.7600805759429932,
0.49079570174217224,
-0.40351271629333496,
0.15444715321063995,
0.40894386172294617,
-0.014765222556889057,
-0.529297947883606,
0.25731077790260315,
0.10887286067008972,
0.8251772522926331,
-0.30140984058380127,
-0.27725666761398315,
0.5219373106956482,
0.3283238112926483,
0.32406336069107056,
-0.15700837969779968,
0.13241061568260193,
0.3753119707107544,
-0.11943662911653519,
0.2103564292192459,
0.18443022668361664,
-0.06399207562208176,
0.40143921971321106,
-0.3899274170398712,
0.3776525557041168,
-0.33261552453041077,
-0.1184394583106041,
-0.310793399810791,
-0.009019361808896065,
-0.06322266161441803,
-0.025698954239487648,
0.12054508924484253,
0.06748737394809723,
-0.8665549159049988,
-0.000053628853493137285,
-0.40964120626449585,
-0.11770253628492355,
0.1980302631855011,
0.3633432984352112,
0.09824948757886887,
-0.410408616065979,
-0.37067049741744995,
-0.6873329877853394,
0.25689905881881714,
0.29021212458610535,
-0.5637935996055603,
-0.36969032883644104,
-0.25656837224960327,
-0.533944308757782,
-0.19846132397651672,
-0.05235370993614197,
-0.2614152729511261,
0.6662185192108154,
0.34420737624168396,
-0.0800018385052681,
0.819735050201416,
0.8306905031204224,
0.09030710905790329,
0.30843183398246765,
-0.19928526878356934,
0.44470593333244324,
-0.5135884881019592,
-0.19687703251838684,
-0.4032776951789856,
0.014481915161013603,
-0.5323336720466614,
0.023972582072019577,
0.8491668105125427,
0.5473025441169739,
-0.8558561205863953,
-0.009100291877985,
-0.29140040278434753,
-0.3061401844024658,
-0.703543484210968,
0.655799150466919,
-0.24262064695358276,
-0.001164485584013164,
0.8955655694007874,
0.6861072182655334,
0.2936985194683075,
0.45222026109695435,
0.1290411800146103,
0.03615686669945717,
-0.2176537960767746,
0.12464626133441925,
0.23113231360912323,
-0.13858255743980408,
-0.31728580594062805,
-0.10820315778255463,
0.2706447243690491,
0.0014143165899440646,
0.8984783291816711,
0.07941766083240509,
-0.16926461458206177,
-0.005814388394355774,
-0.4337736666202545,
-0.22202077507972717,
0.5575862526893616,
-0.15303757786750793,
-0.7173466086387634,
0.2243833839893341,
0.006729306187480688,
-1.1312639713287354,
0.10327624529600143,
0.05782337859272957,
0.37308359146118164,
0.06000791862607002,
-0.07271183282136917,
0.1003635972738266,
0.5438107252120972,
0.030451053753495216,
-0.1541195958852768,
0.024623118340969086,
-0.2811588644981384,
-0.6072859764099121,
0.5503272414207458,
0.45018333196640015,
0.05015686899423599,
-0.6306824684143066,
-0.6545963883399963,
-0.261394739151001,
0.140757754445076,
-1.3198308944702148,
-0.3256249725818634,
0.24187925457954407,
-0.54234379529953,
0.24240602552890778,
-0.4725910723209381,
-0.3782416582107544,
1.091055989265442,
0.19326578080654144,
0.08792915940284729,
-0.7263826727867126,
-0.08277351409196854,
0.08198441565036774,
-0.37267234921455383,
-0.10549353808164597,
0.23858942091464996,
0.03890122473239899,
0.5883514285087585,
-0.0833217203617096,
-0.6131783127784729,
0.2303655743598938,
0.9411469101905823,
-0.04939443990588188,
0.3263644278049469,
0.08400200307369232,
0.07956631481647491,
-0.11310066282749176,
-0.11831573396921158,
0.3166913688182831,
-0.23344947397708893,
0.3849509656429291,
-0.02893424965441227,
0.04106099531054497,
-0.49466660618782043,
-0.13228540122509003,
0.1540435403585434,
0.30944815278053284,
-0.6969066858291626,
0.48361286520957947,
0.7041935324668884,
-0.39358440041542053,
0.24903841316699982,
0.27739396691322327,
-0.6545602083206177,
0.07802213728427887,
0.051390063017606735,
-0.6239087581634521,
0.5954053997993469,
-0.23682886362075806,
-0.4859873056411743,
-0.25030362606048584,
0.4818730652332306,
-0.24051082134246826,
-0.34003281593322754,
0.17202305793762207,
-0.36383309960365295,
-0.26476359367370605,
-0.1395256072282791,
0.14971880614757538,
-0.07870998233556747,
-0.11537031829357147,
-0.07650180160999298,
0.10442022234201431,
0.1734086573123932,
0.27699580788612366,
-1.0454939603805542,
0.7467960119247437,
0.08074213564395905,
-0.5261464715003967,
0.12076467275619507,
0.1592080295085907,
0.011555962264537811,
-0.35917094349861145,
-0.324550598859787,
-0.1310969740152359,
0.43095043301582336,
0.20533053576946259,
-0.02673354186117649,
0.07427100837230682,
0.5332367420196533,
0.15065748989582062,
-0.9608772993087769,
-0.169263556599617,
0.006493265274912119,
0.30387046933174133,
-0.8495869040489197,
-0.27822425961494446,
0.27013975381851196,
-0.001077124266885221,
-0.20105820894241333,
-0.6299370527267456,
-0.7571491599082947,
0.8024189472198486,
0.04201368987560272,
-0.04097690433263779,
-0.08400087803602219,
0.017860548570752144,
0.21598492562770844,
-0.23750469088554382,
0.6920433044433594,
-0.0706782191991806,
0.6891581416130066,
0.2791203558444977,
0.4647592008113861,
-0.38678765296936035,
0.2910819947719574,
0.28279024362564087,
-0.17624488472938538,
-0.3538348972797394,
-0.26189401745796204,
0.05762512981891632,
0.11707044392824173,
0.015992730855941772,
-0.029151109978556633,
0.22356505692005157,
-0.8789076209068298,
0.21165962517261505,
0.10199650377035141,
0.31419527530670166,
-0.20843525230884552,
0.5106922388076782,
-0.13001061975955963,
0.8932779431343079,
-0.9086143970489502,
-0.2625689208507538,
0.005743464920669794,
-0.3730113208293915,
0.1215943917632103,
0.18053597211837769,
0.20065128803253174,
-1.0926741361618042,
0.43631091713905334,
0.30877408385276794,
0.08377663791179657,
0.23991607129573822,
0.5564845204353333,
0.00151768047362566,
-0.6504207849502563,
-0.514103353023529,
0.9254958629608154,
0.09012243151664734,
-0.11392474174499512,
0.5850809216499329,
0.3255293071269989,
0.34758785367012024,
0.17764368653297424,
-0.35438987612724304,
-0.017304403707385063,
0.07342872023582458,
-0.08071278035640717,
0.48335468769073486,
0.5937888622283936,
-0.18674810230731964,
0.16490699350833893,
-0.23012670874595642,
-0.26696109771728516,
0.23633532226085663,
-0.08274532109498978,
0.3150576949119568,
-0.199720561504364,
0.6288414597511292,
0.022292084991931915,
-0.9856392741203308,
0.6294592618942261,
-0.01283574104309082,
-0.12875722348690033,
0.3549254834651947,
0.39034709334373474,
0.736250638961792,
-0.3602277934551239,
-0.557159960269928,
0.42369428277015686,
-0.20876285433769226,
-0.07340753823518753,
0.00043297128286212683,
-0.38504448533058167,
-0.5511887073516846,
0.5897930860519409,
0.350222110748291,
0.5588173270225525,
0.13989852368831635,
-0.05624796822667122,
-0.5578741431236267,
0.19313886761665344,
-0.8639351725578308,
0.16992370784282684,
0.21166092157363892,
-0.37794220447540283,
0.09250902384519577,
0.4405782222747803,
-0.05352860689163208,
0.4748484194278717,
-0.0939841940999031,
0.2436450868844986,
0.43388086557388306,
-0.5392937660217285,
-0.33251792192459106,
-1.5478832721710205,
0.4450104236602783,
-0.33262088894844055,
0.15256521105766296,
0.6484865546226501,
0.6782768368721008,
0.003130350960418582,
-0.04102783277630806,
0.03632219880819321,
-0.0008640441810712218,
0.20308929681777954,
-0.051988694816827774,
-0.16694648563861847,
0.0013394663110375404,
0.17836175858974457,
-0.16688142716884613,
0.16333243250846863,
-0.1415431648492813,
-0.03358429670333862,
0.1754561960697174,
-0.09800633043050766,
-0.844612717628479,
0.06221936643123627,
-0.4180629849433899,
-0.8683549165725708,
0.13433724641799927,
-0.00392379704862833,
-0.4720308482646942,
0.2388620376586914,
0.3782573640346527,
0.42147576808929443,
0.16232192516326904,
0.11926184594631195,
-0.0049925995990633965,
-0.31301823258399963,
-0.47864410281181335,
0.1969641000032425,
-0.05187353491783142,
0.7227942943572998,
-0.08173225075006485,
-0.44155028462409973,
-0.6419276595115662,
-0.3163313567638397,
0.0641123503446579,
0.14694878458976746,
-0.4889768064022064,
-0.066105417907238,
0.050048284232616425,
0.655793309211731,
-0.39417925477027893,
0.28803515434265137,
0.01184253953397274,
-0.08704864233732224,
0.0305644404143095,
0.6567245125770569,
-0.22167173027992249,
0.1931600421667099,
0.2648676931858063,
-0.38133013248443604,
-0.17910370230674744,
-0.5859858989715576,
0.11228791624307632,
-0.7102517485618591,
0.12592749297618866,
1.1005713939666748,
-0.552297055721283,
-0.282502144575119,
0.042269159108400345,
0.2942473590373993,
-0.3371884226799011,
0.449993371963501,
-0.8242562413215637,
0.4898386001586914,
-0.4728814959526062,
-0.5508718490600586,
-0.4336686432361603,
0.5419060587882996,
0.8973532915115356,
0.40640130639076233,
0.18359437584877014,
0.25368359684944153,
-0.4834977686405182,
-0.49097976088523865,
0.43218016624450684,
0.5703994631767273,
-3.112410068511963,
-0.2630230486392975,
-0.07832764834165573,
-0.35246336460113525,
-0.2435404658317566,
0.5863588452339172,
-0.01646002195775509,
0.27737054228782654,
0.3863596022129059,
-0.196453258395195,
0.31064361333847046,
-0.008505932055413723,
0.1886059045791626,
-0.5614286661148071,
0.10537538677453995,
0.6001086235046387
] |
236342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28H%29 | List of diseases (H) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "H".
Ha
Hag–Ham
Hageman factor deficiency
Hagemoser–Weinstein–Bresnick syndrome
Hailey–Hailey disease
Hair defect with photosensitivity and mental retardation
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy ears, y-linked
Hairy ears
Hairy nose tip
Hairy palms and soles
Hairy tongue
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome
Halal–Setton–Wang syndrome
Halal syndrome
Hall–Riggs mental retardation syndrome
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Hallervorden–Spatz disease (renamed to Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration due to Hallervorden's Nazi party associations)
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
Hallux valgus
Hamanishi–Ueba–Tsuji syndrome
Hamano–Tsukamoto syndrome
Hamartoma sebaceus of Jadassohn
Han–Hay
Hand and foot deformity flat facies
Hand–foot–uterus syndrome
Hand wringing Rett syndrome
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease
Hanhart syndrome
Harding ataxia
Harlequin type ichthyosis
Harpaxophobia
Harrod–Doman–Keele syndrome
Hartnup disease
Hartsfield–Bixler–Demyer syndrome
Hashimoto struma
Hashimoto–Pritzker syndrome
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Haspeslagh–Fryns–Muelenaere syndrome
Hay–Wells syndrome recessive type
Hay–Wells syndrome
He
Hea–Hei
Headache, cluster
Hearing disorder
Hearing impairment
Hearing loss
Heart aneurysm
Heart attack
Heart block progressive, familial
Heart block
Heart defect round face congenital retarded development
Heart defect tongue hamartoma polysyndactyly
Heart defects limb shortening
Heart hand syndrome Spanish type
Heart hypertrophy, hereditary
Heart situs anomaly
Heart tumor of the adult
Heart tumor of the child
Heavy metal poisoning
HEC syndrome
Hecht–Scott syndrome
Heckenlively syndrome
Heide syndrome
Hel
Heliophobia
HELLP syndrome
Helmerhorst–Heaton–Crossen syndrome
Helminthiasis
Hem
HEM dysplasia
Hema–Hemi
Hemangioblastoma
Hemangioendothelioma
Hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome
Hemangioma, capillary infantile
Hemangioma
Hemangiomatosis, familial pulmonary capillary
Hemangiopericytoma
Hematocolpos
Hemeralopia, congenital essential
Hemeralopia, familial
Hemi 3 syndrome
Hemifacial atrophy agenesis of the caudate nucleus
Hemifacial atrophy progressive
Hemifacial hyperplasia strabismus
Hemifacial microsomia
Hemihypertrophy in context of NF
Hemihypertrophy intestinal web corneal opacity
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemiplegia
Hemiplegic migraine, familial
Hemo
Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis type 1
Hemochromatosis type 2
Hemochromatosis type 3
Hemochromatosis type 4
Hemoglobin C disease
Hemoglobin E disease
Hemoglobin SC disease
Hemoglobinopathy
Hemoglobinuria
Hemolytic anemia lethal genital anomalies
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Hemophagocytic reticulosis
Hemophilia A
Hemophilic arthropathy
Hemophobia
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Hemorrhoid
Hemorrhagic proctocolitis
Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia
Hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy
Hemosiderosis
Hemothorax
Hen
Hennekam–Beemer syndrome
Hennekam–Koss–de Geest syndrome
Hennekam syndrome
Hennekam–Van der Horst syndrome
Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Hep
Hepadnovirus D
Heparane sulfamidase deficiency
Heparin-induced thrombopenia
Hepatic cystic hamartoma
Hepatic ductular hypoplasia
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic fibrosis renal cysts mental retardation
Hepatic fibrosis
Hepatic venoocclusive disease
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatorenal syndrome
Hepatorenal tyrosinemia
Her
Herpes
Here
Hered
Heredi
Hereditary a – Hereditary m
Hereditary amyloidosis
Hereditary angioedema
Hereditary ataxia
Hereditary carnitine deficiency myopathy
Hereditary carnitine deficiency syndrome
Hereditary carnitine deficiency
Hereditary ceroid lipofuscinosis
Hereditary coproporphyria
Hereditary deafness
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Hereditary fibrinogen Aα-Chain amyloidosis
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Hereditary hearing disorder
Hereditary hearing loss
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary hyperuricemia
Hereditary macrothrombocytopenia
Hereditary methemoglobinemia, recessive
Hereditary myopathy with intranuclear filamentous
Hereditary n – Hereditary t
Hereditary nodular heterotopia
Hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia
Hereditary pancreatitis
Hereditary paroxysmal cerebral ataxia
Hereditary peripheral nervous disorder
Hereditary primary Fanconi disease
Hereditary resistance to anti-vitamin K
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 3
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 4
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type II
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Hereditary spherocytic hemolytic anemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary type 1 neuropathy
Hereditary type 2 neuropathy
Herm–Hers
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
Hermaphroditism
Hernandez–Aguire–Negrete syndrome
Herpangina
Herpes encephalitis
Herpes simplex disease
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Herpes viridae disease
Herpes virus antenatal infection
Herpes zoster oticus
Herpes zoster
Herpesvirus simiae B virus
Herpetic embryopathy
Herpetic keratitis
Herpetophobia
Herrmann–Opitz arthrogryposis syndrome
Herrmann–Opitz craniosynostosis
Hers' disease
Hersh–Podruch–Weisskopk syndrome
Het–Hex
Heterophobia
Heterotaxia (generic term)
Heterotaxia autosomal dominant type
Heterotaxy with polysplenia or asplenia
Heterotaxy, visceral, X-linked
Hexosaminidases A and B deficiency
Hh
HHH syndrome
Hi
Hib–Hip
Hibernian fever, familial
Hiccups
Hidradenitis suppurativa familial
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia type Christianson Fouris
High scapula
High-molecular-weight kininogen deficiency, congenital
Hillig syndrome
Hing–Torack–Dowston syndrome
Hinson–Pepys disease
Hip dislocation
Hip dysplasia Beukes type
Hip dysplasia (canine)
Hip dysplasia (human)
Hip luxation
Hip subluxation
Hipo syndrome
Hir–Hiv
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease ganglioneuroblastoma
Hirschsprung disease polydactyly heart disease
Hirschsprung disease type 2
Hirschsprung disease type 3
Hirschsprung disease type d brachydactyly
Hirschsprung microcephaly cleft palate
Hirschsprung nail hypoplasia dysmorphism
Hirsutism congenital gingival hyperplasia
Hirsutism skeletal dysplasia mental retardation
His bundle tachycardia
Histadelia
Histapenia
Histidinemia
Histidinuria renal tubular defect
Histiocytosis X
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
Histoplasmosis
Histrionic personality disorder
Hittner–Hirsch–Kreh syndrome
HIV
Hm
Hm syndrome
HMG-CoA lyase deficiency
HMG CoA synthetase deficiency
Ho
Hod–Hol
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease
Hoepffner–Dreyer–Reimers syndrome
Hollow visceral myopathy
Holmes–Benacerraf syndrome
Holmes–Borden syndrome
Holmes–Collins syndrome
Holmes–Gang syndrome
Holoacardius amorphus
Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
Holoprosencephaly caudal dysgenesis
Holoprosencephaly deletion 2p
Holoprosencephaly ectrodactyly cleft lip palate
Holoprosencephaly radial heart renal anomalies
Holoprosencephaly
Holt–Oram syndrome
Holzgreve–Wagner–Rehder syndrome
Hom–Hoy
Homocarnosinase deficiency
Homocarnosinosis
Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase
Homocystinuria due to defect in methylation (cbl g)
Homocystinuria due to defect in methylation cbl e
Homocystinuria due to defect in methylation, MTHFR deficiency
Homocystinuria
Homologous wasting disease
Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia
Hoon–Hall syndrome
Hordnes–Engebretsen–Knudtson syndrome
Horn–Kolb syndrome
Horner's syndrome
Hornova–Dlurosova syndrome
Horseshoe kidney
Horton disease, juvenile
Horton disease
Hot tub folliculitis
Houlston–Ironton–Temple syndrome
Howard–Young syndrome
Howel–Evans syndrome
Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson syndrome
Hoyeraal syndrome
Hs
HSV-2 infection
Hu
Human ewingii ehrlichiosis
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
Human parvovirus B19 infection
Humero spinal dysostosis congenital heart disease
Humeroradial synostosis
Humeroradioulnar synostosis
Humerus trochlea aplasia of
Hunter–Carpenter–Mcdonald syndrome
Hunter–Jurenka–Thompson syndrome
Hunter–Macpherson syndrome
Hunter–Mcalpine syndrome
Hunter–Mcdonald syndrome
Hunter–Rudd–Hoffmann syndrome
Hunter syndrome
Huntington's disease
Huriez scleroatrophic syndrome
Hurler syndrome
Hurst–Hallam–Hockey syndrome
Hutchinson–Gilford–Progeria syndrome
Hutchinson incisors
Hutteroth–Spranger syndrome
Hy
Hya
Hyalinosis systemic short stature
Hyaloideoretinal degeneration of wagner
Hyd
Hyda–Hyde
Hydantoin antenatal infection
Hydatidiform mole
Hydatidosis
Hyde–Forster–Mccarthy–Berry syndrome
Hydr
Hydranencephaly
Hydrocephalus - Arnold Chiari - allied disorders
Hydrocephalus autosomal recessive
Hydrocephalus costovertebral dysplasia Sprengel anomaly
Hydrocephalus craniosynostosis bifid nose
Hydrocephalus endocardial fibroelastosis cataract
Hydrocephalus growth retardation skeletal anomalies
Hydrocephalus obesity hypogonadism
Hydrocephalus skeletal anomalies
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephaly corpus callosum agenesis diaphragmatic hernia
Hydrocephaly low insertion umbilicus
Hydrocephaly tall stature joint laxity
Hydrolethalus syndrome
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis peculiar facial expression
Hydrophobia
Hydrops ectrodactyly syndactyly
Hydrops fetalis anemia immune disorder absent thumb
Hydrops fetalis
Hydroxycarboxylic aciduria
Hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria
Hyg-Hym
Hygroma cervical
Hymenolepiasis
Hyp
Hyper
Hyper IgE
Hyper IgM syndrome
Hypera–Hyperb
Hyperadrenalism
Hyperaldosteronism familial type 2
Hyperaldosteronism, familial type 1
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperammonemia
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperbilirubinemia transient familial neonatal
Hyperbilirubinemia type 1
Hyperbilirubinemia type 2
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hyperc–Hyperg
Hypercalcemia, familial benign type 1
Hypercalcemia, familial benign type 2
Hypercalcemia, familial benign type 3
Hypercalcemia, familial benign
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcinuria idiopathic
Hypercalcinuria macular coloboma
Hypercalcinuria
Hypercementosis
Hypercholesterolemia due to arg3500 mutation of Apo B-100
Hypercholesterolemia due to LDL receptor deficiency
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperchylomicronemia
Hyperekplexia
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Hyperferritinemia, hereditary, with congenital cataracts
Hypergeusia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycerolemia
Hyperglycinemia, isolated nonketotic type 1
Hyperglycinemia, isolated nonketotic type 2
Hyperglycinemia, isolated nonketotic
Hyperglycinemia, ketotic
Hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic
Hypergonadotropic ovarian failure, familial or sporadic
Hyperh–Hyperk
Hyperhidrosis
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyper-IgD syndrome
Hyperimidodipeptiduria
Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever
Hyperimmunoglobulin E - recurrent infection syndrome
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with periodic fever
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E
Hyperinsulinism due to focal adenomatous hyperplasia
Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency
Hyperinsulinism due to glutamodehydrogenase deficiency
Hyperinsulinism in children, congenital
Hyperinsulinism, diffuse
Hyperinsulinism, focal
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans of Flegel
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
Hyperkeratosis palmoplantar localized acanthokeratolytic
Hyperkeratosis palmoplantar localized epidermolytic
Hyperkeratosis palmoplantar with palmar crease hyperkeratosis
Hyperl–Hypero
Hyperlipoproteinemia type I
Hyperlipoproteinemia type II
Hyperlipoproteinemia type III
Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV
Hyperlipoproteinemia type V
Hyperlipoproteinemia
Hyperlysinemia
Hyperopia
Hyperornithinemia
Hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, homocitrullinuria syndrome
Hyperostosid corticalis deformans juvenilis
Hyperostosis cortical infantile
Hyperostosis corticalis generalisata
Hyperostosis frontalis interna
Hyperoxaluria type 1
Hyperoxaluria type 2
Hyperoxaluria
Hyperp–Hypers
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism, familial, primary
Hyperparathyroidism, neonatal severe primary
Hyperphalangism dysmorphy bronchomalacia
Hyperphenylalaninemia
Hyperphenylalaninemia due to pterin-4-alpha-carbin
Hyperphenylalaninemia due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency
Hyperphenylalaninemia due to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydrop
Hyperphenylalaninemia due to dehydratase deficiency
Hyperphenylalaninemia due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency
Hyperphenylalaninemic embryopathy
Hyperpipecolatemia
Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolinemia type II
Hyperprolinemia
Hyperreflexia
Hyper-reninism
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity type I
Hypersensitivity type II
Hypersensitivity type III
Hypersensitivity type IV
Hypersomnolence
Hypert–Hyperv
Hypertelorism and tetralogy of Fallot
Hypertelorism hypospadias syndrome
Hypertension
Hypertensive hyperkalemia, familial
Hypertensive hypokalemia familial
Hypertensive retinopathy
Hyperthermia induced defects
Hyperthermia
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism due to mutations in TSH receptor
Hypertrichosis atrophic skin ectropion macrostomia
Hypertrichosis brachydactyly obesity and mental retardation
Hypertrichosis congenital generalized X linked
Hypertrichosis lanuginosa congenita
Hypertrichosis lanuginosa, acquired
Hypertrichosis retinopathy dysmorphism
Hypertrichosis, anterior cervical
Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia
Hypertriglycidemia
Hypertrophic branchial myopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic hemangiectasia
Hypertrophic myocardiopathy
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, primary or idiopathic
Hypertropia
Hypertropic neuropathy of Dejerine-Sottas
Hypertryptophanemia
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis E
Hypo
Hypoa–Hypof
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Hypoadrenalism
Hypoadrenocorticism hypoparathyroidism moniliasis
Hypoaldosteronism
Hypo-alphalipoproteinemia primary
Hypobetalipoproteinaemia ataxia hearing loss
Hypobetalipoprotéinemia, familial
Hypocalcemia, autosomal dominant
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcinuric hypercalcemia, familial type 1
Hypocalcinuric hypercalcemia, familial type 2
Hypocalcinuric hypercalcemia, familial type 3
Hypocalcinuric hypercalcemia, familial
Hypochondriasis
Hypochondrogenesis
Hypochondroplasia
Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis
Hypodermyasis
Hypodontia dysplasia of nails
Hypodontia of incisors and premolars
Hypodysfibrinogenemia
Hypofibrinogenemia, familial
Hypog–Hypol
Hypoglycemia with deficiency of glycogen synthetase in the liver
Hypoglycemia
Hypogonadism cardiomyopathy
Hypogonadism hypogonadotropic due to mutations in GR hormone
Hypogonadism male mental retardation skeletal anomaly
Hypogonadism mitral valve prolapse mental retardation
Hypogonadism primary partial alopecia
Hypogonadism retinitis pigmentosa
Hypogonadism, isolated, hypogonadotropic
Hypogonadism
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism syndactyly
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism without anosmia, X linked
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-anosmia, X linked
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-anosmia
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemic alkalosis with hypercalcinuria
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 1
Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
Hypoketonemic hypoglycemia
Hypolipoproteinemia
Hypom
Hypomagnesemia primary
Hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis
Hypomelanotic disorder
Hypomelia mullerian duct anomalies
Hypomentia
Hypop
Hypoparathyroidism familial isolated
Hypoparathyroidism nerve deafness nephrosis
Hypoparathyroidism short stature mental retardation
Hypoparathyroidism short stature
Hypoparathyroidism X linked
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypophosphatasia, infantile
Hypophosphatasia
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Hypopigmentation oculocerebral syndrome Cross type
Hypopituitarism micropenis cleft lip palate
Hypopituitarism postaxial polydactyly
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitary dwarfism
Hypoplasia hepatic ductular
Hypoplasia of the tibia with polydactyly
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic right heart microcephaly
Hypoplastic thumb mullerian aplasia
Hypoplastic thumbs hydranencephaly
Hypoproconvertinemia
Hypoprothrombinemia
Hypor–Hypox
Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
Hyposmia nasal hypoplasia hypogonadism
Hypospadias familial
Hypospadias mental retardation Goldblatt type
Hyposplenism
Hypotelorism cleft palate hypospadias
Hypothalamic dysfunction
Hypothalamic hamartoblastoma syndrome
Hypothalamic hamartomas
Hypertonic gingivitus
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism due to iodide transport defect
Hypothyroidism postaxial polydactyly mental retardation
Hypothyroidism
Hypotonic sclerotic muscular dystrophy
Hypotrichosis mental retardation Lopes type
Hypotrichosis
Hypotropia
Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hypoxia
H | [
-0.23873333632946014,
0.8614771962165833,
-0.6813372373580933,
-0.23581330478191376,
-0.45040643215179443,
0.30144843459129333,
0.7671537399291992,
0.3361646234989166,
-0.6881269812583923,
-0.8418118357658386,
-0.1942158192396164,
-0.1033281683921814,
-0.30402371287345886,
1.1070200204849243,
0.4453856647014618,
0.580949068069458,
0.20830826461315155,
0.9990955591201782,
-0.2672636806964874,
-0.06240740418434143,
-0.12061807513237,
-0.28551867604255676,
0.4019308090209961,
-0.6470553278923035,
-0.0777677446603775,
0.011746188625693321,
-0.06500200927257538,
-0.08998401463031769,
-0.011147678829729557,
-0.06907350569963455,
0.2355106621980667,
0.6528497934341431,
0.18605324625968933,
-0.05041976645588875,
-0.22743314504623413,
-0.32421988248825073,
0.042097557336091995,
-0.6212760210037231,
0.3053000569343567,
-0.5795638561248779,
-0.21322377026081085,
-0.25551819801330566,
-0.12137581408023834,
0.8791781663894653,
-0.04989197477698326,
-0.035397786647081375,
-1.9070289134979248,
-0.3061053156852722,
-0.5818787217140198,
0.18552041053771973,
0.5381134152412415,
-0.3761729598045349,
0.5231710076332092,
0.30745387077331543,
0.020153919234871864,
0.5358704924583435,
-0.46301478147506714,
0.26573285460472107,
0.058545198291540146,
0.5891104340553284,
0.9397251009941101,
-0.5677573680877686,
0.037796128541231155,
0.4012790620326996,
0.35545971989631653,
0.4615238904953003,
0.04085217043757439,
0.5929749011993408,
-0.6308193802833557,
0.056887321174144745,
-0.13669925928115845,
-0.6465651392936707,
0.5149294137954712,
0.13090910017490387,
0.27871957421302795,
0.16620352864265442,
-0.2659119963645935,
-0.39221566915512085,
-0.05207356438040733,
-0.8435592651367188,
-0.45477110147476196,
0.19923442602157593,
-0.012360388413071632,
0.006777382455766201,
0.1757451295852661,
-0.1955038458108902,
-0.44630536437034607,
-0.25599178671836853,
-0.17850922048091888,
1.0524022579193115,
0.5323001742362976,
0.4501779079437256,
0.2903231382369995,
-0.4680195748806,
0.058286331593990326,
-0.36165809631347656,
-0.22154995799064636,
-0.2645951211452484,
-0.1311427503824234,
-0.09225743263959885,
0.2899251878261566,
0.3441305160522461,
0.3274056911468506,
-0.5698758363723755,
-0.3200876712799072,
-0.4990254342556,
0.14181649684906006,
0.002816754160448909,
0.12297341972589493,
-1.699506402015686,
-0.4645889699459076,
0.2987423539161682,
-0.1614333987236023,
-0.11558407545089722,
-0.6062129735946655,
0.7510024309158325,
0.4436715543270111,
-0.11002043634653091,
0.11284257471561432,
-0.12281627953052521,
-0.4254472851753235,
0.6272115707397461,
-0.0014321660855785012,
-0.11994349956512451,
-0.01414311584085226,
0.8479581475257874,
0.4673803746700287,
-0.14933916926383972,
0.4529145061969757,
0.36510613560676575,
-0.06223193183541298,
0.9939880967140198,
-0.32195863127708435,
-0.6839984655380249,
0.27285850048065186,
-0.340054988861084,
-0.0055616190657019615,
0.4913017153739929,
0.5395508408546448,
0.036046117544174194,
-0.42807671427726746,
-0.6641560196876526,
-1.7883177995681763,
0.17157435417175293,
0.32845303416252136,
-0.06210289150476456,
-0.47153204679489136,
0.06198302283883095,
0.32525834441185,
0.0057263681665062904,
0.0011318508768454194,
-0.12909464538097382,
-0.4469265639781952,
0.7323052287101746,
-0.1547294557094574,
0.47477248311042786,
0.45082324743270874,
-0.633758544921875,
0.5085345506668091,
0.25026559829711914,
0.5517145991325378,
0.22925162315368652,
0.02355264127254486,
0.05477314442396164,
-0.06284914165735245,
-0.12588024139404297,
0.04971050098538399,
0.1738571971654892,
-0.14721082150936127,
-0.2385331094264984,
-0.4377984404563904,
-0.4459335207939148,
0.2602211833000183,
-0.42115870118141174,
0.5716581344604492,
0.1831962913274765,
0.8156239986419678,
-0.042536333203315735,
0.8724920749664307,
0.23905625939369202,
-0.5008769631385803,
-0.14233195781707764,
0.17827542126178741,
-0.29752710461616516,
0.359950453042984,
-0.2650827467441559,
0.5820820927619934,
0.3741852343082428,
0.5634148716926575,
0.3482264578342438,
-0.07355326414108276,
-0.3995175063610077,
0.47145023941993713,
0.19660614430904388,
0.7305987477302551,
0.01373243611305952,
0.03745606914162636,
0.1262938678264618,
0.012937157414853573,
0.05492597445845604,
-0.1289575695991516,
0.24088558554649353,
0.5140275359153748,
0.4067252278327942,
-0.7647687196731567,
1.7932932376861572,
-0.14654192328453064,
-0.03890559449791908,
-0.40575724840164185,
0.17049452662467957,
0.6737266778945923,
-0.37979674339294434,
0.398366242647171,
-0.6306470036506653,
0.4795658588409424,
-0.4185784161090851,
-0.14558224380016327,
0.31841936707496643,
-0.5862286686897278,
-0.288004070520401,
0.4219243824481964,
-0.2927384078502655,
0.1541045755147934,
0.5647574663162231,
0.14793236553668976,
0.9189903736114502,
-0.19486737251281738,
0.2819588780403137,
0.4587964713573456,
-0.8691383004188538,
0.9267830848693848,
-0.19509781897068024,
0.18509647250175476,
-0.34833356738090515,
-0.4846212863922119,
0.10424020886421204,
-0.1433257907629013,
0.012879063375294209,
-0.22781893610954285,
-0.6959965229034424,
-0.04039281979203224,
0.5496769547462463,
-0.7625243663787842,
0.16442298889160156,
-0.0326816700398922,
-0.359925776720047,
-0.013382728211581707,
-0.7609609365463257,
-0.10682982206344604,
-0.32287025451660156,
0.39226046204566956,
0.08466836810112,
0.18666519224643707,
-0.4721897840499878,
-0.012880089692771435,
0.12414297461509705,
0.3921312093734741,
0.36332154273986816,
-0.006820110138505697,
0.01522778905928135,
-0.5454684495925903,
0.45454397797584534,
0.4615095853805542,
0.2634173333644867,
-0.6678475737571716,
-0.48098018765449524,
-0.3365802764892578,
-0.7502763271331787,
0.3460766077041626,
0.05109510198235512,
0.6106083989143372,
0.1345558911561966,
-0.4522687494754791,
-2.3261446952819824,
-0.01716529205441475,
-0.6517599821090698,
0.5490841865539551,
0.8644094467163086,
-1.119819164276123,
0.1441953331232071,
-0.07398753613233566,
0.5269879698753357,
0.7091959118843079,
-0.1677042543888092,
-0.19126780331134796,
-0.5074910521507263,
0.6655359268188477,
-0.021647721529006958,
0.2731074392795563,
0.12326361984014511,
-0.8047911524772644,
0.38580799102783203,
-0.169235959649086,
0.12177357077598572,
-0.16616864502429962,
-0.5778898596763611,
-0.08970647305250168,
0.5429174900054932,
-0.41740503907203674,
-0.32605892419815063,
-0.5784943699836731,
0.39179664850234985,
-0.2294481247663498,
-0.30515938997268677,
-0.35332080721855164,
0.2772468626499176,
-0.30960965156555176,
0.5137466788291931,
-4.678214073181152,
-0.09282056242227554,
-0.07710036635398865,
-0.006113785319030285,
-0.1818113923072815,
0.19999808073043823,
0.6649584770202637,
-0.1917465478181839,
-0.004296834580600262,
-0.09835701435804367,
0.6470038294792175,
0.22509613633155823,
-0.015709485858678818,
0.3828490674495697,
0.20149855315685272,
-0.15558910369873047,
0.1990576833486557,
0.08694585412740707,
0.35399672389030457,
-0.2114061862230301,
0.22335518896579742,
0.6960760354995728,
0.3277735710144043,
0.26368942856788635,
-0.26609739661216736,
0.8077502846717834,
-0.38005954027175903,
0.5609897971153259,
-0.5480731129646301,
0.3442942798137665,
0.3584267497062683,
-0.10738778859376907,
0.21741588413715363,
-0.3524184823036194,
-0.7704383730888367,
-0.12775816023349762,
0.11464262753725052,
0.36559951305389404,
0.13042263686656952,
-0.19808316230773926,
-0.7917795777320862,
0.4154402017593384,
-0.3172408938407898,
0.048709090799093246,
0.25354069471359253,
-0.010574384592473507,
-0.46984776854515076,
0.17174646258354187,
0.15452806651592255,
0.9386254549026489,
-0.4801919162273407,
-0.0411185547709465,
0.9972032904624939,
0.48193132877349854,
0.29578834772109985,
-0.31642478704452515,
0.1440686285495758,
0.2067849487066269,
-0.20812289416790009,
0.00914699025452137,
0.15073782205581665,
0.06295259296894073,
0.2974728047847748,
-0.16239039599895477,
0.48497962951660156,
-0.7054386138916016,
0.029288094490766525,
-0.25923097133636475,
0.17144988477230072,
-0.19910863041877747,
-0.11104421317577362,
0.22589010000228882,
0.13041464984416962,
-0.8343775868415833,
0.14521825313568115,
-0.2903331220149994,
0.10971303284168243,
0.24086350202560425,
0.3181121051311493,
-0.10239614546298981,
-0.43660059571266174,
-0.1003200113773346,
-0.7174414396286011,
0.5500527024269104,
0.21962611377239227,
-0.606400191783905,
-0.2670533359050751,
-0.16757813096046448,
-0.490593820810318,
-0.21343310177326202,
-0.08962453156709671,
-0.17495973408222198,
0.6364539861679077,
0.2384713739156723,
0.03583607077598572,
0.855685830116272,
0.7436201572418213,
-0.12633004784584045,
0.5497821569442749,
0.21359281241893768,
0.539830207824707,
-0.32044389843940735,
-0.26496219635009766,
-0.5463492274284363,
-0.13135766983032227,
-0.6405016779899597,
-0.12865020334720612,
0.7632433772087097,
0.21440941095352173,
-0.7389649748802185,
-0.22991521656513214,
-0.5478092432022095,
-0.20112457871437073,
-0.6695338487625122,
0.4147612750530243,
-0.30383574962615967,
-0.006969879847019911,
0.8477885723114014,
0.48660901188850403,
0.4665682911872864,
0.3574565649032593,
0.3291929364204407,
0.1167282685637474,
-0.29628390073776245,
0.24273237586021423,
0.012183652259409428,
-0.16480332612991333,
-0.32510584592819214,
-0.14723829925060272,
0.3334030210971832,
0.009376191534101963,
0.7905014157295227,
0.0749615877866745,
-0.1904708743095398,
-0.011292197741568089,
-0.48898792266845703,
-0.16093342006206512,
0.8019861578941345,
-0.2576991617679596,
-0.6476776003837585,
0.12531723082065582,
-0.06375008076429367,
-1.206421136856079,
0.19797872006893158,
0.2204311043024063,
0.29084712266921997,
0.013721982948482037,
-0.2288760244846344,
-0.13102993369102478,
0.5839085578918457,
-0.31513410806655884,
-0.24690011143684387,
0.1701541393995285,
-0.46401911973953247,
-0.5050484538078308,
0.46951475739479065,
0.41164615750312805,
-0.003519732505083084,
-0.8403341174125671,
-0.5549988746643066,
-0.5212427377700806,
0.3769552409648895,
-0.9936146140098572,
-0.34915220737457275,
0.23071278631687164,
-0.7050376534461975,
0.0702056959271431,
-0.25749754905700684,
-0.6962170004844666,
1.003849744796753,
-0.15822041034698486,
0.20090369880199432,
-0.7135155200958252,
0.1302538365125656,
0.28432217240333557,
-0.24170009791851044,
-0.00045888370368629694,
0.6116105318069458,
0.14546293020248413,
0.30812427401542664,
0.0423879511654377,
-0.4357753098011017,
0.11261724680662155,
1.0578604936599731,
0.18177251517772675,
0.09446693956851959,
0.12739534676074982,
-0.19098174571990967,
-0.024192461743950844,
-0.06002223864197731,
0.4002549648284912,
-0.1771082580089569,
0.26123538613319397,
-0.03848971799015999,
-0.28253206610679626,
-0.4183759093284607,
-0.022503433749079704,
-0.10980547219514847,
0.38742396235466003,
-0.5568047165870667,
0.5994256138801575,
0.686098039150238,
-0.3343971371650696,
0.41337886452674866,
0.2592456340789795,
-0.9243389368057251,
0.027056096121668816,
0.3177388906478882,
-0.6383676528930664,
0.5296682715415955,
-0.06604139506816864,
-0.6186660528182983,
-0.20187927782535553,
0.5271826386451721,
-0.12946335971355438,
-0.3860245645046234,
0.33265864849090576,
-0.33505141735076904,
-0.08358960598707199,
-0.3404124677181244,
0.318606436252594,
-0.1027211993932724,
-0.011478184722363949,
-0.15426000952720642,
-0.12185928225517273,
0.09690957516431808,
0.13076643645763397,
-0.962925374507904,
0.5793089270591736,
-0.03602592274546623,
-0.34075677394866943,
0.02750709466636181,
0.3506220579147339,
0.19042755663394928,
-0.16049593687057495,
-0.7045495510101318,
-0.23071612417697906,
0.17567846179008484,
-0.21959829330444336,
0.03858684375882149,
0.1648319810628891,
0.4434903562068939,
0.23142291605472565,
-0.904770016670227,
-0.30449652671813965,
0.14992080628871918,
0.38461557030677795,
-0.7906495332717896,
-0.31403177976608276,
0.30721020698547363,
0.18380200862884521,
-0.3332461416721344,
-0.8219085335731506,
-0.9218320846557617,
0.763648271560669,
0.22645005583763123,
-0.03307631239295006,
0.07529674470424652,
-0.007617320865392685,
0.36593836545944214,
-0.343482106924057,
0.4607231318950653,
-0.03710123524069786,
0.8974973559379578,
0.3183722496032715,
0.5236996412277222,
-0.3995354175567627,
0.1814105063676834,
0.22149978578090668,
-0.40630781650543213,
-0.5589590072631836,
-0.15333250164985657,
0.07112203538417816,
0.09021332859992981,
0.2734799087047577,
0.22030648589134216,
0.21845045685768127,
-0.8636898398399353,
0.3139552175998688,
0.10133657604455948,
0.558022677898407,
-0.0967218354344368,
0.24091075360774994,
-0.13341520726680756,
0.8104785084724426,
-0.5758200883865356,
-0.11333302408456802,
-0.05589643493294716,
-0.20815102756023407,
0.14290308952331543,
0.1528000831604004,
0.2810291349887848,
-0.8901564478874207,
0.6889538764953613,
0.43523988127708435,
0.02975551411509514,
0.13683709502220154,
0.6866547465324402,
0.11437094211578369,
-0.5799439549446106,
-0.7270075082778931,
0.7555466890335083,
0.26397284865379333,
-0.10634232312440872,
0.5441481471061707,
0.5507922768592834,
0.2496212124824524,
0.20312581956386566,
-0.3800988495349884,
0.08606871217489243,
0.33909085392951965,
-0.09982405602931976,
0.35599854588508606,
0.7857790589332581,
-0.019003598019480705,
0.2975705564022064,
-0.1152196079492569,
-0.28916892409324646,
0.09606561064720154,
-0.09035347402095795,
0.03445642814040184,
-0.5009095668792725,
0.3539605438709259,
0.028065983206033707,
-1.0181163549423218,
0.675999641418457,
-0.008369370363652706,
-0.17877699434757233,
0.2153339833021164,
0.40577641129493713,
0.9070528745651245,
-0.24555939435958862,
-0.5519771575927734,
0.4395751953125,
-0.2614476680755615,
-0.3009237051010132,
-0.22172199189662933,
-0.4856170415878296,
-0.6743924617767334,
0.5339513421058655,
0.3085615038871765,
0.5741554498672485,
0.2386864870786667,
-0.18723098933696747,
-0.35227102041244507,
0.02633614093065262,
-0.6726768016815186,
0.07314425706863403,
0.2467423379421234,
-0.313094824552536,
-0.10304757952690125,
0.4530678391456604,
-0.030252814292907715,
0.16802994906902313,
0.190386563539505,
0.07201027125120163,
0.455091655254364,
-0.481405109167099,
-0.0747290626168251,
-1.9692355394363403,
0.1237676814198494,
-0.46183809638023376,
-0.21686892211437225,
0.5360137820243835,
0.39667966961860657,
-0.2289234846830368,
0.022190775722265244,
0.042740799486637115,
-0.07672671228647232,
0.2381334900856018,
0.25354069471359253,
-0.24079599976539612,
-0.054507479071617126,
0.0953318402171135,
0.0027127510402351618,
0.2820461690425873,
0.1589197814464569,
-0.24012374877929688,
0.1911367028951645,
-0.4156767725944519,
-0.5804427266120911,
-0.19030435383319855,
-0.3985195755958557,
-0.99587082862854,
-0.012773528695106506,
0.1449027806520462,
-0.6662793159484863,
0.2792876362800598,
0.2280394583940506,
0.23651856184005737,
0.1955818235874176,
0.10569075495004654,
0.33011236786842346,
-0.20682451128959656,
-0.5177396535873413,
0.1773393154144287,
-0.2689491808414459,
0.671822726726532,
-0.19319669902324677,
-0.6397899985313416,
-0.4929538667201996,
-0.09125730395317078,
0.17114034295082092,
0.28311780095100403,
-0.6006314754486084,
0.08751189708709717,
0.053121160715818405,
0.4620446264743805,
-0.35643941164016724,
0.35332340002059937,
-0.053714655339717865,
0.20676764845848083,
0.1214379370212555,
0.8470447063446045,
-0.23380278050899506,
-0.04062678664922714,
0.25360196828842163,
-0.3554443418979645,
-0.1964772790670395,
-0.45109671354293823,
0.21760697662830353,
-0.6607008576393127,
-0.13656072318553925,
0.770737886428833,
-0.8694913983345032,
-0.29409825801849365,
0.02342342957854271,
0.3905835747718811,
-0.029375392943620682,
0.4650769829750061,
-0.8788641095161438,
0.46443113684654236,
-0.5863826870918274,
-0.5512625575065613,
-0.19950848817825317,
0.4973026514053345,
0.8802693486213684,
0.7031767964363098,
0.34005025029182434,
0.07300356775522232,
-0.48436954617500305,
-0.21585234999656677,
0.2326338142156601,
0.5992708206176758,
-3.8690531253814697,
-0.12785498797893524,
-0.10915546864271164,
-0.31588777899742126,
-0.14357566833496094,
0.3670157194137573,
-0.04109654948115349,
0.24622462689876556,
0.280529648065567,
-0.145634263753891,
0.33331260085105896,
-0.27712205052375793,
-0.1318945437669754,
-0.5131030082702637,
0.12810640037059784,
0.6207932829856873
] |
236344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28I%29 | List of diseases (I) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "I".
I
I cell disease
Inverted Gentile Disorder
Ib
IBIDS syndrome
Ic
Icf
ICF syndrome
Ich
Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
Ichthyophobia
Ichthyosiform erythroderma corneal involvement deafness
Ichthyosis alopecia eclabion ectropion mental retardation
Ichthyosis and male hypogonadism
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
Ichthyosis cheek eyebrow syndrome
Ichthyosis congenita biliary atresia
Ichthyosis deafness mental retardation skeletal anomaly
Ichthyosis follicularis atrichia photophobia syndrome
Ichthyosis hepatosplenomegaly cerebellar degeneration
Ichthyosis hystrix, Curth Macklin type
Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa
Ichthyosis male hypogonadism
Ichthyosis mental retardation Devriendt type
Ichthyosis mental retardation dwarfism renal impairment
Ichthyosis microphthalmos
Ichthyosis tapered fingers midline groove up
Ichthyosis vulgaris
Ichthyosis, erythrokeratolysis hemalis
Ichthyosis, keratosis follicularis spinulosa Decalvans
Ichthyosis, lamellar recessive
Ichthyosis, Netherton syndrome
Id
Idaho syndrome
Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Idiopathic adolescent scoliosis
Idiopathic adult neutropenia
Idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
Idiopathic congenital nystagmus, dominant, X- linked
Idiopathic diffuse interstitial fibrosis
Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery
Idiopathic dilation cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic double athetosis
Idiopathic edema
Idiopathic eosinophilic chronic pneumopathy
Idiopathic facial palsy
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Idiopathic infection caused by BCG or atypical mycobacteria
Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iduronate 2-sulfatase deficiency
Ie–Im
IFAP syndrome
IgA deficiency
IgA nephropathy
IgA vasculitis
IGDA syndrome
IgG4-related disease
Illum syndrome
Illyngophobia
Ilyina–Amoashy–Grygory syndrome
Imaizumi–Kuroki syndrome
Iminoglycinuria
Immotile cilia syndrome, due to defective radial spokes
Immotile cilia syndrome, due to excessively long cilia
Immotile cilia syndrome, Kartagener type
Immune deficiency, familial variable
Immune thrombocytopenia
Immunodeficiency, primary
Immunodeficiency, secondary
Immunodeficiency with short limb dwarfism
Immunodeficiency, microcephaly with normal intelligence
Imperforate anus
Imperforate oropharynx costo vetebral anomalies
Impetigo
In
In
Inactive colon
In–Inz
Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder
Inborn branched chain aminoaciduria
Inborn error of metabolism
Inborn metabolic disorder
Inborn renal aminoaciduria
Inborn urea cycle disorder
Incisors fused
Inclusion-cell disease
Inclusion conjunctivitis
Incontinentia pigmenti
Incontinentia pigmenti achromians
Indomethacin antenatal infection
Induced delusional disorder
Inf–Inh
Infant epilepsy with migrant focal crisis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Infantile apnea
Infantile axonal neuropathy
Infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis, familial
Infantile digital fibromatosis
Infantile dysphagia
Infantile multisystem inflammatory disease
Infantile myofibromatosis
Infantile onset spinocerebellar ataxia
Infantile recurrent chronic multifocal osteomyolitis
Infantile sialic acid storage disorder
Infantile spasms broad thumbs
Infantile spasms
Infantile striato thalamic degeneration
Infectious arthritis
Infectious myocarditis
Infective endocarditis
Inflammatory breast cancer
Infundibulopelvic stenosis multicystic kidney
Influenza
Inguinal hernia
Inhalant abuse
Inhalant abuse, aliphatic hydrocarbons
Inhalant abuse, aromatic hydrocarbons
Inhalant abuse, ketones
Inhalant abuse, haloalkanes
Inhalant abuse, nitrites
Ins
Congenital insensitivity to pain
Instability mitotic non disjunction syndrome
Insulinoma
Insulin-resistance type B
Insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans, type A
Int
Intercellular cholesterol esterification disease
Interferon gamma, receptor 1, deficiency
Internal carotid agenesis
Intraocular lymphoma
Interstitial cystitis
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial pneumonia
Intestinal atresia multiple
Intestinal lipodystrophy
Intestinal lymphangiectasia
Intestinal malrotation facial anomalies familial type
Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Intestinal spirochetosis
Intoeing
Intracranial aneurysms multiple congenital anomaly
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations
Intractable singultus
Intrathoracic kidney vertebral fusion
Intrauterine growth retardation mandibular malar hypoplasia
Intrauterine infections
Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency of
Io–Iv
Iodine antenatal infection
Iodine deficiency
Iophobia
Iridocyclitis
Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type
Iris dysplasia hypertelorism deafness
Iritis
Iron deficiency
Iron overload
Irons–Bhan syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Isaacs–Mertens syndrome
Isaacs syndrome
Ischiadic hypoplasia renal dysfunction immunodeficiency
Ischiopatellar dysplasia Isochromosome 18p syndrome
Isochromosome i (5p)
Isochromosome 18p syndrome
Isosporosiasis
Isotretinoin embryopathy
Isthmian coarctation
Ivemark syndrome
Ivic syndrome
I | [
-0.039704810827970505,
0.7276647090911865,
-0.8095724582672119,
-0.18245436251163483,
-0.39013341069221497,
0.3013814389705658,
0.874563992023468,
0.18558046221733093,
-0.699481725692749,
-0.8217030763626099,
0.07318971306085587,
0.18595916032791138,
-0.5363368988037109,
1.2152540683746338,
0.28661665320396423,
0.5594026446342468,
-0.06456708163022995,
0.8543820977210999,
-0.4059492349624634,
0.19982165098190308,
0.04399237036705017,
-0.01497487910091877,
0.6241841316223145,
-0.5081690549850464,
-0.13732953369617462,
-0.03972696512937546,
-0.0198944341391325,
-0.12134865671396255,
-0.044032465666532516,
-0.04129011183977127,
0.04808250814676285,
0.6262213587760925,
0.01492296252399683,
0.0040381960570812225,
-0.3655231297016144,
-0.5371082425117493,
-0.03501617908477783,
-0.37427449226379395,
0.12288013100624084,
-0.6331993937492371,
-0.23552054166793823,
-0.2356158196926117,
-0.05415274202823639,
0.8824742436408997,
-0.07298615574836731,
-0.044795457273721695,
-1.8992760181427002,
-0.21983928978443146,
-0.6789868474006653,
-0.018311168998479843,
0.5494383573532104,
-0.4230085611343384,
0.7552855610847473,
0.038930680602788925,
-0.027890164405107498,
0.4016515910625458,
-0.7207239270210266,
0.2873407304286957,
0.08325379341840744,
0.6032140851020813,
1.022269368171692,
-0.09893199801445007,
0.5412296056747437,
0.4752645790576935,
0.30836448073387146,
0.5936590433120728,
-0.031116491183638573,
0.7746756076812744,
-0.5026721954345703,
-0.1347145289182663,
-0.18132257461547852,
-0.4370938539505005,
0.23776257038116455,
0.15998026728630066,
0.33319807052612305,
-0.20307795703411102,
-0.170958012342453,
-0.44785407185554504,
-0.000058980556786991656,
-0.5258299112319946,
-0.5274630188941956,
0.07940313220024109,
0.27296319603919983,
-0.35146597027778625,
0.0370430089533329,
-0.21324516832828522,
-0.4093380272388458,
-0.19135098159313202,
-0.25348639488220215,
0.7814888954162598,
0.550073504447937,
0.3937569260597229,
0.29399779438972473,
-0.5849006175994873,
-0.07983560115098953,
-0.10802853852510452,
-0.49868765473365784,
-0.1612802892923355,
-0.12415791302919388,
0.0024948609061539173,
0.2585848271846771,
0.5742486119270325,
0.13509613275527954,
-0.3894721567630768,
-0.22675853967666626,
-0.35132500529289246,
0.24046768248081207,
0.12980593740940094,
0.04093959555029869,
-1.471495509147644,
-0.4952132999897003,
0.049245547503232956,
-0.2502230405807495,
-0.14640070497989655,
-0.6760504841804504,
0.7349448204040527,
0.3151593506336212,
-0.11402121931314468,
0.05053017660975456,
-0.19485723972320557,
-0.5022835731506348,
0.47203120589256287,
0.07083023339509964,
-0.08765820413827896,
-0.033854737877845764,
0.660983681678772,
0.33975842595100403,
-0.12930628657341003,
0.31012842059135437,
0.30645063519477844,
-0.03014216385781765,
0.9823030233383179,
-0.3878811001777649,
-0.5503368377685547,
0.19084788858890533,
-0.39514169096946716,
-0.17392131686210632,
0.6908298134803772,
0.2276044338941574,
-0.07824008166790009,
-0.479065865278244,
-0.47337567806243896,
-1.742963194847107,
0.24346016347408295,
0.2991660535335541,
-0.2874815762042999,
-0.47195231914520264,
0.22629649937152863,
0.26150622963905334,
-0.17691980302333832,
-0.05271200090646744,
-0.037506021559238434,
-0.028679098933935165,
0.8125887513160706,
-0.13585078716278076,
0.1977904886007309,
0.4945613145828247,
-0.22477072477340698,
0.4064297080039978,
0.06291890144348145,
0.32275155186653137,
0.46972402930259705,
0.02469436638057232,
0.31138667464256287,
-0.1136438176035881,
-0.014665869995951653,
0.18220604956150055,
0.11487987637519836,
0.19754040241241455,
-0.260796457529068,
-0.37086498737335205,
-0.6071191430091858,
-0.07269264757633209,
-0.33917036652565,
0.21305066347122192,
0.07509895414113998,
0.7798545360565186,
0.03208241984248161,
0.6737648248672485,
-0.045654553920030594,
-0.4135347306728363,
-0.5553016662597656,
-0.05285537242889404,
-0.4447811245918274,
0.42123135924339294,
-0.2118457853794098,
0.4979926645755768,
0.38889163732528687,
0.22165730595588684,
0.18645434081554413,
-0.031454429030418396,
-0.11668109148740768,
0.5362138748168945,
0.1561470925807953,
0.8717796802520752,
0.09133240580558777,
-0.19268622994422913,
0.05580194666981697,
-0.08018092066049576,
-0.15503475069999695,
-0.2820749878883362,
0.07724010944366455,
0.2977595031261444,
0.27070415019989014,
-0.5887002944946289,
1.7624603509902954,
-0.2162720263004303,
0.15061552822589874,
-0.08529003709554672,
0.28828686475753784,
0.7298062443733215,
-0.24868428707122803,
0.5570380091667175,
-0.7391106486320496,
0.4026525914669037,
-0.29877522587776184,
-0.32524964213371277,
0.4145087003707886,
-0.27558526396751404,
-0.1325046569108963,
0.2463354468345642,
-0.4562831223011017,
0.13577128946781158,
0.4685920476913452,
0.10252248495817184,
0.8404408693313599,
0.07958207279443741,
0.146807461977005,
0.5746003985404968,
-0.9956077933311462,
0.7201428413391113,
-0.3942742645740509,
0.39457637071609497,
-0.4790358245372772,
-0.4530220627784729,
0.20559188723564148,
-0.15428011119365692,
-0.20155015587806702,
-0.15788744390010834,
-0.713811993598938,
0.09699350595474243,
0.5055930614471436,
-0.7484402656555176,
0.014997447840869427,
0.35745203495025635,
-0.3812400996685028,
0.073890320956707,
-0.8377816677093506,
-0.35421547293663025,
-0.32189714908599854,
0.18852195143699646,
0.3769952952861786,
0.38347041606903076,
-0.5043985843658447,
-0.09467923641204834,
0.18670429289340973,
0.11670146137475967,
0.27951517701148987,
0.3058958351612091,
-0.028067696839571,
-0.5478614568710327,
0.4424424171447754,
0.36384013295173645,
0.4032353162765503,
-0.488015353679657,
-0.19532962143421173,
-0.3884682357311249,
-0.5719956159591675,
0.40039291977882385,
-0.052649497985839844,
1.002015471458435,
0.05664477124810219,
-0.6412866115570068,
-2.051332712173462,
0.09054882079362869,
-0.6990399956703186,
0.34145140647888184,
0.9006618857383728,
-0.8529036641120911,
0.038416266441345215,
-0.005879014730453491,
0.3962246775627136,
0.9230028390884399,
-0.2691320478916168,
-0.15872836112976074,
-0.5091339945793152,
0.5060978531837463,
-0.2098671793937683,
0.2387300729751587,
0.06856828182935715,
-0.6283219456672668,
0.7182342410087585,
-0.4652506709098816,
0.008447238244116306,
-0.22169947624206543,
-0.49948829412460327,
-0.20718368887901306,
0.5401502847671509,
-0.3945372998714447,
-0.5631710886955261,
-0.5319322943687439,
0.5839592218399048,
-0.1566040813922882,
-0.2819797396659851,
-0.23127338290214539,
0.2835945188999176,
-0.023446768522262573,
0.41044628620147705,
-5.068511962890625,
-0.17372417449951172,
0.12563689053058624,
-0.05006856843829155,
0.08630892634391785,
0.2452400177717209,
0.6050970554351807,
0.15557174384593964,
-0.008706403896212578,
-0.15223006904125214,
0.5457487106323242,
0.18163366615772247,
-0.1293676197528839,
0.20246431231498718,
0.2430834025144577,
0.20051951706409454,
0.010452690534293652,
0.1275874525308609,
0.40568646788597107,
-0.03566945716738701,
0.17761456966400146,
0.6936933994293213,
-0.0705626979470253,
0.4714640974998474,
-0.28299784660339355,
0.6138839721679688,
-0.35865554213523865,
0.4881093204021454,
-0.45564544200897217,
0.3871397376060486,
0.5345672369003296,
-0.25666260719299316,
0.2117970883846283,
-0.6422320008277893,
-0.6854224801063538,
-0.16068758070468903,
0.23178307712078094,
0.4374313950538635,
-0.0649125948548317,
0.02199508063495159,
-0.9146965742111206,
0.36735841631889343,
-0.22626326978206635,
-0.10210658609867096,
0.1190202608704567,
-0.156868115067482,
-0.637628972530365,
0.2648404538631439,
0.2554934322834015,
0.9100034236907959,
-0.2797775864601135,
-0.15769043564796448,
0.733735978603363,
0.4458446502685547,
0.2837078869342804,
-0.15516692399978638,
0.14889560639858246,
0.33318063616752625,
-0.38717055320739746,
0.1289413422346115,
0.15349403023719788,
0.13122187554836273,
0.17211222648620605,
-0.35095682740211487,
0.5671247243881226,
-0.5617957711219788,
0.0031594166066497564,
-0.2466547191143036,
0.07764441519975662,
-0.011110666207969189,
0.00978137832134962,
0.15595397353172302,
0.027211887761950493,
-0.9769363403320312,
0.1674365997314453,
-0.13765676319599152,
-0.15945829451084137,
0.3430730998516083,
0.05158892646431923,
-0.06695295125246048,
-0.20095202326774597,
-0.3162350356578827,
-0.5892423987388611,
0.5052022337913513,
0.3223413825035095,
-0.3511001467704773,
-0.25170809030532837,
-0.27397990226745605,
-0.5396934151649475,
-0.1691054254770279,
-0.16727234423160553,
0.14349593222141266,
0.667665958404541,
0.23074324429035187,
0.1423451006412506,
0.7756775617599487,
0.5007845759391785,
-0.15162386000156403,
0.5422953367233276,
0.0016062211943790317,
0.679257869720459,
-0.33066990971565247,
-0.18513955175876617,
-0.47519633173942566,
-0.06625163555145264,
-0.3950158953666687,
-0.019954869523644447,
0.7177495956420898,
0.5084461569786072,
-0.8044007420539856,
-0.14919494092464447,
-0.35064226388931274,
-0.27252957224845886,
-0.5606840252876282,
0.477094441652298,
-0.23378385603427887,
0.08627002686262131,
0.9344872832298279,
0.5938161015510559,
0.2985741198062897,
0.2594456374645233,
0.3026536703109741,
-0.03988811373710632,
-0.41918763518333435,
0.2116219401359558,
0.27482694387435913,
-0.05914144963026047,
-0.24293912947177887,
-0.07502367347478867,
0.25266727805137634,
0.10139059275388718,
0.7622872591018677,
-0.3079719841480255,
-0.12245307862758636,
0.12188589572906494,
-0.3301006555557251,
-0.13859671354293823,
0.48047417402267456,
-0.343894362449646,
-0.48755577206611633,
-0.0521460585296154,
-0.13521581888198853,
-0.8373361229896545,
0.2988834083080292,
0.07893243432044983,
0.3620029091835022,
-0.11062584817409515,
-0.36356431245803833,
0.05805916711688042,
0.714307963848114,
0.03054177388548851,
-0.26114100217819214,
0.38344651460647583,
-0.10128392279148102,
-0.9287174344062805,
0.5772525072097778,
0.6529215574264526,
-0.09477254748344421,
-0.7482149600982666,
-0.3131848871707916,
-0.3415273427963257,
0.23652225732803345,
-1.0117524862289429,
-0.30147799849510193,
0.28310269117355347,
-0.6652170419692993,
0.06199812889099121,
-0.5195276737213135,
-0.3550342321395874,
1.0285660028457642,
0.10287798941135406,
0.19651862978935242,
-0.6613896489143372,
0.09079793095588684,
0.09427694976329803,
-0.05495098978281021,
-0.2219836413860321,
0.4648745357990265,
0.04143088683485985,
0.324015349149704,
0.10436908900737762,
-0.4683299958705902,
0.07463860511779785,
1.1256446838378906,
0.2002556174993515,
0.09592621773481369,
-0.026672272011637688,
-0.42797377705574036,
-0.3494005799293518,
-0.13793572783470154,
0.47510287165641785,
-0.09706372022628784,
0.3564988672733307,
-0.028227899223566055,
-0.265462189912796,
-0.34851616621017456,
-0.11055239289999008,
0.086797334253788,
0.41834884881973267,
-0.5138084888458252,
0.4150027334690094,
0.5582845211029053,
-0.26722872257232666,
0.34415188431739807,
0.2143624871969223,
-0.877718448638916,
-0.1054343730211258,
0.028702137991786003,
-0.7446908950805664,
0.44106775522232056,
-0.13287591934204102,
-0.7390011548995972,
-0.2548878788948059,
0.5237245559692383,
-0.32614779472351074,
-0.2804226875305176,
0.19198155403137207,
-0.5867490768432617,
-0.19764092564582825,
-0.45475879311561584,
0.23725232481956482,
-0.059804756194353104,
0.007313447073101997,
-0.15295441448688507,
-0.04562327638268471,
0.19750134646892548,
0.26119688153266907,
-0.9068053960800171,
0.5051921010017395,
0.1905374825000763,
-0.33328020572662354,
0.04069549962878227,
0.34055253863334656,
-0.282296746969223,
-0.368028461933136,
-0.5571053624153137,
-0.09709545224905014,
0.20470330119132996,
-0.1267053186893463,
0.38767874240875244,
-0.24649305641651154,
0.6157186627388,
-0.03943084925413132,
-0.7342138886451721,
0.1364980936050415,
0.07488332688808441,
0.3696225583553314,
-0.8730521202087402,
-0.2544119656085968,
0.275728315114975,
-0.2944852411746979,
-0.19083057343959808,
-0.8250299096107483,
-0.7778316140174866,
0.7230616211891174,
0.04612394794821739,
0.0922992154955864,
0.12852679193019867,
-0.07227401435375214,
0.14571772515773773,
-0.3461880385875702,
0.5695526003837585,
0.054560765624046326,
0.5280500054359436,
0.10506226122379303,
0.27378329634666443,
-0.4951916038990021,
0.32014358043670654,
0.344162255525589,
-0.370831161737442,
-0.44484657049179077,
-0.4564380943775177,
0.3152451813220978,
0.22745051980018616,
0.0016685144510120153,
0.16037742793560028,
0.24340125918388367,
-0.5748114585876465,
0.2881239652633667,
0.17473173141479492,
0.4573635458946228,
-0.3846002221107483,
0.2331046462059021,
-0.06267836689949036,
0.7938520908355713,
-0.46968555450439453,
-0.3067549467086792,
-0.2624166011810303,
-0.2964801788330078,
0.1902255117893219,
0.02642790414392948,
0.28902313113212585,
-0.7477827668190002,
0.592099666595459,
0.44016528129577637,
0.17993594706058502,
0.1474703997373581,
0.6247793436050415,
-0.11671492457389832,
-0.3005274534225464,
-0.4856230914592743,
0.4892278015613556,
0.2551538646221161,
-0.13169574737548828,
0.2730487287044525,
0.27742519974708557,
0.6114174127578735,
0.3976798951625824,
-0.5358075499534607,
-0.07970838993787766,
0.36461371183395386,
-0.19567497074604034,
0.5666276812553406,
0.24927669763565063,
-0.0874091312289238,
0.2518523931503296,
0.09336509555578232,
-0.4038517475128174,
0.007765418849885464,
-0.2872202396392822,
0.22962382435798645,
-0.177751824259758,
0.39011698961257935,
-0.16200298070907593,
-0.9699720144271851,
0.5072593092918396,
-0.041790615767240524,
-0.3061589002609253,
-0.15801316499710083,
0.3651181161403656,
1.1404047012329102,
-0.16834765672683716,
-0.617440938949585,
0.4091576039791107,
-0.255371630191803,
-0.09615933895111084,
0.08839770406484604,
-0.4936056435108185,
-0.5996268391609192,
0.7068660259246826,
0.3215470612049103,
0.7188775539398193,
0.14037080109119415,
-0.2996509373188019,
-0.2738422453403473,
0.06535494327545166,
-0.6597331762313843,
0.15295764803886414,
0.48738589882850647,
-0.18107976019382477,
0.011286393739283085,
0.34961962699890137,
0.04208945855498314,
0.2397485077381134,
0.050343647599220276,
0.14014233648777008,
0.15373243391513824,
-0.3907073140144348,
-0.033260177820920944,
-1.7435966730117798,
0.1670950949192047,
-0.10304315388202667,
0.1324840635061264,
0.5838038325309753,
0.2704751193523407,
0.08564810454845428,
0.07237140834331512,
0.033095669001340866,
-0.12177732586860657,
0.14498038589954376,
0.37458667159080505,
-0.29959794878959656,
-0.15495359897613525,
0.16834501922130585,
-0.10800111293792725,
0.3007682263851166,
-0.03408600017428398,
0.03283200412988663,
0.35738855600357056,
-0.29617878794670105,
-0.5123002529144287,
0.0071144914254546165,
-0.27023372054100037,
-0.887244462966919,
0.1212654709815979,
0.1543957144021988,
-0.38338980078697205,
0.25871551036834717,
0.19494760036468506,
0.5197435021400452,
-0.006807071156799793,
-0.08030768483877182,
0.3262145519256592,
-0.16877742111682892,
-0.5908960700035095,
0.1786956638097763,
-0.17493298649787903,
0.5532843470573425,
-0.1427525281906128,
-0.7272774577140808,
-0.4513804614543915,
-0.069674052298069,
0.11546671390533447,
0.3147193491458893,
-0.5151023864746094,
0.32666274905204773,
0.0011000735685229301,
0.5986092686653137,
-0.4501118063926697,
0.043370310217142105,
0.11546475440263748,
0.08704215288162231,
0.185149684548378,
0.3725147247314453,
-0.3383975625038147,
0.005902210250496864,
0.2893967926502228,
-0.34283918142318726,
-0.5710622072219849,
-0.3866119086742401,
0.20602071285247803,
-0.644885778427124,
-0.07483194023370743,
0.7734708786010742,
-0.8281396627426147,
-0.19190962612628937,
0.039445023983716965,
0.22693154215812683,
-0.015940982848405838,
0.4610404968261719,
-0.6915717720985413,
0.2275296002626419,
-0.40309303998947144,
-0.44100716710090637,
-0.20313894748687744,
0.49322134256362915,
1.0078142881393433,
0.6427072882652283,
0.27760520577430725,
0.17065055668354034,
-0.24290266633033752,
-0.039950914680957794,
0.19868236780166626,
0.545440137386322,
-3.3291218280792236,
-0.23356135189533234,
0.05417455732822418,
-0.43174853920936584,
-0.10554593801498413,
0.5335279107093811,
-0.10056058317422867,
0.19812066853046417,
0.0012385948793962598,
-0.0438789464533329,
0.1030784621834755,
-0.05999620258808136,
0.07298193126916885,
-0.5141329765319824,
0.047694116830825806,
0.6353289484977722
] |
236345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28J%29 | List of diseases (J) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "J".
Ja–Je
Jackson–Weiss syndrome
Jacobsen syndrome
Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome
Jaffer–Beighton syndrome
Jalili syndrome
Jancar syndrome
Jankovic–Rivera syndrome
Jansen type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Jansky–Bielschowsky disease
Japanese encephalitis
Jarcho–Levin syndrome
Jejunal atresia
Jensen syndrome
Jequier–Kozlowski skeletal dysplasia
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Jeune syndrome situs inversus
Jeune syndrome
Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
Jo
Job syndrome
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome
Johnson–Hall–Krous syndrome
Johnson–Munson syndrome
Johnston–Aarons–Schelley syndrome
Jones–Hersh–Yusk syndrome
Jones syndrome
Jorgenson–Lenz syndrome
Joseph disease
Joubert syndrome bilateral chorioretinal coloboma
Joubert syndrome
Ju
Juberg–Hayward syndrome
Juberg–Marsidi syndrome
Judge–Misch–Wright syndrome
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
Jung–Wolff–Back–Stahl syndrome
Juvenile cataract cerebellar atrophy myopathy mental retardation
Juvenile dermatomyositis
Juvenile gastrointestinal polyposis
Juvenile gout
Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
Juvenile macular degeneration hypotrichosis
Juvenile muscular atrophy of the distal upper limb
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Juvenile nephronophthisis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile temporal arteritis
Juliannite nephronophthisis
J | [
-0.16175477206707,
0.7721535563468933,
-0.7528640627861023,
-0.23938003182411194,
-0.41297855973243713,
0.3950909376144409,
0.7632343173027039,
0.5100157856941223,
-0.7219060659408569,
-0.8356775045394897,
-0.17662987112998962,
0.11326828598976135,
-0.3274674415588379,
1.1776690483093262,
0.2943139672279358,
0.7052153944969177,
0.11516129970550537,
0.8247670531272888,
-0.2159818857908249,
0.0029278385918587446,
-0.09600970894098282,
-0.28968948125839233,
0.270935595035553,
-0.6437679529190063,
-0.04480015113949776,
0.10185355693101883,
-0.22706222534179688,
0.07615865021944046,
-0.18616360425949097,
0.030364014208316803,
0.07001293450593948,
0.8128489255905151,
0.11575104296207428,
0.09552757441997528,
-0.24451880156993866,
-0.21924975514411926,
-0.022539181634783745,
-0.45098066329956055,
0.16416141390800476,
-0.5253845453262329,
-0.3381456732749939,
-0.18774951994419098,
-0.1250648945569992,
0.7691989541053772,
-0.006940329447388649,
0.10791344940662384,
-1.9130549430847168,
-0.258260577917099,
-0.5476848483085632,
0.2504996955394745,
0.6370205879211426,
-0.33843284845352173,
0.5574429035186768,
0.17105618119239807,
-0.15070581436157227,
0.4888271689414978,
-0.6373563408851624,
0.26815372705459595,
0.044046442955732346,
0.3751104176044464,
0.9339625835418701,
-0.367645800113678,
0.04705533757805824,
0.39218881726264954,
0.36365756392478943,
0.6312658190727234,
0.12063127756118774,
0.6910701394081116,
-0.7168188691139221,
0.00710250111296773,
-0.16773664951324463,
-0.39945876598358154,
0.39415228366851807,
0.16006433963775635,
0.13399909436702728,
-0.19615048170089722,
-0.4708980321884155,
-0.4576205909252167,
-0.23758573830127716,
-0.6398978233337402,
-0.564902126789093,
0.15079787373542786,
0.17807868123054504,
-0.24262025952339172,
0.09933748841285706,
-0.14300385117530823,
-0.509827733039856,
-0.19339266419410706,
-0.34458673000335693,
0.6924256682395935,
0.539039671421051,
0.5384584665298462,
0.2961326539516449,
-0.4611375033855438,
-0.0650467500090599,
-0.16277287900447845,
-0.1788352131843567,
-0.20642916858196259,
-0.09641017019748688,
0.08283757418394089,
0.2652735114097595,
0.4803074300289154,
0.25440922379493713,
-0.4496902525424957,
-0.4321414530277252,
-0.35310032963752747,
0.19597357511520386,
0.020394615828990936,
0.4022468328475952,
-1.3257811069488525,
-0.5492098927497864,
-0.0033721395302563906,
-0.22739702463150024,
-0.1802816241979599,
-0.779486358165741,
0.7093570232391357,
0.44228407740592957,
-0.013520739041268826,
-0.04983249306678772,
-0.1818266063928604,
-0.5444740056991577,
0.41116034984588623,
0.07634305953979492,
-0.10838791728019714,
0.08196873962879181,
0.5908614993095398,
0.3618956506252289,
-0.24087369441986084,
0.7483521103858948,
0.46635839343070984,
0.07800803333520889,
0.9822865128517151,
-0.3268188536167145,
-0.46861591935157776,
0.2868798077106476,
-0.34565553069114685,
-0.008466033264994621,
0.5123791098594666,
0.319178968667984,
0.07273208349943161,
-0.5800601243972778,
-0.43969887495040894,
-1.8383421897888184,
0.12461507320404053,
0.34271055459976196,
-0.26269328594207764,
-0.5951065421104431,
-0.08723385632038116,
0.3387089967727661,
-0.05801521986722946,
-0.2306622713804245,
-0.03987681865692139,
-0.3241249620914459,
0.8186158537864685,
0.0014492780901491642,
0.3571343421936035,
0.3831073045730591,
-0.3930013179779053,
0.5817385911941528,
0.1569785177707672,
0.33737409114837646,
0.31393957138061523,
0.02857864834368229,
0.12224485725164413,
-0.06404880434274673,
-0.16593368351459503,
0.21299126744270325,
0.03968434035778046,
-0.17401692271232605,
-0.3835482895374298,
-0.5249942541122437,
-0.5867637395858765,
0.16943596303462982,
-0.21554812788963318,
0.24865774810314178,
0.13875705003738403,
0.7299343347549438,
-0.07128860056400299,
0.8117748498916626,
0.1826988160610199,
-0.44610369205474854,
-0.31747063994407654,
0.1393224149942398,
-0.4719406068325043,
0.5675512552261353,
-0.40223753452301025,
0.4912462830543518,
0.34018874168395996,
0.45921555161476135,
0.4081183671951294,
-0.13277900218963623,
-0.04465367645025253,
0.4419806897640228,
0.16021786630153656,
0.8493564128875732,
0.008619599975645542,
-0.18482445180416107,
0.16845741868019104,
-0.21410703659057617,
-0.024957023561000824,
-0.46579232811927795,
-0.004640043247491121,
0.4125974476337433,
0.4714990258216858,
-0.45761314034461975,
1.6094976663589478,
-0.00435542780905962,
0.13952679932117462,
-0.104237399995327,
0.30527856945991516,
0.7078286409378052,
-0.39054933190345764,
0.28160402178764343,
-0.8213106989860535,
0.3965478241443634,
-0.3766578137874603,
-0.18908695876598358,
0.285020112991333,
-0.494708389043808,
-0.4027610719203949,
0.6481178998947144,
-0.3735533654689789,
0.19906720519065857,
0.415663480758667,
0.1216738224029541,
1.0549464225769043,
-0.066981241106987,
0.2264721393585205,
0.44472363591194153,
-0.6944800019264221,
0.763385534286499,
-0.44793859124183655,
0.42595601081848145,
-0.38803791999816895,
-0.5044540762901306,
0.24134081602096558,
-0.13599026203155518,
0.053660694509744644,
-0.3808360993862152,
-0.6545141935348511,
-0.04643964394927025,
0.46879202127456665,
-0.8305909633636475,
-0.009182918816804886,
0.2095496952533722,
-0.3292520344257355,
0.07972588390111923,
-0.6884556412696838,
-0.39130455255508423,
-0.28630536794662476,
0.3159423768520355,
0.24219949543476105,
0.3710446059703827,
-0.3694950044155121,
-0.0689343735575676,
0.18078002333641052,
0.32624682784080505,
0.2674405574798584,
0.12451569736003876,
0.12441029399633408,
-0.5736348032951355,
0.3088304102420807,
0.1883116364479065,
0.4753715395927429,
-0.4888175427913666,
-0.14634926617145538,
-0.1732310801744461,
-0.5889383554458618,
0.4389290511608124,
0.11950761824846268,
0.7630342245101929,
0.16544146835803986,
-0.5933100581169128,
-2.179797410964966,
-0.09872743487358093,
-0.6988562941551208,
0.3306576907634735,
0.6244761347770691,
-0.9775199294090271,
0.34425976872444153,
-0.036069031804800034,
0.4748852252960205,
1.027574062347412,
-0.2520017921924591,
-0.020800946280360222,
-0.6160833835601807,
0.4700916111469269,
-0.16648001968860626,
0.10180434584617615,
0.08843830972909927,
-0.7701336741447449,
0.6466092467308044,
-0.5035962462425232,
0.011092646047472954,
-0.2353757619857788,
-0.7299486398696899,
-0.10638847947120667,
0.43455278873443604,
-0.30478647351264954,
-0.4952293932437897,
-0.45041391253471375,
0.3504880666732788,
-0.07825709879398346,
-0.18672755360603333,
-0.2422446459531784,
0.13877400755882263,
-0.15303097665309906,
0.7052366137504578,
-5.03317928314209,
-0.08358383923768997,
-0.14181138575077057,
-0.20031823217868805,
-0.1603522151708603,
0.30930590629577637,
0.7860274314880371,
-0.10620862990617752,
0.1699509173631668,
-0.15809310972690582,
0.5113634467124939,
0.24502460658550262,
-0.0074529750272631645,
0.3517623245716095,
0.06772403419017792,
0.16731920838356018,
0.04451869800686836,
0.19944073259830475,
0.3149830996990204,
-0.07396326959133148,
0.29196545481681824,
0.6975592970848083,
0.05678916722536087,
0.30807384848594666,
-0.30760014057159424,
0.7915277481079102,
-0.48851755261421204,
0.5155442357063293,
-0.36570996046066284,
0.4161122441291809,
0.3130483031272888,
-0.15859495103359222,
0.20298820734024048,
-0.5013660788536072,
-0.6628841757774353,
-0.24349170923233032,
0.0773276835680008,
0.46052849292755127,
0.1285131275653839,
0.06601553410291672,
-0.5917729139328003,
0.48792657256126404,
-0.32601284980773926,
-0.032547477632761,
0.3050621449947357,
-0.1264326125383377,
-0.6453847885131836,
0.2443043738603592,
0.20410014688968658,
0.815334677696228,
-0.42212942242622375,
-0.3467392325401306,
0.6091758608818054,
0.3679291009902954,
0.3340306282043457,
-0.3599056005477905,
0.21250921487808228,
0.1710055023431778,
-0.28199172019958496,
0.10565207898616791,
0.16885991394519806,
-0.08460020273923874,
0.2810824513435364,
-0.4042283892631531,
0.32886070013046265,
-0.5019974112510681,
0.014653736725449562,
-0.2809077203273773,
0.1795273870229721,
-0.10692787170410156,
-0.07806331664323807,
0.12446913868188858,
0.12061727792024612,
-0.8397601842880249,
0.23021391034126282,
-0.11512085050344467,
-0.15615977346897125,
0.0942455381155014,
0.13078950345516205,
-0.004285510163754225,
-0.3193882703781128,
-0.25737062096595764,
-0.8185703754425049,
0.25192928314208984,
0.1769002079963684,
-0.6201783418655396,
-0.35017675161361694,
-0.15648126602172852,
-0.5519627332687378,
-0.1538666933774948,
-0.033056724816560745,
-0.09708655625581741,
0.6544538140296936,
0.1772761046886444,
0.12356317043304443,
0.7465855479240417,
0.6589679718017578,
-0.06278645992279053,
0.3895270526409149,
-0.013852642849087715,
0.5725023746490479,
-0.4354817867279053,
-0.21300646662712097,
-0.5575652122497559,
0.1534939408302307,
-0.586006760597229,
-0.005048977676779032,
0.8104420900344849,
0.3376069664955139,
-0.720210611820221,
-0.21920354664325714,
-0.24380220472812653,
-0.3746778964996338,
-0.44673797488212585,
0.3565845191478729,
-0.2700672149658203,
-0.09656353294849396,
0.6519121527671814,
0.4663844108581543,
0.18967938423156738,
0.3373810350894928,
0.2984309196472168,
-0.06903024017810822,
-0.05279777944087982,
0.203313410282135,
0.039158646017313004,
-0.2970409691333771,
-0.2673470675945282,
0.0932847261428833,
0.3824094831943512,
0.21394109725952148,
0.804466187953949,
-0.10400877147912979,
0.037443313747644424,
0.041742485016584396,
-0.34855616092681885,
-0.17072874307632446,
0.5420188307762146,
-0.24648801982402802,
-0.6949431300163269,
0.306258887052536,
-0.11397324502468109,
-1.0830943584442139,
0.3249037265777588,
-0.06541439890861511,
0.4674103558063507,
-0.11043824255466461,
-0.24368253350257874,
0.06801950931549072,
0.5738586187362671,
-0.10879421979188919,
-0.11903056502342224,
0.052302997559309006,
0.016514139249920845,
-0.6931193470954895,
0.45386210083961487,
0.468148797750473,
0.1889149397611618,
-0.8417396545410156,
-0.3855053186416626,
-0.46168267726898193,
0.28142687678337097,
-1.0500729084014893,
-0.3874850571155548,
0.2617809474468231,
-0.843101441860199,
0.15132181346416473,
-0.4187808334827423,
-0.4364162087440491,
1.1406632661819458,
-0.13111238181591034,
0.1918964982032776,
-0.6014467477798462,
-0.08095191419124603,
0.044233400374650955,
-0.24419838190078735,
0.12176402658224106,
0.5184540748596191,
-0.11058837920427322,
0.5927379727363586,
0.15630629658699036,
-0.4684881567955017,
0.28396472334861755,
1.2442221641540527,
0.21032163500785828,
0.11206654459238052,
0.21376535296440125,
-0.16588909924030304,
-0.05057181790471077,
-0.06825026869773865,
0.5956610441207886,
-0.21896089613437653,
0.21934674680233002,
-0.021622130647301674,
-0.12695300579071045,
-0.39574795961380005,
0.056637536734342575,
0.24166306853294373,
0.35811951756477356,
-0.49041807651519775,
0.4420627951622009,
0.8060978055000305,
-0.3797298073768616,
0.22098828852176666,
0.1791173219680786,
-0.7723497748374939,
-0.04346202313899994,
0.09373141080141068,
-0.725056529045105,
0.26499077677726746,
-0.20883610844612122,
-0.4861818552017212,
-0.21702490746974945,
0.41663065552711487,
-0.16491425037384033,
-0.4013993442058563,
0.24667030572891235,
-0.40604838728904724,
-0.13605739176273346,
-0.33654627203941345,
0.3420616388320923,
0.023849260061979294,
-0.0769035741686821,
-0.027454519644379616,
-0.019394319504499435,
0.23982326686382294,
0.2817671000957489,
-0.8769304752349854,
0.6023582220077515,
0.1364167481660843,
-0.24840424954891205,
0.06093791127204895,
0.020160630345344543,
0.16181914508342743,
-0.2835894227027893,
-0.6243829727172852,
-0.17962510883808136,
0.15102164447307587,
0.14220215380191803,
0.16363844275474548,
0.04267745837569237,
0.4212726056575775,
-0.0031809897627681494,
-0.864010751247406,
-0.12155290693044662,
-0.044971004128456116,
0.47923943400382996,
-0.9407896995544434,
-0.3083803057670593,
0.42801332473754883,
-0.04875225946307182,
-0.2730729281902313,
-0.7154209613800049,
-0.8084571957588196,
0.9962720274925232,
0.21537940204143524,
-0.1298215687274933,
0.10393031686544418,
-0.2549649775028229,
0.13351856172084808,
-0.30007046461105347,
0.6278615593910217,
-0.04272094741463661,
0.7747998833656311,
0.11989046633243561,
0.24987879395484924,
-0.5653691291809082,
0.011272483505308628,
0.37570813298225403,
-0.3882524073123932,
-0.4793657064437866,
-0.25092804431915283,
0.13240304589271545,
0.3120586574077606,
0.08562709391117096,
0.1779472827911377,
0.11844538897275925,
-0.7355808019638062,
0.1918516457080841,
0.17067524790763855,
0.5487534403800964,
-0.28075477480888367,
0.23926515877246857,
-0.044936150312423706,
0.9776065349578857,
-0.5202662348747253,
-0.01314046885818243,
-0.2075074315071106,
-0.16463957726955414,
0.1950773149728775,
0.23009689152240753,
0.2688084542751312,
-0.6173532009124756,
0.34513962268829346,
0.2279060184955597,
-0.031875479966402054,
0.1546200066804886,
0.6214883923530579,
-0.0872340053319931,
-0.6329447031021118,
-0.5486076474189758,
0.5699266195297241,
0.29908043146133423,
-0.255890429019928,
0.5401139855384827,
0.41825535893440247,
0.44711852073669434,
0.3652854859828949,
-0.5227856636047363,
0.16280260682106018,
0.182547926902771,
-0.010821954347193241,
0.5027229189872742,
0.3930276036262512,
0.013816419057548046,
0.30795812606811523,
-0.14739741384983063,
-0.39661115407943726,
0.14066295325756073,
-0.226849764585495,
0.1873166710138321,
-0.4155595600605011,
0.33739954233169556,
-0.1670404076576233,
-0.9508371949195862,
0.6048249006271362,
0.06094226613640785,
-0.21018049120903015,
-0.14278793334960938,
0.29935240745544434,
0.9221832752227783,
-0.30364224314689636,
-0.6354860663414001,
0.1573673039674759,
-0.2930549085140228,
-0.13860492408275604,
-0.013529709540307522,
-0.25844550132751465,
-0.5417938828468323,
0.6074934601783752,
0.42694929242134094,
0.779405951499939,
0.21394456923007965,
-0.15222330391407013,
-0.17708571255207062,
0.1079513281583786,
-0.6973478198051453,
0.10356461256742477,
0.27944549918174744,
-0.46021997928619385,
0.09421397745609283,
0.5075131058692932,
0.04959869012236595,
0.4395194947719574,
0.197347491979599,
-0.03179353103041649,
0.21489067375659943,
-0.4876093864440918,
-0.07231184840202332,
-1.6657270193099976,
0.09751943498849869,
-0.06423837691545486,
-0.05940626189112663,
0.610136091709137,
0.3423595726490021,
-0.11852992326021194,
0.11334202438592911,
0.07025983929634094,
-0.073630191385746,
0.20299190282821655,
0.09740781038999557,
-0.2088862657546997,
-0.11836589872837067,
0.09546953439712524,
0.023118140175938606,
0.29376643896102905,
0.032596223056316376,
0.013015988282859325,
0.1752958744764328,
-0.3409099578857422,
-0.6152197122573853,
0.08072419464588165,
-0.5086143612861633,
-0.7324356436729431,
0.2978980243206024,
0.2098456472158432,
-0.769167423248291,
0.23455290496349335,
0.12451059371232986,
0.38176199793815613,
0.10123816877603531,
0.10160417854785919,
0.48195236921310425,
-0.3846298158168793,
-0.5930362343788147,
0.16487234830856323,
-0.15602853894233704,
0.4593380093574524,
-0.02381443977355957,
-0.7730113863945007,
-0.5202551484107971,
-0.10581909120082855,
0.11047042906284332,
0.2354954332113266,
-0.640462338924408,
0.08153881877660751,
0.17189443111419678,
0.3765716254711151,
-0.32356277108192444,
0.21534942090511322,
-0.05224546045064926,
0.08257441967725754,
-0.06333798915147781,
0.6049590706825256,
-0.3368728458881378,
0.18646609783172607,
0.39425718784332275,
-0.3667982816696167,
-0.08741220831871033,
-0.588710367679596,
0.18560241162776947,
-0.623957633972168,
0.14135900139808655,
0.7997769117355347,
-0.6553813219070435,
-0.23092272877693176,
0.17901372909545898,
0.2178301066160202,
0.025955794379115105,
0.3820854127407074,
-0.6889327168464661,
0.5267531275749207,
-0.4291156232357025,
-0.3401697874069214,
-0.2628590762615204,
0.47625967860221863,
0.822056233882904,
0.6056481003761292,
0.3787512183189392,
0.07300091534852982,
-0.28830844163894653,
-0.09500433504581451,
0.14458322525024414,
0.3378143906593323,
-3.4481618404388428,
-0.02535024844110012,
-0.2711251676082611,
-0.41262272000312805,
-0.16453209519386292,
0.4805793762207031,
-0.11341853439807892,
0.29923585057258606,
0.03026965633034706,
-0.0065833814442157745,
0.37421199679374695,
-0.17034977674484253,
-0.08223273605108261,
-0.41165250539779663,
0.23386287689208984,
0.489083468914032
] |
236346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28K%29 | List of diseases (K) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "K".
Ka
Kab–Kas
Kabuki syndrome
Kalam–Hafeez syndrome
Kaler–Garrity–Stern syndrome
Kallikrein hypertension
Kallmann syndrome with Spastic paraplegia
Kallmann syndrome with heart disease
Kallmann syndrome, type 1, X linked
Kallmann syndrome, type 3, recessive
Kalyanraman syndrome
Kantaputra–Gorlin syndrome
Kaolin pneumoconiosis
Kaplan–Plauchu–Fitch syndrome
Kaplowitz–Bodurtha syndrome
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
Kapur–Toriello syndrome
Karandikar–Maria–Kamble syndrome
Karsch–Neugebauer syndrome
Kartagener syndrome
Kashani–Strom–Utley syndrome
Kasznica–Carlson–Coppedge syndrome
Kat–Kaw
Kathisophobia
Katsantoni–Papadakou–Lagoyanni syndrome
Katz syndrome
Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome
Kawasaki syndrome
Ke
Kea–Ken
Kearns–Sayre syndrome
Keloids
Kennedy disease
Kennerknecht–Sorgo–Oberhoffer syndrome
Kennerknecht–Vogel syndrome
Kenny–Caffey syndrome
Kenny–Caffey syndrome, type 1
Ker
Kera
Keratitis, hereditary
Keratoacanthoma familial
Keratoacanthoma
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Keratoconus posticus circumscriptus
Keratoconus
Keratoderma hypotrichosis leukonychia
Keratoderma palmoplantar deafness
Keratoderma palmoplantar spastic paralysis
Keratoderma palmoplantaris transgrediens
Keratolytic winter erythema
Keratomalacia
Keratosis focal palmoplantar gingival
Keratosis follicularis dwarfism cerebral atrophy
Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans
Keratosis palmoplantaris adenocarcinoma of the colon
Keratosis palmoplantaris esophageal colon cancer
Keratosis palmoplantaris papulosa
Keratosis palmoplantaris with corneal dystrophy
Keratosis palmoplantar-periodontopathy
Keratosis pilaris
Keratosis, seborrheic
Keri–Kern
Kerion celsi
Kernicterus
Keu
Keutel syndrome
Ki–Kn
Ki-1cell lymphoma
KID syndrome
Kifafa seizure disorder
Kikuchi disease
Kimura disease
King–Denborough syndrome
Kjer's optic neuropathy
Kleeblattschaedel syndrome
Kleine–Levin syndrome
Kleiner–Holmes syndrome
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Klippel–Feil deformity conductive deafness absent vagina
Klippel–Feil syndrome dominant type
Klippel–Feil syndrome recessive type
Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome
Klumpke paralysis
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
Kniest dysplasia
Kniest-like dysplasia lethal
Knobloch–Layer syndrome
Knuckle pads, leuconychia and sensorineural deafness
Ko
Kobberling–Dunnigan syndrome
Kocher–Debré–Semelaigne syndrome
Kohler disease
Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome
Koilonychia
Konigsmark–Knox–Hussels syndrome
Koone–Rizzo–Elias syndrome
Korsakoff's syndrome
Korula–Wilson–Salomonson syndrome
Kostmann syndrome
Kosztolanyi syndrome
Kotzot–Richter syndrome
Kounis syndrome
Kousseff–Nichols syndrome
Kousseff syndrome
Kowarski syndrome
Kozlowski–Brown–Hardwick syndrome
Kozlowski–Celermajer syndrome
Kozlowski–Massen syndrome
Kozlowski–Ouvrier syndrome
Kozlowski–Rafinski–Klicharska syndrome
Kozlowski–Tsuruta–Taki syndrome
Kozlowski–Warren–Fisher syndrome
Kozlowski–Krajewska syndrome
Kr–Ky
Krabbe leukodystrophy
Krasnow–Qazi syndrome
Krause–Kivlin syndrome
Krauss–Herman–Holmes syndrome
Krieble–Bixler syndrome
Kumar–Levick syndrome
Kurczynski–Casperson syndrome
Kuru
Kuskokwim disease
Kuster–Majewski–Hammerstein syndrome
Kuster syndrome
Kuzniecky syndrome
Kwashiorkor
Kyasanur forest disease
Kyphosis
Kyphosis brachyphalangy optic atrophy
K | [
-0.21102160215377808,
0.8753110766410828,
-0.7025108337402344,
-0.15846537053585052,
-0.47573015093803406,
0.4449334144592285,
0.8615837693214417,
0.4002920091152191,
-0.7067732810974121,
-0.7387453317642212,
-0.3009868860244751,
-0.1895080804824829,
-0.21248571574687958,
1.3169840574264526,
0.46431440114974976,
0.7067219614982605,
0.2637798488140106,
0.7948426604270935,
-0.40001651644706726,
0.0389268696308136,
-0.042855653911828995,
-0.3545827269554138,
0.49639812111854553,
-0.6578880548477173,
-0.3126397430896759,
0.21135053038597107,
-0.16163203120231628,
0.06378159672021866,
-0.11048034578561783,
0.07628939300775528,
-0.010622142814099789,
0.9356167912483215,
0.20792222023010254,
0.10442890226840973,
-0.33946728706359863,
-0.43216434121131897,
0.09487677365541458,
-0.3875102996826172,
0.2334432303905487,
-0.4917581081390381,
-0.0943082869052887,
-0.14137403666973114,
-0.20904424786567688,
1.0043392181396484,
0.04563090577721596,
-0.2146417647600174,
-1.6857560873031616,
-0.35322728753089905,
-0.5014550089836121,
0.07008383423089981,
0.6019936800003052,
-0.35795214772224426,
0.7789008021354675,
0.05134809389710426,
-0.10571266710758209,
0.486659437417984,
-0.6636941432952881,
0.25756075978279114,
0.07362939417362213,
0.47149643301963806,
0.926479160785675,
-0.5565474033355713,
0.18305867910385132,
0.2826610803604126,
0.37457168102264404,
0.638802707195282,
0.12121127545833588,
0.8557219505310059,
-0.5334604382514954,
-0.29010963439941406,
-0.39687424898147583,
-0.5217286944389343,
0.6934438943862915,
0.33755749464035034,
0.1613745093345642,
-0.09579066187143326,
-0.29481297731399536,
-0.5737221240997314,
0.1100572869181633,
-0.5523344278335571,
-0.6816046237945557,
0.11285264045000076,
0.22247621417045593,
-0.1967896968126297,
0.14665618538856506,
-0.311259001493454,
-0.29922476410865784,
-0.43104156851768494,
-0.32203182578086853,
0.9318568706512451,
0.5790076851844788,
0.432066410779953,
0.4825865626335144,
-0.3300112783908844,
-0.21633242070674896,
-0.21005254983901978,
-0.2678356468677521,
-0.3142787218093872,
0.02328520640730858,
-0.1718934327363968,
0.08175595849752426,
0.3544270396232605,
0.12382180988788605,
-0.3449466824531555,
-0.32535240054130554,
-0.5385116934776306,
0.1923479288816452,
0.06575915962457657,
0.12060834467411041,
-1.1551036834716797,
-0.8247731328010559,
0.16899460554122925,
-0.15039661526679993,
-0.16995540261268616,
-0.8103930354118347,
0.7465328574180603,
0.25212445855140686,
-0.05895238742232323,
-0.02569352090358734,
-0.13900212943553925,
-0.7071917057037354,
0.493049293756485,
-0.011859417892992496,
0.07021555304527283,
-0.009539048187434673,
0.9830883741378784,
0.4744088649749756,
-0.23177826404571533,
0.5996654629707336,
0.6330709457397461,
-0.05759270861744881,
0.9233410954475403,
-0.2464345395565033,
-0.439380019903183,
0.2164921909570694,
-0.5299860239028931,
0.025756429880857468,
0.5035616159439087,
0.2551344037055969,
0.05481613054871559,
-0.49284154176712036,
-0.5058359503746033,
-1.6016052961349487,
0.22835810482501984,
0.5258641242980957,
-0.06260807067155838,
-0.7309996485710144,
0.17920410633087158,
0.2429943084716797,
-0.013322088867425919,
-0.1329830288887024,
-0.1167173832654953,
-0.35395941138267517,
0.815277099609375,
-0.18234582245349884,
0.4587821662425995,
0.2691522538661957,
-0.5782830119132996,
0.5241408944129944,
0.3035888075828552,
0.6143596768379211,
0.331298828125,
-0.06528660655021667,
0.08812195062637329,
-0.3017919063568115,
-0.2450524866580963,
0.23985345661640167,
0.03445781022310257,
-0.10582639276981354,
-0.2042100876569748,
-0.4575044512748718,
-0.5315662026405334,
0.08796370029449463,
-0.2380927950143814,
0.3395865261554718,
0.11145803332328796,
0.5847076177597046,
0.08103622496128082,
0.8668295741081238,
0.09459955245256424,
-0.43055254220962524,
-0.4271860718727112,
0.13360543549060822,
-0.32742705941200256,
0.37328293919563293,
-0.2023111879825592,
0.46882644295692444,
0.41556766629219055,
0.48198094964027405,
0.22372683882713318,
0.015070789493620396,
-0.33017662167549133,
0.6344316601753235,
0.2866048514842987,
0.9963202476501465,
0.0660955160856247,
0.010072283446788788,
-0.170461505651474,
-0.12408076226711273,
0.10412188619375229,
-0.18818867206573486,
-0.09122849255800247,
0.30730223655700684,
0.5138669610023499,
-0.6851234436035156,
1.5045959949493408,
-0.14409802854061127,
-0.14655765891075134,
-0.06493265926837921,
0.3367384970188141,
0.6468254327774048,
-0.5499255657196045,
0.32542356848716736,
-0.7532100677490234,
0.552214503288269,
-0.12445290386676788,
-0.09306317567825317,
0.4203089475631714,
-0.4007607102394104,
-0.3327822685241699,
0.36011970043182373,
-0.5830232501029968,
0.17197579145431519,
0.428007572889328,
0.14449281990528107,
1.0007082223892212,
-0.042202603071928024,
0.24616682529449463,
0.5600014328956604,
-0.8310447931289673,
0.7946774363517761,
-0.23992028832435608,
0.2847418785095215,
-0.37135812640190125,
-0.571365237236023,
0.08215759694576263,
-0.1463879644870758,
-0.007824265398085117,
-0.29256901144981384,
-0.8213655352592468,
-0.06639702618122101,
0.7152641415596008,
-0.6248213648796082,
-0.07406006008386612,
0.09163355827331543,
-0.3671678602695465,
-0.17949292063713074,
-0.7830857634544373,
-0.36333802342414856,
-0.3477640450000763,
0.2212052196264267,
0.3477138578891754,
0.4019342362880707,
-0.5942367315292358,
-0.11006569117307663,
0.15969686210155487,
0.25081318616867065,
-0.08841679245233536,
0.22534309327602386,
-0.03641979768872261,
-0.5023148059844971,
0.3213162124156952,
0.2520388066768646,
0.1616966277360916,
-0.66966313123703,
-0.27329397201538086,
-0.15968084335327148,
-0.7068832516670227,
0.3674258887767792,
-0.09070364385843277,
0.7133734226226807,
0.1619902104139328,
-0.42460933327674866,
-1.7755178213119507,
-0.0023907709401100874,
-0.8415771722793579,
0.3168606758117676,
0.8959776163101196,
-0.9419581890106201,
0.051755812019109726,
-0.2025640904903412,
0.5386108160018921,
0.8365806937217712,
0.04356513172388077,
-0.04840543866157532,
-0.6377884149551392,
0.36471155285835266,
0.007840759120881557,
0.32808518409729004,
0.10411344468593597,
-0.7001819014549255,
0.7592262625694275,
-0.4426855444908142,
0.07202190905809402,
-0.4999200105667114,
-0.6185795664787292,
-0.2276245802640915,
0.5534716248512268,
-0.2199295312166214,
-0.5772044658660889,
-0.5929911136627197,
0.5775523781776428,
-0.19916784763336182,
-0.2652930021286011,
-0.350724995136261,
0.012279311195015907,
-0.2611404061317444,
0.5905023217201233,
-4.975610256195068,
-0.054801180958747864,
-0.24420754611492157,
-0.20658335089683533,
-0.1312982738018036,
0.24810592830181122,
0.799947202205658,
0.027241278439760208,
-0.018093401566147804,
-0.018414823338389397,
0.3465332090854645,
0.20638936758041382,
-0.2370419204235077,
0.39605093002319336,
0.2054029107093811,
0.19723790884017944,
0.12439693510532379,
0.3274635374546051,
0.44801855087280273,
-0.08646710962057114,
0.18791402876377106,
0.6790472865104675,
0.09184807538986206,
0.2912817597389221,
-0.20738106966018677,
0.9920899271965027,
-0.5725129246711731,
0.6123865842819214,
-0.5297206044197083,
0.34341296553611755,
0.24134090542793274,
-0.36256143450737,
0.00985974632203579,
-0.4496517777442932,
-0.6519431471824646,
-0.04654762148857117,
-0.0520966611802578,
0.34780141711235046,
0.0035172407515347004,
0.008632014505565166,
-0.9086456894874573,
0.33451637625694275,
-0.30092790722846985,
-0.020657958462834358,
0.4721183478832245,
-0.0696050226688385,
-0.7034199237823486,
0.1802375763654709,
0.033428359776735306,
0.8249704241752625,
-0.33198973536491394,
-0.18724492192268372,
0.6069188714027405,
0.699945330619812,
0.21229474246501923,
-0.4124947488307953,
0.2539909780025482,
0.13890084624290466,
-0.19611625373363495,
0.17140406370162964,
0.21523156762123108,
0.036579281091690063,
0.17629249393939972,
-0.5211113095283508,
0.4824821352958679,
-0.6190160512924194,
0.061139319092035294,
-0.41697755455970764,
-0.060449156910181046,
-0.2459506243467331,
-0.26634594798088074,
0.10957421362400055,
0.054175179451704025,
-0.8465299010276794,
0.08211958408355713,
-0.2596277892589569,
-0.24148961901664734,
0.23900315165519714,
0.303995281457901,
0.039932142943143845,
-0.45636263489723206,
-0.4087260663509369,
-0.7688410878181458,
0.48789429664611816,
0.26509130001068115,
-0.7051293849945068,
-0.4132126569747925,
-0.3094595968723297,
-0.5153905153274536,
-0.17734907567501068,
-0.054349031299352646,
-0.11922688782215118,
0.7839608192443848,
0.2680947184562683,
0.031054619699716568,
0.8414485454559326,
0.7137188911437988,
0.09444889426231384,
0.44191625714302063,
-0.009294028393924236,
0.6476883888244629,
-0.43048396706581116,
-0.36404699087142944,
-0.46933361887931824,
-0.04872683808207512,
-0.5479093194007874,
-0.05139496549963951,
0.6481603384017944,
0.5243022441864014,
-0.8382384181022644,
-0.15014395117759705,
-0.416669100522995,
-0.4499439001083374,
-0.5530015826225281,
0.583544135093689,
-0.1654818207025528,
0.014415213838219643,
0.901105523109436,
0.744156539440155,
0.30343112349510193,
0.41982847452163696,
0.14673493802547455,
-0.012184766121208668,
0.0396941713988781,
0.1653132289648056,
0.09097763150930405,
-0.2965066134929657,
-0.3542177081108093,
-0.15499921143054962,
0.5247394442558289,
0.0284220390021801,
0.8643411993980408,
-0.08887431025505066,
-0.14314445853233337,
0.003489810274913907,
-0.13846567273139954,
-0.00654116366058588,
0.3949894309043884,
-0.15903137624263763,
-0.6870456337928772,
0.2161339670419693,
-0.04546657204627991,
-1.1142704486846924,
0.43266069889068604,
-0.0010235216468572617,
0.24504578113555908,
0.2538199722766876,
-0.21443994343280792,
-0.08825217187404633,
0.5918747782707214,
-0.19262011349201202,
-0.2610006630420685,
0.31655412912368774,
-0.09070009738206863,
-0.7427899837493896,
0.5192962288856506,
0.5266897678375244,
0.1606059968471527,
-0.7665675282478333,
-0.36017975211143494,
-0.5352718830108643,
0.16830967366695404,
-1.106270432472229,
-0.3462100923061371,
0.25571101903915405,
-0.9329380989074707,
0.0043687475845217705,
-0.44370609521865845,
-0.5002199411392212,
1.2340657711029053,
-0.13777205348014832,
0.06824082881212234,
-0.5828455090522766,
0.1921532154083252,
0.24471744894981384,
-0.42944827675819397,
-0.09216029942035675,
0.4612327218055725,
-0.10976257175207138,
0.463856041431427,
-0.027600372210144997,
-0.4862678349018097,
0.14387071132659912,
1.194169044494629,
0.25526517629623413,
0.2958926856517792,
-0.1273079663515091,
-0.28883540630340576,
0.031570494174957275,
0.002657760865986347,
0.33170634508132935,
0.017583195120096207,
0.16485995054244995,
-0.040249571204185486,
-0.0307498537003994,
-0.49157121777534485,
-0.13091294467449188,
0.13098552823066711,
0.397783100605011,
-0.6338374018669128,
0.5809467434883118,
0.9143165349960327,
-0.16006958484649658,
0.49109163880348206,
0.4846319854259491,
-0.7519667744636536,
0.06486212462186813,
0.28315573930740356,
-0.59587562084198,
0.2517702579498291,
-0.19453008472919464,
-0.4898112416267395,
-0.29854199290275574,
0.49801185727119446,
-0.18776528537273407,
-0.37963780760765076,
0.3800774812698364,
-0.49714747071266174,
-0.18752886354923248,
-0.027867097407579422,
0.1656825840473175,
-0.060260772705078125,
-0.13160161674022675,
-0.27452465891838074,
-0.1562776118516922,
0.18143299221992493,
0.2733718752861023,
-0.9607639312744141,
0.6856791377067566,
0.12277941405773163,
-0.2944648861885071,
-0.02819214016199112,
0.29330700635910034,
-0.027052804827690125,
-0.18768718838691711,
-0.4325537085533142,
-0.19738774001598358,
0.2646004557609558,
0.12907274067401886,
0.054552577435970306,
-0.08063572645187378,
0.5413905382156372,
0.19466422498226166,
-0.9512932896614075,
-0.28716781735420227,
0.03787342086434364,
0.5440610647201538,
-0.7301111817359924,
-0.3939463198184967,
0.3115212023258209,
0.07881870865821838,
-0.3989437222480774,
-0.8499537706375122,
-0.9978554248809814,
0.9090320467948914,
0.21496005356311798,
-0.026011763140559196,
0.08329737931489944,
-0.001361141330562532,
0.16542989015579224,
-0.3372865915298462,
0.42777204513549805,
-0.050950340926647186,
0.7955126166343689,
0.06828850507736206,
0.2993411123752594,
-0.506045401096344,
0.13983838260173798,
0.15293751657009125,
-0.39295244216918945,
-0.5282809138298035,
-0.33769166469573975,
0.3673805594444275,
0.052046071738004684,
0.1190333291888237,
0.17358125746250153,
0.055784761905670166,
-0.7287850379943848,
0.05260910838842392,
0.10014832764863968,
0.35418087244033813,
-0.23810403048992157,
0.3034000098705292,
-0.21458788216114044,
0.8712469935417175,
-0.6199999451637268,
-0.12282370775938034,
-0.23572251200675964,
-0.18226897716522217,
0.1265673041343689,
0.06368241459131241,
0.24437829852104187,
-0.7828969955444336,
0.7171283960342407,
0.2990116477012634,
0.11036848276853561,
0.23595598340034485,
0.7327630519866943,
0.21011590957641602,
-0.6026403307914734,
-0.5625105500221252,
0.7807338833808899,
0.1549300104379654,
-0.15565893054008484,
0.5342130661010742,
0.6413524746894836,
0.41439399123191833,
0.2225055694580078,
-0.28484562039375305,
0.13679833710193634,
0.26682403683662415,
-0.017983630299568176,
0.4865754544734955,
0.4180728793144226,
-0.07870659232139587,
0.369210809469223,
-0.12969784438610077,
-0.4898000955581665,
0.09940306097269058,
-0.10528203099966049,
0.39512765407562256,
-0.36178186535835266,
0.5304919481277466,
-0.054247695952653885,
-0.9958301186561584,
0.7093406915664673,
-0.07296172529459,
-0.16069744527339935,
0.15517598390579224,
0.4890808165073395,
0.844329833984375,
-0.3185863196849823,
-0.6253881454467773,
0.2912961542606354,
-0.18433375656604767,
-0.10952866822481155,
-0.18750160932540894,
-0.3621368706226349,
-0.4768383502960205,
0.7415980100631714,
0.260002076625824,
0.6592283844947815,
-0.0033259184565395117,
-0.31957951188087463,
-0.37302592396736145,
0.19946913421154022,
-0.49463093280792236,
-0.0027028638869524,
0.33032742142677307,
-0.23074683547019958,
-0.0478607676923275,
0.5191818475723267,
-0.2095167338848114,
0.3078846037387848,
0.09094574302434921,
0.04374821484088898,
0.3922412395477295,
-0.5528124570846558,
-0.18114835023880005,
-1.3806123733520508,
0.33026057481765747,
-0.4463389217853546,
0.06161658465862274,
0.7246857285499573,
0.419868141412735,
-0.1164342612028122,
0.0758141279220581,
-0.2393210381269455,
0.09033332020044327,
0.1113123893737793,
0.28982868790626526,
-0.26522108912467957,
0.02412949502468109,
0.07017052173614502,
-0.08723234385251999,
0.3217962980270386,
0.04301932081580162,
-0.052834026515483856,
0.025283077731728554,
-0.27653029561042786,
-0.6843563914299011,
0.09112318605184555,
-0.3561244308948517,
-0.8028905987739563,
0.3116864562034607,
0.26866576075553894,
-0.6596400141716003,
0.2612933814525604,
0.12913820147514343,
0.2750031054019928,
0.28905338048934937,
0.09041690826416016,
0.5320593118667603,
-0.32127487659454346,
-0.5910420417785645,
0.2729506492614746,
-0.10333578288555145,
0.43185997009277344,
-0.06646613031625748,
-0.7305426597595215,
-0.5722437500953674,
-0.1376877725124359,
0.080564484000206,
0.4585780203342438,
-0.6556670665740967,
-0.031154364347457886,
-0.14087563753128052,
0.4602949023246765,
-0.37231940031051636,
0.11930695921182632,
-0.20190782845020294,
0.10018138587474823,
0.13685178756713867,
0.6233161091804504,
-0.17803962528705597,
0.22951650619506836,
0.31384462118148804,
-0.4880610406398773,
-0.22181150317192078,
-0.4799809753894806,
0.044627901166677475,
-0.8741605281829834,
0.10109729319810867,
0.8777877688407898,
-0.5895990133285522,
-0.3804292380809784,
0.203664168715477,
0.2103978544473648,
-0.19214512407779694,
0.280547559261322,
-0.7937776446342468,
0.5673313736915588,
-0.44489648938179016,
-0.43140578269958496,
-0.3950689435005188,
0.5346620082855225,
0.9491440653800964,
0.83976811170578,
0.5232475399971008,
-0.013124823570251465,
-0.40742093324661255,
-0.34834080934524536,
0.5283091068267822,
0.5305845141410828,
-2.755847930908203,
-0.019916199147701263,
-0.2133464813232422,
-0.47191786766052246,
-0.37237486243247986,
0.4985543191432953,
-0.21139876544475555,
0.3383127450942993,
0.0032128996681421995,
-0.12766195833683014,
0.3506315350532532,
-0.030284874141216278,
0.011951628141105175,
-0.5511883497238159,
0.19041918218135834,
0.6646997332572937
] |
236349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28L%29 | List of diseases (L) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "L".
La
Lab–Lam
Labrador lung
Labyrinthitis
Lachiewicz–Sibley syndrome
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome
Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type A
Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type B
Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C
Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency
Lactic acidosis congenital infantile
Ladda–Zonana–Ramer syndrome
Lafora disease
Lagophthalmia cleft lip palate
Lambdoid synostosis familial
Lambert syndrome
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Lambert–Eaton paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration)
Lambert–Eaton syndrome
Lamellar ichthyosis
Lamellar recessive ichthyosis
Lan–Lap
Landau–Kleffner syndrome
Landouzy–Dejerine muscular dystrophy
Landy–Donnai syndrome
Langdon Down
Langer–Nishino–Yamaguchi syndrome
Langer–Giedion syndrome
Langerhans cell granulomatosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Laparoschisis
Laplane–Fontaine–Lagardere syndrome
Lar–Lat
Large B-cell diffuse lymphoma
Laron-type dwarfism
Larsen-like osseous dysplasia dwarfism
Larsen-like syndrome lethal type
Larsen syndrome craniosynostosis
Larsen syndrome, dominant type
Larsen syndrome, recessive type
Larsen syndrome
Laryngeal abductor paralysis mental retardation
Laryngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal cleft
Laryngeal neoplasm
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Laryngeal web congenital heart disease short stature
Laryngocele
Laryngomalacia dominant congenital
Laryngomalacia
Larynx atresia
Lassa fever
Lassueur–Graham–Little syndrome
Late onset dominant cone dystrophy
Lateral body wall defect
Laterality defects dominant
Lattice corneal dystrophy type 2
Lau–Lax
Launois–Bensaude adenolipomatosis
Laurence–Prosser–Rocker syndrome
Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl syndrome
Laurin–Sandrow syndrome
Laxova–Brown–Hogan syndrome
Lb–Lc
LBWC - amniotic bands
LBWD syndrome
LCHAD deficiency
Le
Lea–Leh
Lead poisoning
Leao Ribeiro Da Silva syndrome
Learman syndrome
Leber military aneurysm
Leber optic atrophy
Leber's disease
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
Ledderhose disease
Lee–Root–Fenske syndrome
Left ventricle-aorta tunnel
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Leg absence deformity cataract
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome
Legionellosis
syn: Legionnaires' disease
Lehman syndrome
Lei–Ler
Leichtman–Wood–Rohn syndrome
Leifer–Lai–Buyse syndrome
Leigh disease
Leigh syndrome, French Canadian type
Leiner disease
Leiomyoma
Leiomyomatosis familial
Leiomyomatosis of oesophagus cataract hematuria
Leiomyosarcoma
Leipala–Kaitila syndrome
Leishmaniasis
Leisti–Hollister–Rimoin syndrome
Lemierre's syndrome
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
Lentiginosis in context of NF
Lenz–Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism
Lenz microphthalmia syndrome
Leprechaunism
Leprosy
Leptomeningeal capillary - venous angiomatosis
Leptospirosis
Leri pleonosteosis
Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis
Les–Let
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type
Lethal chondrodysplasia Seller type
Lethal congenital contracture syndrome
Letterer–Siwe disease
Leu–Lev
Leucinosis
Leukemia subleukemic
Leukemia, B-Cell, chronic
Leukemia, Myeloid
Leukemia, T-Cell, chronic
Leukemia
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2
Leukocytoclastic angiitis
Leukodystrophy reunion type
Leukodystrophy, globoid cell
Leukodystrophy, metachromatic
Leukodystrophy, pseudometachromatic
Leukodystrophy, Sudanophilic
Leukodystrophy
Leukoencephalopathy palmoplantar keratoderma
Leukomalacia
Leukomelanoderma mental retardation hypotrichosis
Leukoplakia
Levator syndrome
Levic–Stefanovic–Nikolic syndrome
Levine–Crichley syndrome
Lew–Ley
Lewandowski–Kikolich syndrome
Lewis–Pashayan syndrome
Leydig cells hypoplasia
Lg–Lh
LGCR
LGS
Lhermitte–Duclos disease
Li
Lic–Lin
Lichen myxedematosus
Lichen planus follicularis
Lichen planus
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
Lichen spinulosus
Lichstenstein syndrome
Lida–Kannari syndrome
Liddle syndrome
Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Light chain disease
Ligyrophobia
Limb deficiencies distal micrognathia
Limb dystonia
Limb reduction defect
Limb scalp and skull defects
Limb transversal defect cardiac anomaly
Limb-body wall complex
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Lindsay–Burn syndrome
Lindstrom syndrome
Linear hamartoma syndrome
Linear nevus syndrome
Lip–Lis
Lip lit syndrome
Lipid storage myopathy
Lipidosis with triglyceride storage disease
Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency
Lipodystrophy Rieger anomaly diabetes
Lipodystrophy
Lipogranulomatosis
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Lipoid proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe
Lipomatosis central non-encapsulated
Lipomatosis familial benign cervical
Lipomucopolysaccharidosis
Lipoprotein disorder
Liposarcoma
Lisker–Garcia–Ramos syndrome
Lison–Kornbrut–Feinstein syndrome
Lissencephaly immunodeficiency
Lissencephaly syndrome type 1
Lissencephaly syndrome type 2
Lissencephaly, isolated
Lissencephaly
Listeria infection
Listeriosis
Lit–Liv
Livedoid dermatitis
Liver cirrhosis
Liver neoplasms
Lo
Lob–Lou
Lobar atrophy of brain
Lobster hand
Lobstein disease
Localized epiphyseal dysplasia
Locked-in syndrome
Lockwood–Feingold syndrome
Loffredo–Cennamo–Cecio syndrome
Logic syndrome
Loiasis
Loin pain hematuria syndrome
Long QT Syndrome
Long QT syndrome type 1
Long QT syndrome type 2
Long QT syndrome type 3
Loose anagen hair syndrome
Loose anagene syndrome
Lopes–Gorlin syndrome
Lopes–Marques de Faria syndrome
Lopez–Hernandez syndrome
Lou Gehrig's disease
Louis–Bar syndrome
Low
Low birth weight dwarfism dysgammaglobulinemia
Lowe–Kohn–Cohen syndrome
Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Lowe syndrome
Lower limb anomaly ureteral obstruction
Lower limb deficiency hypospadias
Lower mesodermal defects
Lowry–MacLean syndrome
Lowry syndrome
Lowry–Wood syndrome
Lowry–Yong syndrome
Ls–Lt
LSA
L-transposition and ccTGA
Lu
Lubani Al Saleh Teebi syndrome
Lubinsky syndrome
Lucey–Driscoll syndrome
Lucky–Gelehrter syndrome
Ludomania
Lúes Congénita
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Lumbar malsegmentation short stature
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Lundberg syndrome
Lung agenesis heart defect thumb anomalies
Lung cancer
Lung herniation congenital defect of sternem
Lung neoplasm
Lupus anticoagulant, familial
Lupus erythematosus
Lurie–Kletsky syndrome
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, deficiency of with ataxia
Lutz–Richner–Landolt syndrome
Lutz–Lewandowsky epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Ly
Lye–Lyg
Lyell's syndrome
Lygophobia
Lym
Lyme
Lyme disease
Lymp
Lymph
Lymph node neoplasm
Lympha–Lymphe
Lymphadenopathy, angioimmunoblastic with dysproteinemia
Lymphangiectasies lymphoedema type Hennekam type
Lymphangiectasis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis, pulmonary
Lymphangiomyomatosis
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphatic neoplasm
Lymphedema distichiasis
Lymphedema hereditary type 1
Lymphedema hereditary type 2
Lymphedema ptosis
Lymphedema, congenital
Lymphedema
Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
Lympho
Lymphoblastic lymphoma
Lymphocytes reduced or absent
Lymphocytic colitis
Lymphocytic infiltrate of Jessner
Lymphocytic vasculitis
Lymphoid hamartoma
Lymphoma, AIDS-related
Lymphoma, gastric non-Hodgkin's type
Lymphoma, large-cell, immunoblastic
Lymphoma, large-cell
Lymphoma, small cleaved-cell, diffuse
Lymphoma, small cleaved-cell, follicular
Lymphoma
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
Lymphomatoid Papulosis (LyP)
Lymphomatous thyroiditis
Lymphosarcoma
Lyn–Lys
Lynch–Lee–Murday syndrome
Lynch–Bushby syndrome
Lyngstadaas syndrome
LyP (lymphomatoid papulosis)
Lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency
Lysinuric protein intolerance
Lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase deficiency
Lysosomal beta-mannosidase deficiency
Lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase activity
Lysosomal storage disease
Lists of diseases | [
-0.1066669300198555,
0.6707335114479065,
-0.8179688453674316,
-0.27650588750839233,
-0.44769349694252014,
0.4253667891025543,
0.5882682800292969,
0.47931453585624695,
-0.7154874801635742,
-0.9221938252449036,
-0.2891397774219513,
0.06568039208650589,
-0.45921191573143005,
1.1671900749206543,
0.4254927933216095,
0.6462691426277161,
-0.04104963690042496,
0.8532106280326843,
-0.2891947627067566,
-0.08391869813203812,
0.06046535074710846,
-0.1723344922065735,
0.3304767906665802,
-0.45879247784614563,
-0.172410786151886,
0.08859535306692123,
-0.08786297589540482,
-0.031239911913871765,
0.059508465230464935,
0.033704765141010284,
0.130461186170578,
0.8066303133964539,
0.14480797946453094,
0.07512093335390091,
-0.11633017659187317,
-0.47970157861709595,
-0.04478812962770462,
-0.41060537099838257,
0.2407936006784439,
-0.41936931014060974,
-0.2255275398492813,
-0.0752885565161705,
-0.1770489662885666,
0.9108882546424866,
-0.016415737569332123,
-0.13386721909046173,
-1.821658730506897,
-0.1741136610507965,
-0.5899102091789246,
-0.026633508503437042,
0.56571364402771,
-0.3973883092403412,
0.7753547430038452,
0.16486148536205292,
-0.019298480823636055,
0.6667948365211487,
-0.6603764295578003,
0.3241473138332367,
0.2507173717021942,
0.5509177446365356,
0.9037609100341797,
-0.22599384188652039,
0.14126984775066376,
0.16823582351207733,
0.36407890915870667,
0.6210072040557861,
0.011972220614552498,
0.5825395584106445,
-0.8570217490196228,
-0.12195482850074768,
-0.1334025114774704,
-0.2994046211242676,
0.5206200480461121,
0.12876906991004944,
0.23860374093055725,
0.01676800288259983,
-0.3608931005001068,
-0.44027039408683777,
-0.005527742672711611,
-0.7073249816894531,
-0.5516796708106995,
0.15392383933067322,
0.18451589345932007,
-0.23430994153022766,
0.08752142637968063,
-0.03360466659069061,
-0.6452798247337341,
-0.3440823256969452,
-0.13714101910591125,
0.8232793807983398,
0.6580614447593689,
0.3540656566619873,
0.31106600165367126,
-0.4426915943622589,
0.05826787278056145,
-0.2023995965719223,
-0.20205536484718323,
-0.11799221485853195,
-0.2375388890504837,
0.0082053542137146,
0.3015688359737396,
0.49738672375679016,
0.2501893937587738,
-0.526567280292511,
-0.30303314328193665,
-0.37544938921928406,
0.13304530084133148,
0.05138656869530678,
0.10616494715213776,
-1.692427635192871,
-0.6203250288963318,
0.3059161603450775,
-0.20627260208129883,
-0.15432153642177582,
-0.7548316717147827,
0.5934393405914307,
0.34937921166419983,
0.116660475730896,
0.09593132138252258,
-0.12404633313417435,
-0.6963649988174438,
0.41383352875709534,
0.05682610347867012,
0.06985912472009659,
-0.11403925716876984,
0.8182915449142456,
0.23625807464122772,
-0.20899054408073425,
0.4836990237236023,
0.49478796124458313,
0.22795961797237396,
0.991415798664093,
-0.3453691899776459,
-0.4279598295688629,
0.1938905566930771,
-0.3598038852214813,
-0.0013626228319481015,
0.5828114748001099,
0.41724318265914917,
-0.1234440729022026,
-0.7086859941482544,
-0.499686598777771,
-2.0378825664520264,
0.1682465523481369,
0.20567356050014496,
-0.1444115936756134,
-0.3590310513973236,
-0.032687339931726456,
0.35940709710121155,
-0.30402305722236633,
-0.0738174095749855,
-0.28940507769584656,
-0.41632410883903503,
0.6018725037574768,
-0.11340468376874924,
0.4365072548389435,
0.3647051453590393,
-0.5171639919281006,
0.5232242941856384,
0.17714981734752655,
0.5108894109725952,
0.2670600712299347,
0.1630890667438507,
0.14523860812187195,
-0.1307305544614792,
-0.06841065734624863,
0.19604900479316711,
0.006306150462478399,
-0.02227826416492462,
-0.09588875621557236,
-0.45677369832992554,
-0.36193519830703735,
0.1530536413192749,
-0.4760662317276001,
0.3569311201572418,
0.19932909309864044,
0.6482713222503662,
-0.1139434203505516,
0.7555049657821655,
0.09620849788188934,
-0.429006427526474,
-0.22197400033473969,
0.25621333718299866,
-0.41295063495635986,
0.485871821641922,
-0.2406456172466278,
0.7394528985023499,
0.4390393793582916,
0.4743603765964508,
0.20543920993804932,
-0.24922609329223633,
-0.269438773393631,
0.4551035165786743,
0.40851858258247375,
0.8627482056617737,
0.009679818525910378,
-0.16661232709884644,
-0.1091035008430481,
-0.08443912863731384,
0.17227862775325775,
-0.4371083974838257,
0.020057005807757378,
0.3251100778579712,
0.3775211274623871,
-0.7367131114006042,
1.8275423049926758,
-0.18631918728351593,
0.03425617516040802,
-0.145160511136055,
0.3044842481613159,
0.8215165734291077,
-0.44137072563171387,
0.36298656463623047,
-0.676999568939209,
0.5975936651229858,
-0.29444628953933716,
-0.24171273410320282,
0.3421575129032135,
-0.520553469657898,
-0.24518346786499023,
0.3170812726020813,
-0.43540871143341064,
0.062058668583631516,
0.5381197333335876,
-0.04727138951420784,
0.9371534585952759,
-0.16264867782592773,
0.37380093336105347,
0.6064029932022095,
-0.8670473098754883,
0.8099853992462158,
-0.4133802652359009,
0.1743050068616867,
-0.608812689781189,
-0.6609345078468323,
0.193002849817276,
-0.04880731925368309,
-0.1693502813577652,
-0.2718915045261383,
-0.6206119060516357,
0.11334545910358429,
0.4559258222579956,
-0.7441259622573853,
-0.10450548678636551,
0.03788014128804207,
-0.26944881677627563,
-0.17470398545265198,
-0.7966127395629883,
-0.07168629765510559,
-0.343683660030365,
0.2511485517024994,
0.23613446950912476,
0.2275538444519043,
-0.3484753966331482,
-0.07262783497571945,
0.26451122760772705,
0.42218872904777527,
0.23476925492286682,
0.25954049825668335,
-0.12003212422132492,
-0.4520811438560486,
0.335036039352417,
0.16099204123020172,
0.27502983808517456,
-0.5012384057044983,
-0.39503178000450134,
-0.47879356145858765,
-0.47757673263549805,
0.3606942296028137,
0.08085489273071289,
0.8040640354156494,
0.14921993017196655,
-0.49330130219459534,
-2.3450241088867188,
-0.045006681233644485,
-0.660127580165863,
0.5262513756752014,
0.5808395743370056,
-1.010477900505066,
0.22533652186393738,
0.038846053183078766,
0.37791305780410767,
0.9984338879585266,
-0.05582486465573311,
-0.2668476104736328,
-0.47024020552635193,
0.6843655109405518,
0.06447558850049973,
0.24127326905727386,
0.183063343167305,
-0.7358221411705017,
0.4692573547363281,
-0.44512706995010376,
0.316988080739975,
-0.28379303216934204,
-0.5812518000602722,
-0.0968770682811737,
0.4627847671508789,
-0.3469213545322418,
-0.5592676997184753,
-0.47463127970695496,
0.5527647137641907,
-0.31810593605041504,
-0.38699373602867126,
-0.24783417582511902,
0.2173432856798172,
-0.24353575706481934,
0.6544179320335388,
-4.7464280128479,
0.06323689967393875,
-0.2020471692085266,
-0.1841205209493637,
-0.34565824270248413,
0.13185280561447144,
0.6746407747268677,
-0.02460271678864956,
0.11099330335855484,
-0.21053236722946167,
0.35930052399635315,
0.12396487593650818,
-0.12655124068260193,
0.25947195291519165,
0.20176227390766144,
0.25284966826438904,
0.11134522408246994,
0.21056020259857178,
0.36232343316078186,
-0.07848762720823288,
0.250750333070755,
0.6370681524276733,
-0.0960555225610733,
0.37384429574012756,
-0.23513339459896088,
0.8597573041915894,
-0.2947480082511902,
0.38344714045524597,
-0.5155935883522034,
0.40765461325645447,
0.3272552788257599,
-0.20047993957996368,
0.1840958595275879,
-0.5398198962211609,
-0.6790443062782288,
-0.31168049573898315,
0.08611274510622025,
0.2563778758049011,
0.06396342068910599,
-0.12531620264053345,
-0.7918856143951416,
0.5010505318641663,
-0.24321341514587402,
0.015112143009901047,
0.2631550133228302,
-0.14555656909942627,
-0.544536292552948,
0.1191936507821083,
0.2104787826538086,
0.9940659403800964,
-0.3227563202381134,
-0.28555357456207275,
0.6985853910446167,
0.5387008786201477,
0.2435355931520462,
-0.11945097893476486,
0.18463726341724396,
0.08688170462846756,
-0.31841057538986206,
0.2773779332637787,
0.2906811833381653,
-0.07898075878620148,
0.23246659338474274,
-0.3407485783100128,
0.49528267979621887,
-0.5659791231155396,
0.06521211564540863,
-0.5265424251556396,
0.09306609630584717,
0.059703338891267776,
0.026671910658478737,
0.23359306156635284,
0.060766205191612244,
-0.7725791335105896,
0.06975022703409195,
-0.2406882494688034,
-0.20856554806232452,
0.07529275119304657,
0.31609007716178894,
-0.003320867195725441,
-0.3509407341480255,
-0.2638866603374481,
-0.6142743825912476,
0.5100892782211304,
0.081804059445858,
-0.6915697455406189,
-0.43032798171043396,
-0.26176124811172485,
-0.7570946216583252,
-0.18372806906700134,
-0.145828977227211,
-0.16791962087154388,
0.6133749485015869,
0.16337274014949799,
-0.05433247983455658,
0.6822957992553711,
0.7497264742851257,
0.04992964491248131,
0.463244765996933,
-0.0033858574461191893,
0.7276284098625183,
-0.440275639295578,
-0.07895752042531967,
-0.5195314884185791,
0.020778637379407883,
-0.6168666481971741,
-0.03983178362250328,
0.8740708231925964,
0.4444017708301544,
-0.7735546827316284,
-0.05149020254611969,
-0.24517148733139038,
-0.2701631486415863,
-0.5753719806671143,
0.6101741790771484,
-0.18961632251739502,
0.2388264536857605,
0.9184565544128418,
0.5161216259002686,
0.19768767058849335,
0.34956613183021545,
0.16254931688308716,
0.08341091126203537,
-0.29438188672065735,
0.4027997851371765,
0.08067669719457626,
-0.1635294407606125,
-0.37724849581718445,
-0.26553598046302795,
0.4248901903629303,
0.03289758041501045,
0.6983123421669006,
-0.015466500073671341,
-0.2662314474582672,
-0.06586997210979462,
-0.4504307806491852,
-0.20172959566116333,
0.49410927295684814,
-0.15521731972694397,
-0.5481303334236145,
0.15464523434638977,
-0.014565578661859035,
-1.0678576231002808,
0.25301748514175415,
0.21554706990718842,
0.5181661248207092,
-0.037603795528411865,
-0.2677381634712219,
0.025730319321155548,
0.5324891209602356,
-0.14123716950416565,
-0.20571297407150269,
0.17968954145908356,
-0.2923332154750824,
-0.4826135039329529,
0.578590452671051,
0.45618316531181335,
0.12684306502342224,
-0.7272236347198486,
-0.5807434916496277,
-0.5454317927360535,
0.24448703229427338,
-1.1075382232666016,
-0.11511312425136566,
0.2455569952726364,
-0.8861234188079834,
0.009921208024024963,
-0.5365415811538696,
-0.5318363308906555,
1.1904858350753784,
-0.029206030070781708,
0.014941727742552757,
-0.7348746061325073,
0.1760038286447525,
0.07930779457092285,
-0.26914671063423157,
-0.023245014250278473,
0.38313058018684387,
-0.1103609949350357,
0.3424782454967499,
-0.12254901230335236,
-0.4432874321937561,
0.2966291606426239,
1.2848052978515625,
0.17370323836803436,
0.32645103335380554,
-0.03855826333165169,
-0.21555300056934357,
-0.28807365894317627,
0.11315060406923294,
0.2997310161590576,
-0.12844088673591614,
0.03223242238163948,
0.0015347690787166357,
-0.2853246033191681,
-0.25846168398857117,
-0.13054169714450836,
0.06807050853967667,
0.4229257106781006,
-0.5973127484321594,
0.45739614963531494,
0.8435938954353333,
-0.24329037964344025,
0.32165881991386414,
0.23019848763942719,
-0.8117461204528809,
0.12023463100194931,
0.21314525604248047,
-0.8066349029541016,
0.5401403307914734,
-0.1321709007024765,
-0.4989333152770996,
-0.22888432443141937,
0.4977576732635498,
-0.21329964697360992,
-0.23327437043190002,
0.4370651841163635,
-0.2985076606273651,
-0.30029088258743286,
-0.30729570984840393,
0.18720988929271698,
-0.2562161684036255,
-0.05072083696722984,
-0.17263789474964142,
-0.02651057578623295,
0.3873917758464813,
0.08966165781021118,
-0.9135439395904541,
0.7117757797241211,
0.2360108345746994,
-0.3208337724208832,
0.08872101455926895,
0.24362730979919434,
-0.021836644038558006,
-0.3207762837409973,
-0.28403574228286743,
-0.24103979766368866,
0.12931226193904877,
0.05496591329574585,
0.21399849653244019,
0.2387581318616867,
0.4005637466907501,
0.03397181257605553,
-0.8070072531700134,
-0.12171083688735962,
0.32404807209968567,
0.4083152115345001,
-0.8727164268493652,
-0.40097349882125854,
0.21843945980072021,
0.10754071176052094,
-0.4500620663166046,
-0.715139627456665,
-0.8461326360702515,
0.9700162410736084,
0.3424306809902191,
0.009785077534615993,
0.37745219469070435,
-0.11773061007261276,
0.27890467643737793,
-0.31250864267349243,
0.5238849520683289,
-0.006248438730835915,
0.820283830165863,
0.3273966610431671,
0.29300400614738464,
-0.36254554986953735,
0.16817709803581238,
0.31608936190605164,
-0.2629556357860565,
-0.5189810395240784,
-0.14242108166217804,
0.2590026259422302,
0.40817582607269287,
0.1537935733795166,
0.2607474625110626,
0.16136860847473145,
-0.7842110395431519,
0.1314081847667694,
0.02125624753534794,
0.3624066412448883,
-0.24666869640350342,
0.2547643184661865,
-0.011531270109117031,
0.8164035081863403,
-0.4031521677970886,
-0.2583771347999573,
-0.02044793963432312,
-0.23833566904067993,
-0.054327476769685745,
0.26677510142326355,
0.22126136720180511,
-0.7922213673591614,
0.5510746836662292,
0.41845834255218506,
0.2101164013147354,
0.11896055936813354,
0.5150671601295471,
0.20383861660957336,
-0.5755658149719238,
-0.6984251737594604,
0.7651847004890442,
0.0702003538608551,
-0.040215007960796356,
0.5495235323905945,
0.42197921872138977,
0.586417555809021,
0.4810403883457184,
-0.28219515085220337,
0.004430090542882681,
0.5403978228569031,
-0.00269721238873899,
0.2765583395957947,
0.546880304813385,
0.010498237796127796,
0.3382190763950348,
-0.22235466539859772,
-0.22019384801387787,
0.14662747085094452,
-0.11394115537405014,
0.15346747636795044,
-0.2607245147228241,
0.40660279989242554,
-0.12441586703062057,
-1.08773672580719,
0.6448487639427185,
-0.07383470982313156,
-0.17989453673362732,
0.23035560548305511,
0.35308775305747986,
0.7223660349845886,
-0.2680423855781555,
-0.5673320293426514,
0.450794517993927,
-0.2621537446975708,
-0.25880667567253113,
0.03957418352365494,
-0.5476364493370056,
-0.37688517570495605,
0.563609778881073,
0.34030628204345703,
0.7049816250801086,
0.13615185022354126,
-0.19999779760837555,
-0.338981956243515,
0.16392824053764343,
-0.7795759439468384,
0.0077673825435340405,
0.2684125304222107,
-0.3462897539138794,
0.05068860575556755,
0.37018781900405884,
0.056483712047338486,
0.23248712718486786,
0.15895205736160278,
0.03796136751770973,
0.41869714856147766,
-0.39376839995384216,
-0.05660933256149292,
-1.7962000370025635,
0.15318985283374786,
-0.20945926010608673,
0.11466776579618454,
0.4722593426704407,
0.24627076089382172,
0.05192635580897331,
0.010910598561167717,
0.08401067554950714,
-0.2486402988433838,
0.21254947781562805,
0.22739306092262268,
-0.18339651823043823,
0.025228874757885933,
0.01680956594645977,
-0.12887969613075256,
0.34106412529945374,
-0.01741441711783409,
-0.05891947075724602,
0.1017085388302803,
-0.32497939467430115,
-0.508633017539978,
0.05031199753284454,
-0.21615147590637207,
-0.8400142788887024,
0.10350657254457474,
0.08687692880630493,
-0.7063026428222656,
0.16178250312805176,
0.47830480337142944,
0.20674097537994385,
0.14391393959522247,
-0.009342706762254238,
0.35051479935646057,
-0.38415342569351196,
-0.4327245354652405,
0.28098204731941223,
-0.3003729581832886,
0.5879733562469482,
-0.3122480511665344,
-1.0894112586975098,
-0.49187904596328735,
-0.12801243364810944,
0.26694899797439575,
0.22532418370246887,
-0.6184951066970825,
-0.03017827495932579,
0.04787459596991539,
0.5129676461219788,
-0.29342931509017944,
0.23802879452705383,
-0.10217739641666412,
0.030488599091768265,
0.1297290325164795,
0.6991147398948669,
-0.1926112174987793,
0.2347288429737091,
0.20328389108181,
-0.2519405782222748,
-0.23769591748714447,
-0.6506683826446533,
0.2539834976196289,
-0.5043205618858337,
-0.07422468811273575,
0.7476499080657959,
-0.5830385088920593,
-0.46384355425834656,
-0.002880236366763711,
0.3317568302154541,
0.021600404754281044,
0.44083526730537415,
-0.6690784096717834,
0.4720902442932129,
-0.5490386486053467,
-0.47911784052848816,
-0.3185943365097046,
0.4492328464984894,
1.0957865715026855,
0.7640619874000549,
0.21364924311637878,
0.007611720357090235,
-0.5187385082244873,
-0.3675422668457031,
0.16566258668899536,
0.5371811985969543,
-3.7632737159729004,
-0.18525083363056183,
-0.12878462672233582,
-0.347209095954895,
-0.08441630750894547,
0.5380492210388184,
-0.12563692033290863,
0.2742635905742645,
0.17362770438194275,
-0.014481296762824059,
0.25058820843696594,
-0.1399046778678894,
-0.11604622006416321,
-0.6090154647827148,
0.10784350335597992,
0.6036136150360107
] |
236351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave%2C%20Netherlands | Grave, Netherlands | [[File:Gem-Grave-OpenTopo.jpg|275px|thumb|Map of the former municipality of Grave, 2015]]
Grave (; formerly De Graaf'') is a city and former municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. The former municipality had a population of in . Grave is a member of the Dutch Association of Fortified Cities.
The former municipality included the following towns : Grave (capital), Velp, Escharen and Gassel.
Grave, Boxmeer, Cuijk, Mill en Sint Hubert, and Sint Anthonis merged into the new municipality of Land van Cuijk on 1 January 2022.
History
Grave received city rights in 1233.
The former municipality of Grave was formed in the Napoleonic era (1810) and coincided with the fortified Grave and immediate surroundings. The history of the town was thus linked to that of the place.
This changed in 1942. Then there was a reclassification place where the municipality Grave was expanded with the previously independent municipalities Velp and Escharen. Moreover, in 1994 the neighboring municipality of Beers was abolished and a part thereof, the parish Gassel, was also added to the municipality Grave.
Popular attractions
Near to Grave lies a bridge, now called John S. Thompsonbrug, built in 1929. It is the northern connection to Gelderland, spanning the river Maas. The bridge was one of the key strategic points in Operation Market Garden; the city was liberated at 17 September 1944, but suffered very little damage. The bridge was named in 2004 after Lieutenant John S. Thompson who commanded the platoon of the 82nd Airborne Division that captured the bridge.
The Hampoort is the old entrance to the city, and it is still largely intact and can be visited.
Notable people
Nobility
Mary of Guelders (ca.1434 in Grave – 1463), the queen consort of Scotland as the wife of King James II of Scotland, served as regent of Scotland from 1460 to 1463
Adolf, Duke of Guelders (1438 in Grave – 1477) a Duke of Guelders & Count of Zutphen 1465–1471
Charles II, Duke of Guelders (1467 in Grave – 1538) a member of the House of Egmond who ruled as Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen from 1492-1538
Anna van Egmont (1533 in Grave – 1558) a wealthy Dutch heiress, the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange
Louise van der Nooth (1630s in Grave – 1654) a maid of honour and favorite of Queen Christina of Sweden
and
Johann Weyer (1515 in Grave – 1588) a Dutch physician, occultist and demonologist, disciple and follower of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
Charles de Thierry (1793 in Grave – 1864) an adventurer in New Zealand
Jan Pieter van Suchtelen (1751 in Grave – 1836) a general in the Russian army during the Russo-Swedish War (1808–1809)
Johan Stein (1871 in Grave – 1951) a Dutch astronomer and a member of the Society of Jesus
Images
See also
Apostolic Vicariate of Grave–Nijmegen, former Catholic pre-diocesan jurisdiction
References
External links
Official website
Cities in the Netherlands
Populated places in North Brabant
Former municipalities of North Brabant
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2022 | [
-0.005061757750809193,
0.2924167513847351,
-0.020855899900197983,
-0.4043618142604828,
0.27957889437675476,
0.5366553068161011,
0.1275019496679306,
0.11225371807813644,
-0.23908300697803497,
-0.18929654359817505,
0.0973697155714035,
0.008233325555920601,
0.11695320159196854,
0.4798799157142639,
-0.5049099922180176,
0.5389834046363831,
0.3558247685432434,
0.1936126947402954,
-0.25949081778526306,
-0.4245663285255432,
0.033858347684144974,
-0.887866735458374,
0.3124324381351471,
-0.08152443170547485,
-0.0014226743951439857,
-0.05457595735788345,
0.4541010558605194,
0.4602929949760437,
-0.5637365579605103,
-0.49557122588157654,
-0.7761843800544739,
0.284111887216568,
0.08462110161781311,
-0.5128320455551147,
0.45937609672546387,
-0.11082151532173157,
0.37129610776901245,
-0.2388456016778946,
-0.09738720208406448,
-0.26943331956863403,
0.3426783084869385,
-0.12525108456611633,
0.1569388508796692,
0.3487112522125244,
-0.595204770565033,
-0.605978786945343,
-1.1128849983215332,
0.409405380487442,
-0.4907449781894684,
0.21452374756336212,
-0.240728959441185,
0.08799517899751663,
-0.30358636379241943,
0.5192864537239075,
0.6372312903404236,
0.173387348651886,
-1.1655722856521606,
-0.13276082277297974,
0.7025132775306702,
0.5982760190963745,
0.055833302438259125,
-0.16100241243839264,
-0.4801428020000458,
0.26452308893203735,
-0.4126330018043518,
0.5366543531417847,
-0.06727167218923569,
0.366557776927948,
0.005776450969278812,
-0.8681283593177795,
0.2863041162490845,
-0.756712794303894,
-0.13582825660705566,
-0.22835469245910645,
0.007458724547177553,
0.28040817379951477,
-0.6603034138679504,
-0.2875674068927765,
0.11813575774431229,
0.11925242096185684,
0.31884077191352844,
-0.5428272485733032,
1.289479374885559,
-0.5483521223068237,
0.7178386449813843,
0.4786827564239502,
0.29123878479003906,
0.09942346066236496,
-0.2879517674446106,
0.29051852226257324,
0.3574191927909851,
-0.36964473128318787,
0.09893015772104263,
0.15603147447109222,
0.32432225346565247,
0.019197219982743263,
0.023363979533314705,
0.33676743507385254,
0.32465851306915283,
0.055747777223587036,
-0.29762977361679077,
0.5137715935707092,
-0.12021081894636154,
0.03776708245277405,
-0.5687770843505859,
-0.25749531388282776,
-0.24131858348846436,
-0.25733739137649536,
-0.3449195325374603,
-0.631766676902771,
-0.08148258924484253,
0.447240948677063,
0.11551748216152191,
-0.17223386466503143,
0.13260063529014587,
0.23143236339092255,
0.6288447976112366,
-0.1271432340145111,
-0.39793404936790466,
0.439738392829895,
0.742134153842926,
0.742241382598877,
0.31008198857307434,
0.1842823624610901,
0.44894301891326904,
0.20133568346500397,
-0.2675520181655884,
0.932400107383728,
-0.10620293021202087,
0.2700939476490021,
0.5656396150588989,
0.7124407887458801,
-0.08967859297990799,
0.39104971289634705,
0.42390602827072144,
-0.4911414682865143,
0.49374523758888245,
0.36829671263694763,
0.4603029191493988,
-0.1336921602487564,
-0.7361905574798584,
0.3191467225551605,
-0.6577410101890564,
0.25105053186416626,
0.16903088986873627,
0.11026706546545029,
-0.7353615760803223,
-0.24623826146125793,
0.10989177972078323,
0.40017008781433105,
-0.33662328124046326,
0.2556356191635132,
-0.10486527532339096,
0.0414261631667614,
-0.6991321444511414,
0.317396342754364,
0.6046157479286194,
0.3648248314857483,
0.2939053475856781,
0.27207866311073303,
0.00468665175139904,
0.09390117973089218,
0.38481125235557556,
0.1807754635810852,
0.323047012090683,
-0.1828770637512207,
0.1474117934703827,
0.6326004862785339,
-0.09864751994609833,
0.5910057425498962,
-0.9536083936691284,
0.1486007571220398,
0.5071703195571899,
-0.24202489852905273,
0.30763915181159973,
-0.06982472538948059,
0.993272602558136,
0.3839443027973175,
0.5090985894203186,
-0.157749205827713,
-0.5544914603233337,
0.08455218374729156,
-0.009673986583948135,
0.05907345563173294,
0.4010370075702667,
0.24462048709392548,
0.282548189163208,
0.5151939988136292,
-0.38132035732269287,
0.3369254767894745,
-0.04272313043475151,
-0.7947633266448975,
0.6837833523750305,
0.35645735263824463,
0.4165113568305969,
0.007659853436052799,
-0.1507558971643448,
-0.07227496057748795,
0.07248110324144363,
0.4224478006362915,
-0.5709032416343689,
-0.37661051750183105,
0.4446958601474762,
-0.5942259430885315,
-0.309476763010025,
0.9343587160110474,
0.0034020536113530397,
-0.5834129452705383,
0.10281483083963394,
0.5714422464370728,
0.2423900067806244,
-0.1449691206216812,
0.11876405775547028,
0.21583785116672516,
0.4052668809890747,
0.04503011330962181,
0.10043591260910034,
-0.4741734266281128,
0.19813509285449982,
-0.5289797782897949,
0.2156316041946411,
0.35063132643699646,
-0.22128146886825562,
0.14315518736839294,
-0.22178615629673004,
0.4837961494922638,
0.06954789161682129,
0.3727049231529236,
0.4347531497478485,
0.022033335641026497,
-0.2735680639743805,
-0.14339660108089447,
0.07443223148584366,
-0.22153417766094208,
0.028347842395305634,
0.34955671429634094,
0.14091163873672485,
-0.3206523060798645,
0.7824254631996155,
0.06046454980969429,
-0.17149542272090912,
-0.09982382506132126,
-0.16889525949954987,
0.0909491628408432,
0.0192477535456419,
0.6635528802871704,
0.21654711663722992,
0.061204928904771805,
-0.602217972278595,
-0.24737292528152466,
0.0036190301179885864,
-0.3025595247745514,
-0.544893741607666,
-0.024181703105568886,
-0.048507217317819595,
-0.5340376496315002,
-0.21935395896434784,
-0.017949584871530533,
-0.07528380304574966,
0.23738883435726166,
-0.45563778281211853,
0.07199522852897644,
0.12769849598407745,
0.435610294342041,
-0.06081194803118706,
-0.136522576212883,
-0.21209077537059784,
-0.5744697451591492,
1.1859967708587646,
0.33609938621520996,
-0.25588369369506836,
0.29899874329566956,
-0.49726390838623047,
-0.5709880590438843,
0.41394567489624023,
0.14341576397418976,
-0.49793776869773865,
0.38991302251815796,
-0.5017056465148926,
0.023177754133939743,
-0.06269396096467972,
0.578195333480835,
0.3266962766647339,
-0.8854437470436096,
0.27066299319267273,
0.4331674575805664,
0.47305601835250854,
-0.7075019478797913,
-0.368019700050354,
-0.22767934203147888,
-0.16827449202537537,
-0.3135169744491577,
-0.3996719717979431,
0.41605108976364136,
0.11512070894241333,
-0.2122155725955963,
-0.1408747434616089,
-0.3457239866256714,
0.5354835391044617,
-0.20538324117660522,
0.0377928763628006,
0.5077704191207886,
-0.48560377955436707,
-0.10319668799638748,
-0.37776580452919006,
-0.026332275941967964,
-0.2813887894153595,
-0.6029545068740845,
-5.71321964263916,
-0.16967841982841492,
-0.12306627631187439,
0.009243866428732872,
-0.09312210232019424,
-0.4315207600593567,
0.365712434053421,
-0.19480836391448975,
-0.09684163331985474,
-0.277235209941864,
0.4082338511943817,
-0.32485175132751465,
0.422201007604599,
0.48301395773887634,
0.49114179611206055,
0.49930134415626526,
0.47193479537963867,
0.21500249207019806,
0.06218276172876358,
0.1914181262254715,
-0.2807292938232422,
-0.16311928629875183,
0.20792356133460999,
-0.08798027038574219,
0.4844675362110138,
0.8652544617652893,
0.10140509158372879,
0.016138426959514618,
-0.8312228918075562,
-0.3877372741699219,
0.20356647670269012,
-0.7453364729881287,
0.2854870557785034,
0.04134035110473633,
-0.35301029682159424,
0.1056210920214653,
0.15410004556179047,
0.3010293245315552,
0.7738317847251892,
-0.34481582045555115,
0.37175849080085754,
0.8809863924980164,
0.16310010850429535,
0.15723873674869537,
0.34933239221572876,
-0.9918314218521118,
-0.5676484107971191,
0.0703921839594841,
-0.029922088608145714,
0.7620896100997925,
0.26019448041915894,
-0.5806201696395874,
0.3729307949542999,
-0.14816449582576752,
0.2840490937232971,
-0.5025079846382141,
-0.06794191151857376,
0.14010825753211975,
-0.19793371856212616,
0.3501158654689789,
0.47652167081832886,
-0.3439057171344757,
0.4008612632751465,
-0.4412548840045929,
-0.11704348772764206,
-0.25213029980659485,
-0.06542156636714935,
-0.04049934819340706,
0.06563814729452133,
-0.3285349905490875,
0.13226132094860077,
-0.181776762008667,
-0.020017404109239578,
-0.8543380498886108,
-0.11183736473321915,
-0.5126143097877502,
-0.49664387106895447,
-0.5858626961708069,
-0.4286571443080902,
-0.2324754297733307,
0.08936295658349991,
-0.49442267417907715,
0.39617642760276794,
0.6693241596221924,
0.1021949052810669,
-0.7653791308403015,
-0.2757643759250641,
-0.29284241795539856,
-0.09285755455493927,
-0.27120378613471985,
0.12718452513217926,
-0.30043965578079224,
0.2787148356437683,
-0.11869753152132034,
-0.5632252097129822,
0.4175567626953125,
0.7904608845710754,
-0.6037133932113647,
0.09462359547615051,
-0.27647724747657776,
0.7862871885299683,
-0.30085599422454834,
-0.1469014286994934,
-0.328551322221756,
-0.4613259434700012,
-0.17618891596794128,
0.12828581035137177,
0.6025635600090027,
0.7422102689743042,
-0.39241477847099304,
-0.4269198179244995,
0.24628284573554993,
-0.230174258351326,
-0.2015991508960724,
1.0172640085220337,
-0.5824065208435059,
-0.6465033888816833,
0.25605684518814087,
0.1814778447151184,
-0.35075923800468445,
0.21475940942764282,
0.8181143403053284,
0.3883718252182007,
0.24674910306930542,
0.6329296827316284,
-0.13985700905323029,
-0.11117521673440933,
0.2407803237438202,
-0.9294756650924683,
0.1106102466583252,
-0.5174852609634399,
0.0761343389749527,
-0.2725317180156708,
-0.6491124629974365,
0.359735906124115,
-0.12850622832775116,
-0.7519147992134094,
-0.49029019474983215,
0.07380468398332596,
0.1462988406419754,
0.8536326289176941,
-0.2621799111366272,
-0.0024643572978675365,
0.9323791861534119,
-0.02543024718761444,
0.4321986734867096,
0.7321834564208984,
-0.29086834192276,
-0.6706562042236328,
-0.284946471452713,
0.14495280385017395,
-0.2552514970302582,
0.5721947550773621,
-0.28687599301338196,
0.038511551916599274,
-0.04589064419269562,
-0.5476251840591431,
0.03287235647439957,
-0.23360127210617065,
0.21429277956485748,
0.1733103096485138,
-0.1500677913427353,
-0.6761476993560791,
0.6892825365066528,
0.2496400773525238,
-0.3975512683391571,
0.04439240321516991,
-0.002111258450895548,
-0.7190555930137634,
0.10663682222366333,
0.1429789960384369,
-0.3274818956851959,
-0.40555432438850403,
-0.1017075628042221,
-0.2302408069372177,
-0.589005172252655,
0.12379578500986099,
0.16334353387355804,
0.010988891124725342,
-0.7489269971847534,
0.47228559851646423,
0.20084954798221588,
-0.022496763616800308,
0.985008180141449,
0.17589038610458374,
-0.4707111120223999,
0.10972749441862106,
0.11165841668844223,
-0.026184415444731712,
-0.2713637351989746,
0.38351675868034363,
-0.27580928802490234,
0.24021455645561218,
0.7161011099815369,
-0.26942023634910583,
-1.106407642364502,
0.46337762475013733,
0.36572587490081787,
-0.5338560342788696,
0.2523314654827118,
0.02272329293191433,
0.3545334041118622,
-0.40003612637519836,
0.2137591391801834,
0.3132944703102112,
-0.494415283203125,
0.9033600091934204,
0.18400773406028748,
0.06367674469947815,
0.24739612638950348,
-0.5481770634651184,
-0.5765037536621094,
0.5728489756584167,
0.1678467094898224,
-0.666268527507782,
0.2399962842464447,
0.31997743248939514,
-0.24053198099136353,
-0.4270239770412445,
-0.1328328400850296,
-0.5367506742477417,
-0.43969470262527466,
-0.047885920852422714,
-0.03302129730582237,
-0.3199460506439209,
0.5305522084236145,
0.03237790986895561,
-0.32042571902275085,
0.04297071322798729,
-0.056690920144319534,
0.2608139216899872,
-0.12445220351219177,
0.18119306862354279,
0.031351227313280106,
0.07770005613565445,
0.05904184654355049,
0.4079422652721405,
0.2055690586566925,
-0.06278429925441742,
-0.021033579483628273,
0.5173623561859131,
-0.1522364765405655,
0.15218834578990936,
-0.5609711408615112,
-0.8259913921356201,
0.11147010326385498,
-0.28480008244514465,
-0.3750114142894745,
-0.6217265129089355,
0.7646434903144836,
-0.08828737586736679,
-0.0040067341178655624,
-0.4517304301261902,
-0.33983829617500305,
0.9652720093727112,
0.09624531120061874,
-0.21574799716472626,
0.37926721572875977,
-0.01837765984237194,
0.4092960059642792,
0.03051743283867836,
-0.27407464385032654,
0.18863539397716522,
0.6019809246063232,
0.4309336543083191,
-0.4494345784187317,
-0.3523697257041931,
-0.37275105714797974,
0.12001574784517288,
-0.14082004129886627,
-0.8179129362106323,
-0.24076642096042633,
0.20117001235485077,
-0.05295666679739952,
-0.09300994127988815,
-0.09715119749307632,
-0.4699784815311432,
-0.5119894742965698,
-0.46141761541366577,
-0.19351817667484283,
-0.18984241783618927,
0.034008413553237915,
0.020062662661075592,
-0.3256785571575165,
-0.04736578091979027,
-0.6960717439651489,
-0.9113117456436157,
0.21433766186237335,
-0.2349480241537094,
0.38215741515159607,
0.1302555948495865,
-0.3942452669143677,
-0.39890366792678833,
0.40565264225006104,
0.3333054482936859,
0.6223623156547546,
0.030040040612220764,
0.5262527465820312,
-0.16350233554840088,
0.16279569268226624,
-0.6411927938461304,
0.7356625199317932,
0.4174163043498993,
-0.7015212178230286,
0.4297564923763275,
0.02900087833404541,
-0.3289340138435364,
0.22952578961849213,
0.22911280393600464,
0.3408890664577484,
0.2956129014492035,
0.36353132128715515,
-0.20939499139785767,
0.7119799852371216,
-0.2508523762226105,
0.3486720621585846,
0.5543302297592163,
-0.7095462679862976,
-0.5714331269264221,
0.572810709476471,
-0.44790732860565186,
-0.065355584025383,
0.5085683465003967,
0.31045952439308167,
-0.4492192268371582,
1.1298879384994507,
0.01724003627896309,
0.08554539829492569,
0.48957476019859314,
-0.13213469088077545,
0.1514180451631546,
0.1926541030406952,
-0.4650147557258606,
0.08510894328355789,
-0.17048247158527374,
0.07816582918167114,
-0.4162778854370117,
-0.023102132603526115,
-0.004603910725563765,
0.18792930245399475,
0.0847330242395401,
0.1773442029953003,
-0.30385252833366394,
-0.1380937248468399,
0.02654898166656494,
-0.07054691761732101,
0.02933245524764061,
-0.2893507480621338,
0.5055150389671326,
0.16783154010772705,
0.35651305317878723,
-0.5329369306564331,
-0.2151934802532196,
-0.237838014960289,
-0.6928923726081848,
-0.12279093265533447,
-0.19700516760349274,
-0.23246482014656067,
-0.38143613934516907,
-0.008622567169368267,
0.36893919110298157,
-0.40060916543006897,
-0.04118272662162781,
0.346811980009079,
-0.06568285077810287,
-0.46061569452285767,
0.21518674492835999,
-0.2512626051902771,
0.1790546029806137,
0.40813034772872925,
0.09616772085428238,
0.22841982543468475,
0.01773124374449253,
0.34167245030403137,
0.03480994701385498,
-0.45935311913490295,
0.35289978981018066,
-0.24489909410476685,
-0.44866088032722473,
0.25463974475860596,
-0.15234671533107758,
-0.5211158394813538,
-0.21241644024848938,
-0.05719392001628876,
0.067209891974926,
-0.3355884253978729,
0.37233883142471313,
-0.19037321209907532,
-0.39246276021003723,
-0.07376515120267868,
0.14346851408481598,
-0.1049240455031395,
-0.21905961632728577,
0.3403588533401489,
-0.7582438588142395,
-0.35280099511146545,
0.0606418214738369,
0.28002968430519104,
0.25678762793540955,
0.2899879515171051,
-0.10939302295446396,
0.37916409969329834,
0.46929675340652466,
0.3331701457500458,
-0.341905802488327,
0.30569446086883545,
-0.24815891683101654,
0.10621456056833267,
-0.3184632658958435,
0.4794289767742157,
0.7817502021789551,
0.4267544448375702,
-0.04770931228995323,
0.1994389295578003,
-0.11104931682348251,
-0.3806902766227722,
-0.04713617265224457,
0.0664244145154953,
-0.31532758474349976,
0.1847529411315918,
0.34169256687164307,
-0.66778564453125,
-0.21601560711860657,
0.3411206603050232,
0.12298727035522461,
-0.42319220304489136,
0.29245084524154663,
0.270221084356308,
-0.5332509279251099,
-0.03521786630153656,
-0.05484522506594658,
-0.3491615355014801,
-0.08522533625364304,
0.06751653552055359,
-0.6509775519371033,
0.19238822162151337,
0.11609639972448349,
0.33718153834342957,
-0.34509342908859253,
-0.6932767629623413,
-0.5012149810791016,
-0.1427326798439026,
-0.16540463268756866,
0.5540210008621216,
-1.5038727521896362,
0.26153764128685,
-0.1096215546131134,
-0.47990456223487854,
-1.0070700645446777,
0.09013903141021729,
0.14270560443401337,
-0.35059425234794617,
0.38532164692878723,
0.39055225253105164,
-0.40135717391967773,
-0.1718701422214508,
0.05625690519809723,
-0.38979634642601013,
0.6731790900230408,
0.33258628845214844
] |
236352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28M%29 | List of diseases (M) | This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "M".
Ma
Mac
Mac Dermot Patton Williams syndrome
Mac Dermot Winter syndrome
Maci–Macr
Macias–Flores–Garcia–Cruz–Rivera syndrome
Mackay–Shek–Carr syndrome
Macleod–Fraser syndrome
Macrocephaly cutis marmorata telangiectatica
Macrocephaly dominant type
Macrocephaly mental retardation facial dysmorphism
Macrocephaly mesodermal hamartoma spectrum
Macrocephaly mesomelic arms talipes
Macrocephaly pigmentation large hands feet
Macrocephaly short stature paraplegia
Macrodactyly of the foot
Macrodactyly of the hand
Macroepiphyseal dysplasia Mcalister Coe type
Macroglobulinemia
Macroglossia dominant
Macroglossia exomphalos gigantism
Macrogyria pseudobulbar palsy
Macrophagic myofasciitis
Macrosomia developmental delay dysmorphism
Macrosomia microphthalmia cleft palate
Macrothrombocytopenia progressive deafness
Macrothrombocytopenia with leukocyte inclusions
Macu
Macular corneal dystrophy
Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration juvenile
Macular degeneration, age-related
Macular degeneration, polymorphic
Macular dystrophy, vitelliform
Macules hereditary congenital hypopigmented and hyperpigmented
Mad–Mak
Mad cow disease
Madelung's disease
Madokoro–Ohdo–Sonoda syndrome
Maffucci syndrome
Maghazaji syndrome
Magnesium defect in renal tubular transport of
Magnesium wasting renal
Major depressive disorder
Mal
Mal de debarquement
Mala–Mall
Malakoplakia
Malaria
Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5-alpha-reductase 2 deficiency
Male pseudohermaphroditism due to defective LH molecule
Malformations in neuronal migration
Malignant astrocytoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Malignant germ cell tumor
Malignant hyperthermia arthrogryposis torticollis
Malignant hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 1
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 3
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 4
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 5
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 6
Malignant mesenchymal tumor
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor
Malignant paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
Malo–Malp
Malonic aciduria
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency
Malouf syndrome
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome
Man
Mandibuloacral dysplasia
Mandibulofacial dysostosis deafness postaxial polydactyly
Manic Depression, Bipolar
Manic-depressive psychosis, genetic types
Mannosidosis
Manouvrier syndrome
Mansonelliasis
Mantle cell lymphoma
Mar
Mara–Marg
Marashi–Gorlin syndrome
Marburg fever
Marchiafava–Bignami disease
Marchiafava–Micheli disease
Marcus Gunn phenomenon
Marden–Walker-like syndrome
Marden–Walker syndrome
Marek disease
Marfan syndrome
Marfan Syndrome type II
Marfan Syndrome type III
Marfan Syndrome type IV
Marfan Syndrome type V
Marfan-like syndrome, Boileau type
Marfan-like syndrome
Marfanoid craniosynostosis syndrome
Marfanoid hypermobility
Marfanoid mental retardation syndrome autosomal
Marginal glioneuronal heterotopia
Mari–Mart
Marie type ataxia
Marie–Unna congenital hypotrichosis
Marinesco–Sjögren like syndrome
Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome
Marion–Mayers syndrome
Markel–Vikkula–Mulliken syndrome
Marles–Greenberg–Persaud syndrome
Marker chromosome 15 syndrome
Maroteaux–Cohen–Solal–Bonaventure syndrome
Maroteaux–Fonfria syndrome
Maroteaux–Le Merrer–Bensahel syndrome
Maroteaux–Stanescu–Cousin syndrome
Maroteaux–Verloes–Stanescu syndrome
Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome
Marphanoid syndrome type De Silva
Marsden–Nyhan–Sakati syndrome
Marsden syndrome
Marshall syndrome
Marshall–Smith syndrome
Martinez–Monasterio–Pinheiro syndrome
Martsolf–Reed–Hunter syndrome
Martsolf syndrome
Mas–May
MASA syndrome
Mass psychogenic illness
MASS syndrome
Massa–Casaer–Ceulemans syndrome
Mast cell disease
Mastocytosis, short stature, hearing loss
Mastocytosis
Mastoiditis
Mastroiacovo–De Rosa–Satta syndrome
Mastroiacovo–Gambi–Segni syndrome
MAT deficiency
Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia
Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness
Mathieu–De Broca–Bony syndrome
Matsoukas–Liarikos–Giannika syndrome
Matthew–Wood syndrome
Maturity onset diabetes of the young
Maumenee syndrome
Maxillary double lip
Maxillofacial dysostosis
Maxillonasal dysplasia, Binder type
Mayer–Rokitanski–Kuster syndrome
May–Hegglin anomaly
Mc
McAlister–Crane syndrome
McArdle disease
McCallum–Macadam–Johnston syndrome
McCune–Albright syndrome
McDonough syndrome
McDowall syndrome
McGillivray syndrome
McKusick–Kaufman syndrome
McKusick type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
McLain–Debakian syndrome
McPherson–Clemens syndrome
McPherson–Robertson–Cammarano syndrome
Me
Mea–Med
Meacham–Winn–Culler syndrome
Meadows syndrome, names for:
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Measles
Meckel like syndrome
Meckel syndrome
Medeira Dennis Donnai syndrome
Median cleft lip corpus callosum lipoma skin polyps
Median nodule of the upper lip
Mediastinal endodermal sinus tumors
Mediastinal syndrome
Mediterranean fever
Medium-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Medrano Roldan syndrome
Medullary cystic disease
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medulloblastoma
Meg–Mei
Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome
Megaduodenum
Mega-epiphyseal dwarfism
Megalencephalic leukodystrophy
Megalencephaly-cystic leukodystrophy
Megaloblastic anemia
Megalocornea mental retardation syndrome
Megalocytic interstitial nephritis
Mehes syndrome
Mehta–Lewis–Patton syndrome
Meier–Blumberg–Imahorn syndrome
Meier–Rotschild syndrome
Meige syndrome
Meigel disease
Meinecke–Pepper syndrome
Meinecke syndrome
Mel–Mem
Melanoma type 1
Melanoma type 2
Melanoma, familial
Melanoma, malignant
Melanoma-astrocytoma syndrome
Melanosis neurocutaneous
MELAS
Meleda disease
Melhem–Fahl syndrome
Melioidosis
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
Melnick–Needles osteodysplasty
Melnick–Needles syndrome
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (type II)
Men
Mend–Meno
Mendelian susceptibility to atypical mycobacteria
Menetrier's disease
Mengel–Konigsmark syndrome
Ménière's disease
Meningeal angiomatosis cleft hypoplastic left heart
Meningioma 1
Meningioma
Meningitis, meningococcal
Meningitis
Meningocele
Meningococcemia
Meningoencephalocele
Meningoencephalocele-arthrogryposis-hypoplastic thumb
Meningomyelocele
Ment
Menta
Mental
Mental d – Mental m
Mental deficiency-epilepsy-endocrine disorders
Mental mixed retardation deafness clubbed digits
Mental r
Mental retardation
Mental retardation a – Mental retardation m
Mental retardation anophthalmia craniosynostosis
Mental retardation arachnodactyly hypotonia telangiectasia
Mental retardation athetosis microphthalmia
Mental retardation blepharophimosis obesity web neck
Mental retardation Buenos Aires type
Mental retardation cataracts calcified pinnae myopathy
Mental retardation coloboma slimness
Mental retardation contractural arachnodactyly
Mental retardation dysmorphism hypogonadism diabetes
Mental retardation epilepsy bulbous nose
Mental retardation epilepsy
Mental retardation gynecomastia obesity X linked
Mental retardation hip luxation G6PD variant
Mental retardation hypocupremia hypobetalipoproteinemia
Mental retardation hypotonia skin hyperpigmentation
Mental retardation macrocephaly coarse facies hypotonia
Mental retardation microcephaly phalangeal facial
Mental retardation microcephaly unusual facies
Mental retardation Mietens–Weber type
Mental retardation multiple nevi
Mental retardation myopathy short stature endocrine defect
Mental retardation nasal hypoplasia obesity genital hypoplasia
Mental retardation n – Mental retardation s
Mental retardation nasal papillomata
Mental retardation osteosclerosis
Mental retardation progressive spasticity
Mental retardation psychosis macroorchidism
Mental retardation short broad thumbs
Mental retardation short stature absent phalanges
Mental retardation short stature Bombay phenotype
Mental retardation short stature cleft palate unusual facies
Mental retardation short stature deafness genital
Mental retardation short stature hand contractures genital anomalies
Mental retardation short stature heart and skeletal anomalies
Mental retardation short stature hypertelorism
Mental retardation short stature microcephaly eye
Mental retardation short stature ocular and articular anomalies
Mental retardation short stature scoliosis
Mental retardation short stature unusual facies
Mental retardation short stature wedge shaped epiphyses
Mental retardation skeletal dysplasia abducens palsy
Mental retardation Smith–Fineman–Myers type
Mental retardation spasticity ectrodactyly
Mental retardation u – Mental retardation x
Mental retardation unusual facies Ampola type
Mental retardation unusual facies Davis–Lafer type
Mental retardation unusual facies talipes hand anomalies
Mental retardation unusual facies
Mental retardation Wolff type
Mental retardation X linked Atkin type
Mental retardation X linked borderline Maoa metabolism anomaly
Mental retardation X linked Brunner type
Mental retardation X linked dysmorphism
Mental retardation X linked dystonia dysarthria
Mental retardation X linked severe Gustavson type
Mental retardation X linked short stature obesity
Mental retardation X linked Tranebjaerg type seizures psoriasis
Mental retardation, unexplained
Mental retardation, X linked, Marfanoid habitus
Mental retardation, X linked, nonspecific
Mental retardation, X-linked 14
Mental retardation-polydactyly-uncombable hair
Mer–Mes
Mercury poisoning (Mercurialism)
Meretoja syndrome
Merkle tumors
Merlob–Grunebaum–Reisner syndrome
Merlob syndrome
Mesangial sclerosis, diffuse
Mesenteric ischemia
Mesenteric panniculitis
Mesodermal defects lower type
Mesomelia synostoses
Mesomelia
Mesomelic dwarfism cleft palate camptodactyly
Mesomelic dwarfism Langer type
Mesomelic dwarfism Nievergelt type
Mesomelic dwarfism Reinhardt–Pfeiffer type
Mesomelic dysplasia skin dimples
Mesomelic dysplasia Thai type
Mesomelic syndrome Pfeiffer type
Mesothelioma
Met
Meta
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic disorder
Metabolic syndrome X
Metacarpals 4 and 5 fusion
Metachondromatosis
Metageria
Metaphyseal anadysplasia
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid type
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, others
Metaphyseal dysostosis mental retardation conductive deafness
Metaphyseal dysplasia maxillary hypoplasia brachydactyly
Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type
Metastatic Insulinoma
Metatarsus adductus
Metatrophic dysplasia
Metatropic dwarfism
Meth
Methimazole antenatal infection
Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency
Methyl mercury antenatal infection
Methylcobalamin deficiency cbl G type
Methylcobalamin deficiency, cbl E complementation type
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency
Methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria
Methylmalonic acidemia
Methylmalonic aciduria microcephaly cataract
Methylmalonicacidemia with homocystinuria, cbl D
Methylmalonicaciduria with homocystinuria, cbl F
Methylmalonicaciduria, vitamin B12 unresponsive, mut-0
Methylmalonyl-Coenzyme A mutase deficiency
Mev–Mey
Mevalonate kinase deficiency
Mevalonicaciduria
Meyenburg–Altherr–Uehlinger syndrome
Mi
Mib
Mibies syndrome
Mic
Mich–Mick
Michelin tire baby syndrome
Michels Caskey syndrome
Michels syndrome
Mickleson syndrome
Micr
Mircre
Micrencephaly corpus callosum agenesis
Micrencephaly olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia
Micro
Micro syndrome
Microb
Microbrachycephaly ptosis cleft lip
Microc
Microcephalic
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism
Microcephalic primordial dwarfism Toriello type
Microcephalic primordial dwarfism
Microcephaly
Microcephaly
Microcephaly a – Microcephaly l
Microcephaly albinism digital anomalies syndrome
Microcephaly autosomal dominant
Microcephaly brachydactyly kyphoscoliosis
Microcephaly brain defect spasticity hypernatremia
Microcephaly cardiac defect lung malsegmentation
Microcephaly cardiomyopathy
Microcephaly cervical spine fusion anomalies
Microcephaly chorioretinopathy recessive form
Microcephaly cleft palate autosomal dominant
Microcephaly deafness syndrome
Microcephaly developmental delay pancytopenia
Microcephaly facial clefting preaxial polydactyly
Microcephaly glomerulonephritis Marfanoid habitus
Microcephaly hiatus hernia nephrotic syndrome
Microcephaly hypergonadotropic hypogonadism short stature
Microcephaly immunodeficiency lymphoreticuloma
Microcephaly intracranial calcification
Microcephaly lymphoedema chorioretinal dysplasia
Microcephaly lymphoedema syndrome
Microcephaly m – Microcephaly w
Microcephaly mental retardation retinopathy
Microcephaly mental retardation spasticity epilepsy
Microcephaly mesobrachyphalangy tracheoesophageal fistula syndrome
Microcephaly microcornea syndrome Seemanova type
Microcephaly micropenis convulsions
Microcephaly microphthalmos blindness
Microcephaly nonsyndromal
Microcephaly pontocerebellar hypoplasia dyskinesia
Microcephaly seizures mental retardation heart disorders
Microcephaly sparse hair mental retardation seizures
Microcephaly syndactyly brachymesophalangy
Microcephaly with chorioretinopathy, autosomal dominant form
Microcephaly with normal intelligence, immunodeficiency
Microcephaly with spastic qriplegia
Microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, and intrauterine growth retardation
Microcephaly, primary autosomal recessive
Microco
Microcoria, congenital
Microcornea correctopia macular hypoplasia
Microcornea glaucoma absent frontal sinuses
Microd – Microv
Microdontia hypodontia short stature
Microencephaly
Microgastria limb reduction defect
Microgastria short stature diabetes
Microinfarct
Micromelic dwarfism Fryns type
Micromelic dysplasia dislocation of radius
Microphtalmos bilateral colobomatous orbital cyst
Microphthalmia
Microphthalmia, Lentz type
Microphthalmia camptodactyly mental retardation
Microphthalmia cataract
Microphthalmia diaphragmatic hernia Fallot
Microphthalmia mental deficiency
Microphthalmia microtia fetal akinesia
Microphthalmia with limb anomalies
Microphthalmos, microcornea, and sclerocornea
Microscopic polyangiitis
Microsomia hemifacial radial defects
Microspherophakia metaphyseal dysplasia
Microsporidiosis
Microtia, meatal atresia and conductive deafness
Microvillus inclusion disease
Micu
Miculicz syndrome
Mid–Mir
MIDAS syndrome
Midline cleft of lower lip
Midline defects autosomal type
Midline defects recessive type
Midline developmental field defects
Midline field defects
Midline lethal granuloma
Mietens syndrome
Mievis–Verellen–Dumoulin syndrome
Migraine
Mikulicz syndrome
Mild cognitive impairment
Miller Fisher syndrome
Miller–Dieker syndrome
Milner–Khallouf–Gibson syndrome
MILS syndrome
Minamata disease
Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
Minoxidil antenatal infection
Miosis, congenital
Mirhosseini–Holmes–Walton syndrome
Mirror hands feet nasal defects
Mirror polydactyly segmentation and limbs defects
Mis–Mix
Mitochondrial cytopathy (generic term)
Mitochondrial diseases of nuclear origin
Mitochondrial diseases, clinically undefinite
Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy aminoacidopathy
Mitochondrial genetic disorders
Mitochondrial myopathy lactic acidosis
Mitochondrial myopathy-encephalopathy-lactic acidosis
Mitochondrial PEPCK deficiency
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
Mitral atresia
Mitral regurgitation deafness skeletal anomalies
Mitral valve prolapse, familial, autosomal dominant
Mitral valve prolapse, familial, X linked
Mitral valve prolapse
Miura syndrome
Mixed connective tissue disease
Mixed Müllerian tumor
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
Mixed sclerosing bone dystrophy
Ml–Mn
MLS syndrome
MMEP syndrome
MMT syndrome
MN1
MNGIE syndrome
Mo
Mob–Mom
Möbius syndrome
MODY syndrome
Möbius axonal neuropathy hypogonadism
Moerman Van den berghe Fryns syndrome
Moeschler–Clarren syndrome
Mohr syndrome
Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome
Mollica–Pavone–Antener syndrome
Molluscum contagiosum
Moloney syndrome
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
MOMO syndrome
Mon–Moo
Mondini dysplasia
Mondor's disease
Monge's disease
Monilethrix
Monoamine oxidase A deficiency
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Monodactyly tetramelic
Mononen–Karnes–Senac syndrome
Mononeuritis multiplex
Monosomy 8q12 21
Monosomy 8q21 q22
Monosomy X
Montefiore syndrome
Moore–Federman syndrome
Moore–Smith–Weaver syndrome
Mor–Moy
Morel's ear
Moreno–Zachai–Kaufman syndrome
Morgani–Turner–Albright syndrome
Morillo–Cucci–Passarge syndrome
Morphea scleroderma
Morphea, generalized
Morquio disease, type A
Morquio disease, type B
Morquio syndrome
Morrison–Young syndrome
Morse–Rawnsley–Sargent syndrome
Motor neuron disease
Motor neuro-ophthalmic disorders
Motor neuropathy peripheral dysautonomia
Motor neuropathy
Motor sensory neuropathy type 1 aplasia cutis congenita
Mounier-Kuhn syndrome
Mount–Reback syndrome
Mousa Al din Al Nassar syndrome
Moyamoya disease
Mp–Mt
MPO deficiency
MPS III-A
MPS III-B
MPS III-C
MPS III-D
MPS VI
MRKH Syndrome (Müllerian agenesis)
MSBD syndrome
MTHFR deficiency
Mu
Muc–Mue
Mucha–Habermann disease
Muckle–Wells syndrome
Mucoepithelial dysplasia
Mucolipidosis type 1
Mucolipidosis type 3
Mucolipidosis type 4
Mucopolysaccharidosis type 3
Mucopolysaccharidosis type 4
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler/Scheie syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Scheie syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II Hunter syndrome- mild form
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II Hunter syndrome- severe form
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV-A Morquio syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV-B
Mucopolysaccharidosis type V
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI Maroteaux-Lamy - severe, intermediate
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII Sly syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Mucormycosis
Mucosulfatidosis
Muenke syndrome
Mul
Muli–Mull
Mulibrey nanism
Müller–Barth–Menger syndrome
Müllerian agenesis
Müllerian aplasia
Müllerian derivatives lymphangiectasia polydactyly
Müllerian derivatives, persistent
Müllerian duct abnormalities galactosemia
Mulliez–Roux–Loterman syndrome
Mult
Multi
Multic–Multin
Multicentric osteolysis nephropathy
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
Multifocal heterotopia
Multifocal motor neuropathy
Multifocal ventricular premature beats
Multi-infarct dementia
Multinodular goiter cystic kidney polydactyly
Multip
Multiple a – Multiple p
Multiple acyl-CoA deficiency
Multiple carboxylase deficiency, biotin responsive
Multiple carboxylase deficiency, late onset
Multiple carboxylase deficiency, propionic acidemia
Multiple chemical sensitivity
Multiple congenital anomalies mental retardation, growth failure and cleft lip palate
Multiple congenital contractures
Multiple contracture syndrome Finnish type
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2
Multiple fibrofolliculoma familial
Multiple hereditary exostoses
Multiple joint dislocations metaphyseal dysplasia
Multiple myeloma
Multiple organ failure
Multiple pterygium syndrome lethal type
Multiple pterygium syndrome
Multiple s – Multiple v
Multiple sclerosis ichthyosis factor VIII deficiency
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple subcutaneous angiolipomas
Multiple sulfatase deficiency
Multiple synostoses syndrome 1
Multiple system atrophy
Multiple vertebral anomalies unusual facies
Mum–Mut
Mumps
Münchausen syndrome
Münchausen syndrome by proxy
Muscle-eye-brain syndrome
Muscular atrophy ataxia retinitis pigmentosa diabetes mellitus
Muscular dystrophy congenital infantile cataract hypogonadism
Muscular dystrophy congenital, merosin negative
Muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral
Muscular dystrophy Hutterite type
Muscular dystrophy limb girdle type 2A, Erb type
Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle autosomal dominant
Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle type 2B, Myoshi type
Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle with beta-sarcoglycan deficiency
Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle with delta-sarcoglyan deficiency
Muscular dystrophy white matter spongiosis
Muscular dystrophy, congenital, merosin-positive
Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type
Muscular dystrophy
Muscular fibrosis multifocal obstructed vessels
Muscular phosphorylase kinase deficiency
Mutations in estradiol receptor
My
Mya–Myc
Myalgia eosinophilia associated with tryptophan
Myalgic encephalomyelitis
Myasthenia gravis congenital
Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia, familial
Mycobacterium avium complex infection
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Mycosis fungoides lymphoma
Mycosis fungoides, familial
Mycosis fungoides
Mycositis fungoides
Mye–Myi
Myelinopathy
Myelitis
Myelocerebellar disorder
Myelodysplasia
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelofibrosis, idiopathic
Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis
Myeloid splenomegaly
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Myhre–Ruvalcaba–Graham syndrome
Myhre–Ruvalcaba–Kelley syndrome
Myhre–School syndrome
Myhre syndrome
Myiasis
Myo
Myoa–Myon
Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency
Myocarditis
Myocardium disorder
Myoclonic dystonia
Myoclonic epilepsy
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres (MERRF syndrome)
Myoclonic progressive familial epilepsy
Myoclonus ataxia
Myoclonus cerebellar ataxia deafness
Myoclonus epilepsy partial seizure
Myoclonus hereditary progressive distal muscular atrophy
Myoclonus progressive epilepsy of Unverricht and Lundborg
Myoclonus
Myofibrillar lysis
Myofibroblastic tumors
Myoglobinuria dominant form
Myoglobinuria recurrent
Myoglobinuria
Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
Myop
Myopathy and diabetes mellitus
Myopathy cataract hypogonadism
Myopathy congenital multicore with external ophthalmoplegia
Myopathy growth and mental retardation hypospadias
Myopathy Hutterite type
Myopathy mitochondrial cataract
Myopathy Moebius Robin syndrome
Myopathy ophthalmoplegia hypoacousia areflexia
Myopathy tubular aggregates
Myopathy with lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia
Myopathy with lysis of myofibrils
Myopathy, centronuclear
Myopathy, desmin storage
Myopathy, McArdle type
Myopathy, myotubular
Myopathy, X-linked, with excessive autophagy
Myopathy
Myophosphorylase deficiency
Myopia
Myopia, infantile severe
Myopia, severe
Myotubular myopathy
Myos–Myot
Myositis ossificans post-traumatic
Myositis ossificans progressiva
Myositis ossificans
Myositis, inclusion body
Myositis
Myotonia atrophica
Myotonia mental retardation skeletal anomalies
Myx
Myxedema
Myxoid liposarcoma
Myxoma-spotty pigmentation-endocrine overactivity
Myxomatous peritonitis
Myxozoa
M | [
-0.20795856416225433,
0.8794615268707275,
-0.702266275882721,
-0.3033730685710907,
-0.3235586881637573,
0.5848439335823059,
0.8638625741004944,
0.35445016622543335,
-0.8505238890647888,
-0.6869651079177856,
-0.3702212870121002,
0.10853059589862823,
-0.342377245426178,
1.2782118320465088,
0.5646188259124756,
0.5788817405700684,
0.17159391939640045,
0.8460164666175842,
-0.35309329628944397,
-0.01302411500364542,
0.0031944226939231157,
-0.15888994932174683,
0.7184861898422241,
-0.6074528694152832,
-0.35319167375564575,
0.06838873773813248,
0.009343327023088932,
0.07881835848093033,
0.03898172080516815,
-0.06195405498147011,
-0.023895559832453728,
0.7418032884597778,
0.20758944749832153,
-0.010528923943638802,
-0.18805626034736633,
-0.4857083559036255,
-0.06320399045944214,
-0.33962205052375793,
0.14957991242408752,
-0.5889689922332764,
-0.09695537388324738,
-0.15665005147457123,
-0.26064038276672363,
0.7875638008117676,
0.027521712705492973,
-0.21171939373016357,
-1.7639269828796387,
-0.24089109897613525,
-0.48007553815841675,
0.15004602074623108,
0.6881700754165649,
-0.2460905760526657,
0.7311038970947266,
0.1508859395980835,
-0.01085583120584488,
0.4830872416496277,
-0.643086850643158,
0.18334336578845978,
0.1314488798379898,
0.5030756592750549,
0.948543906211853,
-0.41840866208076477,
0.10926724225282669,
0.2171371728181839,
0.2380218207836151,
0.635914146900177,
0.05644356086850166,
0.6175094246864319,
-0.5663759112358093,
-0.26655319333076477,
-0.2218608260154724,
-0.4779537320137024,
0.6119778752326965,
0.19612613320350647,
0.12732121348381042,
-0.132063627243042,
-0.1904388815164566,
-0.5053098201751709,
0.14101296663284302,
-0.791565477848053,
-0.5869221687316895,
0.2288009524345398,
0.1447790116071701,
-0.20171764492988586,
-0.023557350039482117,
-0.18948733806610107,
-0.26760393381118774,
-0.23923353850841522,
-0.03715301305055618,
0.8347768187522888,
0.5614233613014221,
0.3855223059654236,
0.3317772150039673,
-0.30323341488838196,
0.03293523192405701,
-0.241764634847641,
-0.40629592537879944,
-0.2371048927307129,
-0.11625209450721741,
-0.057754650712013245,
0.34861117601394653,
0.5392242074012756,
0.24870844185352325,
-0.19603611528873444,
-0.18734721839427948,
-0.3291134536266327,
0.15275941789150238,
0.0354628786444664,
0.06993791460990906,
-1.5883313417434692,
-0.6526206731796265,
0.20055143535137177,
-0.21772482991218567,
-0.3050316274166107,
-0.6155853271484375,
0.6354792714118958,
0.3402269780635834,
-0.08320491760969162,
-0.04770034924149513,
-0.03592841699719429,
-0.47547852993011475,
0.23683056235313416,
0.06256382912397385,
-0.14445120096206665,
0.06529244035482407,
0.6857268214225769,
0.4288006126880646,
-0.24108509719371796,
0.45657968521118164,
0.6147140860557556,
-0.026484405621886253,
0.9111467003822327,
-0.2947902977466583,
-0.29058900475502014,
0.31280767917633057,
-0.49132341146469116,
0.23035873472690582,
0.4595811367034912,
0.222717747092247,
-0.012728151865303516,
-0.5186662673950195,
-0.3146381974220276,
-1.8945848941802979,
0.1796557754278183,
0.37506404519081116,
-0.29681649804115295,
-0.4721686840057373,
0.1348545402288437,
0.33321529626846313,
-0.1353921741247177,
-0.10823017358779907,
-0.2308521568775177,
-0.25013723969459534,
0.5244150161743164,
-0.09277196228504181,
0.3658677637577057,
0.5417965650558472,
-0.5015820264816284,
0.36713704466819763,
0.28789252042770386,
0.5592406392097473,
0.37459948658943176,
-0.11369740217924118,
0.18289920687675476,
-0.1521180123090744,
-0.23947173357009888,
0.24160505831241608,
0.058705493807792664,
0.04051422327756882,
-0.16141332685947418,
-0.3451957404613495,
-0.5114985108375549,
0.029110746458172798,
-0.3201073110103607,
0.2966499924659729,
0.1337108314037323,
0.6295232772827148,
0.05047415941953659,
0.7755415439605713,
0.1406639963388443,
-0.2706950604915619,
-0.29494553804397583,
0.08289136737585068,
-0.3276936411857605,
0.5779434442520142,
-0.3609926700592041,
0.6793868541717529,
0.3663657605648041,
0.4621651768684387,
0.307829350233078,
-0.06256230920553207,
-0.10603156685829163,
0.5764768719673157,
0.31990525126457214,
0.9032531976699829,
0.06336596608161926,
-0.2122078537940979,
0.009122120216488838,
-0.16698233783245087,
0.16487152874469757,
-0.252983421087265,
0.16486267745494843,
0.2759130895137787,
0.42268118262290955,
-0.7740818858146667,
1.7618805170059204,
-0.03324880078434944,
-0.02927243709564209,
-0.056460510939359665,
0.37603959441185,
0.8355849981307983,
-0.7048451900482178,
0.25865432620048523,
-0.9513593912124634,
0.5233761668205261,
-0.3275436460971832,
-0.20987562835216522,
0.38129493594169617,
-0.6320006251335144,
-0.3052831292152405,
0.3865092396736145,
-0.5079486966133118,
0.11020411550998688,
0.5677319765090942,
-0.051740020513534546,
0.9300052523612976,
-0.13382111489772797,
0.29868626594543457,
0.6181214451789856,
-0.7856086492538452,
0.759415328502655,
-0.3961452841758728,
0.42573389410972595,
-0.2192520797252655,
-0.6384686827659607,
0.1283421814441681,
-0.0835660845041275,
-0.050542790442705154,
-0.21408094465732574,
-0.6090033650398254,
-0.04632655158638954,
0.60655677318573,
-0.7070984840393066,
-0.0992758646607399,
-0.009865596890449524,
-0.2938159704208374,
-0.1073404923081398,
-0.8057658672332764,
-0.4645264744758606,
-0.21195250749588013,
0.2624906897544861,
0.29773133993148804,
0.3985903561115265,
-0.22598741948604584,
-0.03503171354532242,
0.1296563744544983,
0.3245020806789398,
0.26903676986694336,
0.12495510280132294,
-0.02563897706568241,
-0.5624547600746155,
0.3842056393623352,
0.2988007962703705,
0.4007317125797272,
-0.6009823679924011,
-0.10799642652273178,
-0.21987088024616241,
-0.605052649974823,
0.391481876373291,
0.012688392773270607,
0.7984758019447327,
0.18418395519256592,
-0.6262543797492981,
-2.121776580810547,
0.1358211189508438,
-0.7323939800262451,
0.5016026496887207,
0.7962740659713745,
-1.0316929817199707,
0.12962935864925385,
-0.23025208711624146,
0.5016745328903198,
1.0820573568344116,
-0.02815350703895092,
-0.08183953911066055,
-0.4157112240791321,
0.4489201605319977,
0.13934655487537384,
0.3949844241142273,
0.07254504412412643,
-0.7523564100265503,
0.5373092889785767,
-0.3496749997138977,
0.050005536526441574,
-0.361927330493927,
-0.5257787704467773,
-0.22193562984466553,
0.3984667658805847,
-0.261472225189209,
-0.38173601031303406,
-0.44452929496765137,
0.6188710927963257,
-0.3397723138332367,
-0.25104308128356934,
-0.2610602378845215,
-0.01669941656291485,
-0.12331989407539368,
0.609131932258606,
-4.868003845214844,
-0.028467293828725815,
-0.167299285531044,
-0.1778607964515686,
-0.08786381036043167,
0.3004803955554962,
0.8336904048919678,
-0.12708929181098938,
-0.024006791412830353,
-0.2046966850757599,
0.3773939609527588,
0.03450968489050865,
0.006955359596759081,
0.31244218349456787,
0.20775866508483887,
0.039104338735342026,
0.04881071671843529,
0.11158080399036407,
0.3934745788574219,
-0.07463560998439789,
0.5839588642120361,
0.5209465622901917,
-0.012113652192056179,
0.24971909821033478,
-0.28854355216026306,
0.8166636228561401,
-0.4629787802696228,
0.5524130463600159,
-0.4278978407382965,
0.22767068445682526,
0.23281130194664001,
-0.30103081464767456,
0.0029554953798651695,
-0.6666707992553711,
-0.6104892492294312,
-0.2234923541545868,
0.2241549789905548,
0.36958611011505127,
0.16540764272212982,
-0.0924522876739502,
-0.7509933114051819,
0.4353349804878235,
-0.2023739516735077,
-0.028810976073145866,
0.24574102461338043,
-0.050022564828395844,
-0.6337772011756897,
0.16213661432266235,
0.17100143432617188,
0.8626071214675903,
-0.32447248697280884,
-0.19631287455558777,
0.7411515712738037,
0.5710011124610901,
0.2497028410434723,
-0.3089407682418823,
0.120699442923069,
0.22128483653068542,
-0.3452536463737488,
0.21124400198459625,
0.2756832540035248,
0.029358377680182457,
0.24815703928470612,
-0.5473148226737976,
0.2680153548717499,
-0.6075761318206787,
-0.045867979526519775,
-0.4345614016056061,
0.037182215601205826,
-0.09759071469306946,
-0.0688171312212944,
0.18971778452396393,
-0.045233555138111115,
-0.8419128060340881,
0.10794749855995178,
-0.08940674364566803,
-0.2200780063867569,
0.007218821439892054,
0.18475662171840668,
-0.03569349646568298,
-0.3760395050048828,
-0.46639320254325867,
-0.8000991344451904,
0.42697229981422424,
0.213511660695076,
-0.7122014760971069,
-0.4564893841743469,
-0.139845609664917,
-0.6300293803215027,
-0.18297986686229706,
-0.30417749285697937,
-0.08603498339653015,
0.6793651580810547,
0.05980836972594261,
0.05920855328440666,
0.5827236771583557,
0.6184614896774292,
-0.048734188079833984,
0.5175856947898865,
0.008936163038015366,
0.36118680238723755,
-0.44832831621170044,
-0.21352021396160126,
-0.4840121865272522,
-0.01262656319886446,
-0.5231975317001343,
-0.12560021877288818,
0.7839415669441223,
0.433371365070343,
-0.6101923584938049,
-0.21803054213523865,
-0.44371193647384644,
-0.4784543216228485,
-0.488942950963974,
0.5163823366165161,
-0.30397671461105347,
0.04190893471240997,
0.7660170793533325,
0.6107686758041382,
0.29908889532089233,
0.221117302775383,
0.20671270787715912,
0.18005192279815674,
-0.22176522016525269,
0.2720697224140167,
0.07702712714672089,
-0.13058142364025116,
-0.418209969997406,
-0.1914580911397934,
0.36003759503364563,
-0.02544275112450123,
0.8345546126365662,
-0.18227998912334442,
-0.2130700796842575,
0.068954236805439,
-0.41396379470825195,
-0.013063316233456135,
0.6249677538871765,
-0.3211066424846649,
-0.6774188280105591,
0.186811625957489,
-0.19966305792331696,
-1.0123741626739502,
0.26161056756973267,
0.035774681717157364,
0.38846632838249207,
0.008850106038153172,
-0.2287420928478241,
-0.05158056318759918,
0.658881664276123,
-0.13503681123256683,
-0.22473974525928497,
0.41494157910346985,
-0.1949125975370407,
-0.531987726688385,
0.5269814133644104,
0.41984298825263977,
0.054238419979810715,
-0.7464820146560669,
-0.4322904944419861,
-0.45962104201316833,
0.296456903219223,
-1.1763519048690796,
-0.19942085444927216,
0.24432067573070526,
-0.7270064353942871,
0.10113339126110077,
-0.6203601956367493,
-0.29173415899276733,
1.2683650255203247,
0.045612722635269165,
0.30961957573890686,
-0.7207990288734436,
-0.015306652523577213,
0.0928318202495575,
-0.2741960287094116,
-0.14239485561847687,
0.4189273416996002,
0.03669761121273041,
0.35916462540626526,
0.08440075814723969,
-0.4637030065059662,
0.2600511312484741,
1.2964072227478027,
0.1861485242843628,
0.2382645159959793,
-0.018520735204219818,
-0.27561452984809875,
-0.17573699355125427,
-0.1247294619679451,
0.31171005964279175,
0.12819485366344452,
0.22546477615833282,
-0.08386854827404022,
-0.3436433672904968,
-0.2886703312397003,
-0.16204573214054108,
0.24355363845825195,
0.25511083006858826,
-0.4801892340183258,
0.5961655974388123,
0.6556229591369629,
-0.176437109708786,
0.3658079504966736,
0.43445584177970886,
-0.8707488179206848,
-0.051987454295158386,
0.05127935856580734,
-0.6819176077842712,
0.45477795600891113,
-0.26458656787872314,
-0.4937182366847992,
-0.05122075602412224,
0.5394903421401978,
-0.34884944558143616,
-0.2792244553565979,
0.154886856675148,
-0.193308025598526,
-0.24193622171878815,
-0.18602819740772247,
0.18449611961841583,
-0.006390402093529701,
-0.052296072244644165,
-0.14125123620033264,
-0.16138607263565063,
0.2525921165943146,
0.2531724274158478,
-0.8365753889083862,
0.6656989455223083,
0.17275358736515045,
-0.5150260925292969,
0.08359966427087784,
0.2168339043855667,
-0.2477983683347702,
-0.37620648741722107,
-0.4395458400249481,
-0.18782925605773926,
0.11104230582714081,
-0.16005580127239227,
0.2474185973405838,
0.010547385551035404,
0.4367857575416565,
0.11485641449689865,
-0.7296710014343262,
-0.1131565272808075,
0.2106461524963379,
0.5969346761703491,
-0.8487149477005005,
-0.21355341374874115,
0.443218469619751,
-0.07995694875717163,
-0.1249309703707695,
-0.7944290041923523,
-0.9810925722122192,
0.9210951924324036,
0.21136881411075592,
0.023020455613732338,
0.07148858159780502,
0.01923501305282116,
0.14532776176929474,
-0.20333540439605713,
0.4654340147972107,
0.06866944581270218,
0.6684609055519104,
0.11831973493099213,
0.22208668291568756,
-0.38098496198654175,
0.24772673845291138,
0.394279807806015,
-0.2837340533733368,
-0.5339216589927673,
-0.28925660252571106,
0.15508249402046204,
0.3662396967411041,
-0.0380513072013855,
0.25973525643348694,
0.14879579842090607,
-0.814567506313324,
0.19689729809761047,
0.15981028974056244,
0.47816896438598633,
-0.12925614416599274,
0.2591889798641205,
-0.08377637714147568,
0.9011015295982361,
-0.5808842778205872,
-0.07322808355093002,
-0.21551845967769623,
-0.3649179935455322,
0.1754537671804428,
0.1513734757900238,
0.20738475024700165,
-0.8425995111465454,
0.7655304670333862,
0.13890133798122406,
0.08524533361196518,
0.11507950723171234,
0.6498193144798279,
0.09216860681772232,
-0.5710848569869995,
-0.5774028897285461,
0.6956144571304321,
0.251496285200119,
-0.06363073736429214,
0.4110153019428253,
0.47506967186927795,
0.3685542643070221,
0.30909493565559387,
-0.28663015365600586,
-0.026014667004346848,
0.269411563873291,
-0.1344950795173645,
0.5061644911766052,
0.33890020847320557,
0.014670262113213539,
0.26224827766418457,
-0.20333430171012878,
-0.5024594664573669,
-0.04108729958534241,
-0.07948043942451477,
0.4704253375530243,
-0.12043923884630203,
0.3543621599674225,
-0.059016354382038116,
-0.9110352993011475,
0.6481095552444458,
-0.009868962690234184,
-0.3961000442504883,
0.16988922655582428,
0.41399073600769043,
0.7562752366065979,
-0.31111404299736023,
-0.5952336192131042,
0.35672345757484436,
-0.2990879714488983,
-0.3392806053161621,
0.027841096743941307,
-0.5524905920028687,
-0.40105006098747253,
0.6774897575378418,
0.38718485832214355,
0.7879371643066406,
0.03586477413773537,
-0.18734358251094818,
-0.13729551434516907,
0.1203799843788147,
-0.6028658151626587,
0.09098569303750992,
0.3008078932762146,
-0.3671383857727051,
0.09247905761003494,
0.29449665546417236,
0.04370901733636856,
0.2538507580757141,
0.0204249769449234,
0.09635043144226074,
0.25174057483673096,
-0.5110817551612854,
-0.21585094928741455,
-1.785438895225525,
0.14304758608341217,
-0.2502371668815613,
0.026244712993502617,
0.4977904260158539,
0.478933185338974,
-0.07260439544916153,
-0.08363977074623108,
0.005016446113586426,
0.005978243891149759,
0.09465083479881287,
0.3759680390357971,
-0.10132812708616257,
0.0007128564175218344,
0.02778080478310585,
-0.0946514904499054,
0.44073787331581116,
-0.07542908191680908,
0.10450062900781631,
0.025739645585417747,
-0.35442298650741577,
-0.5488825440406799,
0.13078293204307556,
-0.3397572338581085,
-0.6500222086906433,
0.16501422226428986,
0.07711449265480042,
-0.40380874276161194,
0.1300424039363861,
0.3763406574726105,
0.16559168696403503,
0.048938121646642685,
0.06566348671913147,
0.40370598435401917,
-0.1405467838048935,
-0.4899437427520752,
0.2825624346733093,
-0.24472454190254211,
0.6438285708427429,
-0.2384374886751175,
-0.7331200242042542,
-0.41324225068092346,
-0.10796846449375153,
0.05326532945036888,
0.32450446486473083,
-0.7337086200714111,
0.05405610799789429,
0.10895412415266037,
0.4423421621322632,
-0.4129267930984497,
0.12809111177921295,
-0.02298695035278797,
0.12158393114805222,
0.08849193900823593,
0.6381493210792542,
-0.19318722188472748,
0.4243185520172119,
0.20905861258506775,
-0.5942193269729614,
-0.24288877844810486,
-0.474192351102829,
0.2496810406446457,
-0.739891529083252,
0.031447287648916245,
0.8382977843284607,
-0.792881190776825,
-0.5295231342315674,
0.19562894105911255,
0.08873061090707779,
-0.03581840544939041,
0.2324041873216629,
-0.8034026622772217,
0.557000458240509,
-0.4171960949897766,
-0.2589031755924225,
-0.20149703323841095,
0.5850735306739807,
1.0705581903457642,
0.762890100479126,
0.23954759538173676,
0.056947387754917145,
-0.4285889267921448,
-0.3209691047668457,
0.36211615800857544,
0.4416100084781647,
-3.686649799346924,
-0.13596555590629578,
-0.11317833513021469,
-0.38974007964134216,
-0.16533198952674866,
0.35728514194488525,
-0.09467057138681412,
0.12360205501317978,
-0.004909378942102194,
-0.21725554764270782,
0.4413638710975647,
-0.20044377446174622,
-0.00789772067219019,
-0.4468940794467926,
0.08051589131355286,
0.6233471632003784
] |
236354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis | Rhabdomyolysis | Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly. Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion. There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat. Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure.
The muscle damage is most often the result of a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or a substance use disorder. Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites. Statins (prescription drugs to lower cholesterol) are considered a small risk. Some people have inherited muscle conditions that increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis. The diagnosis is supported by a urine test strip which is positive for "blood" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope. Blood tests show a creatine kinase activity greater than 1,000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5,000-15,000 U/L.
The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids. Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases. Once urine output is established, sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported by the evidence. Outcomes are generally good if treated early. Complications may include high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and compartment syndrome.
Rhabdomyolysis occurs in about 26,000 people a year in the United States. While the condition has been commented on throughout history, the first modern description was following an earthquake in 1908. Important discoveries as to its mechanism were made during the Blitz of London in 1941. It is a significant problem for those injured in earthquakes, and relief efforts for such disasters often include medical teams equipped to treat survivors with rhabdomyolysis.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis depend on its severity and whether kidney failure develops. Milder forms may not cause any muscle symptoms, and the diagnosis is based on abnormal blood tests in the context of other problems. More severe rhabdomyolysis is characterized by muscle pain, tenderness, weakness and swelling of the affected muscles. If the swelling is very rapid, as may happen with a crush injury after someone is released from under heavy collapsed debris, the movement of fluid from the bloodstream into damaged muscle may cause low blood pressure and shock. Other symptoms are nonspecific and result either from the consequences of muscle tissue breakdown or from the condition that originally led to the muscle breakdown. Release of the components of muscle tissue into the bloodstream causes electrolyte disturbances, which can lead to nausea, vomiting, confusion, coma or abnormal heart rate and rhythm. The urine may be dark, often described as "tea-colored", due to the presence of myoglobin. Damage to the kidneys may give rise to decreased or absent urine production, usually 12 to 24 hours after the initial muscle damage.
Swelling of damaged muscle occasionally leads to compartment syndrome—compression of surrounding tissues, such as nerves and blood vessels, in the same fascial compartment—leading to the loss of blood supply and damage or loss of function in the part(s) of the body supplied by these structures. Symptoms of this complication include pain or reduced sensation in the affected limb. A second recognized complication is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a severe disruption in blood clotting that may lead to uncontrollable bleeding.
Causes
Any form of muscle damage of sufficient severity can cause rhabdomyolysis. Multiple causes can be present simultaneously in one person. Some have an underlying muscle condition, usually hereditary in nature, that makes them more prone to rhabdomyolysis.
Genetic predisposition
Recurrent rhabdomyolysis may result from intrinsic muscle enzyme deficiencies, which are usually inherited and often appear during childhood. Many structural muscle diseases feature episodes of rhabdomyolysis that are triggered by exercise, general anesthesia or any of the other causes of rhabdomyolysis listed above. Inherited muscle disorders and infections together cause the majority of rhabdomyolysis in children.
The following hereditary disorders of the muscle energy supply may cause recurrent and usually exertional rhabdomyolysis:
Glycolysis and glycogenolysis defects: McArdle's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases VIII, IX, X and XI
Lipid metabolism defects: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II deficiency, deficiency of subtypes of acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD, SCAD, MCAD, VLCAD, 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency), thiolase deficiency
Mitochondrial myopathies: deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and coenzyme Q10
Others: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, myoadenylate deaminase deficiency and muscular dystrophies
Mechanism
Damage to skeletal muscle may take various forms. Crush and other physical injuries cause damage to muscle cells directly or interfere with blood supply, while non-physical causes interfere with muscle cell metabolism. When damaged, muscle tissue rapidly fills with fluid from the bloodstream, including sodium ions. The swelling itself may lead to destruction of muscle cells, but those cells that survive are subject to various disruptions that lead to rise in intracellular calcium ions; the accumulation of calcium outside the sarcoplasmic reticulum leads to continuous muscle contraction and depletion of ATP, the main carrier of energy in the cell. ATP depletion can itself lead to uncontrolled calcium influx. The persistent contraction of the muscle cell leads to breakdown of intracellular proteins and disintegration of the cell.
Neutrophil granulocytes—the most abundant type of white blood cell—enter the muscle tissue, producing an inflammatory reaction and releasing reactive oxygen species, particularly after crush injury. Crush syndrome may also cause reperfusion injury when blood flow to decompressed muscle is suddenly restored.
The swollen, inflamed muscle may directly compress structures in the same fascial compartment, causing compartment syndrome. The swelling may also further compromise blood supply into the area. Finally, destroyed muscle cells release potassium ions, phosphate ions, the heme-containing protein myoglobin, the enzyme creatine kinase and uric acid (a breakdown product of purines from DNA) into the blood. Activation of the coagulation system may precipitate disseminated intravascular coagulation. High potassium levels may lead to potentially fatal disruptions in heart rhythm. Phosphate binds to calcium from the circulation, leading to low calcium levels in the blood.
Rhabdomyolysis may cause kidney failure by several mechanisms. The most important is the accumulation of myoglobin in the kidney tubules. Normally, the blood protein haptoglobin binds circulating myoglobin and other heme-containing substances, but in rhabdomyolysis the quantity of myoglobin exceeds the binding capacity of haptoglobin. Myoglobinuria, the presence of myoglobin in the urine, occurs when the level in plasma exceeds 0.5–1.5 mg/dl; once plasma levels reach 100 mg/dl, the concentration in the urine becomes sufficient for it to be visibly discolored and corresponds with the destruction of about 200 grams of muscle. As the kidneys reabsorb more water from the filtrate, myoglobin interacts with Tamm–Horsfall protein in the nephron to form casts (solid aggregates) that obstruct the normal flow of fluid; the condition is worsened further by high levels of uric acid and acidification of the filtrate, which increase cast formation. Iron released from the heme generates reactive oxygen species, damaging the kidney cells. In addition to the myoglobinuria, two other mechanisms contribute to kidney impairment: low blood pressure leads to constriction of the blood vessels and therefore a relative lack of blood flow to the kidney, and finally uric acid may form crystals in the tubules of the kidneys, causing obstruction. Together, these processes lead to acute tubular necrosis, the destruction of the cells of tubules. Glomerular filtration rate falls and the kidney is unable to perform its normal excretory functions. This causes disruption of electrolyte regulation, leading to a further rise in potassium levels, and interferes with vitamin D processing, further worsening the low calcium levels.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis may be suspected in anyone who has suffered trauma, crush injury or prolonged immobilization, but it may also be identified at a later stage due to deteriorating kidney function (abnormally raised or increasing creatinine and urea levels, falling urine output) or reddish-brown discoloration of the urine.
General investigations
The most reliable test in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is the level of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. This enzyme is released by damaged muscle, and levels above 1000 U/L (5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)) indicate rhabdomyolysis. More than 5,000 U/L indicates severe disease but depending on the extent of the rhabdomyolysis, concentrations up to 100,000 U/l are not unusual. CK concentrations rise steadily for 12 hours after the original muscle injury, remain elevated for 1–3 days and then fall gradually. Initial and peak CK levels have a linear relationship with the risk of acute kidney failure: the higher the CK, the more likely it is that kidney damage will occur. There is no specific concentration of CK above which kidney impairment definitely occurs; concentrations below 20,000 U/l are unlikely to be associated with a risk of kidney impairment, unless there are other contributing risk factors. Mild rises without kidney impairment are referred to as "hyperCKemia". Myoglobin has a short half-life, and is therefore less useful as a diagnostic test in the later stages. Its detection in blood or urine is associated with a higher risk of kidney impairment. Despite this, use of urine myoglobin measurement is not supported by evidence as it lacks specificity and the research studying its utility is of poor quality.
Elevated concentrations of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be detected. Other markers of muscle damage, such as aldolase, troponin, carbonic anhydrase type 3 and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), are mainly used in chronic muscle diseases. The transaminases, enzymes abundant in both liver and muscle tissue, are also usually increased; this can lead to the condition being confused with acute liver injury, at least in the early stages. The incidence of actual acute liver injury is 25% in people with non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis; the mechanism for this is uncertain.
High potassium levels tend to be a feature of severe rhabdomyolysis. Electrocardiography (ECG) may show whether the elevated potassium levels are affecting the conduction system of the heart, as suggested by the presence of T wave changes or broadening of the QRS complex. Low calcium levels may be present in the initial stage due to binding of free calcium to damaged muscle cells.
As detectable levels of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria occur, blood tests and urine tests may show elevated levels of myoglobin. For example, a urine test strip may reveal a positive result for "blood", even though no red blood cells can be identified on microscopy of the urine; this occurs because the reagent on the test strip reacts with myoglobin. The same phenomenon may happen in conditions that lead to hemolysis, the destruction of red blood cells; in hemolysis the blood serum is also visibly discolored, while in rhabdomyolysis it is normal. If kidney damage has occurred, microscopy of the urine also reveals urinary casts that appear pigmented and granular.
Complications
Compartment syndrome is a clinical diagnosis, i.e., no diagnostic test conclusively proves its presence or absence, but direct measurement of the pressure in a fascial compartment, and the difference between this pressure and the blood pressure, may be used to assess its severity. High pressures in the compartment and a small difference between compartment pressure and blood pressure indicate that the blood supply is likely to be insufficient, and that surgical intervention may be needed.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, another complication of rhabdomyolysis and other forms of critical illness, may be suspected on the basis of unexpected bleeding or abnormalities in hematological tests, such as a decreasing platelet count or prolongation of the prothrombin time. The diagnosis can be confirmed with standard blood tests for DIC, such as D-dimer.
Underlying disorders
If an underlying muscle disease is suspected, for instance, if there is no obvious explanation or there have been multiple episodes, it may be necessary to perform further investigations. During an attack, low levels of carnitine in the blood and high levels of acylcarnitine in blood and urine may indicate a lipid metabolism defect, but these abnormalities revert to normal during convalescence. Other tests may be used at that stage to demonstrate these disorders. Disorders of glycolysis can be detected by various means, including the measurement of lactate after exercise; a failure of the lactate to rise may be indicative of a disorder in glycolysis, while an exaggerated response is typical of mitochondrial diseases. Electromyography (EMG) may show particular patterns in specific muscle diseases; for instance, McArdle's disease and phosphofructokinase deficiency show a phenomenon called cramp-like contracture. There are genetic tests available for many of the hereditary muscle conditions that predispose to myoglobinuria and rhabdomyolysis.
Muscle biopsy can be useful if an episode of rhabdomyolysis is thought to be the result of an underlying muscle disorder. A biopsy sample taken during an episode is often uninformative, as it will show only evidence of cell death or may appear normal. Taking the sample is therefore delayed for several weeks or months. The histopathological appearance on the biopsy indicates the nature of the underlying disorder. For instance, mitochondrial diseases are characterized by ragged red fibers. Biopsy sites may be identified by medical imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging, as the muscles may not be uniformly affected.
Treatment
The main goal of treatment is to treat shock and preserve kidney function. Initially this is done through the administration of generous amounts of intravenous fluids, usually isotonic saline (0.9% weight per volume sodium chloride solution). In victims of crush syndrome, it is recommended to administer intravenous fluids even before they are extracted from collapsed structures. This will ensure sufficient circulating volume to deal with the muscle cell swelling (which typically commences when blood supply is restored), and to prevent the deposition of myoglobin in the kidneys. Amounts of 6 to 12 liters over 24 hours are recommended. The rate of fluid administration may be altered to achieve a high urine output (200–300 ml/h in adults), unless there are other reasons why this might lead to complications, such as a history of heart failure.
While many sources recommend additional intravenous agents to reduce damage to the kidney, most of the evidence supporting this practice comes from animal studies, and is inconsistent and conflicting. Mannitol acts by osmosis to enhance urine production and is thought to prevent myoglobin deposition in the kidney, but its efficacy has not been shown in studies and there is a risk of worsening kidney function. The addition of bicarbonate to the intravenous fluids may alleviate acidosis (high acid level of the blood) and make the urine more alkaline to prevent cast formation in the kidneys; evidence suggesting that bicarbonate has benefits above saline alone is limited, and it can worsen hypocalcemia by enhancing calcium and phosphate deposition in the tissues. If urine alkalinization is used, the pH of the urine is kept at 6.5 or above. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, is often used to ensure sufficient urine production, but evidence that this prevents kidney failure is lacking.
Electrolytes
In the initial stages, electrolyte levels are often abnormal and require correction. High potassium levels can be life-threatening, and respond to increased urine production and renal replacement therapy (see below). Temporary measures include the administration of calcium to protect against cardiac complications, insulin or salbutamol to redistribute potassium into cells, and infusions of bicarbonate solution.
Calcium levels initially tend to be low, but as the situation improves calcium is released from where it has precipitated with phosphate, and vitamin D production resumes, leading to hypercalcemia (abnormally high calcium levels). This "overshoot" occurs in 20–30% of those people who have developed kidney failure.
Acute kidney impairment
Kidney dysfunction typically develops 1–2 days after the initial muscle damage. If supportive treatment is inadequate to manage this, renal replacement therapy (RRT) may be required. RRT removes excess potassium, acid and phosphate that accumulate when the kidneys are unable to function normally and is required until kidney function is regained.
Three main modalities of RRT are available: hemodialysis, continuous hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis. The former two require access to the bloodstream (a dialysis catheter), while peritoneal dialysis is achieved by instilling fluid into the abdominal cavity and later draining it. Hemodialysis, which is normally done several times a week in chronic kidney disease, is often required on a daily basis in rhabdomyolysis. Its advantage over continuous hemofiltration is that one machine can be used multiple times a day, and that continuous administration of anticoagulant drugs is not necessary. Hemofiltration is more effective at removing large molecules from the bloodstream, such as myoglobin, but this does not seem to confer any particular benefit. Peritoneal dialysis may be difficult to administer in someone with severe abdominal injury, and it may be less effective than the other modalities.
Other complications
Compartment syndrome is treated with surgery to relieve the pressure inside the muscle compartment and reduce the risk of compression on blood vessels and nerves in that area. Fasciotomy is the incision of the affected compartment. Often, multiple incisions are made and left open until the swelling has reduced. At that point, the incisions are closed, often requiring debridement (removal of non-viable tissue) and skin grafting in the process. The need for fasciotomy may be decreased if mannitol is used, as it can relieve muscle swelling directly.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation generally resolves when the underlying causes are treated, but supportive measures are often required. For instance, if the platelet count drops significantly and there is resultant bleeding, platelets may be administered.
Prognosis
The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and whether any complications occur. Rhabdomyolysis complicated by acute kidney impairment in patients with traumatic injury may have a mortality rate of 20%. Admission to the intensive care unit is associated with a mortality of 22% in the absence of acute kidney injury, and 59% if kidney impairment occurs. Most people who have sustained kidney impairment due to rhabdomyolysis fully recover their kidney function.
Epidemiology
The exact number of cases of rhabdomyolysis is difficult to establish because different definitions have been used. In 1995, hospitals in the U.S. reported 26,000 cases of rhabdomyolysis. Up to 85% of people with major traumatic injuries will experience some degree of rhabdomyolysis. Of those with rhabdomyolysis, 10–50% develop acute kidney injury. The risk is higher in people with a history of illicit drug use, alcohol misuse or trauma when compared to muscle diseases, and it is particularly high if multiple contributing factors occur together. Rhabdomyolysis accounts for 7–10% of all cases of acute kidney injury in the U.S.
Crush injuries are common in major disasters, especially in earthquakes. The aftermath of the 1988 Spitak earthquake prompted the establishment, in 1995, of the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force, a working group of the International Society of Nephrology (a worldwide body of kidney experts). Its volunteer doctors and nurses assisted for the first time in the 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey, where 17,480 people died, 5392 were hospitalized and 477 received dialysis, with positive results. Treatment units are generally established outside the immediate disaster area, as aftershocks could potentially injure or kill staff and make equipment unusable.
Acute exertional rhabdomyolysis happens in 2% to 40% of people going through basic training for the United States military. In 2012, the United States military reported 402 cases. Another group at increased risk is firefighters.
History
The Bible may contain an early account of rhabdomyolysis. In , the Pentateuch says that the Jews demanded meat while traveling in the desert; God sent quail in response to the complaints, and people ate large quantities of quail meat. A plague then broke out, killing numerous people. Rhabdomyolysis after consuming quail was described in more recent times and called coturnism (after Coturnix, the main quail genus). Migrating quail consume large amounts of hemlock, a known cause of rhabdomyolysis.
In modern times, early reports from the 1908 Messina earthquake and World War I on kidney failure after injury were followed by studies by London physicians Eric Bywaters and Desmond Beall, working at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the National Institute for Medical Research, on four victims of The Blitz in 1941. Myoglobin was demonstrated in the urine of victims by spectroscopy, and it was noted that the kidneys of victims resembled those of patients who had hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin rather than myoglobin being the cause of the kidney damage). In 1944 Bywaters demonstrated experimentally that the kidney failure was mainly caused by myoglobin. Already during the war, teams of doctors traveled to bombed areas to provide medical support, chiefly with intravenous fluids, as dialysis was not yet available. The prognosis of acute kidney failure improved markedly when dialysis was added to supportive treatment, which first happened during the 1950–1953 Korean War.
Etymology and pronunciation
The word rhabdomyolysis () uses the combining forms rhabdo- + myo- + -lysis, yielding "striated muscle breakdown".
Other animals
Rhabdomyolysis is recognized in horses. Horses can develop a number of muscle disorders, many of which may progress to rhabdomyolysis. Of these, some cause isolated attacks of rhabdomyolysis (e.g., dietary deficiency in vitamin E and selenium, poisoning associated with pasture or agricultural poisons such as organophosphates), while others predispose to exertional rhabdomyolysis (e.g., the hereditary condition equine polysaccharide storage myopathy). 5–10% of thoroughbred horses and some standardbred horses suffer from the condition equine exertional rhabdomyolysis; no specific cause has been identified, but an underlying muscle calcium regulation disorder is suspected.
Rhabdomyolysis affecting horses may also occur in outbreaks; these have been reported in many European countries, and later in Canada, Australia, and the United States. It has been referred to as "atypical myopathy" or "myoglobinuria of unknown etiology". No single cause has yet been found, but various mechanisms have been proposed, and a seasonal pattern has been observed. Very high creatine kinase levels are detected, and mortality from this condition is 89%.
References
Early complications of trauma
Intensive care medicine
Nephrology
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate | [
0.36186182498931885,
0.9805272221565247,
-0.5321539640426636,
-0.4971533417701721,
-0.5125635862350464,
-0.18033254146575928,
0.7509396076202393,
0.10905738174915314,
-0.11065253615379333,
-0.5343783497810364,
-0.5649487972259521,
0.10651979595422745,
-0.5219354033470154,
0.8229960799217224,
0.2754192352294922,
0.8715202808380127,
-0.021681880578398705,
0.6218005418777466,
0.1467975378036499,
-0.1028505191206932,
-0.0773317888379097,
-0.8332675695419312,
0.25138264894485474,
-0.008000476285815239,
0.21513156592845917,
-0.307761013507843,
0.15572047233581543,
0.18968641757965088,
0.40731266140937805,
-0.2933122217655182,
-0.19288039207458496,
0.4541943073272705,
0.21109001338481903,
0.07569772750139236,
0.09990394115447998,
0.014046099968254566,
-0.06416422128677368,
-0.8586857914924622,
0.14284443855285645,
-0.3930414021015167,
-0.22458377480506897,
0.23460964858531952,
0.19759796559810638,
0.7028623819351196,
-0.05797286331653595,
0.21430781483650208,
-1.4181289672851562,
0.30621907114982605,
-0.6365466117858887,
-0.4043045938014984,
0.2611001133918762,
-0.0943799540400505,
0.936798095703125,
0.6237422227859497,
0.032606855034828186,
0.8630252480506897,
-1.6340539455413818,
0.13433636724948883,
0.649897575378418,
-0.0977037325501442,
0.39940008521080017,
0.0077527184039354324,
-0.4576685428619385,
-0.15398497879505157,
0.9754726886749268,
0.40949171781539917,
-0.37879520654678345,
0.5501384735107422,
-0.8566526770591736,
0.0717649832367897,
-0.3918430209159851,
-0.49752768874168396,
0.5991668701171875,
0.1537671834230423,
-0.7567396759986877,
-0.16866712272167206,
-0.5729737877845764,
-0.3148789405822754,
0.16648845374584198,
-0.5489174127578735,
-0.21324558556079865,
0.7372524738311768,
0.2212664783000946,
0.4619178771972656,
0.29903241991996765,
-0.09946839511394501,
-1.0938222408294678,
1.3042426109313965,
-0.45080533623695374,
1.1032971143722534,
-0.19239407777786255,
0.7472850680351257,
0.18000191450119019,
-0.14567743241786957,
-0.22998569905757904,
-0.08971403539180756,
0.18042804300785065,
0.1496695727109909,
0.08660624921321869,
0.07334516942501068,
-0.17168375849723816,
0.29645365476608276,
0.5930126309394836,
-0.3516148030757904,
0.2622697055339813,
-0.2737501561641693,
-0.49751177430152893,
0.09156595915555954,
0.13103428483009338,
-1.5583535432815552,
-0.5637372732162476,
0.13128510117530823,
-0.7780740261077881,
-0.5260420441627502,
-0.3965311646461487,
0.3214047849178314,
-0.28065744042396545,
0.1158706322312355,
-0.1367276906967163,
-0.7905064821243286,
-0.2274719923734665,
0.22283297777175903,
-0.26450252532958984,
0.4184967279434204,
-0.85249263048172,
0.3559616804122925,
-0.5079074501991272,
0.0227797981351614,
0.022857949137687683,
0.385176420211792,
0.11516141146421432,
1.0703668594360352,
-0.24709303677082062,
-0.160833939909935,
0.30269449949264526,
-0.059531088918447495,
0.48783889412879944,
0.29234611988067627,
1.1794768571853638,
0.12514707446098328,
-0.4461207091808319,
-0.6162800788879395,
-1.753455400466919,
0.2143765389919281,
0.2300235629081726,
-0.26037999987602234,
0.007602707948535681,
-0.3285209834575653,
0.3642222583293915,
-0.11498717218637466,
0.687762439250946,
-0.2560727596282959,
-0.7795611619949341,
0.34552744030952454,
-0.13728727400302887,
0.12079650163650513,
0.6893061399459839,
-0.9271066784858704,
0.47005751729011536,
0.28005465865135193,
0.03174261376261711,
-0.3453115224838257,
-0.09103059023618698,
-0.03045765683054924,
-0.15433283150196075,
-0.2428431361913681,
0.7293813228607178,
0.177077516913414,
-0.20522068440914154,
0.30427661538124084,
-0.5651708841323853,
-0.04233819246292114,
0.4463040828704834,
-0.5097721815109253,
0.4066140651702881,
-0.12238951772451401,
0.4179317355155945,
0.22530704736709595,
0.7636669874191284,
0.03616023436188698,
-0.4044095277786255,
0.3953838348388672,
0.12056811898946762,
0.1346503496170044,
0.8160825371742249,
-0.15429960191249847,
0.938820481300354,
-0.0023605949245393276,
-0.3540981709957123,
-0.25237369537353516,
-0.2877535820007324,
-0.2964428961277008,
0.6542322039604187,
-0.23632515966892242,
1.6258171796798706,
0.08311543613672256,
-0.5191648602485657,
-0.2774577736854553,
0.5337881445884705,
0.2660372257232666,
-0.6367605924606323,
0.28102245926856995,
0.19335156679153442,
-0.3166927099227905,
-0.11059549450874329,
1.701434850692749,
0.0024672653526067734,
0.06734997034072876,
0.6043379902839661,
0.44148433208465576,
0.10497750341892242,
-0.45452216267585754,
0.114804208278656,
-0.43518728017807007,
0.5296268463134766,
-0.332613080739975,
-0.362677663564682,
0.3808310925960541,
-0.6404746770858765,
0.0038819622714072466,
0.6391355991363525,
-0.3641875982284546,
0.1060381755232811,
0.8628472089767456,
0.0971585363149643,
0.41583743691444397,
0.2893965542316437,
0.18927064538002014,
0.6002552509307861,
-0.4858948588371277,
0.6403099894523621,
0.4026263654232025,
0.16933436691761017,
-0.25126051902770996,
-0.5847862362861633,
-0.0642775371670723,
-0.04248987138271332,
-0.5942688584327698,
-0.44635501503944397,
-0.15004537999629974,
0.16860605776309967,
0.34823548793792725,
-0.7081239223480225,
-0.3828495740890503,
-0.22969484329223633,
-0.07679789513349533,
0.0670214518904686,
0.3802740275859833,
-0.8710166811943054,
-0.1539897620677948,
0.36090120673179626,
0.33697226643562317,
0.4006660282611847,
-0.9291442632675171,
0.07920979708433151,
-0.1276361346244812,
-0.05489472672343254,
-0.20157389342784882,
0.17292243242263794,
-0.644368052482605,
0.07818161696195602,
-0.16333161294460297,
0.026676632463932037,
0.4172484278678894,
-0.05953429639339447,
-0.43992286920547485,
-0.660783588886261,
0.010473206639289856,
0.6969678401947021,
0.017022687941789627,
1.3097312450408936,
-0.2009270191192627,
-0.770027220249176,
-1.894037127494812,
0.0746321976184845,
-0.3078426718711853,
0.0914706438779831,
0.05434935912489891,
-0.3779800236225128,
0.5137542486190796,
0.38295504450798035,
0.34662672877311707,
0.20568573474884033,
-0.04266594722867012,
-0.4769059419631958,
0.16170676052570343,
0.22154726088047028,
-0.21868593990802765,
0.30349448323249817,
-0.29747533798217773,
-0.4315120279788971,
0.2589966654777527,
-0.24067789316177368,
0.11987001448869705,
-0.17056961357593536,
-0.006029937416315079,
-0.020273027941584587,
0.3058544993400574,
0.07203833013772964,
-0.19046780467033386,
0.07448257505893707,
0.1432243287563324,
-0.5374318361282349,
0.12077087163925171,
-0.11719970405101776,
0.16607916355133057,
0.01989762857556343,
0.0658755823969841,
-4.372329235076904,
0.056687213480472565,
0.38807958364486694,
-0.1989487111568451,
0.6094675064086914,
-0.1826063096523285,
0.9565593004226685,
-0.2449142336845398,
-0.5294267535209656,
0.28686681389808655,
-0.14874038100242615,
-0.33901330828666687,
0.028435779735445976,
0.09690380841493607,
-0.030170144513249397,
-0.10629072785377502,
0.1251021772623062,
-0.13914376497268677,
0.40659523010253906,
0.1419576108455658,
-0.06557571887969971,
0.1262248158454895,
-0.22781428694725037,
0.6675543189048767,
-0.3297998011112213,
0.3384663760662079,
-0.3769198954105377,
0.2813763916492462,
-0.5719208121299744,
0.05545434728264809,
-0.1923118382692337,
-0.5400126576423645,
0.20951899886131287,
-0.10787306725978851,
-0.17633144557476044,
0.04190264642238617,
0.2763667702674866,
0.09964074939489365,
-0.10201657563447952,
-0.40910375118255615,
-0.4908084571361542,
0.13780973851680756,
-0.05504763871431351,
0.17262789607048035,
0.6347681879997253,
-0.3521118462085724,
-0.31094181537628174,
-0.6555755138397217,
-0.2612491548061371,
0.9103294014930725,
-0.17870844900608063,
-0.14742588996887207,
0.9074006080627441,
0.4882866442203522,
0.287318617105484,
-0.06773612648248672,
0.4518752694129944,
-0.30908429622650146,
0.13848495483398438,
0.3454742431640625,
0.2197679579257965,
-0.43466073274612427,
-0.03308078646659851,
-0.3095775544643402,
0.4188218116760254,
-0.4847556948661804,
-0.40535569190979004,
-0.21199099719524384,
0.6412527561187744,
-0.27783623337745667,
-0.2971484065055847,
0.434124618768692,
-0.021723955869674683,
-0.7708981037139893,
0.7229308485984802,
-0.7373071908950806,
-0.2671513259410858,
-0.46491366624832153,
0.8757436871528625,
0.1773122102022171,
-0.04204872250556946,
-0.11739277094602585,
-0.4596092998981476,
0.2384869009256363,
0.5265845060348511,
-0.6057102680206299,
-0.19285258650779724,
0.597358226776123,
-0.8230586051940918,
-0.25293242931365967,
0.5062659978866577,
0.16908013820648193,
0.1960582286119461,
0.44449010491371155,
0.0006641529616899788,
0.5766165256500244,
0.3853547275066376,
0.41416704654693604,
0.8573256134986877,
-0.16314449906349182,
0.9553164839744568,
-0.6943883895874023,
-0.38966768980026245,
-0.21253573894500732,
-0.29113835096359253,
-0.5135529637336731,
-0.4112687110900879,
0.8104627132415771,
0.29100552201271057,
-0.0320470966398716,
0.14120431244373322,
0.28774532675743103,
-0.41450566053390503,
-0.3304213285446167,
0.8494699597358704,
0.3141615092754364,
-0.43941959738731384,
0.6220131516456604,
0.7591459155082703,
0.2668989896774292,
0.4516104757785797,
0.3709626793861389,
-0.6627407073974609,
0.27102524042129517,
0.6640507578849792,
-0.05298785865306854,
0.6508927941322327,
0.46700456738471985,
-0.410703182220459,
-0.5122420787811279,
-0.12328922748565674,
-0.12738707661628723,
0.0021937398705631495,
-0.218679279088974,
0.0019614873453974724,
-0.3612174391746521,
-0.699321985244751,
0.603586733341217,
-0.20509353280067444,
-0.5382298231124878,
-0.034794121980667114,
-0.22860100865364075,
-0.24133503437042236,
0.2469031661748886,
0.7412320971488953,
0.6325620412826538,
-0.23557879030704498,
-0.24397553503513336,
-0.10116081684827805,
0.06215877830982208,
-0.26560527086257935,
-0.5097538232803345,
-0.1073407381772995,
-0.7364485263824463,
0.14609946310520172,
0.2310900241136551,
0.38854700326919556,
0.5494800209999084,
0.060344792902469635,
-0.9776294231414795,
-0.30074331164360046,
-0.08947253972291946,
-1.2104830741882324,
0.1343480944633484,
-0.1966484934091568,
-0.8420011401176453,
-0.07176381349563599,
-0.7584560513496399,
-0.31719255447387695,
0.4093761444091797,
-1.1660748720169067,
0.1842571347951889,
-0.5111531615257263,
-0.31999602913856506,
0.3942312002182007,
-0.5269100069999695,
-0.6272035837173462,
0.14402073621749878,
0.33778104186058044,
-0.7986891865730286,
-0.27789604663848877,
-0.004279551561921835,
0.22389741241931915,
0.7316207885742188,
0.3796727657318115,
-0.579849123954773,
-0.014482785016298294,
-0.08569197356700897,
-0.6312447786331177,
-0.08132217079401016,
0.08903142064809799,
0.14989136159420013,
0.3164443075656891,
0.10531847178936005,
-0.3798485994338989,
0.13977672159671783,
-0.6040983200073242,
0.3986337184906006,
0.2913871705532074,
-0.8227631449699402,
0.43260490894317627,
0.7230479717254639,
0.11946547776460648,
0.7975351214408875,
0.9298447966575623,
-0.28566405177116394,
0.4809598922729492,
0.60994952917099,
-0.9407346844673157,
0.07314564287662506,
0.021102070808410645,
-0.6645980477333069,
-0.5171380639076233,
0.874453067779541,
-0.4335017204284668,
-0.6315332055091858,
0.6008098721504211,
-0.626910924911499,
-0.46048668026924133,
0.2663056552410126,
0.20786410570144653,
0.1086314469575882,
0.16261589527130127,
-0.44707489013671875,
-0.8427346348762512,
0.24222546815872192,
0.0763421505689621,
-0.47983473539352417,
1.3270982503890991,
-0.3110809624195099,
0.07856309413909912,
0.1598626673221588,
0.031746041029691696,
-0.6059516072273254,
-0.2812097370624542,
-0.23828357458114624,
0.10758797824382782,
0.5908296704292297,
-0.08897202461957932,
-0.3066200315952301,
0.5105906128883362,
0.7956455945968628,
0.19528710842132568,
0.10134341567754745,
-0.08942826092243195,
0.3785628080368042,
0.16760708391666412,
-0.3074854016304016,
-0.22297342121601105,
-0.2847309112548828,
0.8234223127365112,
-0.38680407404899597,
-0.4583772122859955,
-0.2047491818666458,
0.5079746246337891,
0.37638822197914124,
0.07410397380590439,
-0.6420924663543701,
0.023733751848340034,
-0.17928950488567352,
0.19475486874580383,
0.6280854940414429,
0.2925499975681305,
0.6348319053649902,
0.24040374159812927,
-0.18778955936431885,
-0.43244442343711853,
0.41778311133384705,
0.7250596880912781,
-0.00839547161012888,
-0.27999141812324524,
-0.08326128125190735,
-0.13145451247692108,
0.0552864708006382,
0.06255995482206345,
0.6844478845596313,
-0.0015743295662105083,
-1.350110650062561,
-0.21250607073307037,
0.24316266179084778,
0.8182539939880371,
-0.522465705871582,
0.18011978268623352,
-0.4239954948425293,
0.7463487982749939,
-0.8659869432449341,
-0.37435805797576904,
-0.6849856972694397,
-0.4128139615058899,
-0.2017884999513626,
-0.7153596878051758,
-0.29784294962882996,
-0.14938794076442719,
0.23241722583770752,
0.34766530990600586,
0.3571282923221588,
-0.30827513337135315,
0.22205416858196259,
-0.0657796636223793,
-0.030243052169680595,
-0.9376935362815857,
0.6861568093299866,
0.01457046065479517,
-0.15304681658744812,
0.15727543830871582,
0.5410163402557373,
-0.3498477041721344,
-0.231968954205513,
0.04256979376077652,
-0.09224428236484528,
-0.040048934519290924,
-0.11508944630622864,
-0.11495368927717209,
0.2934788167476654,
-0.3301735818386078,
0.33090654015541077,
0.13266843557357788,
-0.5271058082580566,
-0.4939107596874237,
0.9013803005218506,
0.5347399115562439,
-0.011332557536661625,
0.4721204936504364,
-0.24146652221679688,
0.22994300723075867,
0.32603511214256287,
-0.093821220099926,
0.028614576905965805,
0.4321804344654083,
0.6669458746910095,
0.9687032699584961,
0.1644148826599121,
-0.7276872396469116,
0.7387509346008301,
0.14562520384788513,
-0.21905487775802612,
0.6340102553367615,
-0.8573712706565857,
-0.5424433350563049,
0.5080153942108154,
0.16868814826011658,
0.49021098017692566,
-0.19290916621685028,
0.18446794152259827,
-0.49330025911331177,
0.13364310562610626,
-0.43689605593681335,
-0.1630932092666626,
0.10256532579660416,
-0.2495575249195099,
0.6825001239776611,
-0.6858918070793152,
0.30033573508262634,
-0.5485737919807434,
0.24395902454853058,
-0.45647528767585754,
0.9613516330718994,
-0.4643417298793793,
-0.351908802986145,
-1.27103853225708,
-0.5620983242988586,
-0.14633749425411224,
0.12595754861831665,
0.7165786623954773,
0.2755717635154724,
0.14438489079475403,
0.14301984012126923,
-0.4561707377433777,
-0.0640372708439827,
0.3011818826198578,
-0.027134718373417854,
-0.3663705289363861,
0.13899396359920502,
0.01790027506649494,
0.37678730487823486,
0.10366452485322952,
-0.5428242087364197,
0.46953538060188293,
0.0364726297557354,
-0.07083916664123535,
-0.5207971334457397,
0.3672494888305664,
-0.5774912238121033,
-0.2849981486797333,
-0.17584121227264404,
0.13872729241847992,
-0.34045714139938354,
0.047005537897348404,
0.23448888957500458,
0.3492385447025299,
0.1698932945728302,
0.26020967960357666,
0.3639974296092987,
0.17563459277153015,
-0.09199752658605576,
-0.015476727858185768,
0.27055925130844116,
0.291790246963501,
-0.026903346180915833,
0.02777758054435253,
-0.0607566274702549,
0.5706139206886292,
-0.351713091135025,
0.33979398012161255,
-0.8428366184234619,
0.5648811459541321,
-0.024176012724637985,
0.7344318628311157,
-0.6093226075172424,
0.4335676431655884,
0.11113876104354858,
0.23286379873752594,
0.02489774115383625,
1.023323655128479,
0.002757666166871786,
0.3617175221443176,
0.3842103183269501,
-0.7015513181686401,
-0.35107478499412537,
-0.11594082415103912,
0.44487014412879944,
-0.7230939865112305,
0.36920151114463806,
0.2817426025867462,
-0.32854071259498596,
-0.4522940516471863,
0.27255284786224365,
-0.09670493006706238,
-0.3549094498157501,
0.14462070167064667,
-0.1208653673529625,
1.1548935174942017,
-0.7943220138549805,
-0.08623886108398438,
0.0438716858625412,
-0.2900177240371704,
0.5370057225227356,
0.6829413175582886,
0.014771483838558197,
-0.10690611600875854,
0.3704064190387726,
-0.8248633146286011,
-0.22156357765197754,
-0.2085232436656952,
-3.853327989578247,
-0.6641376614570618,
-0.31883788108825684,
-0.29434534907341003,
0.042168714106082916,
0.040514975786209106,
0.34513261914253235,
-0.7149325013160706,
-0.21535693109035492,
0.6701682806015015,
-0.3826298117637634,
0.15658409893512726,
-0.2974528670310974,
-0.4965503215789795,
-0.2201116681098938,
0.6343479752540588
] |
236355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed | Reed | Reed or Reeds may refer to:
Science, technology, biology, and medicine
Reed bird (disambiguation)
Reed pen, writing implement in use since ancient times
Reed (plant), one of several tall, grass-like wetland plants of the order Poales
Reed reaction, in chemistry
Reed receiver, an outdated form of multi-channel signal decoding
Reed relay, one or more reed switches controlled by an electromagnet
Reed switch, an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field
Reed valve, restricts the flow of fluids to a single direction
Reed (weaving), a comb like tool for beating the weft when weaving
Reed's law, describes the utility of large networks, particularly social networks
Reed–Solomon error correction, a systematic way of building codes that can be used to detect and correct multiple random symbol errors
Reed–Sternberg cell, related to Hodgkin's disease
Organizations
Reed (company), offering employment-related services (UK)
Reed and Stem, former architecture firm St. Paul, Minnesota
Reed Arena, a sports arena in College Station, Texas
Reed College, Portland, Oregon
Reed Research Reactor, a research nuclear reactor at the college
Reed, Portland, Oregon, the surrounding neighborhood
Reed-Custer High School, in Braidwood, Illinois
Reed Elsevier, the publishing company
Reed Construction Data
Reed Business Information
Reed Exhibitions, trade fairs and convention organizing company
Reed family, the family of Mark E. Reed
Reeds Jewelers, a U.S. retail jewelry company
Reed High School (disambiguation)
Reed House (disambiguation), several
Reed Middle School (disambiguation), several
Reed Plantation, Maine, United States
Reed Publishing, a New Zealand publishing house
Reed's, Inc., manufactures naturally brewed sodas, California, United States
Records of Early English Drama (REED), a theatre research centre at the University of Toronto, Canada
People
Reed (name), a surname or given name
Places
Cities and towns
Reed, Arkansas, United States
Reed, California, former name of Ostrom, California
Reed, Kentucky, United States
Reeds, Virginia, United States
Reed, Wisconsin, United States
Reed City, Michigan, United States
Reed-Cooke, a neighborhood in Washington DC, United States
Reed Creek, Georgia, United States
Reed, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Reed, Norway
Reeds Branch, a stream in Missouri
Reed Point, Montana, of statistical meaning only
Reed Plantation, Maine, United States
Reed Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States
Historic interest
Reed-Wood Place, a historic site Littleton, Massachusetts
Reed's Creek Farm, a historic home Maryland, United States
Reed and Barton Complex, a historic industrial complex in Taunton, Massachusetts
Reed Gold Mine, defunct, in Midland, North Carolina
Reed Memorial Library, Carmel, New York, United States
Other uses
Reed Airport (disambiguation)
Reed v. Reed, a United States Supreme Court case (Equal Protection case)
Reed's Regiment of Militia, a military unit in the U.S. war of independence
Reeding, the process or effect of creating "reeds" around the edges of coins, furniture, and architectural columns
Reed (mouthpiece), the vibrating piece in woodwind musical instrument
Double reed
Quadruple reed
Reed pipe, a type of organ pipe, as distinct from a flue pipe
See also
Reid (disambiguation)
Reed-Muller (disambiguation)
Justice Reed (disambiguation) | [
0.5446993112564087,
0.06226438283920288,
-0.4757881760597229,
0.21383801102638245,
0.058687444776296616,
0.864238440990448,
0.042467691004276276,
-0.28284892439842224,
-0.30840298533439636,
-0.5521639585494995,
-0.09637368470430374,
-0.03452688083052635,
-0.09318776428699493,
0.6098993420600891,
-0.4344399571418762,
0.6862809658050537,
0.8101547360420227,
-0.17790727317333221,
-0.10268769413232803,
-0.22242315113544464,
-0.20354533195495605,
0.07745957374572754,
0.20890556275844574,
-0.31775981187820435,
0.2776639759540558,
-0.4066275954246521,
-0.2946590483188629,
-0.5490283966064453,
0.053203705698251724,
0.3136417269706726,
-0.20601819455623627,
0.9066349267959595,
0.1320522576570511,
-0.18606369197368622,
0.11325979977846146,
-0.18642574548721313,
-0.5464567542076111,
0.04737990349531174,
-0.031581077724695206,
-0.2511753439903259,
0.2085585743188858,
-0.36989936232566833,
0.3030864894390106,
0.44322100281715393,
-0.40266162157058716,
-0.25207239389419556,
-1.791261076927185,
0.2922261953353882,
-0.3638821542263031,
0.6384748220443726,
-0.09516556560993195,
0.6051766276359558,
-0.15929122269153595,
0.4655954837799072,
0.09073539823293686,
0.3953472375869751,
0.09004347026348114,
-0.09686311334371567,
0.68565434217453,
-0.3618856370449066,
0.12032323330640793,
-0.1633443385362625,
-0.6459172368049622,
0.4980360269546509,
0.2547943592071533,
-0.06752926111221313,
0.14534753561019897,
-0.36004021763801575,
-0.611693263053894,
-0.35716915130615234,
-0.07023932784795761,
-0.3292072117328644,
0.022847240790724754,
-0.047319721430540085,
-0.00847385823726654,
-0.4680192470550537,
-0.446046382188797,
-0.45983466506004333,
-0.037430666387081146,
0.15610837936401367,
-0.1697327345609665,
1.1915748119354248,
0.49203547835350037,
0.6361032128334045,
0.10059857368469238,
0.2686537206172943,
-0.42155081033706665,
0.6145470142364502,
-0.38731691241264343,
-0.3345966339111328,
0.3031119704246521,
-0.5206740498542786,
0.46863943338394165,
0.3862817585468292,
-0.5061140656471252,
-0.004079456906765699,
0.08174828439950943,
0.005094318185001612,
0.2794809341430664,
-0.2549818158149719,
-0.2102932333946228,
-0.1638008952140808,
0.6402227282524109,
0.020702337846159935,
-0.12802539765834808,
-0.3207414150238037,
-0.2851412296295166,
-0.3772962689399719,
0.17433452606201172,
0.06101849675178528,
-0.24159426987171173,
0.02670244500041008,
0.30298689007759094,
0.24216288328170776,
0.019463226199150085,
0.20092268288135529,
0.3063206672668457,
-0.18998004496097565,
-0.2828662693500519,
0.3020783066749573,
0.218488410115242,
0.5206654667854309,
0.250690758228302,
-0.08144892007112503,
-0.12089534848928452,
-0.3922475576400757,
0.6756368279457092,
0.8431299924850464,
-0.6611106991767883,
-0.25452330708503723,
0.05801234394311905,
1.166111946105957,
-0.32724466919898987,
0.027570152655243874,
0.05111116170883179,
0.13838529586791992,
-0.4967901110649109,
0.014706150628626347,
0.025304552167654037,
0.5568270683288574,
-0.8662557005882263,
-0.3918837904930115,
-0.525570809841156,
-0.53102046251297,
0.12084624171257019,
-0.011078921146690845,
-0.08924810588359833,
-0.2415521740913391,
-0.264810174703598,
0.06613147258758545,
-0.25149622559547424,
0.07492754608392715,
0.08628911525011063,
0.10253243893384933,
-0.5733293294906616,
-0.14207832515239716,
0.34576746821403503,
0.15739475190639496,
-0.30773913860321045,
-0.31960153579711914,
-0.5283524394035339,
-0.04929197579622269,
-0.42940422892570496,
-0.35222679376602173,
-0.18580441176891327,
-0.0008740046760067344,
0.8145118355751038,
0.30561330914497375,
-0.21688459813594818,
0.23053626716136932,
0.12961578369140625,
-0.13862603902816772,
0.27125242352485657,
0.35283198952674866,
-0.20936399698257446,
-0.31418293714523315,
0.579831063747406,
0.3431870937347412,
0.46329885721206665,
0.3461129367351532,
-0.8138213157653809,
0.243743896484375,
0.3941516578197479,
-0.11360637098550797,
0.30751651525497437,
0.0659845694899559,
0.15651176869869232,
0.08924955129623413,
-0.004225713200867176,
-0.45584607124328613,
-0.020969510078430176,
-0.09658963233232498,
-0.2511740028858185,
0.02227368950843811,
0.7090649008750916,
-0.026459049433469772,
-0.5539701581001282,
0.9767290949821472,
-0.05585312098264694,
0.14693380892276764,
0.03036659024655819,
0.012982468120753765,
0.07821309566497803,
-0.26986753940582275,
-0.49677032232284546,
0.2388218641281128,
0.6792188882827759,
0.22579425573349,
0.017624644562602043,
-0.33750200271606445,
0.5260155200958252,
-0.6164193749427795,
0.47885629534721375,
-0.5991271734237671,
-0.013914979994297028,
0.1176246926188469,
-0.24063162505626678,
0.029696594923734665,
-0.07550787180662155,
-0.5725811719894409,
0.8478696942329407,
-0.3886898458003998,
0.46083810925483704,
-0.0013735456159338355,
0.13020150363445282,
0.8326472043991089,
0.15478068590164185,
-0.10174347460269928,
0.1866040974855423,
-0.44923508167266846,
-0.10092402994632721,
-0.47044479846954346,
0.011214859783649445,
-0.1350877285003662,
-0.2930782735347748,
0.2751401960849762,
-0.05386483296751976,
-0.298528254032135,
0.44327911734580994,
-0.27141672372817993,
0.5794169902801514,
0.15470197796821594,
-0.4670339524745941,
-0.05361335352063179,
0.7627692818641663,
-0.3521553874015808,
0.46575096249580383,
-0.18668271601200104,
0.062492795288562775,
-0.17535188794136047,
0.33458706736564636,
0.6650810837745667,
0.1658681035041809,
-0.21904256939888,
-0.108065664768219,
0.042182557284832,
0.1937752515077591,
0.4758028984069824,
0.452300101518631,
0.27903249859809875,
-0.6916084289550781,
0.11788857728242874,
-0.01519774179905653,
-0.7444358468055725,
-0.1907641887664795,
-0.3072667419910431,
-0.008457058109343052,
-0.4258301854133606,
0.4815897047519684,
0.3655344247817993,
0.7141673564910889,
0.8330331444740295,
-0.6709752678871155,
0.07751661539077759,
-0.47610533237457275,
-0.5168576836585999,
0.3046283423900604,
-0.480021208524704,
-0.4220390319824219,
-0.5126917958259583,
0.26623499393463135,
0.2749490439891815,
1.0396668910980225,
-0.7232351303100586,
-0.16118891537189484,
0.03383379802107811,
-0.28522586822509766,
-0.13169893622398376,
0.4806073009967804,
-0.540256679058075,
-0.19530968368053436,
0.4658307433128357,
-0.18929193913936615,
0.1494809091091156,
0.5084678530693054,
0.8938843607902527,
-0.10736125707626343,
-0.3880925178527832,
0.11868872493505478,
-0.3227548897266388,
-0.4767870008945465,
-0.05102551728487015,
0.08157583326101303,
-0.14772912859916687,
0.14480018615722656,
-0.132454514503479,
0.26004135608673096,
-0.01994917541742325,
-5.674336910247803,
-0.11693955212831497,
0.16676516830921173,
0.167986199259758,
0.28182631731033325,
0.5885183215141296,
0.5592229962348938,
0.3292260468006134,
0.15498916804790497,
-0.17970432341098785,
0.01969744823873043,
0.658871054649353,
-0.08886280655860901,
0.2895597219467163,
0.6973404884338379,
0.18317298591136932,
-0.0095059834420681,
-0.23363591730594635,
-0.12905025482177734,
-0.14382848143577576,
0.36031684279441833,
0.15296657383441925,
-0.2371254563331604,
0.5592202544212341,
-0.3115682899951935,
-0.8555834889411926,
-0.39213827252388,
0.3000200390815735,
-0.2705273926258087,
0.2598169445991516,
-0.8619043827056885,
-0.2391882985830307,
0.3471836745738983,
-0.05293406918644905,
0.2628723680973053,
0.26152992248535156,
0.6799942851066589,
0.35042816400527954,
0.19775088131427765,
-0.45556265115737915,
0.07868687808513641,
0.5815283060073853,
0.26785001158714294,
-0.6061077117919922,
-0.059169381856918335,
0.21464957296848297,
0.12777945399284363,
0.0723704993724823,
0.03919358178973198,
0.36088767647743225,
-0.11963635683059692,
-0.20286035537719727,
0.588148295879364,
-0.04012288153171539,
0.3438588082790375,
0.012516059912741184,
0.5299452543258667,
0.18831558525562286,
-0.4198063611984253,
-0.18715009093284607,
-0.054562926292419434,
-0.879549503326416,
0.012641982175409794,
-0.33930519223213196,
-0.19854968786239624,
-0.4693159759044647,
-1.041163682937622,
0.3742314577102661,
0.7028485536575317,
0.13781550526618958,
0.0888063833117485,
0.33822405338287354,
0.43471774458885193,
-0.6461324691772461,
0.2806101143360138,
-0.36373981833457947,
0.06571827083826065,
-0.15227310359477997,
-0.23929540812969208,
0.34717491269111633,
-0.7347614169120789,
-0.4344467520713806,
-0.2489541471004486,
0.011457960121333599,
0.6199316382408142,
-0.23727670311927795,
-0.22731110453605652,
-0.3056568205356598,
-0.621964693069458,
-0.08656991273164749,
0.9012966752052307,
-0.055472154170274734,
-0.003954131156206131,
0.16479696333408356,
0.5361244678497314,
0.3341026306152344,
0.08661456406116486,
0.2626805007457733,
0.5517143607139587,
-0.0966559499502182,
-0.16952985525131226,
-0.2786566913127899,
-0.10429322719573975,
-0.6030301451683044,
-0.23967857658863068,
-0.07663717865943909,
-0.7694233655929565,
0.15811800956726074,
0.7176564335823059,
0.257994681596756,
0.28579992055892944,
0.5141649842262268,
-0.1422661691904068,
-0.21135635673999786,
-0.17911523580551147,
0.027321310713887215,
-0.7041271328926086,
0.4979918599128723,
0.5394110679626465,
-0.6469801664352417,
0.17208538949489594,
0.3998449742794037,
-0.3092716932296753,
-0.6469671130180359,
0.2476413995027542,
-0.2934231758117676,
0.2929519712924957,
0.5665856003761292,
-0.0757622942328453,
-0.25253167748451233,
0.5153946280479431,
0.4936267137527466,
-0.4163128137588501,
0.1260467767715454,
-0.4081208407878876,
0.09935147315263748,
-0.7223774790763855,
0.2815183699131012,
-0.435126930475235,
-0.5842147469520569,
0.7001023292541504,
-0.9776585102081299,
0.0690716803073883,
-0.6245226860046387,
0.684922993183136,
0.6108267903327942,
-0.5409338474273682,
-0.23191091418266296,
-0.24789924919605255,
0.7982814908027649,
0.300302118062973,
-0.0687139481306076,
0.020410915836691856,
-0.22365136444568634,
-0.1373182237148285,
0.04674864560365677,
-0.015428000129759312,
0.06912754476070404,
-0.010781754739582539,
-0.5098474621772766,
-0.116704560816288,
0.5048928260803223,
-0.38818031549453735,
-0.7785463333129883,
-0.3743094205856323,
0.10327793657779694,
-0.5239941477775574,
-0.09537111222743988,
-0.07426666468381882,
0.35221028327941895,
0.21729055047035217,
0.10721611231565475,
-0.700184166431427,
-0.14446479082107544,
0.42244431376457214,
0.4344208240509033,
0.42445674538612366,
0.3638251721858978,
-0.6465008854866028,
-0.013135621324181557,
0.27963265776634216,
-0.09370686113834381,
0.21589769423007965,
0.45909878611564636,
0.18787825107574463,
-0.6194018721580505,
0.3368416428565979,
0.11438322067260742,
-1.0332616567611694,
-0.09683425724506378,
-0.6354278922080994,
-0.17986831068992615,
0.7638691067695618,
0.14022649824619293,
-0.02835732325911522,
0.19802673161029816,
0.08118487149477005,
0.6893115639686584,
-0.48437193036079407,
-0.47596031427383423,
0.23174843192100525,
0.08537369221448898,
-0.7076223492622375,
-0.27054381370544434,
0.20579096674919128,
-0.46417951583862305,
-0.07006639242172241,
-0.7634975910186768,
0.01866249553859234,
0.034798551350831985,
-0.07798315584659576,
-0.2773110866546631,
0.0935254842042923,
0.3038962185382843,
-0.2831431031227112,
-0.5959828495979309,
0.3676784038543701,
-0.27351218461990356,
-0.512370765209198,
-0.5062926411628723,
0.2998673617839813,
0.14890514314174652,
-0.4002719223499298,
-0.05154099687933922,
-0.2000584602355957,
-0.02353365533053875,
0.39655882120132446,
-0.18316198885440826,
0.4173392951488495,
-0.04138406738638878,
0.03818973898887634,
-0.6004716157913208,
-0.5535462498664856,
0.1313767433166504,
0.15700675547122955,
-0.4619083106517792,
-0.26226669549942017,
-0.4090019166469574,
-0.2672077715396881,
0.34872254729270935,
1.104771614074707,
0.8359307050704956,
-0.20213264226913452,
-0.2014842927455902,
-0.8248933553695679,
0.1411769986152649,
0.20451295375823975,
-0.8845434784889221,
-0.47860097885131836,
0.8497145175933838,
0.5983982086181641,
-0.27094000577926636,
-0.2785217761993408,
-0.08131227642297745,
0.3907827138900757,
-0.08825459331274033,
0.43234917521476746,
-0.5601155757904053,
0.36448776721954346,
0.5933597087860107,
0.052908726036548615,
-0.6296566724777222,
-0.9189004302024841,
-0.3442046046257019,
-0.03547162935137749,
0.003742264350876212,
-0.377443790435791,
-0.014046808704733849,
0.24473242461681366,
-0.6750611066818237,
0.4251587390899658,
0.3540477454662323,
-0.31859415769577026,
0.2579660415649414,
0.15606392920017242,
0.07445696741342545,
-0.006261812057346106,
0.046015262603759766,
0.20189063251018524,
0.09093690663576126,
-0.47117501497268677,
-0.3276461064815521,
0.4700377583503723,
-0.08569103479385376,
0.2887445390224457,
0.29266563057899475,
0.4326539933681488,
-0.45760422945022583,
0.07449383288621902,
-0.5199019908905029,
0.28644904494285583,
-0.06774801015853882,
-0.29901567101478577,
0.771918535232544,
0.08596601337194443,
-0.0017964179860427976,
0.388969361782074,
0.3070211708545685,
0.02555456943809986,
0.5281369090080261,
-1.0207172632217407,
0.3559013903141022,
0.5141299366950989,
-0.7780342698097229,
0.168821781873703,
0.07585765421390533,
0.005177490878850222,
-0.2887762188911438,
-0.6062530875205994,
0.22879767417907715,
0.378637433052063,
-0.12071289867162704,
0.22237569093704224,
0.27277424931526184,
0.09165965765714645,
-0.42468446493148804,
0.3135920763015747,
-0.09012128412723541,
0.24640586972236633,
-0.16861875355243683,
0.3978803753852844,
-0.11488401889801025,
0.06656822562217712,
-0.4504093527793884,
-0.4351036548614502,
0.6004915833473206,
-0.33949771523475647,
-0.3181658685207367,
0.17607398331165314,
0.6638445258140564,
1.0722037553787231,
0.08663969486951828,
-0.493278443813324,
0.018120767548680305,
-0.029595885425806046,
-0.31702303886413574,
-0.30846235156059265,
-0.2597656846046448,
-0.3303166329860687,
0.798787534236908,
0.8355425000190735,
0.5156007409095764,
0.07762818038463593,
0.3757394850254059,
0.36089637875556946,
0.5501841902732849,
-0.2557169795036316,
-0.16157397627830505,
-0.5137041211128235,
-0.20706811547279358,
0.043565426021814346,
-0.3993965685367584,
0.5705299377441406,
-0.23481221497058868,
0.13120250403881073,
-0.5048168301582336,
0.47413942217826843,
-0.2129465937614441,
-0.02822931669652462,
0.1812344789505005,
0.08687121421098709,
0.3697218894958496,
0.07686225324869156,
-0.5548532605171204,
-0.4865415394306183,
-0.059784404933452606,
0.34689176082611084,
-0.5212951302528381,
-0.45033758878707886,
-0.3462108075618744,
0.4690864384174347,
0.6936640739440918,
-0.4668189585208893,
0.7119066119194031,
-0.011257803067564964,
-0.21997541189193726,
0.7949647903442383,
0.41085976362228394,
0.28997334837913513,
-0.16305895149707794,
0.3706096112728119,
-0.36928024888038635,
-0.10063166916370392,
-1.1330771446228027,
-0.12744741141796112,
-0.4769367575645447,
0.305799275636673,
0.26674139499664307,
-0.2633855938911438,
-0.23520532250404358,
-0.25495943427085876,
-0.7487144470214844,
-0.2249739170074463,
-0.23605944216251373,
-0.47638681530952454,
-0.5614433884620667,
-0.21936607360839844,
1.1579041481018066,
-0.0809936597943306,
0.35403773188591003,
0.26541146636009216,
0.052664827555418015,
0.17021125555038452,
0.053212907165288925,
-0.8169712424278259,
0.08135463297367096,
-0.13973408937454224,
0.02652055025100708,
-0.5743420124053955,
0.7858339548110962,
1.3655112981796265,
0.021914666518568993,
0.13953794538974762,
0.43200430274009705,
-0.07508213073015213,
0.08542939275503159,
0.10807093232870102,
-0.19128265976905823,
-0.20324689149856567,
-0.6574574112892151,
-0.36558395624160767,
-0.2489994466304779,
-0.031354889273643494,
0.4672090709209442,
0.015317154116928577,
0.02874714322388172,
0.5538978576660156,
-0.03845389932394028,
-0.20105662941932678,
0.30953535437583923,
-0.7207081317901611,
0.6472633481025696,
-0.6479164361953735,
0.5611262917518616,
0.013755112886428833,
0.07814644277095795,
-0.35169073939323425,
0.5751786828041077,
-0.2380819022655487,
-0.1260623335838318,
0.15982836484909058,
-0.060997482389211655,
-0.4237305223941803,
0.12488139420747757,
-0.5349355936050415,
0.33004313707351685,
-0.23353268206119537,
-0.44640228152275085,
-0.43872353434562683,
0.4288676679134369,
0.5510261058807373,
-0.45022401213645935,
0.05058344081044197,
0.02244856022298336,
0.6464219689369202,
-0.14504428207874298,
-0.15715144574642181,
-0.2377239316701889,
-0.43246158957481384,
-0.06502190977334976
] |
236374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOLserver | AOLserver | AOLserver is AOL's open source web server. AOLserver is
multithreaded, Tcl-enabled, and used for large scale, dynamic web sites.
AOLserver is distributed under the Mozilla Public License.
AOLserver was originally developed by NaviSoft under the name "NaviServer", but changed names when AOL bought the company in 1995. Philip Greenspun convinced America Online to open-source the program in 1999.
AOLserver was the first HTTP server program to combine multithreading, a built-in scripting language, and the pooling of persistent database connections. For database-backed Web sites, this enabled performance improvements of 100× compared to the standard practices at the time of CGI scripts that opened fresh database connections on every page load. Eventually other HTTP server programs were able to achieve similar performance with a similar architecture.
AOLserver is a key component in the Open Architecture Community System (OpenACS) which is an advanced open-source toolkit for developing web applications.
In September 2007, a port of AOLserver for the iPhone was made available and later forked under the name "Joggame Server". This fork is described on its SourceForge project page as being a spin-off of AOLserver for devices.
NaviServer (also hosted on SourceForge) is a fork of AOLserver.
See also
Comparison of web server software
OpenACS
References
External links
SourceForge Project: AOLserver
Python for AOLserver
AOLserver Wiki
PHP on AOLserver
AOLserver Public License
NaviServer Fork Project Homepage
AOL
Cross-platform software
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Tcl
Free web server software | [
-0.1016288548707962,
0.14686612784862518,
0.05342932790517807,
-0.05632499232888222,
-0.41165438294410706,
-0.16087748110294342,
0.14186298847198486,
0.2757161259651184,
-0.23108673095703125,
-0.5305220484733582,
-0.5876463651657104,
0.1632043868303299,
-0.4161699116230011,
0.5250597596168518,
0.21942397952079773,
-0.28224053978919983,
0.03200788423418999,
0.7556727528572083,
-0.17336095869541168,
-0.29333654046058655,
-0.4229761064052582,
-0.4752916991710663,
-0.1888410449028015,
-0.7333107590675354,
0.17778445780277252,
0.09821871668100357,
-0.12070406973361969,
-0.12623722851276398,
-0.36242568492889404,
0.12953266501426697,
0.0911804810166359,
0.43551313877105713,
0.09762979298830032,
-0.3313877582550049,
-0.6046485304832458,
-0.5806705355644226,
0.015013672411441803,
0.49423208832740784,
-0.061755090951919556,
-0.4086902439594269,
-0.4505543112754822,
-0.21582645177841187,
0.48503929376602173,
0.49519607424736023,
0.4153256118297577,
0.19229941070079803,
-1.57356858253479,
-0.11750001460313797,
-0.555692195892334,
0.3634544909000397,
-0.8215946555137634,
0.37917569279670715,
-0.2042597383260727,
0.11902109533548355,
0.172350212931633,
0.2979857325553894,
-0.24390104413032532,
-0.13530223071575165,
-0.09419848769903183,
0.03729803115129471,
0.24203361570835114,
0.14761151373386383,
-0.20619553327560425,
0.09800319373607635,
0.3235853612422943,
0.201023668050766,
-0.09364308416843414,
0.8558772206306458,
-0.25170812010765076,
-0.08167239278554916,
0.8181979656219482,
-0.4648093581199646,
-0.10599606484174728,
-0.04589938744902611,
0.22090286016464233,
0.31535521149635315,
-0.09808944910764694,
-0.01829483173787594,
0.5177968144416809,
0.05337350443005562,
0.22250896692276,
0.6480715870857239,
0.33368903398513794,
0.059572942554950714,
0.42752954363822937,
-0.10352135449647903,
-0.17072534561157227,
0.49392324686050415,
-0.5951679348945618,
0.6637277007102966,
0.2454501837491989,
0.0002095373347401619,
1.0457650423049927,
-0.09820416569709778,
0.5254244208335876,
-0.042642250657081604,
-0.10957485437393188,
-0.27955490350723267,
0.4262218773365021,
0.09835135191679001,
-0.804580569267273,
0.19486302137374878,
-0.47342830896377563,
-0.4220457971096039,
-0.16951748728752136,
0.34865042567253113,
-0.7058109045028687,
-0.723305344581604,
-0.15887412428855896,
0.2781975269317627,
0.3716541528701782,
0.7215360999107361,
-0.2719447910785675,
-0.22809334099292755,
-0.15893831849098206,
0.49610286951065063,
0.3533690273761749,
-0.45948532223701477,
0.24707506597042084,
-0.11053834855556488,
0.7494051456451416,
1.3878604173660278,
-0.033089905977249146,
0.0919165387749672,
-0.2592643201351166,
0.04200529679656029,
0.5722130537033081,
0.22504310309886932,
0.5023046135902405,
0.4076464772224426,
0.3696376383304596,
0.5337393283843994,
0.2824922800064087,
0.34494882822036743,
0.07828211039304733,
-0.021350141614675522,
0.5821027159690857,
-0.3507010042667389,
-0.001777531928382814,
-0.1793041229248047,
-0.7818039059638977,
-0.4100535809993744,
-1.0838210582733154,
-0.4508233666419983,
0.8534195423126221,
0.3733908534049988,
0.0897892639040947,
-0.24407359957695007,
-0.586286723613739,
-0.12799477577209473,
-0.3671056926250458,
0.33386069536209106,
-0.34062302112579346,
0.012816520407795906,
-0.08873356878757477,
0.809077799320221,
0.9735482931137085,
-0.41609296202659607,
0.3529861867427826,
0.13670305907726288,
0.7260231971740723,
0.507090151309967,
-0.18436643481254578,
-0.1762220859527588,
0.14429819583892822,
-0.11046405136585236,
-0.1166415810585022,
0.2589086890220642,
0.5249130129814148,
-0.12617117166519165,
-0.4580782949924469,
-0.22457031905651093,
0.21752002835273743,
0.08834034204483032,
0.8625420928001404,
0.03411514312028885,
0.5735368728637695,
0.19377905130386353,
0.7096351385116577,
0.04451754316687584,
-0.5825744867324829,
-0.11516646295785904,
0.16198985278606415,
-0.1662665605545044,
0.3638507127761841,
0.004025181755423546,
0.644659698009491,
-0.0825701579451561,
0.6942036151885986,
-0.19496449828147888,
-1.0950287580490112,
-0.4992750287055969,
0.23685985803604126,
-0.29920849204063416,
1.0383840799331665,
-0.11983688920736313,
-0.5231078267097473,
1.4109265804290771,
0.19998493790626526,
0.639008104801178,
0.12664780020713806,
0.4288423955440521,
0.10939257591962814,
-0.6399907469749451,
-0.4118061363697052,
0.3364356458187103,
0.16850492358207703,
-0.22937767207622528,
-0.14705051481723785,
0.13013553619384766,
-0.30505508184432983,
0.055295586585998535,
0.4821923077106476,
-0.37546586990356445,
-0.0949166864156723,
0.22524166107177734,
-0.316180557012558,
0.20602913200855255,
0.19614417850971222,
-0.2616178095340729,
1.401720404624939,
-0.4716288149356842,
0.04721183702349663,
0.6127368211746216,
-1.0370445251464844,
0.5415260195732117,
0.6821871399879456,
0.0648578554391861,
0.9261093735694885,
0.1973583698272705,
0.5229967832565308,
0.05407170578837395,
-0.2142351269721985,
-1.0488717555999756,
0.2718427777290344,
-0.04128948226571083,
0.1418229043483734,
-0.7425389289855957,
0.6719540953636169,
0.06421766430139542,
0.5093288421630859,
0.5586907267570496,
-0.35785090923309326,
-0.019285010173916817,
0.10537733882665634,
-0.17227600514888763,
-0.09991447627544403,
0.21464812755584717,
-0.20277702808380127,
-0.13591191172599792,
0.47898539900779724,
0.13922752439975739,
-0.36902520060539246,
-0.4626856744289398,
0.11443507671356201,
0.6171689033508301,
-0.5581563711166382,
0.3615659475326538,
-0.8860843777656555,
0.720998227596283,
-0.21456673741340637,
-0.15164770185947418,
-0.0995132178068161,
0.34970638155937195,
0.3457390069961548,
-0.6313230395317078,
0.04371175915002823,
-0.6886727809906006,
0.4298582673072815,
0.15565542876720428,
-0.18278832733631134,
-0.5168873071670532,
-0.41873642802238464,
-0.3243320882320404,
-0.3015884459018707,
-0.5202873945236206,
-0.07517999410629272,
0.1668999046087265,
-0.3298170268535614,
-0.6223713159561157,
-0.0529848076403141,
0.408605694770813,
0.1978442519903183,
-0.49127197265625,
-0.3314884901046753,
0.15122242271900177,
0.31692740321159363,
-0.6003292202949524,
-1.0583031177520752,
0.1328689604997635,
0.20098751783370972,
0.2878280580043793,
-0.05284425988793373,
0.4409659206867218,
0.3436267375946045,
0.19083301723003387,
0.2482956051826477,
0.18559704720973969,
0.2273048609495163,
-0.003956441301852465,
-0.5825523138046265,
-0.4064778983592987,
-0.024818582460284233,
-0.5878378748893738,
0.31433990597724915,
0.011424420401453972,
0.01861651800572872,
-0.5414998531341553,
-5.478400707244873,
-0.4381536841392517,
-0.04149572551250458,
-0.09858878701925278,
0.11125060170888901,
0.07733844220638275,
0.4972437620162964,
-0.38044172525405884,
0.40934649109840393,
0.17450766265392303,
0.12594760954380035,
0.704188883304596,
0.11271216720342636,
0.19585944712162018,
0.03687209263443947,
0.9840080738067627,
0.37330853939056396,
0.8126852512359619,
0.3809017539024353,
-0.21656544506549835,
-0.5571358799934387,
0.0387629009783268,
0.07700368016958237,
0.3297308683395386,
0.0586019828915596,
0.48643383383750916,
-0.7035481929779053,
0.6381170749664307,
0.09164345264434814,
-0.12052055448293686,
0.5510239601135254,
-0.25185057520866394,
-0.25188297033309937,
-0.038762327283620834,
-0.30460846424102783,
-0.12704229354858398,
0.500315248966217,
0.12953393161296844,
0.20080848038196564,
-0.6789564490318298,
0.30525925755500793,
0.040938325226306915,
-0.10737781226634979,
0.15783672034740448,
0.2606315612792969,
-0.7847357988357544,
-0.33391913771629333,
0.5568579435348511,
0.37221023440361023,
0.6754514575004578,
-0.5778442025184631,
-0.08296617120504379,
0.35353514552116394,
0.47946450114250183,
-0.04461519047617912,
-0.6562987565994263,
0.23323948681354523,
-0.0753714069724083,
0.024882454425096512,
0.1349150389432907,
0.5235140323638916,
-0.7576422095298767,
-0.020229116082191467,
-0.9052749276161194,
-0.36336201429367065,
-0.16949516534805298,
-0.27478504180908203,
-0.2871157228946686,
-0.29420197010040283,
0.07215569913387299,
-0.4713307023048401,
0.8997687101364136,
-0.00951844360679388,
-0.816258430480957,
0.3688608407974243,
-0.802733838558197,
0.41895273327827454,
-0.3485751450061798,
-0.20418550074100494,
0.32832783460617065,
-0.22629839181900024,
-0.24598674476146698,
-0.5987505912780762,
0.012740934267640114,
-0.5767272114753723,
-0.6927748322486877,
0.15940789878368378,
-0.01977107860147953,
-0.3310065269470215,
-0.2722913324832916,
0.8496067523956299,
-0.5290893316268921,
0.24937880039215088,
0.5125929713249207,
0.5049393773078918,
0.7725257277488708,
0.37777233123779297,
0.2512219250202179,
0.15392599999904633,
0.11387506127357483,
0.7799443602561951,
-0.10707484930753708,
0.02856125868856907,
-0.7044822573661804,
0.10603154450654984,
0.1137315183877945,
-0.3474940359592438,
-0.2588135004043579,
0.9344680309295654,
0.015337076969444752,
-0.555125892162323,
0.012579064816236496,
-0.3293725848197937,
-0.5186488628387451,
-0.09061454236507416,
0.3132605254650116,
-0.23415733873844147,
0.10435821861028671,
0.14408855140209198,
-0.2258799523115158,
0.12836603820323944,
0.3364892303943634,
0.07954367995262146,
0.22529098391532898,
-0.011417863890528679,
-0.45997604727745056,
0.6795850396156311,
-0.18044105172157288,
0.2623473107814789,
-0.3997146785259247,
0.19782498478889465,
0.20925189554691315,
-0.23443345725536346,
-0.18682490289211273,
0.12737689912319183,
-0.6893143653869629,
0.018742918968200684,
0.14053668081760406,
0.5655484795570374,
-0.25239092111587524,
0.10746531933546066,
0.09005707502365112,
-0.13657042384147644,
0.35423555970191956,
0.5058708786964417,
0.580861508846283,
0.30465784668922424,
-0.2116083800792694,
-0.42000067234039307,
0.2989499866962433,
-0.21175895631313324,
-0.30633169412612915,
0.13605663180351257,
-0.3764978051185608,
-0.2331257164478302,
-0.5156945586204529,
-0.16305242478847504,
0.20671266317367554,
-0.25859561562538147,
-0.6000439524650574,
-0.31740158796310425,
-0.547150731086731,
-0.9675084352493286,
-0.15362155437469482,
-0.09583115577697754,
-0.4993051588535309,
-0.5504615902900696,
-0.07488430291414261,
-0.379892498254776,
0.06768567860126495,
-0.3387968838214874,
0.13186520338058472,
0.1503862738609314,
-0.4668090343475342,
0.5368439555168152,
-0.030779626220464706,
0.15724793076515198,
-0.25971099734306335,
0.0741477981209755,
0.01242096908390522,
0.04735225811600685,
-0.0010802207980304956,
-0.6033455729484558,
0.23495838046073914,
0.69169020652771,
-1.0569782257080078,
-0.058525990694761276,
0.2667163908481598,
-0.41074126958847046,
0.02789113111793995,
-0.184099480509758,
0.5468174815177917,
0.318377286195755,
0.06885742396116257,
-0.1654343456029892,
-0.7800033092498779,
0.21960774064064026,
-0.12405754625797272,
0.1335521638393402,
-1.5820376873016357,
-0.016339218243956566,
0.6019676327705383,
-1.0502485036849976,
0.7759870290756226,
-0.4903377294540405,
-0.5971233248710632,
0.3211686909198761,
-0.23185710608959198,
-0.3075137436389923,
0.3549651503562927,
-0.14199820160865784,
-0.5004558563232422,
0.48148906230926514,
0.14539456367492676,
-0.26456859707832336,
0.5436851382255554,
-0.16940219700336456,
0.07259082049131393,
-0.1698562204837799,
0.03595815971493721,
-0.6006254553794861,
-0.3279794752597809,
-0.2769092917442322,
0.33577197790145874,
-0.7718452215194702,
0.9530459046363831,
0.5477935075759888,
-1.0255303382873535,
0.43388181924819946,
-0.5354143977165222,
0.48650461435317993,
-0.12601052224636078,
-0.20116041600704193,
-0.09766717255115509,
-0.6085401773452759,
-0.034018903970718384,
-0.3300477862358093,
0.2838474214076996,
-0.03999103233218193,
-0.18141721189022064,
-0.16007573902606964,
0.46689262986183167,
-0.3246859908103943,
-0.5880951285362244,
-0.26148784160614014,
0.04131316766142845,
-0.44327595829963684,
-0.3854188621044159,
-0.6404458284378052,
0.12967093288898468,
0.5110339522361755,
-0.6971819996833801,
-0.23991525173187256,
-0.08005888760089874,
0.7286773324012756,
-0.3699589669704437,
-0.046335116028785706,
-0.21543759107589722,
-0.4794616103172302,
-0.12722419202327728,
0.43172797560691833,
0.1295788586139679,
-0.18372303247451782,
0.5663807392120361,
0.041630104184150696,
0.3537334203720093,
-0.0340409018099308,
-1.0948240756988525,
0.5077685713768005,
-0.5258514881134033,
0.15273207426071167,
0.16613174974918365,
0.4383084774017334,
0.7966899871826172,
0.14401675760746002,
-0.2008809745311737,
-0.040427010506391525,
-0.7469298243522644,
0.0293766800314188,
0.41104647517204285,
-0.3766586184501648,
-0.505874752998352,
0.03305461257696152,
-0.6171226501464844,
0.1020827442407608,
-0.9681882858276367,
0.3716098666191101,
0.190068319439888,
0.04562808573246002,
0.09200849384069443,
-0.6719738841056824,
0.41388338804244995,
-0.021692940965294838,
0.2126903533935547,
-0.02087804116308689,
0.27575182914733887,
-0.29530414938926697,
-0.622211217880249,
-0.4919274151325226,
-0.542046070098877,
-0.614777147769928,
0.8086304068565369,
0.6683381795883179,
-0.2931727468967438,
0.5628674626350403,
0.4607108533382416,
0.013851197436451912,
-0.26630133390426636,
0.12298359721899033,
-0.4289082884788513,
0.2782871127128601,
-0.3325205147266388,
0.2278987318277359,
0.8647607564926147,
-0.8659112453460693,
-0.044532470405101776,
-0.1678796410560608,
-0.46057701110839844,
0.24550344049930573,
0.35789334774017334,
-0.22829972207546234,
0.006116893142461777,
0.41043391823768616,
0.32078367471694946,
-0.5946105122566223,
0.5994864702224731,
-0.12234149873256683,
-0.179531991481781,
0.49293848872184753,
-0.1264551728963852,
0.6397935748100281,
-0.15626664459705353,
-0.3407093286514282,
0.20048926770687103,
-0.44264012575149536,
-0.13971392810344696,
-0.03825639560818672,
-0.29389628767967224,
-0.848227322101593,
0.18007728457450867,
0.3623059093952179,
0.042814210057258606,
0.06050585210323334,
-0.5354143977165222,
-0.9607474207878113,
0.1987532526254654,
0.05414469540119171,
0.5564490556716919,
0.14190256595611572,
0.17232859134674072,
-0.18882785737514496,
-0.2821229100227356,
0.22574461996555328,
-0.07206204533576965,
-0.37527036666870117,
-0.45195356011390686,
0.21816402673721313,
0.1683768630027771,
0.20609928667545319,
0.11130284518003464,
-0.049373023211956024,
0.22179073095321655,
0.25841182470321655,
0.18278072774410248,
-0.2880241870880127,
-0.1029941737651825,
0.7563363909721375,
-0.7141631841659546,
0.26103147864341736,
0.04102883115410805,
-0.56562739610672,
0.31428319215774536,
0.1897660344839096,
0.8315445184707642,
0.38744381070137024,
0.22476647794246674,
0.33764785528182983,
0.15653328597545624,
0.03922496736049652,
0.1987481266260147,
-0.05932457000017166,
-0.26037004590034485,
0.19179603457450867,
-0.3227071762084961,
0.29969358444213867,
-0.17054758965969086,
-0.6138119101524353,
0.15971295535564423,
0.3661212623119354,
-0.4195427894592285,
-0.528182327747345,
-0.3132513761520386,
0.555862307548523,
0.4387124478816986,
0.10991544276475906,
0.22761869430541992,
0.015776053071022034,
0.9572040438652039,
0.35511210560798645,
-0.19202686846256256,
-0.05761813744902611,
0.2651798129081726,
0.275808185338974,
-0.09387354552745819,
-0.3119041919708252,
0.6378570199012756,
-0.3286674916744232,
-0.07842056453227997,
-0.20146873593330383,
0.8836771845817566,
0.05132589489221573,
0.3812406659126282,
-0.11092785745859146,
0.027010677382349968,
0.14245788753032684,
0.3720646798610687,
0.909049391746521,
-0.32009559869766235,
0.07846856117248535,
0.3668260872364044,
-0.4774334728717804,
-0.07592297345399857,
0.3149106204509735,
0.0250493586063385,
0.30596089363098145,
-0.12133784592151642,
-0.3485035300254822,
0.49108415842056274,
-0.49033668637275696,
0.3217034339904785,
-0.015555973164737225,
-0.2619105875492096,
-0.6858320236206055,
0.7024466395378113,
0.017053598538041115,
0.18116255104541779,
-0.6790361404418945,
0.6773068904876709,
0.9319644570350647,
-0.49157798290252686,
-0.45356103777885437,
-0.009883268736302853,
-0.009621934965252876,
0.26336291432380676,
-1.0861756801605225,
0.4186532497406006,
-0.15286500751972198,
-0.7086583375930786,
-0.7693672180175781,
0.2902224361896515,
0.3375181555747986,
-0.4570484459400177,
0.06835845112800598,
-0.30271077156066895,
-0.1964883953332901,
0.3656442165374756,
0.4491075575351715,
-0.39798980951309204,
0.24656136333942413,
0.1547246128320694
] |
236375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Swinburne%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 | John Swinburne (Scottish politician) | John Swinburne (4 July 1930 – 1 October 2017) was the founder of the Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party (SSCUP). He was that party's only ever representative in the Scottish Parliament, serving as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Central Scotland region from 2003 until 2007.
Early life
Swinburne was born in Pennsylvania, United States. He was educated at Dalziel High School, Motherwell.
Political career
In 2003 he stood for election as the SSCUP candidate and gained a regional seat for Central Scotland.
Swinburne called for reintroduction of the 'Belt' or 'Tawse' into Scottish schools, expressing the opinion that corporal punishment would solve what he believed were endemic discipline problems. In 2006 his statement was condemned by other MSPs and by the teaching union, the EIS.
He stood for election again in the 2007 election but lost his seat, only polling 2% of the vote.
In May 2009, at age 78, Swinburne announced he was planning to stand for the UK Parliament in the 2009 Glasgow North East by-election. He later withdrew from this election, due to "unforeseen circumstances".
Outside politics
He became a director of Motherwell Football Club in 2000 and held this position until 2015.
He died on 1 October 2017.
He also liked cows.
References
External links
1930 births
2017 deaths
Elder rights activists
Leaders of political parties in Scotland
People from Pennsylvania
People educated at Dalziel High School
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007 | [
0.013379783369600773,
0.07464387267827988,
0.3445300757884979,
-0.8701775074005127,
-0.35141679644584656,
0.13159114122390747,
0.6457275152206421,
-0.10612548887729645,
-0.5821008086204529,
0.028983542695641518,
-0.23303544521331787,
0.11637677997350693,
-0.2281242311000824,
0.6205260753631592,
0.31153106689453125,
0.459230899810791,
-0.2062578648328781,
0.6677631139755249,
-0.5179124474525452,
0.22100570797920227,
-0.34256449341773987,
0.018154872581362724,
0.5002126693725586,
-0.04437120631337166,
0.12054958194494247,
0.42829999327659607,
0.38980597257614136,
-0.14621040225028992,
-0.009517497383058071,
0.08426260948181152,
0.06023009493947029,
0.3226411044597626,
0.5971499681472778,
-0.23653514683246613,
0.21930822730064392,
-0.2926633059978485,
0.34770408272743225,
-0.09373355656862259,
0.058212779462337494,
0.01680172234773636,
-0.5920082926750183,
0.05397150292992592,
0.3573762774467468,
0.10517507046461105,
0.3533407747745514,
-1.1231199502944946,
-1.395848035812378,
0.10823379456996918,
-0.3001755475997925,
-0.17072783410549164,
-0.22349703311920166,
0.5065253973007202,
0.5039664506912231,
-0.3296026587486267,
-0.1042189747095108,
-0.015860851854085922,
-0.7789243459701538,
-0.19437095522880554,
0.3935883641242981,
-0.5425395965576172,
0.24348947405815125,
0.24674899876117706,
-0.2837589979171753,
0.15535081923007965,
0.7993111610412598,
0.3812703788280487,
-0.16445524990558624,
0.987698495388031,
-0.48408254981040955,
0.08330103009939194,
0.048906128853559494,
0.17237155139446259,
0.2943187355995178,
0.1719960868358612,
0.11662303656339645,
-0.43081849813461304,
-0.11654747277498245,
0.2803938090801239,
0.21065931022167206,
-0.3881232440471649,
0.19474969804286957,
-0.18425355851650238,
0.5006245374679565,
0.8728125095367432,
0.23571465909481049,
0.10080741345882416,
-0.18140187859535217,
0.43821996450424194,
0.24294808506965637,
0.5215146541595459,
-0.2955845296382904,
-0.5763169527053833,
0.4159180819988251,
-0.24107415974140167,
0.0715598538517952,
0.2895148694515228,
0.15423333644866943,
0.14058363437652588,
0.058070115745067596,
-0.5242136120796204,
0.2891848385334015,
0.3711830675601959,
-0.08337467908859253,
-0.9136332273483276,
-0.29144689440727234,
0.3857400417327881,
-0.47145870327949524,
-0.37476488947868347,
0.12436670809984207,
-0.895637035369873,
-0.6842034459114075,
-0.1263539344072342,
-0.1547209620475769,
0.09094443172216415,
0.4815081059932709,
0.8238404989242554,
0.27183979749679565,
-0.7665939331054688,
-0.27011555433273315,
-0.29317808151245117,
-0.23270045220851898,
0.6257504820823669,
-0.8880159854888916,
0.018975842744112015,
-0.5573747158050537,
0.2911549508571625,
0.12744002044200897,
0.2480538934469223,
0.036306917667388916,
0.3785310685634613,
0.5098240971565247,
1.2409359216690063,
-0.6323968172073364,
-0.3385276794433594,
-0.5669983625411987,
0.03283959627151489,
0.5845217704772949,
0.10289811342954636,
-0.32817456126213074,
0.4826427102088928,
-0.0545026920735836,
0.20153218507766724,
-0.5589576959609985,
-0.5018669962882996,
0.5197482109069824,
0.14522290229797363,
-0.33052563667297363,
-0.4141062796115875,
-0.09906675666570663,
-0.44407445192337036,
0.40747299790382385,
-0.3383224606513977,
0.06405496597290039,
0.0034451547544449568,
-0.07472841441631317,
0.9408654570579529,
0.8959190845489502,
-0.6413165926933289,
0.32630351185798645,
0.5362082123756409,
0.03917277604341507,
-0.05617880821228027,
0.03311314433813095,
0.337699830532074,
0.8275086879730225,
0.1660555601119995,
-0.16950391232967377,
-0.7477219700813293,
0.21606630086898804,
0.0011932463385164738,
0.08223656564950943,
0.05903808772563934,
0.18702556192874908,
-0.27564290165901184,
0.397615522146225,
-0.33338141441345215,
0.2302355319261551,
0.42991000413894653,
0.297330766916275,
-0.5269619226455688,
-0.7471354007720947,
-0.4887148141860962,
-0.4582046866416931,
-0.23622125387191772,
0.4669233560562134,
-0.004203027114272118,
0.2276942878961563,
0.16641221940517426,
0.21388545632362366,
-0.06467059999704361,
-0.41107046604156494,
-1.1477274894714355,
0.22710904479026794,
-0.45627251267433167,
1.3277442455291748,
0.1299760341644287,
0.3391238749027252,
0.2665988802909851,
0.2083398997783661,
1.2096638679504395,
-0.304561972618103,
0.011466342024505138,
-0.3466215431690216,
-0.6249402761459351,
-0.7651317119598389,
1.344882607460022,
0.503848671913147,
0.16396252810955048,
0.3597024977207184,
0.4583425521850586,
0.1875382363796234,
-0.6521130800247192,
-0.3140413463115692,
0.2812885642051697,
0.0465424507856369,
-0.6589531898498535,
-0.1701003462076187,
-0.364907830953598,
0.0641191154718399,
0.03754822164773941,
0.2913471758365631,
0.3522607982158661,
-0.11503380537033081,
1.0058763027191162,
-0.08604732900857925,
-0.02795090712606907,
0.39554911851882935,
-0.19263775646686554,
-0.21679766476154327,
-0.39525729417800903,
0.10784728080034256,
0.02025294303894043,
0.1804947555065155,
-0.6095836162567139,
-0.6342881917953491,
-0.126539945602417,
-0.30540063977241516,
0.17971722781658173,
-0.3086280822753906,
0.02601689286530018,
0.6543594002723694,
0.5531466603279114,
-0.6598557233810425,
0.27742481231689453,
-0.2659311592578888,
0.9467087984085083,
-0.32266178727149963,
0.22270968556404114,
0.5441920757293701,
0.15259286761283875,
0.5216907262802124,
0.5609805583953857,
0.42161107063293457,
-0.2297259271144867,
0.6845171451568604,
0.10275216400623322,
0.17015570402145386,
-0.20228759944438934,
0.1371082067489624,
0.19307555258274078,
-0.02506541833281517,
-0.03511817008256912,
0.12996967136859894,
0.2145114541053772,
-0.22530950605869293,
0.1859365552663803,
-0.1977960765361786,
-0.8068968653678894,
0.46695512533187866,
-0.24489454925060272,
0.016049474477767944,
-0.3150697946548462,
0.07037842273712158,
-0.5709869265556335,
0.37443673610687256,
-0.16949129104614258,
-0.09650728851556778,
0.18890893459320068,
-0.2657068967819214,
-0.3554127812385559,
0.3966633081436157,
1.1499165296554565,
-0.1964440643787384,
-0.16405263543128967,
-0.13855421543121338,
0.8860775828361511,
-0.01900252141058445,
0.6164570450782776,
0.2153826504945755,
-0.2268829494714737,
0.32267335057258606,
-0.0982336476445198,
-0.13713812828063965,
0.34115588665008545,
-0.2331741750240326,
0.3533254861831665,
0.08779644966125488,
-0.18424038589000702,
0.47923901677131653,
-0.0803191065788269,
-0.5641615986824036,
0.4282483756542206,
-0.31975439190864563,
0.23117738962173462,
0.7077909111976624,
-0.11077189445495605,
-0.4157433807849884,
-0.4027544856071472,
-5.252763748168945,
-0.12364239245653152,
-0.15819263458251953,
-0.10371756553649902,
0.6914474368095398,
0.2753726541996002,
0.4878591299057007,
-0.4509643316268921,
0.1822810173034668,
0.1535971760749817,
0.23036473989486694,
0.24289129674434662,
-0.13002654910087585,
0.4182386100292206,
0.885364830493927,
0.38929104804992676,
0.7591755390167236,
-0.19019415974617004,
0.9251505732536316,
-0.8291893005371094,
0.42547571659088135,
0.0073104798793792725,
-0.6572423577308655,
0.679653525352478,
0.3991541564464569,
1.1343591213226318,
-0.39292407035827637,
0.2376330941915512,
-0.42297130823135376,
-0.3405231237411499,
0.07432741671800613,
0.4244985282421112,
-0.2907862067222595,
-0.010825294069945812,
-0.5460304021835327,
-0.19400523602962494,
0.35281455516815186,
0.7122628092765808,
-0.00551264826208353,
-0.3338448703289032,
0.013360518962144852,
0.27894631028175354,
-0.7069320678710938,
0.2135103940963745,
0.14795692265033722,
-0.4996595084667206,
-0.6306747198104858,
0.1714293509721756,
-0.6910724639892578,
0.6581564545631409,
-0.3212087154388428,
-0.1160830408334732,
0.5994845032691956,
-0.12184510380029678,
0.06956560164690018,
0.07343584299087524,
0.11736707389354706,
0.20978973805904388,
-0.5748400688171387,
0.4657030701637268,
0.1120203286409378,
-0.3358837962150574,
0.23315635323524475,
-0.3250063955783844,
-0.4132726192474365,
0.23824258148670197,
-0.2178046703338623,
-0.20382004976272583,
0.04980370029807091,
-0.2991458475589752,
-0.5437602996826172,
0.6306903958320618,
-0.3078017234802246,
-1.319218635559082,
0.02936621569097042,
-0.24854378402233124,
-0.11985570192337036,
0.6678547859191895,
-0.20114101469516754,
-0.2574649155139923,
0.23820027709007263,
-0.010392967611551285,
-0.12482458353042603,
1.1172627210617065,
0.16192619502544403,
0.4257805645465851,
-0.24552041292190552,
0.30070459842681885,
-0.34261554479599,
-0.6313373446464539,
-0.06960051506757736,
-0.48311081528663635,
-0.25613725185394287,
0.48849809169769287,
0.3514590561389923,
0.0647294893860817,
-0.20772072672843933,
-0.095980204641819,
-0.15253937244415283,
-0.7685920596122742,
-0.1975257396697998,
0.250744104385376,
-0.27040383219718933,
-1.044538974761963,
-0.2513762414455414,
-0.13160628080368042,
-0.6883171796798706,
0.28878992795944214,
-0.15967236459255219,
0.18400640785694122,
0.047269631177186966,
-0.31193807721138,
-0.7365313768386841,
0.025211388245224953,
0.31933918595314026,
-0.13556891679763794,
-0.6317986249923706,
0.40198907256126404,
0.5821663737297058,
1.1538902521133423,
0.5672509074211121,
0.32823291420936584,
-0.13046374917030334,
-0.15714994072914124,
-0.8380052447319031,
-0.2883901000022888,
0.4111822545528412,
-0.17357030510902405,
-0.3761296570301056,
-0.1327536255121231,
0.5333267450332642,
0.5538856983184814,
-0.21294152736663818,
-0.23488257825374603,
0.4025420844554901,
-0.49033600091934204,
-0.21170753240585327,
0.03478380665183067,
0.04571494460105896,
-0.1359187662601471,
-0.04863838851451874,
0.13254401087760925,
-0.010548170655965805,
0.6862050294876099,
-0.2099139243364334,
0.5326188206672668,
0.3688611090183258,
0.5400440692901611,
-0.058196257799863815,
0.5744202733039856,
-0.46053171157836914,
0.1256582885980606,
0.2822881042957306,
-0.7030615210533142,
-0.052844155579805374,
0.2202753871679306,
-0.15569305419921875,
-0.024363460019230843,
-0.22153066098690033,
-0.3863874673843384,
-0.47012925148010254,
0.40383392572402954,
-1.4072328805923462,
0.10444052517414093,
0.6381203532218933,
-0.48556581139564514,
-0.8942822217941284,
-0.47596874833106995,
-0.19245679676532745,
0.8111365437507629,
-0.21174199879169464,
-0.18234679102897644,
-0.5632245540618896,
-0.14714455604553223,
0.39859500527381897,
-0.33240753412246704,
-0.15152740478515625,
-0.021608799695968628,
0.15302874147891998,
-0.00701693631708622,
0.2564365863800049,
0.508023202419281,
-0.3513343930244446,
0.6012062430381775,
0.6398618817329407,
-0.7054299712181091,
-0.43886855244636536,
-0.8035692572593689,
0.22666653990745544,
0.16312755644321442,
0.31411173939704895,
-0.09718788415193558,
0.5449975728988647,
0.40750935673713684,
-0.6047515273094177,
-0.29497605562210083,
-0.12562091648578644,
-0.6180641651153564,
-0.2373945564031601,
-0.9540231823921204,
0.07395730167627335,
0.33709517121315,
0.009426653385162354,
-0.08333593606948853,
-0.11647370457649231,
-0.9362847208976746,
-0.04626990854740143,
-0.07080741971731186,
-0.4773977994918823,
0.7174124121665955,
-0.15388789772987366,
-0.42355647683143616,
0.028560008853673935,
0.329689085483551,
-0.6422670483589172,
-0.02202189713716507,
0.30183014273643494,
-0.05976005271077156,
-0.48142004013061523,
-0.47594279050827026,
-0.6978950500488281,
-0.37279295921325684,
-0.3417023718357086,
-0.31405729055404663,
-0.4218405485153198,
0.2354518324136734,
0.32472681999206543,
-0.465396523475647,
0.8555814027786255,
-0.5842410922050476,
-0.8236530423164368,
-0.13197210431098938,
0.03798363357782364,
-0.14911338686943054,
-0.3388296365737915,
0.5655044913291931,
-0.12722466886043549,
0.09848935157060623,
0.26016438007354736,
0.4254797697067261,
0.04042274132370949,
1.056688904762268,
0.6952710747718811,
-1.2066459655761719,
-0.18142350018024445,
-0.12895554304122925,
0.9340165853500366,
-0.42289304733276367,
-0.19666218757629395,
0.15739037096500397,
0.7056217193603516,
0.16241903603076935,
-0.5919472575187683,
-0.7600529193878174,
0.6648447513580322,
-0.5202047228813171,
-0.13923753798007965,
-0.3113688826560974,
0.43211236596107483,
-0.8414870500564575,
-0.37907320261001587,
0.22285334765911102,
-0.14835910499095917,
0.6509204506874084,
0.2826395630836487,
0.44619888067245483,
0.1242280900478363,
-0.4699062407016754,
0.45239686965942383,
-0.42549824714660645,
-0.5376564264297485,
-0.7021885514259338,
0.019634846597909927,
0.5910907983779907,
-0.26318639516830444,
-0.5314483046531677,
0.04196120798587799,
-0.8335196375846863,
-0.23811936378479004,
-0.13619296252727509,
-0.07413548976182938,
0.1596919149160385,
0.7073861956596375,
-0.3843551278114319,
0.2168375551700592,
-0.9120038747787476,
-0.40548470616340637,
-0.6263172626495361,
-0.39706623554229736,
-0.04701489582657814,
-0.6479287147521973,
-0.566877007484436,
-0.5935921669006348,
-0.08818583190441132,
-0.6541339159011841,
0.22020253539085388,
-0.6519559621810913,
-0.47722071409225464,
-0.845005214214325,
-0.10243542492389679,
-0.45206260681152344,
0.9068132042884827,
0.056920357048511505,
0.053556233644485474,
0.04364181309938431,
0.3495076894760132,
-0.34104105830192566,
-0.318758100271225,
0.3000800609588623,
-0.2815997898578644,
0.3473593592643738,
-0.12522146105766296,
-0.050457365810871124,
0.5582235455513,
-0.9259809255599976,
-0.057468462735414505,
0.1843852549791336,
-0.6653341054916382,
0.4182489216327667,
0.20789648592472076,
-0.03620361536741257,
-0.1372237354516983,
0.5945470929145813,
0.20779557526111603,
0.188970685005188,
0.7065232992172241,
-0.22078634798526764,
0.2991054058074951,
0.4195035994052887,
0.15978094935417175,
-0.15458457171916962,
0.2509017884731293,
-0.6355428099632263,
0.6450387835502625,
-0.45303231477737427,
0.20995888113975525,
0.7685690522193909,
-0.32720425724983215,
-0.028352465480566025,
0.4950324296951294,
-0.11693669855594635,
0.5187082290649414,
0.06452342867851257,
-0.28932929039001465,
0.00753736263141036,
-0.03357461094856262,
-0.1882164031267166,
0.26652824878692627,
0.434550940990448,
-0.061867259442806244,
0.5051472187042236,
-0.17805063724517822,
-0.17991098761558533,
-0.13200907409191132,
-0.14612698554992676,
0.2201877236366272,
0.1724565476179123,
-0.6272963881492615,
0.3472449481487274,
-0.17086763679981232,
-0.010656684637069702,
0.02114133909344673,
0.3615169823169708,
0.2948347330093384,
0.038029853254556656,
-0.2944658696651459,
0.1387072056531906,
-0.5892698764801025,
0.45842328667640686,
0.696485161781311,
0.9845420718193054,
-0.2695470154285431,
-0.3128904104232788,
0.322880357503891,
0.5227651596069336,
-0.3779170513153076,
0.7281917333602905,
-0.0397011823952198,
0.009708333760499954,
0.31435754895210266,
-0.5493141412734985,
0.5589251518249512,
-0.5320801734924316,
-0.3893800675868988,
0.5154862403869629,
0.22111982107162476,
-0.4395303726196289,
-0.167646124958992,
0.10601986944675446,
-0.38837510347366333,
0.4999847710132599,
-0.4679144024848938,
-0.37068402767181396,
0.15523695945739746,
-0.7656351923942566,
-0.01858789473772049,
-0.34571215510368347,
0.5592647194862366,
0.550224781036377,
-0.047537293285131454,
-0.12047326564788818,
0.23356641829013824,
-0.07314642518758774,
0.7488633394241333,
0.16597798466682434,
0.6876848340034485,
-0.5298011302947998,
-0.046909380704164505,
-0.18531222641468048,
0.6143472790718079,
-0.0997128114104271,
0.6967631578445435,
0.03499697148799896,
0.8633140325546265,
-0.25215089321136475,
0.0504717081785202,
0.9004935026168823,
-0.6076608896255493,
-0.5262560248374939,
-0.526732861995697,
-0.1599910706281662,
-0.08307791501283646,
0.4797535240650177,
0.14376024901866913,
-0.3424651026725769,
-0.5969851016998291,
0.08595294505357742,
0.5204557776451111,
-0.12207101285457611,
0.1670379936695099,
-0.4216010570526123,
0.15701602399349213,
-0.01913919672369957,
-0.2768935263156891,
-0.11336013674736023,
0.46722182631492615,
-0.013721304014325142,
0.45748764276504517,
0.2717321813106537,
-0.016449186950922012,
0.13896599411964417,
-0.3128073811531067,
0.6392148733139038,
-0.02849642187356949,
-1.5434918403625488,
0.18919967114925385,
0.11699701845645905,
-0.7383692860603333,
0.12278151512145996,
-0.19230061769485474,
-0.07645723223686218,
-0.418668657541275,
-0.28013527393341064,
-0.3013366162776947,
0.8529130220413208,
-0.11849170178174973,
-0.15104413032531738,
-0.2771962285041809,
0.41624388098716736,
-0.4418584704399109
] |
236376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edmond%20Logan | William Edmond Logan | Sir William Edmond Logan, FRSE FRS FGS (20 April 1798 – 22 June 1875), was a Canadian-born geologist and the founder and first director of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Life
William Edmond Logan was born into a well-to-do Montreal family in 1798, the third son of William Logan, a baker and owner of real estate, and Janet Edmond, both originally from Scotland.
Logan was sent to Edinburgh to receive an education. As was common at the time for young men of means, he learned languages (French, Spanish, some Gaelic and German), music (flute), and became an accomplished artist. In the 1830s, Logan became fascinated with geology while managing a copper-smelting works near Swansea, Wales, on behalf of his uncle, Hart Logan. His self-taught talent for the subject soon brought his geological maps and interpretations to the attention of the most eminent geologists of Great Britain, and it was their later recommendations that clinched Logan's appointment as the founding director of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC).
The need for an organization that could chart the mineral resources of the newly established Province of Canada (following the merger of Upper and Lower Canada) had been under discussion for over a decade. Government funds were allocated in 1841 and Logan took up his duties in 1842.
By the spring of 1843, Logan had established the Survey's headquarters in what he described as a "small and dark room" in Montreal. He had also hired Scottish-born Alexander Murray, a former naval officer, as his assistant. The rapid industrial advances in England since the late 18th century had shown how essential coal was to economic expansion. With the accepted belief that North America's destiny lay in applying industrial technology to rich natural resources, the search for coal became the Survey's first priority.
The 1843 field season saw Logan working between Pictou, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé, as well as Murray between Lake Erie and Lake Huron. The following year, Logan mapped the north shore of the Gaspé Peninsula and then explored inland to the mountains along the Cap Chat River. Logan's assistants named the highest peak in his honour (this Mount Logan is not to be confused with Canada's highest mountain, which is located in Yukon and also named for him).
Based on information gathered during the first two field seasons, Logan was able to report that no coal deposits were to be found in the Province of Canada. Logan's conclusion undoubtedly made the idea of amalgamating with the coal-rich Maritime Provinces attractive, and was one of the factors leading to Confederation in 1867.
Logan also made many important discoveries in the early days of the Survey. For example, he identified several broad geological divisions: folded rocks covering Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Eastern Townships; the nearly flat-lying limestones that extend west from Montreal to Lake Huron; and much older crystalline rocks extending north an unknown distance from Kingston, Ottawa, and Montreal. The latter soon proved to be the southernmost exposed section of Canada's mineral-rich Precambrian Shield.
After failing to find any extensive coal deposits in British North America, Logan became interested in the bitumen deposits in Enniskillen Township as a potential substitute. In the Report of the Geological Survey for 1849–1850, Thomas Sterry Hunt analyzed a one hundred pound sample of bitumen that was sent to Logan, noting that the material could be used to create asphalt, caulking material for ships or lamp fuel. The Survey's reports caught the attention of Charles and Henry Tripp, who established the International Mining and Manufacturing Company in 1854, the world's first petroleum company.
In addition to Logan's skills at geological observation and surviving in the wilds, he was an adept manager; during the 1850s he built up the staff of the GSC, adding a paleontologist, a chemist, more geologists, and a museum technician, amongst others. He also lobbied the government successfully for continued funding for the GSC, although he would use his own funds when necessary; he was an independently wealthy man, and to the despair of many parents hoping to snag him as a son-in-law, his response was always that he was "married to the rocks." By the late 1850s, Logan had built the GSC into a well-rounded organization capable of conducting rigorous exploration, making maps, analyzing and identifying mineral and fossil specimens, producing reports, and maintaining a public museum.
The 1850s saw the beginning of the great international expositions, and Logan was a talented promoter of Canada's mineral resources abroad, starting with the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, the 1851 world fair at the Crystal Palace in London, England. A second similar opportunity came in 1855 with the Universal Exposition in Paris. Canada's participation in these high-profile events stimulated international interest in Canadian minerals and brought personal honours to Logan. Logan exhibited Charles and Henry's asphalt, where it won an honorable mention. He received the French Cross of the Legion of Honour from Napoleon III in 1855, and his greatest honour, his knighthood bestowed by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in 1856. That same year he was awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London. Throughout his career, Logan was to receive dozens of prestigious awards.
Logan was also an influential museum builder. In 1856, he was authorized by the government to establish a Geological Museum open to the public – which he did at the GSC headquarters in Montreal. This museum was to grow through the years, and both the Canadian Museum of Nature and the Canadian Museum of History trace their roots to it.
One of the most important accomplishments of the GSC under Logan was the publication in 1863 of the Geology of Canada. Representing all the work of the organization up to that date, this 983-page book recorded everything known about Canadian geology. It received national and international acclaim for its content, style, and precision.
In 1864 Logan founded the Geological Survey of Newfoundland, on request of the colonial government and appointed Alexander Murray as the first director.
In 1869, Logan's geological map of Canada was published (the map is actually dated 1866). On a scale of 1 inch to 25 miles, it showed the geology and geography of southeastern Canada as far west as Manitoba and as far north as lakes St. John, Timiskaming, Nipigon, and St. Joseph. In 1864, a smaller scale version of this same map (1 inch to 125 miles) had been printed in atlas form, making it the first comprehensive illustration of the geology of what is now the southern part of Ontario and Quebec.
Logan retired in 1869 at the age of 71. He died at Castle Malgwyn in Wales, the home of his sister, Elizabeth Gower, on 22 June 1875, and is buried in the churchyard of St Llawddog at Cilgerran, Pembrokeshire, Wales.
Posthumous honours
Mount Logan, Canada's highest mountain, was named in Logan's honour in 1890 by I.C. Russell of the U.S. Geological Survey.
The rare mineral Weloganite, discovered by GSC scientist Ann Sabina at the Francon Quarry in Montreal in 1966 was named in his honour.
The Geological Association of Canada awards the Logan Medal, established in 1964, annually as its highest honour.
Maclean's magazine, in July 1998, named Logan 'Canada's Greatest Scientist' in their feature "The 100 Most Important Canadians in History."
In 2005, the Literary Review of Canada chose Logan's landmark publication Geological Survey of Canada: Report of Progress from its Commencement to 1863 as one of the 100 most important Canadian books. The list was intended to identify the books that had "changed our country's psychic landscape."
Bibliography
Winder, C. Gordon, LOGAN, Sir WILLIAM EDMOND, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. X, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/logan_william_edmond_10E.html.
Vodden, Christy, No Stone Unturned: The First 150 Years of the Geological Survey of Canada, Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1992
Harrington, Bernard, J., Life of Sir William E. Logan, Dawson Brothers, Montreal, 1883
Smith, Charles and Dyck, Ian (editors), William E. Logan's 1845 Survey of the Upper Ottawa Valley, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, 2007
Winder, C. Gordon, William Edmond Logan (1798–1875): Knighted Canadian Geologist, Trafford on Demand Publishing, 2004
References
External links
Written in Stone: William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada(English and French)
Sir William Logan 1798 - 1875
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
William Edmond Logan (1798–1875): Canada's Super-Rocker!!
Sir William Logan Online
Sir William Logan, 200th birthday essay
The History of the Geological Survey of Canada in 175 Objects
L’histoire de la Commission géologique du Canada illustrée par 175 objets
1798 births
1875 deaths
19th-century Canadian scientists
19th-century Scottish people
Scientists from Montreal
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Université de Montréal alumni
19th-century Canadian civil servants
Geological Survey of Canada personnel
Canadian geologists
Canadian knights
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Royal Medal winners
Wollaston Medal winners
Knights Bachelor
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Scottish civil servants
Scottish expatriates in Canada
Scottish geologists
Scottish knights | [
0.09425923228263855,
0.7497374415397644,
-0.7854293584823608,
0.2699165940284729,
0.11681082844734192,
0.2945169508457184,
0.7200217247009277,
0.41944435238838196,
-0.10769959539175034,
-0.21516481041908264,
-0.43876558542251587,
-0.11237054318189621,
-0.30641162395477295,
0.664249837398529,
0.2284630984067917,
0.9238824248313904,
-0.4580424726009369,
-0.4254423677921295,
-0.369839072227478,
0.09602086991071701,
-0.289550244808197,
-0.30367180705070496,
0.5863826870918274,
0.3780602216720581,
-0.5846656560897827,
-0.007799890358000994,
0.46732765436172485,
0.3084847629070282,
0.022206738591194153,
0.11344785243272781,
-0.23230481147766113,
0.30409225821495056,
0.1554499715566635,
0.08926407247781754,
-0.9873237609863281,
0.1400507390499115,
-0.48204943537712097,
-0.4225706458091736,
-0.3255380690097809,
-0.27809178829193115,
0.10650014877319336,
-0.2715240716934204,
-0.16612601280212402,
0.07651248574256897,
-0.2053489089012146,
-0.2711333632469177,
-1.3579199314117432,
0.3082496225833893,
-0.4405495226383209,
0.07840615510940552,
-0.26076439023017883,
0.8013012409210205,
0.1629660725593567,
-0.3861667811870575,
-0.5244124531745911,
0.8154392838478088,
-0.4514112174510956,
0.28502774238586426,
-0.1800679862499237,
-0.7003752589225769,
0.4218210279941559,
0.3088846802711487,
0.21628348529338837,
0.18755638599395752,
0.3449344336986542,
0.5453240275382996,
-0.4884147644042969,
-0.06871722638607025,
0.003875673981383443,
-0.032294534146785736,
0.4779178500175476,
0.2619805932044983,
0.08193796128034592,
1.1132084131240845,
0.30048123002052307,
0.014768974855542183,
-0.1866411566734314,
-0.05371910333633423,
0.28239578008651733,
0.7137088775634766,
-0.3532276749610901,
-0.022582270205020905,
0.7872276902198792,
0.5539248585700989,
-0.22880786657333374,
0.1622454822063446,
-0.4600769281387329,
0.48069703578948975,
0.037024278193712234,
-0.05526179075241089,
-0.6285505890846252,
-0.23888327181339264,
0.6152592301368713,
-0.2764793634414673,
0.32583820819854736,
0.09521529823541641,
-0.18359336256980896,
0.24593257904052734,
-0.42792069911956787,
-0.6945137977600098,
-0.15509049594402313,
-0.28334057331085205,
-0.11984151601791382,
0.2786402404308319,
-0.582582950592041,
0.1570172756910324,
-0.7163351774215698,
0.1558912992477417,
-0.3385351002216339,
-0.30205079913139343,
-0.5904151201248169,
-0.22740241885185242,
-0.5352761745452881,
0.18433010578155518,
0.5588669180870056,
-0.5503889322280884,
0.7993839383125305,
-0.9208161234855652,
-0.5436793565750122,
-0.5524884462356567,
-0.05566539615392685,
0.23133739829063416,
-0.3323873281478882,
0.1819813996553421,
-0.6932385563850403,
0.2651786804199219,
0.18427471816539764,
-0.6490544676780701,
-0.29107919335365295,
0.6209806799888611,
0.34272974729537964,
1.3132809400558472,
-0.05587569251656532,
-0.5025346279144287,
-0.3576657176017761,
-0.4076283872127533,
-0.6579746007919312,
-0.5244300365447998,
-0.7355220317840576,
0.2669602036476135,
-0.6460915803909302,
-0.03552762791514397,
-0.34690654277801514,
-0.15067899227142334,
0.16811496019363403,
0.21938525140285492,
-0.009000618010759354,
-0.13889585435390472,
-0.12272889167070389,
-0.033455610275268555,
0.11269300431013107,
-0.11152016371488571,
-0.3524748980998993,
-0.28569459915161133,
-0.058505382388830185,
1.1109477281570435,
0.4882791340351105,
0.6534562706947327,
0.3104909658432007,
0.29553622007369995,
-0.026220109313726425,
0.14449909329414368,
0.062137238681316376,
-0.2190673053264618,
0.5771573185920715,
-0.24413880705833435,
0.19901736080646515,
-0.6324998140335083,
-0.1765226274728775,
0.02858017385005951,
0.08090246468782425,
-0.10052893310785294,
0.2780894637107849,
0.2734830975532532,
-0.05324193462729454,
0.10621269047260284,
0.0307045578956604,
0.2765306234359741,
0.33236679434776306,
-0.31412920355796814,
-0.8816659450531006,
-0.198117196559906,
0.4819033145904541,
-0.2315245270729065,
0.5366112589836121,
-0.15516816079616547,
0.6323419809341431,
-0.1509963572025299,
0.2117265909910202,
-0.3261789381504059,
-0.3265027403831482,
-1.3484044075012207,
-0.16038133203983307,
-0.7812409996986389,
0.7916840314865112,
-0.03261576220393181,
-0.13854385912418365,
0.6739853620529175,
0.3983730375766754,
0.8584808111190796,
-0.3214166760444641,
0.3755933344364166,
-0.20550723373889923,
-0.2635994553565979,
-0.3683054745197296,
0.4183453321456909,
0.6732637882232666,
-0.10917247086763382,
0.23713816702365875,
-0.002921238774433732,
0.2876961827278137,
-0.5187069177627563,
0.4288998544216156,
0.2532994747161865,
-0.42557504773139954,
-0.5361704230308533,
-0.5659023523330688,
-0.2520737051963806,
0.1023971363902092,
-0.11000300198793411,
0.6109239459037781,
0.4099504053592682,
-0.05948667973279953,
0.8568054437637329,
0.20953212678432465,
0.37438905239105225,
0.055308740586042404,
0.3617180287837982,
0.15631572902202606,
-0.7127981185913086,
-0.3362728953361511,
-0.10947567224502563,
0.6738656759262085,
-0.5115005373954773,
0.26990532875061035,
-0.3387058675289154,
-0.1963946521282196,
-0.22102104127407074,
0.017581412568688393,
0.3243855834007263,
0.1790522336959839,
0.3849412202835083,
-0.4366988241672516,
0.28272852301597595,
0.04061742126941681,
0.43768760561943054,
0.10356002300977707,
-0.3038041889667511,
0.09621086716651917,
-0.2254474014043808,
0.140391543507576,
0.2963973879814148,
0.2573312819004059,
0.6016192436218262,
0.011775847524404526,
-0.19251495599746704,
0.9020593166351318,
-0.3703209161758423,
-0.27206340432167053,
0.5307930707931519,
0.13017413020133972,
-0.03476061299443245,
-0.4814288318157196,
0.09220557659864426,
0.3861500024795532,
-0.44550344347953796,
-0.025271302089095116,
-0.2404003143310547,
0.14118041098117828,
0.39585426449775696,
0.808485209941864,
-0.44201192259788513,
-0.05660901218652725,
0.6843222379684448,
0.3785819113254547,
-0.31354647874832153,
0.1105228140950203,
0.39507418870925903,
-0.9740990996360779,
-0.2628878653049469,
0.2530704140663147,
0.8507158160209656,
-0.16733455657958984,
0.026835216209292412,
-0.2918688654899597,
0.09723260998725891,
-0.3185417056083679,
0.39742034673690796,
0.2907453179359436,
-0.7111519575119019,
-0.048248082399368286,
0.3727366328239441,
-0.001244933228008449,
0.052188023924827576,
-0.46316924691200256,
-0.04973151907324791,
0.2939900755882263,
-0.9361850619316101,
0.45979779958724976,
-0.35687243938446045,
-1.2783657312393188,
-0.4367421567440033,
0.31368130445480347,
-0.021386362612247467,
0.3593406081199646,
0.28817322850227356,
-0.08210697025060654,
-0.15750199556350708,
-5.270292282104492,
-0.16487377882003784,
0.0005531980423256755,
-0.39824292063713074,
0.257729172706604,
-0.10528349131345749,
0.5555991530418396,
-0.0921529158949852,
0.4915451407432556,
-0.4789036810398102,
-0.013368070125579834,
-0.3405361771583557,
0.04766068980097771,
0.29452770948410034,
0.7879634499549866,
0.5064430236816406,
0.4382222592830658,
0.3501647114753723,
0.3169735074043274,
0.4455358684062958,
0.5320647954940796,
0.19043555855751038,
-0.2633049786090851,
-0.0695238709449768,
0.09042730182409286,
0.5654054284095764,
-0.014892017468810081,
0.4249856770038605,
-0.66818767786026,
-0.21186520159244537,
0.4359281659126282,
-0.4304121732711792,
0.17536157369613647,
-0.4537198841571808,
-0.2785385251045227,
-0.5636999607086182,
0.4386492967605591,
0.9036962985992432,
0.7760947942733765,
0.20232024788856506,
-0.028676198795437813,
-0.4082449674606323,
-0.6773536205291748,
0.08696969598531723,
-0.6373886466026306,
-1.0636087656021118,
-0.980240523815155,
0.7431340217590332,
-0.0325932502746582,
0.6456403732299805,
0.5757102966308594,
0.3638536036014557,
0.456777960062027,
-0.26948145031929016,
-0.9142590761184692,
0.19352926313877106,
0.7968745827674866,
0.17036409676074982,
-1.248521089553833,
0.18411807715892792,
0.6467469930648804,
-0.3672444224357605,
0.29966065287590027,
-0.21645770967006683,
-0.22415193915367126,
-0.3034501075744629,
0.07610590755939484,
0.016284577548503876,
-0.03215443715453148,
-0.1709050089120865,
0.09992208331823349,
1.0431797504425049,
0.09669859707355499,
-0.71188884973526,
-0.5738246440887451,
-0.5314093828201294,
-0.21368944644927979,
0.04493159428238869,
-0.40870627760887146,
-0.08823113143444061,
-0.4157128632068634,
-0.036108922213315964,
0.09636612981557846,
1.4274400472640991,
0.3538988530635834,
0.1671036034822464,
-0.5156311988830566,
0.2767450511455536,
-0.0019833515398204327,
-0.6421834230422974,
-0.12054262310266495,
-0.1959790587425232,
0.5546483397483826,
0.5741866827011108,
0.27901750802993774,
-0.35255831480026245,
0.195647194981575,
0.26560893654823303,
0.30616655945777893,
-0.2632463574409485,
-0.6626697778701782,
-0.08538736402988434,
0.14127105474472046,
-0.6446240544319153,
-0.34535202383995056,
-0.6151068210601807,
-0.3840392529964447,
0.43283453583717346,
0.026213359087705612,
0.6711595058441162,
0.09435148537158966,
0.528946042060852,
-0.5935675501823425,
0.1490088254213333,
0.23787817358970642,
0.1557757705450058,
0.3092716336250305,
0.04064258933067322,
1.374295711517334,
0.4050256609916687,
-0.4357142746448517,
0.09034168720245361,
0.3250323235988617,
-0.2811810076236725,
0.6875805854797363,
-0.00981184747070074,
0.9236834645271301,
-0.42133116722106934,
0.015576783567667007,
-0.10321786254644394,
0.06975549459457397,
1.0047023296356201,
0.14284475147724152,
0.3636712431907654,
-0.20461395382881165,
0.09527482092380524,
-0.9137901067733765,
-0.3422996997833252,
0.2084221988916397,
0.006412276532500982,
-0.017531083896756172,
0.19258476793766022,
0.11611097306013107,
0.3147478401660919,
0.2971787452697754,
0.3327796757221222,
-0.15933462977409363,
0.4349299669265747,
0.10616486519575119,
0.2852818965911865,
-0.5349142551422119,
-0.637844443321228,
0.016620729118585587,
-0.3402727544307709,
0.27678489685058594,
0.33701834082603455,
-0.6277421116828918,
-0.190240740776062,
-0.03902392461895943,
-0.3711674213409424,
-0.11619628965854645,
-0.24388018250465393,
-0.7791045904159546,
-0.2745263874530792,
0.05608859285712242,
0.5218850374221802,
-0.6087614893913269,
-0.35710036754608154,
-0.14158552885055542,
0.7524199485778809,
0.21819104254245758,
-0.5419934988021851,
-0.6096951365470886,
-0.2717897593975067,
0.2332475632429123,
0.08386942744255066,
-0.20890717208385468,
-0.16414868831634521,
0.33648017048835754,
-0.008940348401665688,
0.13734592497348785,
0.224760964512825,
-0.034769508987665176,
0.1992756724357605,
0.7111855149269104,
-0.18915560841560364,
-0.7847453355789185,
-0.26500871777534485,
0.4737280309200287,
0.3626488447189331,
-0.09347015619277954,
-0.33251088857650757,
0.10569008439779282,
1.0142796039581299,
0.2101297676563263,
0.13095447421073914,
0.23189081251621246,
-0.33756670355796814,
0.022613784298300743,
-0.5908867716789246,
-0.21714670956134796,
-0.13784360885620117,
-0.04858073592185974,
-0.3990646302700043,
-0.21979302167892456,
-0.8646525144577026,
-0.22223953902721405,
-0.056934550404548645,
-0.82469242811203,
0.5126654505729675,
-0.0930805504322052,
0.12151370942592621,
0.3670908212661743,
0.5792310237884521,
-0.5461739301681519,
-0.18509653210639954,
0.21590586006641388,
0.2869996726512909,
-0.3499554693698883,
-0.38952016830444336,
-0.6555007696151733,
0.3731642961502075,
-0.1218903437256813,
-0.2687801420688629,
-0.13857656717300415,
-0.3552919924259186,
0.9407235980033875,
0.381696492433548,
0.3635046184062958,
-0.052209679037332535,
0.11288325488567352,
-0.3780326247215271,
-0.14126130938529968,
0.3681274354457855,
0.4280840754508972,
0.29921606183052063,
0.7028616666793823,
0.6657398343086243,
-0.05315076932311058,
-0.043736062943935394,
0.5880540013313293,
0.9583626985549927,
0.5645813345909119,
-0.7093014121055603,
0.20051209628582,
-0.23750607669353485,
0.7286564707756042,
-0.2587754726409912,
-0.07642842084169388,
0.416390061378479,
0.2552182078361511,
-0.6752206683158875,
-1.1205365657806396,
-0.20805232226848602,
0.7400764226913452,
0.1567464917898178,
-0.08477135747671127,
0.041663601994514465,
0.23906607925891876,
-0.16680340468883514,
0.2228088527917862,
0.4085291028022766,
0.10093613713979721,
0.1862274408340454,
-0.024612300097942352,
0.14014488458633423,
-0.21435679495334625,
-0.13355296850204468,
0.7937804460525513,
-0.20139098167419434,
-0.4662095904350281,
-0.8009386658668518,
-0.45229023694992065,
0.4937829375267029,
-0.47330862283706665,
-0.11986901611089706,
0.1050567552447319,
-0.45159071683883667,
0.5161824822425842,
-0.6784406900405884,
-0.9335561394691467,
0.18279923498630524,
0.8046802282333374,
0.05586186796426773,
-0.12252958118915558,
-0.5372321605682373,
-0.7049294710159302,
0.4601978361606598,
-0.4101654291152954,
-0.14766938984394073,
-0.8161134719848633,
-0.008803245611488819,
-0.5291097164154053,
-0.6847507953643799,
-0.2667900323867798,
-0.009536303579807281,
-0.1883678436279297,
0.5562002062797546,
-0.38644713163375854,
0.37564387917518616,
-0.7881789803504944,
1.023593544960022,
0.4029625654220581,
-0.4637264311313629,
0.2090572863817215,
0.06038122996687889,
0.21611976623535156,
0.26245635747909546,
-0.12649913132190704,
-0.25540024042129517,
1.04765784740448,
-0.4298267364501953,
-0.05336673930287361,
0.07932073622941971,
-0.7486546039581299,
-0.4985412061214447,
0.384603887796402,
-0.4955432415008545,
0.15836073458194733,
0.19970403611660004,
-0.2334873527288437,
0.325645387172699,
0.6607545614242554,
-0.15932394564151764,
0.16775909066200256,
0.6190407872200012,
-0.020826594904065132,
0.3495278060436249,
-0.17782831192016602,
0.6468483805656433,
-0.29098066687583923,
0.13675187528133392,
-0.9017297625541687,
0.7340463995933533,
-0.5380551218986511,
0.42742207646369934,
-0.22925764322280884,
-0.34871435165405273,
-0.13023881614208221,
0.17420081794261932,
-0.5281038880348206,
0.795921266078949,
0.00294968718662858,
0.038064051419496536,
-0.04000340402126312,
0.853187620639801,
0.09940546751022339,
-0.1494021713733673,
0.15933893620967865,
0.26299718022346497,
0.2237018197774887,
0.1498299539089203,
0.23157525062561035,
-0.43469396233558655,
-0.5121568441390991,
0.10860603302717209,
0.2810409367084503,
-0.20218525826931,
-0.23015134036540985,
0.34402498602867126,
-0.1550247073173523,
0.009107667952775955,
0.39762943983078003,
-0.21759511530399323,
-0.2798175811767578,
-0.15574045479297638,
0.38341325521469116,
-0.9370253086090088,
0.23823846876621246,
0.36340171098709106,
0.06297216564416885,
-0.10364652425050735,
-0.36041271686553955,
0.5437818765640259,
0.37492308020591736,
-0.11015148460865021,
0.6575735807418823,
0.38742688298225403,
-0.006240044720470905,
0.26550549268722534,
-0.318413108587265,
0.18002460896968842,
-0.43250060081481934,
-0.47951242327690125,
-0.01989188976585865,
-0.342933714389801,
-0.0012983041815459728,
0.5113878846168518,
0.0863630622625351,
-0.3079596161842346,
0.7362621426582336,
-0.7342745661735535,
-0.41820570826530457,
0.034747686237096786,
-0.8324676752090454,
-0.29177919030189514,
-0.24103355407714844,
0.05362967774271965,
0.7007747292518616,
-0.5855363607406616,
-0.38455629348754883,
-0.2791484296321869,
0.3166266083717346,
-0.164570614695549,
-0.28138676285743713,
0.5414853692054749,
0.2760904133319855,
0.5554080009460449,
-0.887928307056427,
0.24085845053195953,
0.12775999307632446,
0.5109244585037231,
-0.7380663752555847,
0.5439364910125732,
-0.5454099774360657,
-0.6771877408027649,
0.00856435764580965,
-0.1891631931066513,
-0.29986831545829773,
-0.437104195356369,
-0.09640521556138992,
-0.5084336400032043,
-0.08359276503324509,
0.4447178542613983,
-0.38905519247055054,
-0.44298678636550903,
-0.2543608844280243,
-0.1160118356347084,
-0.13284499943256378,
0.7401069402694702,
0.3222799599170685,
-0.22638805210590363,
-0.5458648204803467,
0.17937712371349335,
-0.2167004495859146,
-0.6692450642585754,
-0.2751051187515259,
0.7091878056526184,
-0.13252782821655273,
-0.5068797469139099,
0.41447919607162476,
-0.014750608243048191,
-0.5212838053703308,
0.04500645771622658,
0.33458176255226135,
0.2934960424900055,
-0.26821938157081604,
-0.3489398956298828,
-0.6570156216621399,
0.5203086733818054,
0.4789262115955353,
0.08361861109733582,
0.3297750651836395,
-0.9712781310081482,
-0.17339856922626495,
-0.5456274151802063,
0.30697429180145264,
-0.6265226006507874,
0.41914716362953186,
0.05603067949414253
] |
236381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Logan | William Logan | Bill, Willie or William Logan may refer to:
Politicians and activists
William Logan (Kentuckian) (1776–1822), U.S. Senator from Kentucky
William Logan (temperance campaigner) (1813–1879), Scottish missionary and temperance activist
William F. Logan (fl. 1860s), see List of mayors of Williamsport, Pennsylvania
William Turner Logan (1874–1941), U.S. Representative from South Carolina
William Logan Martin (1883–1959), Alabama judge and Attorney General
Bill Logan (spartacist) (fl. 1970s), New Zealand Spartacist and member of the International Communist League
William J. Logan (Orangeman) (fl. 1990s), Sovereign Grand Master of the Northern Irish Royal Black Preceptory
Willie Logan (born 1957), American politician from Florida
William Logan (Indian agent), Indian agent in Oregon and appointed superintendent of The Dalles Mint for the United States
Artists and writers
William Logan (author) (1841–1914), Scottish author of Malabar Manual
William Logan (poet) (born 1950), U.S. poet and critic
Sportspersons
William Logan (cricketer) (fl. 1880s), Australian cricketer
William Logan (footballer), Scottish footballer
William Francis Logan (Bill Logan, born 1905), soccer, basketball and Lacrosse coach of Princeton Tigers men's basketball
William Logan (speed skater) (1907–1955), Canadian Olympic speed skater
William Logan (cyclist) (1914–2002), American cyclist
Bill Logan (basketball), 1950s American basketball player, member of Iowa Hawkeyes' Fabulous Five
Other
Willie Logan (Loganair) (1913–1966), Scottish construction contractor, founder of Loganair
William Edmond Logan (1798–1875), Canadian geologist
Bill Logan (Action Comics 513), a DC Comics character | [
-0.35177186131477356,
0.19523723423480988,
-0.709733247756958,
-0.06156844273209572,
0.22349922358989716,
0.832392156124115,
0.6006574034690857,
0.02106085792183876,
-0.5993103981018066,
-0.7515424489974976,
0.011924989521503448,
-0.06620964407920837,
-0.4593352675437927,
0.7248832583427429,
-0.36809873580932617,
0.7411825656890869,
-0.3421817123889923,
0.15539638698101044,
-0.6068776845932007,
-0.1202903762459755,
-0.5404060482978821,
-0.16149750351905823,
0.581076979637146,
-0.2227315455675125,
0.17774099111557007,
0.2840687930583954,
0.4332689046859741,
-0.33456867933273315,
0.11855798959732056,
0.6603986620903015,
-0.3828824460506439,
0.20592740178108215,
0.4990713894367218,
-0.28326788544654846,
-0.8223844766616821,
-0.283610999584198,
-0.36479651927948,
-0.276531457901001,
0.19265204668045044,
-0.3270677328109741,
-0.16641420125961304,
-0.7783539295196533,
0.30205038189888,
-0.06143500283360481,
-0.0942208543419838,
-0.5585166811943054,
-1.1638020277023315,
-0.006772561930119991,
-0.5799769759178162,
-0.14075875282287598,
0.06896371394395828,
0.30425846576690674,
-0.28339967131614685,
0.29137709736824036,
-0.31362462043762207,
0.20047588646411896,
-0.3596363365650177,
0.1889822781085968,
0.35785359144210815,
-0.8388946652412415,
0.4467383325099945,
0.3666076362133026,
0.49017634987831116,
0.2806854546070099,
-0.02616182528436184,
0.04070524871349335,
-0.25180181860923767,
0.6573122143745422,
-0.3326936364173889,
-0.40175455808639526,
0.06755244731903076,
0.10143642872571945,
0.08460232615470886,
0.4311877489089966,
0.4087928533554077,
-0.03128663823008537,
0.14526839554309845,
-0.02736494317650795,
-0.011923404410481453,
0.4008008539676666,
-0.7192098498344421,
-0.3102555572986603,
0.8293614387512207,
0.7138410210609436,
-0.2538069188594818,
0.3177424967288971,
-0.4388579726219177,
0.18312959372997284,
0.2668245732784271,
0.12354391068220139,
-0.27102917432785034,
0.012044447474181652,
0.3477001488208771,
0.1443215310573578,
-0.48320621252059937,
-0.23579339683055878,
-0.2184479981660843,
0.14644695818424225,
-0.29278498888015747,
-0.31136971712112427,
-0.04958351328969002,
-0.4033582806587219,
0.6243206858634949,
0.3207523822784424,
-0.18196623027324677,
0.3385368287563324,
-0.2690119445323944,
0.19334293901920319,
0.1265484243631363,
-0.2505737841129303,
-0.21466434001922607,
0.04622708261013031,
0.28494012355804443,
-0.3111668825149536,
0.08406567573547363,
-0.24562786519527435,
0.3787045478820801,
-1.0145317316055298,
-0.14627522230148315,
-0.7576578855514526,
-0.10042346268892288,
0.6325345635414124,
-0.03314386308193207,
-0.026697024703025818,
-0.01916886679828167,
0.05440689995884895,
0.7139451503753662,
0.026925597339868546,
-0.0845879316329956,
0.2093801200389862,
0.5652748942375183,
0.8655593395233154,
-0.13835445046424866,
-0.3966529965400696,
-0.25776994228363037,
-0.18372951447963715,
-0.7202569842338562,
-0.009103440679609776,
-0.6391687393188477,
0.08771020174026489,
-0.7408571839332581,
0.25022220611572266,
0.01693502627313137,
-0.2831771671772003,
0.16452237963676453,
-0.1378151923418045,
-0.06231069937348366,
0.23897705972194672,
-0.03765057772397995,
0.14721091091632843,
0.11877672374248505,
-0.02019415982067585,
0.41262146830558777,
0.14507873356342316,
-0.07517183572053909,
0.657673180103302,
0.6118958592414856,
-0.3713231086730957,
0.7063056826591492,
0.6204136610031128,
-0.08003298193216324,
0.12674546241760254,
-0.04333049803972244,
-0.18497234582901,
0.4115397334098816,
0.3811655342578888,
-0.38791364431381226,
-0.2546393573284149,
-0.6171992421150208,
-0.21803197264671326,
0.1286202073097229,
-0.008017725311219692,
0.06699606776237488,
-0.05427354574203491,
-0.08601708710193634,
-0.001533040194772184,
0.06215158477425575,
-0.10484754294157028,
0.32928863167762756,
-0.4172373414039612,
-0.5421676635742188,
-0.2883409559726715,
0.37715640664100647,
-0.11141390353441238,
0.08866768330335617,
-0.04976682737469673,
-0.01981077902019024,
0.09092558175325394,
0.40283942222595215,
-0.02264953777194023,
-0.5728193521499634,
-1.1376491785049438,
-0.5371513366699219,
-0.6271576285362244,
0.5801396369934082,
0.2903885841369629,
-0.5386664271354675,
0.8746722340583801,
0.6108273863792419,
0.638454794883728,
0.00938232708722353,
-0.44563499093055725,
-0.10166197270154953,
-0.06339205801486969,
-0.4929606318473816,
0.5806363224983215,
0.30976250767707825,
0.3971264958381653,
0.16720300912857056,
-0.003001169068738818,
0.8727320432662964,
-0.680876612663269,
0.05848289653658867,
0.024412939324975014,
-0.12878189980983734,
-0.5408375263214111,
-0.1615283489227295,
-0.6239414215087891,
0.0727822408080101,
0.17264191806316376,
0.5325785279273987,
-0.34966814517974854,
0.013663639314472675,
0.5206497311592102,
0.4997267425060272,
0.5838980674743652,
-0.5448002219200134,
-0.0010784667683765292,
-0.08187862485647202,
-0.6053852438926697,
-0.18055607378482819,
-0.44116348028182983,
0.02497110702097416,
-0.3598257601261139,
0.19533295929431915,
-0.6891970038414001,
-0.03506089374423027,
-0.03805173188447952,
0.13808609545230865,
-0.2271595001220703,
0.10507020354270935,
0.7059189677238464,
-0.051194749772548676,
-0.29303982853889465,
0.25138983130455017,
0.04984177276492119,
-0.08344216644763947,
-0.7163912653923035,
0.4275677800178528,
-0.43766993284225464,
0.15687833726406097,
0.6255011558532715,
0.45554497838020325,
-0.043950051069259644,
0.45833444595336914,
0.03852227330207825,
0.28865647315979004,
0.011373892426490784,
-0.6111060380935669,
0.23645538091659546,
-0.5726865530014038,
0.29618600010871887,
-0.34214043617248535,
-0.12519453465938568,
0.059539545327425,
-0.49755504727363586,
-0.610672116279602,
-0.1555163860321045,
0.0352805070579052,
0.870453417301178,
0.5273388624191284,
0.23670148849487305,
-0.2475264072418213,
0.29020941257476807,
0.6399989724159241,
-0.43072831630706787,
0.3226010501384735,
0.06217978522181511,
-1.037790298461914,
-1.028083324432373,
-0.0811191126704216,
0.637948751449585,
0.14129677414894104,
-0.422870397567749,
0.14784733951091766,
-0.2199321836233139,
0.2354407161474228,
0.7942567467689514,
-0.3786047697067261,
0.3743304908275604,
0.0609067864716053,
-0.04370874539017677,
0.10631081461906433,
0.29101046919822693,
0.37027519941329956,
0.3826655447483063,
0.39241650700569153,
0.02512715943157673,
0.09263040870428085,
-0.4333346486091614,
-1.2226330041885376,
-0.28872233629226685,
0.2852247357368469,
-0.5582743883132935,
0.8808864951133728,
-0.6183657050132751,
0.2063235193490982,
0.031598854809999466,
-5.764822006225586,
-0.2042987197637558,
-0.2581123113632202,
-0.045659974217414856,
0.5492578744888306,
0.0791878029704094,
0.2411266416311264,
-0.23998823761940002,
0.248708114027977,
0.3433571457862854,
0.25175103545188904,
0.09050095826387405,
0.22607579827308655,
-0.17152954638004303,
0.3941460847854614,
0.09070933610200882,
0.6927862763404846,
0.19817660748958588,
0.2361328899860382,
0.1222062036395073,
0.25158146023750305,
0.10545013099908829,
-0.2537473440170288,
0.596565842628479,
0.1777045577764511,
0.4208090901374817,
0.09896672517061234,
0.10806699842214584,
-0.19389019906520844,
-0.21579253673553467,
-0.004971091169863939,
0.520224928855896,
0.17736294865608215,
0.004786409437656403,
-0.3955289423465729,
-0.8084058165550232,
0.02265828102827072,
0.15122292935848236,
0.2205677479505539,
-0.2459174394607544,
0.036878686398267746,
-0.024275772273540497,
-0.8757097721099854,
-0.5126449465751648,
-0.22823356091976166,
-0.6248030066490173,
-0.6371923685073853,
0.3416081368923187,
0.020359234884381294,
0.49938029050827026,
-0.0069236187264323235,
-0.09242710471153259,
0.990022599697113,
0.10084868222475052,
0.27039971947669983,
-0.005178777035325766,
0.503162682056427,
0.4942942261695862,
-0.5280038714408875,
0.0034081970807164907,
0.47215962409973145,
0.020222317427396774,
0.14658497273921967,
-0.3066660165786743,
-0.37785792350769043,
-0.7985094785690308,
0.12527130544185638,
-0.07731612771749496,
-0.05855277553200722,
0.2647579610347748,
0.20660755038261414,
0.5191730260848999,
0.37708964943885803,
-0.9923608303070068,
0.5152285099029541,
-0.3351138234138489,
-0.5394209623336792,
0.04441532492637634,
-0.44717273116111755,
-0.39571353793144226,
-0.410641074180603,
-0.33388552069664,
0.15334661304950714,
0.8034323453903198,
0.39335936307907104,
0.17153705656528473,
-0.49923205375671387,
0.3456570506095886,
-0.44321367144584656,
-0.5882840156555176,
0.007991406135261059,
0.3562532961368561,
0.10974849760532379,
0.016178220510482788,
0.2362651526927948,
0.34221917390823364,
-0.4214070737361908,
0.13403303921222687,
0.021937280893325806,
0.43608811497688293,
-0.18152648210525513,
-0.2536953091621399,
-0.2956196963787079,
-0.7723054885864258,
0.06028888747096062,
0.2919859290122986,
-0.3147979974746704,
0.22180724143981934,
0.907014012336731,
0.5488542914390564,
0.378671258687973,
-0.3257913589477539,
-0.25891104340553284,
-0.14989499747753143,
-0.2511305510997772,
-0.3587134778499603,
0.3676760494709015,
-0.03881358355283737,
0.6933237314224243,
0.18581724166870117,
0.12930968403816223,
0.44766420125961304,
-0.4758338928222656,
-0.11670857667922974,
0.21117372810840607,
-0.4213982820510864,
0.4583085775375366,
-0.3457310199737549,
-0.20084206759929657,
0.17845192551612854,
0.1481667309999466,
0.31740543246269226,
-0.1997777223587036,
0.19721350073814392,
-0.37989088892936707,
0.05550931394100189,
0.054827235639095306,
-0.6218658685684204,
-0.06755714118480682,
-0.20739692449569702,
-0.17047464847564697,
-0.2728888988494873,
-0.28912797570228577,
-0.158338725566864,
0.4401543140411377,
0.5211215019226074,
0.06947578489780426,
0.2829258441925049,
-0.6616058945655823,
0.7060166597366333,
-0.6515360474586487,
-0.5021495223045349,
0.458080530166626,
-0.26459822058677673,
-0.23575359582901,
-0.32209691405296326,
-0.15749163925647736,
-0.2051432728767395,
0.10388252884149551,
0.24918128550052643,
-0.3262636363506317,
0.08683468401432037,
-1.0723408460617065,
-0.13246415555477142,
0.003515169257298112,
0.07609356939792633,
-0.30136916041374207,
0.14096952974796295,
-0.031087936833500862,
0.8276258707046509,
0.16905511915683746,
-0.27525660395622253,
-0.16092488169670105,
0.19230550527572632,
0.3813285529613495,
-0.25849658250808716,
-0.21341583132743835,
0.4481898248195648,
0.30109867453575134,
0.2668016850948334,
0.31794437766075134,
0.1782572716474533,
-0.3074798583984375,
-0.024672020226716995,
0.5695205926895142,
-0.24730142951011658,
-0.3494677245616913,
0.24584488570690155,
-0.3357107937335968,
0.24719345569610596,
-0.3223472535610199,
-0.10118187963962555,
0.36474600434303284,
0.44767460227012634,
-0.03135446831583977,
0.431479811668396,
0.20194128155708313,
-0.09086524695158005,
0.0748194083571434,
-0.44831112027168274,
0.33008450269699097,
-0.19950976967811584,
-0.560704231262207,
-0.26317036151885986,
-0.6694877743721008,
-0.8636078834533691,
0.143784299492836,
-0.43180665373802185,
-0.23511573672294617,
0.4028833210468292,
0.03419581800699234,
-0.5012312531471252,
0.514175534248352,
0.05092794820666313,
-0.046750910580158234,
0.1264987736940384,
0.46138888597488403,
0.2842840552330017,
-0.08428110182285309,
-0.6720414161682129,
-0.3266385793685913,
-0.13283950090408325,
0.05396997183561325,
-0.0377008356153965,
-0.19462402164936066,
0.08789065480232239,
0.2885332405567169,
-0.19363267719745636,
0.6724203824996948,
-0.3251658082008362,
-0.544383704662323,
-0.3238697946071625,
-0.1765177994966507,
0.5713187456130981,
0.03019753098487854,
-0.2156115025281906,
0.08956573903560638,
-0.05611918121576309,
-0.6350250840187073,
-0.08310259133577347,
0.6335639357566833,
1.1928437948226929,
0.3014776408672333,
-0.5488224029541016,
-0.06214803829789162,
-0.14833244681358337,
0.6942721009254456,
0.11716107279062271,
-0.07992234826087952,
0.6775078177452087,
0.40023577213287354,
-0.5213354825973511,
-0.9233864545822144,
-0.18165738880634308,
1.0477957725524902,
-0.09886262565851212,
-0.1348341405391693,
0.15376617014408112,
0.3207508325576782,
0.1599779576063156,
0.13022182881832123,
0.45991265773773193,
-0.751800000667572,
0.13550317287445068,
-0.07638559490442276,
-0.04142738878726959,
-0.006009838078171015,
-0.11143253743648529,
0.2955423891544342,
-0.4156953990459442,
-0.5437400341033936,
0.484885036945343,
-0.2927398681640625,
0.5783372521400452,
-0.6135714650154114,
0.01075982116162777,
0.22023019194602966,
-0.27918577194213867,
0.38007357716560364,
-0.4014125168323517,
-1.0436599254608154,
-0.21075668931007385,
0.21250376105308533,
-0.1427820771932602,
0.04924994334578514,
-0.5462685823440552,
-0.003915150184184313,
-0.19592036306858063,
-0.2000117301940918,
-0.245504230260849,
-0.6830497980117798,
0.41349154710769653,
-0.33361852169036865,
0.029299739748239517,
-0.60186368227005,
0.1072690337896347,
-0.1683811992406845,
0.4057060480117798,
-0.18727943301200867,
0.2352721095085144,
-0.8196836113929749,
0.7251580357551575,
0.1252448558807373,
0.03612803295254707,
-0.14354009926319122,
-0.37638115882873535,
0.11618507653474808,
-0.31215280294418335,
-0.22828836739063263,
-0.07286687195301056,
0.5310856699943542,
-0.33118778467178345,
0.6084003448486328,
0.26965171098709106,
-0.10597386211156845,
0.018457328900694847,
0.5611679553985596,
-0.14115504920482635,
-0.4939195215702057,
-0.10108395665884018,
-0.04881897568702698,
0.010949310846626759,
0.7646333575248718,
0.3454734683036804,
0.21541240811347961,
1.200799822807312,
-0.40748652815818787,
-0.4349321722984314,
0.18961778283119202,
0.6141451001167297,
0.16491447389125824,
0.04804457724094391,
-0.778502881526947,
0.440079003572464,
-0.13968819379806519,
0.15473400056362152,
-0.25872573256492615,
-0.13975359499454498,
-0.5830970406532288,
0.34218472242355347,
-0.07172223925590515,
0.30057674646377563,
0.06964615732431412,
0.12949855625629425,
0.37926968932151794,
0.04288768768310547,
-0.11143751442432404,
0.14786720275878906,
0.5103631019592285,
-0.4946625232696533,
0.2166588008403778,
-0.17939800024032593,
0.2550562620162964,
-0.5993004441261292,
0.18672382831573486,
0.09355006366968155,
0.1970067322254181,
-0.013584145344793797,
-0.06881452351808548,
-0.00779366260394454,
0.21939517557621002,
-0.32196173071861267,
1.065988540649414,
-0.5727704167366028,
-0.3212454319000244,
-0.2855926752090454,
-0.09893681108951569,
-0.311175674200058,
-0.4728928804397583,
0.4498719871044159,
0.4534723162651062,
0.10004895180463791,
-0.22949397563934326,
0.23222127556800842,
0.30577197670936584,
0.3514571785926819,
0.8610705733299255,
0.2927066385746002,
0.037996962666511536,
-0.1500694304704666,
-0.002974686911329627,
-0.3608880639076233,
-0.4061495065689087,
-0.07319533079862595,
-0.1862184852361679,
-0.09748771041631699,
0.09855903685092926,
-0.0889933854341507,
-0.18580523133277893,
-0.5697664618492126,
0.6705996990203857,
-0.4612025320529938,
-0.3735920488834381,
0.23395410180091858,
-0.1266954094171524,
-0.02943919412791729,
-0.5090657472610474,
0.6485561728477478,
0.7016292214393616,
0.38212093710899353,
-0.052213285118341446,
-0.0797039270401001,
-0.05993678793311119,
0.006606017239391804,
-0.09889081865549088,
0.3033738434314728,
-0.18066582083702087,
0.039794255048036575,
-1.1786630153656006,
0.9643625617027283,
0.429190993309021,
0.03243234008550644,
-0.5367301106452942,
0.6150416135787964,
-0.2985554039478302,
-0.38521137833595276,
0.7066264152526855,
-0.665595531463623,
-0.06132018193602562,
-0.7823206782341003,
0.403053343296051,
-0.23990482091903687,
0.36046430468559265,
0.46700817346572876,
-0.6341705322265625,
-0.41225752234458923,
-0.12498537451028824,
0.15763290226459503,
-0.21611903607845306,
0.4734199643135071,
0.28639912605285645,
-0.14237041771411896,
0.214020237326622,
0.08409842103719711,
-0.33092355728149414,
0.3073139786720276,
0.13706666231155396,
0.7714703679084778,
0.04138480871915817,
-0.2527035176753998,
0.18916215002536774,
-0.20541858673095703,
-0.20074255764484406,
0.036936260759830475,
0.2597956359386444,
-0.04252810403704643,
0.17725226283073425,
-0.17115141451358795,
0.02559291012585163,
0.7080428004264832,
-0.10123137384653091,
0.0027550056111067533,
0.38842272758483887,
-0.100662961602211,
0.7754945158958435,
-0.14031831920146942,
-0.31504276394844055,
-0.35616713762283325,
0.06440477818250656,
0.18230637907981873
] |
236382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase | FishBase | FishBase is a global species database of fish species (specifically finfish). It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web. Over time it has "evolved into a dynamic and versatile ecological tool" that is widely cited in scholarly publications.
FishBase provides comprehensive species data, including information on taxonomy, geographical distribution, biometrics and morphology, behaviour and habitats, ecology and population dynamics as well as reproductive, metabolic and genetic data. There is access to tools such as trophic pyramids, identification keys, biogeographical modelling and fishery statistics and there are direct species level links to information in other databases such as LarvalBase, GenBank, the IUCN Red List and the Catalog of Fishes.
, FishBase included descriptions of 34,700 species and subspecies, with 324,200 common names, 61,000 pictures, and references to 58,400 works in the scientific literature. The site has about 1,000,000 visits per month.
History
The origins of FishBase go back to the 1970s, when the fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly found himself struggling to test a hypothesis on how the growing ability of fish was affected by the size of their gills. Hypotheses, such as this one, could be tested only if large amounts of empirical data were available. At the time, fisheries management used analytical models which required estimates for fish growth and mortality. It can be difficult for fishery scientists and managers to get the information they need on the species that concern them, because the relevant facts can be scattered across and buried in numerous journal articles, reports, newsletters and other sources. It can be particularly difficult for people in developing countries who need such information. Pauly believed that the only practical way fisheries managers could access the volume of data they needed was to assemble and consolidate all the data available in the published literature into some central and easily accessed repository. Such a database would be particularly useful if the data has also been standardised and validated. This would mean that when scientists or managers need to test a new hypothesis, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need to create a new dataset and then have to validate it.
Pauly recruited Rainer Froese, and the beginnings of a software database along these lines was encoded in 1988. This database, initially confined to tropical fish, became the prototype for FishBase. FishBase was subsequently extended to cover all finfish, and was launched on the Web in August 1996. It is now the largest and most accessed online database for fish in the world. In 1995 the first CD-ROM was released as "FishBase 100". Subsequent CDs have been released annually. The software runs on Microsoft Access which operates only on Microsoft Windows.
FishBase covers adult finfish, but does not detail the early and juvenile stages of fish. In 1999 a complementary database, called LarvalBase, went online under the supervision of Bernd Ueberschär. It covers ichthyoplankton and the juvenile stage of fishes, with detailed data on fish eggs and larvae, fish identification, as well as data relevant to the rearing of young fish in aquaculture. Given FishBase's success, there was a demand for a database covering forms of aquatic life other than finfish. This resulted, in 2006, in the birth of SeaLifeBase. The long-term goal of SeaLifeBase is to develop an information system modelled on FishBase, but including all forms of aquatic life, both marine and freshwater, apart from the finfish which FishBase specialises in. Altogether, there are about 300,000 known species in this category.
Current organization
As awareness of FishBase has grown among fish specialists, it has attracted over 2,310 contributors and collaborators. Since 2000 FishBase has been supervised by a consortium of nine international institutions. To date, the FishBase consortium has grown to twelve members. The GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) in Germany, functions as the coordinating body.
{| class="wikitable" style="border:0.5px solid black; margin: 1em auto 1em auto; float:left; vertical-align:text-top; background-color: #F2F2F2; font-size:11px;"
| colspan="2" | <center>The FishBase Consortium
|-
| rowspan="12" |
|-
| |Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
|-
| |Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Beijing, China
|-
| | Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
|-
| | Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
|-
| | Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
|-
| | Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
|-
| | Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
|-
| |WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
|-
|Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão - SE, Brazil
|-
|University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
|-
|Quantitative Aquatics, Incorporated, Laguna, Philippines
|-
|}
See also
Catalog of Fishes
List of online encyclopedias
References
Further reading
Bailly N (2010) Why there may be discrepancies in the assessment of scientific names between the Catalog of Fishes and FishBase Version 2, 6 May 2010.
Bailly N, Reyes Jr R, Atanacio R and Froese R (2010) "Simple Identification Tools in FishBase" In: Nimis PL and Vignes Lebbe R. (eds) Tools for Identifying Biodiversity: Progress and Problems, pages 31–36. .
Christensen V, CJ Walters, R Ahrens, J Alder, J Buszowski, LB Christensen, WWL Cheung, J Dunne, R Froese, V Karpouzi, K Kaschner, K Kearney, S Lai, V Lam, MLD Palomares, A Peters-Mason, C Piroddia, JL Sarmiento, J Steenbeek, R Sumaila, R Watson, D Zeller and D Pauly (2009) Database-driven models of the world's Large Marine Ecosystems Ecological Modelling, 220(17): 1984–1996.
Froese R (2011) "The science in Fishbase" In: Villy Christensen and Jay Maclean (eds) Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries: A Global Perspective, Cambridge University Press, pages 47–54. .
Froese R and Pauly D (eds) (2000) FishBase 2000: concepts, design and data sources ICLARM, Philippines.
Froese R and Pauly D (1994) "Fishbase as a tool for comparing the life history patterns of flatfish" Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 32(3/4): 235–239.
Nauen CE (2004) A public electronic archive on the world’s fishes in support of sustainable fisheries CTA/Commonwealth Secretariat Seminar, Expert Meeting on ACP-EU Fisheries Relations, Brussels.
Palomares, M.L.D., N. Bailly and D. Pauly (2009) FishBase, SeaLifeBase and database-driven ecosystem modeling p. 156-158. In: M.L.D. Palomares, L. Morissette, A. Cisnero-Montemayor, D. Varkey, M. Coll and C. Piroddi (eds.) Ecopath 25 Years Conference Proceedings: Extended Abstracts. UBC Fisheries Centre Research Reports 17(3).
Pauly D (1997) "The Science in FishBase" EC Fisheries Cooperation Bulletin, 10(2): 4–6.
Robertson R (2008) "Global biogeographical data bases on marine fishes: caveat emptor" Diversity and Distributions, 14(6): 891–892.
Ueberschär B and Teltow M (1999) "FishBase goes fishing" Bulletin, 12(2–3): 38–39.
External links
FishBase online
The Fish Database of Taiwan
FishBase for Africa
FishBase FishBlog (FishBase Sverige informerar)
FishBase Celebrates 20 Year Anniversary in Kiel Science newsline, 3 September 2010.
Rainer Froese on FishBase Blue Zoo.
SpeciesBank: Dreams and realities Rainer Froese, Workshop presentation, 2005.
Fish Morphology and Identification in FishBase Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren), Presentation at FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007.
The 6th FishBase Consortium meeting and 3rd Mini FishBase Symposium FishBytes, 2005.
2008 FishBase Symposium Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 2 September 2008.
Fish on line Daniel Pauly, Rainer Froese and Maria Lourdes Palomares. A draft guide to learning and teaching ichthyology using the FishBase information system. Updated 17 January 2005.
Ichthyology
Online databases
Biological databases
Fisheries databases
Biology websites
Multilingual websites | [
0.6665560007095337,
-0.03522533178329468,
-0.26695379614830017,
0.18334202468395233,
0.0703413188457489,
0.17979635298252106,
-0.03720118850469589,
0.24662090837955475,
-0.3934409022331238,
-0.5654436945915222,
0.09682775288820267,
-0.20233368873596191,
-0.18852287530899048,
0.5333926677703857,
-0.05377957969903946,
0.36489221453666687,
0.1098400354385376,
0.520835280418396,
0.5720840096473694,
-0.10981570184230804,
-0.7683357000350952,
-0.35524871945381165,
-0.04847342520952225,
-0.3110591471195221,
-0.01352948322892189,
0.18945318460464478,
0.14779534935951233,
0.08436685800552368,
-0.25362473726272583,
-0.26987650990486145,
0.050814274698495865,
0.6973462104797363,
-0.0008238026639446616,
0.3553891181945801,
-0.47068294882774353,
-0.763702929019928,
-0.5306282043457031,
-0.3796338140964508,
0.13910558819770813,
-0.35709720849990845,
-0.31315550208091736,
-0.2716812491416931,
0.17945069074630737,
0.9078238606452942,
-0.7162947654724121,
0.08483173698186874,
-1.4396957159042358,
0.1734939068555832,
-0.6731221079826355,
0.6751141548156738,
-0.29349201917648315,
0.4005601704120636,
0.36159732937812805,
0.16851551830768585,
-0.1392904818058014,
0.6255515217781067,
0.04455875605344772,
0.33126091957092285,
-0.11696416139602661,
-0.4210648238658905,
0.15125925838947296,
0.352725625038147,
-0.14778374135494232,
0.29182273149490356,
0.17849762737751007,
0.22392410039901733,
0.2875068485736847,
0.5551984906196594,
-0.11301685869693756,
-0.04468182846903801,
0.3792674243450165,
-0.21608209609985352,
-0.03311965614557266,
0.3976040482521057,
-0.7826215624809265,
-0.2058958262205124,
-0.1828918159008026,
0.3033411204814911,
0.798980712890625,
-0.16094376146793365,
0.35480666160583496,
0.15483565628528595,
0.46804386377334595,
-0.2772503197193146,
0.45337656140327454,
-0.3058040142059326,
-0.29141271114349365,
0.09860004484653473,
-0.5414071083068848,
0.5481480956077576,
0.37436917424201965,
-0.03592197969555855,
1.0216293334960938,
0.11175078898668289,
-0.1400742530822754,
0.07233380526304245,
-0.3469521403312683,
0.12745048105716705,
0.7286511659622192,
0.5308952927589417,
-0.3203556537628174,
-0.5228064656257629,
0.2810872197151184,
0.14275242388248444,
-0.30179235339164734,
-0.14463742077350616,
-0.6185286641120911,
-0.42656660079956055,
0.4528663456439972,
-0.01009203027933836,
-0.3271772861480713,
0.4026866555213928,
-0.24337513744831085,
-0.04365472123026848,
0.07814769446849823,
0.6587691307067871,
0.07779047638177872,
-0.6157462000846863,
-0.15660065412521362,
-0.5021005868911743,
-0.027991941198706627,
0.3436729311943054,
0.04044686630368233,
-0.003726581810042262,
-0.11801764369010925,
0.5620559453964233,
0.6562990546226501,
0.20257477462291718,
-0.005071710795164108,
-0.018234433606266975,
0.060094498097896576,
0.656011164188385,
-0.07286285609006882,
-0.16213060915470123,
0.022588972002267838,
-0.14753727614879608,
0.27391815185546875,
-0.2920112609863281,
0.20483633875846863,
0.07216738909482956,
-0.4763793349266052,
-0.6794251203536987,
-0.9424697756767273,
-0.2589016556739807,
0.8551492094993591,
-0.18142956495285034,
-0.0030933606904000044,
-0.27084600925445557,
-0.18408498167991638,
0.19560489058494568,
0.06325378268957138,
0.3685242533683777,
-0.5069440603256226,
-0.19852183759212494,
-0.14975732564926147,
0.063332200050354,
0.39719605445861816,
-0.5609996914863586,
0.8846517205238342,
0.41879045963287354,
0.3870108127593994,
0.1557534635066986,
-0.3940185606479645,
-0.6125760078430176,
0.02773142419755459,
-0.7602920532226562,
0.18863177299499512,
0.09838327765464783,
-0.2854761779308319,
0.22853246331214905,
-0.05641491711139679,
-0.04167863726615906,
0.5226447582244873,
0.5255721211433411,
0.26706603169441223,
-0.2864346206188202,
0.10099078714847565,
-0.32700249552726746,
0.9217528104782104,
-0.37247878313064575,
-0.5250254273414612,
0.08043976873159409,
0.572989821434021,
-0.4923618733882904,
-0.021915264427661896,
-0.06074734777212143,
0.5622797608375549,
0.4680957496166229,
0.40596655011177063,
0.07347316294908524,
-0.3051263988018036,
-0.7632802128791809,
0.20800459384918213,
-0.6887356042861938,
1.4174166917800903,
-0.4242057800292969,
-0.24288667738437653,
0.4815308451652527,
-0.28457945585250854,
-0.0488419272005558,
-0.6663194894790649,
0.26716700196266174,
-0.06796105206012726,
-0.1739879995584488,
-0.8437002897262573,
0.05998700112104416,
0.20506779849529266,
-0.9269927740097046,
0.24737775325775146,
-0.33505189418792725,
-0.09338954836130142,
-0.283128559589386,
0.23112650215625763,
-0.6142429113388062,
0.34517180919647217,
0.33190664649009705,
-0.4320835471153259,
0.3738199770450592,
-0.23156501352787018,
-0.23939229547977448,
1.4028534889221191,
-0.23789645731449127,
0.5861852169036865,
0.1930648386478424,
0.10879958420991898,
0.1718766987323761,
0.6314521431922913,
-0.08899597078561783,
0.48095813393592834,
-0.22859925031661987,
0.3406311571598053,
0.32218611240386963,
0.23359498381614685,
-0.4947727620601654,
0.05907754972577095,
-0.4053805470466614,
-0.01497067604213953,
-0.0866255983710289,
0.19795221090316772,
0.23996634781360626,
0.23913222551345825,
0.04688694328069687,
-0.504256010055542,
-0.1798524111509323,
0.4865747094154358,
-0.19951418042182922,
-0.15238377451896667,
-0.14410780370235443,
-0.5674237608909607,
-0.41184869408607483,
0.8032810688018799,
0.44012385606765747,
0.5166774392127991,
-0.4283336102962494,
-0.1984640210866928,
0.012000537477433681,
0.04840206727385521,
-0.07797224819660187,
-0.2033814638853073,
0.3336929380893707,
-0.28088411688804626,
-0.3206254839897156,
-0.09027227759361267,
0.3577670454978943,
0.027444718405604362,
-0.5658279657363892,
-0.24573490023612976,
-0.8934499025344849,
0.6617878079414368,
0.620674192905426,
0.4044467508792877,
0.19885176420211792,
0.04598661884665489,
-0.34447401762008667,
0.02896764501929283,
-0.4085313677787781,
0.2534732222557068,
-0.11025862395763397,
0.08654116839170456,
-0.33017778396606445,
0.12928566336631775,
0.2821657359600067,
0.05668768659234047,
-0.8292087912559509,
0.035911090672016144,
-0.46253538131713867,
-0.19880691170692444,
-0.05024581030011177,
-0.2899765372276306,
-0.3778395354747772,
-0.3537736237049103,
0.0931306779384613,
-0.15758654475212097,
-0.15635214745998383,
-0.2495819628238678,
-0.02092239074409008,
-0.35748231410980225,
-0.12765932083129883,
-0.14601559937000275,
0.027838557958602905,
-0.22645190358161926,
-0.03583979234099388,
0.2549123764038086,
0.021196601912379265,
0.3226225674152374,
-0.27034157514572144,
0.1151605099439621,
0.23887644708156586,
-5.740636825561523,
-0.018940221518278122,
-0.4429064691066742,
0.15646293759346008,
-0.25006625056266785,
-0.14263524115085602,
0.8132407069206238,
0.11278583854436874,
0.5738958716392517,
-0.03134838119149208,
-0.17802280187606812,
0.4361999034881592,
0.03720104694366455,
0.5079717636108398,
0.19076581299304962,
0.8406962156295776,
0.6936638355255127,
0.6786954402923584,
-0.07377595454454422,
0.08679415285587311,
-0.10403990745544434,
-0.011520588770508766,
-0.1387217491865158,
0.6304318308830261,
-0.035041652619838715,
0.5339158773422241,
-0.9235230684280396,
0.2667137384414673,
-0.21158140897750854,
-0.25669577717781067,
-0.40661147236824036,
-0.29641270637512207,
-0.34086912870407104,
-0.6975897550582886,
-0.010696091689169407,
-0.09624127298593521,
0.022314682602882385,
0.42570969462394714,
-0.12405712157487869,
-0.6574845910072327,
-0.3369634449481964,
0.2612394690513611,
-0.30107659101486206,
-0.11268869787454605,
0.6534072756767273,
-0.374830424785614,
-0.3349155783653259,
0.3451913893222809,
-0.08802849799394608,
0.3394801616668701,
-0.491166889667511,
-0.34279701113700867,
0.4404022693634033,
0.6376080513000488,
-0.12176288664340973,
-0.8706606030464172,
0.5754325985908508,
0.1757568120956421,
0.07105637341737747,
-0.03371322900056839,
0.7318636775016785,
-0.6634376645088196,
0.5019448399543762,
-0.4276309609413147,
-0.5276964902877808,
-0.28264597058296204,
-0.690925121307373,
-0.11139807850122452,
-0.0945984348654747,
-0.0730741024017334,
-0.6995833516120911,
0.7804906368255615,
-0.11115613579750061,
-0.4815503656864166,
0.25876957178115845,
-0.10013066232204437,
0.15875574946403503,
0.007075808942317963,
0.3915523588657379,
-0.07175404578447342,
-0.7411879897117615,
-0.32820048928260803,
-0.4896029829978943,
0.7014478445053101,
-0.12405245006084442,
-1.1992230415344238,
-0.43611225485801697,
-0.28082695603370667,
-0.5505630373954773,
-0.14070942997932434,
0.7215397953987122,
-0.24942564964294434,
0.5773507356643677,
0.27613401412963867,
0.721777617931366,
0.3821824789047241,
0.8784892559051514,
0.20129725337028503,
0.3402232825756073,
-0.057786114513874054,
1.090033769607544,
0.3016425669193268,
-0.15585802495479584,
-0.6199284195899963,
0.2993237376213074,
-0.2644489109516144,
0.37288257479667664,
0.6288931965827942,
0.5560085773468018,
-0.2336130291223526,
-0.2173888385295868,
-0.12602700293064117,
-0.6471500396728516,
0.07090602815151215,
-0.2080836296081543,
0.424745112657547,
-0.13988664746284485,
0.057866137474775314,
0.6280220746994019,
0.2175990790128708,
-0.20351460576057434,
0.3752810060977936,
-0.18615774810314178,
-0.03509433567523956,
-0.09196561574935913,
-1.0315850973129272,
0.03765382990241051,
-0.31484556198120117,
-0.36841273307800293,
-0.6736832857131958,
0.5767117142677307,
0.5251203775405884,
0.32805073261260986,
-0.19197925925254822,
0.3131815493106842,
-0.4691757261753082,
0.29787254333496094,
-0.24582186341285706,
-0.04607876017689705,
-0.33146509528160095,
-0.2223585844039917,
-0.15811099112033844,
-0.3242402672767639,
-0.007763965986669064,
0.2135312408208847,
0.9562798142433167,
-0.28425145149230957,
0.30623888969421387,
0.07221964746713638,
0.8645908832550049,
-0.4195284843444824,
-0.38003161549568176,
0.43635547161102295,
0.0448891706764698,
0.3337195813655853,
-0.2805387079715729,
0.43811455368995667,
0.4314928352832794,
-0.09283430129289627,
-0.1632516235113144,
-0.02938222512602806,
-0.47375497221946716,
-0.577111005783081,
0.08117268234491348,
0.019725266844034195,
-0.1450398713350296,
-0.5826581120491028,
0.40867289900779724,
0.1255199909210205,
0.7391157150268555,
0.08119742572307587,
0.16111040115356445,
-0.3822331726551056,
-0.04755200445652008,
-0.03327399864792824,
-0.5827204585075378,
-0.05745445564389229,
0.5403457283973694,
0.007518544793128967,
-0.003751387819647789,
0.41023480892181396,
-0.21921026706695557,
0.05852102115750313,
0.6826992034912109,
0.6569793820381165,
0.1784020960330963,
-0.18828153610229492,
0.43101418018341064,
-0.2797289788722992,
0.3971982002258301,
-0.34500211477279663,
0.3167527914047241,
0.6375985145568848,
0.10815969109535217,
-0.1405820995569229,
-0.2891441881656647,
0.4127410352230072,
0.2854384183883667,
-0.2230028212070465,
-0.7128574848175049,
0.18248014152050018,
0.7550244331359863,
-0.9537325501441956,
0.5605626106262207,
0.23623865842819214,
-0.4439789950847626,
0.25247922539711,
-0.16555418074131012,
0.015097899362444878,
-0.1290680468082428,
-0.6153693199157715,
-0.19909586012363434,
0.09104762226343155,
0.47520533204078674,
-0.37100881338119507,
-0.14122411608695984,
0.15280012786388397,
-0.1876591145992279,
0.03345896303653717,
0.17453713715076447,
0.03947773203253746,
0.1086532324552536,
-0.014449479058384895,
-0.14303475618362427,
-0.4746233820915222,
0.556431233882904,
0.6379724144935608,
-0.10535477846860886,
0.1251143217086792,
-0.3031206727027893,
0.21154384315013885,
-0.39642059803009033,
-0.03347527235746384,
0.2647421360015869,
0.029762398451566696,
0.16480445861816406,
-0.10986991226673126,
0.3683779835700989,
-0.022100374102592468,
-0.12218425422906876,
-0.29764220118522644,
0.9006675481796265,
-0.11227704584598541,
-0.20784984529018402,
0.0356910265982151,
0.18980973958969116,
0.12624794244766235,
-0.07132116705179214,
-0.6194628477096558,
-0.6157790422439575,
0.15331245958805084,
-0.75099778175354,
0.024813812226057053,
-0.37395235896110535,
0.8519577383995056,
-0.17284736037254333,
0.27716535329818726,
-0.15098968148231506,
-0.16918200254440308,
0.19976231455802917,
0.19453777372837067,
0.28721460700035095,
-0.5734284520149231,
0.14902593195438385,
0.3857728838920593,
-0.393878698348999,
-0.5013186931610107,
-0.057460375130176544,
0.2754293382167816,
-0.5532827377319336,
0.09930319339036942,
0.44676128029823303,
-0.079841248691082,
0.9570104479789734,
0.18445417284965515,
-0.23189027607440948,
-0.09932298958301544,
-0.6844661235809326,
0.11081034690141678,
-0.04088154807686806,
-0.2720143496990204,
-0.13768339157104492,
0.20822754502296448,
-0.5382387638092041,
0.1646268367767334,
-0.3438502550125122,
-0.11822766810655594,
-0.09700724482536316,
0.16234830021858215,
-0.6378798484802246,
-0.021191317588090897,
-0.17855198681354523,
-0.0608363151550293,
-0.21708866953849792,
0.10018903762102127,
0.3793088495731354,
0.32407626509666443,
-0.29968664050102234,
0.21211358904838562,
-0.3476617932319641,
-0.5971621870994568,
0.5619169473648071,
0.03429662808775902,
-0.5872955322265625,
0.7078951597213745,
0.178093820810318,
-0.1833157241344452,
-0.022071504965424538,
0.33972302079200745,
-0.09336088597774506,
0.48736920952796936,
-0.373497873544693,
0.2541365325450897,
0.24975594878196716,
-0.35236656665802,
0.3886057138442993,
-0.13624051213264465,
-0.8628085851669312,
0.536334753036499,
-0.04382510483264923,
0.07158366590738297,
-0.19482219219207764,
0.3728196322917938,
0.3997081518173218,
-0.09938282519578934,
0.025322068482637405,
-0.46272531151771545,
-0.36891767382621765,
0.415505588054657,
0.3011102080345154,
-0.04466931149363518,
0.2643713355064392,
-0.5126314163208008,
-0.12454862892627716,
-0.5832180380821228,
-0.26788973808288574,
0.03499491512775421,
-0.18452008068561554,
-0.21752992272377014,
0.7987778186798096,
0.8425835967063904,
0.019490089267492294,
-0.016567423939704895,
-0.11356186121702194,
-0.6787058711051941,
0.23726847767829895,
-0.4872742295265198,
-0.015587734058499336,
-0.5180449485778809,
0.2342996597290039,
-0.2686915695667267,
-0.07479791343212128,
0.08242011070251465,
-0.26000016927719116,
0.13738752901554108,
-0.3390187919139862,
-0.139278843998909,
-0.4607698917388916,
0.21761585772037506,
-0.5121853947639465,
-0.2441389262676239,
0.6214449405670166,
-0.4072198271751404,
0.03165392205119133,
-0.6519094705581665,
0.5266541242599487,
0.15803587436676025,
-0.6697366833686829,
0.39031246304512024,
0.0001694772217888385,
-0.07776382565498352,
0.07699171453714371,
-0.03610772266983986,
0.1652054339647293,
0.1987563967704773,
0.27783018350601196,
-0.04952642694115639,
0.15082989633083344,
-0.09057751297950745,
-0.24731385707855225,
-0.4685679078102112,
0.017483141273260117,
-0.0894816443324089,
-0.21538878977298737,
0.6720364093780518,
-0.01027520652860403,
-0.4585869610309601,
0.6205788254737854,
0.07904121279716492,
-0.09980796277523041,
0.2964684069156647,
-0.44568929076194763,
0.3446662127971649,
0.17996230721473694,
-0.9537611603736877,
-0.12933044135570526,
-0.36523181200027466,
1.1589596271514893,
0.40412983298301697,
-0.22815895080566406,
-0.4844208061695099,
-0.10362023115158081,
0.32422786951065063,
0.5212230086326599,
-0.21042075753211975,
0.4541968107223511,
-0.7590039372444153,
-0.5804668068885803,
-0.2764361798763275,
0.6915404200553894,
0.7678584456443787,
0.0031623041722923517,
-0.33609142899513245,
0.06782030314207077,
-0.08435538411140442,
0.6425647735595703,
0.4317050278186798,
-0.49661463499069214,
-0.031920913606882095,
0.11181167513132095,
0.14838539063930511,
-0.5176911950111389,
-0.31947100162506104,
0.30879294872283936,
-0.434619277715683,
0.009335372596979141,
-0.00941464863717556,
0.2621905207633972,
-0.6186333298683167,
0.5488362312316895,
-0.6092045903205872,
0.1684989482164383,
-0.43355605006217957,
0.29094600677490234,
-0.3862382769584656,
-0.3055564761161804,
0.5379812717437744,
0.7480720281600952,
0.6925359964370728,
-0.2087768018245697,
-0.522534191608429,
0.08003751188516617,
0.4467942416667938,
-0.2831379771232605,
-0.6270056962966919,
-0.03257427737116814,
0.20861868560314178,
-0.545357346534729,
-0.9387964606285095,
0.672983705997467,
0.25892481207847595,
-0.09861195087432861,
0.018273640424013138,
-0.14274510741233826,
-0.509933590888977,
0.19784389436244965,
0.4933851659297943,
-0.6035993695259094,
0.33798399567604065,
0.37916281819343567
] |
236385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldFish | WorldFish | WorldFish is an international nonprofit research institution that creates, advances and translates scientific research on aquatic food systems into scalable solutions.
WorldFish is a member of CGIAR, which unites international organisations engaged in research about food security.
Headquartered in Penang, Malaysia, WorldFish has a presence in 20 countries throughout Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
WorldFish has introduced novel technologies and innovations to ramp up local aquatic food production that are brought to scale through a network of partners. Such innovations include the development of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), an enhanced strain of Nile tilapia with improved growth rates, in support of smallholder aquaculture farmers in the Global South.
WorldFish research
WorldFish launched a new strategy in 2020 to guide its research for the upcoming decade, marking a transition from fisheries and aquaculture to a more holistic aquatic foods system approach. The institution shifted towards food systems management in order to focus on aquatic food value chains from production through consumption.
The WorldFish 2030 Research and Innovation Strategy underscores three key research priorities: climate resilience and environmental sustainability, social and economic inclusion and nutrition and public health.
Recognition
WorldFish has been recognised for its work in Nile tilapia. WorldFish fisheries scientist Modadugu Vijay Gupta was awarded the World Food Prize for his research on genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in support of food and nutrition security in food-insecure regions.
Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted, a food nutritionist with WorldFish, received the 2021 World Food Prize for her groundbreaking research, critical insights and landmark innovations in developing holistic, nutrition-sensitive approaches to aquaculture and food systems.
Impact and innovation
WorldFish works with a network of donors and partners to create change for the millions dependent on aquatic foods in the Global South.
Its impacts largely stem from increasing the local production and accessibility of nutrient-rich aquatic foods through novel technologies. WorldFish has worked to breed genetically enhanced fast-growing tilapia (GIFT) varieties to raise productivity and incomes of low-income smallholder farmers. It also works to improve production of key inputs for aquaculture, specifically fish feed and fish fingerlings, and link small-scale aquatic food producers with input and output markets.
References
External links
International research institutes
Research institutes in Malaysia
Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes
Research institutes established in 1975 | [
0.6121183037757874,
0.1767357736825943,
-0.05277102440595627,
0.037388190627098083,
0.17930227518081665,
0.05283944308757782,
-0.2941473722457886,
0.5099480748176575,
-0.45014917850494385,
-0.2665349841117859,
-0.34813788533210754,
0.332754522562027,
-0.19029907882213593,
0.4044736325740814,
0.09287071973085403,
-0.12716136872768402,
0.46319273114204407,
0.3691289722919464,
-0.058557529002428055,
0.2226395457983017,
-0.7728186249732971,
-0.09334754943847656,
0.3770555257797241,
-0.13177187740802765,
-0.2478339523077011,
-0.15992800891399384,
0.18958622217178345,
0.6198899149894714,
-0.05769941955804825,
-0.16533519327640533,
0.6381732821464539,
0.3508712649345398,
-0.25482967495918274,
-0.40268298983573914,
-0.2873248755931854,
-0.5377486944198608,
-0.656735360622406,
0.06059085577726364,
-0.2862173318862915,
-0.5210049748420715,
0.06898399442434311,
0.14267905056476593,
-0.11200602352619171,
0.4556306302547455,
-0.11155998706817627,
-0.3488996624946594,
-1.6086448431015015,
0.0021765646524727345,
-0.7967426776885986,
0.6060163378715515,
-0.39593005180358887,
0.06776699423789978,
-0.045251160860061646,
-0.013330095447599888,
0.2714492380619049,
0.6841216087341309,
-0.12740033864974976,
0.26628100872039795,
-0.29348060488700867,
-0.5356611609458923,
-0.1140052005648613,
-0.1184176653623581,
-0.20318707823753357,
0.11141610145568848,
0.2605743408203125,
0.10410549491643906,
0.2347140908241272,
0.12366858124732971,
-0.12232764810323715,
-0.2777027487754822,
-0.10077054053544998,
-0.553131103515625,
-0.435776948928833,
0.27428916096687317,
-0.4980522096157074,
-1.0120197534561157,
-0.0037829342763870955,
-0.019971389323472977,
0.4958786070346832,
0.22601939737796783,
0.31333333253860474,
0.17733891308307648,
0.5252994298934937,
-0.4756516218185425,
-0.027842465788125992,
0.2963448464870453,
-0.21852460503578186,
0.45163947343826294,
-1.0306570529937744,
0.4498140215873718,
0.13914255797863007,
-0.43401673436164856,
0.9238946437835693,
0.041534215211868286,
0.2618207335472107,
-0.01008111797273159,
-0.1795397847890854,
0.04603426158428192,
0.3634060323238373,
0.5424202680587769,
-0.36505255103111267,
-0.17159125208854675,
-0.00807172805070877,
0.1553618609905243,
-0.35912981629371643,
-0.0924488976597786,
-0.425880491733551,
-1.2612831592559814,
-0.027559606358408928,
0.36990272998809814,
0.01638837717473507,
0.3811477720737457,
-0.02102777175605297,
-0.2045968472957611,
-0.22053022682666779,
0.5206549167633057,
0.14654237031936646,
-0.34312018752098083,
-0.4577888548374176,
-0.2392042577266693,
0.7072691917419434,
0.691604495048523,
-0.1492328941822052,
0.27242225408554077,
-0.025234034284949303,
-0.033567145466804504,
0.5495836138725281,
0.10195905715227127,
-0.15560507774353027,
0.07106436043977737,
0.29452455043792725,
0.3273531496524811,
-0.20226746797561646,
-0.22792156040668488,
-0.18619771301746368,
0.1873912215232849,
0.303201287984848,
-0.5161834955215454,
0.1282389611005783,
0.3632364571094513,
-0.7105128169059753,
-0.5492726564407349,
-0.31843316555023193,
-0.14209213852882385,
0.43701425194740295,
0.21657288074493408,
0.1949334591627121,
-0.4831330180168152,
-0.48355045914649963,
-0.22464409470558167,
0.1293366253376007,
0.5878445506095886,
-0.769245445728302,
-0.10000084340572357,
-0.11573450267314911,
0.48745420575141907,
0.13661213219165802,
-0.26916205883026123,
0.4857928156852722,
0.13284307718276978,
-0.1775135099887848,
0.27845874428749084,
-0.5155515670776367,
-0.28445130586624146,
0.10691654682159424,
-0.7768970131874084,
0.14668093621730804,
0.38542440533638,
-0.21707619726657867,
-0.09778106212615967,
0.17884808778762817,
0.08695640414953232,
0.21698573231697083,
0.03881758078932762,
0.4342655837535858,
-0.3744944930076599,
0.9155207872390747,
0.05209502577781677,
0.40797966718673706,
0.05703307315707207,
-0.6169134378433228,
0.040514685213565826,
0.17718885838985443,
-0.22137829661369324,
0.24894432723522186,
-0.31122392416000366,
-0.027350151911377907,
0.35128283500671387,
0.1760091930627823,
0.5045921802520752,
-0.7525219917297363,
-0.3653709292411804,
0.14493051171302795,
-0.6363781690597534,
0.876545250415802,
-0.3124309182167053,
-0.48358815908432007,
1.0302910804748535,
-0.2858103811740875,
-0.2118799239397049,
-0.6528289318084717,
0.5742249488830566,
-0.17380061745643616,
-0.04173716530203819,
-1.3909859657287598,
-0.24508710205554962,
0.40507376194000244,
-0.5018335580825806,
0.06399285793304443,
0.008955281227827072,
0.039409738034009933,
0.000903054082300514,
0.4028049111366272,
-0.9934518337249756,
0.26850950717926025,
-0.03797660768032074,
-0.5131024122238159,
0.626759946346283,
-0.2696244418621063,
0.25582870841026306,
1.3393079042434692,
-0.5439808964729309,
0.27864283323287964,
0.31376317143440247,
0.008916035294532776,
0.30796220898628235,
0.6360203623771667,
0.016036381945014,
0.7590947151184082,
-0.5898813605308533,
0.3888733386993408,
-0.06701468676328659,
0.08847265690565109,
-0.7298915982246399,
0.2900930941104889,
0.230681374669075,
0.16032852232456207,
-0.22698363661766052,
0.5141165852546692,
0.1936286836862564,
0.019075633957982063,
0.06643014401197433,
-0.568408727645874,
0.23836401104927063,
0.630729079246521,
-0.27235013246536255,
-0.05384792387485504,
-0.07328424602746964,
-0.8389300107955933,
-0.33254474401474,
0.28347301483154297,
0.432287335395813,
0.13312192261219025,
-0.08031228929758072,
-0.15408317744731903,
-0.11099729686975479,
-0.29199886322021484,
-0.031833402812480927,
0.3621012568473816,
0.036366816610097885,
-0.06558752804994583,
-0.15838490426540375,
-0.06928297132253647,
0.3467411994934082,
0.19810278713703156,
-0.3843863904476166,
0.14999181032180786,
-0.8141592741012573,
0.1701403558254242,
0.5422950387001038,
0.4967998266220093,
0.36300504207611084,
0.07259638607501984,
0.04236994683742523,
-0.12703298032283783,
-0.48560574650764465,
0.11563743650913239,
0.42145925760269165,
-0.2239622175693512,
-0.4188571572303772,
0.3618117868900299,
0.3187909424304962,
0.22064578533172607,
-0.6050173044204712,
0.013054795563220978,
-0.07180239260196686,
-0.12150852382183075,
-0.14432770013809204,
-0.46209484338760376,
0.18238240480422974,
-0.33544912934303284,
0.07993337512016296,
-0.2988528907299042,
0.2960291802883148,
-0.09101883322000504,
0.3882390260696411,
-0.31096214056015015,
-0.3078024685382843,
-0.11504057794809341,
0.2188359647989273,
0.03756352886557579,
-0.08726014941930771,
-0.15638811886310577,
-0.20644795894622803,
0.09214754402637482,
-0.360435426235199,
0.19051684439182281,
-0.137457475066185,
-5.890395641326904,
-0.3161850571632385,
-0.3371288478374481,
0.49020305275917053,
-0.055663447827100754,
-0.09070175886154175,
1.005984902381897,
0.012973145581781864,
0.3930639326572418,
0.018586022779345512,
0.006325568072497845,
0.6639292240142822,
0.19252800941467285,
0.22356589138507843,
0.3630302846431732,
0.9706918001174927,
0.4127911329269409,
0.1923184096813202,
-0.12218549102544785,
0.13616128265857697,
0.0792548730969429,
-0.6224744319915771,
-0.431102991104126,
0.6413339972496033,
0.2359425127506256,
-0.10397429764270782,
-0.5684881210327148,
0.4510577917098999,
0.01621946133673191,
-0.2703356146812439,
-0.09566136449575424,
-0.49205052852630615,
0.0707949846982956,
-0.8422949910163879,
0.37793809175491333,
0.0748075395822525,
0.1886824518442154,
0.5296730995178223,
0.2101696878671646,
-0.41232070326805115,
-0.061269793659448624,
0.504245936870575,
-0.22307319939136505,
-0.27330613136291504,
0.2854216992855072,
-0.32357072830200195,
-0.15561287105083466,
0.9210825562477112,
-0.21763408184051514,
0.6909451484680176,
0.36231306195259094,
-0.06475818157196045,
0.54136061668396,
0.49284911155700684,
0.003661592025309801,
-0.5156474113464355,
0.3569062352180481,
0.2809235155582428,
0.27699005603790283,
-0.05623181164264679,
0.37429866194725037,
-0.7945660352706909,
-0.10218594968318939,
-0.5857383012771606,
-0.012006719596683979,
0.009286354295909405,
-0.46012187004089355,
-0.32475945353507996,
-0.2617119252681732,
-0.05817294120788574,
-0.48724794387817383,
0.6033751368522644,
-0.022687166929244995,
-0.7113046646118164,
0.28325244784355164,
-0.3097318112850189,
0.09190879017114639,
-0.11446019262075424,
0.18104001879692078,
-0.003485648659989238,
-0.39196398854255676,
-0.6590999960899353,
-0.7166974544525146,
0.21925808489322662,
-0.18315796554088593,
-1.0110634565353394,
-0.055951640009880066,
-0.2175963819026947,
-0.46000978350639343,
-0.06530693173408508,
0.8717790842056274,
-0.10893075913190842,
0.41764509677886963,
0.4045051634311676,
0.6734781861305237,
0.3134235441684723,
0.04958132654428482,
0.4068687856197357,
0.3046463131904602,
0.0612783320248127,
0.2426164448261261,
-0.14764031767845154,
0.07194707542657852,
-0.45138150453567505,
0.24619635939598083,
0.16390344500541687,
0.07285850495100021,
-0.019779803231358528,
0.6780470013618469,
0.02715090848505497,
-0.30638816952705383,
0.2857176959514618,
-0.29651081562042236,
0.011041579768061638,
0.0669219046831131,
0.2575981914997101,
-0.44367069005966187,
0.14073379337787628,
0.4222716987133026,
-0.08739130944013596,
-0.04295403137803078,
0.8338306546211243,
0.38759279251098633,
-0.14739449322223663,
0.2002096027135849,
-0.5955013036727905,
-0.07799086719751358,
0.21409201622009277,
-0.17480409145355225,
-0.421648234128952,
0.4153522551059723,
0.38762354850769043,
0.07096502929925919,
-0.4167003035545349,
0.21986627578735352,
0.035501979291439056,
-0.17326271533966064,
-0.24518857896327972,
-0.11519409716129303,
0.09379733353853226,
0.09027546644210815,
0.12080689519643784,
0.30885571241378784,
-0.3412086069583893,
0.04916079714894295,
1.0109888315200806,
0.17414508759975433,
0.06649206578731537,
0.16251599788665771,
0.9065222144126892,
-0.3433811664581299,
-0.3168255090713501,
0.04928990826010704,
-0.21159587800502777,
-0.10686599463224411,
-0.09161538630723953,
0.3274000287055969,
0.018948670476675034,
0.26968809962272644,
0.16459129750728607,
0.07269400358200073,
-0.3879198729991913,
-0.9414305686950684,
0.015042987652122974,
0.4712217152118683,
0.32912811636924744,
-0.324562668800354,
0.05558173358440399,
-0.12877072393894196,
0.18450599908828735,
0.29286614060401917,
0.36609673500061035,
-0.5344326496124268,
-0.30563774704933167,
-0.044462621212005615,
-0.14460736513137817,
0.051937565207481384,
-0.05759306997060776,
-0.17627090215682983,
0.02065529115498066,
0.5500443577766418,
-0.06169040873646736,
-0.06289579719305038,
-0.03233488276600838,
0.7231493592262268,
-0.7093069553375244,
0.26825305819511414,
-0.21582914888858795,
-0.2143775373697281,
0.04255298152565956,
-0.27637580037117004,
0.574956476688385,
0.9313710331916809,
0.02581980638206005,
-0.2843824028968811,
-0.5443650484085083,
-0.3003869652748108,
0.41214823722839355,
-0.494050532579422,
-0.7015628814697266,
-0.293295294046402,
0.30721110105514526,
-1.0404824018478394,
0.253910630941391,
0.33710142970085144,
-0.5042502880096436,
-0.15946094691753387,
-0.49796560406684875,
0.7419641017913818,
-0.028314311057329178,
-0.8278406858444214,
-0.2619423568248749,
0.30668607354164124,
0.33831048011779785,
-0.523004412651062,
-0.19115248322486877,
0.2164677530527115,
-0.19132566452026367,
-0.45596811175346375,
0.08718255907297134,
0.04287448525428772,
-0.24170686304569244,
-0.659267246723175,
-0.3483473062515259,
-0.5825223922729492,
0.6550990343093872,
0.49138981103897095,
-0.19344760477542877,
-0.3036877512931824,
-0.43104106187820435,
-0.14119522273540497,
-0.31362295150756836,
-0.06762219220399857,
0.09841150790452957,
0.01155081856995821,
0.30147165060043335,
-0.05818754434585571,
0.1754847764968872,
0.03582436218857765,
0.21169286966323853,
-0.302284836769104,
0.37966203689575195,
-0.2849732041358948,
-0.13048265874385834,
-0.06861777603626251,
0.43005695939064026,
-0.06793110817670822,
0.22405095398426056,
-0.5465884208679199,
-0.5648632645606995,
-0.051720842719078064,
-0.5441202521324158,
0.2118789106607437,
-0.22591589391231537,
0.7027643918991089,
-0.5539519786834717,
-0.2825131118297577,
-0.20798194408416748,
-0.2284657061100006,
-0.3172684907913208,
0.27955231070518494,
-0.024975331500172615,
-0.6624354124069214,
-0.1407291144132614,
0.37339237332344055,
-0.11889652907848358,
-0.5059830546379089,
-0.559645414352417,
0.06515203416347504,
-0.11333004385232925,
0.5406211614608765,
0.35377705097198486,
0.04604191333055496,
0.5341998934745789,
0.30046314001083374,
0.003936588764190674,
-0.3105747699737549,
-0.6821771264076233,
0.1979971081018448,
-0.03368288278579712,
-0.3442787528038025,
0.3575787842273712,
-0.06660863012075424,
-0.30152806639671326,
0.2351403683423996,
-0.294196218252182,
0.1446409821510315,
-0.2213483601808548,
0.15634045004844666,
-0.33051130175590515,
-0.28512027859687805,
-0.08340242505073547,
-0.13916811347007751,
0.07993298023939133,
-0.23463349044322968,
0.13534052670001984,
0.2607037127017975,
-0.6671538949012756,
-0.14267556369304657,
-0.20325087010860443,
-0.3709631860256195,
0.6943649053573608,
0.40821367502212524,
-0.6223780512809753,
0.7356566190719604,
0.3702273368835449,
-0.12136457860469818,
0.2318500280380249,
0.24965772032737732,
0.11431711912155151,
0.3300153911113739,
-0.42906734347343445,
0.14716607332229614,
0.5052585601806641,
-0.4795704185962677,
0.7997700572013855,
-0.12310697138309479,
-0.8338488936424255,
0.5508687496185303,
0.29114213585853577,
-0.003944858908653259,
-0.20852865278720856,
0.15553876757621765,
0.23358692228794098,
-0.014150332659482956,
0.04443913698196411,
-0.2011970728635788,
-0.27357393503189087,
0.5267584919929504,
0.7017090916633606,
0.4388962984085083,
0.40134817361831665,
-0.3431222140789032,
-0.17554520070552826,
-0.4627576470375061,
0.28942230343818665,
-0.08152294158935547,
-0.12081526964902878,
-0.8071661591529846,
0.6176692843437195,
1.0338536500930786,
0.22258944809436798,
-0.07177092134952545,
0.04740612581372261,
-0.2619629204273224,
0.32504668831825256,
-0.032329119741916656,
0.4895952343940735,
-0.2968188226222992,
0.4525034725666046,
0.15905353426933289,
-0.5205122828483582,
0.20713450014591217,
-0.22699764370918274,
-0.12281697988510132,
-0.6188901662826538,
0.08265852183103561,
-0.23419170081615448,
0.44329842925071716,
0.03331221267580986,
0.1300525814294815,
0.38288629055023193,
0.3541473150253296,
-0.32883575558662415,
-0.2844564914703369,
0.3827657997608185,
0.11018668860197067,
-0.6999329924583435,
0.4183730185031891,
0.0887400433421135,
-0.009927432052791119,
0.5434718728065491,
-0.28835707902908325,
0.550835907459259,
-0.12311187386512756,
0.5193445682525635,
-0.140284463763237,
0.03262733668088913,
0.08757255971431732,
0.40991756319999695,
-0.11933249235153198,
0.03193831071257591,
-0.0164214838296175,
0.32933998107910156,
-0.032071806490421295,
0.12156909704208374,
-0.31737270951271057,
0.5687798857688904,
-0.11871831119060516,
-0.4106813967227936,
0.00972563587129116,
-0.664680004119873,
-0.24157586693763733,
0.46574491262435913,
-0.3128778040409088,
-0.4187226891517639,
0.18154269456863403,
0.7568514347076416,
0.021229756996035576,
0.12274689227342606,
0.030643537640571594,
-0.050601527094841,
0.5292388200759888,
0.4776749908924103,
-0.1132194995880127,
0.010153261013329029,
-0.8182728886604309,
-0.14247705042362213,
-0.6650678515434265,
0.5128592848777771,
0.6585962176322937,
0.0689781904220581,
0.08881575614213943,
0.20349366962909698,
0.12229893356561661,
0.605294942855835,
0.08928495645523071,
-0.32113373279571533,
0.04699968546628952,
-0.11827713996171951,
-0.15729376673698425,
-0.720657467842102,
-0.08478699624538422,
0.12471501529216766,
-0.0953398048877716,
-0.45436710119247437,
0.09027040004730225,
0.0139081459492445,
-0.8321837782859802,
0.5514239072799683,
-0.17143721878528595,
-0.06846434623003006,
-0.4956057667732239,
0.48537638783454895,
-0.4153590798377991,
-0.515506386756897,
0.2483462393283844,
0.4953122138977051,
0.4649882912635803,
-0.3741796314716339,
-0.41908952593803406,
0.41076895594596863,
0.34076958894729614,
0.05159493535757065,
-0.022872596979141235,
0.16239377856254578,
0.2565310597419739,
0.05929610878229141,
-0.8615387082099915,
0.5864136815071106,
0.04946119338274002,
-0.4323176145553589,
0.05127619579434395,
-0.2593415677547455,
0.10056636482477188,
0.7740556001663208,
0.5097764134407043,
-0.3295707702636719,
0.010012824088335037,
-0.09351858496665955
] |
236387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Robbins | Tony Robbins | Anthony Jay Robbins (born Anthony J. Mahavoric, February 29, 1960) is an American author, coach, speaker, and philanthropist. He is known for his infomercials, seminars, and self-help books including the books Unlimited Power (published in 1986) and Awaken the Giant Within (published in 1993).
Early life
Robbins was born as Anthony J. Mahavoric in North Hollywood, California, on February 29, 1960. Robbins is the eldest of three children, and his parents divorced when he was seven. He is of Croatian heritage from both sides of his family. His mother then remarried several times, including a marriage with Jim Robbins, a former semi-professional baseball player who legally adopted Anthony when he was 12.
During high school, Robbins grew ten inches, a growth spurt later attributed to a pituitary tumor. He has said his home life was "chaotic" and "abusive". When he was 17 years old, he left home and never returned. Robbins later worked as a janitor, and did not attend college.
Career
Robbins began promoting seminars for motivational speaker and author Jim Rohn when he was 17 years old. In the early 1980s, Robbins, a practitioner of neurolinguistic programming (NLP) and Ericksonian hypnosis, partnered with NLP co-founder John Grinder. He subsequently learned to firewalk and incorporated it into his seminars.
In 2014, Robbins joined a group of investors to acquire rights to launch a Major League Soccer franchise in Los Angeles referred to as the Los Angeles Football Club. The soccer team entered competition in 2018.
In 2016, Robbins partnered with Golden State Warriors co-owner Peter Guber and Washington Wizards co-owner Ted Leonsis to purchase Team Liquid, an eSports professional gaming organization.
Robbins has worked on an individual basis with Bill Clinton, Justin Tuck, Hugh Jackman, and Pitbull. He has counseled American businessmen Peter Guber, Steve Wynn, and Marc Benioff.
Robbins was criticized for comments alluding to the Me Too movement at a seminar in San Jose, California, on March 15, 2018, when he said: "If you use the #MeToo movement to try to get significance and certainty by attacking and destroying someone else… all you've done is basically use a drug called significance to make yourself feel good." He went on to tell a story about a "very powerful man" who passed on hiring a female candidate even though she was the most qualified because she was too attractive and would be "too big a risk". He later posted an apology on his Facebook page.
Philanthropy
In 1991, Robbins founded the Anthony Robbins Foundation, intended to help the young, the homeless, the hungry, the elderly, and the imprisoned. Independent charity watchdog Charity Navigator gave the foundation a rating of four out of four stars in 2017.
In 2014, he donated the profits of his book, Money: Master the Game, along with an additional personal donation, through Feeding America to provide meals to people in need. Robbins works with a water company called Spring Health, which provides fresh water to small villages in rural eastern India to prevent waterborne diseases.
Robbins helped raise money for Operation Underground Railroad, a nonprofit organization that works with governments to fight against child trafficking and slavery with the assistance of former CIA, Navy SEALs, and Special Ops operatives.
Legal issues and controversies
1995 Consumer redress settlement with Federal Trade Commission
In May 1995, Robbins Research International (RRI) settled with the Federal Trade Commission over alleged violations of the agency's Franchise Rule. Under the settlement, RRI did not admit to having violated any law, but agreed to pay $221,260 in consumer redress.
2000 Wade Cook copyright lawsuit
Wade Cook sued Robbins for allegedly using copyrighted terms from Cook's book Wall Street Money Machine in his seminars. In 2000, a jury awarded Cook a $655,900 judgement, which was appealed. Cook and Robbins settled for an undisclosed amount.
2001 Vancouver Sun defamation lawsuit
In 2001, the British Columbia Supreme Court ruled that The Vancouver Sun had defamed Robbins when it called him an "adulterous, wife-stealing hypocrite". The court awarded Robbins $20,000 in damages and his legal costs.
2012 and 2016 fire-walking injuries
In July 2012, the San Jose Mercury News published a story reporting that multiple people had been burned and hospitalized during one of Robbins's fire-walking events on July 19, 2012. This story was picked up by other media outlets, including Fox News, The New York Times, and CNN. Aspects of these reports were later challenged by Robbins himself along with some of the on-site medical professionals.
On June 24, 2016, it was reported that "dozens were burned and required medical attention after attempting to walk on hot coals during a fire-walking event at a Tony Robbins seminar in Dallas, Texas". Several attendees were transported to medical facilities to treat burns, and a bus was used as a staging-area for between 30 and 40 people who were less seriously hurt. A spokeswoman for the Robbins organization stated, "Someone unfamiliar with the process of the fire-walk called 911 reporting the need for emergency service vehicles […] there was no need for emergency personnel […] only 5 of 7,000 participants requested an examination beyond what was readily available on site."
2019 sexual harassment and abuse allegations
In May 2019, an investigation by BuzzFeed News detailed accusations against Robbins of his sexual harassment of fans and staff members, such as groping fans at events, exposing his genitals to his assistants, and sexually harassing fans. As of that time, nine women had publicly accused Robbins of sexual misconduct. Robbins denied the allegations and also stated, "I have been the target of a year-long investigation by BuzzFeed. Unfortunately, your organization has made it clear to my team that you intend to move forward with publishing an inaccurate, agenda-driven version of the past, pierced with falsehoods."
In November 2019, BuzzFeed News published a six-part article accusing Robbins of molesting a teenage girl during his time as a "star speaker" at SuperCamp, an elite summer camp in southern California. The article claims the events took place in 1985 when Robbins was 25, and that there were at least two eyewitnesses. Other media outlets also reported on these allegations. Robbins denied wrongdoing and filed suit on BuzzFeed News in Ireland. In response, BuzzFeed News said that they stand by their reporting and suggested that Robbins's decision to file the summons in Ireland was an "abuse" of the Irish court.
Television and film
In July 2010, NBC debuted "Breakthrough with Tony Robbins", a reality show that followed Robbins as he helped the show's participants face their personal challenges. NBC canceled the show after airing two of the planned six episodes due to low viewership of 2.8 million. In March 2012, the OWN Network picked up the show for another season beginning with the original first season set to re-run and thereafter leading directly into the new 2012 season. In April 2012, Robbins began cohosting Oprah's Lifeclass on the OWN Network.
In 2015, filmmaker Joe Berlinger directed and produced the documentary Tony Robbins: I Am Not Your Guru, about the Tony Robbins event "Date with Destiny" after filming it in Boca Raton, Florida, in December 2014. It premiered at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2016. The documentary was translated into languages for 190 countries and released by Netflix on July 15, 2016.
Personal life
In 1984, Robbins married Rebecca "Becky" Jenkins after meeting her at a seminar. Jenkins had three children from two former marriages, whom Robbins adopted. Robbins and Jenkins filed for divorce in 1998.
In 1984, Robbins fathered a child with former girlfriend Liz Acosta. Their son, Jairek Robbins, is also a personal empowerment coach and trainer.
In October 2001, Robbins married Bonnie "Sage" Robbins (née Humphrey). They live in Manalapan, Florida.
Robbins was a vegan for 12 years, he then added fish to his diet. Whilst eating a fish-heavy diet he developed mercury poisoning and nearly died. His diet now consists of mostly vegetables with a small amount of animal protein.
Select bibliography
Unlimited Power (1986). Free Press. .
Awaken the Giant Within (1991). Free Press. .
Giant Steps (1994). Touchstone. .
Money: Master the Game (2014). Simon & Schuster. .
Co-authored with Peter Mallouk (2017). Unshakeable: Your Financial Freedom Playbook. Simon & Schuster. .
References
External links
1960 births
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American adoptees
American business writers
American education businesspeople
American finance and investment writers
American financial commentators
American motivational speakers
American motivational writers
American people of Croatian descent
American philanthropists
American self-help writers
Business speakers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Life coaches
Living people
Neuro-linguistic programming writers
People from North Hollywood, Los Angeles
Pseudoscientific psychologists
Relationship education
Writers from Los Angeles | [
-0.8123224377632141,
0.39601951837539673,
-0.31490644812583923,
-0.11707733571529388,
-0.06850685924291611,
0.8110706210136414,
0.5195814371109009,
0.9412007927894592,
-0.5796133875846863,
0.10998488962650299,
0.40006691217422485,
0.17346163094043732,
0.20056100189685822,
-0.31550225615501404,
-1.0014197826385498,
0.22463667392730713,
0.29339078068733215,
0.3879394829273224,
-0.45817625522613525,
-0.09869719296693802,
-0.28464314341545105,
-0.19620156288146973,
-0.19551755487918854,
-0.09045214205980301,
-0.31857830286026,
0.6874567270278931,
-0.6547428369522095,
-0.13555483520030975,
0.3180685043334961,
0.12771372497081757,
0.051185835152864456,
0.6122416853904724,
0.4537832736968994,
-0.6363250017166138,
-0.21576839685440063,
0.5659852027893066,
0.358236700296402,
0.009102078154683113,
-0.37532055377960205,
-0.363866925239563,
0.01176473032683134,
0.05484076961874962,
0.08769240975379944,
-0.30983036756515503,
-0.637319028377533,
-0.7117364406585693,
-1.9173197746276855,
0.3866299092769623,
-0.9995847940444946,
-0.733765184879303,
0.12582358717918396,
0.6488277912139893,
-0.321320503950119,
0.22153812646865845,
0.31064075231552124,
-0.012412593699991703,
-0.28104689717292786,
-0.15593038499355316,
0.11838233470916748,
-0.25791776180267334,
-0.07109959423542023,
-0.17615631222724915,
0.20624008774757385,
-0.6139819622039795,
-0.3613457679748535,
0.25363507866859436,
0.665654182434082,
1.1692544221878052,
-0.0457325354218483,
-0.5561593174934387,
-0.3778250217437744,
0.21493564546108246,
0.5800991058349609,
-0.18424634635448456,
0.043812625110149384,
-0.5369828939437866,
0.2201923280954361,
0.16032902896404266,
-0.444760799407959,
0.12765714526176453,
0.24985016882419586,
-0.43939611315727234,
0.8015391826629639,
0.04359445720911026,
0.6753081679344177,
-0.2017974853515625,
-0.31336045265197754,
0.006408157292753458,
-0.08425438404083252,
-0.3603319525718689,
-0.9359337091445923,
0.1667661815881729,
0.3509451150894165,
0.6110522747039795,
-0.140174001455307,
-0.37979260087013245,
-0.5406404137611389,
0.389661967754364,
0.5291784405708313,
-0.013736216351389885,
-0.12854647636413574,
0.2682712972164154,
0.45394366979599,
-0.6797142624855042,
-0.184416264295578,
0.16560260951519012,
0.2969495952129364,
0.39984753727912903,
-0.6015781760215759,
-1.0252685546875,
-0.47071075439453125,
-0.18540744483470917,
0.05643352121114731,
-0.4040793180465698,
0.09301068633794785,
0.6143346428871155,
0.07138140499591827,
0.054502565413713455,
-0.5582861304283142,
-0.2546914517879486,
0.06577476859092712,
0.651591956615448,
-0.7989017367362976,
0.3701944351196289,
0.027450913563370705,
0.804933488368988,
0.37964338064193726,
0.675362229347229,
0.6362469792366028,
0.3020322620868683,
-0.23971670866012573,
0.5180301666259766,
-0.46500134468078613,
0.48378074169158936,
-0.08161821216344833,
-0.7945001721382141,
0.5233907699584961,
0.5851259827613831,
0.3466742932796478,
-0.17490099370479584,
-0.6072337627410889,
0.4446934461593628,
-0.4005362093448639,
0.05290469154715538,
0.7655554413795471,
-0.10975571721792221,
0.12256225198507309,
0.07832998037338257,
0.29145997762680054,
-0.25242820382118225,
0.320154070854187,
-0.1456458568572998,
0.2437637746334076,
0.036391597241163254,
0.07708504796028137,
0.6116971373558044,
-0.16306810081005096,
-0.5929418802261353,
0.5855214595794678,
-0.050536323338747025,
0.17619585990905762,
0.586182713508606,
0.2649301588535309,
-0.028696103021502495,
0.2304401844739914,
0.3894869089126587,
-0.08543134480714798,
-0.5857203602790833,
0.11700824648141861,
-0.12504084408283234,
-0.27825626730918884,
0.6328904032707214,
-0.019133171066641808,
-0.5126444101333618,
0.10371183604001999,
0.23020058870315552,
0.7787120342254639,
0.9248732924461365,
-0.03964639827609062,
-0.3099871873855591,
-0.29781702160835266,
0.295051634311676,
0.2229757010936737,
-0.3571096360683441,
0.30024009943008423,
0.28591111302375793,
0.6954963803291321,
-0.028274457901716232,
0.07041476666927338,
0.08797842264175415,
-0.8891634941101074,
0.11157950013875961,
-0.37993472814559937,
-0.12863042950630188,
0.15320706367492676,
0.39017632603645325,
-0.6430953145027161,
-0.1494670957326889,
0.6102261543273926,
0.8432887196540833,
-0.4567181468009949,
-0.4129791557788849,
0.5649437308311462,
-0.30706867575645447,
-0.21266226470470428,
0.46816548705101013,
0.47891438007354736,
-0.09861729294061661,
1.251315951347351,
0.9814637303352356,
0.6582387089729309,
-1.0165976285934448,
-0.5930486917495728,
0.27064311504364014,
-0.38625597953796387,
-0.09922166168689728,
-0.34661516547203064,
-0.09649571031332016,
0.49618712067604065,
-0.5506520867347717,
0.351847767829895,
0.3008962869644165,
-0.24641448259353638,
-0.10899770259857178,
-0.05509670078754425,
1.5730615854263306,
-0.6786189675331116,
-0.6471045017242432,
-0.1382046341896057,
-0.21385715901851654,
0.29208892583847046,
0.21140733361244202,
-0.4113190174102783,
-0.8838346600532532,
-0.23706291615962982,
-0.09473437070846558,
0.7242422103881836,
-0.8025679588317871,
-0.3798789978027344,
-0.9563271999359131,
-0.0790712982416153,
0.4543899893760681,
-0.38194385170936584,
-0.2000776082277298,
-0.11032342165708542,
0.28537002205848694,
-0.43583381175994873,
0.2731955647468567,
0.2158438116312027,
0.30427294969558716,
0.3324880003929138,
0.35419896245002747,
0.2419641762971878,
-0.16783538460731506,
-0.6190896034240723,
0.6134845018386841,
0.04259293153882027,
-0.12915945053100586,
-0.04490587115287781,
-0.440117210149765,
-0.03362324833869934,
0.08788389712572098,
0.45039498805999756,
0.17222397029399872,
-0.3773227035999298,
-0.7702692151069641,
-0.12510493397712708,
-0.18237493932247162,
0.41503992676734924,
-0.01235575508326292,
0.5950058698654175,
-0.46455129981040955,
-0.6221157908439636,
-0.4937419295310974,
0.44348621368408203,
0.5075514316558838,
-0.7448872327804565,
0.3324333429336548,
-0.6315259337425232,
-0.8061928749084473,
0.7348755598068237,
0.9216420650482178,
-0.3228689432144165,
-0.2676420509815216,
-0.35321754217147827,
-0.06719736754894257,
-0.36456629633903503,
-0.11309172958135605,
-0.14278636872768402,
-0.2749715745449066,
0.028260497376322746,
0.055295538157224655,
-0.514359176158905,
0.34985479712486267,
0.40234246850013733,
-0.39775437116622925,
0.6039934754371643,
-0.08861935138702393,
0.23469437658786774,
0.014304625801742077,
-0.4045884907245636,
0.12969695031642914,
-0.5132066011428833,
-0.2560829222202301,
0.5884186625480652,
-0.11648266762495041,
-0.14334379136562347,
-0.8683967590332031,
-5.050183296203613,
-0.04420086741447449,
0.15513230860233307,
-0.5023925304412842,
0.6624859571456909,
-0.6256906986236572,
0.7282179594039917,
-0.3622618615627289,
0.3605814576148987,
0.05350128188729286,
0.004171229898929596,
0.20854350924491882,
-0.1103806421160698,
0.4231782853603363,
0.8730619549751282,
0.4537493884563446,
0.7324857115745544,
-0.37143662571907043,
0.8669859766960144,
0.17522040009498596,
0.30008116364479065,
-0.6124499440193176,
-0.3918304443359375,
0.24450834095478058,
0.13426996767520905,
0.6286764740943909,
0.08743149042129517,
-0.043961964547634125,
-1.5493371486663818,
-0.05984567105770111,
-0.2781291902065277,
-0.007682922761887312,
-0.3210211396217346,
-0.6439130902290344,
-0.5600558519363403,
-0.3744617998600006,
0.5406428575515747,
-0.23132804036140442,
0.670996904373169,
-0.7903409004211426,
-0.13313788175582886,
0.04806895554065704,
0.06309106945991516,
-0.2950234115123749,
0.6532838940620422,
0.052437108010053635,
-0.4846569895744324,
-0.42788439989089966,
-0.0807359516620636,
0.7869259715080261,
1.048882246017456,
-0.20068641006946564,
0.7844337821006775,
-0.08957792818546295,
0.48753875494003296,
-0.3525022566318512,
1.0359525680541992,
-0.10622189193964005,
-0.4869508147239685,
0.5474088788032532,
0.9781571626663208,
0.18077777326107025,
-0.22141924500465393,
-0.07276663184165955,
0.571627676486969,
-0.49807319045066833,
0.5810431241989136,
-0.27532678842544556,
0.19213362038135529,
-0.4847487509250641,
-0.1274867206811905,
-0.024077942594885826,
-0.13898666203022003,
-1.0882810354232788,
0.08611401915550232,
0.25056207180023193,
-0.2072741985321045,
0.5721557140350342,
-0.08892200142145157,
-0.19604644179344177,
-0.3033057749271393,
-0.4508507251739502,
0.09250675141811371,
-0.31289538741111755,
0.013143900781869888,
0.6739193797111511,
-0.7016196846961975,
0.5924665927886963,
-0.4162823557853699,
-0.5561153888702393,
0.16540563106536865,
0.14055219292640686,
0.6782681345939636,
-0.16779816150665283,
0.002607880625873804,
0.8495616912841797,
0.3847368061542511,
0.1302701234817505,
0.08712302893400192,
-0.21290376782417297,
-0.48497262597084045,
-0.7102494239807129,
0.5864860415458679,
-0.37734147906303406,
0.16420739889144897,
-0.6067906022071838,
-0.2446037083864212,
-0.04669084772467613,
0.2651195526123047,
-0.42589837312698364,
0.4095345735549927,
0.17395399510860443,
-0.421505331993103,
-0.2167006880044937,
0.5131136178970337,
0.22469037771224976,
-0.18548817932605743,
0.49120962619781494,
0.09687108546495438,
0.4520409107208252,
0.2642795443534851,
0.5465958714485168,
0.16594775021076202,
0.7504532933235168,
-0.2024681717157364,
-0.4924243688583374,
-0.14082826673984528,
-0.09306201338768005,
0.4144555926322937,
0.5252260565757751,
-0.39864376187324524,
0.36359819769859314,
-0.17379848659038544,
-0.03485512733459473,
0.045440953224897385,
0.5784301161766052,
-0.3674263656139374,
-0.5834822058677673,
0.7940476536750793,
-0.24464866518974304,
0.1756783425807953,
-0.011266299523413181,
-0.15634511411190033,
0.34055593609809875,
0.28740787506103516,
0.1871667504310608,
-0.4698965847492218,
-0.7503973841667175,
-0.2606756091117859,
-0.014988997019827366,
0.4582233726978302,
-0.44994354248046875,
0.47615376114845276,
-0.6910772323608398,
-0.24313881993293762,
-0.012901091948151588,
-0.5645685791969299,
-0.31089892983436584,
-0.2957865595817566,
-0.10111528635025024,
0.22933758795261383,
-0.8180239200592041,
-1.14881432056427,
0.5981546640396118,
0.27253085374832153,
-0.25444960594177246,
0.6743878126144409,
-0.6476512551307678,
-0.6114085912704468,
0.8502777814865112,
-0.19498325884342194,
-0.7842504978179932,
0.08043964207172394,
-0.28394925594329834,
0.23542067408561707,
-0.009047790430486202,
0.264343798160553,
-0.926236629486084,
0.059833258390426636,
0.08407192677259445,
-0.15095271170139313,
-0.3895842730998993,
-0.5077081322669983,
0.6778285503387451,
0.3827560544013977,
-0.12153459340333939,
-0.9573057889938354,
-0.6155916452407837,
0.006423742510378361,
0.3638934791088104,
-0.26637333631515503,
-0.1996765434741974,
0.45756256580352783,
0.25222110748291016,
-0.5872334241867065,
-0.316302627325058,
0.0009729096200317144,
0.40599775314331055,
-0.15894657373428345,
-0.07445874810218811,
-0.11156850308179855,
0.2715970277786255,
-0.031122516840696335,
0.13089242577552795,
0.39379969239234924,
-0.8888835310935974,
-0.24806451797485352,
0.40824681520462036,
-0.790910542011261,
0.18073327839374542,
0.5288693308830261,
-0.5330597758293152,
-0.020094502717256546,
0.5906343460083008,
-0.03238502889871597,
0.24262768030166626,
0.6588345170021057,
0.21225455403327942,
-0.29050561785697937,
-0.5576720237731934,
0.1777542233467102,
-0.38689181208610535,
-0.5351013541221619,
-0.06504949182271957,
-0.42306825518608093,
0.20185841619968414,
-0.25445500016212463,
-0.8609946966171265,
1.0931227207183838,
-0.33520638942718506,
-0.1700240969657898,
-0.10174290090799332,
0.2058510184288025,
0.28848546743392944,
0.002843742724508047,
0.4540863633155823,
-0.2920933961868286,
0.8433802723884583,
-0.036381546407938004,
-0.11432463675737381,
0.033227160573005676,
0.5842354893684387,
0.07361666113138199,
0.03364454209804535,
0.3416216969490051,
0.009335090406239033,
0.7055856585502625,
-0.3820885419845581,
0.18854321539402008,
0.3893178701400757,
0.2147464156150818,
-0.1886904090642929,
-0.6188427805900574,
0.08794333785772324,
0.6891259551048279,
-0.5710834860801697,
-0.19757238030433655,
-0.4699758291244507,
-0.17652137577533722,
0.11542108654975891,
-0.2958662211894989,
0.26841506361961365,
-0.2016417235136032,
-0.10966245085000992,
0.016158651560544968,
-0.09963720291852951,
-0.09128671139478683,
0.4311654567718506,
0.5341801047325134,
-0.521753191947937,
-0.3741644620895386,
-0.05402522534132004,
0.05785126984119415,
0.2961369454860687,
-0.4074346721172333,
0.1598190814256668,
0.6185386776924133,
-0.3985244333744049,
0.1982603520154953,
-0.07918494194746017,
-0.03626537695527077,
0.646377444267273,
0.15089380741119385,
-0.5489756464958191,
0.3891977071762085,
-0.36957624554634094,
-0.4157799482345581,
-0.7222276329994202,
-0.536096453666687,
0.440822571516037,
0.036834947764873505,
0.30469194054603577,
-0.0523085854947567,
-0.15641917288303375,
-0.6886634230613708,
0.5281420350074768,
-0.334749311208725,
0.5145238637924194,
-0.30033251643180847,
0.10572580248117447,
0.29242804646492004,
0.49708476662635803,
-0.008813787251710892,
-0.07573345303535461,
-0.4411018490791321,
0.4893135130405426,
0.2154150754213333,
-1.2038476467132568,
0.2944954037666321,
-0.08625447005033493,
-0.41759926080703735,
-0.3296002149581909,
0.532122790813446,
-0.14676997065544128,
-0.34816789627075195,
0.4846838712692261,
1.4810659885406494,
-0.5872857570648193,
-0.2616989016532898,
0.43679773807525635,
-0.4548509418964386,
-0.5773511528968811,
0.801058292388916,
0.21158380806446075,
0.7286234498023987,
1.0422836542129517,
-0.48153963685035706,
-0.7036465406417847,
-0.06485231965780258,
-0.5351945161819458,
-0.01052401028573513,
0.5126168727874756,
-0.24754948914051056,
0.2999323904514313,
-0.2558794617652893,
-0.25379887223243713,
0.23286552727222443,
-0.08170908689498901,
0.10062338411808014,
0.2328691929578781,
-0.0773424431681633,
0.8495493531227112,
0.1827189028263092,
0.27705132961273193,
0.3387672007083893,
-0.09451261907815933,
0.3801693022251129,
0.1258659064769745,
-0.023002848029136658,
-0.5376219153404236,
-0.22368577122688293,
0.09578769654035568,
-0.30627867579460144,
-0.8037362098693848,
1.0079697370529175,
-0.3432295024394989,
-0.18476775288581848,
0.10345877707004547,
-0.18644583225250244,
-0.8894727826118469,
-0.3992761969566345,
-0.42533770203590393,
1.0458992719650269,
0.20146313309669495,
-0.3977941572666168,
-0.9951989650726318,
-0.13882200419902802,
0.04825953394174576,
-0.47068101167678833,
1.1181657314300537,
0.019289415329694748,
0.38355791568756104,
-0.18030717968940735,
0.9134023189544678,
0.5079340934753418,
-0.22279347479343414,
0.6549912691116333,
-0.5209993720054626,
0.04555898159742355,
0.0785447433590889,
-0.5942512154579163,
-0.48463329672813416,
-0.806816816329956,
0.6746543645858765,
0.09171275049448013,
0.34217968583106995,
-0.31154322624206543,
0.2376355230808258,
-0.18775862455368042,
-0.17785127460956573,
0.878463864326477,
-0.1702624261379242,
0.13540054857730865,
0.5580196976661682,
-0.00970828253775835,
0.013165025971829891,
-0.965837299823761,
0.14889688789844513,
0.38995152711868286,
-0.32810646295547485,
0.5232995748519897,
0.4568323493003845,
0.4552583396434784,
0.21556147933006287,
-0.06932961940765381,
0.13552124798297882,
-0.4805462956428528,
0.045749325305223465,
-0.697361409664154,
0.1705622524023056,
-0.25722384452819824,
-0.15129490196704865,
-0.32908201217651367,
0.0010870167752727866,
-0.3888886868953705,
0.04417911916971207,
0.35968080163002014,
-0.11143017560243607,
0.027917541563510895,
-0.4934702515602112,
-0.11415804177522659,
0.5005045533180237,
0.06164858117699623,
0.3293762803077698,
0.023306425660848618,
0.12609927356243134,
-0.11202561855316162,
-0.09154073148965836,
-0.22792638838291168,
0.15931913256645203,
0.6830146312713623,
-0.07494505494832993,
-0.27326053380966187,
-0.153824120759964,
-0.07908735424280167,
-1.180752158164978,
0.6731970310211182,
0.9664674401283264,
1.0304242372512817,
-0.050525419414043427,
0.40284785628318787,
0.10164850950241089,
0.23299303650856018,
-0.13277453184127808,
-1.1018388271331787,
-0.5006627440452576,
-0.2150556892156601,
-0.4174453318119049,
-0.02932310849428177,
0.40322041511535645,
-0.36394670605659485,
-0.5422013998031616,
0.15546397864818573,
-0.32700785994529724,
0.02927900291979313,
-0.08476468175649643,
-0.24396520853042603,
-0.2989700734615326,
0.08112087845802307,
-0.3360023498535156
] |
236388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus | Stylus | A stylus (plural styli or styluses) is a writing utensil or a small tool for some other form of marking or shaping, for example, in pottery. It can also be a computer accessory that is used to assist in navigating or providing more precision when using touchscreens. It usually refers to a narrow elongated staff, similar to a modern ballpoint pen. Many styluses are heavily curved to be held more easily. Another widely used writing tool is the stylus used by blind users in conjunction with the slate for punching out the dots in Braille.
Etymology
The English word stylus has two plurals: styli and styluses. The original Latin word was spelled stilus; the spelling stylus arose from an erroneous connection with Greek (stylos), "pillar".
The Latin word had several meanings, including "a long, sharply pointed piece of metal; the stem of a plant; a pointed instrument for incising letters; the stylus (as used in literary composition), 'pen'". The last meaning is the origin of style in the literary sense. The Latin word is probably derived from the Indo-European root *stei- "to prick", also found in the words stimulus "a goad, stimulus" and instigare "to incite, instigate".
Ancient styluses
Styluses were first used by the ancient Mesopotamians in order to write in cuneiform. They were mostly made of reeds and had a slightly curved trapezoidal section. Egyptians (Middle Kingdom) and the Minoans of Crete (Linear A and Cretan Hieroglyphic) made styluses in various materials: reeds that grew on the sides of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and in marshes and down to Egypt where the Egyptians used styluses from sliced reeds with sharp points; bone and metal styluses were also used. Cuneiform was entirely based on the "wedge-shaped" mark that the end of a cut reed made when pushed into a clay tablet; from Latin cuneus = wedge. The linear writings of Crete in the first half of the second millennium BC which were made on clay tablets that were left to dry in the sun until they became "leather" hard before being incised by the stylus. The linear nature of the writing was also dictated by the use of the stylus.
In Western Europe styluses were widely used until the late Middle Ages. For learning purposes the stylus was gradually replaced by a writing slate. From the mid-14th century improved water-powered paper mills produced large and cheap quantities of paper and the wax tablet and stylus disappeared completely from daily life.
Use in arts
Styluses are still used in various arts and crafts. Example situations: rubbing off dry transfer letters, tracing designs onto a new surface with carbon paper, and hand embossing. Styluses are also used to engrave into materials like metal or clay.
Styluses are used to make dots as found in folk art and Mexican pottery artifacts. Oaxaca dot art is created using styluses.
Smartphones and computing
Modern day devices, such as phones, can often be used with a stylus to accurately navigate through menus, send messages etc.
Today, the term stylus often refers to an input tool usually used with touchscreen-enabled devices, such as Tablet PCs, to accurately navigate interface elements, send messages, etc. This also prevents smearing the screen with oils from one's fingers. Styluses may also be used for handwriting, or for drawing using graphics tablets.
Many new phones have a built-in stylus which tucks in behind the back cover. Some styluses may extend and contract into small, pen-like cylinders, which are easy to put away.
Styluses come in both passive and active versions.
A passive or capacitive stylus is a stylus that acts just like a finger when touching a device screen. There is no electronic communication between a passive stylus and a device, and the device treats the stylus the same as a finger. Passive styluses are considered less accurate than active styluses.
An active stylus includes electronic components that communicate with a device's touchscreen controller, or digitizer. Active pens are typically used for note taking, on-screen drawing/painting, and electronic document annotation. They help prevent the problem of one's fingers or hands accidentally contacting the screen.
As in ancient styluses, the stylus is pointed or rounded at one end and is made to fit in the grip of a hand comfortably. These styluses can be found in many different styles.
Since many modern tablets make use of multi-touch recognition, some stylus and app manufactures have created palm rejection technologies into their products. This works to turn off the multi-touch feature allowing the palm to rest on the tablet while still recognizing the stylus.
Other than the types above, a haptic stylus is a stylus that simulates, through haptic technology, realistic physical sensations which can be felt while writing on paper. The sensation is sometimes enhanced by the combination of auditory and tactile illusions, such as with RealPen.
Scientific instruments
A stylus is also an instrument used to scribe a recording into smoked foil or glass. In various scientific instruments this method may be employed instead of a pen for recording as it has the advantage of being able to operate over a wide temperature range, does not clog or dry prematurely, and has nearly negligible friction in comparison to other methods. These characteristics were useful in certain types of early seismographs and in recording barographs that were once used to verify sailplane records. The styluses used in scanning tunneling microscopes have only a single atom at the tip; these are effectively the sharpest styluses possible.
See also
Active pen
Digital ink
List of pen types, brands and companies
Slate and stylus
References
Writing implements | [
0.2435183972120285,
0.09540008753538132,
-0.5121343731880188,
0.351540207862854,
-0.29704615473747253,
0.7697678804397583,
-0.053213734179735184,
0.2912149131298065,
-0.06295264512300491,
-0.7005631923675537,
-0.3804040849208832,
-0.08211953192949295,
0.07091998308897018,
0.3457036018371582,
-0.1777879148721695,
0.5983499884605408,
0.0923597514629364,
0.260564386844635,
-0.09078047424554825,
0.19830049574375153,
-0.26520970463752747,
0.21356961131095886,
-0.06845887750387192,
-0.6235374212265015,
0.7501806616783142,
-0.20851486921310425,
0.05987190082669258,
-0.13441941142082214,
-0.20922741293907166,
0.032126933336257935,
0.18576133251190186,
0.5425100922584534,
0.17378933727741241,
-0.4783806800842285,
-0.09070932865142822,
-0.43521469831466675,
-0.1511334776878357,
-0.26073193550109863,
-0.18192659318447113,
-0.5245238542556763,
-0.15410397946834564,
-0.16305840015411377,
0.19310009479522705,
0.25778430700302124,
-0.807501494884491,
-0.41573867201805115,
-1.6411395072937012,
0.6650723218917847,
-0.536332368850708,
0.3714328110218048,
-0.21600069105625153,
0.6104723811149597,
0.2529287338256836,
0.30493977665901184,
-0.1739831119775772,
0.5102588534355164,
-0.03286772593855858,
-0.20547229051589966,
0.5314574241638184,
-0.44191208481788635,
0.10416826605796814,
0.09959214180707932,
-0.5506025552749634,
0.33482301235198975,
0.4723810851573944,
-0.039092518389225006,
-0.2296346127986908,
-0.05984048172831535,
-0.5107740759849548,
-0.35374829173088074,
-0.283029168844223,
-0.3066229820251465,
-0.015542719513177872,
0.1818370223045349,
-0.3378954827785492,
-0.25014054775238037,
-0.14243219792842865,
-0.5698051452636719,
-0.041982501745224,
0.41073325276374817,
-0.10365843772888184,
0.6149309873580933,
0.7103353142738342,
0.15377448499202728,
0.11832502484321594,
0.3394116759300232,
-0.7609726190567017,
0.1821071058511734,
-0.3937704265117645,
-0.18530689179897308,
0.5915026664733887,
-0.507192850112915,
0.8022603392601013,
0.06304238736629486,
-0.027043038979172707,
-0.20650339126586914,
-0.2714436650276184,
0.3458070755004883,
-0.09826382249593735,
0.295504629611969,
0.03519091755151749,
-0.09358581155538559,
0.8017082810401917,
-0.008583818562328815,
-0.33217287063598633,
-0.1695719063282013,
0.23249654471874237,
0.06783384829759598,
-0.06553605943918228,
0.38911283016204834,
-0.18537591397762299,
0.07803019881248474,
-0.14469997584819794,
0.40979140996932983,
-0.15276184678077698,
-0.15980982780456543,
0.4739688038825989,
0.3504633605480194,
-0.3580145835876465,
-0.3316921889781952,
-0.048572517931461334,
0.5498824119567871,
0.7353435754776001,
-0.3352794945240021,
-0.1252615600824356,
-0.17372314631938934,
0.5558774471282959,
0.7634649872779846,
-0.7882766723632812,
-0.06130611523985863,
0.6973569393157959,
1.078449010848999,
-0.048534926027059555,
-0.011018727906048298,
-0.15577509999275208,
-0.15719181299209595,
0.010946739464998245,
0.21717122197151184,
0.3247712254524231,
0.21777494251728058,
-0.7227292656898499,
0.30547982454299927,
-0.5894837975502014,
-0.2991590201854706,
-0.10352534055709839,
-0.21334251761436462,
0.34722843766212463,
-0.28796717524528503,
-0.772646963596344,
-0.08361167460680008,
-0.03706022724509239,
-0.16495388746261597,
0.33117908239364624,
0.37854132056236267,
-0.5856617093086243,
-0.3504374027252197,
-0.20846934616565704,
0.059640392661094666,
-0.01914367824792862,
-0.3115310072898865,
-0.49039310216903687,
0.19490700960159302,
-0.5101809501647949,
0.28385505080223083,
-0.04948025196790695,
-0.048900142312049866,
0.2667732238769531,
0.6161998510360718,
0.24659918248653412,
0.49312078952789307,
0.3610389530658722,
0.1703779250383377,
0.08289795368909836,
0.39380398392677307,
-0.4695418179035187,
-0.13596822321414948,
0.6598127484321594,
0.2915990948677063,
0.9320107698440552,
0.43586087226867676,
-0.8222185969352722,
0.04084290564060211,
0.14375577867031097,
-0.04898690804839134,
-0.029197998344898224,
-0.385836124420166,
0.5715097188949585,
0.04309888556599617,
-0.6586827635765076,
-0.8661095499992371,
-1.0343533754348755,
-0.4478558301925659,
-0.37155881524086,
0.07158114016056061,
0.8796764016151428,
-0.3063623309135437,
-0.6713212728500366,
0.9196866750717163,
0.22579896450042725,
0.5600743293762207,
-0.14876659214496613,
-0.27003538608551025,
-0.03160034865140915,
-0.10342289507389069,
0.14465589821338654,
0.3297782242298126,
0.43514588475227356,
0.24407094717025757,
0.3755004107952118,
0.021891631186008453,
0.2810002863407135,
-0.8900327086448669,
0.740771472454071,
-0.11305612325668335,
-0.2878577411174774,
-0.13215187191963196,
-0.2385920137166977,
0.04453428089618683,
-0.33224132657051086,
-0.4379504323005676,
0.26664549112319946,
-0.5600162744522095,
-0.2550336420536041,
0.21698175370693207,
-0.5125413537025452,
0.6638637185096741,
-0.15276163816452026,
-0.4588189423084259,
0.24490205943584442,
-1.0952976942062378,
-0.6393889784812927,
-0.20492133498191833,
0.5669030547142029,
-0.41303059458732605,
-0.6815446019172668,
0.33808597922325134,
0.2888650596141815,
-0.23892779648303986,
0.3343667685985565,
-0.14431242644786835,
0.12350044399499893,
-0.02669067122042179,
0.030607713386416435,
0.08912303298711777,
0.8049461245536804,
0.6567190885543823,
0.2256322205066681,
0.42811119556427,
0.06356960535049438,
0.12393099814653397,
0.17312541604042053,
0.5263854265213013,
0.14190909266471863,
-0.3568212687969208,
-0.21921081840991974,
-0.012431709095835686,
0.10219671577215195,
-0.3173784613609314,
0.7729339003562927,
-0.027375442907214165,
-0.5004974603652954,
0.21652460098266602,
0.0611807182431221,
-0.2107478678226471,
-0.2556694746017456,
-0.2853180468082428,
0.2717505395412445,
-0.16519580781459808,
0.8126228451728821,
0.7586603760719299,
0.5556939840316772,
0.6819756031036377,
-0.8499788641929626,
0.06610992550849915,
-0.6950775980949402,
-0.3507159948348999,
0.4058871567249298,
-0.3899837136268616,
-0.15588589012622833,
-0.3344217538833618,
0.10089139640331268,
0.5189589858055115,
0.4256612956523895,
-0.5654420256614685,
-0.017722416669130325,
-0.6761525273323059,
0.391241192817688,
-0.2860894799232483,
0.09176763147115707,
-0.6776365637779236,
-0.7497912645339966,
0.6084575057029724,
-0.4909398555755615,
0.4493076503276825,
-0.20085366070270538,
0.6701886653900146,
-0.4121924042701721,
-0.7029513716697693,
0.18813197314739227,
-0.6888848543167114,
-0.547263503074646,
0.14475494623184204,
-0.22022300958633423,
0.2541279196739197,
-0.1592695266008377,
0.15708723664283752,
-0.03422943875193596,
0.005325802136212587,
-5.6305670738220215,
0.19273442029953003,
-0.41031619906425476,
-0.5228569507598877,
0.07835451513528824,
0.6974400281906128,
0.5989831686019897,
-0.08716229349374771,
0.07112427800893784,
-0.1078035980463028,
-0.15060727298259735,
0.28461986780166626,
0.11113372445106506,
0.48591214418411255,
1.0684996843338013,
0.49495115876197815,
-0.1158844381570816,
-0.23109102249145508,
-0.17131966352462769,
0.36892664432525635,
-0.04639022797346115,
0.003700902918353677,
0.30936676263809204,
0.5739332437515259,
0.21416740119457245,
0.11360320448875427,
-0.29101836681365967,
-0.051971662789583206,
-0.05616943910717964,
-0.006535170134156942,
0.05973004922270775,
0.13275878131389618,
0.22919292747974396,
-0.1618698239326477,
0.22178879380226135,
0.26588502526283264,
0.9371487498283386,
0.0036215598229318857,
-0.25278565287590027,
-0.13863974809646606,
-0.002809019759297371,
1.2186808586120605,
-0.032254014164209366,
-0.21098248660564423,
0.5315032601356506,
-0.2149694412946701,
-0.059989962726831436,
-0.6226494908332825,
-0.7594506144523621,
0.2705625593662262,
-0.14010308682918549,
-0.10588352382183075,
-0.32162630558013916,
-0.2817823588848114,
0.2609519958496094,
-0.004808880388736725,
0.6440592408180237,
-0.04989173635840416,
-0.9910078048706055,
-0.4634763300418854,
-0.06196331977844238,
-0.6452779173851013,
-0.6327300667762756,
-0.4355769455432892,
-0.051063623279333115,
-0.21073338389396667,
-0.8609108924865723,
-0.10516291856765747,
0.7283287644386292,
0.26107776165008545,
-0.5738406777381897,
0.12723545730113983,
0.08661672472953796,
-0.6782269477844238,
0.4741431474685669,
-0.038628894835710526,
0.0653022900223732,
-0.5509317517280579,
0.20427674055099487,
-0.007019521668553352,
-0.3900693655014038,
-0.3844355344772339,
-0.06311267614364624,
0.6731550097465515,
0.10889608412981033,
-0.4524102509021759,
-0.17552326619625092,
-0.25877243280410767,
-0.32542407512664795,
-0.002119733951985836,
1.2336477041244507,
0.25834882259368896,
-0.04418973624706268,
0.4136757552623749,
0.19351984560489655,
-0.03884422779083252,
0.6041589379310608,
-0.5223845839500427,
0.6550976037979126,
-0.526414155960083,
0.4156680405139923,
0.05331406369805336,
0.13501213490962982,
-0.061927150934934616,
-0.2060524821281433,
-0.1485263705253601,
-1.0651179552078247,
0.19392740726470947,
0.8976723551750183,
-0.11507275700569153,
0.07939435541629791,
0.5650163292884827,
-0.37830668687820435,
0.02865154668688774,
0.02870083600282669,
0.133460134267807,
-0.10749970376491547,
0.1929103285074234,
0.2031334489583969,
-0.4383944571018219,
0.1343388855457306,
0.10806022584438324,
-0.4724666476249695,
-0.5755582451820374,
-0.7937706708908081,
-0.5166495442390442,
0.18975648283958435,
0.0471038892865181,
0.535987913608551,
0.034191906452178955,
0.9228614568710327,
0.07166995108127594,
-0.35353729128837585,
0.21914297342300415,
-0.2398378998041153,
0.024530785158276558,
-0.5048115849494934,
0.09984798729419708,
-0.4000808298587799,
-0.7403022646903992,
-0.01935364119708538,
-0.7742456197738647,
0.10709457099437714,
-0.11129029840230942,
1.0970042943954468,
-0.42931225895881653,
-0.4053801894187927,
-0.15628644824028015,
-0.3466862738132477,
0.627302348613739,
-0.28416872024536133,
0.2246534824371338,
-0.05443738400936127,
-0.24978132545948029,
0.954062819480896,
0.05594068393111229,
0.048145171254873276,
0.30364105105400085,
0.05853315070271492,
-0.5324377417564392,
-0.2412434071302414,
0.24971342086791992,
-0.7235566973686218,
0.2695314586162567,
-0.3858678638935089,
-0.8883728981018066,
-1.0042502880096436,
0.04813390597701073,
0.35309654474258423,
0.35455194115638733,
0.18091633915901184,
-0.21825093030929565,
-0.5745963454246521,
-0.3686496913433075,
0.14370396733283997,
0.10474380850791931,
-0.3946864902973175,
0.586182177066803,
-0.8750535249710083,
-0.4218781888484955,
-0.04025200009346008,
-0.4217398464679718,
0.08342649787664413,
-0.17105384171009064,
0.1977185755968094,
0.08675996959209442,
-0.048769090324640274,
-0.18427394330501556,
-0.5599325895309448,
-0.09281573444604874,
-0.20071658492088318,
-0.6668308973312378,
0.03184026479721069,
0.30204883217811584,
-0.44170358777046204,
0.020214805379509926,
0.07520481199026108,
0.6450132131576538,
-0.3901929259300232,
-0.3858588933944702,
-0.047953661531209946,
0.22236382961273193,
-0.8908218741416931,
-0.08414581418037415,
-0.10871734470129013,
-0.45556551218032837,
0.6699278950691223,
-0.42094746232032776,
-0.13091474771499634,
0.3161327838897705,
-0.29482513666152954,
-0.14127695560455322,
0.20479564368724823,
0.38596493005752563,
-0.23710551857948303,
0.010600050911307335,
0.478664755821228,
-0.3483026921749115,
0.31978175044059753,
-0.5616422295570374,
0.7287055850028992,
0.22648394107818604,
-0.4791455566883087,
0.04691563919186592,
0.18941959738731384,
0.07313808053731918,
0.02572738192975521,
-0.3651045560836792,
0.5081502795219421,
-0.20955955982208252,
0.4315510392189026,
0.12385812401771545,
0.30509862303733826,
-0.17693281173706055,
-0.15173287689685822,
0.015326145105063915,
-0.4174272418022156,
-0.2870085835456848,
0.11723215132951736,
0.1148354634642601,
1.002386212348938,
0.7268253564834595,
0.015183612704277039,
0.08347371965646744,
-0.191944420337677,
0.4155576527118683,
-0.07496394962072372,
-0.6351480484008789,
-0.9264736771583557,
0.46182650327682495,
0.5347856879234314,
-0.16400893032550812,
-0.7128812670707703,
-0.5502556562423706,
0.18037982285022736,
0.07795491814613342,
0.22382359206676483,
0.09600121527910233,
0.11812396347522736,
0.9725393056869507,
0.32063767313957214,
-0.28223660588264465,
-0.15973705053329468,
-0.18075139820575714,
-0.03547744080424309,
-0.2686733901500702,
-0.1786685734987259,
0.11079595237970352,
0.6222425103187561,
-0.6872450709342957,
-0.05500955879688263,
0.24694836139678955,
0.5132066607475281,
-0.04459905996918678,
0.6211689114570618,
-0.6006829738616943,
0.22975657880306244,
-0.08609110862016678,
-0.2182130217552185,
0.12139102816581726,
-0.29234012961387634,
0.09778783470392227,
0.3409365117549896,
-0.10536917299032211,
-0.06729881465435028,
-0.13034509122371674,
0.3516918420791626,
-0.011920449323952198,
-0.13403059542179108,
-0.5230357646942139,
-0.18573418259620667,
0.2507248818874359,
-0.252766489982605,
0.5229615569114685,
-0.15717951953411102,
0.09110581129789352,
0.05505289137363434,
0.45786190032958984,
0.27461931109428406,
0.8216844797134399,
-0.6326327323913574,
0.48042285442352295,
0.29813629388809204,
-0.46282902359962463,
0.48020270466804504,
0.033372778445482254,
0.2622820734977722,
-0.2915826141834259,
-0.039752788841724396,
-0.0001585706340847537,
-0.37369704246520996,
0.03021019883453846,
0.27749794721603394,
-0.018871504813432693,
-0.25923967361450195,
-0.6705847978591919,
0.698855996131897,
-0.12145467102527618,
0.3635309040546417,
0.29469436407089233,
0.22535134851932526,
-0.5243167877197266,
0.47633302211761475,
-0.35760498046875,
-0.5804743766784668,
0.17860376834869385,
-0.23346401751041412,
0.19187355041503906,
0.3739366829395294,
0.08092569559812546,
0.6194146275520325,
0.4592907726764679,
0.15357501804828644,
0.07171261310577393,
0.3069668412208557,
-0.5092703104019165,
-0.06977333128452301,
0.04058326780796051,
0.30219194293022156,
1.0035045146942139,
0.14555014669895172,
0.5174981355667114,
0.44165876507759094,
0.06024258956313133,
0.011615836061537266,
0.30901581048965454,
0.0335271917283535,
0.08226656168699265,
-0.4744337797164917,
0.08663740009069443,
0.1988433301448822,
0.3818170130252838,
0.31306836009025574,
0.3190082311630249,
-0.06404265761375427,
-0.6916428804397583,
0.684164822101593,
0.03995915502309799,
-0.2580653131008148,
0.4437633454799652,
0.19760355353355408,
0.7583292722702026,
0.3321198523044586,
0.11943124234676361,
-0.648003101348877,
0.062260702252388,
0.2519286870956421,
-0.8796206712722778,
0.08171188831329346,
0.17365896701812744,
0.6304102540016174,
0.6421411633491516,
-0.46388041973114014,
0.5561606287956238,
-0.11875360459089279,
-0.17104442417621613,
1.185174822807312,
0.29506000876426697,
0.14815470576286316,
-0.4202970862388611,
-0.35520830750465393,
-0.035956788808107376,
-0.3842524290084839,
-0.5914140343666077,
-0.04438266158103943,
-0.09908951073884964,
-0.07646603882312775,
0.09514877945184708,
-0.20862513780593872,
-0.15489257872104645,
-0.14157134294509888,
-0.21254763007164001,
0.11069079488515854,
-0.5160918831825256,
-0.6555370092391968,
0.24534109234809875,
-0.36487430334091187,
1.0103533267974854,
-0.27707594633102417,
0.04921770095825195,
-0.13320530951023102,
0.12944968044757843,
0.2786674201488495,
-0.276690810918808,
-0.7907228469848633,
0.5307584404945374,
0.06820908188819885,
0.19610674679279327,
-0.27114900946617126,
0.04245583340525627,
0.6771997213363647,
-0.13282451033592224,
0.08118534088134766,
0.2359202802181244,
-0.29703494906425476,
-0.010096020996570587,
-0.08211264759302139,
-0.1963443160057068,
0.07168412208557129,
-0.4405510127544403,
0.3700313866138458,
0.05337781459093094,
-0.1384277045726776,
0.3925338387489319,
-0.1065291315317154,
-0.44942721724510193,
0.541580319404602,
0.37051549553871155,
-0.16965125501155853,
0.19762665033340454,
-0.5144473314285278,
0.44223377108573914,
-0.6133600473403931,
0.46227240562438965,
-0.26045292615890503,
-0.10243679583072662,
-0.5663490891456604,
-0.021947620436549187,
0.4376462399959564,
-0.7700861096382141,
0.6517835855484009,
-0.023995868861675262,
-0.23099124431610107,
-0.029994310811161995,
-0.5402204394340515,
0.4378463625907898,
-0.7574856877326965,
-0.2897716462612152,
-0.43608057498931885,
0.34068578481674194,
0.3268970847129822,
0.010755822993814945,
0.4807703197002411,
0.2621609568595886,
0.02406715601682663,
-0.11246668547391891,
0.005609550047665834,
-0.740233302116394,
-0.2411457896232605,
0.296011745929718
] |
236392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Maclean%20%28Scottish%20socialist%29 | John Maclean (Scottish socialist) | John Maclean (24 August 1879 – 30 November 1923) was a Scottish schoolteacher and revolutionary socialist of the Red Clydeside era.
He was notable for his outspoken opposition to the First World War, which caused his arrest under the Defence of the Realm Act and loss of his teaching post, after which he became a full-time Marxist lecturer and organiser. In April 1918 he was arrested for sedition, and his 75-minute speech from the dock became a celebrated text for Scottish left-wingers. He was sentenced to five years' penal servitude, but was released after the November armistice.
Maclean believed that Scottish workers were especially fitted to lead the revolution, and talked of "Celtic communism", inspired by clan spirit. But his launch of a Scottish Workers Republican Party and a Scottish Communist Party were largely unsuccessful. Although he had been appointed Bolshevik representative in Scotland, he was not in harmony with the Communist Party of Great Britain, even though it had absorbed the British Socialist Party, to which he had belonged. In captivity, Maclean had been on hunger strike, and prolonged force-feeding had permanently affected his health. He collapsed during a speech and died of pneumonia, aged forty-four.
Biography
Early life
Maclean was born in Pollokshaws, then on the outskirts of Glasgow, Scotland. His father Daniel (; 1843–1888) was a potter who hailed from Bo'ness and his mother Ann (1846–1914) came from Corpach. His parents spoke Gaelic and he was raised in a Calvinist household, Maclean trained as a schoolteacher under the auspices of the Free Church and then attended part-time classes at the University of Glasgow, graduating with a Master of Arts degree in 1904. (Maclean often used the letters M.A. after his name when being published).
Political development
Maclean first came to politics through the Pollokshaws Progressive Union and Robert Blatchford's Merrie England. He became convinced that the living standards of the working-classes could only be improved by social revolution and it was as a Marxist that he joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), and remained in the organisation as it formed the British Socialist Party.
In 1906, Maclean gave a series of speeches in Pollokshaws which led to the formation of an SDF branch there, and through these, he met James D. MacDougall, who became his strongest supporter for the remainder of his life.
Maclean was also an active member of the Co-operative movement and it was his prominent role that led the Renfrewshire Co-operative Societies to pressurise local school boards to provide facilities for adult classes in economics.
As a revolutionary enemy of what he saw as an imperialist war, Maclean was fiercely opposed to the stance adopted by the leadership of the BSP around H. M. Hyndman. However he was not to be a part of the new leadership which replaced Hyndman in 1916.
Marxist educator
By the time of World War I, his socialism was of a revolutionary nature, although he worked with others on the Clyde Workers' Committee who were more reformist in outlook, such as his friend James Maxton. He heavily opposed the war, as he felt it was a war of imperialism which divided workers from one another, as he explained in his letter to Forward (transcript).
His politics made him well known to the authorities of the day, and on 27 October 1915 he was arrested under the Defence of the Realm Act and Govan School Board sacked him from his teaching post at Lorne Street Primary School. As a consequence, he became a full-time Marxist lecturer and organiser, educating other Glaswegian workers in Marxist theory. He would later found the Scottish Labour College.
During World War I, he was active in anti-war circles and was imprisoned in 1916 for breaching the Defense of the Realm Act, but was released in 1917 after demonstrations following the February Revolution in Russia.
Relationship with Russia
In January 1918 Maclean was elected to the chair of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets and a month later appointed Bolshevik consul in Scotland. He established a Consulate at 12 South Portland Street in Glasgow but was refused recognition by the British Government.
Trial and imprisonment for sedition (1918)
On 15 April 1918, Maclean was arrested for sedition. He was refused bail and his trial fixed for 9 May in Edinburgh. He conducted his own defence in a defiant manner, refusing to plead and when asked if he objected to any of the jurors replying, "I object to the whole lot of them." The prosecution case was based on the testimony of witnesses who had attended his meetings, who quoted extracts from his speeches using notes they had written up from memory after the meeting. Maclean objected to his words being taken out of context, saying. "The main parts of my speech, in which my themes are developed are omitted. I want to expose the trickery of the British government and their police and their lawyers."
This speech from the dock has passed into folklore for the Scottish left. Lasting for some 75 minutes, Maclean's speech began :
It has been said that they cannot fathom my motive. For the full period of my active life I have been a teacher of economics to the working classes, and my contention has always been that capitalism is rotten to its foundations, and must give place to a new society. I had a lecture, the principal heading of which was "Thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not kill", and I pointed out that as a consequence of the robbery that goes on in all civilised countries today, our respective countries have had to keep armies, and that inevitably our armies must clash together. On that and on other grounds, I consider capitalism the most infamous, bloody and evil system that mankind has ever witnessed. My language is regarded as extravagant language, but the events of the past four years have proved my contention.
He went on to say:
I wish no harm to any human being, but I, as one man, am going to exercise my freedom of speech. No human being on the face of the earth, no government is going to take from me my right to speak, my right to protest against wrong, my right to do everything that is for the benefit of mankind. I am not here, then, as the accused; I am here as the accuser of capitalism dripping with blood from head to foot.
His speech concluded:
I have taken up unconstitutional action at this time because of the abnormal circumstances and because precedent has been given by the British government. I am a socialist, and have been fighting and will fight for an absolute reconstruction of society for the benefit of all. I am proud of my conduct. I have squared my conduct with my intellect, and if everyone had done so this war would not have taken place. I act square and clean for my principles. .... No matter what your accusations against me may be, no matter what reservations you keep at the back of your head, my appeal is to the working class. I appeal exclusively to them because they and they only can bring about the time when the whole world will be in one brotherhood, on a sound economic foundation. That, and that alone, can be the means of bringing about a re-organisation of society. That can only be obtained when the people of the world get the world, and retain the world.
He was sentenced to five years' penal servitude, and imprisoned in Peterhead prison near Aberdeen. However, a militant campaign was launched for his release:
The call 'Release John Maclean was never silent. Every week the socialist papers kept up the barrage and reminded their readers that in Germany Karl Liebknecht was already free, while in 'democratic' Britain John Maclean was lying in a prison cell being forcibly fed twice a day by an India rubber tube forced down his gullet or up his nose. 'Is the Scottish Office' asked Forward. 'to be stained with a crime in some respects even more horrible and revolting, more callous and cruel, than that which the Governors of Ireland perpetrated on the shattered body of James Connolly?'
Following the armistice on 11 November, he was released on 3 December 1918, returning to Glasgow to a tumultuous welcome.
Eleven days later, Maclean was the official Labour Party candidate at the general election for the constituency of Glasgow Gorbals, where he failed to unseat the sitting MP, George Barnes, a former Labour MP who had defected to support Lloyd George's coalition government.
Ireland
Maclean was a supporter of Home Rule for Ireland but originally opposed an Independent Ireland because he was afraid that an Independent Catholic Ireland would be disastrous. He later became committed to Irish independence as part of a worldwide anti-imperialist struggle. He wrote a pamphlet called 'The Irish Tragedy: Scotland's Disgrace' which sold 20,000 copies. Following the Easter Rising he had contacts with members of the Scottish Divisional Board of the Irish Republican Brotherhood In the summer of 1907 he went on a speaking tour of Ireland, here he made friends with Jim Larkin. When the Easter Rising happened he distanced himself from it because he viewed it to be a Bourgeois-democratic revolution and in contradiction with his pacifist principles.
In July 1919 he visited Dublin for the first time and gave speeches. By the end of his life his attitude to Ireland had been radicalised and he gave up his opposition to physical force Irish republicanism. He described the Irish War of Independence as "The Irish fight for freedom", defended killings of "scabs and traitors to their race", and condoned the assassination of a magistrate, Alan Bell, saying "What self-respecting man or woman can blame the Irish for ridding the earth of such a foul skunk?". He saw the war in Ireland as strengthening the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, arguing that "Irish Sinn Féiners, who make no profession of socialism or communism, ... are doing more to help Russia and the revolution than all we professed Marxian Bolsheviks in Britain".
He saw Irish independence as being a positive thing for Scotland. Maclean believed that the British "starve [Irish] youths out of their native land" and that the ending of this British policy in Ireland would decrease Irish emigration to Scotland, thus allowing for more opportunities for Scottish workers.
When the Government of the Irish Free State started executing its opponents during the Irish Civil War Maclean wrote a letter of protest to W. T. Cosgrave expressing his "dismay".
Formation of the Communist Party
As the BSP was the main constituent organisation which merged into the newly formed Communist Party of Great Britain, Maclean was alienated from the new party despite his support for the Communist International. While declaring that he wanted to make Glasgow a Petrograd, he was adamant that Moscow should not dictate to Glasgow and declare himself in favour of a Scottish Workers' Republic, arguing that Lenin's acceptance of a 'British' Communist Party was a mistake based on inadequate information. He believed that workers in Scotland could develop in a revolutionary direction more swiftly than their comrades in England and Wales, and in 1920 he attempted to found a Scottish Communist Party. This group renamed itself the Communist Labour Party and dropped Maclean's distinctive positions, so he left in disgust. He attempted to found a new Scottish Communist Party, without success. It seems that he may have become a member of the Socialist Labour Party at this time.
In 1923 Maclean founded the Scottish Workers Republican Party, which combined Communism with a belief in Scottish independence.
He opposed the British Empire saying in November 1922 "I hold that the British empire is the greatest menace to the human race...the best interest of humanity can therefore be served by the break-up of the British empire.
Maclean's call for a Communist Republic of Scotland was based on the belief that traditional Scottish Gaelic society was structured along the lines of "community". He argued that "the communism of the clans must be re-established on a modern basis" and raised the slogan "back to community and forward to communism".
Death, legacy, reputation and in popular culture
Death
His stay in Peterhead Prison in 1918 caused a considerable deterioration in his health, being force fed through hunger strikes. Milton quotes a letter that Agnes, his wife, wrote to Edwin C. Fairchild (a leading member of the British Socialist Party):
Well, John has been on hunger strike since July. He resisted the forcible feeding for a good while, but submitted to the inevitable. Now he is being fed by a stomach tube twice daily. He has aged very much and has the look of a man who is going through torture... Seemingly anything is law in regard to John. I hope you will make the atrocity public. We must get him out of their clutches. It is nothing but slow murder...
Maclean died in Glasgow on 30 November 1923, aged 44. His reputation was such that many thousands of people lined the streets of Glasgow to see his funeral procession pass. In the intervening time Maclean's funeral has become known as the largest Glasgow ever saw. He left a legacy that has subsequently been claimed by both the Scottish Nationalist and Labour movements, making him rare in this respect amongst Scotland's historical figures. The modern Scottish Socialist Party lay claim to Maclean's political legacy, particularly the Scottish Republican Socialist Movement previously a faction (or "platform") within the SSP.
According to a BBC television documentary aired in January 2015, Maclean collapsed while giving an outdoor speech and died of pneumonia. Several days before he had given his only overcoat to a destitute man from Barbados, Neill Johnstone.
Reputation
Vladimir Lenin described him as one of the "best-known names of the isolated heroes who have taken upon themselves the arduous role of forerunners of the world revolution." He has been described by his daughter Nan Milton and by the publication CounterFire as the "Scottish Lenin". The magazine Socialist Appeal has labeled him a "Marxist who played an outstanding role in promoting the ideas and cause of Marxism...[and] worked like a Trojan to promote the principles of Marxism amongst the working class of Scotland" The National describes him as "a man who most knowledgeable Scots would consider a legend, indeed an almost mythical Celtic giant of socialism". David Sherry, author of the book 'John Maclean: Red Clydesider' considers him an "outstanding revolutionary leader".
Popular culture
In his poem "John Maclean (1879-1923)", written in 1934 but only published later in the 1956 edition of Stony Limits and Other Poems, Hugh MacDiarmid railed that "of all Maclean's foes not one was his peer" and described Maclean as "both beautiful and red" in his 1943 poem "Krassivy, Krassivy" This was the inspiration for the title of Krassivy, a 1979 play by Glasgow writer Freddie Anderson. Maclean was eulogised as "the eagle o' the age" and placed in the Scottish pantheon alongside Thomas Muir and William Wallace by Sydney Goodsir Smith in his "Ballant O John Maclean". In 1948, MacDiarmid and Smith (among others) gave readings at a "huge mass meeting" at St. Andrew's Hall in Glasgow, organised by the Scottish-USSR Society to mark the 25th Anniversary of his death. The Scottish Esperanto poet and novelist John Islay Francis (1924-2012) in his novel La Granda Kaldrono ("The Big Cauldron") published in 1978, describes different attitudes toward the first and the second world wars. Among the characters, John Maclean is the only actual one, and has an important role.
Maclean is the subject of a number of songs. Hamish Henderson makes reference to Maclean in the final verse of his "Freedom Come-All-Ye" and his "John Maclean March" was specifically written for the 25th anniversary memorial meeting. John Maclean was known as "The Fighting Dominie" and this forms the chorus of Matt McGinn's song "The Ballad of John Maclean". He is referenced in several of the tracks on the album Red Clydeside by folk musicians Alistair Hulett and Dave Swarbrick, and also in the song "Rent Strike" by Thee Faction.
Maclean's life is celebrated in the play The Wrong Side of the Law by Ayrshire writer Norman Deeley, dealing with the political and personal struggles that Maclean faced in his fight to establish socialism in Scotland.
The Soviet Union (USSR) honoured Maclean with an avenue in central Leningrad - Maklin Prospekt, which ran north from the Fontanka towards the Moika. It has now, like Leningrad/St Petersburg itself, reverted to its original name, Angliisky Prospekt (English Avenue). In 1979, on the centenary of his birth, the USSR issued a 4 kopek commemorative postage stamp depicting Maclean in a portrait by Peter Emilevich Bendel.
Nan Milton
Without the tireless work of Maclean's daughter, Nan Milton, the memory of her father might have been lost. It was not just that she helped found the John MacLean Society and served as its secretary, she made the revival possible. At a time when no one was interested, she copied out all her father's writings from his own and other publications in the National Library and typed them up. That was how Hugh MacDiarmid read his works and then championed his ideas . Her first husband wrote a biography of Maclean and lent the only copy of the manuscript to the West Indian Socialist CLR James, who left it on a London Tube train. Nan painstakingly reconstructed it for her own biography. Her devotion was remarkable because she hardly knew her father. He became separated from his wife and family when she was an infant because he had time for nothing except work.
See also
James Connolly
References
Bibliography
Anderson, Tom, John Maclean MA, Proletarian Press, Glasgow, 1930
Aldred, Guy A., John Maclean: Martyr of the Class Struggle, Bakunin Press, Glasgow, 1932.
Bell, Henry, John Maclean, Hero of Red Clydeside, Pluto Press, 2018.
Bell, Tom, John Maclean, Fighter for Freedom, Communist Party Scottish Committee, 1944.
Broom, John, John Maclean, Loanhead, 1973
Clunie, James, The Voice of Labour, Autobiography of a House Painter, Dunfermline, 1958
Knox, William, Scottish Labour Leaders 1918-1939: A Biographical Dictionary (Ed. Dr. William Knox), Edinburgh, 1984, p. 179.
Maclean, John, In the Rapids of Revolution: Essays, Articles, and Letters, 1902-23 Ed. Milton, Nan, Allison and Busby, London, 1978.
McGuigan, Kenny. John Maclean: A Working Class Hero. Wellred Books, London, 2005.
McShane, Harry and Smith, Joan, No Mean Fighter, London, 1978.
McShane, Harry, "Remembering John Maclean: Portrait of a Scottish Revolutionary", New Edinburgh Review 19, 1972, p4-10
Milton, Nan, John Maclean, Pluto Press Ltd., 1973. .
Raszkowski, Josef, Battlepost of the Poor: The Legend of John Maclean, in Cencrastus No. 1, Autumn 1979, pp. 9 – 12 .
Ripley, Brian J.; John McHugh. John Maclean. Lives of the Left Series. Manchester Univ Press. 1 December 1989.
Ross, Raymond J., Hugh MacDiarmid and John MacLean, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 11, New Year 1983, pp. 33 – 36,
Sherry, Dave. John Maclean. Bookmarks, London, 1998
Thatcher, Ian D., "John Maclean: Soviet Versions", in History, Vol. 77, Issue 251, pp. 421–429, October 1992
Young, James D. John Maclean: Clydeside Socialist, Clydeside Press, Glasgow, 1992.
External links
John Maclean Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 30 Aug. 2009.
image scan and transcript
John Maclean: Socialist (1958) by Harry McShane
‘Scotsmen, stand by Ireland’: John Maclean and the Irish Revolution at History Ireland
Nan Milton, 1913-1996; The Herald; 25 April 1996
1879 births
1923 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
British anti–World War I activists
British Socialist Party members
Politicians from Glasgow
Red Clydeside
Scottish prisoners and detainees
Scottish communists
Scottish socialists
Scottish nationalists
Social Democratic Federation members
Far-left politics in Scotland
Deaths from pneumonia in Scotland
People educated at Queen's Park Secondary School
Scottish independence activists
Scottish Labour parliamentary candidates
People from Pollokshaws | [
-0.18249405920505524,
0.11755363643169403,
0.17169173061847687,
-0.4127686321735382,
-0.2968314588069916,
0.06301301717758179,
0.8021707534790039,
0.1102348044514656,
-0.37332913279533386,
-0.17827846109867096,
-0.08743205666542053,
0.0663851872086525,
-0.1946408897638321,
0.9531087875366211,
0.3095438778400421,
0.642149031162262,
-0.301661878824234,
0.1611403077840805,
-0.5972046852111816,
0.01296478696167469,
-0.6410796046257019,
-0.5254614353179932,
0.4947182834148407,
0.025010675191879272,
-0.6036415696144104,
0.23052670061588287,
0.5265679359436035,
0.1603752225637436,
-0.056675709784030914,
0.25001469254493713,
0.25167959928512573,
0.29832929372787476,
0.6237795948982239,
-0.3277595043182373,
-0.11516378074884415,
-0.06779149919748306,
0.00724747683852911,
-0.2999713122844696,
0.24345554411411285,
-0.18743708729743958,
-0.28113678097724915,
0.35626766085624695,
0.25515374541282654,
0.13968907296657562,
0.21384297311306,
-0.3867778182029724,
-1.6996253728866577,
0.09509723633527756,
-0.3841231167316437,
0.18678881227970123,
-0.2796567380428314,
0.7056596875190735,
0.9777730703353882,
-0.5706535577774048,
-0.45314347743988037,
0.5179789662361145,
-0.5804116725921631,
0.02959262952208519,
0.09923911094665527,
-0.6110966801643372,
0.36131808161735535,
0.6699521541595459,
0.6379076242446899,
0.22324532270431519,
0.6136395931243896,
0.5699028968811035,
-0.6401798725128174,
0.7529445290565491,
-0.16598856449127197,
-0.14481155574321747,
0.11505682021379471,
0.6455404758453369,
0.28291556239128113,
0.450336217880249,
-0.03129216283559799,
-0.3300946056842804,
-0.07537942379713058,
-0.06526089459657669,
0.07241696864366531,
0.03616524115204811,
-0.5206730961799622,
0.10057075321674347,
0.8090919852256775,
0.6059457063674927,
0.41748422384262085,
-0.05601023882627487,
-0.8100956082344055,
0.6222781538963318,
0.18581551313400269,
0.41295236349105835,
-0.10393849015235901,
-0.28705671429634094,
0.2614673674106598,
0.2099268138408661,
-0.3813357949256897,
0.77259361743927,
0.12161561101675034,
0.50250643491745,
-0.305268794298172,
-0.799821138381958,
0.39929288625717163,
0.46044817566871643,
0.223064586520195,
-0.4820736348628998,
-0.6986106038093567,
0.18044692277908325,
-0.39730697870254517,
-0.7558948993682861,
0.27117201685905457,
-0.9841024279594421,
-0.7683428525924683,
-0.06861016899347305,
-0.37700334191322327,
-0.26733115315437317,
0.35012930631637573,
0.5988243222236633,
0.11241069436073303,
-0.29915210604667664,
-0.11816339194774628,
-0.2455715537071228,
-0.6907116174697876,
0.02728535421192646,
-0.7537547945976257,
0.7337802648544312,
-0.2861332595348358,
0.4429660141468048,
-0.245952308177948,
0.23673895001411438,
0.2672642767429352,
0.45110800862312317,
0.5643751621246338,
1.41483736038208,
-0.62447190284729,
-0.4109080731868744,
-0.5950031876564026,
0.0696202963590622,
0.5002026557922363,
-0.08044702559709549,
-0.2056734263896942,
0.3246258795261383,
-0.5796472430229187,
-0.02370687574148178,
-0.7698109149932861,
-0.26854437589645386,
0.47353512048721313,
-0.3040563464164734,
-0.4131133258342743,
-0.2730526924133301,
-0.35358431935310364,
-0.6733981966972351,
0.5569339394569397,
-0.11784321814775467,
-0.05832136049866676,
0.12598326802253723,
-0.40114670991897583,
0.6616255044937134,
0.36902838945388794,
-0.31269800662994385,
0.5400701761245728,
0.16154572367668152,
0.04218456521630287,
0.5561337471008301,
-0.22171391546726227,
0.08285257965326309,
0.6307424902915955,
0.22731339931488037,
-0.213995561003685,
-0.8382865786552429,
-0.11817847937345505,
-0.07768437266349792,
0.01133402343839407,
0.4789450168609619,
0.2925579249858856,
-0.08836545050144196,
0.2711600065231323,
-0.02985093556344509,
-0.1929834485054016,
0.681559145450592,
-0.10005564242601395,
-0.9590436220169067,
-1.012686014175415,
-0.2676354944705963,
0.07868091762065887,
-0.1970805823802948,
0.3981758654117584,
0.2809586226940155,
0.1282000094652176,
-0.49220752716064453,
0.12487059831619263,
0.23827756941318512,
-0.24783727526664734,
-1.0477219820022583,
0.3245542645454407,
-0.7069510817527771,
1.5024482011795044,
-0.14721952378749847,
0.1980695128440857,
0.23610028624534607,
0.27592742443084717,
1.0947253704071045,
-0.4351484775543213,
0.02073831669986248,
-0.39751550555229187,
-0.41405826807022095,
-0.17575408518314362,
1.364639401435852,
0.1638868898153305,
0.06292977184057236,
0.3080974221229553,
0.8653054237365723,
0.15442156791687012,
-0.8476794958114624,
-0.04069207236170769,
0.1845262050628662,
-0.6496556997299194,
-0.5406562089920044,
-0.1871921867132187,
-0.3083600103855133,
0.4361982047557831,
0.4832620620727539,
0.31873518228530884,
-0.023166341707110405,
-0.0045478432439267635,
0.787250280380249,
0.14069604873657227,
-0.04757818207144737,
0.25175923109054565,
0.3895144760608673,
-0.013910064473748207,
-0.7970185279846191,
-0.32688167691230774,
0.29455819725990295,
0.12081792205572128,
-0.4568925201892853,
0.11922232061624527,
-0.29064497351646423,
-0.36463114619255066,
0.001927054487168789,
-0.14978331327438354,
-0.2658969461917877,
0.12638433277606964,
0.4424128234386444,
-0.5514057874679565,
0.42323851585388184,
0.12653574347496033,
0.7439968585968018,
-0.6189152002334595,
0.07268241792917252,
0.8034711480140686,
-0.20705339312553406,
0.4250492751598358,
0.6047437787055969,
0.33067992329597473,
-0.5140424966812134,
0.02139248698949814,
-0.2727073132991791,
0.3238312900066376,
-0.31210193037986755,
-0.34143999218940735,
0.3249296545982361,
0.04112674295902252,
0.1770843267440796,
-0.5173222422599792,
0.1223280131816864,
0.32358962297439575,
-0.08757956326007843,
-0.8558698892593384,
-0.736798107624054,
0.016127483919262886,
0.07474368810653687,
0.0595836378633976,
-0.3479863703250885,
-0.1597093641757965,
-0.5480384826660156,
0.3050422668457031,
0.22791500389575958,
-0.5026138424873352,
0.1524360179901123,
-0.700454592704773,
-0.5866434574127197,
0.2642563283443451,
0.9952088594436646,
-0.35898083448410034,
-0.4053790867328644,
-0.24248631298542023,
1.2174450159072876,
0.01019966322928667,
0.3944201171398163,
-0.00004720864671980962,
-0.8918977379798889,
0.12428535521030426,
0.1972527652978897,
-0.20660656690597534,
0.45689985156059265,
-0.1997963935136795,
-0.015601390041410923,
0.035846684128046036,
-0.5108420252799988,
0.5435186624526978,
-0.21202632784843445,
-0.553645670413971,
0.19915521144866943,
-0.37378403544425964,
0.04775174707174301,
0.6985843777656555,
0.19840236008167267,
-0.04866478219628334,
0.04016943648457527,
-4.920915126800537,
0.08339831978082657,
-0.4252451956272125,
-0.5941833853721619,
0.5221324563026428,
-0.3267465829849243,
0.9985416531562805,
-0.19852271676063538,
-0.12878109514713287,
-0.20907676219940186,
0.0879681408405304,
0.0821089819073677,
-0.16491639614105225,
0.29068276286125183,
0.7976462841033936,
0.29756855964660645,
0.9845024943351746,
-0.009972711093723774,
0.5261144042015076,
-0.18381711840629578,
-0.07660487294197083,
-0.05091474950313568,
-0.777961254119873,
0.822126030921936,
0.5860329866409302,
0.9005199670791626,
0.18207351863384247,
0.07173319160938263,
-1.0449848175048828,
-0.1154005229473114,
-0.35572680830955505,
0.5452088713645935,
0.02161593921482563,
-0.2144160270690918,
-0.0391385480761528,
-0.4707271456718445,
0.20525221526622772,
0.7740345001220703,
0.0931859239935875,
0.06130838394165039,
-0.3345305025577545,
0.16013754904270172,
-0.5090846419334412,
0.07897995412349701,
0.4013137221336365,
-0.8144965171813965,
-0.9216719269752502,
0.017920557409524918,
-0.5540323853492737,
0.4528041183948517,
-0.3743530809879303,
-0.6039950251579285,
0.6165105104446411,
0.08903070539236069,
-0.2881081998348236,
0.06738843768835068,
0.1561603546142578,
-0.29359835386276245,
-0.5840063095092773,
0.3646141290664673,
0.7780100107192993,
-0.3726995289325714,
0.2721317708492279,
-0.5066549181938171,
-0.12912918627262115,
-0.3000185787677765,
-0.007992112077772617,
-0.5586220026016235,
-0.02651739865541458,
-0.06521710008382797,
-0.44607892632484436,
0.8545457124710083,
-0.1383255571126938,
-1.1961112022399902,
-0.491639643907547,
-0.0838690847158432,
-0.5447098016738892,
0.6402736306190491,
0.017818335443735123,
-0.44711834192276,
0.5225874781608582,
-0.5314235687255859,
-0.19500094652175903,
1.5045816898345947,
0.3823728561401367,
0.12240513414144516,
-0.14509354531764984,
0.5952545404434204,
-0.36114755272865295,
-0.040262091904878616,
0.4996144771575928,
-0.3708207309246063,
0.1795804500579834,
0.5728186964988708,
0.4588944613933563,
0.12873435020446777,
-0.060001447796821594,
-0.33546364307403564,
0.21381773054599762,
-0.6315062642097473,
-0.5264968872070312,
-0.2733904719352722,
-0.0375644713640213,
-0.08500687032938004,
-0.3040623366832733,
0.06363236904144287,
-0.4746439456939697,
0.5104004144668579,
-0.05015120655298233,
0.6353445649147034,
-0.07021253556013107,
-0.3995954096317291,
-0.859947919845581,
0.4217092990875244,
0.39057567715644836,
-0.05917270481586456,
-0.36563166975975037,
0.43384549021720886,
0.6253930926322937,
0.9172155261039734,
0.07107846438884735,
0.3013596534729004,
-0.13535304367542267,
0.2283245027065277,
-0.30421182513237,
-0.4977984130382538,
0.9257833957672119,
-0.012695897370576859,
0.08147377520799637,
0.3218596577644348,
0.05527501180768013,
0.41755425930023193,
-0.1465780884027481,
-0.3897705078125,
-0.2675631642341614,
-0.42805615067481995,
-0.3297850787639618,
-0.03603583574295044,
0.1266123205423355,
-0.17509886622428894,
-0.3750397861003876,
0.21065576374530792,
0.07187911868095398,
0.3512432873249054,
0.09485320001840591,
0.7289053201675415,
0.4167225658893585,
0.2339038848876953,
-0.673848032951355,
0.8456244468688965,
-0.3882106840610504,
-0.46594423055648804,
0.4072534441947937,
-0.7339645624160767,
-0.3356647491455078,
0.45825672149658203,
-0.4436567425727844,
0.05584784597158432,
0.03985271230340004,
-0.017634164541959763,
-0.5224888324737549,
0.5194990634918213,
-1.118298053741455,
-0.13324248790740967,
0.6280791759490967,
-0.16488231718540192,
-0.637514054775238,
-0.3639078438282013,
-0.4248253107070923,
1.0512794256210327,
-0.427157461643219,
-0.1351233720779419,
-0.3642069399356842,
-0.20845501124858856,
0.12153686583042145,
-0.18607476353645325,
-0.14831724762916565,
-0.06946034729480743,
0.06008574739098549,
-0.42442360520362854,
0.00936408992856741,
0.6578885912895203,
-0.26276788115501404,
0.6925086975097656,
0.8925859928131104,
-0.6424540281295776,
-0.5008406043052673,
-0.45525503158569336,
0.07240447402000427,
0.535697877407074,
0.45531827211380005,
0.07158584892749786,
0.1792343407869339,
0.5408808588981628,
-0.5279732942581177,
-0.2698649764060974,
-0.10886728763580322,
-0.15351514518260956,
0.12070444971323013,
-0.6984109282493591,
0.17416886985301971,
0.655892550945282,
-0.16177788376808167,
-0.14373837411403656,
-0.1482340395450592,
-0.779464066028595,
0.26510196924209595,
0.2121032327413559,
-0.7236513495445251,
0.5607318878173828,
0.12991109490394592,
-0.4573478102684021,
-0.09045767784118652,
0.20833098888397217,
-0.4523191452026367,
-0.14038820564746857,
0.6205770373344421,
-0.10966107249259949,
-0.6603979468345642,
-0.313063383102417,
-0.9861156344413757,
-0.3754505515098572,
-0.687921404838562,
-0.12715250253677368,
-0.4464346766471863,
-0.31522175669670105,
0.025138333439826965,
0.09868480265140533,
0.7910581827163696,
-0.39999887347221375,
-0.4544379711151123,
0.5032670497894287,
0.5217054486274719,
-0.3664526343345642,
-0.0920095220208168,
0.40746018290519714,
0.009764472022652626,
0.755379855632782,
0.5043242573738098,
0.09556390345096588,
0.191228449344635,
1.1235136985778809,
0.6996672749519348,
-0.8110619187355042,
0.09666376560926437,
-0.51953125,
0.725462794303894,
-0.4888609051704407,
-0.2015777975320816,
0.1598052829504013,
0.842604398727417,
-0.5196324586868286,
-1.1353249549865723,
-0.7623736262321472,
0.6629783511161804,
-0.1472180336713791,
-0.05317449942231178,
0.2522449195384979,
0.6488717794418335,
-0.4426867663860321,
0.002078751567751169,
0.5821577310562134,
-0.4286949932575226,
0.313358336687088,
0.02864861488342285,
0.8532578945159912,
-0.062286343425512314,
-0.9288860559463501,
0.560531735420227,
-0.5062440037727356,
-0.8563047647476196,
-0.7791298627853394,
-0.12483345717191696,
0.22365692257881165,
-0.30725109577178955,
-0.7759485840797424,
0.18765540421009064,
-0.8120090365409851,
0.18710044026374817,
-0.593356728553772,
-0.05307251214981079,
0.21557709574699402,
0.5429342985153198,
-0.13733401894569397,
-0.17002838850021362,
-0.6194997429847717,
-0.4024985432624817,
-0.5710067749023438,
-0.47115767002105713,
-0.1215069368481636,
-0.7332263588905334,
-0.26368796825408936,
0.13248559832572937,
0.28441864252090454,
-0.34783148765563965,
0.3749920427799225,
-0.7100446820259094,
-0.009017622098326683,
-0.46572649478912354,
0.2550877332687378,
-0.26447126269340515,
0.6583179235458374,
-0.05516715347766876,
0.05491546913981438,
0.3608015775680542,
0.1317671835422516,
0.008591409772634506,
-0.39495041966438293,
-0.018314650282263756,
-0.022732676938176155,
0.31155890226364136,
0.1831207126379013,
0.30568477511405945,
0.5881122946739197,
-0.8765975832939148,
-0.0009341984405182302,
0.689578652381897,
-0.7927151918411255,
0.1314675658941269,
0.14620430767536163,
-0.15984536707401276,
0.41642022132873535,
0.2814505100250244,
0.2115074098110199,
0.45828595757484436,
0.5930625200271606,
-0.25624537467956543,
0.415412575006485,
0.30965641140937805,
0.46224579215049744,
-0.5693783760070801,
0.257230281829834,
-0.7169328331947327,
0.5948817133903503,
-0.4251460134983063,
0.3903154134750366,
0.6346368193626404,
-0.5694732666015625,
-0.04569347947835922,
0.40998774766921997,
0.005833650939166546,
0.3461034297943115,
0.05083708465099335,
-0.24118806421756744,
0.14072728157043457,
0.16706904768943787,
-0.009571487084031105,
0.21752002835273743,
0.4126822054386139,
0.47327643632888794,
0.5578613877296448,
-0.4358188807964325,
-0.16362248361110687,
-1.0355106592178345,
-0.2201366275548935,
0.10377515852451324,
0.31455352902412415,
-0.5435566306114197,
-0.09922539442777634,
-0.3521517217159271,
-0.3657815754413605,
0.07559726387262344,
0.6305558085441589,
-0.3772497773170471,
-0.3310946524143219,
-0.057831134647130966,
0.5379483699798584,
-0.8873394131660461,
0.32278531789779663,
0.6274651885032654,
0.7793421149253845,
-0.42299121618270874,
-0.3053576350212097,
0.26000237464904785,
0.5056471228599548,
-0.3348003029823303,
0.8336197733879089,
0.2915302813053131,
-0.01401666458696127,
0.032536111772060394,
-0.6070360541343689,
0.9674608707427979,
-0.2745886445045471,
-0.28899872303009033,
0.5567651391029358,
0.23508580029010773,
-0.6408884525299072,
-0.15938757359981537,
0.12340465933084488,
-0.521041750907898,
0.39065098762512207,
-0.33967462182044983,
-0.6721287965774536,
0.2595675587654114,
-0.6444289684295654,
-0.08516930043697357,
-0.8799461126327515,
0.444566935300827,
0.7241315841674805,
0.10997611284255981,
-0.30577152967453003,
0.1416325569152832,
-0.08839283138513565,
0.6668505668640137,
0.23981456458568573,
0.5519694089889526,
-0.5281416773796082,
0.4948040544986725,
-0.5576008558273315,
0.642012357711792,
-0.05786607414484024,
0.9373452067375183,
-0.007574970368295908,
0.8077718019485474,
-0.2528483271598816,
-0.016813766211271286,
1.0372726917266846,
-0.810917317867279,
-0.8737719058990479,
-0.37422338128089905,
0.16246363520622253,
-0.27607911825180054,
0.42342478036880493,
0.25650259852409363,
-0.565105140209198,
-0.5838735699653625,
-0.3181622624397278,
0.42347803711891174,
-0.07413874566555023,
0.15355689823627472,
0.013372879475355148,
0.05068673938512802,
0.03817078098654747,
-0.492207407951355,
-0.010141564533114433,
0.48614823818206787,
-0.24068477749824524,
0.8011323809623718,
0.6830119490623474,
-0.2957591414451599,
0.4699380695819855,
-0.09001130610704422,
0.522199273109436,
0.1970101296901703,
-1.4960213899612427,
0.011752435937523842,
0.026149136945605278,
-0.4196985363960266,
-0.04419710487127304,
0.19162525236606598,
-0.03209969028830528,
-0.39826640486717224,
-0.18511544167995453,
-0.7229670286178589,
0.6590078473091125,
-0.33427131175994873,
-0.2956112027168274,
-0.6251192092895508,
0.5076408982276917,
0.013938979245722294
] |
236396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong%20Khai%20province | Nong Khai province | Nong Khai province (, ) was formerly the northernmost of the northeastern (Isan) provinces (changwat) of Thailand until its eight eastern districts were split off to form Thailand's newest province, Bueng Kan province, in 2011. Nong Khai province lies in upper northeastern Thailand. Nearby provinces are (clockwise, from the east): Bueng Kan, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani, and Loei. To the north it borders Vientiane province, Vientiane Prefecture, and Bolikhamsai province of Laos.
Geography
The province is in the valley of the Mae Nam Kong (Mekong River), which also forms the border with Laos. There are highlands to the south. The total forest area is or 7.1 percent of provincial area. The Laotian capital, Vientiane, is only from the provincial capital of Nong Khai. The First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, which connects the two countries, was built jointly by the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Australia, and was opened in 1994.
Nong Khai is the smallest province in the northeastern after Bueng Kan and other seven districts became Bueng Kan province in 2011.
History
Over the centuries, control of the province swung between the Thai Kingdom Ayutthaya, and the Laotian kingdom Lan Xang, as their respective powers ebbed and flowed in the region.
The Prap Ho Monument in front of the historic city hall (now a museum and cultural center) memorializes the war dead of the Haw wars.
In more recent years, Nong Khai has become a popular destination during the Buddhist Lent festival when mysterious balls of light, or Naga fireballs, rise from the Mekong River. The balls resemble an orange sun. They rise out of the river approximately 6–9 meters (20 to 30 feet) and disappear after three to five seconds. Although the fireballs can be seen at other times, most Thais travel to see them during the full moon in October when the incidence of them is considered to be much higher.
Nong Khai's main sight is Sala Keoku (alternatively spelled as Sala Kaew Ku, also known as Wat Khaek), a park of colossal sculptures, some over 20 m tall. The park is the handiwork of the mystic Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat, who bought the land in 1978 when he was exiled from his native Laos, where he had built a similar park in Vientiane in the 1950s. Synthesizing Buddhist and Hinduist ideologies, Buddhas, many-armed goddesses, a seven-headed Naga snake, and various human-animal hybrids dominate the site.
Notable figures from twentieth century Buddhist history have lived in Nong Khai—the world renowned Buddhist scholar and leading meditation teacher Ajahn Sumedho ordained in Wat Sisaket in Nong Khai.
Symbols
The provincial seal shows a pond with a bamboo clump close to it. The bamboo symbolizes stability, glory, and continuity for the peaceful and fertile land.
The provincial tree is the tamalan or Burma pallisander (Dalbergia oliveri).
The provincial aquatic life is the seven-striped barb or Jullien's golden carp (Probarbus jullieni).
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
As of 23 March 2011, the province is divided into nine districts (amphoes). The districts are further divided into 62 subdistricts (tambons) and 705 villages (mubans). The eight districts of Bueng Kan were districts of Nong Khai before they were split off to form Bueng Kan province.
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Nong Khai Provincial Administration Organisation () and 19 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Nong Khai and Tha Bo have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 17 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 48 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Transport
Air
The nearest airport is Udon Thani International Airport, 56 km from Nong Khai.
Rail
The main railway station in Nong Khai is Nong Khai railway station. This station can be considered the destination of the Upper Northeastern Railway Line (only in Thailand's area).
Road
The Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge was largely funded by a gift to the Lao government from the Australian government. It is the road and railway gateway to Laos's capital, Vientiane ( upriver), on the north bank opposite the Thai town of Si Chiang Mai District. Construction of a rail spur to Thanaleng outside of Vientiane was begun early-2007 and officially opened 5 March 2009.
Nong Khai is 626 km north of Bangkok and 60 km north of Udon Thani.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
References
External links
Provincial website
Nong Khai Travel Guide
Isan
Provinces of Thailand
Populated places on the Mekong River | [
-0.17466706037521362,
0.17223800718784332,
0.4187402129173279,
0.02789927087724209,
-0.25645190477371216,
0.08657210320234299,
0.4833540618419647,
0.36581242084503174,
-0.35261270403862,
0.6215057969093323,
-0.11870471388101578,
-0.3338601589202881,
-0.7813384532928467,
0.15987008810043335,
-0.3911926746368408,
0.9912828207015991,
0.8643585443496704,
-0.03796136751770973,
0.19112497568130493,
-0.7013687491416931,
-0.32125937938690186,
-0.7189204096794128,
0.5037364959716797,
-0.3120156526565552,
0.37979573011398315,
0.2987036406993866,
0.18884354829788208,
0.5808819532394409,
0.5818712115287781,
-0.20587857067584991,
-0.30957332253456116,
0.3448820412158966,
-0.5408904552459717,
-0.0610848106443882,
0.04704643040895462,
0.30393993854522705,
0.340271532535553,
0.039070047438144684,
-0.4052589237689972,
-0.19898854196071625,
-0.007561492267996073,
0.062262702733278275,
-0.1374729871749878,
0.2141381949186325,
0.3511795103549957,
-1.38730788230896,
-0.7726432681083679,
0.40321749448776245,
-0.4987361431121826,
0.2701514661312103,
-0.9248561859130859,
0.49934905767440796,
-0.27594873309135437,
-0.2150711715221405,
-0.04002819210290909,
0.15511251986026764,
-1.0165612697601318,
-0.3791380524635315,
-0.24904614686965942,
0.09912377595901489,
-0.2911745607852936,
0.48844069242477417,
-0.8198752403259277,
0.3822045922279358,
-0.37673550844192505,
0.7110721468925476,
-0.12530507147312164,
0.6152341365814209,
0.06977150589227676,
-0.49476495385169983,
0.3035496771335602,
0.817924976348877,
-0.05978647619485855,
0.44285112619400024,
0.16299983859062195,
0.046529315412044525,
-0.20443405210971832,
-0.4151352345943451,
-0.16886569559574127,
0.056688886135816574,
0.18517307937145233,
-0.17803381383419037,
1.013849139213562,
-0.27891120314598083,
0.7507843375205994,
0.24933403730392456,
-0.27506792545318604,
0.13884872198104858,
0.12587249279022217,
0.030846601352095604,
0.07396489381790161,
-0.03712690621614456,
0.26543933153152466,
-0.33579549193382263,
-0.16665735840797424,
-0.6690760254859924,
-0.06138211488723755,
0.6589193940162659,
0.4749080240726471,
0.38728636503219604,
0.4515857994556427,
0.17918084561824799,
0.7793543338775635,
-0.22138816118240356,
-1.1282967329025269,
-0.22945165634155273,
-0.46495455503463745,
-0.35921669006347656,
-0.062281131744384766,
-0.1420213282108307,
-0.6325754523277283,
0.09161917120218277,
0.26246801018714905,
0.09418006241321564,
0.10159743577241898,
0.5313390493392944,
0.41577842831611633,
-0.03645188361406326,
0.5833231806755066,
-0.34997430443763733,
0.45360830426216125,
0.6869226694107056,
-0.8069283962249756,
0.5684149265289307,
0.40108680725097656,
-0.03890238329768181,
0.31230536103248596,
-0.25366368889808655,
-0.3517487049102783,
0.7489486336708069,
0.09299954026937485,
0.9096545577049255,
-0.3084385097026825,
0.3213292062282562,
0.12301402539014816,
-0.4211421608924866,
0.45677003264427185,
0.6813807487487793,
0.6665329337120056,
-0.19805164635181427,
-1.210994005203247,
0.33816689252853394,
-1.1074497699737549,
0.1200089082121849,
0.09519875049591064,
-0.1074175089597702,
-0.6314605474472046,
-0.2813228368759155,
-0.19246694445610046,
-0.17035804688930511,
0.05660416930913925,
-0.139104425907135,
0.34106922149658203,
0.5948376059532166,
-0.5660006403923035,
-0.102774478495121,
0.2196139097213745,
0.38994845747947693,
0.289502888917923,
0.06473071128129959,
0.024421952664852142,
0.2117050439119339,
-0.24502697587013245,
0.09712988138198853,
0.5166525840759277,
-0.06078098341822624,
-0.11019641160964966,
0.530739963054657,
-0.40010660886764526,
-0.006987379863858223,
-0.37443509697914124,
-0.30513471364974976,
-0.23058708012104034,
-0.4066021144390106,
0.18391583859920502,
-0.17589391767978668,
0.005749201867729425,
0.5766890645027161,
0.020204031839966774,
-0.19428563117980957,
-0.9373512864112854,
0.7515679597854614,
0.2683864235877991,
0.17663249373435974,
0.24902957677841187,
-0.00017634403775446117,
0.5535519123077393,
0.0624869205057621,
-0.09729643166065216,
0.41031432151794434,
-0.22423434257507324,
-0.35038065910339355,
0.4721704423427582,
-0.15265488624572754,
0.5317192077636719,
0.9072983264923096,
0.4515063166618347,
0.996569037437439,
-0.2336890548467636,
1.401869773864746,
0.17310424149036407,
0.004426085855811834,
0.7600582838058472,
-0.008380472660064697,
-0.36408287286758423,
0.7293804883956909,
-0.05146005377173424,
0.41172415018081665,
1.0505266189575195,
0.5440346002578735,
0.2701342701911926,
-0.23824317753314972,
-0.4112706780433655,
-0.35515478253364563,
0.02470189705491066,
-0.7550999522209167,
-0.13404035568237305,
0.000590161478612572,
0.020332254469394684,
-0.5066903829574585,
0.3474101126194,
-0.40087246894836426,
-0.3206569254398346,
0.7523220181465149,
-0.05810008570551872,
0.908928394317627,
0.35060834884643555,
-0.11502376198768616,
-0.3239440619945526,
-0.3678072690963745,
0.40418869256973267,
-0.16485707461833954,
0.5103065371513367,
-0.20109201967716217,
-0.29310712218284607,
0.13927744328975677,
-0.07916130125522614,
-0.5611494779586792,
0.20272503793239594,
-1.0495562553405762,
-0.11674588173627853,
0.4235083758831024,
-0.4775596261024475,
0.35244569182395935,
0.25566694140434265,
0.621167778968811,
-0.6900455951690674,
0.27311623096466064,
-0.3340199887752533,
-0.08474581688642502,
0.012535679154098034,
-0.08559337258338928,
0.624491810798645,
-0.3220749497413635,
0.22286470234394073,
-0.12952564656734467,
-0.22326016426086426,
0.10805804282426834,
0.1988280713558197,
-0.5292991995811462,
-0.648603618144989,
0.20017941296100616,
0.9843980669975281,
0.02673879638314247,
-0.3992392420768738,
-0.018471265211701393,
0.17640331387519836,
-0.7309600710868835,
0.24066892266273499,
0.0751134529709816,
0.03643731772899628,
-0.6867125630378723,
-0.44670796394348145,
-0.3473834991455078,
-0.5141979455947876,
-0.09400556981563568,
-0.28240489959716797,
0.38610851764678955,
-1.022301435470581,
-0.4750152826309204,
0.6199517250061035,
1.1145817041397095,
0.03698396310210228,
-0.949773907661438,
0.04466141387820244,
-0.4448663592338562,
-0.14299698173999786,
-0.5111111402511597,
-0.4993012547492981,
0.5318902730941772,
0.09576071798801422,
-0.5041965842247009,
-0.6527422666549683,
-0.28703534603118896,
-0.5349519848823547,
-0.8645085096359253,
-0.27549251914024353,
0.2925223410129547,
0.9865817427635193,
-0.2743825614452362,
-1.2599841356277466,
0.07374798506498337,
-0.6948148012161255,
0.4648497402667999,
0.044069577008485794,
-0.8036563396453857,
-0.26844561100006104,
-0.13365599513053894,
-4.912967205047607,
-0.4752069413661957,
-0.07267726212739944,
-0.3353325426578522,
0.0029472706373780966,
-0.20169289410114288,
0.14140959084033966,
-0.7696348428726196,
0.11736267805099487,
0.6174737811088562,
-0.18364787101745605,
-0.012600870802998543,
0.1244644746184349,
0.4450535178184509,
0.5374937653541565,
0.1829601526260376,
0.1083262711763382,
0.27162966132164,
0.6733573079109192,
-0.32661518454551697,
-0.21282416582107544,
0.12799300253391266,
-0.014682942070066929,
0.23481203615665436,
0.6301877498626709,
1.2400118112564087,
-0.4181491434574127,
-0.1066637933254242,
-0.7285925149917603,
-0.3521224558353424,
-0.8538232445716858,
0.08410748839378357,
0.20869134366512299,
-0.07270584255456924,
-0.29402750730514526,
-0.4805684983730316,
0.6424895524978638,
0.2542882561683655,
0.1080835610628128,
-0.4168708622455597,
0.20736375451087952,
-0.1119094118475914,
-0.14857065677642822,
0.1980363428592682,
0.04867575690150261,
-0.8051490187644958,
-0.8752543926239014,
-0.5269279479980469,
-0.2891085743904114,
0.5338345170021057,
0.43350499868392944,
-0.07751837372779846,
0.4933147430419922,
-0.11111597716808319,
-0.2955937385559082,
0.13317686319351196,
0.19957752525806427,
-0.3225409984588623,
-0.8091846108436584,
0.35211190581321716,
0.6822000741958618,
-0.11142853647470474,
-0.8289461731910706,
-0.5120579600334167,
0.15548186004161835,
-0.08069353550672531,
0.33505362272262573,
0.33011969923973083,
0.24410539865493774,
0.501136064529419,
-1.1299872398376465,
0.1873466968536377,
-0.4435953199863434,
-0.6018812656402588,
0.15215155482292175,
-0.00458459323272109,
-0.5444526672363281,
0.29353073239326477,
0.2913159132003784,
0.08619432896375656,
-0.5046972632408142,
0.5831775665283203,
0.34683239459991455,
1.377751350402832,
-0.18201355636119843,
-0.5884335041046143,
-0.08015058934688568,
0.45323652029037476,
0.14229515194892883,
0.38205215334892273,
0.20545850694179535,
-0.44576287269592285,
0.7871934175491333,
0.34515148401260376,
-0.16610053181648254,
0.46901777386665344,
0.5875064134597778,
-0.35763078927993774,
0.011864220723509789,
-0.8453347086906433,
0.4424331784248352,
-0.02970699779689312,
0.22780150175094604,
-0.35369864106178284,
-0.6265783309936523,
-0.8335589170455933,
-0.022172749042510986,
0.5545278787612915,
-0.1357605755329132,
0.19330696761608124,
-0.30788370966911316,
0.14021271467208862,
0.1729888767004013,
0.5915992259979248,
0.10547047853469849,
-1.0352909564971924,
-0.6866563558578491,
0.15822789072990417,
0.2770625054836273,
0.6024525761604309,
-0.04867352545261383,
0.8292177319526672,
0.3189302086830139,
0.34011971950531006,
-0.2671961188316345,
-0.4187025725841522,
-0.02932153455913067,
0.6839973330497742,
-0.1426132619380951,
0.4370240271091461,
0.4461806118488312,
-0.4453938901424408,
0.5019870400428772,
-0.37179386615753174,
-0.13465780019760132,
-0.8652985692024231,
-0.20609980821609497,
-0.7081044316291809,
-0.16271238029003143,
0.036890510469675064,
0.49462029337882996,
0.3686915636062622,
-0.6206794381141663,
0.7354490160942078,
0.07396535575389862,
-0.1434040516614914,
0.21276913583278656,
-0.24603311717510223,
-0.4022817015647888,
0.4713708758354187,
-0.2397788166999817,
-1.0879709720611572,
0.5369157195091248,
-0.26511716842651367,
-0.04612954333424568,
-0.15015263855457306,
-0.28784486651420593,
0.2143428474664688,
1.2363899946212769,
-0.30551815032958984,
-0.4816163182258606,
-0.38127073645591736,
-0.9036537408828735,
0.20335198938846588,
-0.12220644950866699,
-0.9504930973052979,
0.4504862427711487,
0.07227721065282822,
-0.40229853987693787,
0.9129720330238342,
0.19188404083251953,
-0.4292411208152771,
-0.30758440494537354,
-0.443588525056839,
0.06925571709871292,
-0.8742583394050598,
0.09064465016126633,
0.2154797464609146,
-0.5374895930290222,
-0.14189209043979645,
0.16925393044948578,
-0.6146873235702515,
0.0456756129860878,
0.5705813765525818,
1.067456603050232,
-0.03513452038168907,
-0.09057101607322693,
-0.7580601572990417,
-0.31301555037498474,
0.31334948539733887,
0.5079771280288696,
-0.004493731539696455,
-0.12812860310077667,
0.22188395261764526,
-0.10864570736885071,
-0.9678744673728943,
-0.18186795711517334,
0.8876346349716187,
-0.08733882009983063,
0.04546915739774704,
0.2726798951625824,
0.6346653699874878,
-0.024281509220600128,
0.6460201740264893,
0.333952397108078,
-0.4515101909637451,
0.13666386902332306,
-0.2478390783071518,
0.08642607182264328,
-0.17149297893047333,
-0.29421132802963257,
-0.05705561861395836,
0.28480297327041626,
0.3064298629760742,
-0.5200400352478027,
0.3053387403488159,
0.475155234336853,
-0.42733457684516907,
0.19325490295886993,
-0.5603192448616028,
-0.24853132665157318,
-0.2155013084411621,
-0.3696064352989197,
-0.1336522251367569,
-0.30620265007019043,
0.5513848662376404,
0.6813820004463196,
-0.8481403589248657,
0.4872939884662628,
-0.7282282710075378,
-0.23355886340141296,
-0.2508920729160309,
1.0025041103363037,
0.3819310963153839,
-0.5085024833679199,
0.08805041760206223,
0.5240143537521362,
-0.024109534919261932,
0.1983514428138733,
0.5109424591064453,
0.15337105095386505,
1.207789421081543,
0.24147143959999084,
-0.6068937182426453,
-0.6907358169555664,
-0.1675662398338318,
0.272987425327301,
-0.8074118494987488,
-0.891414999961853,
0.261863112449646,
0.3319453001022339,
-0.35998642444610596,
-0.965725302696228,
-0.8131517767906189,
0.7511317729949951,
-0.19808655977249146,
0.04980989918112755,
0.8175976872444153,
0.4141157269477844,
-0.274903804063797,
-0.6513171195983887,
-0.16906727850437164,
-0.5192062258720398,
-0.2831555902957916,
0.3977346420288086,
-0.07158422470092773,
-0.6409542560577393,
-0.2344924509525299,
0.47846081852912903,
-0.5225383639335632,
-0.6077359318733215,
-0.8968049883842468,
0.334902286529541,
0.10394366085529327,
0.15343952178955078,
-0.2640751004219055,
0.1712917685508728,
-0.2642620801925659,
-0.16624419391155243,
-0.18762454390525818,
-0.5440154075622559,
-0.009210236370563507,
0.28861504793167114,
-0.03397928923368454,
0.6936711072921753,
-0.819444477558136,
0.25310277938842773,
0.2229483723640442,
-0.5665101408958435,
-0.016062092036008835,
-0.10942082852125168,
-0.27821874618530273,
-0.2015300989151001,
-0.33678138256073,
-0.058757536113262177,
0.6249210834503174,
-0.08742116391658783,
0.8069953322410583,
-0.2204926460981369,
0.26330217719078064,
-1.206659197807312,
0.3017387092113495,
0.6509718298912048,
-0.30133479833602905,
-0.1521196961402893,
-0.2258816510438919,
0.4551568627357483,
-0.43257713317871094,
0.006139217410236597,
0.7565109133720398,
0.28293436765670776,
0.8434538245201111,
-0.1028115451335907,
0.21668000519275665,
0.3850787878036499,
0.14750367403030396,
0.2078200876712799,
-1.3086620569229126,
-0.07751134783029556,
0.6755035519599915,
0.07169436663389206,
-0.582209050655365,
0.2620750665664673,
0.669704258441925,
-0.11428011208772659,
0.8234162330627441,
0.070249043405056,
-0.24928943812847137,
0.09177064150571823,
-0.35473594069480896,
-0.19338354468345642,
-0.17106591165065765,
-0.6605669260025024,
-0.01261154655367136,
-0.564305305480957,
-0.15095998346805573,
0.3857766389846802,
-0.627756655216217,
-0.4175160825252533,
0.5749675035476685,
0.8471866250038147,
0.9830126762390137,
0.1089763194322586,
-0.5748478770256042,
0.15822350978851318,
0.1596681773662567,
0.35515013337135315,
-0.2110922634601593,
0.6121577024459839,
-0.24646791815757751,
0.5968630313873291,
0.4276798963546753,
-0.3800504505634308,
-0.14397753775119781,
0.2795625329017639,
0.6637977361679077,
-0.9261969327926636,
-0.5175405144691467,
0.21411384642124176,
0.09431344270706177,
-0.0623600073158741,
-0.07318492233753204,
-0.7960649728775024,
0.162761390209198,
0.26880893111228943,
-0.16036036610603333,
0.4848932921886444,
-0.5354891419410706,
-0.04978965222835541,
0.7078710198402405,
0.289433091878891,
0.10517432540655136,
0.02753794565796852,
-0.26105156540870667,
-0.13186609745025635,
0.15446719527244568,
-0.3660845458507538,
0.7914685010910034,
-0.26033249497413635,
-0.37803831696510315,
0.07726438343524933,
-0.22002428770065308,
0.40564781427383423,
-0.5320883989334106,
0.4998188018798828,
0.49321821331977844,
0.5260066390037537,
0.007786947768181562,
0.04029334709048271,
0.08608834445476532,
0.2783419191837311,
0.023154132068157196,
-0.21188780665397644,
-0.16989199817180634,
0.09047020226716995,
-0.14945286512374878,
-0.39894938468933105,
0.38309168815612793,
0.8592660427093506,
-0.3308866322040558,
0.5134373903274536,
0.11918000131845474,
0.08964358270168304,
0.49981802701950073,
0.5093581676483154,
0.8128795623779297,
-0.1894863098859787,
0.654463529586792,
-0.6898146271705627,
0.2858924865722656,
0.43215662240982056,
0.542849600315094,
0.17612440884113312,
0.4709717035293579,
-0.3297911286354065,
-0.26614147424697876,
0.5939950346946716,
-1.0080416202545166,
-0.26458507776260376,
-0.5566021203994751,
-0.6848273873329163,
-0.43701133131980896,
0.011529285460710526,
0.714963436126709,
-0.28337547183036804,
-0.9487594962120056,
0.01567927747964859,
0.21017688512802124,
-0.30031442642211914,
0.6247939467430115,
0.029725953936576843,
-0.10109058767557144,
-0.46476590633392334,
-0.6965411901473999,
-0.5669031739234924,
-0.004020547028630972,
0.42972230911254883,
0.9453837275505066,
-0.19738981127738953,
0.014402883127331734,
-0.47728684544563293,
-0.4418657124042511,
0.2662665843963623,
0.6292277574539185,
-0.09395284950733185,
-0.06791316717863083,
-0.30073416233062744,
-0.42274171113967896,
-1.1070295572280884,
0.3783314824104309,
-0.16144320368766785,
-0.11887674778699875,
0.5550501942634583,
-0.15910868346691132,
-0.6531113982200623,
-0.02076559327542782,
0.31308168172836304,
-0.1381300985813141,
0.29416459798812866,
0.597955584526062
] |
236398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble | Trouble | Trouble may refer to:
Film and television
Trouble (1922 film), an American silent comedy-drama film directed by Albert Austin
Trouble (1933 film), a British comedy film
Trouble (1977 film), a Soviet drama film
Trouble (2017 film), an American comedy-drama film
Trouble (2019 film), аn American computer-animated family comedy film
Trouble (TV channel), a television station in the UK and Republic of Ireland
Music
Trouble (band), an American doom metal band
Albums
Trouble (Akon album), 2004
Trouble (Bonnie McKee album) or the title song, 2004
Trouble (EXID album) or the title song, 2019
Trouble (Matt Terry album) or the title song, 2017
Trouble (Michael Sterling album) or the title song, 1991
Trouble (Natalia Kills album) or the title song (see below), 2013
Trouble (Ray LaMontagne album) or the title song (see below), 2004
Trouble (Randy Rogers Band album), 2013
Trouble (Sailor album), 1975
Trouble (Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs album) or the title song, 2012
Trouble (Trampled by Turtles album) or the title song, 2007
Trouble (Trouble album), 1990
Trouble (Whitesnake album) or the title song, 1978
Trouble: The Jamie Saft Trio Plays Bob Dylan, 2006
T-R-O-U-B-L-E, by Travis Tritt, 1992
Trouble (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), 2018
Songs
"Trouble" (American Authors song), 2014
"Trouble" (Bei Maejor song), 2011
"Trouble" (Cage the Elephant song), 2016
"Trouble" (Cat Stevens song), 1970
"Trouble" (Chris Rene song), 2012
"Trouble" (Coldplay song), 2000
"Trouble" (Cypress Hill song), 2001
"Trouble" (Elvis Presley song), 1958; covered by several artists (for the 1975 song, see below)
"Trouble" (Gloriana song), 2014
"Trouble" (Heaven 17 song), 1987
"Trouble" (Iggy Azalea song), 2015
"Trouble" (Keith Richards song), 2015
"Trouble" (Leona Lewis song), 2012
"Trouble" (Lindsey Buckingham song), 1981
"Trouble" (Natalia Kills song), 2013
"Trouble" (Neon Jungle song), 2013
"Trouble" (Nia Peeples song), 1988
"Trouble" (Pink song), 2003
"Trouble" (Ray LaMontagne song), 2005
"Trouble" (Shampoo song), 1994
"Trouble" (Todd Snider song), 1995
"Trouble" (Vassy song), 2019
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (song), by Elvis Presley, 1975; covered by Travis Tritt, 1992
"Ya Got Trouble", often credited as "Trouble", from the musical The Music Man, 1957
"Trouble", by Ab-Soul featuring Aloe Blacc from Welcome to Los Santos, 2015
"Trouble", by Bitter:Sweet from Drama, 2008
"Trouble", by the Blizzards from A Public Display of Affection, 2006
"Trouble", by Bob Dylan from Shot of Love, 1981
"Trouble", by Britney Spears from Circus, 2008
"Trouble", by Da Baby from Blame It on Baby, 2020
"Trouble", by Destry from It Goes On, 2009
"Trouble", by Exo from Obsession, 2019
"Trouble", by Five Finger Death Punch from A Decade of Destruction, 2017
"Trouble", by Frankie Miller from High Life, 1974
"Trouble", by Freddie Jackson from Time for Love, 1992
"Trouble", by Ginuwine from A Man's Thoughts, 2009
"Trouble", by J. Cole from Born Sinner, 2013
"Trouble", by Jay-Z from Kingdom Come, 2006
"Trouble", by John Farnham from Whispering Jack, 1986
"Trouble", by Kano from Hoodies All Summer, 2019
"Trouble", by the Kingsmen from Up and Away, 1966
"Trouble", by the Knocks from Testify, 2017
"Trouble", by Liam Payne from LP1, 2019
"Trouble", by Little Feat from Sailin' Shoes, 1972
"Trouble", by Lizz Wright from Dreaming Wide Awake, 2005
"Trouble", by Lost Frequencies, 2014
"Trouble", by Mabel from High Expectations, 2019
"Trouble", by Mark Chesnutt from Wings, 1995
"Trouble", by Metronomy from The English Riviera, 2011
"Trouble", by Quiet Riot from Quiet Riot II, 1978
"Trouble", by Rudimental and Sub Focus, 2017
"Trouble", by Ryan Adams from Ryan Adams, 2014
"Trouble", by Skindred from Roots Rock Riot, 2007
"Trouble", by Sleeping with Sirens from Gossip, 2017
"Trouble", by TooManyLeftHands, 2014
"Trouble", by TV on the Radio from Seeds, 2014
"Trouble", by Whitesnake from Whitesnake, 1987
"Trouble", by Willam Belli from The Wreckoning, 2012
People
Trouble (rapper) (born 1987), American rapper
Trouble T Roy (1967–1990), American hip-hop dancer with Heavy D and the Boyz
Bruno Troublé (born 1945), French sailor in the 1968 and 1976 Olympics
Keef Trouble (born 1949), English composer, singer and musician
MC Trouble (1970–1991), first female rapper signed to Motown Records
Melody "Trouble" Vixen, professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling
Trouble, a group of girls wine tasting
Other uses
Trouble (board game), in which players race four pieces around a board
Trouble (comics), a 2003 Marvel limited series
Trouble (magazine), an Australian online monthly promoting visual and performing arts and culture
Trouble (novel), a 2009 novel by Kate Christensen
Trouble, a dog who inherited a $12 million trust from Leona Helmsley
See also
Deep Trouble (disambiguation)
Double Trouble (disambiguation)
Troubles (disambiguation) | [
-0.16972777247428894,
0.1772417426109314,
0.0414218008518219,
0.02193865180015564,
0.4771971106529236,
0.3040761649608612,
0.41276267170906067,
0.03481258824467659,
-0.6814274191856384,
0.15344327688217163,
-0.5882362127304077,
0.747668445110321,
-0.42708396911621094,
0.23232793807983398,
0.09640371799468994,
0.07905129343271255,
0.8342970013618469,
0.17450575530529022,
-0.39527279138565063,
-0.42873674631118774,
-0.2626543641090393,
0.16536788642406464,
0.8447017669677734,
-0.3429107964038849,
-0.38995692133903503,
-0.07056481391191483,
-0.2514702081680298,
0.49962547421455383,
0.20900100469589233,
0.4194257855415344,
-0.007148364558815956,
0.42169785499572754,
0.3011450469493866,
0.2654151916503906,
-0.36168044805526733,
0.05779653787612915,
-0.16965921223163605,
0.002442476572468877,
-0.2227867692708969,
-0.024942975491285324,
0.5075833201408386,
-0.4452075958251953,
-0.1483483761548996,
-0.0525345578789711,
-0.47816452383995056,
-0.06778501719236374,
-0.9497978091239929,
0.2858066260814667,
-0.6961312294006348,
0.07271209359169006,
0.18923979997634888,
0.6887118816375732,
-0.08756198734045029,
-0.013363106176257133,
0.22112174332141876,
0.013674182817339897,
-0.09165392071008682,
-0.17850440740585327,
0.010976801626384258,
-0.19987799227237701,
0.20879653096199036,
-0.07098512351512909,
0.30089685320854187,
-0.17697472870349884,
-0.40301135182380676,
-0.05343177542090416,
0.11453478783369064,
0.019496778026223183,
-0.2597624361515045,
-0.17679758369922638,
0.3042779862880707,
-0.20242556929588318,
-0.1533004343509674,
0.07849708944559097,
0.5891139507293701,
-0.40919697284698486,
0.24721457064151764,
0.2631242573261261,
0.16196255385875702,
-0.0568852499127388,
0.373051255941391,
0.05494719743728638,
0.8683843016624451,
-0.019568132236599922,
-0.4768591821193695,
-0.49912023544311523,
0.10776470601558685,
0.8751899003982544,
-0.21590064465999603,
0.07953090220689774,
0.2307537943124771,
-0.8193785548210144,
0.250414103269577,
0.2954079806804657,
0.09384053200483322,
0.18038228154182434,
0.3393076956272125,
-0.23700156807899475,
0.44893139600753784,
-0.38898032903671265,
0.3733660876750946,
-0.23346494138240814,
0.4952634572982788,
-0.6865262985229492,
-0.11259514838457108,
0.13984370231628418,
0.49523279070854187,
-0.34573692083358765,
-0.5326101183891296,
-0.02786264568567276,
-0.22620591521263123,
0.02997136302292347,
0.046019528061151505,
0.20190013945102692,
-0.23055072128772736,
-0.27448317408561707,
-0.3429180979728699,
-0.5020012259483337,
0.07889111340045929,
0.4828758239746094,
0.36306190490722656,
-0.2642551362514496,
0.39646050333976746,
0.24931202828884125,
0.2956337034702301,
0.46768733859062195,
-0.12311684340238571,
0.18819566071033478,
-0.0025784303434193134,
0.0065625132992863655,
0.25261855125427246,
0.22085654735565186,
-0.32018470764160156,
0.0012503893813118339,
0.15062327682971954,
0.24803371727466583,
0.32211482524871826,
-0.534796953201294,
-0.2644031047821045,
0.42462053894996643,
-0.7614588737487793,
0.24501079320907593,
-0.5881178975105286,
-0.21290871500968933,
0.7435935735702515,
-0.11776989698410034,
-0.38829106092453003,
-0.11839151382446289,
0.26393380761146545,
-0.603872537612915,
-0.51437908411026,
-0.5513284206390381,
0.22949476540088654,
-0.47864964604377747,
-0.2198546826839447,
-0.16046364605426788,
0.31012120842933655,
-0.0034312207717448473,
-0.1233484223484993,
-0.3603614866733551,
0.692207396030426,
0.25065290927886963,
-0.24058198928833008,
-0.15746349096298218,
0.23448523879051208,
0.03895864635705948,
0.2933247983455658,
-0.23927389085292816,
-0.3681476414203644,
0.006044486071914434,
-0.06771230697631836,
0.6074832677841187,
0.43696603178977966,
-0.11696101725101471,
-0.12277501076459885,
0.10105257481336594,
0.9565340876579285,
0.3784946799278259,
0.2098417729139328,
0.059779804199934006,
-0.6634941101074219,
0.06105978041887283,
0.3277086317539215,
-0.5937124490737915,
-0.035827044397592545,
0.5675739049911499,
0.07900124043226242,
0.13237905502319336,
0.37398916482925415,
-0.06543073803186417,
-0.6518703699111938,
-0.4067992568016052,
0.5327031016349792,
-0.0058036367408931255,
0.8374668955802917,
-0.28833162784576416,
-0.14181776344776154,
0.3550126254558563,
0.3446667194366455,
-0.0034133973531425,
-0.018875153735280037,
-0.248752161860466,
0.7188984751701355,
0.022709982469677925,
-1.0870840549468994,
0.2789963483810425,
0.2040153443813324,
-0.08814240247011185,
0.15302391350269318,
-0.11495809257030487,
0.3227481544017792,
-0.5309591293334961,
0.5172877311706543,
0.11449097841978073,
0.10811571776866913,
-0.1613992601633072,
-0.9990848302841187,
-0.47505098581314087,
-0.6078451871871948,
-0.11708252131938934,
-0.007235127501189709,
0.09902699291706085,
-0.0650123655796051,
0.12906908988952637,
-0.2890743613243103,
0.551047146320343,
0.6293885111808777,
0.18212786316871643,
0.39875149726867676,
-0.4331267774105072,
0.060445766896009445,
0.7041705250740051,
-0.12367010116577148,
-0.34197139739990234,
0.18869605660438538,
0.3994005024433136,
0.293550580739975,
0.02816714346408844,
0.36169010400772095,
-0.1938256025314331,
0.08701041340827942,
0.5237187147140503,
-0.582977294921875,
0.2921353578567505,
0.28623253107070923,
-0.09737198799848557,
-0.12406716495752335,
-0.2939394414424896,
0.16245396435260773,
-0.02646833471953869,
-0.2759837806224823,
0.45416200160980225,
0.1834033727645874,
0.14240969717502594,
-0.016087612137198448,
-0.061684850603342056,
0.45702651143074036,
0.049538303166627884,
0.17059257626533508,
-0.20596879720687866,
-0.6387658715248108,
-0.38003256916999817,
0.29671356081962585,
-0.25141146779060364,
-0.4935823976993561,
-0.21941913664340973,
-0.492513507604599,
-0.1671135276556015,
0.06734240055084229,
0.21568594872951508,
-0.06139150261878967,
0.3180590569972992,
-0.28678053617477417,
0.3723606467247009,
0.4894145727157593,
-0.042841311544179916,
-0.233382910490036,
0.5586616396903992,
-0.42411893606185913,
-0.4991527199745178,
-0.20033946633338928,
0.5737175345420837,
0.4385526776313782,
-0.3403722047805786,
-0.6904226541519165,
-0.012317179702222347,
-0.11874599009752274,
-0.08425619453191757,
-0.05859651416540146,
-0.19582882523536682,
-0.2955581247806549,
0.16735528409481049,
-0.020852969959378242,
-0.08209460973739624,
0.16648007929325104,
0.1882495880126953,
0.8362692594528198,
0.39267897605895996,
-0.10593810677528381,
0.2754780650138855,
0.10570856183767319,
0.5014626383781433,
-0.17013302445411682,
0.09758132696151733,
0.46139800548553467,
0.27502089738845825,
0.21075011789798737,
-0.5562171339988708,
-6.085679054260254,
-0.29550880193710327,
-0.3226527273654938,
-0.21069097518920898,
0.43336567282676697,
0.14950086176395416,
0.20541037619113922,
-0.5552555322647095,
0.2210753858089447,
0.25559985637664795,
-0.29324546456336975,
0.148855522274971,
-0.09722401201725006,
-0.019898636266589165,
-0.30899226665496826,
-0.20923355221748352,
-0.07797400653362274,
0.2926527261734009,
-0.22511199116706848,
-0.18647833168506622,
0.20844919979572296,
0.34819066524505615,
0.2857181429862976,
0.4723489284515381,
-0.006088721565902233,
0.5232825875282288,
-0.02101798914372921,
0.047437332570552826,
0.28858232498168945,
-0.5697242617607117,
-0.3665885329246521,
-0.15220105648040771,
-0.09776894003152847,
-0.4208167791366577,
0.09305975586175919,
0.25072240829467773,
0.42255938053131104,
-0.30210983753204346,
0.5200441479682922,
0.15903007984161377,
-0.18782609701156616,
0.0262550488114357,
0.29523518681526184,
-0.15426187217235565,
-0.13378985226154327,
-0.0586538203060627,
0.13665467500686646,
-0.43103837966918945,
-0.09729676693677902,
0.7264841794967651,
0.3200500011444092,
0.2541629672050476,
0.16944381594657898,
0.021067839115858078,
0.7906217575073242,
0.32645365595817566,
0.20472465455532074,
0.1889532208442688,
0.3010736405849457,
0.17717525362968445,
0.27244630455970764,
-0.17272691428661346,
-0.7156627178192139,
-0.2067461609840393,
-0.12569807469844818,
0.3100419044494629,
-0.23964464664459229,
0.0537615530192852,
1.0682367086410522,
-0.06049658730626106,
-0.22025592625141144,
-0.0071796150878071785,
0.20361997187137604,
-0.919417679309845,
-0.19829772412776947,
-0.23173630237579346,
0.22898420691490173,
0.2632223963737488,
-0.39908915758132935,
0.07087098062038422,
-0.1762356460094452,
0.3236294984817505,
0.016097357496619225,
-0.06591754406690598,
-0.1192399188876152,
-0.7187417149543762,
-0.513526976108551,
-0.08635075390338898,
-0.03742847964167595,
0.17544128000736237,
0.3444209694862366,
-0.4946340024471283,
-0.12596921622753143,
0.19383032619953156,
0.7403876781463623,
0.8300533890724182,
-0.0035649044439196587,
0.45847606658935547,
-0.11936594545841217,
-0.028953608125448227,
-0.09552717953920364,
-0.3908469080924988,
0.396444171667099,
-0.6426357626914978,
-0.40692436695098877,
-0.47710976004600525,
-0.02842085063457489,
0.21602536737918854,
0.29779213666915894,
-0.47139880061149597,
0.05710121989250183,
-0.6706369519233704,
-0.140722393989563,
-0.5841675400733948,
0.6182294487953186,
-0.18844813108444214,
0.42252352833747864,
0.9573222398757935,
0.4599458873271942,
-0.2703361213207245,
-0.15773029625415802,
0.27044832706451416,
-0.2782532274723053,
-0.18491260707378387,
-0.9023594856262207,
0.25241145491600037,
-0.42047831416130066,
-0.2220800518989563,
0.4914931356906891,
0.22742538154125214,
-0.642473578453064,
0.07091515511274338,
0.22758632898330688,
0.22291073203086853,
0.7665125727653503,
-0.5955052375793457,
-0.025958824902772903,
0.25087180733680725,
-0.17154908180236816,
-0.5238885879516602,
0.24675333499908447,
-0.5459687113761902,
-0.01909276843070984,
0.2530226409435272,
0.03435114771127701,
-0.2697371542453766,
-0.06818166375160217,
0.08526954799890518,
0.4140794277191162,
0.18731361627578735,
-0.08908523619174957,
0.04328162595629692,
0.7156831622123718,
-0.5020449757575989,
0.08932732045650482,
0.18524368107318878,
-0.2973434329032898,
-0.37504759430885315,
0.0572163388133049,
-0.08684974163770676,
0.23173116147518158,
-0.2987004518508911,
-0.7941657304763794,
-0.13735231757164001,
0.12862247228622437,
0.4740675687789917,
0.00013115764886606485,
-0.684504508972168,
-0.33060386776924133,
0.012669194489717484,
-0.058510325849056244,
-0.14613410830497742,
-0.03863999620079994,
0.033881776034832,
0.17253132164478302,
0.2357044816017151,
0.2588314414024353,
-0.3494795858860016,
0.4079838991165161,
-0.08757693320512772,
-0.11351780593395233,
-0.05150464177131653,
-0.2709697484970093,
0.08622445166110992,
0.27750664949417114,
-0.13620001077651978,
-0.15219245851039886,
-0.10624928772449493,
-0.36955079436302185,
-0.3387501537799835,
-0.11058153212070465,
0.28789177536964417,
0.18358618021011353,
0.07677026838064194,
0.19844430685043335,
-0.28671276569366455,
-0.004698665346950293,
-0.15985636413097382,
-0.0292996596544981,
-0.16584055125713348,
0.5764957070350647,
-0.07451970130205154,
-0.13254104554653168,
-0.14520299434661865,
0.5882697105407715,
-0.7231533527374268,
0.22121626138687134,
-0.07565946877002716,
-0.4181017577648163,
0.26004382967948914,
0.26614707708358765,
-0.14837726950645447,
0.2848874628543854,
-0.14298219978809357,
0.03397756069898605,
-0.24069692194461823,
0.38392579555511475,
-0.4182325005531311,
-0.2750149667263031,
-0.4450978934764862,
-0.75346839427948,
-0.4681251049041748,
-1.0121039152145386,
0.04221720993518829,
-0.7714092135429382,
-0.13268083333969116,
0.4690319001674652,
-0.7442340850830078,
0.40492087602615356,
0.0907457247376442,
-0.00990515761077404,
-0.10604666918516159,
-0.158321350812912,
-0.13837175071239471,
-0.31379103660583496,
-0.11421345174312592,
-0.1926141232252121,
-0.17487895488739014,
0.23284775018692017,
0.08644453436136246,
0.07366029918193817,
0.22134467959403992,
0.3525560200214386,
-0.29116353392601013,
-0.2345622032880783,
0.5252550840377808,
0.503327488899231,
-0.6170521974563599,
-0.2782922089099884,
0.25970059633255005,
0.6083982586860657,
-0.030945925042033195,
0.24056755006313324,
-0.08346113562583923,
-0.015047057531774044,
-0.9129742980003357,
-0.02406356669962406,
-0.2182198315858841,
-0.2887924015522003,
0.4258144497871399,
-0.06226439028978348,
0.04088210687041283,
-0.5422994494438171,
-0.5873637199401855,
-0.10916981846094131,
0.19520393013954163,
-0.4533083140850067,
-0.6235756874084473,
0.04200727492570877,
-0.1962243616580963,
-0.13566559553146362,
0.23912948369979858,
0.4509503245353699,
-0.055194202810525894,
0.10227515548467636,
0.10554086416959763,
-0.3430365324020386,
-0.5146296620368958,
-0.2052767127752304,
0.505383312702179,
0.09442660212516785,
0.924174964427948,
-0.5157238245010376,
-0.469242662191391,
0.5828533172607422,
-0.7333341836929321,
0.2863711416721344,
-0.19342666864395142,
0.12427685409784317,
0.025971153751015663,
-0.30308234691619873,
0.054198428988456726,
-0.39943185448646545,
0.46830543875694275,
0.0715363547205925,
-0.04044685512781143,
-0.03592256084084511,
0.07108993828296661,
-0.2697226107120514,
-0.6227453947067261,
-0.15515698492527008,
0.12800194323062897,
0.0377674475312233,
-0.4212007522583008,
0.06845293194055557,
-0.02619030699133873,
-0.24680784344673157,
-0.4182085692882538,
-0.12448464334011078,
0.15273475646972656,
0.7913480997085571,
-0.07171836495399475,
0.09544270485639572,
0.8734019994735718,
0.36261945962905884,
0.3038841187953949,
0.25788235664367676,
-0.20734935998916626,
-0.08146527409553528,
0.6008514761924744,
0.3841409981250763,
0.09835828095674515,
0.19939051568508148,
-0.25261205434799194,
-0.2599109411239624,
-0.22610008716583252,
0.05571788549423218,
0.38978293538093567,
0.4968862235546112,
0.8411470055580139,
0.6813682317733765,
-0.20808294415473938,
0.6851849555969238,
0.36112287640571594,
-0.4864022135734558,
-0.45724886655807495,
-0.25681614875793457,
-0.2528803050518036,
0.11802875250577927,
0.4063602685928345,
0.21058344841003418,
-0.08989206701517105,
-0.47714540362358093,
-0.02986358478665352,
0.12195977568626404,
0.1394461840391159,
0.6590175032615662,
-0.5400971174240112,
0.11727140843868256,
-0.017619991675019264,
-0.08193233609199524,
-0.07400830090045929,
-0.04533393308520317,
-0.1551920771598816,
0.4927476644515991,
0.01962154172360897,
-0.18893073499202728,
-0.11036904901266098,
0.26205602288246155,
0.023113492876291275,
-0.05996055155992508,
-0.16106730699539185,
0.32446399331092834,
0.26407721638679504,
0.27072569727897644,
0.06304541230201721,
-0.2376788854598999,
-0.07195169478654861,
0.586107611656189,
-0.3179091215133667,
-0.535493791103363,
0.19753088057041168,
-0.3152541220188141,
0.15850915014743805,
-0.38635018467903137,
-0.5146048069000244,
0.4907892644405365,
0.29361358284950256,
0.11074715107679367,
0.2752653658390045,
-0.858835756778717,
0.06477488577365875,
-0.2285442054271698,
-0.4266190230846405,
0.4215310513973236,
0.09128329902887344,
-0.29139718413352966,
0.021793700754642487,
-0.08189395070075989,
-0.5863107442855835,
0.3193889260292053,
-1.0302633047103882,
-0.3435109555721283,
0.19504694640636444,
-0.22509345412254333,
-0.671532928943634,
0.1507212072610855,
0.29812586307525635,
-0.21324273943901062,
0.495242178440094,
0.2965782880783081,
-0.5281193852424622,
0.1329917162656784,
0.3909569978713989,
-0.24546897411346436,
-0.32205304503440857,
-0.09918953478336334,
0.2915058732032776,
-1.0095146894454956,
0.31077173352241516,
0.34500426054000854,
0.3070395290851593,
0.22687602043151855,
0.26554036140441895,
0.2210794985294342,
-0.26220858097076416,
0.3718720078468323,
0.4260144829750061,
0.1483784168958664,
-0.6576521396636963,
0.2984965443611145,
-0.5246888995170593,
0.29682597517967224,
0.14926482737064362,
-0.022976446896791458,
-0.30983966588974,
-0.2905213236808777,
-0.5206862092018127,
-0.5806259512901306,
0.5615571737289429,
-0.1316874772310257,
0.08642637729644775,
0.2799093425273895,
0.13897836208343506,
-0.0722426027059555,
-0.4091109335422516,
0.32264429330825806,
0.8923333883285522,
0.49891212582588196,
-0.8289715647697449,
0.05477384477853775,
0.36423513293266296,
-0.19780609011650085,
0.5536085367202759,
-0.11034595221281052,
-0.11295951902866364,
0.04125271365046501,
-0.3716612756252289,
-0.5717965364456177,
0.6111230850219727,
-0.23693415522575378,
-0.6021398901939392,
0.6476508378982544,
-0.31084582209587097,
-0.2869032919406891,
-0.4311400055885315,
0.29375290870666504,
0.2383377104997635,
0.27025318145751953,
-0.21437087655067444
] |
236403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Neil%20%28politician%29 | Alex Neil (politician) | Alexander Neil (born 22 August 1951) is a Scottish politician who served as Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing from 2012 to 2014 and Cabinet Secretary for Social Justice, Communities and Pensioners' Rights from 2014 to 2016. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Airdrie and Shotts constituency from 2011 up until 2021 when he retired.
Early life and education
Neil was born in Ayrshire Central Hospital, Irvine, the son of Margaret (née Gunning) and Alexander Neil snr, a coalminer. He was brought up in Patna, Ayrshire, and became involved in Labour politics, joining the Labour Party in 1967, aged 16. He was educated at Ayr Academy, before attending the University of Dundee, where he studied economics. He served as chairman of the Scottish Organisation of Labour Students and later the UK-wide National Organisation of Labour Students.
Political career
Early years
After graduating with an MA (Hons) degree in 1973, Neil was appointed as the first-ever research officer for the Scottish Executive Committee of the Labour Party. In 1976, Neil, along with Jim Sillars and John Robertson, left the Labour Party to form the breakaway group, the Scottish Labour Party (SLP). Neil served as General Secretary of the SLP from 1976 to 1979. By 1979 the SLP had collapsed and Neil fell out of active politics until 1985 when he joined the Scottish National Party (SNP).
SNP
Neil would go on to become the SNP's Publicity Director, and then in charge of the party's policy, as well as a candidate in the 1989 Glasgow Central by-election and candidate in the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the 1992 and 1997 general elections.
Member of the Scottish Parliament
In 1999 he was elected SNP regional list MSP for Central Scotland in the first Scottish Parliament.
The following year he stood unsuccessfully in the hard-fought contest for the leadership of the SNP against John Swinney. Thereafter he was appointed chair of the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Committee, a role he kept on until 2003.
In 2003 he was re-elected as SNP MSP for Central Scotland to the Scottish Parliament.
In July 2004, Neil announced that he would not be a candidate in the impending contest for the leadership of the SNP, despite the fact that he believed he had considerable support within the party. He said that the reason for his decision was that senior figures in the party (such as MSP Fergus Ewing and former SNP leader Alex Salmond) had made it clear publicly that they would not work with him as leader.
In 2004 Neil was appointed chair of the Enterprise and Culture Committee. He was also a co-convenor of the Scottish Parliament's Cross-Party Group on the Scottish Economy.
Neil emerged as a leading supporter of former policewoman Shirley McKie as she bid to win compensation from the Scottish Government following her acquittal from perjury charges.
He was again re-elected as a regional MSP for Central Scotland in 2007. He sat on the European and External Relations Committee and the Finance Committee from 2007–2009, upon his promotion to Scottish Minister.
He voted for Brexit in the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the EU, and is the only SNP MSP to publicly admit doing so.
In August 2020 he announced that he would be standing down as an MSP at the upcoming 2021 Holyrood election.
Government Minister
In the first reshuffle of the SNP Government since it took office in 2007, Neil was appointed as the Minister for Housing and Communities in February 2009. In 2011 Neil defeated Karen Whitefield in the Airdrie and Shotts constituency, gaining a majority of 2001, a 5.5% swing from Labour to SNP. He was promoted to the Scottish Cabinet on 19 May 2011 by Alex Salmond to become the new Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure and Capital Investment after the SNP's landslide win in the 2011 Scottish election.
He was moved from that post to the post of Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing in September 2012. A month into this post, in an interview with Scotland on Sunday Neil spoke about the possibility of abortion laws being made in Scotland rather than Westminster, saying that politicians would have to consider the medical evidence.
In May 2014 Neil survived a vote of no confidence 57-67. Opposition MSPs had alleged he had acted improperly by cancelling changes to mental health provision when he took up his post as Health Secretary. After Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister of Scotland in November 2014, Neil was appointed to the new post of Cabinet Secretary for Social Justice, Communities and Pensioners' Rights. He resigned from the Government on 18 May 2016.
Awards
Neil has been honoured three times in the Scottish Politician of the Year awards organised by The Herald newspaper. In 2005, he was named "Donald Dewar Debater of the Year"; in 2017, he won the award in the "Committee Member of the Year" category; and in 2020, he was designated "best of the best" in the "Donald Dewar Debater of the Year" category.
Personal life
Neil is married to Isabella Kerr and together they have one son.
See also
Government of the 3rd Scottish Parliament
Government of the 4th Scottish Parliament
References
External links
Alex Neil on Twitter
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
1951 births
Living people
People from East Ayrshire
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Health ministers of Scotland
Scottish Labour Party (1976) politicians
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021 | [
0.6051111817359924,
0.10747306048870087,
0.4465973377227783,
-0.9016129374504089,
0.2868407964706421,
0.46148744225502014,
0.18360644578933716,
-0.4583636522293091,
-0.4624893069267273,
-0.015290308743715286,
-0.32764938473701477,
0.5137990713119507,
-0.343119353055954,
0.18260300159454346,
0.31114378571510315,
0.42059192061424255,
-0.13857904076576233,
0.43104153871536255,
-0.6624631881713867,
-0.03585203364491463,
-0.33905941247940063,
-0.20897099375724792,
0.5206541419029236,
0.4812120795249939,
-0.22873887419700623,
0.25919100642204285,
0.44937530159950256,
0.22263120114803314,
-0.02656814455986023,
-0.29140716791152954,
0.05288722366094589,
0.1728658378124237,
0.448146253824234,
-0.1519446074962616,
0.5311958193778992,
-0.165776327252388,
0.08450145274400711,
-0.34939149022102356,
-0.06907414644956589,
0.08522150665521622,
-0.7485682964324951,
0.32155656814575195,
-0.04899085313081741,
0.18874289095401764,
0.4022115170955658,
-0.5663326382637024,
-1.2168864011764526,
0.11343969404697418,
-0.08380349725484848,
0.09337817132472992,
-0.20290766656398773,
0.4087408781051636,
0.3639235198497772,
-0.6601108908653259,
0.1275242120027542,
0.10319886356592178,
-0.9635732173919678,
-0.46380674839019775,
-0.27480244636535645,
-0.3805162310600281,
0.21382424235343933,
0.0037669443991035223,
-0.35261526703834534,
0.13954980671405792,
0.8981119990348816,
0.05018553137779236,
0.09352635592222214,
0.8319534063339233,
-0.20128560066223145,
-0.1316126137971878,
-0.24963296949863434,
0.5754727721214294,
0.23783430457115173,
0.3550945520401001,
-0.1912788301706314,
-0.014782753773033619,
-0.24189865589141846,
-0.36721158027648926,
0.7590530514717102,
-0.08609294891357422,
0.10180588811635971,
-0.03337804600596428,
0.4268915057182312,
0.9559184312820435,
0.4793565571308136,
0.30692967772483826,
-0.30926892161369324,
0.6998946666717529,
0.046112820506095886,
0.5657824277877808,
-0.21706077456474304,
-0.420501708984375,
0.16131946444511414,
0.13970685005187988,
-0.12031790614128113,
-0.10131840407848358,
-0.10154972970485687,
-0.21936163306236267,
0.0036142112221568823,
-0.7754234075546265,
-0.11285671591758728,
0.37142759561538696,
-0.007040278986096382,
-1.0307283401489258,
-0.25839972496032715,
0.24890242516994476,
-0.4476338028907776,
-0.49241653084754944,
-0.35124295949935913,
-0.08790125697851181,
-0.44917285442352295,
0.0051664914935827255,
-0.3960152864456177,
0.16273032128810883,
0.9921913743019104,
0.6669683456420898,
0.392346054315567,
-0.7804220914840698,
-0.6553868651390076,
0.12271207571029663,
0.13783212006092072,
0.2727202773094177,
-0.5172511339187622,
0.2946489751338959,
-0.4966791570186615,
-0.05214060842990875,
0.2572228014469147,
-0.3742300570011139,
-0.19149987399578094,
0.5657227635383606,
0.7231533527374268,
1.0881690979003906,
-1.1258741617202759,
0.14206939935684204,
-0.6774124503135681,
0.36772820353507996,
0.5552328824996948,
-0.022884827107191086,
0.007108212914317846,
0.49158892035484314,
-0.10936776548624039,
-0.11003027856349945,
0.34483468532562256,
-0.5712429285049438,
0.0850270465016365,
-0.21406729519367218,
0.058861859142780304,
-0.3197556436061859,
-0.30872708559036255,
-0.0739297941327095,
0.5595055818557739,
0.15110716223716736,
-0.005598064977675676,
-0.2077971249818802,
-0.34920749068260193,
0.6554263830184937,
0.8596093058586121,
-0.04355987533926964,
-0.03976663202047348,
0.02364698238670826,
0.4225887954235077,
-0.18772085011005402,
-0.31405866146087646,
0.34050893783569336,
0.8470149040222168,
-0.03177666664123535,
0.14273184537887573,
-0.5779101848602295,
0.15914477407932281,
0.32010817527770996,
-0.18023812770843506,
-0.21623504161834717,
0.23223485052585602,
-0.375117689371109,
0.41190192103385925,
-0.48867231607437134,
0.09557546675205231,
0.2762790620326996,
0.2749866247177124,
-0.3130679130554199,
-0.8037014603614807,
-0.6043131351470947,
0.005522883962839842,
0.2190159261226654,
1.0682789087295532,
-0.10071584582328796,
-0.023378970101475716,
-0.31043899059295654,
0.6892351508140564,
0.15912437438964844,
-0.4576319754123688,
-1.1498304605484009,
0.6922826170921326,
-0.27291643619537354,
0.43770021200180054,
-0.022851118817925453,
0.26149511337280273,
0.953440248966217,
-0.3437942862510681,
0.9207573533058167,
-0.10194925218820572,
0.17451561987400055,
-0.30193889141082764,
-0.31552985310554504,
-0.34397971630096436,
0.00004030940908705816,
0.48206037282943726,
-0.06717558205127716,
-0.38154393434524536,
0.9981580376625061,
0.08717352151870728,
-0.4971865117549896,
-0.5569138526916504,
0.2600417137145996,
-0.1494961977005005,
-0.4361184537410736,
0.06570495665073395,
-0.6789549589157104,
-0.169630765914917,
0.1307545304298401,
0.6465102434158325,
0.5119454860687256,
-0.0717606469988823,
0.5859074592590332,
0.19219502806663513,
0.5839466452598572,
0.6659361720085144,
0.07561556994915009,
-0.08328598737716675,
-0.9966023564338684,
0.09765896201133728,
0.037719786167144775,
-0.08509041368961334,
-0.6307058334350586,
-0.5037128925323486,
-0.05141565576195717,
-0.4487961232662201,
-0.06525805592536926,
-0.25752753019332886,
-0.30637821555137634,
0.45250198245048523,
-0.16679607331752777,
-0.4546414613723755,
0.07570934295654297,
0.06195230036973953,
0.5782825946807861,
-0.6168111562728882,
0.24034348130226135,
0.4176338016986847,
0.47372132539749146,
0.03915610909461975,
0.12136019766330719,
0.45677879452705383,
0.2570371925830841,
0.49447906017303467,
0.03376293182373047,
0.12459303438663483,
-0.0250265933573246,
0.17589335143566132,
0.41315957903862,
-0.38378387689590454,
-0.13229450583457947,
0.38816389441490173,
-0.11377622187137604,
-0.1254904568195343,
0.07742004096508026,
-0.6173890233039856,
-0.8238335251808167,
-0.060008563101291656,
-0.2939164936542511,
0.20771680772304535,
-0.5839257836341858,
-0.3068254292011261,
-0.001758741564117372,
0.29793620109558105,
-0.29292747378349304,
0.4224620759487152,
0.22732104361057281,
-0.15072712302207947,
-0.5722711086273193,
0.6024081707000732,
1.0710535049438477,
-0.33816879987716675,
-0.17852629721164703,
-0.2304716855287552,
0.4102471172809601,
-0.12533681094646454,
0.34894970059394836,
-0.16520904004573822,
0.2110053300857544,
0.249588280916214,
0.6087100505828857,
-0.09846659749746323,
0.33460533618927,
-0.03732196241617203,
0.20514123141765594,
0.21486376225948334,
-0.4108962416648865,
0.425563246011734,
-0.34302234649658203,
-0.10356110334396362,
0.057364366948604584,
0.2858263850212097,
-0.15593087673187256,
0.35128721594810486,
-0.3458280563354492,
-0.10321342200040817,
-0.6249117851257324,
-5.337305545806885,
-0.2302437424659729,
-0.5370750427246094,
-0.12413579225540161,
0.31955090165138245,
-0.07281159609556198,
0.49837538599967957,
-0.36067044734954834,
0.23142094910144806,
-0.23921024799346924,
0.4604251980781555,
0.1368236243724823,
0.2386993020772934,
0.5981987714767456,
0.8605562448501587,
0.6647803783416748,
0.6952294111251831,
-0.43517637252807617,
1.0010595321655273,
-0.20056220889091492,
0.09527821838855743,
-0.05561080202460289,
-0.9435514211654663,
0.5309763550758362,
0.08326051384210587,
0.559078574180603,
-0.37396231293678284,
-0.11146529763936996,
-0.7807868123054504,
-0.41282957792282104,
0.21582311391830444,
0.3046548366546631,
0.034835562109947205,
0.20768964290618896,
0.02391224540770054,
-0.3718181848526001,
0.4486527740955353,
0.264706015586853,
-0.146169513463974,
-0.5535253882408142,
0.25104084610939026,
0.3670569956302643,
-0.5361835956573486,
-0.07577449828386307,
0.2661379277706146,
-0.5467039346694946,
-0.600750207901001,
0.21409863233566284,
-0.6600555181503296,
0.7772085666656494,
-0.15241031348705292,
0.1951749324798584,
0.07599607110023499,
-0.21397513151168823,
-0.4848969280719757,
0.3075118362903595,
0.15879695117473602,
0.23180529475212097,
-0.6452991366386414,
0.6822242736816406,
-0.031832724809646606,
-0.5507509708404541,
0.5176819562911987,
-0.013316672295331955,
-0.11854639649391174,
0.22487536072731018,
-0.3204055726528168,
-0.6736799478530884,
-0.020596599206328392,
-0.4802510142326355,
-0.7658622860908508,
-0.10880891233682632,
-0.09204966574907303,
-1.1918412446975708,
-0.29313406348228455,
-0.564226508140564,
-0.07548455148935318,
0.6443234086036682,
0.008818124420940876,
-0.3724413812160492,
0.21070930361747742,
-0.6465742588043213,
0.2536231279373169,
0.8840759992599487,
0.09232242405414581,
-0.11448805779218674,
-0.3066266179084778,
0.36798980832099915,
-0.20839020609855652,
-0.47907331585884094,
0.11641692370176315,
-0.7642400860786438,
-0.10949243605136871,
0.5835597515106201,
0.36769866943359375,
-0.05882219970226288,
0.19148826599121094,
0.20485439896583557,
0.002151281340047717,
-0.3557538688182831,
-0.37213799357414246,
-0.12005103379487991,
-0.5731921792030334,
-0.9067102074623108,
0.0697680339217186,
0.23820732533931732,
-0.37676340341567993,
-0.19787032902240753,
-0.3499066233634949,
-0.03607645630836487,
-0.15982085466384888,
-0.22307775914669037,
-0.3713153600692749,
0.20061925053596497,
-0.021726485341787338,
-0.42479124665260315,
-0.27883774042129517,
0.42333731055259705,
0.6956441402435303,
1.0977410078048706,
0.05843457579612732,
0.20373238623142242,
-0.020985720679163933,
-0.22666968405246735,
0.1583775281906128,
-0.7157623767852783,
0.943446934223175,
-0.018036887049674988,
0.031810540705919266,
0.40940937399864197,
0.8079414963722229,
1.0586938858032227,
0.3507322669029236,
-0.3361758589744568,
0.147449791431427,
-0.30462145805358887,
-0.0634482353925705,
-0.07023479789495468,
0.09973526000976562,
0.17166590690612793,
0.07297847419977188,
0.10666825622320175,
0.006803205236792564,
0.21620173752307892,
0.37902259826660156,
0.22387969493865967,
0.4427679479122162,
0.6362304091453552,
-0.15181808173656464,
0.660163164138794,
-0.3609258830547333,
-0.029738236218690872,
0.28905385732650757,
-1.0412616729736328,
0.2487133890390396,
0.038687121123075485,
-0.24646654725074768,
-0.10590097308158875,
0.09120117127895355,
-0.8347992300987244,
-0.12401711195707321,
0.5030733346939087,
-1.2688394784927368,
-0.19712704420089722,
0.24052344262599945,
0.12249767780303955,
-1.035253882408142,
-0.7400891780853271,
-0.1338759809732437,
0.882577121257782,
-0.10237943381071091,
0.08464952558279037,
-0.24498561024665833,
-0.3509174585342407,
-0.2008800208568573,
-0.2961105406284332,
0.10167691856622696,
-0.16320952773094177,
-0.4505016505718231,
0.2845623195171356,
-0.025846857577562332,
0.6377016305923462,
-0.3659454584121704,
0.16252388060092926,
0.5612666606903076,
-0.4107832908630371,
-0.4282552897930145,
-0.9313353896141052,
0.05258945748209953,
0.4813232123851776,
0.37079644203186035,
0.022919295355677605,
0.4570698142051697,
0.4003583788871765,
-0.5670482516288757,
0.23623931407928467,
0.12989024817943573,
-0.9080315232276917,
-0.2585318684577942,
-0.9321720004081726,
-0.14962801337242126,
0.3014606237411499,
-0.12484996020793915,
-0.15646429359912872,
-0.3574548065662384,
-0.8726219534873962,
-0.17012467980384827,
0.36126577854156494,
-0.2503315806388855,
0.410089910030365,
-0.2494213879108429,
-0.3628266751766205,
0.1378161460161209,
0.24639330804347992,
-0.7320194840431213,
0.38194119930267334,
-0.34473076462745667,
0.22417491674423218,
-0.6884399056434631,
-0.6534662246704102,
-0.757183849811554,
-0.22004857659339905,
-0.6078660488128662,
0.07993108034133911,
-0.1426638811826706,
-0.4143940508365631,
0.46310991048812866,
-0.6117375493049622,
0.3843807876110077,
0.05295374616980553,
-0.7050456404685974,
-0.12441414594650269,
0.1369510442018509,
0.03030618280172348,
-0.10730006545782089,
0.17433297634124756,
-0.1154995933175087,
0.7292722463607788,
0.6878922581672668,
0.4347492456436157,
0.034174561500549316,
1.0256738662719727,
0.7120189070701599,
-1.081636667251587,
0.12181732803583145,
0.09380080550909042,
0.7601168751716614,
-0.8253294825553894,
-0.3296293020248413,
0.5186708569526672,
0.8126842975616455,
-0.10003546625375748,
-0.1519881933927536,
-0.3732462227344513,
0.278215616941452,
-0.5694593191146851,
-0.04932362586259842,
-0.16977402567863464,
0.4018259048461914,
-0.29869022965431213,
0.11463678628206253,
-0.06800871342420578,
-0.09362901747226715,
0.15097123384475708,
0.6084368228912354,
0.6797953844070435,
0.3641960322856903,
-0.3931621313095093,
0.19315603375434875,
-0.21144114434719086,
-0.6941397190093994,
-0.5764641165733337,
0.2669958770275116,
0.2524658143520355,
-0.3575780391693115,
-0.4766509532928467,
0.04356931895017624,
-0.7392274737358093,
0.1531263291835785,
-0.2133791148662567,
-0.47672730684280396,
0.24134649336338043,
0.3380301892757416,
-0.5484585165977478,
0.028318313881754875,
-0.6846927404403687,
0.4749721586704254,
-0.07847023755311966,
-0.19770871102809906,
-0.058347612619400024,
0.15656861662864685,
-0.48973390460014343,
-0.8706195950508118,
-0.1639297604560852,
-0.42469125986099243,
0.1732870489358902,
-0.26780813932418823,
0.03538056090474129,
-0.42522597312927246,
-0.139441579580307,
-0.6221454739570618,
0.7746636271476746,
0.015184617601335049,
0.5416245460510254,
-0.34642717242240906,
0.18358629941940308,
-0.14991232752799988,
-0.3649657666683197,
0.1051989495754242,
0.13019134104251862,
0.31068775057792664,
-0.1542246788740158,
0.6813777089118958,
0.6008853912353516,
-0.8368781208992004,
-0.5078126192092896,
-0.055334512144327164,
-0.7918301820755005,
0.39048847556114197,
0.23487511277198792,
-0.4562283158302307,
0.4483698904514313,
0.09693394601345062,
0.050709955394268036,
0.4913398325443268,
0.7177423238754272,
-0.07278317958116531,
0.7202812433242798,
0.5133160948753357,
0.5818491578102112,
-0.17762133479118347,
0.609322190284729,
-0.037678856402635574,
0.8265211582183838,
-0.4850248098373413,
0.22962148487567902,
0.21756230294704437,
-0.3831081986427307,
0.0901559442281723,
0.3273697793483734,
-0.05998456850647926,
0.5378035306930542,
0.08321978896856308,
-0.037840794771909714,
0.2302878051996231,
0.19788579642772675,
-0.3294430673122406,
0.1798602044582367,
0.36334994435310364,
-0.021707121282815933,
0.09980251640081406,
-0.3824376165866852,
-0.10113733261823654,
-0.5931321382522583,
-0.6427650451660156,
0.38909149169921875,
0.359138548374176,
-0.8104391694068909,
-0.1443575918674469,
0.262666791677475,
-0.10789854824542999,
0.11225875467061996,
0.19494375586509705,
0.4749581515789032,
-0.3181469440460205,
-0.5011312961578369,
0.6456221342086792,
-0.6918372511863708,
0.3739211857318878,
0.5827261209487915,
0.4956059455871582,
-0.16070784628391266,
-0.5755192637443542,
0.27025124430656433,
0.5666286945343018,
-0.6526713967323303,
0.5500884056091309,
-0.41475987434387207,
-0.6499097347259521,
0.4031676948070526,
-0.3872257471084595,
0.48528918623924255,
-0.3383379876613617,
-0.7877976298332214,
-0.3222756087779999,
0.690326452255249,
-0.5763331055641174,
0.125194251537323,
-0.11477881669998169,
-0.2739768624305725,
0.2533586323261261,
-0.012422839179635048,
-0.12195731699466705,
0.23742695152759552,
-0.6764004230499268,
-0.24322259426116943,
-0.36273643374443054,
0.7252709269523621,
0.9958229064941406,
0.6434640288352966,
-0.26012101769447327,
-0.13901901245117188,
-0.18095815181732178,
0.8028260469436646,
-0.08842936158180237,
0.5062447190284729,
-0.5607011318206787,
0.057027656584978104,
-0.08882154524326324,
0.027076691389083862,
0.17192614078521729,
0.6081850528717041,
0.09805431962013245,
0.5970476269721985,
0.0933217853307724,
0.43147507309913635,
0.9332499504089355,
-0.7961606383323669,
-0.3819522559642792,
-0.3483034670352936,
0.13240297138690948,
-0.19297672808170319,
0.5971024036407471,
0.18776357173919678,
-0.2902160882949829,
-0.14955352246761322,
-0.07746326178312302,
0.5053743720054626,
0.03548533469438553,
0.614031970500946,
-0.5935224294662476,
0.2886080741882324,
-0.15950337052345276,
-0.19256147742271423,
-0.4338434934616089,
0.346575528383255,
0.07235845178365707,
0.7565506100654602,
0.1546545773744583,
-0.17129017412662506,
-0.15303346514701843,
-0.2647354006767273,
0.4492376148700714,
0.19495202600955963,
0.11851305514574051,
0.2683321237564087,
0.22717499732971191,
-0.5786749720573425,
-0.34170541167259216,
-0.6657232046127319,
0.07530444860458374,
-0.7293393015861511,
0.2685093581676483,
-0.48177385330200195,
0.44263049960136414,
-0.1367528885602951,
-0.12810948491096497,
-0.3877136707305908,
-0.027066200971603394,
-0.43042171001434326
] |
236408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Axelrod | Robert Axelrod | Robert Marshall Axelrod (born May 27, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on the evolution of cooperation. His current research interests include complexity theory (especially agent-based modeling), international security, and cyber security. His research includes innovative approaches to explaining conflict of interest, the emergence of norms, how game theory is used to study cooperation, and cross-disciplinary studies on evolutionary processes.
Biography
Axelrod received his B.A. in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1964. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. in political science from Yale University for a thesis entitled Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1968 until 1974.
Among his honors and awards are membership in the National Academy of Sciences, a five-year MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences for an outstanding contribution to science. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985. In 1990 Axelrod was awarded the inaugural NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War from the National Academy of Sciences.
Recently Axelrod has consulted and lectured on promoting cooperation and harnessing complexity for the United Nations, the World Bank, the U.S. Department of Defense, and various organizations serving health care professionals, business leaders, and K–12 educators.
Axelrod was the President of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for the 2006–2007 term. He focused his term on the theme of interdisciplinarity.
In May 2006, Axelrod was awarded an honorary degree by Georgetown University. In 2013, he was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science. In 2014, President Barack Obama presented Axelrod with a National Medal of Science. On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.
Bibliography
Books
Journal articles
Axelrod, Robert; Atran, S, Davis, R (2007) Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution, Science (317)
See also
Cognitive map
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Prisoner's dilemma
References
1943 births
American political scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Game theorists
International relations scholars
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy faculty
Yale University 1960s alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Jefferson Science Fellows | [
-0.2095102220773697,
0.6761258244514465,
-0.6589140295982361,
0.18292969465255737,
0.2807891368865967,
0.7479856014251709,
0.13030904531478882,
-0.4571777880191803,
-0.3726980686187744,
0.1903284639120102,
0.013577609322965145,
0.5362406373023987,
-0.1036936342716217,
0.054075419902801514,
0.2576439380645752,
-0.17015865445137024,
-0.2212492972612381,
-0.2321145385503769,
-0.4781952202320099,
-0.03282501548528671,
-0.3140812814235687,
-0.21757051348686218,
0.03149736672639847,
0.43793582916259766,
-0.2524763345718384,
0.5055948495864868,
0.026587164029479027,
-0.5451043248176575,
-0.2787649929523468,
-0.15398938953876495,
-0.27742844820022583,
0.0841546282172203,
0.45841485261917114,
0.0973454937338829,
-0.24535144865512848,
0.3395563066005707,
-0.2902294397354126,
-0.39367735385894775,
-0.14330892264842987,
0.4601137042045593,
-0.11970370262861252,
0.29864129424095154,
-0.00171268277335912,
-0.2164199948310852,
0.09871207922697067,
-0.369127482175827,
-2.031097888946533,
0.17105260491371155,
-0.4455546736717224,
-0.36672502756118774,
-0.0787704735994339,
0.370474636554718,
0.4489400088787079,
-0.06839053332805634,
0.27681341767311096,
-0.13628068566322327,
-0.48058652877807617,
0.18148255348205566,
-0.18813012540340424,
-0.684562087059021,
0.32557687163352966,
-0.3307403028011322,
0.48650509119033813,
-0.29309749603271484,
0.838869571685791,
0.347592294216156,
0.1739160269498825,
0.5898848176002502,
-0.4949682354927063,
0.20089535415172577,
-0.3143116235733032,
0.2062879204750061,
0.3420730233192444,
-0.018969576805830002,
0.5424978137016296,
-0.4439963400363922,
0.03987448662519455,
0.6111458539962769,
-0.2697645127773285,
-0.08473677188158035,
0.09201449155807495,
-0.05786500498652458,
0.4994702935218811,
0.22251257300376892,
0.2363215833902359,
0.15915915369987488,
-0.689740002155304,
0.6321623921394348,
-0.29623275995254517,
-0.2970871329307556,
-0.6858469247817993,
-0.1901063621044159,
0.23319219052791595,
-0.10024593025445938,
0.00818528700619936,
-0.42470088601112366,
0.5731478929519653,
0.435558021068573,
-0.1345122903585434,
-0.04447171837091446,
-0.15691101551055908,
-0.47504398226737976,
0.7327459454536438,
-0.05067209526896477,
-0.13913720846176147,
-0.30024632811546326,
0.09182913601398468,
-0.17024710774421692,
-0.10247953981161118,
-1.2543107271194458,
-0.5323507189750671,
0.6510897874832153,
-0.15009161829948425,
-0.17083708941936493,
0.03370291739702225,
0.8659358620643616,
0.036506060510873795,
-0.3466721475124359,
-0.40565091371536255,
-0.0409279465675354,
-0.21054600179195404,
0.6807907223701477,
-0.3190493881702423,
0.05047052353620529,
-0.6328674554824829,
-0.13976061344146729,
-0.09613379836082458,
0.032756175845861435,
-0.6289266347885132,
0.36360931396484375,
0.08819059282541275,
0.6658583879470825,
-0.17510761320590973,
0.1874471753835678,
-1.0120469331741333,
0.4517970383167267,
0.5302060842514038,
-0.11266062408685684,
-0.2673366367816925,
0.8777187466621399,
-0.2725944221019745,
0.001301330397836864,
-1.2679005861282349,
-0.29645755887031555,
0.34435009956359863,
-0.1674618422985077,
-0.0247398242354393,
0.13368599116802216,
0.24279285967350006,
0.34536001086235046,
-0.22040212154388428,
0.6730449199676514,
-0.18713265657424927,
-0.30815017223358154,
-0.18367043137550354,
0.7816763520240784,
0.3354119062423706,
0.17723442614078522,
0.7028754353523254,
0.25813189148902893,
0.32231712341308594,
-0.08766112476587296,
-0.10255702584981918,
0.32223159074783325,
0.4867437183856964,
-0.2393895983695984,
0.6369759440422058,
-0.5420483350753784,
0.04205412045121193,
0.35593265295028687,
-0.2563788890838623,
0.029793232679367065,
0.5787294507026672,
-0.0007561936508864164,
0.36513954401016235,
0.10909087210893631,
0.3536798059940338,
0.0939585268497467,
0.38504865765571594,
0.10242655128240585,
-0.3514634966850281,
-0.81489497423172,
-0.2537362277507782,
0.11703849583864212,
0.30003005266189575,
-0.13424520194530487,
0.2272421270608902,
-0.32130321860313416,
0.9332755208015442,
-0.2557857632637024,
-0.536618709564209,
-0.5020054578781128,
0.07287819683551788,
-0.14019794762134552,
0.895027756690979,
0.21677565574645996,
-0.1626567393541336,
0.43095606565475464,
-0.48415517807006836,
0.7757859826087952,
-0.44234177470207214,
-0.6930246353149414,
-0.05087250471115112,
-0.5684154629707336,
0.4323394298553467,
1.55401611328125,
0.3711601495742798,
-0.11780008673667908,
0.19258590042591095,
0.6367321610450745,
0.07602513581514359,
-0.33874398469924927,
0.20556429028511047,
0.7392007112503052,
-0.29600492119789124,
-0.7963703870773315,
-0.06672949343919754,
-0.3216584324836731,
0.17996200919151306,
-0.5724879503250122,
1.009509563446045,
0.6355002522468567,
-0.12877865135669708,
0.8501983284950256,
-0.25386276841163635,
0.6829054355621338,
0.1593915820121765,
0.20722132921218872,
-0.06721104681491852,
-0.4806002974510193,
0.38785651326179504,
0.7754406332969666,
-0.09984967112541199,
-0.82771235704422,
0.1758592128753662,
0.32144516706466675,
0.11471555382013321,
-0.3304579257965088,
-0.1408592015504837,
-0.42349350452423096,
0.5206145644187927,
0.5158672332763672,
-0.5653828382492065,
0.470279723405838,
-0.13167043030261993,
0.11319071054458618,
0.3377600610256195,
0.22939176857471466,
-0.42658641934394836,
0.05403105542063713,
-0.12566065788269043,
0.4893777370452881,
0.5258097648620605,
-0.5164197087287903,
-0.1242109015583992,
0.2842089831829071,
-0.08510971069335938,
0.4151604175567627,
0.4547687768936157,
0.28988736867904663,
0.42652708292007446,
-0.12480326741933823,
-0.5191277265548706,
-0.3224729895591736,
-0.19647493958473206,
0.35576507449150085,
0.20760051906108856,
-0.4324217438697815,
0.1381923407316208,
0.046493906527757645,
-0.2046908587217331,
-0.5991235971450806,
-0.2021215558052063,
-1.3091905117034912,
-0.1613864004611969,
-0.10630273073911667,
-0.23161038756370544,
0.0024403196293860674,
-0.708365797996521,
-0.7862184047698975,
0.6583968997001648,
0.8901458978652954,
-0.3265090882778168,
0.08322549611330032,
0.30006229877471924,
-0.3995588719844818,
-0.1598578691482544,
-0.30879220366477966,
0.42946404218673706,
0.10017265379428864,
-0.45962783694267273,
0.5458772778511047,
-0.07361789047718048,
0.47596561908721924,
-0.0726204439997673,
0.4619952440261841,
0.30128589272499084,
-0.5154076218605042,
-0.0017503553535789251,
0.17717620730400085,
-0.3521334230899811,
-0.0846404954791069,
-0.19407403469085693,
0.6855534315109253,
0.5405568480491638,
-0.04905099794268608,
0.21092844009399414,
-0.15476344525814056,
-5.1946516036987305,
-0.4766250252723694,
0.24481765925884247,
-0.5932316780090332,
0.2227635383605957,
0.7643300890922546,
0.39583566784858704,
0.0553017184138298,
0.267341673374176,
-0.3367365002632141,
0.13754580914974213,
-0.25331780314445496,
-0.34385108947753906,
0.839318573474884,
0.6013908982276917,
0.5045138001441956,
0.6832422018051147,
-0.013703830540180206,
0.24140019714832306,
0.3913593292236328,
-0.005912913009524345,
0.01358454767614603,
-0.4407201111316681,
0.28030863404273987,
-0.22608071565628052,
0.42424386739730835,
-0.9562273621559143,
0.2139817178249359,
-0.7878443598747253,
-0.2929600775241852,
0.3817974627017975,
-0.2733336389064789,
-0.40788042545318604,
-0.2752341628074646,
-0.1212712973356247,
0.09157751500606537,
0.5435160398483276,
0.5610566735267639,
0.23185017704963684,
0.06687960773706436,
0.03202218562364578,
-0.014337471686303616,
-0.6629983186721802,
-0.060590267181396484,
-0.09120117872953415,
-0.15673065185546875,
-0.30142882466316223,
-0.40845176577568054,
-0.6255912184715271,
0.3889451324939728,
-0.13967514038085938,
0.4266778230667114,
0.980319619178772,
-0.17501741647720337,
0.31157273054122925,
0.178541898727417,
0.14887382090091705,
-0.21960245072841644,
-0.3114038109779358,
0.5023434162139893,
0.27275893092155457,
-0.5267338752746582,
0.25273972749710083,
-0.13168804347515106,
-0.29736289381980896,
-0.7130601406097412,
0.13226288557052612,
0.4403144121170044,
0.26550590991973877,
-0.6016948819160461,
-0.2355010211467743,
1.33234441280365,
0.03470256179571152,
-1.4792732000350952,
-0.14665862917900085,
-0.6914258599281311,
0.38866233825683594,
0.026033038273453712,
-1.0043872594833374,
-0.45205289125442505,
-0.024803142994642258,
-0.1738855093717575,
-0.17537270486354828,
0.7786504626274109,
0.20210117101669312,
-0.026530932635068893,
-0.30124959349632263,
0.29292839765548706,
-0.1221921294927597,
-0.026503801345825195,
-0.28990402817726135,
-0.11819062381982803,
0.28946810960769653,
-0.23848620057106018,
0.2592048943042755,
0.0996859073638916,
0.17252512276172638,
0.12333023548126221,
0.4757082164287567,
-0.30624833703041077,
-0.5441337823867798,
-0.16391485929489136,
-0.3303873538970947,
-0.8658538460731506,
-0.09777174890041351,
-0.3247504234313965,
0.1339178830385208,
0.2112552374601364,
0.40668001770973206,
0.3652040362358093,
-0.6419667601585388,
0.5002282857894897,
-0.48978137969970703,
-0.5728688836097717,
0.21184854209423065,
0.5942790508270264,
-0.5981951951980591,
-0.04260867089033127,
0.4884963929653168,
0.3306221067905426,
-0.35129761695861816,
0.21355180442333221,
0.1452503800392151,
0.427517831325531,
0.03731387481093407,
-0.3070969581604004,
0.11884903162717819,
-0.4072434902191162,
-0.6310037970542908,
-0.07758612185716629,
0.08405858278274536,
0.9009625315666199,
-0.09873691946268082,
-0.11616215854883194,
-0.16573087871074677,
-0.15546618402004242,
-0.260900616645813,
0.09975427389144897,
-0.15779846906661987,
-0.044091641902923584,
0.16603921353816986,
-0.05118296295404434,
0.12635043263435364,
0.0929381251335144,
-0.3255349099636078,
-0.16313010454177856,
-0.016122538596391678,
0.7555935382843018,
-0.22564366459846497,
0.8214934468269348,
0.2197123020887375,
-0.32285571098327637,
0.5609084963798523,
-0.5445358753204346,
0.09952041506767273,
-0.005260274279862642,
-0.031286805868148804,
-0.05191778764128685,
0.09521522372961044,
-0.0281780194491148,
0.10894996672868729,
0.08102128654718399,
-0.999380886554718,
-0.37597978115081787,
-0.09312479943037033,
0.022745346650481224,
-0.603836715221405,
-0.19962185621261597,
-0.32062461972236633,
0.441947340965271,
-0.017489932477474213,
-0.999792218208313,
-0.15452639758586884,
-0.5788293480873108,
-0.007821070961654186,
-0.18987983465194702,
0.19729505479335785,
-0.18505798280239105,
0.1281072050333023,
0.03201229125261307,
0.400861918926239,
0.09302676469087601,
-0.6369510293006897,
0.4927915334701538,
0.5928399562835693,
-0.09046529978513718,
-0.5202666521072388,
-0.4238915741443634,
-0.21474973857402802,
0.08408348262310028,
0.5826897025108337,
-0.4515114426612854,
0.42850661277770996,
0.6309983134269714,
-0.18800568580627441,
-0.050790250301361084,
-0.08804071694612503,
-0.7915250062942505,
-0.7534130811691284,
-0.43254855275154114,
-0.05065327137708664,
0.20661446452140808,
0.01690349355340004,
0.1436920166015625,
-0.17753718793392181,
-0.751301646232605,
-0.2609200179576874,
0.3978312015533447,
-0.04783562198281288,
0.7962632775306702,
-0.6671603322029114,
-0.08319821953773499,
-0.1834888905286789,
-0.03275946155190468,
-0.14334964752197266,
0.18033367395401,
0.6381859183311462,
-0.2420094758272171,
-0.6452160477638245,
-0.06354007124900818,
-0.4811951220035553,
-0.24867624044418335,
0.013146910816431046,
-0.2296057492494583,
0.058240171521902084,
-0.255203515291214,
-0.007825702428817749,
-0.15798801183700562,
0.8373917937278748,
-0.5419712066650391,
-0.5992059707641602,
-0.5291764140129089,
-0.12445072084665298,
0.05883345007896423,
-0.308720201253891,
-0.1651322841644287,
0.24147555232048035,
1.0341414213180542,
-0.4220898747444153,
-0.214774489402771,
0.5239506363868713,
0.6548440456390381,
0.5823254585266113,
-0.022131890058517456,
0.20350593328475952,
0.06348975002765656,
0.6673926115036011,
-0.6948567032814026,
-0.2927026152610779,
0.5819473266601562,
0.6193543672561646,
0.21487270295619965,
-0.5905697345733643,
0.17087949812412262,
1.0347057580947876,
-0.2004288285970688,
-0.003808286739513278,
-0.2261505126953125,
0.08710511028766632,
-0.17053765058517456,
-0.30221566557884216,
0.03278379514813423,
-0.3608158230781555,
-0.08881092071533203,
-0.3393537700176239,
-0.019200189039111137,
0.05688166618347168,
-0.02407262474298477,
0.6727644205093384,
-0.49811044335365295,
-0.5232764482498169,
-0.40154579281806946,
-0.3008650243282318,
0.5194303393363953,
-0.2936951220035553,
0.6875263452529907,
0.6873481273651123,
0.10574284195899963,
-0.14146700501441956,
-0.11154069751501083,
0.21298110485076904,
0.2677639424800873,
-0.019105350598692894,
-0.5587199330329895,
0.036117613315582275,
-0.30028536915779114,
0.26672089099884033,
-0.003009791485965252,
-0.17057445645332336,
-0.488646537065506,
-0.6880124807357788,
0.1487148255109787,
-0.6711304187774658,
-0.21727143228054047,
-0.5519981384277344,
-0.2799023687839508,
-0.10134683549404144,
0.982062041759491,
-0.33928173780441284,
-0.18956682085990906,
-0.3876790702342987,
0.6748495697975159,
-0.02238122560083866,
-0.17646470665931702,
0.3036487400531769,
-0.2671339809894562,
-0.31015723943710327,
0.008796073496341705,
0.006387606263160706,
-0.033053208142519,
0.38588452339172363,
-0.02265511080622673,
0.30363455414772034,
0.6043389439582825,
-0.6013618111610413,
0.06513909250497818,
0.385587215423584,
-0.18903104960918427,
0.070293128490448,
-0.05867530778050423,
-0.24132423102855682,
0.07765565812587738,
0.3505251705646515,
-0.764872133731842,
0.27284738421440125,
0.5720770359039307,
0.08978444337844849,
-0.19319570064544678,
-0.620551586151123,
-0.07819103449583054,
0.1751299351453781,
0.18593730032444,
-0.32218727469444275,
0.41536062955856323,
-0.1936875879764557,
-0.17676196992397308,
0.0705079585313797,
-0.5254221558570862,
0.387211412191391,
0.2597295641899109,
-0.5656341910362244,
1.1580603122711182,
-0.08568771183490753,
0.44412022829055786,
-0.22126559913158417,
0.07529442012310028,
-0.18795616924762726,
0.6290937066078186,
-0.476078063249588,
-0.33427107334136963,
0.3500780761241913,
0.041434403508901596,
-0.08663367480039597,
-0.1879940629005432,
0.11797589063644409,
-0.7283039689064026,
0.47635868191719055,
-0.19293706119060516,
0.08520236611366272,
-1.1826372146606445,
0.015033634379506111,
-0.23993152379989624,
0.952038586139679,
0.5376290082931519,
0.09209463745355606,
-0.12346985936164856,
-0.04505730792880058,
-1.226812481880188,
-0.02935049496591091,
0.3023627698421478,
0.2040187567472458,
-0.1399204134941101,
-0.034721653908491135,
0.5130240321159363,
0.4854601323604584,
0.14730755984783173,
0.22389382123947144,
-0.3947683274745941,
-0.5158615708351135,
0.012045971117913723,
-0.610877275466919,
0.4361550509929657,
-0.17440317571163177,
0.10465475916862488,
0.002571951365098357,
0.29561561346054077,
-0.03836149349808693,
0.6206620335578918,
-0.00651774276047945,
0.08044108748435974,
0.5296505093574524,
-0.6142603754997253,
-0.11743797361850739,
0.9386537671089172,
-0.3106670081615448,
0.4355944097042084,
-0.19993893802165985,
0.3283912241458893,
0.7995129227638245,
0.7067037224769592,
0.11584495007991791,
0.1908467561006546,
-0.0203570444136858,
-0.384558767080307,
-0.4880395233631134,
0.27484580874443054,
-0.1416674554347992,
0.1510879397392273,
-0.530895471572876,
-0.0028705138247460127,
-0.20456340909004211,
0.11844369769096375,
-0.30981531739234924,
0.4053589105606079,
-0.2400808185338974,
0.24805939197540283,
0.3807072341442108,
0.1271498203277588,
0.11585558950901031,
-0.21599873900413513,
0.043490320444107056,
0.2878531515598297,
-0.15946204960346222,
0.3628731071949005,
-0.1395418643951416,
0.09049192070960999,
0.5336172580718994,
0.05832824110984802,
-0.14184482395648956,
-0.06799299269914627,
0.002438150579109788,
-0.4860295355319977,
-0.4959575831890106,
0.0023209492210298777,
0.13483574986457825,
-0.690334141254425,
0.6676484942436218,
0.7827440500259399,
0.4394363760948181,
-0.401900976896286,
0.23343980312347412,
0.6676321029663086,
-0.4166778326034546,
0.07357810437679291,
-2.8986313343048096,
0.37982067465782166,
-0.20196403563022614,
-0.6423296332359314,
0.8757699728012085,
0.05547395348548889,
-0.08500111103057861,
-0.36371880769729614,
-0.17314307391643524,
-0.20490030944347382,
0.4414246380329132,
0.2817896902561188,
0.45023059844970703,
0.030886616557836533,
0.7126408219337463,
-0.05473903939127922
] |
236424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street%20performance | Street performance | Street performance or busking is the act of performing in public places for gratuities. In many countries, the rewards are generally in the form of money but other gratuities such as food, drink or gifts may be given. Street performance is practiced all over the world and dates back to antiquity. People engaging in this practice are called street performers or buskers in the United Kingdom. Buskers is not a term generally used in American English.
Performances are anything that people find entertaining, including acrobatics, animal tricks, balloon twisting, caricatures, clowning, comedy, contortions, escapology, dance, singing, fire skills, flea circus, fortune-telling, juggling, magic, mime, living statue, musical performance, puppeteering, snake charming, storytelling or reciting poetry or prose, street art such as sketching and painting, street theatre, sword swallowing, and ventriloquism.
Etymology
The term busking was first noted in the English language around the middle 1860s in Great Britain. The verb to busk, from the word busker, comes from the Spanish root word buscar, with the meaning "to seek". The Spanish word buscar in turn evolved from the Indo-European word *bhudh-skō ("to win, conquer"). It was used for many street acts, and was the title of a famous Spanish book about one of them, El Buscón. Today, the word is still used in Spanish but mostly reserved for female street sex workers, or mistresses of married men.
History
There have been performances in public places for gratuities in every major culture in the world, dating back to antiquity. For many musicians, street performance was the most common means of employment before the advent of recording and personal electronics. Prior to that, a person had to produce any music or entertainment, save for a few mechanical devices such as the barrel organ, the music box, and the piano roll. Organ grinders were commonly found busking in the old days.
Busking is common among some Romani people. Romantic mention of Romani music, dancers and fortune tellers are found in all forms of song poetry, prose and lore. The Roma brought the word busking to England by way of their travels along the Mediterranean coast to Spain and the Atlantic Ocean and then up north to England and the rest of Europe.
In medieval France, buskers were known by the terms troubadours and jongleurs. In northern France, they were known as trouveres. In old German, buskers were known as Minnesingers and Spielleute. In obsolete French, it evolved to busquer for "seek, prowl" and was generally used to describe prostitutes. In Russia, buskers are called skomorokh, and their first recorded history appears around the 11th century.
Mariachis, Mexican bands that play a style of music by the same name, frequently busk when they perform while traveling through streets and plazas, as well as in restaurants and bars.
Around the mid-19th century Japanese Chindonya started to be seen using their skills for advertising, and these street performers are still occasionally seen in Japan. Another Japanese street performance form dating from the Edo period is Nankin Tamasudare, in which the performer creates large figures using a bamboo mat.
In the 19th century, Italian street musicians (mainly from Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Basilicata) began to roam worldwide in search of fortune. Musicians from Basilicata, especially the so-called Viggianesi, would later become professional instrumentalists in symphonic orchestras, especially in the United States. The street musicians from Basilicata are sometimes cited as an influence on Hector Malot's Sans Famille.
In the United States, medicine shows proliferated in the 19th century. They were traveling vendors selling elixirs and potions to improve the health. They would often employ entertainment acts as a way of making the clients feel better. The people would often associate this feeling of well-being with the products sold. After these performances, they would "pass the hat".
One-man bands have historically performed as buskers playing a variety of instruments simultaneously. One-man bands proliferated in urban areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries and still perform to this day. A current one-man band plays all their instruments acoustically usually combining a guitar, a harmonica, a drum and a tambourine. They may also include singing. Many still busk but some are booked to play at festivals and other events.
Folk music has always been an important part of the busking scene. Cafe, restaurant, bar and pub busking is a mainstay of this art form. Two of the more famous folk singers are Woody Guthrie and Joan Baez. The delta bluesmen were mostly itinerant musicians emanating from the Mississippi Delta region of the USA around the early 1940s and on. B.B. King is one famous example who came from these roots.
The counterculture of the hippies of the 1960s occasionally staged "be-ins", which resembled some present-day buskers festivals. Bands and performers would gather at public places and perform for free, passing the hat to make money. The San Francisco Bay Area was at the epicenter of this movement – be-ins were staged at Golden Gate Park and San Jose's Bee Stadium and other venues. Some of the bands that performed in this manner were Janis Joplin with Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Country Joe and the Fish, Moby Grape and Jimi Hendrix.
Christmas caroling can also be a form of busking, as wassailing included singing for alms, wassail or some other form of refreshment such as figgy pudding. In the Republic of Ireland, the traditional Wren Boys, and in England Morris Dancing can be considered part of the busking tradition.
In India and Pakistan's Gujarati region, Bhavai is a form of street art where there are plays enacted in the village, the barot or the village singer also is part of the local entertainment scene.
In the 2000s, some performers have begun "Cyber Busking". Artists post work or performances on the Internet for people to download or "stream" and if people like it they make a donation using PayPal.
Forms
There are three basic forms of street performance
"Circle shows" are shows that tend to gather a crowd around them. They usually have a distinct beginning and end. Usually these are done in conjunction with street theatre, puppeteering, magicians, comedians, acrobats, jugglers and sometimes musicians. Circle shows can be the most lucrative. Sometimes the crowds attracted can be very large. A good busker will control the crowd so the patrons do not obstruct foot traffic.
"Walk-by acts" are typically where the busker performs a musical, living statue or other act that does not have a distinct beginning or end, and the public usually watches for a brief time. A walk-by act may turn into a circle show if the act is unusual or very popular.
"Stoplight performers" present their act and get contributions from vehicle occupants on a crosswalk while the traffic lights are red. A variety of disciplines can be used in such a format (juggling, break dancing, even magic tricks). Because of the short period of time available to them, stoplight performers must have a very brief, condensed routine. This form is seen more commonly in Latin America than elsewhere.
Collecting money
Buskers collect donations and tips from the public in a variety of containers and by different methods depending on the type of busking they are performing. For walk-by acts, their instrument case or a special can or box is often used. For circle shows the performer will typically collect money at the end of the show, although some performers will also collect during the show to ensure all audience members have had a chance to show appreciation for their skills. Sometimes a performer will employ a bottler, hat man, or pitch man to collect money from the audience. The term bottler is a British term that originated from the use of the top half of a bottle to collect money. The bottle had a leather flap inserted in the bottleneck and a leather pouch attached. This design allowed coins to be put in the bottle but did not allow them to be removed easily without the coins jingling against the glass. The first use of such contrivances was recorded by the famous Punch and Judy troupe of puppeteers in early Victorian times. Bottling itself can be an art form, and the difference between a good and a bad bottler can be crucial to the amount of money earned on a pitch. A good bottler is able to encourage audience members to give money. A bottler usually gets a cut of the money made on the pitch. Prior to the 20th century, it was common for buskers to use a trained monkey as a bottler. That practice has diminished or ceased in many countries due to changes in social attitudes and animal control laws. However, some modern buskers use a device known as monkey stick which is a long stick with bottle caps or small cymbals attached to make a noise before a show or prior to making a collection.
Pitches
The place where a performance occurs is called a "pitch". A good pitch can be the key to success as a busker. An act that might make money at one place and time may not work at all in another setting. Popular pitches tend to be public places with large volumes of pedestrian traffic, high visibility, low background noise and as few elements of interference as possible. Good locations may include tourist spots, popular parks, entertainment districts including many restaurants, cafés, bars and pubs and theaters, subways and bus stops, outside the entrances to large concerts and sporting events, almost any plaza or town square as well as zócalos in Latin America and piazzas in other regions. Other places include shopping malls, strip malls, and outside supermarkets, although permission is usually required from management for these.
In her book, Underground Harmonies: Music and Politics in the Subways of New York, Susie J. Tanenbaum examined how the adage "Music hath charms to soothe the savage beast" plays out in regards to busking. Her sociological studies showed that in areas where buskers regularly perform, crime rates tended to go down, and that those with higher education attainment tended to have a more positive view of buskers than did those of lesser educational attainment. Some cities encourage busking in particular areas, giving preference to city government-approved buskers and even publishing schedules of performances.
Many cities in the United States have particular areas known to be popular spots for buskers. Performers are found at many locations like Mallory Square in Key West, in New Orleans, in New York around Central Park, Washington Square, and the subway systems, in San Francisco, in Washington, D.C. around the transit centers, in Los Angeles around Venice Beach, the Santa Monica Third Street Promenade, and the Hollywood area, in Chicago on Maxwell Street, in the Delmar Loop district of St. Louis, and many other locations throughout the US.
Busking is still quite common in Scotland, Ireland, and England with musicians and other street performers of varying talent levels.
Legislation
The first recorded instances of laws affecting buskers were in ancient Rome in 462 BC. The Law of the Twelve Tables made it a crime to sing about or make parodies of the government or its officials in public places; the penalty was death. Louis the Pious "excluded histriones and scurrae, which included all entertainers without noble protection, from the privilege of justice". In 1530 Henry VIII ordered the licensing of minstrels and players, fortune-tellers, pardoners and fencers, as well as beggars who could not work. If they did not obey they could be whipped on two consecutive days.
In the United States under constitutional law and most European common law, the protection of artistic free speech extends to busking. In the U.S. and many countries, the designated places for free speech behavior are the public parks, streets, sidewalks, thoroughfares and town squares or plazas. Under certain circumstances even private property may be open to buskers, particularly if it is open to the general public and busking does not interfere with its function and management allows it or other forms of free speech behaviors or has a history of doing so.
While there is no universal code of conduct for buskers, there are common law practices that buskers must conform to. Most jurisdictions have corresponding statutory laws. In the UK busking regulation is not universal with most laws (if there are any) being governed by local councils. Some towns in the British Isles limit the licenses issued to bagpipers because of the volume and difficulty of the instrument. In Great Britain places requiring licenses for buskers may also require auditions of anyone applying for a busking license. Oxford City Council have decided to enact a public spaces protection order. Some venues that do not regulate busking may still ask performers to abide by voluntary rules. Some places require a special permit to use electronically amplified sound and may have limits on the volume of sound produced. It is common law that buskers or others should not impede pedestrian traffic flow, block or otherwise obstruct entrances or exits, or do things that endanger the public. It is common law that any disturbing or noisy behaviors may not be conducted after certain hours in the night. These curfew limitations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. It is common law that "performing blue" (i.e. using material that is sexually explicit or any vulgar or obscene remarks or gestures) is generally prohibited unless performing for an adults-only environment such as in a bar or pub.
In London, busking is prohibited in the entire area of the City of London. The London Underground provides busking permits in tube stations. Most London boroughs do not license busking, but they have optional powers, under the London Local Authorities Act 2000, if there is sufficient reason to do so. Where these powers have not been adopted, councils can rely on other legislation including the Environmental Protection Act 1990 to deal with noise nuisance from buskers and the Highways Act to deal with obstructions. Camden Council is currently looking into further options to control the problem of nuisance buskers and the playing of amplified music to the detriment of local residents and businesses.
Buskers may find themselves targeted by thieves due to the very open and public nature of their craft. Buskers may have their earnings, instruments or props stolen. One particular technique that thieves use against buskers is to pretend to make a donation while actually taking money out instead, a practice known as "dipping" or "skimming". George Burns described his days as a youthful busker this way:
Notable performers
5 Seconds of Summer, Australian pop rock band. Prior to achieving international fame, the band busked in Rouse Hill and other parts of Sydney.
Abby the Spoon Lady is a professional spoon player, street performer, and busking advocate who lives in Asheville, NC.
Josephine Baker started street dancing to make money and was recruited for the St. Louis Chorus vaudeville show at the age of 15, which started her dancing career.
Joshua Bell, a noted classical violinist, posed as a busker in the L'Enfant Plaza Metro station in Washington, D.C. at rush hour in 2007, as part of a feature in The Washington Post. In the 45 minutes that Bell played, only seven people out of over a thousand who passed by stopped to watch, and he took in just over $32. Gene Weingarten later won a Pulitzer Prize for the story.
Catfish the Bottleman a well-known busker from Sydney, Australia, so inspired Van McCann of Catfish and the Bottlemen that he named his band after him. He watched him perform as a child and said that it was his first memory of music.
Tracy Chapman began her career busking in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mike Doughty, former singer for Soul Coughing, released Busking, which contains 12 tracks from a 2007 busking performance in the 14th Street subway station in New York City.
Newton Faulkner has been known to busk and video footage of him busking has been made available on YouTube, including a full acoustic cover of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody".
Benjamin Franklin, the American inventor and statesman, was a street performer. He composed songs, poetry and prose about current events and went out in public and performed them. He would then sell printed copies of them to the public. He was dissuaded from busking by his father who convinced him it was not worth the stigmas that some people attach to it. It was this experience that helped form his beliefs in free speech, which he wrote about in his journals.
G4, the British popera quartet, performed as buskers across London during their college days.
Shannon Hoon, former singer for Blind Melon, was known to busk all over the U.S.
Colin Huggins, a classical pianist who performs on a Steinway grand piano in Washington Square Park and other parks in Greenwich Village, New York City.
Henry Johnson (acrobat) (1806–1910), circus acrobat and street entertainer using acrobatics, tightrope-walking etc.
Keytar Bear, a busker in Boston, Massachusetts, who wears a bear suit and plays a keytar.
'Guy Laliberté was a street performer when he founded the Cirque du Soleil theatrical company in 1984.
Loreena McKennitt, developing a passion for Celtic music, learned to play the Celtic harp and began busking at various places, including St. Lawrence Market in Toronto in order to earn money to record her first album.
Edward McMichael was a celebrated street musician known as Seattle's "Tuba Man", who busked outside the city's various sports and performing arts venues. In 2008, he was killed by attackers who were attempting to rob him.
Sterling Magee and Adam Gussow, AKA Satan and Adam, were busking on 125th Street in Harlem, New York City, in the summer of 1987 when the members of U2, accompanied by a film crew, paused to watch the blues duo. The scene later appeared in the film Rattle and Hum.
George Michael used to busk near the London Underground, performing songs such as '39 by Queen.
Peter Mulvey, the singer-songwriter, recorded an entire album down in the Boston Subway, where he was a regular busker. In most cases, songs were recorded in one or two takes.
Kristyna Myles Myles won the BBC Radio 5 Live Busker of the Year competition in 2005 and has gone on to sign a recording contract with Decca. Her debut album is due for release in September 2012.
Paul Oscher, a famous Blues musician and harp player, has busked as "Brooklyn Slim" on the Venice Boardwalk to try out new material. Oscher, a two-time W.C Handy Award winner, was the harp player for Muddy Waters and his band in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He currently performs at blues festivals in the U.S. and internationally.
Don Partridge, an English singer and songwriter, known as the "king of the buskers". Achieved unexpected commercial success in the UK and Europe in the late 1960s with the songs "Rosie", "Blue Eyes" and "Breakfast On Pluto".
Natalia Paruz, who can be seen in movies such as Dummy and heard on many movie soundtracks, has been playing the musical saw in the New York City subway since 1994.
Alice Tan Ridley, busked in New York City subway stations for 30 years; semi-finalist in America's Got Talent, mother of Gabourey Sidibe
Rodrigo y Gabriela, began their career by busking in Dublin, Ireland.
Peg Leg Sam, a famous harmonica player from South Carolina, preferred busking over all other forms/venues. His most requested song was "John Henry".
Daniel Seavey performed in the streets of Portland, Oregon, and subsequently joined boy band Why Don't We.
Ketch Secor, whose group Old Crow Medicine Show started with busking and remains committed to it, has said: "People ... have short attention spans. ... So if you can get 'em to stop ... if you can get 'em to listen with a song, then you've got yourself a keeper."
The Piccadilly Rats, street performance group from Manchester, England
Tuba Skinny, street band in New Orleans
Rod Stewart began hanging around folk singer Wizz Jones and busking, at Leicester Square and other London spots in 1962. On several trips over the next 18 months Jones and Stewart took their act to Brighton and then to Paris, sleeping under bridges over the River Seine, and then finally to Barcelona. Finally this resulted in Stewart being rounded up and deported from Spain for vagrancy during 1963.
Tash Sultana, an Australian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who busked on the streets of Melbourne.
SungBeats, a beatbox loop artist won the Amateur Night at the Apollo competition in 2014.
Damo Suzuki, the singer of the band Can, was found by band members Czukay and Liebezeit busking outside a Munich café and was asked to perform with the band that same night.
Tones and I, an Australian indie-pop singer-songwriter and musician.
KT Tunstall, a popular Scottish singer, has been recorded busking in Glasgow.
Nik Turner, former saxophonist with Hawkwind and Inner City Unit, continues to busk regularly in the streets of his adopted hometown Cardigan.
T. Rex members Marc Bolan and Steve Peregrin Took first performed as an acoustic guitar/bongos duo when they went busking together in Hyde Park in summer 1967 after their electric equipment had been confiscated by Track Records and their two bandmates had both left. In this acoustic format, the duo would go on to release three albums.
Unipiper, a performer in Portland, Oregon, is known for playing the bagpipes on a unicycle.
Violent Femmes were discovered by James Honeyman-Scott (of The Pretenders) on 23 August 1981, when the band was busking on a street corner in front of the Oriental Theatre, the Milwaukee venue that The Pretenders would be playing later that night. Chrissie Hynde invited them to play a brief acoustic set after the opening act.
Yamunabai Waikar, decorated Indian folk–Lavani–Tamasha artist busked with her mother as a child.
Billy Waters, a one-legged busker who rose to prominence in London during the nineteenth century.
Hayley Westenra at one time busked on the streets of Christchurch, New Zealand.
Gallery
See also
Busking Day
:Category:Busking venues
List of circus skills
List of busking locations
Music Under New York
Skomorokh
Street artist
Street painting
Street theatre
References
External links
Organisations
World Street Music – international project about street musicians
Busker Central Calendar of worldwide busking events
National Association of Street Artists UK
Street Arts
Photographs of buskers around the world by Tudor ApMadoc
The Busking Project, celebrating and supporting buskers across the world.
Press
"Striving to make music under the NYC streets". Daniel Strieff and Jon Sweeney. 24 August 2004. MSNBC.
"What the ailing record industry can learn from a successful subway musician". Nicholas Thompson. December 2003. Washington Monthly.
"The Real Piano Man" Steven Kurutz, 30 August 2008. The New York Times.
Other
Bennett, Elizabeth, and McKay, George. 2019. From Brass Bands to Buskers: Street Music in the UK. Norwich: AHRC/UEA. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18521.98408
Informal occupations
Occupations in music
Performance art
Theatre
Comedy
Music performance
Magic (illusion)
Articles containing video clips | [
0.636157751083374,
-0.18246270716190338,
-0.6961458325386047,
0.0022932738065719604,
-0.4731564223766327,
0.35995015501976013,
0.7301581501960754,
0.6526010036468506,
-0.26318806409835815,
-0.6176130771636963,
-0.18211136758327484,
0.48025378584861755,
-0.282894492149353,
-0.20107974112033844,
-0.4512060582637787,
0.3759317100048065,
0.21281081438064575,
0.1419316679239273,
0.6013904809951782,
0.146707683801651,
-0.4593394100666046,
-0.22757481038570404,
-0.05216832831501961,
-0.28193598985671997,
0.2698231041431427,
-0.0775972381234169,
0.36664384603500366,
0.5498953461647034,
-0.5149016976356506,
-0.17570902407169342,
0.18411006033420563,
0.9039857983589172,
0.6778700947761536,
-0.5148540735244751,
0.5506329536437988,
-0.07271669805049896,
0.15585260093212128,
-0.6983521580696106,
-0.05842066928744316,
-0.5945723652839661,
-0.0507819764316082,
0.15496623516082764,
0.37470743060112,
0.35754111409187317,
0.41028109192848206,
-0.43992307782173157,
-1.2253888845443726,
0.5846914052963257,
-1.0430063009262085,
0.049539271742105484,
-0.665141224861145,
0.4372924566268921,
0.5423885583877563,
0.6010029315948486,
0.034595660865306854,
0.1415097415447235,
-0.41681239008903503,
0.19921185076236725,
0.12938617169857025,
-0.2683342397212982,
0.42638567090034485,
0.6553486585617065,
-0.21028169989585876,
-0.14811503887176514,
0.20294669270515442,
-0.14742285013198853,
0.21326129138469696,
0.4927011728286743,
-0.3443981111049652,
-0.6981840133666992,
-0.41425296664237976,
0.16216683387756348,
-0.28323057293891907,
-0.09097400307655334,
-0.3225865960121155,
-0.4897879958152771,
0.656282365322113,
0.021484915167093277,
-0.4827107787132263,
-0.04987029358744621,
0.28958773612976074,
0.5426433682441711,
0.14240270853042603,
0.49193117022514343,
0.4603566527366638,
-0.4529324471950531,
-0.5479521751403809,
0.26968449354171753,
-0.26347815990448,
0.11166533827781677,
-0.13811095058918,
0.03866880387067795,
-0.05154048651456833,
0.15218302607536316,
-0.002353479154407978,
0.830855131149292,
0.21070589125156403,
0.022156095132231712,
0.4045597016811371,
0.15090563893318176,
0.18906861543655396,
-0.18309913575649261,
0.7106240391731262,
0.13658984005451202,
0.06357996165752411,
0.17456059157848358,
0.39568284153938293,
-0.08032392710447311,
0.6572562456130981,
-0.6756219267845154,
-0.2794751226902008,
0.32737746834754944,
-0.2805866003036499,
-0.32820144295692444,
0.00024833992938511074,
0.41033774614334106,
0.15925581753253937,
0.578037440776825,
-1.0626055002212524,
-0.18634386360645294,
-0.19954508543014526,
0.2183278501033783,
-0.03487341105937958,
0.5631285309791565,
-0.8676816821098328,
0.5042083263397217,
0.23317024111747742,
0.7070659399032593,
-0.5181553363800049,
0.11982802301645279,
0.27164244651794434,
0.9983408451080322,
-0.19842030107975006,
-0.49404188990592957,
-0.27690589427948,
-0.3032238781452179,
0.5937895178794861,
0.13429288566112518,
0.5694219470024109,
-0.20050428807735443,
-0.6240922808647156,
-0.389616459608078,
-1.332431435585022,
0.0995873361825943,
0.48836666345596313,
-0.42282572388648987,
0.2940969467163086,
-0.47366786003112793,
-0.10436009615659714,
-0.21205337345600128,
0.14826993644237518,
0.2453894466161728,
-0.5124486088752747,
0.2787749469280243,
-0.08781203627586365,
-0.17978398501873016,
0.4326481521129608,
-0.38235628604888916,
0.0324816070497036,
0.5296346545219421,
0.04628600925207138,
0.10689712315797806,
-0.20551526546478271,
-0.4469553232192993,
-0.4101261794567108,
-0.14073684811592102,
-0.5315595865249634,
0.07559490948915482,
0.0677044466137886,
-0.045116670429706573,
-0.4351207911968231,
0.08078598231077194,
-0.28727036714553833,
-0.5683978199958801,
0.07254758477210999,
0.363270103931427,
0.07274668663740158,
0.12588059902191162,
0.4792342185974121,
0.47967129945755005,
-0.6306086182594299,
0.47554516792297363,
0.6780720353126526,
0.11880094558000565,
0.15277338027954102,
-0.4012460708618164,
0.302732914686203,
0.2591840922832489,
-0.22850632667541504,
0.0040612006559967995,
-0.8715552687644958,
0.01797979138791561,
0.07510866969823837,
-0.36159634590148926,
1.0257885456085205,
0.19253940880298615,
-0.24116221070289612,
0.0751769170165062,
0.18595848977565765,
0.06393738090991974,
-0.244161456823349,
0.3321605324745178,
0.264273077249527,
-0.31826120615005493,
-0.9465452432632446,
0.7915065884590149,
0.3102986812591553,
-0.15388311445713043,
0.2127460092306137,
-0.3722444772720337,
0.45723313093185425,
-0.769684910774231,
-0.09208951145410538,
-0.4390111267566681,
0.21718664467334747,
-0.02376726269721985,
-0.2862641215324402,
0.5187357664108276,
-0.2398337870836258,
-0.370443195104599,
0.6944075226783752,
-0.43140465021133423,
-0.23337768018245697,
0.03060186840593815,
-0.30353960394859314,
0.5935028195381165,
-0.6086838841438293,
0.1117502972483635,
0.37142759561538696,
-0.6989073157310486,
-0.13277234137058258,
0.8772815465927124,
-0.14514970779418945,
-0.5846408009529114,
-0.41798892617225647,
-0.1574181616306305,
0.4566004276275635,
-0.376688152551651,
0.07045817375183105,
-0.44381409883499146,
-0.3588041663169861,
0.032965049147605896,
-0.4110289514064789,
0.22236913442611694,
0.050679631531238556,
-0.16408999264240265,
-0.09910863637924194,
0.5813591480255127,
-0.23443591594696045,
-0.018743880093097687,
0.46597257256507874,
0.020673656836152077,
0.3046971261501312,
-0.7025771141052246,
0.09506092965602875,
-0.06404614448547363,
0.15467946231365204,
-0.12543565034866333,
0.3969308137893677,
-0.33082786202430725,
-0.3881855905056,
-0.15974949300289154,
0.014347389340400696,
0.3396545350551605,
-0.13909165561199188,
-0.5090082883834839,
-0.18838763236999512,
0.033453039824962616,
-0.11809766292572021,
0.006576240062713623,
0.8859299421310425,
0.22394467890262604,
-0.5025432109832764,
-1.3656457662582397,
-0.2033315747976303,
-0.14365112781524658,
0.36121666431427,
0.19803574681282043,
-0.008854424580931664,
-0.10810279101133347,
0.16882924735546112,
0.35007283091545105,
0.4976765811443329,
-0.7941291332244873,
-0.22751186788082123,
0.11569612473249435,
-0.07045011967420578,
0.4177332818508148,
-0.29599976539611816,
-0.17633600533008575,
-0.31001782417297363,
0.8835824728012085,
0.2270275205373764,
0.3227829337120056,
0.3106136620044708,
-0.11587188392877579,
-0.4716063439846039,
0.2767729163169861,
0.03053496591746807,
-0.32479336857795715,
0.028557535260915756,
0.14557389914989471,
-0.36833417415618896,
-0.10598406195640564,
-0.2740759551525116,
-0.5593627095222473,
-0.5644676089286804,
-0.3640150725841522,
-5.562215328216553,
0.47954297065734863,
-0.39831069111824036,
0.11902395635843277,
-0.00043985171942040324,
-0.24103254079818726,
0.6899148225784302,
-0.27494966983795166,
-0.3091921806335449,
-0.1903652846813202,
-0.7233152389526367,
-0.2660999596118927,
0.14441686868667603,
0.35405057668685913,
0.5719046592712402,
0.05326429009437561,
0.2650984823703766,
0.013920087367296219,
0.40800613164901733,
0.563519299030304,
0.014764197170734406,
0.058568257838487625,
-0.3289155066013336,
0.2869882881641388,
-0.11573998630046844,
0.055195264518260956,
-0.3197321593761444,
0.14133208990097046,
-0.12193462252616882,
-0.3292497396469116,
0.39697203040122986,
-0.24940818548202515,
-0.2876521646976471,
-0.3028247654438019,
0.3092113733291626,
0.3115502595901489,
0.42145752906799316,
-0.23538844287395477,
-0.4583636224269867,
-0.6400952935218811,
-0.3868629038333893,
0.048795606940984726,
0.15038326382637024,
0.24569866061210632,
0.7301099896430969,
0.4612448513507843,
-0.11425822228193283,
-0.3812836706638336,
-0.4950130581855774,
0.6175539493560791,
0.2964469790458679,
-0.17157864570617676,
0.7750592827796936,
-0.09374915808439255,
0.004817184526473284,
-0.5180997848510742,
0.3767144978046417,
-0.24688409268856049,
0.19017498195171356,
-0.03676854446530342,
0.23815077543258667,
-0.6346599459648132,
-0.4626724421977997,
-0.3176365792751312,
-0.0707564726471901,
0.04734649881720543,
0.03745846077799797,
-0.656373143196106,
0.662588357925415,
0.22610773146152496,
-0.11283179372549057,
0.32735246419906616,
0.25640350580215454,
-0.5177293419837952,
0.4372882843017578,
-0.1032056137919426,
-0.3021012246608734,
-0.3352636396884918,
0.7680028676986694,
-0.05862119421362877,
-0.3723004162311554,
-0.3422895669937134,
-0.21723605692386627,
-0.6030145287513733,
0.1986859142780304,
-0.0205474141985178,
0.008571752347052097,
0.31326475739479065,
-0.5100356340408325,
-0.2038278430700302,
1.0768040418624878,
0.19076888263225555,
-0.07707615196704865,
0.5820669531822205,
0.6404930353164673,
0.4382915794849396,
0.5150459408760071,
-0.44037994742393494,
0.13451682031154633,
-0.1521555781364441,
0.34615635871887207,
-0.6385666131973267,
-0.1711624413728714,
-0.28586968779563904,
0.17693139612674713,
0.1817251443862915,
-0.4404071569442749,
0.6088411211967468,
0.7104966640472412,
-0.248652383685112,
0.6741471290588379,
0.13663941621780396,
-0.4808703362941742,
-0.22817166149616241,
0.46398818492889404,
0.08315343409776688,
-0.14191806316375732,
0.25706949830055237,
0.28506606817245483,
0.3435819447040558,
0.3613351583480835,
0.30781909823417664,
0.001644058502279222,
-0.025555066764354706,
-0.21825262904167175,
0.09777387976646423,
0.20191550254821777,
-0.11496251821517944,
0.2868152856826782,
-0.08042114973068237,
0.6290019154548645,
0.44597896933555603,
-0.2595023810863495,
-0.12302235513925552,
0.05413743853569031,
-0.2614497244358063,
-0.16488656401634216,
0.006951312534511089,
0.069131039083004,
-0.13740752637386322,
0.2687227427959442,
-0.3228536546230316,
-0.1838657706975937,
0.1678132563829422,
0.6378056406974792,
0.5036763548851013,
-0.23019468784332275,
-0.3008539378643036,
-0.25378456711769104,
0.7487269043922424,
0.30169856548309326,
-0.47084102034568787,
-0.05702764168381691,
-0.15261529386043549,
0.40132471919059753,
-0.3018180727958679,
-0.011136200278997421,
-0.3431102931499481,
0.005268354434520006,
-0.6277734637260437,
0.08486612141132355,
-0.21118387579917908,
-1.1202629804611206,
-0.024403469637036324,
-0.6674599647521973,
-0.6040886640548706,
-0.14818792045116425,
-0.23615452647209167,
-0.29556992650032043,
0.09858092665672302,
-0.45296943187713623,
-0.38841190934181213,
0.38677778840065,
-0.031089654192328453,
0.41472306847572327,
-0.3181813955307007,
-0.08996865898370743,
0.3303612768650055,
-0.15392567217350006,
-0.3150591254234314,
-0.03576071187853813,
0.013349114917218685,
-0.5773309469223022,
0.2586808204650879,
0.747848629951477,
-0.40006476640701294,
0.015553061850368977,
0.19143807888031006,
-0.03764960914850235,
-0.36109280586242676,
0.0786718875169754,
0.4797419011592865,
0.3254251778125763,
-0.11141065508127213,
-0.005477707367390394,
-0.765749990940094,
-0.1673142910003662,
0.2302767038345337,
-0.11789806187152863,
-0.209278404712677,
0.5942298769950867,
-0.04185006394982338,
-0.9357762336730957,
0.28833869099617004,
0.2480500340461731,
-0.31860607862472534,
0.2644537687301636,
0.023221004754304886,
-0.593736469745636,
-0.06122627109289169,
-0.6254935264587402,
-0.4169943332672119,
-0.419805109500885,
0.4122440218925476,
-0.9040559530258179,
-0.26508262753486633,
-0.20097453892230988,
-0.44711771607398987,
-0.14851079881191254,
0.01741660386323929,
0.4723113179206848,
-0.5218121409416199,
-0.7178972363471985,
0.29123783111572266,
-0.4608326852321625,
0.3879287540912628,
0.11052461713552475,
-1.1653993129730225,
0.43759778141975403,
-0.18222859501838684,
-0.07447689771652222,
0.2952116131782532,
0.42189866304397583,
0.18251384794712067,
-0.3668873906135559,
-0.22644370794296265,
-0.43262845277786255,
0.2642782926559448,
-0.2849004566669464,
0.2776426672935486,
0.2467907816171646,
0.8559086322784424,
-0.19025960564613342,
-0.2574387490749359,
-0.12977100908756256,
0.4257856607437134,
0.3084046244621277,
-0.2571973204612732,
-0.20509198307991028,
-0.43344560265541077,
0.45082980394363403,
0.02534099854528904,
-0.3363027572631836,
0.0847366526722908,
0.3138114809989929,
-0.46103614568710327,
-0.05955144017934799,
-0.1494372934103012,
0.4960781931877136,
0.39870408177375793,
0.5344427227973938,
-0.4570923447608948,
0.23621401190757751,
-0.11310268938541412,
0.16457754373550415,
0.048785995692014694,
-0.05472905933856964,
-0.3426538109779358,
0.21111960709095,
-0.5163086652755737,
-0.058844756335020065,
-0.2192152887582779,
0.2957530617713928,
0.32447028160095215,
0.35314321517944336,
-0.5443933606147766,
-0.20327581465244293,
-0.6382554769515991,
0.08877348154783249,
0.2331794798374176,
1.201519250869751,
-0.08013357222080231,
0.3386038839817047,
-0.6609925627708435,
0.5023890137672424,
0.09443219006061554,
0.42021727561950684,
-0.077101930975914,
-0.41534170508384705,
-0.08166772872209549,
0.013892223127186298,
-0.47706881165504456,
0.46142739057540894,
1.012716293334961,
-0.17939946055412292,
0.19850383698940277,
0.7038352489471436,
-0.043771106749773026,
-0.09383749961853027,
-0.0643959492444992,
-0.627881646156311,
0.15848851203918457,
0.22568227350711823,
-0.890790581703186,
0.8398758769035339,
-0.24178446829319,
0.12098253518342972,
-0.5294486284255981,
0.018455227836966515,
-0.260331928730011,
0.23251467943191528,
-0.11678921431303024,
0.4139508903026581,
0.7275288701057434,
-0.39345937967300415,
-0.04747463017702103,
0.23611953854560852,
-0.435310423374176,
0.3482102155685425,
0.0975334495306015,
-0.095901720225811,
-0.3406120538711548,
0.7038683891296387,
0.2789537310600281,
0.7694322466850281,
0.20281918346881866,
0.6689935922622681,
-0.3959354758262634,
0.44823071360588074,
-0.3540310263633728,
0.6235026121139526,
0.21853403747081757,
0.12553806602954865,
0.2680106461048126,
-0.14051073789596558,
-0.5259848237037659,
0.5805333256721497,
-0.3127925395965576,
-0.5130143165588379,
0.143767312169075,
0.13457761704921722,
-0.5773231387138367,
-0.10152845829725266,
0.8546402454376221,
0.07118043303489685,
0.3424948453903198,
0.4247584939002991,
0.3120221197605133,
-0.6906189322471619,
0.11233856528997421,
0.3034246861934662,
-0.31089332699775696,
0.4634511470794678,
0.0015730983577668667,
0.6679163575172424,
-0.5501459240913391,
0.5446341037750244,
0.12426774203777313,
-0.05026865005493164,
-0.5516761541366577,
0.7011666297912598,
0.5939479470252991,
0.21955238282680511,
-0.3335539400577545,
-0.09381553530693054,
0.0725632905960083,
0.024188140407204628,
-0.20449909567832947,
-0.08796793967485428,
0.24132049083709717,
0.29833054542541504,
0.21269701421260834,
-0.5204025506973267,
0.2077479511499405,
0.5089818835258484,
-0.2803618907928467,
0.4171675145626068,
-0.09819889813661575,
0.19528056681156158,
-0.14245739579200745,
0.031122751533985138,
0.10461586713790894,
-0.4330470561981201,
-0.5131324529647827,
0.4897492229938507,
0.08051105588674545,
-0.24890439212322235,
0.0992802083492279,
-0.4844123423099518,
-0.15415982902050018,
-0.14881162345409393,
0.06522300094366074,
0.15508517622947693,
-0.35093259811401367,
-0.6543036699295044,
0.00045515535748563707,
-0.010233743116259575,
1.0953174829483032,
0.2842492163181305,
-0.2927525043487549,
-0.035362888127565384,
0.5835024118423462,
-0.24139918386936188,
0.12989850342273712,
-0.6826891899108887,
0.43560612201690674,
-0.5343509316444397,
-0.3502938747406006,
-0.755905270576477,
0.9356637597084045,
0.5196122527122498,
0.007185766007751226,
0.46455979347229004,
0.2003605216741562,
0.09334661066532135,
0.6601834893226624,
0.4251277446746826,
-0.5086489319801331,
-0.05812172219157219,
0.02612605132162571,
0.38128793239593506,
0.03588366135954857,
0.09892959892749786,
0.11070676892995834,
-0.5761692523956299,
-0.17996077239513397,
0.12050076574087143,
-0.26893624663352966,
0.08410101383924484,
0.1661418229341507,
-0.08199868351221085,
0.24704280495643616,
-0.6780791282653809,
0.134107306599617,
-0.11964597553014755,
0.029148723930120468,
0.5448504686355591,
0.13277465105056763,
0.7601943016052246,
-0.050918180495500565,
0.6659497618675232,
-0.5557882189750671,
0.05735643953084946,
0.023268118500709534,
-2.4819936752319336,
-0.30101650953292847,
-0.11215826123952866,
0.31082791090011597,
-0.3068150579929352,
0.37099114060401917,
0.061089858412742615,
-0.4640699326992035,
0.3048882782459259,
-0.03999887779355049,
-0.532183825969696,
0.013926082290709019,
0.014111164957284927,
-0.3659656345844269,
-0.38593292236328125,
-0.029867596924304962
] |
236428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag%20Hammarskj%C3%B6ld | Dag Hammarskjöld | Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( , ; 29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in September 1961. As of 2022, he remains the youngest person to have held the post, having been only 47 years old when he was appointed.
Hammarskjöld's tenure was characterized by efforts to strengthen the newly formed UN both internally and externally. He led initiatives to improve morale and organisational efficiency while seeking to make the UN more responsive to global issues. He presided over the creation of the first UN peacekeeping forces in Egypt and the Congo and personally intervened to defuse or resolve diplomatic crises. Hammarskjöld's second term was cut short when he died in a plane crash while en route to cease-fire negotiations during the Congo Crisis.
Hammarskjöld was and remains well regarded internationally as a capable diplomat and administrator, and his efforts to resolve various global crises led to him being the only posthumous recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He is considered one of the two best UN secretaries-general, along with his successor U Thant, and his appointment has been hailed as one of the most notable successes for the organization. U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century."
Early life and education
Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping to the noble family Hammarskjöld (also spelled Hammarskiöld or Hammarsköld). He spent most of his childhood in Uppsala. His home there, which he considered his childhood home, was Uppsala Castle. He was the fourth and youngest son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917.
Hammarskjöld studied first at Katedralskolan and then at Uppsala University. By 1930, he had obtained Licentiate of Philosophy and Master of Laws degrees. Before he finished his law degree he had already obtained a job as Assistant Secretary of the Unemployment Committee.
Career
From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary of a governmental committee on unemployment. During this time he wrote his economics thesis, "Konjunkturspridningen" ("The Spread of the Business Cycle"), and received a doctorate from Stockholm University. In 1936, he became a secretary in Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank. From 1941 to 1948, he served as chairman of the Riksbank's General Council.
Hammarskjöld quickly developed a successful career as a Swedish public servant. He was state secretary in the Ministry of Finance 1936–1945, Swedish delegate to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation 1947–1953, cabinet secretary for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1949–1951 and minister without portfolio in Tage Erlander's government 1951–1953.
He helped coordinate government plans to alleviate the economic problems of the post-World War II period and was a delegate to the Paris conference that established the Marshall Plan. In 1950, he became head of the Swedish delegation to UNISCAN, a forum to promote economic cooperation between the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries. Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated by the Social Democrats, he never officially joined any political party.
In 1951, Hammarskjöld was vice chairman of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in Paris. He became the chairman of the Swedish delegation to the General Assembly in New York in 1952. On 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the Swedish Academy.
United Nations Secretary-General
Nomination and election
On 10 November 1952 Trygve Lie announced his resignation as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Several months of negotiations ensued between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, without reaching an agreement on his successor. On 13 and 19 March 1953, the Security Council voted on four candidates. Lester B. Pearson of Canada was the only candidate to receive the required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union. At a consultation of the permanent members on 30 March 1953, French ambassador Henri Hoppenot suggested four candidates, including Hammarskjöld, whom he had met at the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.
The superpowers hoped to seat a Secretary-General who would focus on administrative issues and refrain from participating in political discussion. Hammarskjöld's reputation at the time was, in the words of biographer Emery Kelèn, "that of a brilliant economist, an unobtrusive technician, and an aristo-bureaucrat". As a result, there was little to no controversy in his selection; the Soviet permanent representative, Valerian Zorin, found Hammarskjöld "harmless". Zorin declared that he would be voting for Hammarskjöld, surprising the Western powers. The announcement set off a flurry of diplomatic activity. British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden was strongly in favor of Hammarskjöld and asked the United States to "take any appropriate action to induce the [Nationalist] Chinese to abstain". (Sweden recognized the People's Republic of China and faced a potential veto from the Republic of China.) At the U.S. State Department, the nomination "came as a complete surprise to everyone here and we started scrambling around to find out who Mr. Hammarskjold was and what his qualifications were". The State Department authorized Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the US Ambassador, to vote in favor after he told them that Hammarskjöld "may be as good as we can get".
On 31 March 1953, the Security Council voted 10-0-1 to recommend Hammarskjöld to the General Assembly, with an abstention from Nationalist China. Shortly after midnight on 1 April 1953, Hammarskjöld was awakened by a telephone call from a journalist with the news, which he dismissed as an April Fool's Day joke. He finally believed the news after the third phone call. The Swedish mission in New York confirmed the nomination at 03:00 and a communique from the Security Council was soon thereafter delivered to him. After consulting with the Swedish cabinet and his father, Hammarskjöld decided to accept the nomination. He sent a wire to the Security Council:
With strong feeling personal insufficiency I hesitate to accept candidature but I do not feel I could refuse to assume the task imposed on me should the [UN General] Assembly follow the recommendation of the Security Council by which I feel deeply honoured.
Later in the day Hammarskjöld held a press conference at the Swedish Foreign Ministry. According to diplomat Sverker Åström, he displayed an intense interest and knowledge in the affairs of the UN, which he had never shown any indication of before.
The U.N. General Assembly voted 57-1-1 on 7 April 1953 to appoint Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Hammarskjöld was sworn in as Secretary-General on 10 April 1953. He was unanimously reelected on 26 September 1957 for another term, taking effect on 10 April 1958.
Tenure
Immediately following the assumption of the Secretariat, Hammarskjöld attempted to establish a good rapport with his staff. He made a point of visiting every UN department to shake hands with as many workers as possible, eating in the cafeteria as often as possible, and relinquishing the Secretary-General's private elevator for general use. He began his term by establishing his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also actively engaged in smaller projects relating to the UN working environment; for example, he spearheaded the building of a meditation room at the UN headquarters, where people can withdraw into themselves in silence, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.
During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to improve relations between Israel and the Arab states. Other highlights include a 1955 visit to China to negotiate the release of 11 captured US pilots who had served in the Korean War, the 1956 establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force, and his intervention in the 1956 Suez Crisis. He is given credit by some historians for allowing participation of the Holy See within the United Nations that year.
In 1960, the newly independent Congo asked for UN aid in defusing the Congo Crisis. Hammarskjöld made four trips to Congo, but his efforts toward the decolonisation of Africa were considered insufficient by the Soviet Union; in September 1960, the Soviet government denounced his decision to send a UN emergency force to keep the peace. They demanded his resignation and the replacement of the office of Secretary-General by a three-man directorate with a built-in veto, the "troika". The objective was, citing the memoirs of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, to "equally represent interests of three groups of countries: capitalist, socialist and recently independent".
Death
On 18 September 1961, Hammarskjöld was en route to negotiate a cease-fire between United Nations Operation in the Congo forces and Katangese troops under Moise Tshombe. His Douglas DC-6 airliner SE-BDY crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld perished as a result of the crash, as did all of the 15 other passengers. Hammarskjöld's death set off a succession crisis at the United Nations, as there was no line of succession and the Security Council had to vote on a successor.
The circumstances of the crash are still unclear. A 1962 Rhodesian inquiry concluded that pilot error was to blame, while a later UN investigation could not determine the cause of the crash. There is evidence suggesting the plane was shot down. A CIA report claimed the KGB was responsible.
The day after the crash, former U.S. President Harry Truman commented that Hammarskjöld "was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said 'when they killed him'."
In 1998, documents surfaced suggesting CIA, MI6, and/or Belgian mining interest involvement via a South African paramilitary organization. The information was contained in a file from the South African National Intelligence Agency turned over to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission in relation to the 1993 assassination of Chris Hani, leader of the South African Communist Party. These documents included an alleged plot to "remove" Hammarskjöld and contained a supposed statement from CIA director Allen Dulles that "Dag is becoming troublesome … and should be removed." Hammarskjöld's mission to end the war over the mineral-rich Katangese secession from the newly formed Republic of the Congo was contrary to the interests of those organizations. However these documents were copies rather than originals, precluding substantiation of authenticity through ink and paper testing.
Göran Björkdahl, a Swedish aid worker whose father worked for the UN in Zambia, wrote in 2011 that he believed Hammarskjöld's death was a murder committed, in part, to benefit mining companies like Union Minière, after Hammarskjöld had made the UN intervene in the Katanga crisis. Björkdahl based his assertion on interviews with witnesses of the plane crash near the border of the DRC with Zambia and on archival documents.
In 2013 accident investigator Sven Hammarberg was asked by the International Commission of Jurists to investigate Hammarskjöld's death.
In 2014, newly declassified documents revealed that the American ambassador to the Congo sent a cable to Washington D.C. warning that the plane could have been shot down by Belgian mercenary pilot Jan van Risseghem, commander of the small Katanga Air Force. Van Risseghem died in 2007.
On 16 March 2015, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed members to an Independent Panel of Experts to examine new information related to Hammarskjöld's death. The three-member panel was led by Mohamed Chande Othman, the Chief Justice of Tanzania, and included Kerryn Macaulay (Australia's representative to the ICAO) and Henrik Larsen (a ballistics expert from the Danish National Police). The panel's 99-page report, released 6 July 2015, assigned "moderate" value to nine new eyewitness accounts and transcripts of radio transmissions. Those accounts suggested that Hammarskjöld's plane was already on fire as it landed and that other jet aircraft and intelligence agents were nearby.
In 2016, the original documents from the 1998 South African investigation surfaced. Those familiar with the investigation cautioned that even if authentic, the documents could have been initially authored as part of a disinformation campaign.
In 2019, the documentary film Cold Case Hammarskjöld by Danish filmmaker Mads Brügger claimed that Jan van Risseghem had told a friend that he shot down Hammarskjöld's aircraft. This went against the official stance maintained by van Risseghem's family that he was not involved in the death of Hammarskjöld. According to an interview with van Risseghem's wife, he was in Rhodesia negotiating the purchase of a plane for the Katanga Air Force and the logbooks provided "proof that he was not flying for Katanga at the time". The documentary crew interviewed multiple colleagues of van Risseghem for the film, all of whom supported their theory. In an interview with Swedish historian Leif Hellström, van Risseghem claimed that he was not in southern Africa at the time it happened, and dismissed the idea of being potentially involved as "fairy stories".
In Hammarskjöld's 1959 will he left his personal archive to the National Library of Sweden.
Personal life
Following his appointment as UN Secretary-General, Hammarskjöld carried a copy of the oath of office with him on his travels. It was found in one of his books in the Ndola crash site.
Spirituality and Markings
In 1953, soon after his appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Hammarskjöld was interviewed on radio by Edward R. Murrow. In this talk Hammarskjöld declared:
But the explanation of how man should live a life of active social service in full harmony with himself as a member of the community of spirit, I found in the writings of those great medieval mystics [Meister Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek] for whom 'self-surrender' had been the way to self-realization, and who in 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found strength to say yes to every demand which the needs of their neighbours made them face, and to say yes also to every fate life had in store for them when they followed the call of duty as they understood it.
Hammarskjöld's only book, Vägmärken (Markings, or more literally Waymarks), was published in 1963. A collection of his diary reflections, the book starts in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and ends the month before his death in 1961. This diary was found in his New York house, after his death, along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage. In this letter, Hammarskjöld wrote:
These entries provide the only true 'profile' that can be drawn ... If you find them worth publishing, you have my permission to do so.
The foreword is written by the English poet W. H. Auden, a friend of Hammarskjöld's.
Markings was described by the late theologian Henry P. Van Dusen as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual struggle and triumph, perhaps the greatest testament of personal faith written ... in the heat of professional life and amidst the most exacting responsibilities for world peace and order". Hammarskjöld wrote, for example:
We are not permitted to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart.
Markings is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and haiku poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet Basho in his Narrow Roads to the Deep North. In his foreword to Markings, W. H. Auden quotes Hammarskjöld as stating:
In our age, the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates the life of Hammarskjöld as a renewer of society, on the anniversary of his death, 18 September.
Legacy
Honors
Honorary degrees: Carleton University in Ottawa (then called Carleton College) awarded its first-ever honorary degree to Hammarskjöld in 1954, when it presented him with a Legum Doctor, honoris causa. The university has continued this tradition by conferring an honorary doctorate upon every subsequent Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held honorary degrees from Oxford University, United Kingdom; in the United States from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, the University of California, and Ohio University; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from McGill University as well as Carleton University, in Ottawa.
People's views
John F. Kennedy: After Hammarskjöld's death, U.S. president John F. Kennedy regretted that he had opposed the UN policy in the Congo and said: "I realise now that in comparison to him, I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century."
In 2011, The Financial Times wrote that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which later UN Secretaries-General have been judged.
Named structures
Buildings and rooms:
Stanford University: Dag Hammarskjöld House, on the Stanford University campus, is a residence cooperative for undergraduate and graduate students with international backgrounds and interests at Stanford.
Hammarskjold High School: Public high school located in the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Hammarskjold Middle School: Public middle school located in the town of East Brunswick, New Jersey.
Dag Hammarskjöld Middle School: Public middle school located in the town of Wallingford, Connecticut.
Streets:
Hammarskjöldplatz is the wide square to the north entrance of the Messe Berlin fairgrounds in Berlin, Germany.
Hammarskjöldring is a street in Frankfurt, Germany, connecting the boroughs Mertonviertel and Niederursel.
Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza is a public park near the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City.
Other commemorations
Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation: In 1962, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation was created as Sweden's national memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld.
Memorial awards:
Medal: On 22 July 1997, the U.N. Security Council in resolution 1121(1997) established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal in recognition and commemoration of those who have lost their lives as a result of UN peacekeeping operations.
Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies: Colgate University annually awards a student the Dag Hammarskjöld Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies based on outstanding work in the program.
Postage stamps: Many countries issued postage stamps commemorating Hammarskjöld.
On 6 April 2011, Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank, announced that Hammarskjöld's image would be used on the 1000-kronor banknote, the highest-denomination banknote in Sweden. The new currency was introduced in 2015.
Depictions in popular culture
In the 2016 film The Siege of Jadotville, depicting the events of the Congo Crisis, in the movie, his plane is purpously shot down by an unidentified fighter jet plane. Hammarskjöld is played by fellow Swede Mikael Persbrandt.
See also
List of unsolved deaths
Notes
References
Bibliography
Durel, Bernard, op, (2002), «Au jardin secret d'un diplomate suédois: Jalons de Dag Hammarskjöld, un itinéraire spirituel», La Vie Spirituelle (Paris). T. 82, pp. 901–922.
.
Kelen, Emery (1966) Hammarskjold. Putnam.
Lichello, Robert (1972) "Dag Hammarskjold: A Giant in Diplomacy." Samhar Press, Charlotteville, N.Y. .
Urquhart, Brian, (1972), Hammarskjold. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Velocci, Giovanni, cssr, (1998), «Hammarskjold Dag», in Luigi Borriello, ocd – Edmondo Caruana, ocarm – Maria Rosaria Del Genio – N. Suffi (dirs.), Dizionario di mistica. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, pp. 624–626.
External links
Dag Hammarskjold papers at the United Nations Archives
Death of Dag Hammarskjöld on UN Archives website
Dag Hammarskjöld – biography, quotes, photos and videos
UNSG Dag Hammarskjold Conference on 9–10 November 2011 at Peace Palace
UNSG Ban Ki-Moon Lays Wreath Honouring Dag Hammarskjold of 1 October 2009 and UNSG with King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
UNSG Kofi Annan, Dag Hammarskjöld and the 21st century, The Fourth Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture 6 September 2001, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and Uppsala University (pdf)
About Dag Hammarskjöld (Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation)
United Nations Secretaries-General
Dag Hammarskjöld, Secretary-General at the official website of the UN
Letters say Hammarskjöld's death Western plot
Media briefing by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
18 September 1961 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld is killed and BBC
Audio of Dag Hammarskjold's response to Russian pressure From UPI Audio Archives
Dag Hammarskjöld's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive
1905 births
1961 deaths
20th-century Christian mystics
20th-century economists
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
Children of national leaders
Cold War diplomats
Members of the Swedish Academy
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
People of the Congo Crisis
People from Jönköping
Posthumous Nobel laureates
Protestant mystics
Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Stockholm University alumni
Swedish Christian mystics
Swedish diplomats
Swedish economists
Swedish Lutherans
Swedish Nobel laureates
Swedish nobility
Uppsala University alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1961
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Zambia
Swedish officials of the United Nations
Unsolved deaths | [
-0.623089075088501,
0.3541187345981598,
-0.4024164080619812,
0.0668896734714508,
-0.41145721077919006,
0.38402649760246277,
0.30309799313545227,
0.25607720017433167,
-0.7845527529716492,
0.052276723086833954,
-0.3546004891395569,
0.42668554186820984,
-0.5944395661354065,
0.07638847827911377,
0.2646985352039337,
-0.957015872001648,
-0.07008279860019684,
0.13465888798236847,
-0.9880867600440979,
-0.08957433700561523,
-0.09400820732116699,
-0.09127043187618256,
0.13275809586048126,
0.3675735592842102,
0.4519641101360321,
0.11580036580562592,
0.18362104892730713,
-0.19521886110305786,
0.5045532584190369,
-0.09449517726898193,
0.40028393268585205,
-0.1841309666633606,
0.4405929744243622,
0.06744097173213959,
-1.0152150392532349,
0.09721430391073227,
-0.7634110450744629,
-0.05695197358727455,
0.13277599215507507,
0.489469438791275,
-0.6227505207061768,
0.4869743585586548,
-0.008076711557805538,
0.18942122161388397,
-0.15840275585651398,
-0.9542880654335022,
-1.5686205625534058,
0.6425245404243469,
-0.4846506118774414,
0.10978881269693375,
-0.9797789454460144,
0.08667226135730743,
0.915104866027832,
0.15265963971614838,
0.15286989510059357,
0.383943647146225,
-0.5223246812820435,
0.24651633203029633,
-0.6054560542106628,
-0.8284160494804382,
0.3470672369003296,
-0.511946976184845,
0.5851330161094666,
-0.28473663330078125,
0.4446636736392975,
0.35277312994003296,
0.381996750831604,
-0.22051075100898743,
0.18884146213531494,
-0.3340795338153839,
-0.28982576727867126,
0.650499701499939,
-0.16092035174369812,
0.328647255897522,
0.5904547572135925,
-0.946963369846344,
0.47559455037117004,
0.014581014402210712,
-0.12771247327327728,
-0.12955066561698914,
-0.1191783919930458,
-0.4631511867046356,
0.5011075139045715,
-0.005698340479284525,
-0.29179927706718445,
-0.5048524737358093,
-0.23086102306842804,
0.3970043957233429,
-0.5505260825157166,
0.05343984067440033,
-0.24840573966503143,
-0.6976197957992554,
-0.07224669307470322,
-0.3138379156589508,
-0.23164048790931702,
0.23207639157772064,
0.3435590863227844,
0.5640395879745483,
-0.4805993139743805,
-0.16810062527656555,
-0.2302507609128952,
-0.02171110175549984,
0.012634250335395336,
-0.31336989998817444,
0.0333627350628376,
-0.4360525906085968,
0.013471480458974838,
-0.2996528744697571,
-0.5080288052558899,
-0.4270898699760437,
-0.6007261872291565,
-0.37671607732772827,
0.3592289686203003,
-0.3706178069114685,
0.2599284052848816,
0.3223949670791626,
0.16131873428821564,
-0.5654944181442261,
-0.32063961029052734,
0.049142204225063324,
0.14935395121574402,
0.2361132800579071,
0.11160676181316376,
-0.3441685736179352,
-0.3906668424606323,
-0.16526708006858826,
-0.29137280583381653,
-0.02359898015856743,
-0.6918689608573914,
0.27404746413230896,
0.23838229477405548,
0.27462515234947205,
-0.5125494003295898,
0.2647063136100769,
-0.3983686864376068,
-0.049586549401283264,
0.44469571113586426,
-0.07928256690502167,
-0.1779213696718216,
0.7387279272079468,
0.13556519150733948,
-0.22419430315494537,
-0.4849228262901306,
-0.19362282752990723,
0.5575340986251831,
0.00909070298075676,
-0.21005238592624664,
-0.5052481293678284,
-0.15889066457748413,
0.04532967135310173,
0.2335357666015625,
-0.08411765843629837,
0.4695882201194763,
-0.23004253208637238,
-0.11011803895235062,
1.205648422241211,
-0.2733297348022461,
-0.053308770060539246,
0.2997308075428009,
0.35017603635787964,
0.5873044729232788,
0.28093552589416504,
-0.1148064061999321,
-0.22390395402908325,
0.011631518602371216,
-0.09119196981191635,
0.5724263191223145,
0.4817928969860077,
-0.2184654176235199,
-0.2662547826766968,
0.19638098776340485,
-0.23166663944721222,
0.7322816848754883,
0.07794149219989777,
-0.37223342061042786,
0.867431104183197,
-0.05731739476323128,
-0.1339178830385208,
0.06811676919460297,
-0.4569491744041443,
-1.0385665893554688,
-0.6071709394454956,
-0.06691891700029373,
0.1663484126329422,
0.4405513107776642,
-0.18129271268844604,
0.3903656005859375,
-0.19129441678524017,
0.627993106842041,
0.02452808991074562,
-0.6944475769996643,
-1.0528688430786133,
0.269112229347229,
0.16824787855148315,
0.6086731553077698,
0.2614622414112091,
0.001126787974499166,
0.3994489908218384,
-0.08901910483837128,
0.2897784411907196,
-0.44401344656944275,
-0.32780152559280396,
0.013832790777087212,
-0.33093956112861633,
0.5875148773193359,
1.2769851684570312,
0.7668424248695374,
0.26054713129997253,
-0.08450537919998169,
0.9060873985290527,
0.2754097580909729,
-0.6852661967277527,
0.23753856122493744,
0.49172165989875793,
-0.1487620621919632,
-0.48521044850349426,
-0.634846568107605,
-0.23393914103507996,
0.6042072176933289,
0.08413700759410858,
1.0185813903808594,
0.5754809379577637,
-0.40564125776290894,
1.0216083526611328,
0.43561428785324097,
0.4149707555770874,
0.321195125579834,
0.5593021512031555,
-0.23971743881702423,
-0.41447287797927856,
0.4809606671333313,
0.011829070746898651,
1.1185697317123413,
-0.3510964512825012,
0.3192445635795593,
-0.05741022527217865,
-0.06734435260295868,
0.22847208380699158,
0.3115948736667633,
-0.31022799015045166,
0.4514463245868683,
0.07684382796287537,
-0.18660549819469452,
0.3601005971431732,
0.39198997616767883,
0.630910336971283,
-0.026513444259762764,
-0.23209217190742493,
-0.06609240174293518,
-0.05523359775543213,
-0.20331774652004242,
0.6134611964225769,
0.40661168098449707,
-0.3813905417919159,
-0.2557680010795593,
-0.16093230247497559,
0.5551741123199463,
0.37029290199279785,
0.3570876121520996,
0.036693423986434937,
0.2738834321498871,
-0.15342678129673004,
-0.09891263395547867,
0.1319400817155838,
0.006041013170033693,
-0.1880769431591034,
-0.2777680456638336,
-0.504004180431366,
-0.09031562507152557,
-0.25411099195480347,
0.07682738453149796,
-0.5462384223937988,
-0.32051971554756165,
0.5658841729164124,
-0.3223864436149597,
-1.0355690717697144,
-0.18093645572662354,
-0.1951921582221985,
-0.26547887921333313,
-0.4213641583919525,
0.9732988476753235,
0.827261745929718,
-0.3756563067436218,
-0.04242727905511856,
-0.5059302449226379,
-0.22559022903442383,
-0.9921495914459229,
-0.44036102294921875,
0.6305959820747375,
-0.024934688583016396,
-0.22668175399303436,
1.0026354789733887,
-0.07428725063800812,
-0.3394170105457306,
-0.20082664489746094,
0.2821798324584961,
-0.3813289403915405,
-0.6092950105667114,
0.13822384178638458,
0.4375378489494324,
-0.49942535161972046,
0.1680586189031601,
0.01668214611709118,
0.3708992004394531,
0.20947717130184174,
0.41469910740852356,
-0.2239314615726471,
-0.13609200716018677,
-5.404996871948242,
0.1399763524532318,
0.36229512095451355,
-0.5213079452514648,
0.23135989904403687,
0.44897812604904175,
0.39153027534484863,
-0.1988881379365921,
0.5122641921043396,
-0.6263056397438049,
0.41151168942451477,
-0.07778174430131912,
0.00002864867383323144,
0.7449797987937927,
0.22223281860351562,
0.6068800091743469,
0.14313063025474548,
-0.004673662595450878,
0.19756348431110382,
0.7812108993530273,
0.16680175065994263,
-0.3802497982978821,
0.09324038773775101,
0.5681097507476807,
0.16987986862659454,
0.13863757252693176,
-0.35979601740837097,
-0.24618051946163177,
-0.7840375900268555,
0.03570995479822159,
0.2991946339607239,
0.2616911232471466,
-0.3192751407623291,
0.2214985191822052,
-0.10704910755157471,
-0.02880154177546501,
0.18199625611305237,
0.52315354347229,
-0.20956547558307648,
-0.23449034988880157,
0.36482101678848267,
0.02382778376340866,
-0.3515939712524414,
-0.013359778560698032,
0.17625586688518524,
0.2169274389743805,
-0.6677014231681824,
0.11480014771223068,
-0.49261927604675293,
0.7422969937324524,
0.17633028328418732,
-0.15662433207035065,
-0.3912058472633362,
-0.05657709762454033,
-0.05111242085695267,
0.13451558351516724,
0.297020822763443,
0.2853168845176697,
-0.6523624658584595,
-0.10193788260221481,
0.44048383831977844,
-0.038659535348415375,
-0.16834154725074768,
-0.47617602348327637,
-0.48699742555618286,
0.1483052521944046,
0.2208290994167328,
0.0006460626027546823,
0.19574350118637085,
-0.2756498456001282,
0.13591742515563965,
0.5172995328903198,
-0.06482890993356705,
-1.2846366167068481,
-0.7337837219238281,
-0.9358161091804504,
-0.19634170830249786,
-0.15891258418560028,
-0.1807689666748047,
-0.15079961717128754,
-0.32103580236434937,
-0.22233417630195618,
-0.3353455066680908,
0.6404424905776978,
0.8708833456039429,
-0.33559972047805786,
-0.08423024415969849,
-0.01719479262828827,
0.2835760712623596,
0.05570100247859955,
0.2205294966697693,
-1.247287631034851,
-0.29652950167655945,
0.3940085768699646,
0.3854427933692932,
-0.21197323501110077,
-0.7158915400505066,
0.2844415605068207,
0.5932163596153259,
-0.3951306939125061,
-0.20950129628181458,
0.07917533069849014,
0.019624097272753716,
-0.33702296018600464,
0.6153079867362976,
0.23524682223796844,
-0.5780923962593079,
0.3190491497516632,
0.44357606768608093,
0.15332278609275818,
0.6030810475349426,
0.359223872423172,
0.20049326121807098,
-0.4780857264995575,
0.4811854064464569,
-0.1821616142988205,
-0.0025224860291928053,
0.6571192145347595,
0.3532228171825409,
-0.1222885251045227,
-0.9081921577453613,
-0.23898270726203918,
0.24616530537605286,
0.20452669262886047,
0.47615036368370056,
0.14002417027950287,
0.034268882125616074,
-0.5967578887939453,
-0.2474619597196579,
0.04177609831094742,
-0.08212686330080032,
0.9111340045928955,
0.4141743779182434,
-0.09920371323823929,
0.6127846240997314,
-0.7220823168754578,
-0.7667706608772278,
-0.06793878227472305,
0.004767728038132191,
-0.011298112571239471,
-0.21259956061840057,
-0.1856570988893509,
0.23931628465652466,
-0.06574477255344391,
-0.36366456747055054,
0.09063315391540527,
-0.1294163018465042,
-0.12430902570486069,
0.4271869659423828,
0.24755333364009857,
-0.2564690411090851,
0.22717903554439545,
0.5932484269142151,
-0.23549529910087585,
-0.3037806749343872,
-0.3497987687587738,
0.15275073051452637,
0.312415212392807,
-0.9891335964202881,
-0.08142883330583572,
0.028395473957061768,
-0.8261509537696838,
-1.1618893146514893,
-0.5257707238197327,
0.31286779046058655,
0.24286310374736786,
-0.33086109161376953,
-0.12226809561252594,
-0.14565762877464294,
0.5655179619789124,
0.3447357714176178,
-0.7684496641159058,
-0.40974029898643494,
-0.14670559763908386,
-0.14440187811851501,
0.15309029817581177,
0.22247350215911865,
0.1706533133983612,
0.42456987500190735,
0.2641091048717499,
-0.5416107773780823,
0.37585005164146423,
-0.8637664914131165,
0.3437674343585968,
0.3844304084777832,
-0.39238327741622925,
-0.6124515533447266,
-0.42836713790893555,
-0.15366855263710022,
-0.2914189398288727,
0.572346031665802,
0.18731652200222015,
0.14666847884655,
0.8196275234222412,
-0.33531734347343445,
-0.18906542658805847,
-0.3574892282485962,
-0.21735833585262299,
-0.38229721784591675,
0.36062148213386536,
0.10859912633895874,
-0.003953421488404274,
-0.5424373149871826,
-0.2907290458679199,
0.027689507231116295,
-0.6178085803985596,
-0.31204840540885925,
0.4842241108417511,
0.5103129148483276,
0.7199642062187195,
-1.1079177856445312,
-0.4874947667121887,
-0.4830798804759979,
0.5819913148880005,
-0.3606434762477875,
-0.09820550680160522,
0.3991931080818176,
-0.25576382875442505,
-0.33176538348197937,
-0.17236950993537903,
-0.5556014180183411,
-0.18611390888690948,
-0.4287284314632416,
-0.33465689420700073,
-0.059467218816280365,
0.01169524621218443,
0.24802683293819427,
0.4197997450828552,
0.8785894513130188,
-0.07120513170957565,
-0.04434511810541153,
-0.006698925513774157,
0.09611837565898895,
0.6523521542549133,
-0.3252829313278198,
-0.027280965819954872,
0.6884468793869019,
0.5105613470077515,
-0.02378886006772518,
0.11414915323257446,
0.31108659505844116,
0.4408445656299591,
0.6768168807029724,
-0.21724744141101837,
-0.30800044536590576,
0.03470783680677414,
-0.18747864663600922,
-0.4943757951259613,
0.5778934955596924,
0.26837748289108276,
-0.013028456829488277,
0.05366000533103943,
-0.3061082363128662,
-0.28236228227615356,
0.5649517774581909,
-0.28748375177383423,
0.17122015357017517,
0.18243026733398438,
-0.08706868439912796,
-0.26820144057273865,
0.1410682499408722,
0.3110930025577545,
0.0753716304898262,
0.29876819252967834,
0.12969747185707092,
0.4110857844352722,
-0.24821636080741882,
-0.10768367350101471,
0.2648096978664398,
-0.3864494860172272,
-0.3651292324066162,
-0.7959665656089783,
-0.18817450106143951,
0.009067369624972343,
-0.42894434928894043,
0.16093063354492188,
0.14585040509700775,
0.17469778656959534,
0.4693879187107086,
-0.15967290103435516,
-0.9140793085098267,
0.07789145410060883,
0.7445580363273621,
-0.46262940764427185,
-0.3291257619857788,
-0.917466402053833,
-0.369505375623703,
-0.2915002703666687,
-0.05971917137503624,
0.09010488539934158,
-0.7611340880393982,
0.25245368480682373,
-0.0893092006444931,
0.5962837338447571,
-0.8975609540939331,
0.21967832744121552,
-0.07634847611188889,
1.0893375873565674,
-0.47702375054359436,
-0.4802849590778351,
0.10692163556814194,
0.16850800812244415,
0.19175823032855988,
-0.1761568784713745,
0.004117107950150967,
0.1727292388677597,
-0.5047151446342468,
-0.25252094864845276,
-0.3726809620857239,
-0.1187756359577179,
-0.3855974078178406,
-0.1674887239933014,
0.055493682622909546,
0.15401175618171692,
-0.8933449387550354,
-0.334897518157959,
-0.1392032951116562,
-0.17830418050289154,
-0.22116513550281525,
-0.5146386623382568,
0.32626426219940186,
0.5892866253852844,
0.07560647279024124,
-0.274181991815567,
0.20188552141189575,
0.511515200138092,
0.862089216709137,
0.3243377208709717,
-0.282503217458725,
0.36913084983825684,
-0.3617527186870575,
0.07522965222597122,
-0.11851294338703156,
0.3157120645046234,
-0.03354842588305473,
0.13577136397361755,
0.165817528963089,
-1.1207245588302612,
0.18721920251846313,
0.2236110419034958,
-0.25066274404525757,
1.205967903137207,
0.05893435701727867,
0.26830482482910156,
0.007757537066936493,
-0.29850685596466064,
-0.227267786860466,
0.6620419025421143,
0.3574869632720947,
0.10960208624601364,
0.4083622992038727,
0.10940606892108917,
0.34683993458747864,
-0.8021079301834106,
-0.12032425403594971,
0.19699905812740326,
0.5370415449142456,
-0.287919282913208,
-0.16868318617343903,
0.1087031438946724,
0.10636989027261734,
-0.5193582773208618,
0.8857371807098389,
0.6176626086235046,
1.1215852499008179,
-0.18790924549102783,
0.3198162317276001,
-0.6420450806617737,
0.6183313131332397,
0.045541297644376755,
0.22587038576602936,
-0.2442520260810852,
-0.43801870942115784,
-0.19003571569919586,
0.22344686090946198,
0.2951110005378723,
0.5419309139251709,
-0.08503195643424988,
0.4769521653652191,
0.12949363887310028,
-0.441324919462204,
0.42055967450141907,
0.10936875641345978,
-0.532859206199646,
-0.40136876702308655,
-0.02305554784834385,
-0.009454695507884026,
0.481411337852478,
-0.06890783458948135,
-0.05007156729698181,
0.8352250456809998,
-0.5549991726875305,
-0.42038586735725403,
0.37112370133399963,
-0.30985304713249207,
0.2249130755662918,
-0.08949936181306839,
0.44238319993019104,
0.6848016381263733,
-0.29605185985565186,
-0.6650059819221497,
-0.10177630186080933,
0.010035669431090355,
-0.08942115306854248,
0.6423429846763611,
0.045949894934892654,
-0.021461419761180878,
0.5292598605155945,
-0.5135872960090637,
0.5774012207984924,
-0.04143844544887543,
0.13505524396896362,
-0.2189892828464508,
0.4932864010334015,
0.10011042654514313,
0.2559797465801239,
0.5599163174629211,
-0.12271668016910553,
0.2613306939601898,
0.28855928778648376,
-0.13362032175064087,
-0.6567385196685791,
-0.7133198976516724,
0.2582261562347412,
-0.07300563901662827,
0.45529672503471375,
0.07487034797668457,
0.14088797569274902,
-0.5876975059509277,
0.6655076146125793,
-0.20492589473724365,
-0.08900336921215057,
0.02178363874554634,
-0.4417822062969208,
-0.08782994747161865,
-0.4246474504470825,
-0.0006991290138103068,
-0.04594646394252777,
0.3000883162021637,
-0.61821049451828,
0.06528466194868088,
0.10506899654865265,
-0.047310810536146164,
-0.010299651883542538,
0.2298913449048996,
0.1282368004322052,
-0.09417014569044113,
-0.36050599813461304,
0.1214396134018898,
-0.07849674671888351,
0.7108957767486572,
-0.6996177434921265,
0.42792898416519165,
-0.747158944606781,
0.9748377799987793,
0.157636821269989,
-0.19391395151615143,
-0.15111300349235535,
0.6176677942276001,
-0.3037993311882019
] |
236430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic%20studies | Slavic studies | Slavic studies (North America), Slavonic studies (Britain and Ireland) or Slavistics (borrowed from Russian славистика or Polish slawistyka) is the academic field of area studies concerned with Slavic areas, Slavic languages, literature, history, and culture. Originally, a Slavist (from Russian славист or Polish slawista) or Slavicist was primarily a linguist or philologist researching Slavistics, a Slavic (AmE) or Slavonic (BrE) scholar. Increasingly historians and other humanists and social scientists who study Slavic area cultures and societies have been included in this rubric.
In North America, Slavic studies is dominated by Russian studies; Ewa Thompson describes the situation of non-Russian Slavic studies as "invisible and mute."
History
Slavistics emerged in late 18th and early 19th century, simultaneously with national revivals among various nations of Slavic origins and with ideological attempts to establish a common sense of Slavic community, exemplified by the Pan-Slavist movement. Among the first scholars to use the term was Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829).
The history of Slavic studies is generally divided into three periods. Until 1876 the early Slavists concentrated on documentation and printing of monuments of Slavic languages, among them the first texts written in national languages. At this time the majority of Slavic languages received their first modern dictionaries, grammars and compendia. The second period, ending with World War I, featured the rapid development of Slavic philology and linguistics, most notably outside of Slavic countries themselves, in the circle formed around August Schleicher (1821–1868) and around August Leskien (1840–1916) at the University of Leipzig.
After World War I Slavic studies scholars focused on dialectology, while the science continued to develop in countries with large populations having Slavic origins. After World War II there were developed centres of Slavic studies, and much greater expansion into other humanities and social science disciplines in various universities around the world. Indeed, partly due to the political concerns in Western European and the United States about the Slavic world nurtured by the Cold War, Slavic studies flourished in the years from World War II into the 1990s though university enrollments in Slavic languages have declined since then.
Subfields
Following the traditional division of Slavs into three subgroups (eastern, southern, western), Slavic studies are also divided into three distinctive sublields:
East Slavic studies, encompassing the study of East Slavic peoples and their linguistic, literary and other cultural and historical heritages.
Belarusian studies, or Belarusistics ();
Russian studies, or Russistics ();
Rusyn studies, or Rusynistics ();
Ukrainian studies, or Ukrainistics ();
South Slavic studies, encompassing the study of South Slavic peoples and their linguistic, literary and other cultural and historical heritages.
Bosniac studies, or Bosniacistics ();
Bulgarian studies, or Bulgaristics ();
Croatian studies, or Croatistics ();
Macedonian studies, or Macedonistics ();
Montenegrin studies, or Montenegristics ();
Serbian studies, or Serbistics ();
Slovene studies, or Slovenistics ();
West Slavic studies, encompassing the study of West Slavic peoples and their linguistic, literary and other cultural and historical heritages.
Czech studies, or Bohemistics ();
Kashubian studies, or Kashubistics ();
Polish studies, or Polonistics ();
Slovak studies, or Slovakistics ();
Sorbian studies, or Sorbistics ().
Slavic countries and areas of interest
By country:
Belarus: language, literature, culture, history
Bosnia and Herzegovina: language, literature, culture, history
Bulgaria: language, literature, culture, history
Croatia: language, literature, culture, history
Czechia: language, literature, culture, history
North Macedonia: language, literature, culture, history, Macedonian studies
Montenegro: language, culture, history
Poland: languages/dialects (Polish, Kashubian, Silesian), literature (Polish, Kashubian), culture, history
Russia: language, literature, culture, history
Serbia: language, literature, culture, history (national and ethnic)
Slovakia: language, literature, culture, history
Slovenia: language, literature, culture, history
Ukraine: language, literature, culture, history
Other languages: Serbo-Croatian, Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian, Kashubian, Polabian, Rusyn, Old Church Slavonic
Notable people
Historical
Johann Christoph Jordan, the author of an early scholarly work in Slavic studies
Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829) from Bohemia
Jernej Kopitar (1780–1840) from Slovenia
Alexander Vostokov (1781–1864) from Russia
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864) from Serbia
Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861) from Slovakia
Mykhaylo Maksymovych (1804–1873) from Ukraine
Izmail Sreznevsky (1812–1880) from Russia
Franz Miklosich (1813–1891) from Slovenia
Fyodor Buslaev (1818–1898) from Russia
August Schleicher (1821–1868) from Germany
Đuro Daničić (1825–1882) from Serbia
Anton Janežič (1828–1869) from Slovenia
Alexander Potebnja (1835–1891) from Ukraine
Vatroslav Jagić (1838–1923) from modern-day Croatia
August Leskien (1840–1916) from Germany
Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929) from Poland
Filipp Fortunatov (1848–1914) from Russia
Aleksander Brückner (1856–1939) from eastern Galicia.
Matija Murko (1861–1952) from Slovenia
Lyubomir Miletich (1863–1937) from Bulgaria/Macedonia
Aleksey Shakhmatov (1864–1920) from Russia
Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) from France
Holger Pedersen (1867–1953) from Denmark
1869–1942) from Russia
(1872–1954) from Slovenia
Krste Misirkov (1874–1926) from Macedonia/Bulgaria/Russia
Aleksandar Belić (1876–1960) from Serbia
(1881–1967) from France
Max Vasmer (1886–1962) from Russia
André Vaillant (1890–1977) from France
Dmytro Chyzhevsky (1894–1977) from Ukraine
Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) from Russia
(1897–1974) from Austria
Zdzisław Stieber (1903–1980) from Poland
Dmitry Likhachev (1906–1999) from Russia
George Shevelov (1908–2002) from Ukraine
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1910–1995) from eastern Galicia
Stoyko Stoykov (1912–1969) from Bulgaria
Horace G. Lunt (1918–2010) from the United States
Karel van het Reve (1921–1999) from the Netherlands
Blaže Koneski (1921–1993) from North Macedonia
Juri Lotman (1922–1993) from Soviet Union/Estonia
Henrik Birnbaum (1925–2002) from Poland/United States
Vladislav Illich-Svitych (1934–1966) from Russia
Thomas Schaub Noonan (1938–2001) from the United States
Wolfgang Kasack (1927–2003) from Germany
Isabel Margaret de Madariaga (1919–2014) from UK
John Simon Gabriel Simmons (1915–2005) from UK
Pavle Ivić (1924–1999) from modern-day Serbia
Edward Stankiewicz (1920–2013) from Poland/United States
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky (1923–2011) Russian-American
Alexander M. Schenker (1924–2019) from the United States
Zoe Hauptová (1929–2012) from the Czech Republic
Andrey Zaliznyak (1935–2017) from Russia
Kenneth Naylor (1937–1992) from the United States
Zbigniew Gołąb (1923–1994) from Poland
Leszek Moszyński (1928–2006) from Poland
Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński (1891–1965) from Poland
Blaže Ristovski (1931–2018) from North Macedonia
Radoslav Katičić (1930-2019) from Croatia
Ivan Dorovský (1935-2021) from Czech Republic
Contemporary
Irwin Weil (born 1928) from the United States
Zuzanna Topolińska (born 1931) from Poland
Vladimir Dybo (born 1930) from Russia
Hakan Kırımlı (born 1958) from Turkey
Stefan Brezinski (born 1932) from Bulgaria
(born 1937) from Germany
Boris Uspensky (born 1937) from Russia
Branko Mikasinovich (born 1938) from the United States
Mario Capaldo (born 1945) from Italy
Frederik Kortlandt (born 1946) from Netherlands
Gary Saul Morson (born 1948) from the United States
Victor Friedman (born 1949) from the United States
Christina Kramer (born 1950) from the United States
Ivo Pospíšil (born 1952) from the Czech Republic
Alexander F. Tsvirkun (born 1953) from Ukraine
Snježana Kordić (born 1964) from Croatia
Charles S. Kraszewski (born 1962) from the United States
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born 1962) from Poland and the United States
Alexandra Popoff (born 1959) from Russia
Catriona Kelly (born 1959) from UK
Aage Hansen-Löve (born 1947) from Austria
Wiesław Boryś (born 1939) from Poland
Journals and book series
Archiv für slavische Philologie
The Russian Review
Sarmatian Review
Slavic and East European Journal, published by the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages
Slavic Review, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics
The Slavonic and East European Review
Scando-Slavica
Wiener Slawistischer Almanach
Conferences
American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages
Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics
Institutes and schools
Academic
Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Jan Stanislav Institute of Slavistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Slavonic Studies, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
University
Institute of Western and Southern Slavic Studies, University of Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Slavonic Philology, Uniwersytet Śląski, Poland
Institute of Slavonic Studies, Jagiellonian University, Poland
Institute of Slavic Philology, University of Adam Mickiewicz, Poland
Institute of Slavic Studies, Lviv University, Ukraine
Department of Slavonic Philology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Department of Slavic philology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Slavistics, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, United Kingdom
Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, Chengchi University, Taiwan
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Yale University, United States
Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, University of California at Berkeley, United States
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, Harvard University, United States
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Stanford University, United States
Slavic Department, Barnard College, United States
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Princeton, United States
Department of Slavic Studies, Brown University, United States
Department of Slavic Languages, Columbia University, United States
Department of German, Nordic, and Slavic+, University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, United States
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, University of Washington, United States
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, University of Virginia, United States
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, University of Pittsburgh, United States
Department of Russian and Slavic Studies, University of Arizona, United States
Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies, University of Texas at Austin, United States
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States
Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Duke University, United States
Department of Slavic Languages, Georgetown University, United States
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures , University of Southern California, United States
Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures, University of Toronto, Canada
Department of Germanic and Slavic Studies, University of Victoria, Canada
Department of Germanic and Slavic Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada
Department of Slavic Studies(Le département d’études slaves), Universite Paris 8, France
Institute for Slavistics, University of Vienna, Austria
Institute for Slavistics, University of Graz, Austria
Department of Slavic Studies, University of Salzburg, Austria
Department of Slavonic and Finno-Ugrian Studies, University of Delhi, India
Department of Slavic Studies, Comenius University, Slovakia
Department of Russian Language and Literature & Slavic Studies, University of Athens, Greece
Department of Slavistics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Olomouc, Czechia
Department of Slavonic Studies, Masaryk University, Czechia
Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Ostrava, Czechia
Department of Slavic Studies, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", Bulgaria
Department of Slavic Studies, Sofia University, Bulgaria
Institute of Slavic Studies, Heidelberg University, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Kiel, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Mainz, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Regensburg, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Hamburg, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, Greifswald University, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Germany
Institute of Slavistics, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Institute of Slavistics, University of Potsdam, Germany
Institute for Slavic Studies, Humboldt University, Germany
Institute of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Ankara, Turkey
Institute of Slavic Studies, Tbilisi State University, Georgia
Department of Russian and Slavic Philology(Departamentul de Filologie Rusă şi Slavă), Romania
Department of Russian and Slavic Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Pécs, Hungary
Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies, Ohio State University, United States
Núcleo de Estudos em Eslavística, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Núcleo de Estudos Eslavos, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brazil
Other
Old Church Slavonic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
Ghent Centre for Slavic and East European Studies, Ghent, Belgium
See also
Balkan studies
Baltistics
Indo-European studies
Byzantine studies
studies centers
List of linguists
References
Sources
External links
Canadian Association of Slavists
List of Journals in Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies at Slavic Review
American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS)
Slavistik-Portal The Slavistics Portal (Germany)
Association of Slavists POLYSLAV
Slavic Linguistics Society
Library guides
Slavonic and East European studies: a guide to resources (British Library)
Slavic Studies Guide (Duke)
Slavic Studies: A Research Guide (Harvard)
Slavic and East European Resources (University of Illinois)
Slavic Studies Guide (NYU)
Guides to Resources. University College London, School of Slavonic & East European Studies
Slavic & East European Collections (Yale)
Ethnography
European folklore
European studies
Indo-European studies | [
0.4537869989871979,
0.1617092788219452,
-0.3669094443321228,
-0.2514331042766571,
0.1219089925289154,
0.3972248136997223,
0.546850323677063,
0.6516984701156616,
-0.3660477101802826,
-0.3864510655403137,
-0.6311998963356018,
-0.061801716685295105,
0.3103330135345459,
0.4238092601299286,
-0.10123594105243683,
0.5654609203338623,
0.8436508774757385,
-0.13162726163864136,
-0.10150163620710373,
-0.14755696058273315,
-0.35595881938934326,
0.08885607868432999,
0.41332876682281494,
0.12150648236274719,
0.12146949023008347,
-0.3823610246181488,
0.23000243306159973,
0.08850766718387604,
0.01452440582215786,
0.015479588881134987,
-0.1959463655948639,
0.5996399521827698,
-0.39057156443595886,
0.1549110859632492,
-0.44461435079574585,
0.1849570870399475,
-0.25435298681259155,
-0.3294515907764435,
0.06982732564210892,
-0.037008460611104965,
0.15977859497070312,
0.11347556859254837,
0.058371007442474365,
0.49569374322891235,
-0.11134476959705353,
-0.5479514598846436,
-1.1537742614746094,
0.7698642611503601,
-0.7050937414169312,
0.0628327950835228,
-0.05495716258883476,
0.456476092338562,
0.47891706228256226,
-0.054554276168346405,
-0.41205933690071106,
0.8169604539871216,
-0.402545303106308,
-0.2610127031803131,
0.41327911615371704,
-0.4858810603618622,
0.31716689467430115,
0.8706613183021545,
0.36276620626449585,
-0.12445774674415588,
0.8537147641181946,
-0.5461403131484985,
-0.46856141090393066,
0.16475024819374084,
-0.7219879031181335,
-0.8861757516860962,
-0.487677663564682,
0.14946669340133667,
-0.028403960168361664,
0.22106334567070007,
-0.2700754404067993,
-0.007905099540948868,
0.4200741946697235,
-0.014461902901530266,
-0.28033673763275146,
-0.1221921518445015,
-0.46289727091789246,
0.5740379095077515,
0.13876385986804962,
0.22348663210868835,
0.543998658657074,
-0.10034981369972229,
-0.6239671111106873,
0.14984482526779175,
-0.3987301290035248,
0.34619057178497314,
0.5537605285644531,
0.02236512117087841,
1.1295297145843506,
0.14605998992919922,
0.32961276173591614,
0.22487913072109222,
0.3777386546134949,
0.14936985075473785,
-0.31513023376464844,
-0.2940831482410431,
-0.9467278122901917,
0.5782648324966431,
0.48871245980262756,
0.22100715339183807,
-0.39471638202667236,
-0.5093461871147156,
0.08720159530639648,
0.2899647653102875,
-0.08886520564556122,
-0.32940977811813354,
-0.8465638160705566,
0.029512349516153336,
0.07674242556095123,
0.5405429005622864,
0.21066774427890778,
0.3650139570236206,
0.0974542424082756,
-0.5217380523681641,
-0.8528589606285095,
0.24362431466579437,
-0.42750638723373413,
0.7672823667526245,
-0.08959110826253891,
0.09208240360021591,
-0.25776368379592896,
0.04749017953872681,
0.7723802328109741,
0.1761298030614853,
-0.8045783042907715,
-0.5354243516921997,
0.29492321610450745,
0.4809601306915283,
-0.30607619881629944,
0.3896315395832062,
-0.21861137449741364,
0.1336522400379181,
0.6913142800331116,
0.08965610712766647,
0.06715454161167145,
0.6129156947135925,
-0.8427392840385437,
-0.686769425868988,
-0.20390838384628296,
-0.3968202769756317,
0.5505260229110718,
-0.5389257073402405,
0.26600807905197144,
-0.19624032080173492,
-0.606634795665741,
-0.17700161039829254,
0.242126926779747,
0.35893386602401733,
-0.22701987624168396,
0.0706605464220047,
-0.0041580842807888985,
0.45265430212020874,
0.7292227149009705,
0.07596120238304138,
0.6480900645256042,
-0.07500085234642029,
-0.2806980609893799,
-0.2650696635246277,
0.23309756815433502,
-0.05893563851714134,
0.3125807046890259,
-0.40061983466148376,
0.3801681399345398,
0.40928030014038086,
-0.11712619662284851,
0.6675887107849121,
0.2143569439649582,
0.28217846155166626,
0.7672146558761597,
-0.17617271840572357,
0.05957206338644028,
-0.07020141184329987,
-0.1811494082212448,
0.45129743218421936,
0.20853233337402344,
0.1439657360315323,
-0.513279139995575,
0.43825361132621765,
-0.04304853826761246,
-0.3536272644996643,
-0.32958126068115234,
0.3730820417404175,
0.31640180945396423,
0.15230734646320343,
0.09958511590957642,
-0.322378009557724,
-0.16460487246513367,
-0.8019655346870422,
-0.5544018149375916,
-0.4853615164756775,
1.2976435422897339,
-0.07378922402858734,
-0.35835695266723633,
1.3862541913986206,
-0.4679185748100281,
0.48332950472831726,
-0.04927067458629608,
-0.6642445921897888,
-0.07538369297981262,
0.7117944955825806,
0.12438000738620758,
-0.13683363795280457,
-0.15487420558929443,
0.22776229679584503,
0.42674681544303894,
0.13637028634548187,
0.14785422384738922,
-0.6434697508811951,
0.46026355028152466,
0.48082199692726135,
0.13256047666072845,
0.1300528347492218,
-0.5726142525672913,
0.5427693724632263,
0.019162653014063835,
-0.2773519456386566,
1.1060768365859985,
-0.8512265086174011,
0.22447755932807922,
-0.1429591029882431,
-0.03575257584452629,
-0.12654921412467957,
0.2544131278991699,
0.2246471643447876,
0.5564337968826294,
-0.6266443133354187,
0.1930641382932663,
0.13241064548492432,
-0.014373891986906528,
-0.5436997413635254,
-0.6314128637313843,
-0.4000113010406494,
-0.21227183938026428,
0.007699294947087765,
0.0909019336104393,
-0.18285664916038513,
-0.14751042425632477,
0.16094602644443512,
0.019794102758169174,
0.028392542153596878,
0.47683265805244446,
-0.3240216076374054,
-0.1329270452260971,
-0.014340129680931568,
-0.4697750508785248,
-0.07133956998586655,
0.07646618783473969,
0.385765939950943,
-0.15116244554519653,
-0.31470707058906555,
-0.48486757278442383,
0.028361380100250244,
0.427534818649292,
-0.220927432179451,
0.669505774974823,
-0.06334920972585678,
0.38134267926216125,
0.21764032542705536,
-0.09367185831069946,
-0.32104548811912537,
0.3645266890525818,
-0.5738605260848999,
-0.05650913342833519,
-0.6135271191596985,
0.10500723868608475,
0.266642302274704,
0.5026894211769104,
0.12509685754776,
-0.09941745549440384,
0.24143970012664795,
-0.6965608596801758,
-0.9952559471130371,
0.25778186321258545,
-0.36661496758461,
-0.4979972243309021,
-0.5548155307769775,
-0.41315555572509766,
0.17231214046478271,
0.30530864000320435,
-0.14825645089149475,
-0.4755779206752777,
-0.7302718162536621,
-0.1533300280570984,
-0.5419041514396667,
0.674026370048523,
-0.12789298593997955,
0.2970373332500458,
0.36609724164009094,
0.029765339568257332,
-0.3419496715068817,
-0.0015821072738617659,
0.5216988325119019,
-0.13676634430885315,
0.27859947085380554,
0.20920929312705994,
-0.32900357246398926,
-1.06783127784729,
0.08118698745965958,
-0.04725094884634018,
-0.07109988480806351,
0.1927458643913269,
-0.006368149071931839,
-0.553540825843811,
0.12720535695552826,
-5.683270454406738,
-0.11094541102647781,
-0.7873155474662781,
-0.024681003764271736,
-0.10775677859783173,
0.15795108675956726,
0.531631350517273,
-0.21837922930717468,
0.11166806519031525,
-0.22040607035160065,
-0.26327112317085266,
0.057882796972990036,
-0.5250493288040161,
0.7070308327674866,
0.26440706849098206,
0.19693560898303986,
-0.15703289210796356,
0.10140518844127655,
-0.188694566488266,
0.19395214319229126,
-0.19843606650829315,
0.43935537338256836,
-0.2346024066209793,
0.9219110608100891,
0.5954295992851257,
0.8121405243873596,
-0.3414231240749359,
0.3179333806037903,
-0.2610601782798767,
0.1407749503850937,
0.27147915959358215,
-0.5582306385040283,
0.3772335648536682,
-0.06291162967681885,
0.2216799408197403,
0.47806334495544434,
0.555294394493103,
0.7236930131912231,
0.36142200231552124,
0.1467326581478119,
0.21728944778442383,
0.3929262161254883,
-0.0011495574144646525,
-0.2642761170864105,
-0.16506794095039368,
-0.12100958824157715,
-0.15818624198436737,
0.21725323796272278,
-0.3966008126735687,
0.7044519782066345,
-0.31764084100723267,
0.397973895072937,
0.10658096522092819,
-0.040821388363838196,
0.12445692718029022,
0.029794633388519287,
0.9744229912757874,
-0.008572115562856197,
-0.12874074280261993,
-0.326511412858963,
0.39408862590789795,
-0.38497060537338257,
0.2167844921350479,
-0.7595572471618652,
-0.043451547622680664,
-0.4168155789375305,
-1.1607996225357056,
-0.12447728961706161,
0.023474467918276787,
-0.3077673316001892,
-0.2660808563232422,
0.723381519317627,
-0.48837047815322876,
-0.5319608449935913,
-0.08623248338699341,
-0.4133261442184448,
-0.45787790417671204,
-0.16636236011981964,
0.0694652870297432,
0.6026522517204285,
-0.42783066630363464,
0.17227396368980408,
-0.16828706860542297,
0.6562309861183167,
-0.14809197187423706,
-0.23367272317409515,
-0.0805588886141777,
0.17006176710128784,
-0.5560415387153625,
0.07774019241333008,
0.6959756016731262,
-0.4176824986934662,
0.4659479558467865,
-0.0871398001909256,
0.5252647399902344,
0.5473250150680542,
0.19522196054458618,
-0.16818389296531677,
0.7045801877975464,
-0.42774850130081177,
0.453894704580307,
-0.6165560483932495,
-0.10944360494613647,
-0.22113561630249023,
0.019116349518299103,
-0.1429724544286728,
-0.38251668214797974,
0.47772932052612305,
1.585548996925354,
-0.11235006153583527,
0.25235554575920105,
0.24174635112285614,
-0.12969709932804108,
-0.2608858346939087,
0.19982323050498962,
0.08837823569774628,
-0.21278125047683716,
0.34180504083633423,
-0.03223879262804985,
0.17403818666934967,
-0.3828299939632416,
-0.6013193130493164,
-0.24397900700569153,
0.3727525472640991,
0.14332084357738495,
-0.32585468888282776,
-0.11129017174243927,
0.11942588537931442,
-0.42644014954566956,
0.42986300587654114,
0.22252121567726135,
0.17319677770137787,
0.16888108849525452,
0.21304543316364288,
0.42054688930511475,
0.5533843636512756,
-0.08067069947719574,
-0.2940356731414795,
0.1781766712665558,
-0.5035955905914307,
-0.014823644421994686,
-0.5511907339096069,
0.2308313548564911,
0.38685742020606995,
0.4428330957889557,
0.2068469077348709,
-0.6075410842895508,
0.12012919783592224,
-0.3744520843029022,
0.5067291855812073,
-0.32479971647262573,
0.4224129021167755,
0.021643133834004402,
0.4410977363586426,
0.05767221748828888,
-0.39261677861213684,
0.26121383905410767,
0.37181413173675537,
0.002938618417829275,
-0.2815594971179962,
-0.17267535626888275,
-0.44684308767318726,
-0.44502386450767517,
-0.14426830410957336,
0.004643693100661039,
-0.972353994846344,
-0.9390930533409119,
-0.2675724923610687,
-0.03693997114896774,
0.46753185987472534,
0.6660812497138977,
-0.5904163718223572,
-0.45776236057281494,
-0.7440397143363953,
0.1960008144378662,
0.02118399180471897,
-0.07492959499359131,
0.061637040227651596,
-0.4581708014011383,
-0.1551477462053299,
0.3250025808811188,
-0.43069908022880554,
-0.38767606019973755,
0.7548031210899353,
0.3592758774757385,
0.25136420130729675,
-0.05011553317308426,
-0.008314275182783604,
-0.38934609293937683,
0.09899967163801193,
-0.03152736648917198,
-0.20730948448181152,
0.27299797534942627,
0.40109968185424805,
-0.18974551558494568,
-0.27233070135116577,
-0.19986678659915924,
-0.2710112929344177,
-0.4541822373867035,
-0.30557510256767273,
0.4658969044685364,
0.3023011386394501,
-0.13694460690021515,
0.14844508469104767,
0.2839965224266052,
-0.4008714258670807,
0.606100857257843,
-0.5064900517463684,
-0.3680194616317749,
-0.11883791536092758,
-0.4897105097770691,
-0.5761682391166687,
-0.13747994601726532,
0.3022845387458801,
-0.44049134850502014,
0.2513158619403839,
0.09532488137483597,
-0.2380131483078003,
-0.23318801820278168,
-0.24744530022144318,
0.37803199887275696,
-0.009781367145478725,
-0.7638578414916992,
-0.34040358662605286,
-0.2813127040863037,
0.19167950749397278,
0.26932528614997864,
-0.3726523220539093,
0.09987695515155792,
-0.23785540461540222,
0.40792933106422424,
-0.6363887190818787,
-0.1045541986823082,
-0.13199077546596527,
0.31323131918907166,
-0.16763260960578918,
-0.2673856317996979,
-0.09006975591182709,
0.10567400604486465,
0.34610190987586975,
0.41404128074645996,
0.45701804757118225,
-0.1936105638742447,
-0.5347562432289124,
-0.381558895111084,
0.13672363758087158,
0.5516806840896606,
-0.3332259953022003,
-0.5815517902374268,
-0.06491614878177643,
0.5847526788711548,
-1.226546049118042,
-0.4153919517993927,
-0.31875884532928467,
0.3159550428390503,
0.12832129001617432,
-0.3242226243019104,
-0.3605293333530426,
0.09465138614177704,
0.18823875486850739,
-0.19238534569740295,
-0.840513288974762,
-0.32683324813842773,
0.08655551075935364,
-0.29511702060699463,
-0.30137553811073303,
-0.09009698033332825,
0.1746579110622406,
-0.20030847191810608,
-0.013129069469869137,
0.1534542739391327,
-0.25310462713241577,
0.9397655725479126,
0.15593039989471436,
-0.15761379897594452,
-0.043797239661216736,
0.11718571186065674,
-0.496091365814209,
0.00016082744696177542,
0.2087778002023697,
-0.8796241283416748,
-0.4120635986328125,
0.3076742887496948,
-0.23654866218566895,
-0.030736252665519714,
-0.48518648743629456,
0.430144727230072,
0.0452728196978569,
-0.5025630593299866,
-0.045612893998622894,
-0.33246752619743347,
-0.4857979118824005,
-0.1666586995124817,
0.16040931642055511,
-0.2320377081632614,
-0.347369521856308,
0.3030308485031128,
0.239298015832901,
0.23028261959552765,
0.07770569622516632,
-0.630916178226471,
0.3411557078361511,
-0.3716191053390503,
-0.579996645450592,
0.9685944318771362,
0.29874324798583984,
0.190019428730011,
0.19284707307815552,
0.15982672572135925,
-0.079239621758461,
0.6420743465423584,
-0.06089891120791435,
0.4983317255973816,
0.7725793719291687,
0.08887916803359985,
0.4210191071033478,
0.34896528720855713,
-0.4815709888935089,
0.6483644843101501,
0.11237885802984238,
0.11040370911359787,
0.4534545838832855,
0.6579654216766357,
-0.3765919506549835,
0.3591744899749756,
0.3490487039089203,
-0.3582727015018463,
-0.1593775600194931,
0.16042639315128326,
0.5919389724731445,
0.45404690504074097,
0.7767171263694763,
-0.01794527843594551,
0.28836748003959656,
-0.06836260855197906,
-0.6096199750900269,
-0.2814743220806122,
-0.7972730398178101,
0.20508669316768646,
0.8217301964759827,
0.16850470006465912,
0.27492383122444153,
-0.1299854815006256,
0.1358407735824585,
-0.28856945037841797,
0.2985582649707794,
0.04872659221291542,
-0.30830156803131104,
0.07931195199489594,
-0.1703207939863205,
0.4302244484424591,
0.03406184911727905,
0.15972284972667694,
-0.18481576442718506,
-0.13647547364234924,
-0.12045902758836746,
0.4704960584640503,
-0.30172449350357056,
-0.3884648084640503,
-0.1991051733493805,
0.1547975391149521,
0.43310225009918213,
0.18500229716300964,
-0.548898458480835,
0.20305781066417694,
0.06886656582355499,
0.2509193420410156,
-0.8626260161399841,
-0.1406363993883133,
-0.19140835106372833,
0.3728795051574707,
0.2512354552745819,
-0.37356874346733093,
0.4235211908817291,
0.2482987493276596,
0.5028882622718811,
0.9749836325645447,
0.31743207573890686,
0.1635921597480774,
-0.3732742965221405,
-0.2984023094177246,
-0.2164647877216339,
-0.17129577696323395,
-0.3647601902484894,
-0.03842389956116676,
-0.2943379878997803,
0.480804443359375,
0.514559268951416,
-0.40885061025619507,
0.13944987952709198,
-0.386480450630188,
-1.0756006240844727,
0.2877523899078369,
-0.09276125580072403,
-0.42672088742256165,
-0.39750590920448303,
-0.09324424713850021,
0.6431764364242554,
0.24134434759616852,
0.29298046231269836,
-0.1926242560148239,
-0.5242542624473572,
0.1396259367465973,
0.23282012343406677,
-1.0797227621078491,
0.28537097573280334,
-0.796520471572876,
-0.14842568337917328,
-0.5793401598930359,
0.8778857588768005,
0.3207378685474396,
-0.49091795086860657,
-0.13956673443317413,
0.15246149897575378,
0.03054339624941349,
0.45462483167648315,
0.3279791474342346,
-0.1467110514640808,
0.18500834703445435,
-0.23671963810920715,
0.3204013705253601,
-0.3384733498096466,
0.3296801447868347,
0.07077337056398392,
-0.3336242139339447,
-0.16481561958789825,
0.09621075540781021,
1.0010572671890259,
-0.30444929003715515,
0.29290637373924255,
-0.3593544363975525,
-0.006490993779152632,
-0.24788355827331543,
0.9885873794555664,
-0.06473672389984131,
0.0014295021537691355,
0.12554655969142914,
0.30852437019348145,
0.1508130431175232,
-0.9946910738945007,
-0.12180720269680023,
-0.26932722330093384,
-0.13883563876152039,
0.13802742958068848,
-0.07368656247854233,
0.14011737704277039,
-0.443891704082489,
-0.038307372480630875,
-0.3825930058956146,
0.17855288088321686,
-0.38824325799942017,
-0.30551061034202576,
0.5827482342720032,
-0.20290684700012207,
-0.13209711015224457,
0.17272014915943146,
0.17062652111053467,
-0.8693646192550659,
0.5045969486236572,
0.3567359447479248
] |
236436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenlohe%20%28district%29 | Hohenlohe (district) | The Hohenlohe ( ) is a Landkreis (district) in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Neckar-Odenwald, Main-Tauber, Schwäbisch Hall and Heilbronn.
Künzelsau is the administrative centre of the district.
Industry and companies
The Hohenlohekreis is host to many internationally active companies in the screws and ventilation industries.
Würth
Stahl
History
The district was created in 1973 by merging the previous districts of Öhringen and Künzelsau. It was named after the Hohenlohe family, who had once ruled most of the area until 1806, when they lost their independence as this area became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg.
Geography
The two main rivers of the districts are the Kocher and Jagst, both tributaries of the Neckar. The highest elevation in the district, at , is the Mühlberg, near Waldenburg.
Partnerships
Since 1990, the district has had a partnership with the County Limerick in the Republic of Ireland. In the same year, it also started a friendship with the district of Großenhain (now Riesa-Großenhain) in the Free State of Saxony, helping to build the administration according to West German standards.
Dialect
The dialect spoken locally is Hohenlohisch, an East Franconian dialect.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms in its top part shows two lions, which is the symbol of the family of Hohenlohe, who once had ruled most of the area. The Wheel of Mainz in bottom is the symbol of the clerical state of Mainz, which also had some possessions around Krautheim.
Cities and municipalities
References
External links
Official website (German)
Hohenlohe images (English and German)
Map of Hohenlohe areas in the 1780s
Stuttgart (region)
Districts of Baden-Württemberg | [
-0.4247426688671112,
1.1294511556625366,
0.7903705835342407,
-0.5905727744102478,
-0.6711830496788025,
0.35415446758270264,
0.7681840062141418,
0.25381144881248474,
-0.040948234498500824,
-0.445202499628067,
-0.1374940425157547,
-0.2096828669309616,
-0.16333696246147156,
0.5528141260147095,
-0.24047724902629852,
0.7586485147476196,
0.806866466999054,
0.25324028730392456,
-0.2499576061964035,
-0.8340247869491577,
0.10512606054544449,
-0.21303728222846985,
0.4534797668457031,
0.23920372128486633,
-0.39924144744873047,
-0.3793242871761322,
0.4476630985736847,
0.07511074841022491,
0.1461341679096222,
-0.0016064237570390105,
-0.2436094433069229,
0.8256591558456421,
-0.16356979310512543,
-0.1729850172996521,
0.3270520567893982,
0.43967610597610474,
0.008129843510687351,
-0.6768974661827087,
0.5825930833816528,
-0.6570956110954285,
-0.31511566042900085,
0.20825757086277008,
-0.4059070944786072,
-0.36242884397506714,
0.24922505021095276,
-0.5334330201148987,
-1.528893232345581,
0.33437004685401917,
-0.6609087586402893,
0.12069825828075409,
-0.669396162033081,
0.19967009127140045,
0.6684291958808899,
0.33507081866264343,
0.08626534789800644,
-0.19717605412006378,
-1.5410600900650024,
0.0404791384935379,
0.5667692422866821,
0.9780888557434082,
0.4727499783039093,
0.3723914623260498,
-0.30797716975212097,
0.28575122356414795,
0.354425847530365,
0.36551758646965027,
-0.3781551122665405,
0.758455753326416,
-0.39824190735816956,
-0.8481628894805908,
-0.5971708297729492,
-0.601743757724762,
0.12395631521940231,
-0.17070284485816956,
0.0019881692714989185,
-0.1781536489725113,
-1.117755651473999,
-0.06961458176374435,
0.15268868207931519,
-0.4143185615539551,
-0.3060699701309204,
-0.12895084917545319,
0.7980606555938721,
-0.07951986789703369,
0.5226384401321411,
0.4762307107448578,
-0.2921329438686371,
-0.453124463558197,
-0.227524995803833,
0.29462504386901855,
-0.3822983205318451,
0.4261891543865204,
-0.16581037640571594,
0.5352388024330139,
0.6188816428184509,
-0.8570625185966492,
-0.05097942054271698,
-0.32299602031707764,
0.439197838306427,
0.7731204628944397,
0.2303999960422516,
0.42711198329925537,
0.8274388909339905,
0.2316136658191681,
-0.279730886220932,
-0.20937740802764893,
0.04655350372195244,
-0.8275319933891296,
-0.42479172348976135,
-0.5484572052955627,
-0.7577134966850281,
0.4829403758049011,
-0.10475178807973862,
0.03508364409208298,
0.030674681067466736,
0.2562769651412964,
0.2926078736782074,
-0.25704440474510193,
0.22403094172477722,
0.014155792072415352,
-0.080475352704525,
1.097488284111023,
-0.46345794200897217,
0.3277226388454437,
-0.16012342274188995,
0.23902802169322968,
-0.3985990881919861,
0.957905650138855,
-0.5394143462181091,
0.2628047466278076,
0.29226842522621155,
0.8970543742179871,
0.03134441003203392,
-0.4728963077068329,
0.20249837636947632,
-0.46684613823890686,
0.8636494874954224,
0.15317845344543457,
0.5401118397712708,
0.11312857270240784,
-0.7431976795196533,
-0.2290486842393875,
-1.2595887184143066,
-0.2851923704147339,
-0.0025272518396377563,
-0.18789196014404297,
-0.481406033039093,
-0.5784756541252136,
0.09831870347261429,
-0.13855189085006714,
0.1968596875667572,
0.18177193403244019,
-0.6514657735824585,
0.5359567403793335,
-0.9796079397201538,
0.6604931354522705,
0.3877124786376953,
-0.16902890801429749,
0.34502068161964417,
0.45182693004608154,
0.5070716738700867,
-0.6249364614486694,
0.7258872985839844,
0.20991210639476776,
0.5828619599342346,
-0.06322629749774933,
0.5525507926940918,
-0.26895755529403687,
-0.168260857462883,
0.1858316957950592,
-0.9590891003608704,
-0.11682593077421188,
-0.1492995023727417,
-0.35472023487091064,
0.5637239813804626,
-0.05496978759765625,
0.29115793108940125,
0.24416056275367737,
-0.12517273426055908,
-0.31788507103919983,
-1.2279654741287231,
-0.029778998345136642,
0.3168264925479889,
0.3602150082588196,
0.03412151336669922,
0.4676712453365326,
-0.7766688466072083,
-0.02058388479053974,
0.2140970379114151,
0.38152453303337097,
0.429107129573822,
-0.9625089764595032,
0.9837572574615479,
0.20088213682174683,
1.1678837537765503,
0.3686824440956116,
-0.10526610910892487,
-0.8160174489021301,
-0.2917698323726654,
0.6399939656257629,
-0.20586569607257843,
-0.7654196619987488,
-0.33228975534439087,
0.17063871026039124,
-0.023809660226106644,
0.812903106212616,
-0.837688148021698,
-0.18482814729213715,
-0.30908334255218506,
0.1234523206949234,
0.058104176074266434,
-0.10984334349632263,
0.26301848888397217,
0.34016501903533936,
0.4279477000236511,
-0.517042338848114,
-0.07845395803451538,
-0.24312154948711395,
-0.7810027003288269,
-0.384656697511673,
-0.12225015461444855,
0.5982539057731628,
0.055651187896728516,
0.6045823693275452,
-0.32575076818466187,
0.6763848662376404,
0.003452235134318471,
0.6846992373466492,
-0.44352665543556213,
-0.9874292016029358,
0.866894006729126,
0.6789613962173462,
0.336629182100296,
-0.07136881351470947,
0.19762976467609406,
-0.18753616511821747,
-0.5115997791290283,
-0.009455292485654354,
0.05053483694791794,
-0.9609132409095764,
0.3698207139968872,
0.10545901954174042,
-0.6814019680023193,
-0.022015532478690147,
0.29829347133636475,
0.7475929260253906,
-0.36018040776252747,
0.07000760734081268,
-0.8915883898735046,
-0.3628137707710266,
0.2851029932498932,
-0.127229243516922,
0.22155272960662842,
-0.7747634053230286,
0.2084936797618866,
-0.31924232840538025,
0.27931809425354004,
0.30351173877716064,
-0.3913600742816925,
0.45235392451286316,
-0.11628150939941406,
0.12343109399080276,
0.3000413477420807,
-0.522081732749939,
-1.1489310264587402,
0.14329026639461517,
0.2777937948703766,
-0.32671013474464417,
-0.2283700704574585,
-0.06337426602840424,
-0.40993574261665344,
-0.5280233025550842,
-0.5241714715957642,
-1.1774141788482666,
0.0019365096231922507,
-0.28070658445358276,
-0.5543786287307739,
0.5346196293830872,
-1.0183720588684082,
0.3174054026603699,
0.1673336625099182,
0.9356609582901001,
-0.35213568806648254,
-0.6589384078979492,
-0.433208703994751,
0.07602718472480774,
0.85373455286026,
-0.1920730322599411,
-0.3837941288948059,
0.46645501255989075,
0.12605369091033936,
0.02002975344657898,
-0.4521327614784241,
0.00033228209940716624,
0.22992117702960968,
0.2520233988761902,
-0.28511157631874084,
0.012292434461414814,
0.16226910054683685,
-0.2623749077320099,
-1.1010264158248901,
0.5021545886993408,
-0.4420033097267151,
0.07038788497447968,
-1.0370681285858154,
-0.6201964616775513,
-0.7676100134849548,
-0.029143545776605606,
-4.122961521148682,
-0.9155148267745972,
-0.18437114357948303,
-0.16808389127254486,
-0.3342583179473877,
0.3159114718437195,
0.06334569305181503,
-0.4326573610305786,
-0.19212906062602997,
0.17047035694122314,
0.5593040585517883,
-0.5707656145095825,
-0.11935137212276459,
0.6427549123764038,
0.7325007915496826,
-0.06409144401550293,
-0.2922508418560028,
0.29002490639686584,
0.025131739675998688,
-0.5695991516113281,
-0.5518813133239746,
0.23965181410312653,
0.4609523117542267,
0.31322821974754333,
0.6186481714248657,
0.18757691979408264,
0.40243783593177795,
0.28461316227912903,
-0.9554650783538818,
-0.7803078293800354,
0.6743399500846863,
-0.005779376719146967,
-0.4290536940097809,
0.34643569588661194,
-0.3057137727737427,
0.13775131106376648,
0.8074889779090881,
0.8817796111106873,
0.26500678062438965,
-0.5008350610733032,
0.06365243345499039,
0.918156623840332,
-0.3749135732650757,
0.07261742651462555,
0.6020925045013428,
-0.4727518558502197,
-0.7519540190696716,
-0.07347092032432556,
-0.6609774827957153,
1.432666301727295,
-0.20112411677837372,
-0.5747966766357422,
0.8012120723724365,
-0.2937612533569336,
-0.36861303448677063,
-0.0881783589720726,
0.32163378596305847,
-0.3765733242034912,
-0.1937660425901413,
0.6234684586524963,
0.011176236905157566,
0.024008074775338173,
-0.012907571159303188,
-0.1624709665775299,
-0.15426503121852875,
-0.3367365002632141,
-0.2038690745830536,
0.4058738648891449,
0.3190167248249054,
0.07487667351961136,
-0.3636760711669922,
0.7598472833633423,
-0.07834586501121521,
-0.6659442782402039,
-0.542210042476654,
-0.9067013263702393,
-0.420832097530365,
-0.5159690380096436,
-0.13081826269626617,
-0.012307497672736645,
0.4885998070240021,
-0.27619513869285583,
0.3816615045070648,
0.6736276149749756,
0.7031466364860535,
0.17843179404735565,
-0.8227488994598389,
0.028131039813160896,
0.24339541792869568,
0.15578649938106537,
-0.05574944242835045,
-0.21718677878379822,
0.500424861907959,
0.565405011177063,
-1.080788016319275,
1.2766021490097046,
-0.04509007930755615,
-0.7268202900886536,
-0.185573548078537,
-0.3687802851200104,
1.1889138221740723,
-0.5692849159240723,
0.5028907656669617,
0.5437034368515015,
-0.32893070578575134,
-0.2945540249347687,
0.24912752211093903,
0.33375298976898193,
0.040167223662137985,
0.3353724181652069,
-0.028846275061368942,
-0.09356022626161575,
-0.06878631561994553,
-1.2615909576416016,
0.8571973443031311,
-1.0733236074447632,
-1.3323577642440796,
1.4010244607925415,
-0.10130762308835983,
0.40753188729286194,
0.41029250621795654,
-0.11298438906669617,
0.5108720064163208,
-0.620621919631958,
-0.5462400913238525,
0.645297646522522,
0.42672550678253174,
-0.21149104833602905,
-0.06075181066989899,
0.7869769930839539,
-0.07306139171123505,
-0.019675729796290398,
-0.4120674431324005,
-0.6190060377120972,
0.11322055757045746,
-0.3177697956562042,
0.12379014492034912,
0.280439555644989,
-0.08666562288999557,
-0.006962605752050877,
1.2738430500030518,
0.4427502453327179,
-0.677139937877655,
0.6704740524291992,
0.018752571195364,
0.16821573674678802,
0.23564381897449493,
0.03428220376372337,
-0.9876754879951477,
0.43505972623825073,
-0.2959847152233124,
-0.81336510181427,
0.2538042664527893,
-0.14155371487140656,
-0.32897061109542847,
0.31658029556274414,
0.21635907888412476,
0.5081444382667542,
0.8222686648368835,
-0.22143301367759705,
0.026241039857268333,
0.157601460814476,
-0.5890344977378845,
0.6340703368186951,
0.743399977684021,
-0.23659904301166534,
-0.390071302652359,
0.05367126315832138,
-0.6038281321525574,
0.6474484801292419,
0.18379081785678864,
-0.3781956732273102,
-0.8679354786872864,
0.08740238845348358,
0.13762716948986053,
-0.29664745926856995,
0.003535876050591469,
0.34481656551361084,
0.3679059147834778,
-0.04702656716108322,
-0.10456076264381409,
-0.15244586765766144,
-0.4051872193813324,
1.0231640338897705,
0.48272794485092163,
-0.3394402265548706,
-0.4611523151397705,
0.0942327156662941,
-0.531499445438385,
-0.41842952370643616,
0.8949998021125793,
-1.159651279449463,
0.3598712682723999,
0.4663051962852478,
-0.2999129891395569,
-1.5868500471115112,
0.19938822090625763,
-0.7471046447753906,
-0.04756886512041092,
-0.5833408236503601,
0.4994962215423584,
0.808373212814331,
-0.15955929458141327,
1.2673770189285278,
0.48805540800094604,
-0.6686873435974121,
0.6649186015129089,
0.6674495935440063,
-0.35513338446617126,
0.7604032158851624,
-0.3614092171192169,
-0.8695865273475647,
0.1354898065328598,
0.9454954266548157,
-1.007533311843872,
0.024434540420770645,
0.30466166138648987,
-0.8643744587898254,
-0.6551730036735535,
0.1432284116744995,
-0.6746046543121338,
-0.19084925949573517,
-0.46768617630004883,
-0.046227484941482544,
-0.7409776449203491,
0.045537304133176804,
0.1827353686094284,
-0.653346061706543,
0.83815997838974,
-0.4673951268196106,
0.2862827777862549,
0.3099774420261383,
0.6138607859611511,
-0.3214015066623688,
-0.1349947154521942,
-0.836266815662384,
-0.07909955084323883,
0.7694330811500549,
0.009044353850185871,
0.8293747901916504,
0.11094401776790619,
0.6280820369720459,
1.0381993055343628,
-0.41225665807724,
0.18471595644950867,
-0.6654158234596252,
0.7325817942619324,
-0.28585270047187805,
-0.5362253189086914,
0.5535004138946533,
0.29646745324134827,
-0.0012422711588442326,
-0.670509934425354,
-0.2524341642856598,
1.0887136459350586,
-0.3141166567802429,
0.09609337151050568,
0.297384649515152,
0.6614619493484497,
-0.14169196784496307,
-0.5127575993537903,
0.10669294744729996,
0.6536512970924377,
-0.35950133204460144,
0.2612784206867218,
0.1550690084695816,
-0.6310209035873413,
0.23235943913459778,
0.4136400520801544,
-0.2283649444580078,
-0.6613368988037109,
-0.21412760019302368,
-0.4837712347507477,
-0.07756886631250381,
-0.31745415925979614,
0.485355943441391,
-0.10136193037033081,
-0.38941720128059387,
0.32648828625679016,
-0.02026517130434513,
0.11694618314504623,
0.3084566295146942,
0.30749210715293884,
-0.8323425650596619,
0.2973679304122925,
-0.5311567187309265,
-0.8218318223953247,
0.2775154113769531,
-0.7877183556556702,
0.4136684536933899,
-0.36209553480148315,
-0.5698451995849609,
-0.6684038043022156,
0.8075152635574341,
0.6714125275611877,
0.1278744339942932,
-0.38680538535118103,
0.40258118510246277,
-0.16500966250896454,
0.3348654508590698,
-0.8877353668212891,
0.6176304817199707,
0.0731998085975647,
0.1397988647222519,
0.5311902761459351,
0.48823654651641846,
-0.32293057441711426,
-0.05794220045208931,
-0.5230322480201721,
0.19283169507980347,
0.1675703525543213,
-0.553397536277771,
-0.16314290463924408,
1.3825823068618774,
0.17748945951461792,
0.9476944804191589,
0.7878466844558716,
0.030440235510468483,
0.14813944697380066,
0.5441727042198181,
0.05036233365535736,
-0.6305937767028809,
0.92117840051651,
0.6956112384796143,
0.038779620081186295,
0.8641277551651001,
0.27000707387924194,
-0.35952669382095337,
0.13068802654743195,
-0.14117497205734253,
0.148914635181427,
0.05610613897442818,
-0.483771950006485,
0.6793753504753113,
-0.6917260885238647,
-0.20804084837436676,
-0.03975803405046463,
-0.08362532407045364,
-0.6890105605125427,
0.12128739804029465,
0.25977879762649536,
1.1237345933914185,
-0.06989621371030807,
0.0950169712305069,
0.33219385147094727,
0.4231693148612976,
-0.28617724776268005,
-0.37707480788230896,
0.7497634291648865,
-0.4193379878997803,
0.773110032081604,
0.215817391872406,
0.0865292027592659,
-0.6907828450202942,
-0.06421507894992828,
0.5588634610176086,
0.48306578397750854,
-0.12445241212844849,
-0.2528757154941559,
0.006351568270474672,
0.29698777198791504,
-0.7943558692932129,
-0.42346346378326416,
0.5734207630157471,
-0.7152653336524963,
-0.8548159599304199,
-0.19524239003658295,
-0.3096751868724823,
-0.43803492188453674,
0.15308767557144165,
0.2008691430091858,
-0.45607277750968933,
0.49488842487335205,
0.028500236570835114,
0.7537978291511536,
-0.3709518611431122,
0.4272109568119049,
-0.08707404136657715,
0.23479600250720978,
0.38741976022720337,
-0.4446376860141754,
0.13150200247764587,
-0.08511551469564438,
-0.29197853803634644,
-0.5565168857574463,
0.08521755039691925,
0.13763399422168732,
-0.44190534949302673,
1.025712490081787,
-0.1384359449148178,
0.25730100274086,
-0.14793068170547485,
-0.17820587754249573,
-0.032150622457265854,
-0.8309495449066162,
-0.3569440245628357,
-0.49313032627105713,
0.8424084782600403,
0.08415289968252182,
-0.01331943180412054,
0.13535624742507935,
0.3935687839984894,
0.008712001144886017,
0.2120715081691742,
-0.30835965275764465,
0.4798614978790283,
-0.6909353137016296,
0.42286646366119385,
-0.4398898184299469,
0.6707000732421875,
0.46246427297592163,
0.2509075403213501,
-0.0793905109167099,
0.7658399939537048,
0.09480521082878113,
-0.325070858001709,
0.47583818435668945,
-0.23813042044639587,
-0.14482691884040833,
0.07744204252958298,
0.8030301928520203,
0.01088611502200365,
0.4640476107597351,
0.1591770201921463,
-0.09826987981796265,
-0.43458741903305054,
-0.18825910985469818,
-0.028478259220719337,
-0.09157774597406387,
0.5686922669410706,
0.16289635002613068,
0.027735378593206406,
-0.518711507320404,
-0.49351269006729126,
-0.7219189405441284,
0.2977926731109619,
0.22450093924999237,
0.6797672510147095,
0.13991039991378784,
-0.169342041015625,
-0.440086305141449,
-0.5197550058364868,
0.763443112373352,
0.566702127456665,
-2.0705037117004395,
0.4394751489162445,
-0.5312982797622681,
-0.6801621913909912,
-0.028901319950819016,
0.2355627417564392,
-0.10382340848445892,
-0.413990318775177,
0.495535284280777,
-0.26270610094070435,
-0.09661102294921875,
-0.005839603953063488,
-0.3136484622955322,
-0.9079268574714661,
0.7024986147880554,
-0.30363965034484863
] |
236439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Sillars | Jim Sillars | James Sillars (born 4 October 1937) is a Scottish politician and a leading figure in the campaign for Scottish independence. Sillars served as a Labour Party MP for South Ayrshire from 1970 to 1976. He founded and led the pro-Scottish Home Rule Scottish Labour Party in 1976, continuing as MP for South Ayrshire until he lost the seat in 1979. Sillars joined the Scottish National Party in 1980 and later served as MP for Glasgow Govan after winning a by-election in 1988, and was Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party. He was married to Margo MacDonald until her death in 2014.
Early life
Sillars was born in Ayr, the son of Matthew, a railwayman, and Agnes Sillars (née Sproat), a carpet weaver. He was educated at Newton Park School and Ayr Academy. After leaving school he worked as an apprentice plasterer, before following his father into working on the railways. Sillars served as a radio operator in the Royal Navy from 1956 to 1960, before becoming a Firefighter. It was as a fireman that he became more active politically, through the Fire Brigades Union (FBU), and he joined the Labour Party in 1960. He served as a member of Ayr Town Council from 1962 to 1970, and was Head of Organisation and Social Services at the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) from 1968 to 1970.
Labour MP
Sillars was elected at a by-election in 1970 as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Ayrshire constituency, representing the Labour Party. He became well known as an articulate, intellectual left-winger, strongly in favour of the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly.
SLP breakaway
In 1976 he led a breakaway Scottish Labour Party (SLP). The formation of the SLP was inspired primarily by the failure of the then Labour Government to secure a Scottish Assembly. Sillars threw himself into establishing the SLP as a political force, but ultimately it collapsed following the 1979 General Election. At that election the SLP had nominated a mere three candidates (including Sillars who was attempting to hold on to his South Ayrshire seat). Only Sillars came remotely close to winning and it was this failure to secure a meaningful share of the vote that prompted the decision to disband.
Scottish National Party
In the early-1980s, Sillars (along with many other former SLP members) joined the Scottish National Party (SNP). Being a left-winger he had fostered close links with the SNP internal 79 Group; who had encouraged him to join.
Sillars, along with the 79 Group and the former SLP members in the SNP, started to shape the SNP as a clearly defined, left-of-centre party. Policies adopted included the support of a non-payment scheme in relation to the poll tax introduced by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, as well as the policy of independence within the European Union, of which Sillars was a leading exponent. Sillars also started talking in terms of direct action to bring prominence to the Scottish independence cause, stating that: "we must be prepared to hear the sound of cell doors slamming behind us if we are prepared to win independence".
Having failed to win the Linlithgow seat from Tam Dalyell of the Labour Party at the 1987 general election, Sillars was chosen to be the SNP candidate for the Glasgow Govan by-election. Govan was a Labour seat (although Sillars's wife Margo MacDonald had won it for the SNP in a by-election fifteen years previously, in 1973), but Sillars won a dramatic victory.
Sillars became the SNP's Depute Leader, with many surprised he did not stand for the party leadership when it became available in 1990. The 1992 general election proved a disappointment for Sillars personally; as he lost his Glasgow Govan seat. It was at this time that Sillars made his famous comment that the Scottish people were "90 minute patriots" (a reference to the amount of time a football match lasts).
This comment proved the beginning of a break with the SNP leadership. The SNP leader at the time, Alex Salmond, had been a Sillars ally, but his comments in the aftermath of the 1992 general election (and it is also suspected the fact that Sillars supported Salmond's opponent in the leadership contest, Margaret Ewing), started this break.
In June 2004, Sillars called for the resignation of John Swinney as SNP leader and also claimed that the party's acceptance of devolution had been a tactical blunder. He told BBC Radio Scotland's Sunday Live programme: "Devolution has parochialised Scottish politics and marginalised Scotland at Westminster. I would challenge any of your listeners. Turn to your partner, wife, friend and say 'name me 12 Westminster members of parliament' and they'll be hard pushed to do that. Not because they're dummies, but the Scottish media hardly gives them any coverage from a Westminster point of view, so the people in the big league, they don't really count."
In 2014 his book In Place of Fear II: A Socialist Programme for an Independent Scotland was published, in which he outlined his vision of a socialist and independent Scotland. The book was named after Aneurin Bevan's 1952 work, In Place of Fear.
In 2016, contrary to the SNP position, he announced he would campaign in favour of British withdrawal from the European Union during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. He has said: "I think [the EU] is a profoundly undemocratic organisation which has shown a callous disregard for people, in Portugal, Spain and Greece for example. They've been willing to make people destitute - beggar nations - in pursuit of a single policy to create a United States of Europe irrespective of whether the people want it."
Scottish independence referendum
During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Sillars said: "BP, in an independent Scotland, will need to learn the meaning of nationalisation, in part or in whole, as it has in other countries who have not been as soft as we have forced to be. We will be the masters of the oil fields, not BP or any other of the majors."
Alba Party
On 26 March 2021, Sillars backed Alex Salmond's new Alba Party, saying: "This is a very welcome development as it gives the independence voters a party that is not the SNP - which many, including me, with justification, believe is tainted with political corruption, and which is grossly incompetent in a whole range of its activities from building ferries to building hospitals, and boasting about being the Saudi Arabia of wind, without creating jobs." He still remains a member of the SNP, but told Holyrood magazine's Politically Speaking podcast that he had not voted SNP "for a long time". He said: "I didn't join Alba, and I won't join Alba. Alba and the SNP means the movement is split, and a split movement will not win. I'm hoping a change of leadership in the SNP is going to happen and I’m staying in the SNP, hoping to influence people, saying 'look, we’ve got to have a rapprochement with the people who left to join Alba.'"
Published work
Why I'm not in the SNP, in Easton, Norman (ed.), Crann-Tàra No. 1, Winter 1977, p. 4,
Review of The Politics of Nationalism and Devolution by H.M. Drucker & Gordon Brown, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 6, Autumn 1981, p. 34
No Turning Back: The Case for Scottish Independence within the European Community and How we face the Challenge of 1992, Scottish National Party, August 1988
Freedom and Order, in Ross, Raymond J. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 34, Summer '89, pp. 14 – 16,
In Place of Fear II, Vagabond Voices, Glasgow, 2014,
References
External links
1937 births
Living people
Govan
Scottish Labour MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
People from Ayr
Scottish National Party MPs
Scottish Labour Party (1976) politicians
Scottish republicans
Scottish socialists
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1987–1992
Scottish nationalists | [
0.006365375593304634,
-0.003076035063713789,
-0.03404713049530983,
-0.9469431042671204,
0.09380745142698288,
0.3124896287918091,
0.19561167061328888,
0.00316137308254838,
-0.376171737909317,
0.5024781823158264,
-0.13781699538230896,
0.23760266602039337,
-0.4739205241203308,
0.5067148208618164,
0.06832621246576309,
0.4803347885608673,
-0.36859601736068726,
-0.014609882608056068,
-0.3197718858718872,
0.20070204138755798,
-0.13667160272598267,
-0.1618104875087738,
0.3602243661880493,
0.24324309825897217,
0.1356579214334488,
0.5074365735054016,
0.09370457381010056,
-0.4163074493408203,
-0.04538579657673836,
-0.09874951094388962,
0.20494459569454193,
0.18755337595939636,
0.44054532051086426,
-0.1577085554599762,
0.17612284421920776,
0.27953675389289856,
-0.5742673277854919,
-0.049272432923316956,
-0.05495012179017067,
0.30677470564842224,
-0.6476068496704102,
0.07798267155885696,
0.06967536360025406,
-0.0255613774061203,
0.19702808558940887,
-0.3923245966434479,
-1.2364354133605957,
0.1195969432592392,
-0.17599661648273468,
0.038563646376132965,
-0.29393187165260315,
0.2695111632347107,
0.30983904004096985,
-0.26768067479133606,
0.11443820595741272,
-0.2292606085538864,
-0.47637295722961426,
-0.26843103766441345,
-0.009034047834575176,
-0.6464754343032837,
0.08835886418819427,
0.08286701142787933,
0.29531925916671753,
-0.26061883568763733,
0.5403211712837219,
0.21774953603744507,
-0.2259054034948349,
0.6150659918785095,
-0.20709821581840515,
0.1047201007604599,
-0.0746058002114296,
0.5750720500946045,
0.32013872265815735,
-0.08527428656816483,
0.39830341935157776,
-0.05011432245373726,
-0.22418388724327087,
0.14557147026062012,
0.12377855181694031,
-0.02335210330784321,
0.20920459926128387,
-0.11438652127981186,
0.6778041124343872,
0.5740225315093994,
0.33763158321380615,
0.021061576902866364,
-0.36139798164367676,
0.7645516395568848,
-0.17382805049419403,
0.07693561911582947,
-0.39792561531066895,
-0.31974682211875916,
0.40898755192756653,
0.04141796752810478,
-0.3615162968635559,
-0.17556717991828918,
0.03698977828025818,
0.2618969976902008,
-0.09965747594833374,
-0.1131393164396286,
0.34758618474006653,
-0.019210537895560265,
-0.12636972963809967,
-0.37294384837150574,
-0.3443470299243927,
0.25125035643577576,
-0.3016110956668854,
0.020669182762503624,
0.25935983657836914,
-0.4059041738510132,
-0.4172956049442291,
0.11965806037187576,
-0.02360212616622448,
-0.27159470319747925,
0.48354583978652954,
0.4406017065048218,
0.2940865457057953,
-0.4529614746570587,
-0.1398526281118393,
0.2493986338376999,
0.17677487432956696,
0.5053316950798035,
-0.8742727637290955,
0.35652080178260803,
-0.7125886082649231,
-0.2149541676044464,
0.21082048118114471,
0.14741049706935883,
-0.3134656846523285,
0.5100477337837219,
0.17519773542881012,
0.5925580263137817,
-0.704746663570404,
-0.039718396961688995,
-0.6962401866912842,
0.03190332651138306,
0.5576817393302917,
0.2875935435295105,
0.08499164879322052,
0.6969950795173645,
-0.39924147725105286,
0.33770751953125,
-0.37038570642471313,
-0.3020552098751068,
0.6430438756942749,
-0.4161228835582733,
-0.46625855565071106,
-0.19930048286914825,
0.2227604240179062,
-0.24749283492565155,
0.2834044098854065,
0.1757938712835312,
0.42195361852645874,
-0.058047015219926834,
-0.49821439385414124,
0.46594974398612976,
0.3362952768802643,
0.013901563361287117,
0.1352711319923401,
0.18254444003105164,
0.2489652931690216,
-0.11721139401197433,
0.09392789751291275,
0.35339564085006714,
0.4495949149131775,
0.3295934498310089,
-0.034173354506492615,
-0.46936219930648804,
0.15924137830734253,
-0.014332531951367855,
-0.16543038189411163,
-0.07215479761362076,
0.32743293046951294,
-0.007235633209347725,
-0.3018788993358612,
-0.023005753755569458,
-0.06697580963373184,
0.4619186222553253,
0.11395984143018723,
-0.3900507092475891,
-0.4695950746536255,
-0.6447100639343262,
-0.29780182242393494,
0.13707534968852997,
0.4305765926837921,
0.025795821100473404,
0.27232179045677185,
-0.6913674473762512,
0.816470742225647,
-0.11696529388427734,
-0.2906343340873718,
-0.589090883731842,
0.37299975752830505,
-0.4273112416267395,
0.6682546734809875,
0.134185791015625,
-0.046755291521549225,
0.41040149331092834,
0.08488856256008148,
0.8377932906150818,
-0.22546249628067017,
-0.07191473245620728,
-0.35100194811820984,
-0.43330833315849304,
0.051999930292367935,
0.6786031723022461,
0.7969408631324768,
0.20734351873397827,
0.3145402669906616,
0.48623114824295044,
0.006340962368994951,
-0.42145153880119324,
-0.19193828105926514,
0.1890060156583786,
-0.35601598024368286,
-0.6392729878425598,
0.16755470633506775,
-0.6522470116615295,
0.2860617935657501,
-0.03109566681087017,
0.6104124188423157,
0.4538120925426483,
-0.24921341240406036,
0.6386767625808716,
-0.22533638775348663,
0.6198405623435974,
0.4135459065437317,
-0.12483570724725723,
-0.23290324211120605,
-0.6659854650497437,
-0.17052710056304932,
0.18034270405769348,
0.04739196598529816,
-0.4900030791759491,
-0.08018486946821213,
-0.11475563794374466,
-0.11920402199029922,
0.15823259949684143,
-0.43637821078300476,
-0.17394298315048218,
0.5701732635498047,
0.2921242415904999,
-0.43076834082603455,
0.19336248934268951,
-0.18599876761436462,
0.7396368384361267,
-0.37379777431488037,
0.42428386211395264,
0.45786169171333313,
0.005114082712680101,
0.44096091389656067,
0.3561093211174011,
0.671364426612854,
0.1475173532962799,
0.24234317243099213,
0.08145317435264587,
0.06854084134101868,
0.23351004719734192,
0.35163840651512146,
0.42170029878616333,
-0.0819631889462471,
-0.16671700775623322,
0.1274602711200714,
0.24771414697170258,
-0.10640235990285873,
-0.15164627134799957,
-0.3638080358505249,
-0.6842407584190369,
0.3080900013446808,
-0.23957164585590363,
0.24752385914325714,
-0.4913569390773773,
-0.1499926596879959,
-0.45496565103530884,
-0.054268449544906616,
0.18324977159500122,
0.2536221742630005,
-0.30613669753074646,
-0.39979663491249084,
-0.36183661222457886,
0.3914327919483185,
0.5741648077964783,
-0.19829337298870087,
0.12215247005224228,
0.18207669258117676,
0.28808021545410156,
-0.41394805908203125,
-0.027589458972215652,
0.30666592717170715,
-0.14803586900234222,
0.11802884936332703,
0.644713282585144,
0.01507666613906622,
-0.11161275207996368,
-0.33009853959083557,
-0.06766637414693832,
-0.16981521248817444,
-0.5267525315284729,
0.22607873380184174,
-0.11802683025598526,
-0.5351431965827942,
0.3313346803188324,
-0.14437168836593628,
0.3173411786556244,
0.9080275297164917,
0.09405529499053955,
-0.11188951134681702,
-0.1359732300043106,
-5.939715385437012,
-0.07540106773376465,
0.017626143991947174,
-0.20692843198776245,
0.6434693336486816,
0.24935762584209442,
0.4297042191028595,
-0.6595936417579651,
-0.01835998333990574,
-0.07055708765983582,
-0.5020169615745544,
-0.01882222294807434,
-0.28338757157325745,
0.269797682762146,
0.8816089034080505,
0.5208743810653687,
0.41435307264328003,
-0.37652093172073364,
0.9463082551956177,
0.292288213968277,
0.29628264904022217,
0.012337868101894855,
-0.4497820734977722,
0.2616943418979645,
-0.14090019464492798,
0.5904608964920044,
-0.5076270699501038,
-0.3547944724559784,
-0.656057596206665,
-0.194069042801857,
-0.01106251310557127,
0.1699865311384201,
-0.2954934239387512,
-0.25127682089805603,
-0.35097557306289673,
-0.8012745976448059,
0.3714255690574646,
0.010986961424350739,
-0.149524986743927,
-0.5883164405822754,
0.2621391713619232,
0.18816573917865753,
-0.4423854351043701,
0.30742090940475464,
0.3030186593532562,
-0.25965458154678345,
-0.7078800201416016,
-0.364554226398468,
-0.6708569526672363,
0.43760284781455994,
-0.13959576189517975,
-0.04174238443374634,
0.5026466846466064,
-0.4753958582878113,
-0.32515373826026917,
0.19040389358997345,
0.38288578391075134,
-0.4038298726081848,
-0.49054041504859924,
0.7899616956710815,
0.1608341634273529,
-0.2939859628677368,
0.19374768435955048,
0.12653712928295135,
-0.8652893900871277,
-0.15433646738529205,
0.054995521903038025,
-0.09966518729925156,
0.3270876407623291,
-0.38057610392570496,
-0.27722322940826416,
0.43219685554504395,
-0.051165621727705,
-1.4207677841186523,
-0.05971163138747215,
-0.28087565302848816,
-0.3031536936759949,
0.32770809531211853,
-0.19856826961040497,
0.05850868299603462,
-0.06814205646514893,
-0.06070107966661453,
0.23851387202739716,
0.7529183030128479,
0.051419150084257126,
-0.0996379479765892,
-0.5827624797821045,
0.7694211602210999,
0.027506615966558456,
-0.4789532721042633,
-0.061648204922676086,
-0.26302969455718994,
0.1339302957057953,
0.0379711277782917,
0.7330206632614136,
0.2671479880809784,
0.22061215341091156,
0.1629413366317749,
0.2451246678829193,
-0.21904264390468597,
-0.2721647322177887,
0.0027229851111769676,
-0.29170867800712585,
-1.0391567945480347,
-0.013388147577643394,
0.2593986690044403,
-0.43909016251564026,
0.0598997138440609,
0.13046295940876007,
0.4802672863006592,
0.11983489245176315,
0.3351677358150482,
-0.4228267967700958,
-0.05637260153889656,
-0.7113952040672302,
-0.13628613948822021,
-0.6226444244384766,
0.06139359623193741,
0.5533892512321472,
0.618473470211029,
0.014535578899085522,
0.24753329157829285,
-0.07215503603219986,
-0.16125789284706116,
-0.27155494689941406,
-0.38728219270706177,
0.7473888993263245,
-0.22986829280853271,
-0.032193079590797424,
-0.2563147246837616,
-0.5489347577095032,
0.6450991034507751,
0.030226320028305054,
-0.07161732763051987,
0.021832896396517754,
-0.26426273584365845,
-0.47670865058898926,
-0.05647173523902893,
0.1736285239458084,
0.18497273325920105,
-0.00971198920160532,
-0.3086478114128113,
0.20441381633281708,
0.34054121375083923,
-0.08104311674833298,
0.07653982192277908,
0.05090697109699249,
0.7011642456054688,
-0.1257132589817047,
0.2553154528141022,
0.15501317381858826,
-0.0036055485252290964,
0.6331794261932373,
-0.687870979309082,
-0.22969427704811096,
-0.3694775104522705,
-0.4847152829170227,
0.0380101278424263,
-0.002762625925242901,
-0.40207910537719727,
-0.1183125227689743,
0.06620956212282181,
-1.4291807413101196,
-0.3849655091762543,
0.6443294286727905,
-0.09439278393983841,
-0.6401445865631104,
0.15350523591041565,
0.23300448060035706,
0.7550333738327026,
-0.2535482943058014,
-0.4747312366962433,
-0.06320848315954208,
-0.12925130128860474,
-0.07828996330499649,
-0.2995625436306,
-0.042316824197769165,
0.1687925159931183,
-0.11711028963327408,
-0.037130746990442276,
0.029207106679677963,
0.6218031644821167,
-0.4960345923900604,
0.5481511950492859,
0.35438135266304016,
-0.5493112206459045,
-0.3409426212310791,
-0.3940677344799042,
0.059781432151794434,
0.1511535495519638,
0.3095812201499939,
-0.032394614070653915,
0.31129294633865356,
0.499594122171402,
-0.39258888363838196,
0.1254906952381134,
-0.47062867879867554,
-0.4333292543888092,
-0.08431780338287354,
-0.5680148601531982,
0.06839706748723984,
-0.10810982435941696,
-0.05259397625923157,
-0.20304758846759796,
-0.23672907054424286,
-0.7790781259536743,
-0.3023884892463684,
0.058748383074998856,
-0.35215243697166443,
0.41217824816703796,
-0.18080924451351166,
-0.38204455375671387,
0.0573229044675827,
0.6989663243293762,
-0.5672467350959778,
0.3351184129714966,
-0.16547183692455292,
0.06752881407737732,
-0.35074055194854736,
-0.3537589907646179,
-0.6588112115859985,
-0.3963967263698578,
-0.22664043307304382,
0.2517566680908203,
0.14746730029582977,
0.4760984778404236,
0.3601648807525635,
-0.14967764914035797,
1.0035632848739624,
-0.18178454041481018,
-0.5921816825866699,
0.03628789633512497,
0.13266031444072723,
0.04893050342798233,
-0.42651137709617615,
0.5241231918334961,
0.11404593288898468,
0.665304958820343,
-0.17275355756282806,
0.47742483019828796,
0.4682665467262268,
0.9396464824676514,
0.17571042478084564,
-0.5077127814292908,
-0.03705815225839615,
0.09007338434457779,
0.5775817036628723,
-0.4450799524784088,
-0.24167270958423615,
0.26620230078697205,
0.4101470410823822,
0.298456609249115,
-0.29489466547966003,
-0.07693994045257568,
1.0298547744750977,
-0.29024967551231384,
0.2713264226913452,
-0.08009187877178192,
0.2910890579223633,
-0.728277862071991,
-0.035555336624383926,
0.20646829903125763,
-0.16319362819194794,
0.2688385546207428,
-0.033129069954156876,
0.35835739970207214,
-0.034658316522836685,
-0.5975123047828674,
0.6286962032318115,
-0.07754546403884888,
-0.7735678553581238,
-0.6131209135055542,
0.009951083920896053,
0.8016666769981384,
-0.21637852489948273,
-0.3124246597290039,
0.27100348472595215,
-0.45556238293647766,
0.10569259524345398,
0.13192032277584076,
-0.5015626549720764,
0.14197546243667603,
0.3288947641849518,
-0.4387442469596863,
0.17744764685630798,
-0.40429818630218506,
0.2734444737434387,
-0.3476092219352722,
-0.29114213585853577,
-0.2768498361110687,
-0.5964001417160034,
-0.11555268615484238,
-0.15856756269931793,
-0.21438400447368622,
-0.6373777985572815,
-0.20836631953716278,
-0.720564603805542,
-0.0019172049360349774,
-0.49675920605659485,
-0.26323914527893066,
-0.40315955877304077,
0.5074492692947388,
0.1800399124622345,
-0.00960155762732029,
-0.34863710403442383,
0.08129271864891052,
-0.15520331263542175,
-0.5763700604438782,
0.006251332815736532,
-0.05767231807112694,
0.062055040150880814,
-0.20043601095676422,
0.3415383994579315,
0.024064699187874794,
-0.8544743657112122,
-0.38070642948150635,
0.23204953968524933,
-0.7398466467857361,
0.08091303706169128,
0.18622341752052307,
0.04256033897399902,
0.06173592805862427,
0.17725282907485962,
-0.0675814226269722,
0.4437231719493866,
0.8289657235145569,
0.07309258729219437,
0.147100031375885,
0.2035595327615738,
-0.15604528784751892,
-0.45479056239128113,
0.11558327078819275,
-0.41039296984672546,
0.501017689704895,
-0.2513013780117035,
-0.2758328914642334,
0.46026504039764404,
-0.10746303200721741,
0.32518625259399414,
0.5497815608978271,
-0.3046134412288666,
0.7641578316688538,
0.3162378668785095,
0.022900095209479332,
0.08706129342317581,
-0.06790310144424438,
-0.0020133797079324722,
0.40167906880378723,
-0.05290202796459198,
-0.20957177877426147,
0.4737621247768402,
-0.09330479055643082,
-0.04616608843207359,
-0.668041467666626,
-0.06202716380357742,
0.39147576689720154,
0.1925036460161209,
-0.3087160289287567,
-0.3161866068840027,
-0.14310386776924133,
-0.11730910837650299,
0.3666199743747711,
0.7535556554794312,
0.21268373727798462,
0.16905929148197174,
-0.054715123027563095,
0.06472869217395782,
-0.6553213000297546,
0.08767887949943542,
1.101362943649292,
0.4893280267715454,
-0.45725175738334656,
-0.30799978971481323,
0.1467086523771286,
0.3521266579627991,
0.2564900815486908,
0.13715723156929016,
0.13880085945129395,
-0.5005182027816772,
0.20311664044857025,
-0.22613489627838135,
0.6049320697784424,
-0.2834584414958954,
-0.27645188570022583,
0.09502840787172318,
0.18318824470043182,
-0.11159254610538483,
0.11264964938163757,
-0.3469931185245514,
-0.1283964067697525,
0.46947354078292847,
-0.2625217139720917,
-0.1460733711719513,
-0.09205292165279388,
-0.27799421548843384,
0.1477450579404831,
-0.1732288897037506,
0.8884600400924683,
0.845406711101532,
-0.11712708324193954,
0.00171230873093009,
0.13007521629333496,
-0.22671011090278625,
0.02939658984541893,
-0.003869394538924098,
0.5971148610115051,
-0.3238857686519623,
0.037303123623132706,
-0.09316722303628922,
0.4908289313316345,
0.4136449098587036,
0.3191514313220978,
-0.062318332493305206,
0.4692654311656952,
-0.13030429184436798,
0.35022756457328796,
0.9196657538414001,
-0.484485000371933,
-0.07063314318656921,
-0.41156062483787537,
-0.08696498721837997,
0.09060440212488174,
0.24845287203788757,
0.1326647698879242,
-0.24827009439468384,
-0.05786951258778572,
0.48629671335220337,
0.3505322337150574,
-0.2750024199485779,
0.11435142904520035,
-0.23530565202236176,
0.008165820501744747,
-0.09600362926721573,
-0.12371931225061417,
-0.3321838080883026,
-0.16108360886573792,
0.209370955824852,
0.3385554254055023,
-0.012700998224318027,
-0.23266489803791046,
0.46132683753967285,
0.31790146231651306,
0.24169723689556122,
-0.3952111005783081,
-0.8195419907569885,
0.35294997692108154,
0.1502704918384552,
-0.7484315633773804,
0.46135446429252625,
-0.30972155928611755,
-0.019480476155877113,
-0.7110356092453003,
-0.008826971985399723,
-0.551564633846283,
0.5292976498603821,
0.003692844184115529,
0.09241209179162979,
-0.057356350123882294,
0.1735561341047287,
-0.5345921516418457
] |
236444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20%28Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer%29 | Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Faith Lehane is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Played by actress Eliza Dushku, Faith was introduced in the third season of Buffy and was a focus of that season's overarching plot. She returned for shorter story arcs on Buffy and its spin-off, Angel. The character's story is continued in the comic book series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, and she also appears in apocryphal material such as other comic books and novels. Faith was set to receive her own spin-off television series after the final season of Buffy, but Eliza Dushku declined the offer, and the series was never made. The character later co-stars in the 25-issue comic book Angel & Faith beginning in August 2011 under the banner of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine, the story taking place mostly in London and the surrounding area. Seven years after the character's creation, Whedon granted her the surname Lehane for a role-playing game and subsequent material. The last issue of Season Eight was the first source officially confirmed to be canon that referred to Faith by her full name.
Faith is a Slayer: a girl endowed with supernatural abilities and destined to battle evil creatures such as vampires and demons. Created as a foil to the protagonist, Buffy Summers, she is a Slayer who comes from a damaged background and often makes the wrong decision. Initially an ally to the main characters, events take a toll on Faith's sanity and she slips into a villainous role. Later storylines show her feeling remorse for her past crimes, and with the benevolent vampire Angel's help she eventually rejoins the side of good in the hopes of achieving redemption.
Eliza Dushku later portrayed Echo in the television series Dollhouse, also created by Joss Whedon and produced by Jane Espenson.
Appearances
Television
In Buffy the Vampire Slayer season three, Faith arrives in Sunnydale, having been activated as the Slayer by the death of Kendra (Bianca Lawson) (who was activated by Buffy's temporary death in the first season) in the episode "Becoming, Part One". Coming from a traumatic and abusive background, Faith tries to fit in with Buffy (Sarah Michelle Gellar) and her friends, but becomes increasingly isolated and bitter as the season progresses. A major turning point for the character occurs in the mid-season episode "Bad Girls"; while trying to show Buffy the fun side of slaying, Faith accidentally kills Deputy Mayor Allan Finch (Jack Plotnick), a human being whom she mistakes for a vampire. Feeling more alienated than ever, she betrays the Scooby Gang and allies herself with the villainous Mayor of Sunnydale (Harry Groener), eventually forming a sincere father-daughter relationship with him. After Faith tries to murder Buffy's vampire lover Angel (David Boreanaz) under the Mayor's orders, the two Slayers finally battle it out in the season finale, a confrontation which leaves Faith alive but comatose.
Faith returns to Buffy for two episodes in the fourth season. Waking up from her coma, she seeks revenge on Buffy by switching their bodies using a mystical device called the Draconian Katra left to her by the now-deceased Mayor. As Buffy is taken into custody by the Watchers' Council for crimes she did not commit, Faith discovers for the first time what it is like to be surrounded by loving friends and family, and Buffy starts to understand Faith despite being upset with her predicament. After feeling obliged to rescue a church full of people from vampires, Faith battles Buffy once again, expressing extreme self-hatred before being returned to her own body. The storyline is continued in the first season of spin-off series Angel, as Faith escapes to Los Angeles and is hired by Wolfram & Hart to assassinate Angel. Instead, she plots an intricate plan to have Angel kill her, but Angel convinces her to face the consequences of her actions, bonded with her as a friend and ally due to their similarities, and helps her on the path to redemption. Faith hands herself over to the police and she is sentenced to prison, where Angel later visits her.
In Angel season four, Angel is reverted to the evil Angelus after having his soul removed. Faith is approached by her former Watcher, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof), who informs her of Angelus's presence, sparking her to break out of prison and help them. Wanting to help Angel the way he helped her, Faith injects herself with a mystical drug and feeds herself to Angelus in order to incapacitate him so that their allies can work to restore his soul. She nearly dies from the drug, but during a psychic mind walk, Angel persuades her subconscious not to give up and that life is worth living.
Afterwards, a recovered Faith travels back to Sunnydale, where she plays a significant role in the battle against the First Evil in the final season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In these episodes, she reconciles with Buffy, although their relationship is tested when the Potential Slayers appoint Faith as their leader over Buffy. This decision later proves disastrous when Faith's plan leads them into a trap, leaving several girls dead. She and the survivors are saved by Buffy, and the two finally make peace with one another. After a one-night stand with school principal Robin Wood (D.B. Woodside), the two begin a romantic relationship when they both survive the battle in the series finale. Faith was set to receive her own spin-off following the end of Buffy, which, according to Tim Minear, would have featured Faith "probably on a motorcycle, crossing the Earth, trying to find her place in the world." However, Eliza Dushku chose to take other offers for her post-Buffy career.
Literature
Faith made appearances in various Buffy and Angel comic books and novels. In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer comic book story "Haunted", an imprisoned Faith reveals to Angel her memories of being in a coma between Buffy seasons three and four; she shared a psychic link with the Mayor's spirit and could see him attacking people through his eyes. "Note from the Underground" sees Faith being temporarily released from jail into Angel's custody, in order to help Buffy defeat the demonic fascists, the Scourge. Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Faith Trials, Vol. 1 is a novelization of Buffy season three episodes which center around Faith, including "Faith, Hope & Trick", "Bad Girls", and "Consequences". These episodes focus specifically on Faith's arrival in Sunnydale, and her subsequent turn to the dark side following the death of the Deputy Mayor. Faith appeared prominently in her own 2006 novel Go Ask Malice: A Slayer's Diary by Robert Joseph Levy, which elaborates on Faith's back-story in South Boston and how she came to be the Slayer. Written in diary format, it fleshes out many areas of Faith's past which were only alluded to in the show, such as her alcoholic mother's abuse, her previous relationships, and her first Watcher's gruesome death at the hands of the vampire Kakistos. Author Robert Joseph Levy describes writing the book, "I wanted to explore the choices she made and the choices that were taken away from her, and how they affected her mental state and her development from Potential to Chosen before she arrived." Expanded Universe material such as this is not usually considered canonical unless otherwise stated.
Faith is featured in the ongoing comic book, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight (2007–11), which serves as a canonical continuation of the television series. In the storyline "No Future For You", Faith goes undercover on a mission from Giles to assassinate rogue Slayer Genevieve "Gigi" Savidge, who plans to usurp Buffy's position as leader to the Slayers. Instead, Faith forms an unexpected connection with Gigi and finds herself torn between her new friend and her old enemy. When Gigi discovers her true identity, Faith unintentionally kills her in battle, and the arc ends with Faith finding a new purpose alongside Giles, helping slayers so they won't go down the path she and Gigi did. Faith and Giles later reappear over a year later in "Safe", which recounts one of their missions in Germany. Faith reconvenes with Buffy to face the threats of the villain Twilight in "Retreat", and is captured alongside Giles and Andrew by Twilight. As such, she is witness to the reveal that Twilight is in fact Angel in "Twilight, Part II". In the final story arc, "Last Gleaming", Faith battles in the ruins of Sunnydale alongside other Scooby Gang members and Slayers. Underground however, Angel—possessed by the Twilight entity—snaps Giles' neck in order to prevent the destruction of its power source; a grief-stricken Buffy destroys it however, Angel is freed from Twilight's possession, and magic is mostly cut off from the universe. In the final issue, set some time later, per Giles' will, all of his worldly assets, save a book, have been left to Faith. In Faith's care is a distraught Angel, whom she intends to rehabilitate.
Following Season Eight, Faith received her own title in Angel & Faith (2011–2013), a companion series to Season Nine. The story depicts Angel and Faith, as residents in Giles' London home, attending to his unfinished business and fighting the forces of evil in London while Angel covertly pursues a plan to resurrect Giles. Faith takes on the role of mentor to a group of Slayers, but those relationships are strained by her friendship with Angel. Ultimately, the group are successful in resurrecting Giles (albeit as a young boy), as well as averting the apocalypse. The story ends with Faith deciding to take some time alone to find herself. She is next seen in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten (2014–2016), when she brings Giles to reconnect with Buffy, and is hurt when Giles coldly tells her that his first priority is Buffy. In the accompanying second volume of Angel & Faith, Faith initially finds a home for herself in Kennedy's Slayer private security firm, and while working with them, is troubled by her mission to rescue Riley Finn, whom she slept with while posing as Buffy some years ago. Ultimately, she returns to London to fight alongside Angel against the ancient demon Archaeus, who had been terrorising London.
Concept and creation
The initial concept for Faith's character was "the road not taken", a Slayer who makes the wrong choices in life. She is intended to be a reflection of Buffy, and what Buffy could have become were it not for her support system of friends and family. The question the writers wanted to answer was, despite being made from the same "raw materials," how would upbringing and environment affect the type of people they would become later in life? Joss Whedon describes her as everything Buffy would never let herself become; although Buffy is tempted by Faith's approach to slaying, she ultimately decides not to make the same choices herself. Some fans argued that the show developed a lesbian subtext between Faith and Buffy; Jane Espenson states that Whedon says he didn't intend this, but admitted it was there after he had it pointed out to him, jokingly attributing this to his subconscious.
With Faith, the writers explored the nature of power, and the boundaries and consequences of its use. They wanted to address the issue that, whether the creatures a Slayer kills are good or evil, she is still a professional killer. Co-executive producer Doug Petrie, and writer of Faith-centric episodes such as "Revelations" and "Bad Girls", says one of the things he loves about the character is that Faith is not wrong in describing herself and Buffy as killers. He goes on to discuss a Slayer's rights and responsibilities, and how Faith believes her contributions to society relieve her of any legal or moral responsibilities, a view which Buffy does not share. When writing Faith, Petrie looked to Frank Miller's violent Marvel Comics character Elektra Natchios for inspiration, claiming, "In a different, teen, punkier context, Faith is so much like Elektra."
Known only as "Faith" during the television series; she was not given a surname until 2005, seven years after her first appearance. Joss Whedon was approached by Eden Studios to create surnames for Faith and Kendra to use in a Buffy the Vampire Slayer role-playing game, and chose "Lehane" for Faith, because he wanted something "southie".
Characterization
Actress Eliza Dushku describes Faith as the "working class" Slayer, a reason she feels so many people identify with her. She was written as a sympathetic character; with Doug Petrie claiming "I connected with Faith early on. I love that character. She's totally tragic." According to Petrie, "The whole key to Faith is that she's in pain. If you took that away, she would be a monster. But she's so lonely and so desperate, and all of her toughness comes out of trying to cover that. That's what real monsters are made of. No one thinks they're really a monster." Petrie claims Faith's main motivation is to find a family and friends; she sees treacherous Watcher Gwendolyn Post as the mother she never had, the Scooby Gang as the friends she never had, and the Mayor as the father she never had. "So she's always looking for a family and always coming up short and making these horrible choices, and it drove her insane" says Petrie. "Plus I think she was missing a couple of screws to begin with. 'If you don't love me, you will fear me,' is kind of her m.o. She's not a stable girl, but a fun one." Petrie describes the character's name as "wildly ironic", due to her cynical nature. According to Petrie, "She's the most faithless character we've got. She doesn't trust herself or anyone around her. We try to do that a lot with our monsters. It's much more fun if you look at it from their point of view."
Writer Jane Espenson believes one of the reasons why Faith elicits sympathy from the audience is the father/daughter relationship between her and the Mayor, comparing their affection for one another to that between vampires Spike and Drusilla in the earlier season. The writers wanted to make both Faith and the Mayor as human as possible by showing they need connection and love as much as the heroic characters. Eliza Dushku asserts that Faith's bond with the Mayor stems from him being one of the few people in her life who does not put her down, which is something she has battled with her whole life; Dushku goes on to say Faith's misplaced trust in the Mayor "leads her into being more crazy".
In the Angel season one episode "Sanctuary", Faith forms a bond with the vampire-with-a-soul Angel; executive producer David Greenwalt explains Angel can help her because he alone is able to understand the suffering she has been through and how to help her atone for her sins. Faith is then able to return the favor in Angel's fourth season, when she is the only one determined to defeat Angel's soulless alter ego Angelus without killing him in the process. Actor David Boreanaz explains, "I think having a character like Faith come back at a pivotal point when she finds out Angelus is loose is really, for her character, a way of saying: 'I'm paying you back, Angel, for saving me, therefore, I'm gonna save you.'" The writers believed it would be an interesting dynamic to have former "bad girl" Faith play a heroic role against the show's now villainous protagonist, Angel.
Faith was brought back for the final season of Buffy, because, according to David Solomon, "she had been such a crucial character at a very specific junction in the series that there would be no way to tie it up without her." However, in season seven the dynamic between the two Slayers has changed. As Rebecca Rand Kirshner explains, "[Faith] is no longer such a complete opposite of Buffy. And there's sort of a subtler and more complicated dynamic between them". As Buffy struggles with her unwanted position of mentor to the Potential Slayers, the writers used Faith to create an outside conflict about Buffy's leadership abilities. Although Faith is questioning Buffy and her choices she is making, she is no longer an enemy to her either. In the episode "Empty Places", the Potentials lose trust in Buffy and appoint Faith as their leader instead, a decision that literally blows up in their faces. As Drew Goddard explains, "Faith is like the cool aunt that everyone loves, because the cool aunt doesn't have the responsibility of raising the children. She just gets to show up and have fun. The problem is, Faith is not ready to lead. She's damaged in her own way. She's just beginning to pull herself together. As much as she wants to be Buffy, she has to learn how to become Faith."
When writing Go Ask Malice, author Robert Joseph Levy encountered a number of issues to negotiate in writing a back-story for Faith. One of these was retaining the mystery of the character; Levy explains many aspects of Faith's background, such as her delinquency and promiscuity, are supposed to be assumed by the viewers of the show, and he didn't want to spell everything out by writing a "case study" of her. In order to do something non-traditional, Levy chose to tell the story in a diary format, watching many episodes of the television series to get a hold on the natural cadence of her voice. He reveals he looked to Faith herself in order to overcome his fear of writing such a popular character, "She's not hesitant and in a lot of ways, I took a lot of inspiration from the character itself in terms of creative process — to really go for it and be strong in my choices".
Appearances
Faith has 105 canonical appearances in the Buffyverse.
Television
Eliza Dushku guest starred as Faith in 26 episodes of television.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Season 3 (1998-99): Faith, Hope & Trick, Beauty and the Beasts, Homecoming, Revelations, Amends, The Zeppo, Bad Girls, Consequences, Doppelgängland, Enemies, Choices, Graduation Day, Part One, Graduation Day, Part Two
Season 4 (2000): This Year's Girl, Who Are You
Season 7 (2003): Dirty Girls, Empty Places, Touched, End of Days, Chosen
Angel
Season 1 (2000): Five by Five, Sanctuary
Season 2 (2000): Judgment
Season 4 (2003): Salvage, Release, Orpheus
Comics
Faith has appeared in 79 canonical issues of comics.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Season 8 (2007, 2009-11): No Future for You, Safe, Retreat, Turbulence, Twilight, Last Gleaming
Season 9 (2013): Willow: Wonderland, Part 4
Season 10 (2014): New Rules, Parts 1-2
Season 11 (2017): Ordinary People, The Great Escape, Crimes Against Nature, Revelations, One Girl in All the World
Season 12 (2018): One Year Later, Future Shock, The Reckoning, Finale
Angel & Faith
Season 9 (2011-13): Live Through This, In Perfect Harmony, Daddy Issues, Women of a Certain Age, Family Reunion, Death and Consequences, Spike and Faith, What You Want Not What You Need
Season 10 (2014-16): Where the River Meets the Sea, Lost and Found, United, Those Who Can't Teach, Teach Gym, A Little More than Kin, A Tale of Two Families
See also
Women warriors in literature and culture
References
External links
Angel (1999 TV series) characters
Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters
American female characters in television
Fictional female assassins
Female characters in television
Fictional characters from Boston
Television characters introduced in 1998
Fictional henchmen
Fictional prison escapees
Slayers (Buffyverse)
Fictional demon hunters
Fictional vampire hunters
Female characters in comics
Fictional victims of domestic abuse | [
0.31530019640922546,
0.2905488610267639,
-0.619389533996582,
-0.13984279334545135,
0.10144869983196259,
0.5101162791252136,
0.9319062829017639,
-0.2270866185426712,
0.5187416672706604,
-0.351408451795578,
0.19996976852416992,
0.341052770614624,
0.04761296138167381,
0.08067852258682251,
-0.43240976333618164,
0.03192896768450737,
0.4012068212032318,
0.6107017993927002,
-0.07564827054738998,
-0.40550604462623596,
-0.2014206200838089,
-0.3302042782306671,
0.1120949536561966,
0.1293400228023529,
-0.38618725538253784,
0.3308517634868622,
0.226185142993927,
-0.05201038345694542,
0.2355378121137619,
-0.1385183036327362,
0.22447967529296875,
-0.06371456384658813,
0.15353462100028992,
-0.5497825145721436,
0.07154881209135056,
0.05760227143764496,
0.0016881459159776568,
-0.07797446101903915,
-0.26650139689445496,
-0.24443423748016357,
-0.20160917937755585,
-0.26128485798835754,
0.5020812153816223,
0.28290417790412903,
0.1456390917301178,
-0.2155429869890213,
-1.788987636566162,
0.5671406388282776,
-0.6239132881164551,
0.22755023837089539,
0.039472758769989014,
0.13426409661769867,
0.720853328704834,
0.26798713207244873,
0.05609654635190964,
0.7564336657524109,
-0.8558890223503113,
0.22750109434127808,
0.13651080429553986,
-0.20576559007167816,
0.06420072168111801,
-0.07555365562438965,
0.6073833703994751,
0.1352541595697403,
-0.2855721116065979,
0.2771988809108734,
0.3122607469558716,
0.13783645629882812,
-0.020998917520046234,
-0.6543144583702087,
-0.14305490255355835,
-0.5612237453460693,
-0.11534510552883148,
0.03724118322134018,
-0.31920289993286133,
-0.18492791056632996,
0.19109125435352325,
0.22516882419586182,
0.5635603070259094,
0.18666143715381622,
-0.3368692696094513,
0.7944722175598145,
0.11002509295940399,
0.6247286796569824,
0.001589055871590972,
-0.3442780375480652,
-0.002924722619354725,
-0.24230320751667023,
-0.14720115065574646,
0.591951310634613,
-0.8553372025489807,
-0.33699271082878113,
0.5142263770103455,
0.2564423084259033,
0.0804344117641449,
-0.27929985523223877,
0.4590878486633301,
0.0693487599492073,
0.5957736968994141,
0.3530750572681427,
-0.3828931152820587,
-0.028116391971707344,
-0.2960258722305298,
-0.5166445374488831,
-0.14129208028316498,
-0.1143135353922844,
-0.2522999048233032,
-0.44979849457740784,
-0.508574903011322,
0.2389596849679947,
-0.6876423954963684,
0.1867014616727829,
0.09035658836364746,
0.25704386830329895,
-0.18274301290512085,
0.2432820051908493,
0.5877794623374939,
-0.6196913719177246,
-0.6659119129180908,
-0.04540989175438881,
0.38657453656196594,
-0.0258482713252306,
0.11327669769525528,
0.3997170031070709,
0.024795051664114,
0.20479966700077057,
0.5160683393478394,
0.5649868845939636,
-0.40076443552970886,
0.16200946271419525,
0.042971882969141006,
0.7020388841629028,
-0.36100926995277405,
-0.6494924426078796,
-0.09723393619060516,
-0.3344188630580902,
0.023933451622724533,
0.38321924209594727,
-0.07229361683130264,
0.426624059677124,
-0.7006730437278748,
-0.571692168712616,
-0.47758686542510986,
0.1680898815393448,
0.8244256973266602,
-0.18803775310516357,
0.27544140815734863,
0.07198316603899002,
-0.34559378027915955,
0.04235583916306496,
0.11136409640312195,
0.13775309920310974,
-0.39380916953086853,
0.08686714619398117,
-0.1687917709350586,
0.48890984058380127,
1.1046696901321411,
0.10261039435863495,
-0.0064679705537855625,
0.659753143787384,
0.43187886476516724,
0.2821001708507538,
-0.1364315152168274,
-0.19582563638687134,
0.10091531276702881,
0.3150654733181,
-0.1702001541852951,
-0.24223756790161133,
0.34750425815582275,
0.3455142378807068,
-0.5113748908042908,
0.13696520030498505,
-0.21426548063755035,
-0.055744022130966187,
0.05507492646574974,
0.13745707273483276,
0.6732444167137146,
-0.1015724390745163,
-0.5619855523109436,
-0.014566078782081604,
-0.15840768814086914,
0.25891831517219543,
-0.18027231097221375,
-0.39386317133903503,
-0.08174406737089157,
-0.026157470420002937,
-0.1745174676179886,
0.43847596645355225,
0.5825773477554321,
-0.22440007328987122,
-1.014909267425537,
-0.03849512338638306,
0.5909842848777771,
0.16901937127113342,
0.8943315148353577,
-0.5838797092437744,
-0.5694697499275208,
0.6169651746749878,
0.2534979581832886,
0.021051838994026184,
0.11428224295377731,
-0.27085280418395996,
0.08077850192785263,
0.010518026538193226,
-0.5339955687522888,
0.06770289689302444,
0.6495936512947083,
0.059633053839206696,
0.06091802194714546,
0.25201910734176636,
0.6133276224136353,
0.06098045036196709,
0.26327627897262573,
-0.06430330872535706,
0.06905726343393326,
0.23208126425743103,
-0.40475723147392273,
-0.33397915959358215,
0.2633064091205597,
-0.27218350768089294,
0.5611481666564941,
-0.039602719247341156,
-0.136590376496315,
-0.3096602261066437,
-0.2391265630722046,
0.5246967673301697,
-0.2220180481672287,
-0.469351202249527,
0.2778036892414093,
-0.2879810333251953,
-0.1958770602941513,
0.4533518850803375,
0.12436701357364655,
-0.282470703125,
-0.2784334421157837,
-0.05795498564839363,
0.346623957157135,
-0.23473604023456573,
0.15638583898544312,
-0.5113754868507385,
0.7616503238677979,
0.18249312043190002,
-0.6878955364227295,
0.34285709261894226,
-0.19094246625900269,
0.06444565951824188,
-0.4613525867462158,
-0.1160094290971756,
-0.3566673994064331,
-0.4784913957118988,
0.1373884528875351,
0.47302624583244324,
0.5052949786186218,
0.3916950225830078,
0.34614142775535583,
-0.15234728157520294,
-0.8536667823791504,
-0.23567873239517212,
0.15279258787631989,
-0.12722697854042053,
0.09129825234413147,
-0.15891042351722717,
0.3279149830341339,
0.06890110671520233,
0.34942275285720825,
-0.21474763751029968,
0.17037393152713776,
-0.44329190254211426,
0.38007041811943054,
0.5969968438148499,
0.4482184648513794,
-0.08097909390926361,
-0.6131260991096497,
-0.16193434596061707,
0.0038636403623968363,
-0.09187588095664978,
-0.1033966913819313,
0.4972919523715973,
-0.1880069524049759,
-0.11394346505403519,
0.04572216793894768,
0.4607882797718048,
0.6323924660682678,
-0.5882689356803894,
-0.5330229997634888,
-0.18209810554981232,
0.17232733964920044,
-0.5614209175109863,
-0.3577477037906647,
0.08304214477539062,
-0.039330460131168365,
0.42481738328933716,
-0.28285425901412964,
-0.5028048753738403,
0.24410074949264526,
0.04223993420600891,
0.30569127202033997,
0.5767734050750732,
0.03007817268371582,
-0.003674429375678301,
0.6109297275543213,
0.12683439254760742,
0.33249107003211975,
0.17789332568645477,
0.26960280537605286,
0.25201356410980225,
-0.07340624183416367,
0.0658278688788414,
-5.893912315368652,
-0.03592263162136078,
-0.1687227338552475,
-0.14742211997509003,
-0.2141118049621582,
0.0036147008650004864,
0.15652979910373688,
-0.3773497939109802,
0.042255938053131104,
-0.6516150832176208,
0.15933871269226074,
0.24946002662181854,
0.18100246787071228,
-0.1329222023487091,
-0.13586008548736572,
0.23095865547657013,
0.18025808036327362,
-0.9163931608200073,
0.30473044514656067,
0.24896684288978577,
-0.12492888420820236,
-0.1562129110097885,
-0.6380892395973206,
0.5851669311523438,
0.17024488747119904,
0.03152411803603172,
-0.9562649130821228,
0.2743067145347595,
-0.06366263329982758,
0.5530993342399597,
0.1473393440246582,
-0.37624800205230713,
-0.5134620666503906,
-0.17036943137645721,
-0.1763005405664444,
0.1417456716299057,
0.5992834568023682,
-0.8644670844078064,
0.294990599155426,
-0.6739392280578613,
-0.18716329336166382,
-0.05385708063840866,
-0.43676525354385376,
0.41777002811431885,
0.7183566093444824,
-0.2992739677429199,
-0.6241597533226013,
0.4160834550857544,
-0.2825886011123657,
0.8723352551460266,
-0.05082785338163376,
0.13141226768493652,
0.018311962485313416,
0.27760082483291626,
0.4968305230140686,
-0.10790013521909714,
0.029049910604953766,
0.08387371152639389,
-0.4703548848628998,
0.1595519483089447,
-0.25385069847106934,
-0.33476611971855164,
0.33476054668426514,
0.13227221369743347,
0.09155238419771194,
-0.23393934965133667,
-0.43437498807907104,
-0.37543076276779175,
0.018376154825091362,
-0.30189254879951477,
-0.44296878576278687,
0.2408112734556198,
0.07771589607000351,
-1.3333826065063477,
0.5051988363265991,
-0.3946537673473358,
-0.901249885559082,
-0.10952342301607132,
-0.4116809070110321,
-0.17206181585788727,
0.43193385004997253,
-0.33472585678100586,
-0.178532674908638,
-0.0049211070872843266,
0.35216960310935974,
-0.11284636706113815,
0.008238048292696476,
-0.2693459689617157,
-0.5043835043907166,
0.1295619010925293,
0.10438636690378189,
-0.44644755125045776,
0.06409931182861328,
0.5240738391876221,
0.49139904975891113,
0.7791050672531128,
0.8511256575584412,
0.28315386176109314,
0.7427681684494019,
0.10470950603485107,
0.37594345211982727,
0.024822799488902092,
0.4602125287055969,
-0.19276827573776245,
-0.17104192078113556,
-0.5745898485183716,
-0.24091318249702454,
0.011617546901106834,
0.5961158275604248,
-0.46174123883247375,
-0.3059108853340149,
-0.47260743379592896,
-0.591203510761261,
-0.1625138223171234,
0.463964581489563,
0.012145306915044785,
-0.005043934099376202,
0.8412894010543823,
0.32881098985671997,
0.6660017967224121,
-0.11729242652654648,
-0.2637527287006378,
0.17325592041015625,
-0.7083237171173096,
0.264670193195343,
0.0017715096473693848,
0.245034858584404,
-0.018572703003883362,
0.5358700752258301,
0.42683666944503784,
-0.192881241440773,
0.21034486591815948,
-0.2713395357131958,
0.09456973522901535,
0.07454264163970947,
0.18857693672180176,
-0.3789216876029968,
-0.18437795341014862,
-0.27885258197784424,
-0.1959187090396881,
-0.05266547203063965,
-0.31545501947402954,
-0.3253147602081299,
0.31420233845710754,
0.8213184475898743,
-0.1507338583469391,
0.17362967133522034,
-0.34039366245269775,
-0.20196017622947693,
0.5512306690216064,
-0.044110748916864395,
0.5269899964332581,
0.8846017122268677,
-0.7068421244621277,
-0.5788883566856384,
0.11995930969715118,
0.4037213921546936,
0.1541886180639267,
-0.7685503959655762,
0.29290467500686646,
-0.023063190281391144,
-0.9200308918952942,
-0.806681215763092,
-0.06515446305274963,
-0.06441377103328705,
-0.4050862193107605,
-0.3572297990322113,
-0.4798181653022766,
-0.46459269523620605,
0.30463874340057373,
-0.21010880172252655,
0.016331875696778297,
-0.2042243480682373,
0.19498001039028168,
0.20983853936195374,
0.16641868650913239,
-0.40859124064445496,
0.19092170894145966,
-0.17948444187641144,
-0.09595414251089096,
-0.18335556983947754,
-0.41590651869773865,
-0.5677106380462646,
-0.3986554443836212,
0.6091138124465942,
-0.7828564047813416,
-0.2269296497106552,
-0.3616131842136383,
-0.49157777428627014,
0.1711113601922989,
-0.4086126387119293,
0.20617401599884033,
0.36382874846458435,
0.22988857328891754,
-0.2960679233074188,
-0.1107451543211937,
-0.06404369324445724,
-0.09949507564306259,
0.35370469093322754,
-0.7516291737556458,
-0.1339368224143982,
0.1605498343706131,
-1.1367816925048828,
0.03658365458250046,
0.9988446831703186,
-0.4688415229320526,
0.34354597330093384,
-0.006280235480517149,
0.28277379274368286,
0.49496275186538696,
0.3186441659927368,
-0.14540787041187286,
0.15375889837741852,
0.4430563747882843,
-0.02498982846736908,
-0.018836185336112976,
-0.24948881566524506,
-0.21731534600257874,
-0.6722139120101929,
-0.6733884811401367,
0.17432038486003876,
-0.41695359349250793,
-0.2204858511686325,
-0.14878851175308228,
-0.3378131091594696,
0.026939870789647102,
0.5234441757202148,
-0.5765159130096436,
0.08750828355550766,
0.1315215677022934,
0.25769397616386414,
0.3802107870578766,
0.2769708037376404,
-0.24462758004665375,
-0.34368985891342163,
-0.08629850298166275,
-0.01434638723731041,
0.4973941147327423,
-0.033591389656066895,
0.3649102449417114,
0.1153600811958313,
0.8912965059280396,
-0.3321954309940338,
-0.6692861914634705,
0.16489416360855103,
0.458808958530426,
-0.1868162751197815,
-0.22440779209136963,
-0.5601349472999573,
0.16616471111774445,
-0.17655432224273682,
-0.3629441559314728,
0.12166871875524521,
-0.5136250853538513,
0.573287844657898,
-0.7594611644744873,
-0.040674153715372086,
-0.20279543101787567,
-0.3502238094806671,
-0.4865899085998535,
0.21011240780353546,
-0.5576633810997009,
-0.5966177582740784,
0.07995236665010452,
-0.17599692940711975,
0.21976718306541443,
0.030560053884983063,
-0.3016164302825928,
-0.2612606883049011,
-0.5235273241996765,
0.4096694588661194,
-0.20812053978443146,
0.0359208770096302,
0.3779568374156952,
-0.6144821047782898,
-0.1228758841753006,
-0.25169575214385986,
0.0440499372780323,
-0.49949753284454346,
-0.19667743146419525,
-0.2212509959936142,
0.14065496623516083,
-0.2920079827308655,
-0.10226840525865555,
0.39629989862442017,
-0.5208836197853088,
0.6074626445770264,
-0.4890214800834656,
-0.17534582316875458,
-0.12048041820526123,
-0.027088165283203125,
0.11821313947439194,
0.6246935129165649,
-0.06323684751987457,
0.34105339646339417,
0.36921802163124084,
0.19321000576019287,
-0.17321141064167023,
0.4637468457221985,
0.10896620899438858,
0.14256510138511658,
0.8390364646911621,
0.5845780372619629,
-0.04128230735659599,
-0.36341777443885803,
0.10110829770565033,
-0.3080253601074219,
-0.34068188071250916,
0.026950323954224586,
0.32925719022750854,
0.1877097636461258,
-0.34106433391571045,
0.1077510267496109,
0.5345885157585144,
-0.18364007771015167,
0.1313554048538208,
0.24214039742946625,
-0.1906047761440277,
-0.19983944296836853,
0.12905552983283997,
-0.2805679738521576,
0.19933782517910004,
0.6677994132041931,
-0.2812863290309906,
0.013377941213548183,
0.44430309534072876,
-0.3275226950645447,
0.4152587354183197,
-0.11748436838388443,
0.1738942712545395,
0.8313018679618835,
-0.45042115449905396,
-0.01210635807365179,
0.4005843997001648,
-0.2836015522480011,
0.0034279569517821074,
0.1649044007062912,
0.0961001068353653,
-0.029794085770845413,
0.423931747674942,
0.4518343508243561,
-0.04861477017402649,
-0.13621966540813446,
0.5883548259735107,
0.14349354803562164,
0.31490692496299744,
0.04549242556095123,
0.2875898778438568,
-0.10154304653406143,
0.29204148054122925,
0.12005669623613358,
0.03245808556675911,
0.09666970372200012,
-0.18198899924755096,
0.47724881768226624,
-0.545440137386322,
0.21091820299625397,
-0.4654298722743988,
-0.10433712601661682,
-0.5757219791412354,
0.005230757873505354,
-0.7474955916404724,
0.4050849974155426,
0.43154874444007874,
-0.31565776467323303,
0.12281741201877594,
-0.3145790100097656,
-0.5553430914878845,
-0.22734197974205017,
-0.3051683008670807,
0.19298920035362244,
0.5089588165283203,
-0.27811065316200256,
0.5072847008705139,
0.3381367027759552,
0.38531428575515747,
0.7336061000823975,
-0.12661240994930267,
0.007112891413271427,
-0.3820172846317291,
-0.5043070912361145,
-0.2845517694950104,
-0.4352251887321472,
-0.14608843624591827,
0.022927889600396156,
-0.1384958177804947,
0.22206467390060425,
0.48242074251174927,
-0.1953996866941452,
-0.31901443004608154,
0.6228256821632385,
-0.37981361150741577,
0.5376789569854736,
-0.22551555931568146,
0.19483351707458496,
0.5722227096557617,
0.09342624247074127,
0.889828622341156,
0.2591269314289093,
0.586950421333313,
-0.14339642226696014,
0.7262018322944641,
0.39354225993156433,
0.24755015969276428,
-0.47079282999038696,
-0.06688595563173294,
-0.4902718663215637,
-0.23785631358623505,
-0.819165050983429,
0.08912844210863113,
0.1673806607723236,
-0.12977872788906097,
0.11184436827898026,
-0.07468905299901962,
-0.012492939829826355,
0.46882399916648865,
0.5768994092941284,
0.27494701743125916,
0.14361730217933655,
-0.13761784136295319,
0.007542585022747517,
0.09641405940055847,
-0.25595250725746155,
0.6423400640487671,
-0.6436257362365723,
-0.09576671570539474,
-0.2934788465499878,
-0.09504331648349762,
0.3872380256652832,
-0.021420210599899292,
0.14718900620937347,
-0.2612520754337311,
0.022909479215741158,
0.5720049738883972,
-0.20141944289207458,
-0.28121691942214966,
0.41810342669487,
0.8036324381828308,
0.034918688237667084,
-0.010932388715445995,
0.01416333019733429,
-0.45922714471817017,
-0.581157922744751,
0.3873526155948639,
-0.7808643579483032,
0.02150379866361618,
-0.22218503057956696,
-0.9265328049659729,
0.11077771335840225,
0.3238051235675812,
0.1514398753643036,
-0.40077582001686096,
0.27281472086906433,
-0.9608335494995117,
-0.19640688598155975,
0.3589308559894562,
0.5292182564735413,
-0.3394084572792053,
0.4397021234035492,
-0.09968025237321854
] |
236445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic%20substitution | Nucleophilic substitution | A nucleophilic substitution is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile). The molecule that contains the electrophile and the leaving functional group is called the substrate.<ref>R. A. Rossi, R. H. de Rossi, Aromatic Substitution by the SRN1 Mechanism, ACS Monograph Series No. 178, American Chemical Society, 1983. .</ref>
The most general form of the reaction may be given as the following:
Nuc: + R-LG → R-Nuc + LG:
The electron pair (:) from the nucleophile (Nuc) attacks the substrate (R-LG) and bonds with it. Simultaneously, the leaving group (LG) departs with an electron pair. The principal product in this case is R-Nuc. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged.
An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide, R-Br under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is OH− and the leaving group is Br−.
R-Br + OH− → R-OH + Br−
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are common in organic chemistry. Nucleophiles often attack a saturated aliphatic carbon. Less often, they may attack an aromatic or unsaturated carbon.
Saturated carbon centres
SN1 and SN2 reactions
In 1935, Edward D. Hughes and Sir Christopher Ingold studied nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides and related compounds. They proposed that there were two main mechanisms at work, both of them competing with each other. The two main mechanisms were the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction, where S stands for substitution, N stands for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction.
In the SN2 reaction, the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of leaving group take place simultaneously (i.e. a concerted reaction). SN2 occurs when the central carbon atom is easily accessible to the nucleophile.
In SN2 reactions, there are a few conditions that affect the rate of the reaction. First of all, the 2 in SN2 implies that there are two concentrations of substances that affect the rate of reaction: substrate (Sub) and nucleophile. The rate equation for this reaction would be Rate=k[Sub][Nuc]. For a SN2 reaction, an aprotic solvent is best, such as acetone, DMF, or DMSO. Aprotic solvents do not add protons (H+ ions) into solution; if protons were present in SN2 reactions, they would react with the nucleophile and severely limit the reaction rate. Since this reaction occurs in one step, steric effects drive the reaction speed. In the intermediate step, the nucleophile is 185 degrees from the leaving group and the stereochemistry is inverted as the nucleophile bonds to make the product. Also, because the intermediate is partially bonded to the nucleophile and leaving group, there is no time for the substrate to rearrange itself: the nucleophile will bond to the same carbon that the leaving group was attached to. A final factor that affects reaction rate is nucleophilicity; the nucleophile must attack an atom other than a hydrogen.
By contrast the SN1 reaction involves two steps. SN1 reactions tend to be important when the central carbon atom of the substrate is surrounded by bulky groups, both because such groups interfere sterically with the SN2 reaction (discussed above) and because a highly substituted carbon forms a stable carbocation.
Like SN2 reactions, there are quite a few factors that affect the reaction rate of SN1 reactions. Instead of having two concentrations that affect the reaction rate, there is only one, substrate. The rate equation for this would be Rate=k[Sub]. Since the rate of a reaction is only determined by its slowest step, the rate at which the leaving group "leaves" determines the speed of the reaction. This means that the better the leaving group, the faster the reaction rate. A general rule for what makes a good leaving group is the weaker the conjugate base, the better the leaving group. In this case, halogens are going to be the best leaving groups, while compounds such as amines, hydrogen, and alkanes are going to be quite poor leaving groups. As SN2 reactions were affected by sterics, SN1 reactions are determined by bulky groups attached to the carbocation. Since there is an intermediate that actually contains a positive charge, bulky groups attached are going to help stabilize the charge on the carbocation through resonance and distribution of charge. In this case, tertiary carbocation will react faster than a secondary which will react much faster than a primary. It is also due to this carbocation intermediate that the product does not have to have inversion. The nucleophile can attack from the top or the bottom and therefore create a racemic product. It is important to use a protic solvent, water and alcohols, since an aprotic solvent could attack the intermediate and cause unwanted product. It does not matter if the hydrogens from the protic solvent react with the nucleophile since the nucleophile is not involved in the rate determining step.
Reactions
There are many reactions in organic chemistry involve this type of mechanism. Common examples include:
Organic reductions with hydrides, for example
R-X → R-H using LiAlH4 (SN2)
Hydrolysis reactions such as
R-Br + OH− → R-OH + Br− (SN2) or
R-Br + H2O → R-OH + HBr (SN1)
Williamson ether synthesis
R-Br + OR'− → R-OR' + Br− (SN2)
The Wenker synthesis, a ring-closing reaction of aminoalcohols.
The Finkelstein reaction, a halide exchange reaction. Phosphorus nucleophiles appear in the Perkow reaction and the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction.
The Kolbe nitrile synthesis, the reaction of alkyl halides with cyanides.
Borderline mechanism
An example of a substitution reaction taking place by a so-called borderline mechanism as originally studied by Hughes and Ingold is the reaction of 1-phenylethyl chloride'' with sodium methoxide in methanol.
The reaction rate is found to the sum of SN1 and SN2 components with 61% (3,5 M, 70 °C) taking place by the latter.
Other mechanisms
Besides SN1 and SN2, other mechanisms are known, although they are less common. The SNi mechanism is observed in reactions of thionyl chloride with alcohols, and it is similar to SN1 except that the nucleophile is delivered from the same side as the leaving group.
Nucleophilic substitutions can be accompanied by an allylic rearrangement as seen in reactions such as the Ferrier rearrangement. This type of mechanism is called an SN1' or SN2' reaction (depending on the kinetics). With allylic halides or sulphonates, for example, the nucleophile may attack at the γ unsaturated carbon in place of the carbon bearing the leaving group. This may be seen in the reaction of 1-chloro-2-butene with sodium hydroxide to give a mixture of 2-buten-1-ol and 1-buten-3-ol:
CH3CH=CH-CH2-Cl → CH3CH=CH-CH2-OH + CH3CH(OH)-CH=CH2
The Sn1CB mechanism appears in inorganic chemistry. Competing mechanisms exist.
In organometallic chemistry the nucleophilic abstraction reaction occurs with a nucleophilic substitution mechanism.
Unsaturated carbon centres
Nucleophilic substitution via the SN1 or SN2 mechanism does not generally occur with vinyl or aryl halides or related compounds. Under certain conditions nucleophilic substitutions may occur, via other mechanisms such as those described in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution article.
When the substitution occurs at the carbonyl group, the acyl group may undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution. This is the normal mode of substitution with carboxylic acid derivatives such as acyl chlorides, esters and amides.
References
External links | [
-0.32145288586616516,
-0.13451673090457916,
-0.3265560567378998,
-0.19212141633033752,
-0.5351617336273193,
-0.41312113404273987,
-0.1342487782239914,
-0.2964538335800171,
0.2919173836708069,
-0.42610153555870056,
-0.7273088693618774,
0.18903450667858124,
-0.790193498134613,
0.3907496929168701,
0.06726532429456711,
0.7927799224853516,
0.7361363768577576,
0.41458258032798767,
-0.46224942803382874,
-0.29224860668182373,
0.28286221623420715,
0.18429571390151978,
0.2959631681442261,
-0.2538689076900482,
0.7024396657943726,
-0.059019699692726135,
0.16335798799991608,
-0.22685621678829193,
-0.14066825807094574,
0.3568071126937866,
0.22213619947433472,
0.8515539169311523,
-0.028127072378993034,
0.1369318813085556,
0.19056659936904907,
0.4734143316745758,
0.02121628262102604,
-0.5994780659675598,
0.5354893207550049,
-0.6308584809303284,
-0.029740776866674423,
-0.5038588643074036,
0.1716240644454956,
0.6408848166465759,
-0.5920812487602234,
-0.03225155547261238,
-1.7286765575408936,
0.5263922810554504,
-0.7213351726531982,
-0.30574336647987366,
-0.2327033281326294,
-0.3192615509033203,
0.41612985730171204,
0.7176461815834045,
-0.2626611888408661,
0.4822906255722046,
-0.8952391147613525,
-0.3843880593776703,
0.1316407322883606,
-0.2494741976261139,
-0.1527348905801773,
0.59098219871521,
-0.08900119364261627,
0.1883617341518402,
0.8441781401634216,
0.3492661118507385,
-0.5543311834335327,
0.27172785997390747,
-1.0052471160888672,
-0.23391880095005035,
0.0024193264544010162,
0.10673399269580841,
-0.4855901300907135,
-0.09170687198638916,
0.19944694638252258,
0.17217913269996643,
-0.40808749198913574,
0.03119688108563423,
0.2205612063407898,
0.24798725545406342,
-0.02825460210442543,
1.2127461433410645,
0.12167198210954666,
-0.2965218424797058,
0.6067543029785156,
-0.3130262792110443,
-0.943386435508728,
0.8540322780609131,
-0.5712922811508179,
0.0679381862282753,
0.16055724024772644,
-0.23406729102134705,
0.09865821897983551,
-0.011473197489976883,
-0.10375160723924637,
0.017486266791820526,
0.35474324226379395,
-0.44404491782188416,
0.19506703317165375,
0.2045368105173111,
0.4167797863483429,
-0.2853344678878784,
0.2312798649072647,
-0.715723991394043,
-0.19286134839057922,
-0.9393300414085388,
-0.399311900138855,
-0.582414984703064,
0.3137431740760803,
-0.26036834716796875,
-0.18889494240283966,
0.3600939214229584,
0.22221685945987701,
-0.15202488005161285,
-0.1709410399198532,
-0.07852132618427277,
0.2599630057811737,
0.2681884467601776,
-0.02538750134408474,
0.17717427015304565,
-0.04528104141354561,
0.4690696895122528,
-0.13486167788505554,
-0.009781163185834885,
-0.3451041579246521,
0.40245363116264343,
0.060274019837379456,
0.8544677495956421,
-0.9618224501609802,
-0.112688809633255,
0.3077769875526428,
1.1235839128494263,
0.04758994281291962,
0.18298397958278656,
0.09379949420690536,
-0.7797408103942871,
0.1659187525510788,
-0.23598404228687286,
0.7316442728042603,
-0.011984623037278652,
-0.44395679235458374,
0.16549108922481537,
-0.20963044464588165,
-0.05255371704697609,
0.3815399706363678,
-0.10146013647317886,
-0.07546494156122208,
-0.07483632862567902,
0.6135480999946594,
-0.2202165126800537,
0.0185100007802248,
-0.6325374841690063,
-0.5888001322746277,
0.282505065202713,
-0.5828614830970764,
-0.7946856617927551,
0.24840359389781952,
-0.6955713629722595,
-0.2307450920343399,
0.15919505059719086,
0.030075224116444588,
-0.672863245010376,
-0.2170792669057846,
0.06407776474952698,
0.23988580703735352,
-0.5936928987503052,
0.08217278122901917,
0.685455322265625,
-0.21484233438968658,
0.36250945925712585,
-0.0000035140030831826152,
-0.4158807098865509,
0.29034921526908875,
-0.6070688366889954,
0.1495027393102646,
0.044308193027973175,
-0.22681739926338196,
-0.2660791277885437,
0.6392305493354797,
-0.06234253942966461,
-0.845690131187439,
-0.08841781318187714,
0.278238981962204,
0.20719176530838013,
-0.09902212023735046,
-0.06470455974340439,
0.6079459190368652,
-0.05828546732664108,
-0.1797208935022354,
0.6123902201652527,
-0.42659518122673035,
0.14888769388198853,
0.005630449391901493,
-0.3422708511352539,
1.149680733680725,
0.059436600655317307,
-0.5118783712387085,
-0.09355027973651886,
0.10535557568073273,
-0.17751823365688324,
-0.7923729419708252,
0.5562149882316589,
0.20867441594600677,
-0.18312601745128632,
-0.40595629811286926,
0.8563690781593323,
0.5754075646400452,
-0.19353659451007843,
0.4238462448120117,
0.3740777373313904,
0.7820208668708801,
-0.14968620240688324,
0.6354697942733765,
-0.0807015597820282,
-0.06468690931797028,
-0.05767185613512993,
-0.6672187447547913,
0.29015877842903137,
0.05404696241021156,
0.6582940220832825,
-0.06059928983449936,
0.2819935083389282,
0.2060088813304901,
0.35155534744262695,
-0.10218453407287598,
0.48972469568252563,
0.19536684453487396,
0.10373464971780777,
0.621482789516449,
0.31076914072036743,
0.5885624289512634,
-0.1530555635690689,
0.17386087775230408,
-0.21249757707118988,
-0.08721298724412918,
-0.2999880313873291,
0.08253595978021622,
-0.27247384190559387,
-0.1397302895784378,
-0.08184971660375595,
-0.06277389824390411,
0.5944255590438843,
-1.159909963607788,
0.16849946975708008,
-0.2345113307237625,
0.22313889861106873,
-0.19191667437553406,
0.22837257385253906,
-0.1757320761680603,
-0.3574222922325134,
0.19957980513572693,
0.13144385814666748,
-0.006339847110211849,
-0.8285264372825623,
0.4694461524486542,
-0.22985491156578064,
-0.21018439531326294,
0.6757644414901733,
0.22135193645954132,
-0.33389994502067566,
-0.5364245772361755,
-0.2015039324760437,
0.27527880668640137,
-0.4196085035800934,
-0.7781485915184021,
-0.20971259474754333,
-1.1155154705047607,
0.09278930723667145,
0.43947452306747437,
-0.2381957322359085,
0.751526951789856,
0.33287203311920166,
-0.7751830816268921,
0.17724847793579102,
-1.4216244220733643,
-0.10401565581560135,
-0.12757454812526703,
-0.03315373510122299,
-0.7304632067680359,
-0.19102513790130615,
0.14368154108524323,
0.22451378405094147,
0.06205403059720993,
-0.6890714168548584,
-0.7924973964691162,
0.11470770090818405,
0.33038702607154846,
-0.4499497711658478,
0.1677149385213852,
-0.832526683807373,
-0.3848584294319153,
0.2005654275417328,
0.09863092005252838,
0.17960143089294434,
0.05634169280529022,
0.12131381779909134,
-0.25108394026756287,
0.4256918430328369,
0.5635989308357239,
-0.04803074896335602,
0.031323373317718506,
-0.1334673911333084,
-0.5365896821022034,
-0.20282213389873505,
0.12270621955394745,
0.20570148527622223,
0.20152045786380768,
0.6258158683776855,
-5.3829851150512695,
0.1478162705898285,
-0.013407748192548752,
0.5677657723426819,
0.6393328309059143,
0.16339221596717834,
1.1546645164489746,
-0.14786115288734436,
-0.5037650465965271,
0.3639831840991974,
-0.699418306350708,
-0.07730820029973984,
0.023094946518540382,
0.15561284124851227,
0.14504703879356384,
-0.22253325581550598,
0.9609318375587463,
-0.624218225479126,
0.3184865415096283,
0.30923885107040405,
-0.19908295571804047,
0.19047513604164124,
0.07040958106517792,
0.6660706996917725,
-0.2304450273513794,
-0.09384419023990631,
0.1619139462709427,
0.06436015665531158,
-0.20786117017269135,
-0.43265751004219055,
-0.10063726454973221,
-0.03403179720044136,
0.5424839854240417,
-0.15412119030952454,
0.19105684757232666,
0.2532714903354645,
0.24019508063793182,
-0.2302533984184265,
-0.26385971903800964,
-0.35507744550704956,
-0.24396546185016632,
0.5947322249412537,
0.5609268546104431,
0.10413331538438797,
0.5919101238250732,
-0.3134267032146454,
0.1866006702184677,
-0.5063899755477905,
-0.13595376908779144,
0.9011701345443726,
-0.004769259598106146,
0.17684867978096008,
0.47171324491500854,
-0.2877809703350067,
0.34028947353363037,
-0.025733590126037598,
-0.17411428689956665,
0.01317562349140644,
-0.1645958572626114,
-0.24386058747768402,
0.37200671434402466,
-0.29596132040023804,
-0.16565187275409698,
-0.08974048495292664,
-0.36418402194976807,
-0.12259214371442795,
-0.6459265351295471,
-0.08937013149261475,
0.8326457142829895,
0.6790403723716736,
-0.8126261830329895,
0.6245169639587402,
0.1156856119632721,
-0.4553835988044739,
0.5787214636802673,
-0.20464248955249786,
-0.444498747587204,
-0.49583572149276733,
0.11981324851512909,
0.433593213558197,
-0.4441629648208618,
0.22866575419902802,
-0.1433662623167038,
0.9577676653862,
0.759551465511322,
-0.2661552131175995,
-0.6928501725196838,
0.5370804667472839,
-0.41994789242744446,
0.24309779703617096,
0.4672015905380249,
0.5131008625030518,
0.3593277931213379,
0.17164388298988342,
-0.4659819006919861,
0.28404873609542847,
-0.12181764841079712,
0.49433282017707825,
0.5074867606163025,
0.0295692328363657,
1.2112805843353271,
-0.1177256852388382,
-0.03591431304812431,
0.02798389084637165,
-0.5007010102272034,
-0.3501719534397125,
-0.3154171407222748,
0.43015679717063904,
0.040223345160484314,
0.3061715066432953,
-0.22849348187446594,
0.5229842662811279,
-0.610654354095459,
0.03445283696055412,
0.29330751299858093,
0.26518216729164124,
-0.7220282554626465,
0.14397022128105164,
0.9222335815429688,
-0.0025207067374140024,
0.3880161643028259,
0.26930704712867737,
-0.6671788096427917,
-0.524720311164856,
-0.03249778971076012,
-0.2767775058746338,
-0.11012464761734009,
0.05651506781578064,
-0.01615813933312893,
0.02117755450308323,
0.17970269918441772,
0.5791167616844177,
-0.42475125193595886,
-0.6393090486526489,
0.22885507345199585,
-0.36538511514663696,
-0.2987367510795593,
0.41960689425468445,
-0.6598612666130066,
-0.6087656617164612,
0.25467440485954285,
-0.7045317888259888,
-0.12004837393760681,
-0.48829910159111023,
0.46792441606521606,
0.3109776973724365,
0.06270717084407806,
-0.2794298827648163,
-0.25536054372787476,
0.783710777759552,
-0.07297592610120773,
-0.7085438370704651,
0.197719007730484,
-0.7486760020256042,
0.31660905480384827,
-0.008598009124398232,
0.32350900769233704,
0.2586762011051178,
0.5392392873764038,
-0.5663995146751404,
-0.5998579859733582,
-0.21255220472812653,
-0.6064037680625916,
-0.20170079171657562,
-0.45838654041290283,
0.17817990481853485,
-1.1462645530700684,
-0.2878797948360443,
-0.8077018857002258,
0.651985228061676,
-1.125145435333252,
-0.06714005023241043,
-0.4385615885257721,
-0.2381751388311386,
0.10551732033491135,
0.03251206874847412,
0.554423451423645,
0.12453445792198181,
-0.1774463653564453,
-1.1182301044464111,
-0.07468076050281525,
0.047748107463121414,
0.13051056861877441,
0.6529863476753235,
0.8117731809616089,
-0.8207684755325317,
-0.4187375009059906,
0.4333917796611786,
-0.706292450428009,
-0.5128592252731323,
0.5783827900886536,
-0.191155806183815,
0.016581881791353226,
-0.2967739999294281,
-0.4411236047744751,
-0.2776932120323181,
-0.5347056984901428,
0.6894765496253967,
0.23807212710380554,
-0.48680806159973145,
0.5043076276779175,
0.4702199697494507,
-0.31425243616104126,
0.44712191820144653,
0.6797491908073425,
0.09297946095466614,
-0.14535236358642578,
-0.1153678372502327,
-0.3474586009979248,
0.012511721812188625,
0.37489476799964905,
-0.9975361824035645,
-0.2521390914916992,
-0.36684849858283997,
-0.4348474442958832,
0.3254106044769287,
0.41242870688438416,
-0.4519328773021698,
-0.1007695347070694,
-0.030427969992160797,
0.2142062485218048,
-0.15896621346473694,
0.8348482847213745,
-0.05451589450240135,
0.1516038477420807,
-0.022360000759363174,
0.07574615627527237,
0.04847756773233414,
0.5570601224899292,
0.27801117300987244,
0.015633082017302513,
-0.25894075632095337,
0.08383218944072723,
-0.019982928410172462,
-0.33347731828689575,
-0.22678691148757935,
-0.3144914209842682,
0.3788354992866516,
-0.5525055527687073,
-0.07921662926673889,
0.2970953583717346,
0.4758283197879791,
0.18237940967082977,
-0.3392203450202942,
-0.8500317335128784,
-0.3584407567977905,
1.230828881263733,
-0.4120151400566101,
-0.35763826966285706,
0.04994015768170357,
0.38094836473464966,
-0.16337336599826813,
-0.455599308013916,
-0.5421954989433289,
0.38645699620246887,
0.42744559049606323,
0.36897656321525574,
-0.38387376070022583,
0.09222549945116043,
0.5902367830276489,
0.34374868869781494,
0.28644147515296936,
-0.5149475336074829,
0.16671434044837952,
0.43450912833213806,
-0.12222559005022049,
-0.3276773691177368,
-0.2014082819223404,
0.705568790435791,
-0.3183753490447998,
-0.2793782651424408,
-0.023674489930272102,
0.7550485730171204,
0.6259315609931946,
0.20633035898208618,
0.2537236511707306,
0.04951323941349983,
-0.744093120098114,
-0.38237568736076355,
-0.32264360785484314,
-0.7115634083747864,
0.007482743822038174,
0.3723307251930237,
0.04707901552319527,
0.44465774297714233,
-0.6540083885192871,
-0.10638526827096939,
-0.45082998275756836,
-0.6690446734428406,
-0.25599679350852966,
-0.2693207561969757,
0.007356949616223574,
-0.13613411784172058,
0.468191921710968,
0.45062166452407837,
0.5304626226425171,
-0.06802733242511749,
0.25725966691970825,
-0.23976406455039978,
-0.12115928530693054,
-0.8014025688171387,
0.26102322340011597,
0.43112629652023315,
-0.621066689491272,
0.312461793422699,
0.21405580639839172,
0.39159637689590454,
-0.06530535221099854,
-0.12397952377796173,
0.10022574663162231,
0.39264944195747375,
0.311697781085968,
-0.586097002029419,
0.796211302280426,
-0.08212725818157196,
0.16159546375274658,
0.45288723707199097,
-0.1569637954235077,
-0.08193235099315643,
0.5543277263641357,
0.18675927817821503,
0.03584722802042961,
0.22107967734336853,
-0.12742933630943298,
-0.24709726870059967,
0.20825065672397614,
0.2885579466819763,
-0.18180805444717407,
0.0005530462367460132,
0.3056471049785614,
0.482325941324234,
0.818139374256134,
0.04474835842847824,
0.4672408103942871,
-0.031552013009786606,
-0.5826123356819153,
-0.07287274301052094,
-0.5431962013244629,
-0.4072064161300659,
0.9449036121368408,
0.31059008836746216,
0.40847527980804443,
-0.5821853280067444,
-0.11387992650270462,
0.4419528841972351,
0.2736918330192566,
0.004637995734810829,
-0.015765652060508728,
0.42153239250183105,
0.5814251899719238,
0.45718368887901306,
-0.07162091135978699,
-0.08294276148080826,
-0.38634294271469116,
-0.5418785810470581,
-0.24007216095924377,
0.5379542112350464,
-0.6014381647109985,
-0.18107417225837708,
-0.19394756853580475,
-0.201974555850029,
0.973041296005249,
-0.08226144313812256,
-0.16548600792884827,
-0.10496524721384048,
-0.06755676865577698,
0.28281012177467346,
-0.3430215120315552,
0.06914053112268448,
-0.07165738195180893,
0.46765729784965515,
-0.15666712820529938,
-0.2074681520462036,
-0.15278810262680054,
0.5847484469413757,
-0.49657705426216125,
0.8167654871940613,
0.45013999938964844,
-0.5695345401763916,
0.09974776208400726,
-0.29974526166915894,
0.5317549705505371,
-0.8603087067604065,
-0.5960566997528076,
-0.2458973377943039,
0.07428313046693802,
-0.17700649797916412,
-0.15714962780475616,
-0.21960154175758362,
0.23837676644325256,
0.973876416683197,
-0.5550971627235413,
-0.25518062710762024,
-0.15251322090625763,
-0.5754843354225159,
-0.3376629054546356,
0.34228619933128357,
0.9268654584884644,
-0.00888962484896183,
-0.2934751808643341,
0.13767653703689575,
0.30017828941345215,
0.40243303775787354,
0.09241878986358643,
-0.12402155250310898,
0.44865429401397705,
-0.469223290681839,
0.3452299237251282,
-0.3792198896408081,
0.23524174094200134,
1.102191686630249,
0.36081913113594055,
0.025105725973844528,
0.8847349286079407,
0.09770838171243668,
-0.4171730577945709,
0.29788538813591003,
-0.4698556065559387,
-0.244693785905838,
-0.09067223966121674,
0.5004143714904785,
0.11698438227176666,
0.12145477533340454,
0.1333029568195343,
-0.7612839937210083,
0.118921659886837,
-0.02135230228304863,
0.40153759717941284,
-0.02074446901679039,
0.5176834464073181,
-0.26365721225738525,
0.3396618962287903,
-0.18028275668621063,
-0.1743474304676056,
-0.4146905243396759,
0.08814093470573425,
-0.491680383682251,
0.10215135663747787,
-0.42112722992897034,
-0.34430453181266785,
0.2684331238269806,
0.20137982070446014,
-0.1801692098379135,
0.23397454619407654,
-0.21954406797885895,
-0.010221702978014946,
-0.22222179174423218,
-0.07807224988937378,
0.16333836317062378,
-0.1883239448070526,
0.31294143199920654,
-0.1332535743713379,
-0.35363584756851196,
0.2968624234199524,
-0.6802671551704407,
-0.6490181088447571,
0.21659733355045319,
-0.5463857054710388,
0.2485349178314209,
0.8728164434432983
] |
236446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial%20Services%20Authority | Financial Services Authority | The Financial Services Authority (FSA) was a quasi-judicial body accountable for the regulation of the financial services industry in the United Kingdom between 2001 and 2013. It was founded as the Securities and Investments Board (SIB) in 1985. Its board was appointed by the Treasury, although it operated independently of government. It was structured as a company limited by guarantee and was funded entirely by fees charged to the financial services industry.
Due to perceived regulatory failure of the banks during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the UK government decided to restructure financial regulation and abolish the FSA. On 19 December 2012, the Financial Services Act 2012 received royal assent, abolishing the FSA with effect from 1 April 2013. Its responsibilities were then split between two new agencies: the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority of the Bank of England.
Until its abolition, Lord Turner of Ecchinswell was the FSA's chairman and Hector Sants was CEO until the end of June 2012, having announced his resignation on 16 March 2012.
Its main office was in Canary Wharf, London, with another office in Edinburgh. When acting as the competent authority for listing of shares on a stock exchange and maintaining the Official List, it was referred to as the UK Listing Authority (UKLA).
History
SIB
The Securities and Investments Board Ltd ("SIB") was incorporated on 7 June 1985 at the instigation of the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer, who was the sole member of the company and who delegated certain statutory regulatory powers to it under the then Financial Services Act 1986. It had the legal form of a company limited by guarantee (number 01920623). After a series of scandals in the 1990s, culminating in the collapse of Barings Bank, there was a desire to bring to an end the self-regulation of the financial services industry and to consolidate regulatory responsibilities which had been split amongst multiple regulators.
FSA
The name of the Securities and Investments Board was changed to the Financial Services Authority on 28 October 1997 and it started to exercise statutory powers given to it by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 that replaced the earlier legislation and came into force on 1 December 2001. At that time the FSA also took over the role of the Securities and Futures Authority (SFA) which had been a self-regulatory organisation responsible for supervising the trading in shares and futures in the UK.
Abolition
On 16 June 2010, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced plans to abolish the FSA and separate its responsibilities between a number of new agencies and the Bank of England. The Financial Conduct Authority would be responsible for policing the financial activities of the City and the banking system. A new Prudential Regulation Authority would carry out the prudential regulation of financial firms, including banks, investment banks, building societies and insurance companies.
On 19 December 2012 the Financial Services Act 2012 received royal assent and came into force on 1 April 2013. The act created a new regulatory framework for financial services and abolished the FSA. Specifically, the Act gave the Bank of England responsibility for financial stability, bringing together macro and micro prudential regulation, and created a new regulatory structure consisting of the Bank of England's Financial Policy Committee, the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority.
Activities
Scope
From 14 January 2005 the FSA also regulated the motor industry, applicable when insurance products were sold in conjunction with the vehicle purchase. This regulation, which covered around 5,000 motor dealers, focused heavily on the FSA's "Treating Customers Fairly".
Statutory objectives
The Financial Services Act 2010, which was passed by Parliament on 8 April 2010, gave the FSA the additional statutory objective of "Contributing to the protection and enhancement of the stability of the UK financial system" and removed the public awareness objective.
Retail consumers
The FSA had a priority of making retail markets for financial products and services work more effectively, and so help retail consumers to get a fair deal. Over several years, the FSA developed work to raise levels of confidence and capability among consumers. From 2004, this work was described as a national strategy on building financial capability in the UK.
In June 2006, the FSA created its Retail Distribution Review (RDR) programme which they maintained would enhance consumer confidence in the retail investment market. The RDR came into force on 31 December 2012.
The RDR was expected to have a significant impact on the way in which financial services are delivered to retail investors in the UK. The primary delivery mechanism of financial services to retail customers was via approximately 30,000 financial intermediaries (FIs) who were authorised and regulated by the FSA. They were expected to bear the brunt of the force of the RDR. The key elements of RDR were:
Independent advice is truly independent and reflects investors’ needs.
People can clearly identify and understand the service they are being offered.
Commission-bias is removed from the system and recommendations made by advisers are not influenced by product providers.
Investors know up-front how much advice is going to cost and how they will pay for it.
All investment advisers will be qualified to a new, higher level, regarded as equivalent to the first year of a degree
The combination of these factors was expected to significantly reduce the profitability of many FI practices. In anticipation of the new regulatory environment being enforced the industry landscape is undergoing significant change. Despite the fact that many in the industry are considered to be poorly prepared for the changes coming into effect, The most significant identifiable trends are:
Consolidators buying up small firms of FIs as a result of the higher qualifications threshold and downward pressures on profitability resulting from RDR – E&Y estimate that the number of Registered Individuals will fall from 30,000 to 20,000 within the next 5 years.
IFAs are embracing the concept of wrap account – incumbent fund supermarkets and Life Assurance Companies are in response launching their own Wrap Platforms.
IFAs are rapidly moving from the traditional investment solution for clients: recommending a portfolio of largely equity-oriented collective investment schemes (Unit trusts and OEICs) and being paid initial and annual renewal commission by the fund provider to an outsourcing model: recommending that clients appoint a discretionary fund manager to manage the client's portfolio(s) and charging the client an annual oversight fee. A recent survey found that 89% of IFAs are considering outsourcing to discretionary managers as a result of RDR.
Several new entrants are making major in-roads into this market at the expense of the incumbent retail-oriented funds groups such as Schroders, Gartmore, Fidelity Investments etc. The larger discretionary fund managers are finding it difficult to adapt their business models to cope with these changes, given that the small average portfolio size is better suited to multi-manager (portfolio of funds) solutions, via wrap platforms, when these fund managers tend to prefer to retain custody and investing in direct equities.
2009 regulations
The Payment Services Regulations 2009 came into force on 1 November 2009 and shifted the onus onto the banks to prove negligence by the holder of debit and credit cards in cases of disputed payments.
On the same date the Banking Conduct Regime commenced.
Organisation
The FSA was governed by a Board appointed by HM Treasury. At the time of abolition its executive chairman was Adair Turner. Hector Sants was CEO until the end of June 2012, having announced his resignation on 16 March 2012. The FSA was also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel.
Criticisms
The FSA rarely took on wider implication cases. For example, thousands of consumers have complained to the Financial Ombudsman Service about payment protection insurance (PPI) and bank charges. This was despite determining that there was a problem in the selling of PPI.
The FSA in an internal report into the handling of the collapse in confidence of customers of the Northern Rock Plc described themselves as inadequate. It was reported that to prevent such a situation occurring again, the FSA was considering allowing a bank to delay revealing to the public when it gets into financial difficulties.
The FSA was criticised in the final report of the European Parliament's inquiry into the crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. It is widely reported that the long-awaited Parliamentary Ombudsman's investigation into the government's handling of Equitable Life is equally scathing of the FSA's handling of this case
The FSA ignored warning signals from Northern Rock building society and continued to allow the bank to operate without a risk mitigation programme for months before the bank's collapse.
Despite heavily criticising split-cap investment trusts, in 2007 it suddenly abandoned its investigation.
There were also some questions raised about the competence of FSA staff.
Although one of the prime responsibilities of the FSA was to protect consumers, the FSA was active in trying to ensure companies' anonymity when they were involved in misselling activity, preferring to side with the companies that have been found guilty rather than consumers.
It was announced in November 2008, that despite self-acknowledged failures by the FSA in effectively regulating the financial services industry, FSA staff would receive bonuses. On 31 May 2008, The Times confirmed that FSA staff had received £20m in bonuses for 2008/09, a 40% increase on the previous year.
On 11 February 2009, FSA deputy chairman, Sir James Crosby resigned after it was revealed that he had fired a whistleblower, Paul Moore, who had warned of dangerous lending practices at HBOS when he had been in charge of risk regulation.
Lord Adair Turner, the then FSA chairman, defended the actions of the regulator on the BBC's Andrew Marr show on 13 February 2009. His comments were that other regulatory bodies throughout the world, which had a variety of different structures and which are perceived either as heavy touch or light touch also failed to predict the economic collapse. In line with the other regulators, the FSA had failed intellectually by focusing too much on processes and procedures rather than looking at the bigger economic picture. In response as to why Sir James Crosby had been appointed deputy chairman when his bank HBOS had been highlighted by the FSA as using risky lending practises, Lord Turner said that they had files on almost every financial institution indicating a degree of risk.
Turner faced further criticism from the Treasury Select Committee on 25 February 2009, especially over failures to spot or act on reckless lending by banks before the crisis of 2008 occurred. He attributed much of the blame on the politicians at the time for pressuring the FSA into "light touch" regulation.
On 17 April 2009, a whistleblower (former FSA employee) alleged that the FSA had turned a blind eye to the explosion in purchases of whole sale loans taken on by various UK building societies from 2005 onwards. The FSA denied the claims – "This is not whistleblowing, it is green ink" a spokesman said. "The allegations are a farrago of lies, distortions and half truths made by an obviously disgruntled former employee who clearly has an axe to grind. It does not paint a realistic picture of our supervision of building societies."
On 18 August 2012, the Treasury Select Committee criticised the FSA for its poor enforcement of the LIBOR rate setting rules.
More principles-based regulation
There were suggestions that the FSA stifled the UK financial services industry through over-regulation, following a leaked letter from Prime Minister Tony Blair during 2005. This incident led Callum McCarthy, then Chief Executive of the FSA, to formally write to the Prime Minister asking him to either explain his opinions or retract them.
The Prime Minister's criticisms were viewed as particularly surprising since the FSA's brand of light-touch financial regulation was typically popular with banks and financial institutions in comparison with the more prescriptive rules-based regulation employed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission and by other European regulators; by contrast, most critiques of the FSA accused it of instigating a regulatory "race to the bottom" aimed at attracting foreign companies at the expense of consumer protection.
The FSA countered that its move away from rules-based regulation towards more principles-based regulation, far from weakening its consumer protection goals, could in fact strengthen them: "Our Principles are rules. We can take enforcement action on the basis of them; we have already done so; and we intend increasingly to do so where it is appropriate to do so." As an example, the enforcement action taken in late 2006 against firms mis-selling payment protection insurance was based on their violation of principle six of the FSA's Principles for Business, rather than requiring the use of the sort of complex technical regulations that many in financial services find burdensome.
Enforcement cases
The FSA was criticised for its supposedly weak enforcement program. For example, while FSMA prohibits insider trading, the FSA only successfully prosecuted two insider dealing cases, both involving defendants who did not contest the charges. Likewise, since 2001, the FSA only sought insider trading fines eight times against individuals and companies it regulated, despite the FSA's own studies indicating that unexplained price movements occur prior to around 25 percent of all UK corporate merger announcements.
After the HBOS insider trading scandal, the FSA informed MPs on 6 May 2008 that they planned to crack down on inside trading more effectively and that the results of their efforts would be seen in 2008/09 On 22 June, the Daily Telegraph reported that the FSA had wrapped up their case into HBOS insider trading and no action would be taken. On 26 June, the HBOS chairman said that "There is a strong case for believing that the UK is exceptionally bad at dealing with white-collar crime".
On 29 July 2008, however, it was announced that the Police, acting on information supplied by the FSA, had arrested workers at UBS and JP Morgan Cazenove for alleged insider dealing and that this was the third case within a week.
A year after the subprime mortgage crisis had made global headlines, the FSA levied a record £900,000 on an IFA for selling subprime mortgages.
Actions relating to the 2007—2009 credit crisis
The FSA was held by some observers to be weak and inactive in allowing irresponsible banking to precipitate the credit crunch which commenced in 2007, and which has involved the shrinking of the UK housing market, increasing unemployment (especially in the financial and building sectors), the public acquisition of Northern Rock in mid-February 2008, and the takeover of HBOS by Lloyds TSB. On 18 September 2008, the FSA announced a ban on short selling to reduce volatility in difficult markets lasting until 16 January 2009.
Certainly, the FSA's implementation of capital requirements for banks was lax relative to some other countries. For example, it was reported that Australia's Commonwealth Bank is measured as having 7.6% Tier 1 capital under the rules of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, but this would be measured as 10.1% if the bank was under the jurisdiction of the FSA.
In March 2009, Lord Turner published a regulatory review of the global financial crisis. The review broadly acknowledges that 'light touch' regulation had failed and that the FSA should concentrate on macroeconomic regulation as well as scrutinising individual companies. The review also proposed cross-border regulation of banks. There were no further promises to improve consumer protection or to directly intervene against financial institutions who treat their customers badly. The review was reportedly met with widespread relief in the city of London where firms had feared a 'revolution' in the way that they would be regulated.
See also
Financial regulation
Financial Conduct Authority
ORRF Risk Research Forum
Prudential Regulation Authority
Securities commission
References
External links
Money Advice Service
HBOS whistleblower concerns over FSA 10 February 2009
European Parliament Temporary Committee of Inquiry into the Crisis of the Equitable Life Assurance Society
The Herald: Northern Rock to be nationalised 18 February 2008
Telegraph: Nationalising Northern Rock is right 18 February 2008
BBC News: City watchdog revises probe rules 19 July 2005
BBC News: FSA under fire after Blair speech 6 June 2005
Lawrence A. Cunningham, A Prescription to Retire the Rhetoric of 'Principles-Based Systems' in Corporate Law, Securities Regulation and Accounting (2007)
Cristie L. Ford, New Governance, Compliance, and Principles-Based Securities Regulation (2007)
Financial services companies established in 1985
Financial services companies established in 2001
Financial services companies disestablished in 2013
Financial services in the United Kingdom
Defunct financial regulatory authorities
Quasi-judicial bodies
Financial regulatory authorities of the United Kingdom
HM Treasury
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Regulators of the United Kingdom
Consumer protection in the United Kingdom
1985 establishments in the United Kingdom | [
0.34713509678840637,
0.007640336640179157,
0.22608359158039093,
-0.4934336245059967,
0.08889327198266983,
0.13096745312213898,
-0.16328607499599457,
0.177443265914917,
-0.40098848938941956,
0.5258255004882812,
-0.36156222224235535,
0.7332947850227356,
0.11688297986984253,
-0.05652927979826927,
-0.07123856246471405,
-0.35901230573654175,
0.5817011594772339,
0.3147633671760559,
0.5342103838920593,
-0.39786893129348755,
-0.4856044352054596,
0.5068706274032593,
0.11583112925291061,
-0.13152167201042175,
0.15932916104793549,
-0.11012323200702667,
0.29557502269744873,
-0.004625202622264624,
-0.2935764491558075,
-0.1754826307296753,
0.678711473941803,
0.4954676330089569,
-0.3935667872428894,
-0.2621244192123413,
-0.13692882657051086,
0.13095085322856903,
-0.16408851742744446,
-0.35534635186195374,
-0.7685906291007996,
-0.6093646287918091,
-0.2572714686393738,
0.29497674107551575,
0.09095267206430435,
0.252345472574234,
-0.4269062876701355,
-0.388717383146286,
-1.0262786149978638,
0.019882574677467346,
-0.6630412936210632,
0.31478506326675415,
-0.5282272100448608,
0.7819101214408875,
-0.0568486712872982,
-0.27876827120780945,
0.3603747487068176,
-0.11857540905475616,
-0.4012168049812317,
-0.4849265217781067,
-0.038102444261312485,
0.06757985055446625,
1.1862150430679321,
-0.17059195041656494,
0.18419454991817474,
0.3517787754535675,
0.26707693934440613,
-0.3297399878501892,
0.1648770421743393,
0.43009111285209656,
-0.4881894290447235,
0.056792523711919785,
-0.43057167530059814,
-0.1876828968524933,
-0.3875878155231476,
-0.30900612473487854,
-0.6721928715705872,
-0.27934616804122925,
0.28217270970344543,
-0.20068573951721191,
0.2733100354671478,
0.11082789301872253,
0.5070264935493469,
0.6100020408630371,
0.25484785437583923,
-0.1258707344532013,
0.20501556992530823,
-0.07989966869354248,
-0.6164547801017761,
0.14235424995422363,
0.06972481310367584,
0.4948301315307617,
0.01307662483304739,
0.1951799988746643,
0.5563877820968628,
0.04149875417351723,
-0.26467469334602356,
-0.14775659143924713,
0.19129247963428497,
-0.012601463124155998,
0.46696755290031433,
-0.018861310556530952,
-0.412680983543396,
0.14350014925003052,
-0.3568197190761566,
-0.15755698084831238,
0.2658323049545288,
-0.008268279954791069,
-0.42080605030059814,
-0.9161511063575745,
-0.23612481355667114,
-0.05699072778224945,
-0.516075074672699,
-0.28369036316871643,
-0.5434882640838623,
0.3798125684261322,
-0.14216817915439606,
0.7286897897720337,
0.061212822794914246,
-0.20665374398231506,
-0.24643707275390625,
0.16519953310489655,
0.7177095413208008,
0.018461862578988075,
0.300837904214859,
-0.38597068190574646,
0.3811250329017639,
0.06933087110519409,
0.24931670725345612,
0.22273188829421997,
-0.2155177742242813,
-0.04192943125963211,
0.08279863744974136,
0.8195790648460388,
-0.7329014539718628,
0.43984633684158325,
-0.35216397047042847,
0.13588732481002808,
0.19689707458019257,
-0.09053388983011246,
0.6595809459686279,
-0.29835256934165955,
-0.46741417050361633,
-0.19875437021255493,
-0.5831938982009888,
-0.31032559275627136,
-0.008509439416229725,
-0.32372307777404785,
0.053197238594293594,
0.07016357779502869,
-0.5107574462890625,
-0.36305347084999084,
0.20563119649887085,
-0.38722336292266846,
-0.40888842940330505,
0.44955191016197205,
0.35128703713417053,
0.251721054315567,
0.9121123552322388,
-0.32712522149086,
-0.5899099111557007,
0.40653353929519653,
0.06896810233592987,
-0.23039591312408447,
0.10686146467924118,
-0.2610699236392975,
0.11624155938625336,
-0.004691475536674261,
0.06318995356559753,
-0.06183445826172829,
0.4584520161151886,
0.37132760882377625,
-0.5432106256484985,
-0.3750699758529663,
0.6483287215232849,
-0.029769502580165863,
0.1805378794670105,
-0.2508847117424011,
0.16368359327316284,
0.06316781044006348,
0.6534496545791626,
0.33723169565200806,
-0.595565140247345,
0.42827776074409485,
0.348278671503067,
0.270486444234848,
0.40633031725883484,
0.236439511179924,
0.6937606930732727,
0.0604739710688591,
0.011498456820845604,
0.031219350174069405,
-0.1158033087849617,
-0.2281729131937027,
0.6181561946868896,
-0.3147808909416199,
0.7245610952377319,
-0.542372465133667,
-0.2202683538198471,
0.3878959119319916,
-0.21413563191890717,
0.14062771201133728,
0.19005432724952698,
-0.15920192003250122,
0.3419174551963806,
-0.7039111852645874,
0.004471362102776766,
0.0705612450838089,
0.4610297381877899,
-0.1877835988998413,
-0.47338828444480896,
0.3114286959171295,
0.04452701285481453,
-0.669049084186554,
-0.15953852236270905,
-0.44868484139442444,
0.23573192954063416,
-0.07694990932941437,
-0.3416396975517273,
0.5668573379516602,
0.08520741760730743,
-0.6593941450119019,
0.9092969298362732,
0.1825711727142334,
0.1755538284778595,
0.7742725610733032,
-0.2522764503955841,
0.14341579377651215,
-0.15743090212345123,
-0.13804996013641357,
0.26325199007987976,
-0.5826758146286011,
0.31605976819992065,
-0.08546661585569382,
0.4780438244342804,
-0.6195908188819885,
0.1174076497554779,
0.017228301614522934,
-1.006676435470581,
0.09547370672225952,
0.28504639863967896,
-0.26166653633117676,
0.1544792652130127,
-0.30053356289863586,
-0.6272903084754944,
0.0033246262464672327,
0.011418427340686321,
0.04357842355966568,
-0.42483457922935486,
0.43511268496513367,
-0.19454528391361237,
0.5817875266075134,
-0.21007034182548523,
-0.11834020167589188,
0.05987773835659027,
-0.07377216219902039,
0.1132267639040947,
-0.2913748323917389,
-0.1297680139541626,
0.16562114655971527,
0.41290611028671265,
0.18551672995090485,
-0.5561531782150269,
-0.10651185363531113,
0.24335983395576477,
0.42047929763793945,
0.14704608917236328,
-0.2032751441001892,
-0.22432643175125122,
-0.41437751054763794,
0.13394007086753845,
-0.04514271765947342,
1.0865910053253174,
-0.7308911681175232,
-0.20879487693309784,
0.23360323905944824,
0.22071312367916107,
-0.5971184968948364,
0.30526334047317505,
0.19557231664657593,
-0.07483819872140884,
-0.04687883332371712,
0.10877373069524765,
0.8519657254219055,
0.042116016149520874,
-0.6128036379814148,
-0.11718005686998367,
-0.10540781170129776,
0.09622374176979065,
-0.2612353265285492,
-0.18123377859592438,
0.05644863098859787,
-0.07718794792890549,
0.34355616569519043,
-0.40840432047843933,
-0.24833330512046814,
0.1237339973449707,
0.1661013513803482,
-0.37307748198509216,
0.3005231022834778,
0.07626363635063171,
-0.3904205560684204,
-0.03216444328427315,
0.544864296913147,
0.18300209939479828,
-0.2491811215877533,
0.46944883465766907,
-0.10221310704946518,
-0.7688514590263367,
-0.4256984293460846,
-5.769641876220703,
-0.5445712208747864,
-0.7943266034126282,
0.21702787280082703,
0.2470836192369461,
0.37938418984413147,
0.44263625144958496,
-0.16118671000003815,
0.04718270152807236,
-0.45608338713645935,
0.39986491203308105,
-0.07347758114337921,
0.5388573408126831,
0.5254109501838684,
0.08731529861688614,
0.40239816904067993,
0.06570228189229965,
-0.4972558617591858,
0.354116290807724,
0.34568485617637634,
0.2240348905324936,
-0.8266749978065491,
-0.2893199622631073,
0.09663675725460052,
-0.30779126286506653,
0.6012744903564453,
-0.3443126380443573,
0.40869179368019104,
-0.2707429528236389,
-0.8022980093955994,
0.15730679035186768,
-0.4556151330471039,
-0.41911742091178894,
-0.11483027786016464,
0.48928841948509216,
-0.12255042791366577,
0.6037573218345642,
0.6778273582458496,
-0.22556030750274658,
-0.632443904876709,
0.008263436146080494,
0.20436833798885345,
-0.07989096641540527,
0.3130754232406616,
0.3274582624435425,
-0.5070927739143372,
-0.3188508450984955,
0.2136932909488678,
-0.6001569628715515,
0.5488551259040833,
0.023709505796432495,
0.6323619484901428,
-0.3937813937664032,
0.13790012896060944,
-0.16060307621955872,
-0.12130329757928848,
-0.12284930050373077,
0.08820618689060211,
-0.24003972113132477,
0.5855699181556702,
0.13015401363372803,
-0.20037585496902466,
0.10545016080141068,
-0.2518119812011719,
-0.29547980427742004,
0.3784937560558319,
-0.34583988785743713,
-0.5417284369468689,
0.5625845193862915,
-0.16727754473686218,
0.4315090775489807,
-0.19205717742443085,
0.014424423687160015,
-0.7725818157196045,
0.18762321770191193,
-0.6854498386383057,
1.4080801010131836,
0.13699749112129211,
0.4800478219985962,
0.07172601670026779,
0.3422037661075592,
-0.21006543934345245,
-0.18303178250789642,
-0.21430929005146027,
-0.1328277438879013,
-0.2129039168357849,
0.023497862741351128,
0.995777428150177,
-0.48926740884780884,
-0.7785143852233887,
0.321393758058548,
-0.334422767162323,
0.07709768414497375,
1.0181527137756348,
0.046626560389995575,
0.21926788985729218,
-0.04388036951422691,
0.0843251571059227,
-0.11670778691768646,
-0.6233413219451904,
0.2687652111053467,
0.1402009129524231,
-0.3801657259464264,
-1.093268632888794,
0.05337675288319588,
-0.4316714107990265,
-0.3501914143562317,
0.08271482586860657,
-0.11090370267629623,
-0.5181175470352173,
-0.15065595507621765,
-0.3316196799278259,
-0.42067423462867737,
-0.117979496717453,
-0.16299735009670258,
0.1532352864742279,
-0.30895277857780457,
0.34356746077537537,
0.0767330601811409,
0.2958091199398041,
-0.37725725769996643,
0.17516976594924927,
-0.012950998730957508,
-0.18388961255550385,
-0.7610111236572266,
-0.11992320418357849,
0.2335323542356491,
0.10991860926151276,
0.34966129064559937,
0.21946324408054352,
0.4323992431163788,
0.3470328450202942,
-0.4146055281162262,
0.49488136172294617,
0.6320962309837341,
-0.2074504792690277,
-0.4700349271297455,
0.13601046800613403,
0.16795815527439117,
0.2016947865486145,
0.7314091324806213,
0.04764719679951668,
0.6424248814582825,
0.06664662063121796,
1.0940802097320557,
-0.3853871822357178,
-0.22370973229408264,
0.1646035611629486,
0.07961433380842209,
0.3321905732154846,
-0.07165860384702682,
0.07842563837766647,
-0.2680826485157013,
-0.6261245608329773,
-0.2983516752719879,
-0.08591713756322861,
0.25645342469215393,
0.1729450225830078,
-0.1877777874469757,
-0.9223340153694153,
0.05111903324723244,
0.13305820524692535,
-1.043060541152954,
-0.22294172644615173,
0.3952096402645111,
-0.1988103687763214,
-0.7051547169685364,
0.0159609317779541,
0.23645378649234772,
0.6178292036056519,
-0.2558465600013733,
-0.4526447057723999,
-0.17150340974330902,
-0.45702749490737915,
0.412365198135376,
0.45672109723091125,
0.0884375274181366,
-0.1611747294664383,
-0.6861597299575806,
0.1674480438232422,
0.12164001911878586,
0.021565750241279602,
-0.6095459461212158,
0.17554675042629242,
0.21726156771183014,
0.017545031383633614,
0.0003104936331510544,
0.4769587516784668,
0.37700027227401733,
-0.41130805015563965,
0.47069868445396423,
-0.4799383580684662,
0.5986573696136475,
0.44986993074417114,
0.1104852482676506,
-0.6043870449066162,
0.12021856009960175,
-0.07317666709423065,
-0.1754341572523117,
-0.6728030443191528,
0.4614253044128418,
0.16160602867603302,
0.16434291005134583,
-0.3902798593044281,
-0.3646508455276489,
-0.5134792327880859,
-0.28572624921798706,
-0.4615705609321594,
-0.20460255444049835,
0.8149524331092834,
-0.3828410804271698,
-0.2312023788690567,
-0.24558252096176147,
0.7866296768188477,
-0.36461713910102844,
-0.12335970252752304,
0.1008809432387352,
0.02539372630417347,
-0.46688663959503174,
-0.4962732791900635,
0.06298810988664627,
-0.28728365898132324,
-0.3607335686683655,
0.022311190143227577,
-0.3059728145599365,
0.28072479367256165,
0.5916117429733276,
-0.797033429145813,
0.3399988114833832,
0.3789507746696472,
-0.37598717212677,
0.0008726310916244984,
-0.17888210713863373,
0.19251768290996552,
0.03132079541683197,
-0.024518422782421112,
-0.28444546461105347,
0.19219551980495453,
-0.250332236289978,
0.20268994569778442,
-0.2676011919975281,
0.8487700819969177,
0.32943204045295715,
-0.6307623386383057,
0.030921518802642822,
0.4631643295288086,
0.7303879261016846,
-0.22224001586437225,
-0.1394818127155304,
0.6400608420372009,
0.3858751952648163,
-0.1587381660938263,
0.04198191687464714,
-0.04405101761221886,
0.30785107612609863,
-0.4556156098842621,
0.3807101249694824,
-0.14997582137584686,
0.018416158854961395,
-0.3627817928791046,
0.17843395471572876,
-0.15720567107200623,
0.1312907338142395,
-0.12856614589691162,
0.4732626676559448,
0.24113519489765167,
-0.0062151579186320305,
-0.03712528198957443,
0.35355502367019653,
-0.7029925584793091,
0.3518199622631073,
-0.3596547842025757,
0.1841355860233307,
0.8669379353523254,
0.37104907631874084,
-0.6654910445213318,
0.3450339436531067,
-0.894683301448822,
0.1022469773888588,
0.6534324884414673,
-0.5174760222434998,
-0.05673075094819069,
0.3596131205558777,
-0.265104204416275,
0.3431444764137268,
-1.1614704132080078,
0.2378319650888443,
0.23209567368030548,
-0.6656355857849121,
-0.5142876505851746,
0.13208352029323578,
-0.3567120134830475,
-0.6023898720741272,
-0.1055256724357605,
-0.6763041019439697,
0.09362645447254181,
0.007180124055594206,
0.4011188745498657,
0.10625121742486954,
0.38607656955718994,
-0.35837480425834656,
0.381266325712204,
0.07412413507699966,
0.29789572954177856,
0.17953559756278992,
0.6366324424743652,
-0.5876826047897339,
-0.15213964879512787,
0.587835967540741,
-0.6148436069488525,
-0.18639223277568817,
-0.4955730736255646,
0.22215086221694946,
0.5201493501663208,
-0.6385354995727539,
-0.29910728335380554,
-0.11961288005113602,
-0.6841752529144287,
0.3279905319213867,
0.4067038893699646,
0.0845659002661705,
0.23847542703151703,
0.26488301157951355,
-0.14184702932834625,
0.10552316904067993,
0.32479128241539,
-0.08254341036081314,
0.7236506938934326,
0.11210625618696213,
-0.11963203549385071,
0.4216836988925934,
-0.06169544905424118,
0.3384369909763336,
0.35948213934898376,
0.0551944263279438,
-0.23895062506198883,
0.18711715936660767,
-0.6173793077468872,
-0.1079171746969223,
0.2810196280479431,
0.8894083499908447,
0.010951113887131214,
-0.09079631417989731,
-0.1987478882074356,
0.009252018295228481,
0.34553834795951843,
0.38646161556243896,
-0.04155516251921654,
0.006233701948076487,
0.4330958127975464,
0.31341901421546936,
-0.45170432329177856,
0.7915957570075989,
-0.33905309438705444,
0.15106651186943054,
-0.013303895480930805,
0.06473652273416519,
0.25992974638938904,
0.3616636395454407,
-0.17263539135456085,
-0.4310601055622101,
0.9232751131057739,
0.03479839861392975,
0.43510109186172485,
-0.3838430643081665,
0.15101683139801025,
0.35827574133872986,
-0.7128241658210754,
0.44837284088134766,
0.4784126877784729,
0.12813441455364227,
0.42079904675483704,
-0.33417078852653503,
-0.06848152726888657,
0.2586854100227356,
-0.17540369927883148,
0.3406171500682831,
0.15736594796180725,
0.6508041024208069,
0.28693264722824097,
0.4843015968799591,
-0.0748472586274147,
-0.44170713424682617,
-1.3525326251983643,
-0.16644006967544556,
-0.04091465473175049,
-0.11067121475934982,
0.020135223865509033,
-0.13991115987300873,
-0.23577994108200073,
-0.3227667510509491,
-0.22538553178310394,
0.35733410716056824,
0.05096683278679848,
-0.5379678606987,
-0.07058905810117722,
0.036470428109169006,
0.5683253407478333,
0.32106614112854004,
-0.24098451435565948,
0.20847614109516144,
0.5890096426010132,
0.10102062672376633,
-0.2400408834218979,
-0.2556675672531128,
0.5120317339897156,
0.09052803367376328,
0.008075547404587269,
-0.013699553906917572,
-0.22217464447021484,
0.8504071235656738,
-0.11602083593606949,
-0.29287707805633545,
0.4324265718460083,
-0.21239544451236725,
0.283397376537323,
0.4411699175834656,
-0.047392286360263824,
-0.2108805924654007,
0.33303749561309814,
-0.28242602944374084,
0.07824573665857315,
0.20912867784500122,
-0.15354855358600616,
0.058928124606609344,
0.07329756021499634,
0.4457099139690399,
0.5116655826568604,
0.31831231713294983,
1.0341905355453491,
-0.5090509653091431,
-0.6314821839332581,
-0.5531181693077087,
0.08586400747299194,
-0.27129271626472473,
0.35464590787887573,
0.21828293800354004,
0.39674732089042664,
0.1552465409040451,
-0.4624006748199463,
0.019438209012150764,
0.20891645550727844,
0.5669574737548828,
-0.5099683403968811,
-0.17626112699508667,
-0.23500360548496246,
-0.20390528440475464,
-0.9076811671257019,
-0.4100377559661865,
0.3075617551803589,
0.3156772553920746,
-0.6080858707427979,
0.20339573919773102,
-0.9648006558418274,
0.17020614445209503,
-0.6651003360748291,
0.21416500210762024,
-0.5712609887123108,
-0.2478947788476944,
0.0167444609105587
] |
236447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Dushku | Eliza Dushku | Eliza Patricia Dushku (; born December 30, 1980) is an American actress and producer. She is best known for starring as Faith in the supernatural drama series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1998–2003) and its spin-off series Angel (2000–2003). She also had lead roles in the Fox supernatural drama series Tru Calling (2003–2005) and the Fox science fiction series Dollhouse (2009–2010), for which she was a producer.
Dushku had starring roles in various films, including True Lies (1994), Bye Bye Love (1995), Bring It On (2000), Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), The New Guy (2002), Wrong Turn (2003), On Broadway (2007), The Scribbler (2014), Jane Wants a Boyfriend (2015), and Eloise (2016). She has also done voice work for numerous video games and animated films.
Early life
Dushku was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the only daughter and youngest of the four children of school teacher and administrator Philip Richard George Dushku and Judy Dushku ( Rasmussen), a political science professor. Dushku's father was Boston-born, of Albanian heritage, with his parents coming from the city of Korçë, and her mother, from Idaho, is of Danish, English, Irish and German descent. Her parents were divorced before she was born.
Dushku's mother was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Dushku and her three brothers were raised as Mormons. She attended Beaver Country Day School in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and graduated from Watertown High School.
Career
Acting
1992–1997: Beginnings and breakthrough
Dushku came to the attention of casting agents when she was 10 years old. She was chosen in a five-month search for the lead role of Alice in the 1992 romantic drama film That Night. In 1993, Dushku landed a role as Pearl, alongside Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio, in the drama film This Boy's Life. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jamie Lee Curtis in the action spy film True Lies.
She had roles as Piper Reeves in the short film Fishing with George (1994) and as Cat in the television film Journey (1995), as Paul Reiser's daughter in the romantic comedy film Bye Bye Love (1995), and as Cindy Johnson in the comedy drama film Race the Sun (1996).
1998–2002: Buffy the Vampire Slayer and recognition
Dushku planned to attend Suffolk University in Boston, where her mother taught, but her agent asked her to submit a videotape audition for a show starring another of his clients, Sarah Michelle Gellar. After reading the script, Dushku rushed to a local Claire's to purchase dark makeup and other appropriate accessories for the part, Faith on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. When she began her work on that series, Dushku was still a minor, and had to receive emancipation to work the production's long hours. She later recalled with amusement that the judge who handled her emancipation case, who was an avid fan of that show, jokingly said that she would sign the emancipation order if she could get a signed photo from Dushku.
After completing high school, Dushku returned to acting with the role of Faith Lehane in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, a Slayer much more troubled than the main character, Buffy Summers. Though initially planned as a five-episode role, the character became so popular that she stayed on for the whole third season and returned for a two-part appearance in season four, after which the remainder of her original story arc played out as part of the first season of the Buffy spin-off series Angel. Repentant and rededicated, Faith returned as a heroine in other episodes of Angel and in the last five episodes of Buffy.
As an unwelcome effect of her portrayal as Faith, Dushku was inundated with fan mail from legions of prisoners. She said:
I've been getting fan mail from maximum security penitentiaries and death row. What are the authorities thinking of in playing a show with young teenage girls to Death Row inmates? They write everything – disgusting things that you don't even want to know about. And they send me pictures – "Oh, here's a picture of me before I was incarcerated!" – and there's some guy sat on the sofa with a bottle of beer and a mustache, and a big gut. It's so creepy. Way more creepy than Buffy.
In 2000, Dushku starred in the hit cheerleader comedy Bring It On. She followed that up with Soul Survivors, reuniting her with Race the Sun co-star Casey Affleck. In 2001, she appeared in The New Guy with DJ Qualls and City by the Sea with Robert De Niro and James Franco. The latter film garnered attention from a wider adult audience and several good reviews. The same year, Kevin Smith invited Dushku to be a part of Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.
2003–2008: Tru Calling and subsequent roles
In 2003, Dushku starred in the horror film Wrong Turn and The Kiss, an independent comedy-drama. Starting that same year, she starred in a new Fox supernatural drama, Tru Calling, where she played the main character, medical student Tru Davies. After having a grant withdrawn, Tru is forced to take a job at a local morgue, where she discovers her power to "re-live" the previous day over again if one of the deceased asks for her help to change what has happened. Dushku turned down a role in a spin-off of Buffy the Vampire Slayer about Faith.
She has had many roles as a "bad girl" in movies. In an interview with Maxim in May 2001, Dushku says of her roles, "It's easy to play a bad girl: You just do everything you've been told not to do, and you don't have to deal with the consequences, because it's only acting."
Dushku starred in the Off-Broadway play Dog Sees God in December 2005. The play was based on the Peanuts comic strip, with Dushku playing a character symbolizing Lucy Van Pelt. She quit in February 2006 along with other members of the cast amid rumors of abuse by the producer, which were later dismissed.
She played the lead character on Nurses, a hospital comedy-drama for Fox. This was the second Fox pilot in which she was cast, but not broadcast.
She appeared in the Simple Plan music video "I'm Just a Kid" as the band's love interest, as well as Nickelback's video for "Rockstar".
On October 1, 2005, she announced at Wizard World Boston that shooting had begun for Nobel Son in which she would star with Alan Rickman, Danny DeVito, and Bill Pullman. The movie was released at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. Another project released in 2007 was On Broadway, an independent movie filmed in Boston. The movie received positive reviews, with a few of them highlighting Dushku's performance.
Dushku has had roles in five video games. She voiced the role of Yumi Sawamura in the English-language version of Yakuza for the PlayStation 2, which was published and developed by Sega, and released in September 2006. Dushku also stars as Shaundi, one of the lead characters in Saints Row 2, which was developed by Volition, Inc. and published by THQ. It was released in North America on October 14, 2008, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. She was the voice talent for the role of Rubi Malone, the main character in the game WET. She appeared at Spike TV's 2008 Video Game Awards in December 2008. Danielle Nicolet took over the role of Shaundi in Saints Row: The Third. She also voiced Megan McQueen in Champion Mode of the 2011 video game Fight Night Champion.
Variety announced on August 2, 2006, that Dushku would co-star with Macaulay Culkin in Sex and Breakfast, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman. A reviewer described Dushku as "charming" and giving the character "an edge". The movie was released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and on DVD on January 22, 2008. She starred in Open Graves, a 2008 horror-thriller about a satanic game co-starring Mike Vogel. She played the main character in The Thacker Case and The Alphabet Killer, both thrillers based on real-life events, one of them directed by Rob Schmidt, with whom she had worked on Wrong Turn. Both movies were released in 2008. The Alphabet Killer contains Dushku's first topless scene. The film earned mixed reviews, but reviewers praised Dushku's performance, commenting "Eliza Dushku commands the screen but cannot reconcile the script's conflicted and increasingly idiotic agendas." She appeared in Bottle Shock, a drama about Napa valley wine. The film was directed by Randall Miller, who helmed Nobel Son.
2009–present: Dollhouse and other work
On August 26, 2007, Dushku signed a development deal with Fox Broadcasting Company and 20th Century Fox. Under the pact, the network and the studio would develop projects tailor-made for the actress as well as approach her with existing pitches and scripts.
Subsequently, it was announced on October 31 that Dushku had lured Joss Whedon, of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, back to TV, to create a television series called Dollhouse. Dushku produced the show and played the main character, 'Echo'. It aired on Fox during the 2008–09 TV season. In an interview, Dushku talked about how Dollhouse and her reconnection with Whedon came about:
I invited Joss Whedon to lunch after I did the business deal with Fox. We'd had a cool relationship in the past and I so wanted to do something else, and I wanted to get back into a television show. I had him on the brain for sure but I hadn't called him yet, but I sort of took a leap of faith and set things up with Fox and then called Joss. We went to a four-hour lunch where I just sort of used my womanly wiles. No, we've become such good friends, kind of like brother and sister and kind of like he was my watcher, my handler from when I first moved out to L.A. when I was 17 and I was a little bit of a wild child. He's watched me and helped me and taught me over the years. I told him how bad I wanted and needed him back and he accepted and here we are.
Dushku described Whedon as "my favorite genius ... favorite friend ... big brother ... and the only person out here I've ever wholeheartedly trusted, because he's never let me down." Dollhouse was renewed for a second season. The producers cited their confidence in the strength of Whedon's fan base and high DVR numbers as their reasons for keeping the show. Fox cancelled Dollhouse on November 11, 2009. The show officially wrapped filming on the second and final season on December 16, 2009.
Dushku was the voice actor for contract killer "Rubi Malone" in the action video game Wet.
In 2010, Dushku provided her voice for Noah's Ark: The New Beginning and appeared in the film Locked In. She also guest-starred in an episode of CBS' comedy The Big Bang Theory
which aired on November 4, 2010.
In 2011, Dushku featured alongside Jayson Floyd in "One Shot", a short action clip on YouTube directed by and starring Freddie Wong, released on May 13, 2011.
Dushku had a lead role in the online animated "motion comic" series Torchwood: Web of Lies, based on the BBC series Torchwood: Miracle Day. In June 2012, Dushku starred with Katie Cassidy, Gina Gershon and Michelle Trachtenberg in The Scribbler, directed by John Suits and produced by Gabriel Cowan.
In 2013, she was cast as Patricia Holm in a pilot film for a proposed TV revival series of The Saint, but the series was not commissioned. In July 2017 the pilot was released on digital HD/VOD.
From 2013 to 2015, Dushku voiced the role of She-Hulk in the Disney XD animated series Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.. In 2016, she was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the Cinemax TV series Banshee. In 2017, she had a recurring guest role in the last three episodes of the first season of the CBS drama series Bull with the option of becoming a series regular in season two.
Production work
In August 2011, Dushku visited Albania with a crew from the Travel Channel and Lonely Planet to film Dear Albania, a documentary promoting tourism in her father's family's country of origin.
Dushku has been CEO of her own production company, Boston Diva Productions, with her brother Nate as a partner. She secured exclusive rights to make an authorized film based on the life of photographer Robert Mapplethorpe. At one time provisionally entitled The Perfect Moment, the film was in development over more than a decade. Eventually she enlisted the help of Ondi Timoner and Mapplethorpe, with Matt Smith as the title character, was brought to the screen in 2018.
In 2017, her production company, in association with IM Global Television, was reported to be developing Glen Cook's The Black Company series of books for a television series, with Dushku potentially starring as The Lady.
Personal life
Dushku was raised a Mormon, and still has a Mormon-themed tattoo. She describes herself as having taken a different path from the LDS Church, and is grateful for having grown up in it.
Dushku lived for more than 15 years in Los Angeles, though spending substantial time back in Watertown and Boston in the period before her stepfather died. She lived for several years in the Laurel Canyon area.
In 2009, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine.
Having originally intended to attend college in Boston, before her big break on Buffy altered those plans, she announced in March 2014 at the Emerald City Comicon that she would be attending college later that year. On June 22, 2014, The Boston Globe reported that Dushku had left Los Angeles, moved back to Watertown near Boston, and was planning to attend college. As of 2016, she was a student at Suffolk University, studying sociology. In 2019, Boston Magazine reported that she was studying holistic psychology at Lesley University.
She is politically active and campaigned for Bernie Sanders in the U.S. presidential election of 2016.
Relationships
Dushku began dating former Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Rick Fox in October 2009, and in August 2010 the couple confirmed that they were living together. It was announced on June 24, 2014, that the pair had split.
In June 2017, she became engaged to businessman Peter Palandjian and they wed on August 18, 2018. In August 2019, Dushku gave birth to the couple's son, Philip Bourne. In February 2021, Dushku announced via Instagram that she was pregnant with her second child. In August 2021, Dushku gave birth to the couple's second son, Bodan.
Activism
Dushku serves on the board of directors of the THRIVE-Gulu organization (The Trauma Healing and Reflection Center in Gulu), an organization dedicated to helping the survivors of war (including former child soldiers) in Northern Uganda, which her mother and stepfather co-founded. She raised US$30,000 for the land for the center's building, and has performed other fundraising activities, as well as helping out in the center itself.
As a role model to campus leaders for her activism, Dushku was invited by the Millennium Campus Network (MCN) as a national keynote speaker and honored as a Global Generation Award winner alongside U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry at MCN events in 2011.
Over several years, Dushku raised funds for Camp Hale, which had been attended by her father and brothers, including some specific campaigning to sustain a new concept of a girls' session at the camp, which was launched in 2012, and which she joined in person.
Albanian citizenship
Dushku visited her father's family and their home city in Albania in 2006 after receiving an invitation from Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha. She also visited Kosovo, and got an Albanian Eagle tattoo on the back of her neck. While on her second visit to Albania in 2011, she applied for Albanian citizenship and obtained the Albanian passport and ID Card. Dushku became an honorary citizen of Tirana, and was given the honorary title of Tirana Ambassador of Culture and Tourism in the World by Tirana mayor Lulzim Basha. Additionally, she was given honorary citizen status in her father's home town of Korçë. She and her brother Nate produced a film about a joint visit to Albania, Dear Albania.
Sexual molestation and harassment
In January 2018, Dushku made public an account of her sexual molestation by stunt coordinator Joel Kramer when she was 12 and working on True Lies. She wrote that soon after, an adult friend of Dushku confronted Kramer on set, and that the same day, Dushku was injured during a stunt and several of her ribs were broken, while Kramer was responsible for her safety. Kramer has denied the accusation of sexual misconduct.
In January 2019, CBS made a $9.5 million settlement with Dushku after she was fired from a recurring role on Bull, after informing producers of series lead Michael Weatherly's inappropriate behavior on the set. According to documents from the official mediation, Weatherly was recorded on video making comments about spanking Dushku over his knee, soliciting a threesome, alluding to sexual assault in his "rape van," and other inappropriate remarks. After Dushku spoke with producers, Weatherly texted CBS Television Studios' president David Stapf saying he wanted to talk about Dushku's sense of humor, though Stapf pushed back saying "Ms. Dushku made the show better." Days later, showrunner Glenn Caron terminated Dushku's expected role on the show, despite opposition from studio executives. The settlement amount was calculated to compensate Dushku for her loss of earnings from her planned promotion to series regular, with "well-developed plans" set to make her a regular cast member following her three-episode guest appearance. In December 2018, when the settlement was reported, Weatherly publicly apologized for the comments. Dushku responded that Weatherly broke the terms of their settlement by speaking to the press and characterized his apology as "more deflection, denial, and spin." In November 2021, Dushku testified in front of the House Judiciary Committee about her sexual harassment accusations during her time on Bull.
In February 2021, Dushku shared a message of support for Charisma Carpenter, in reference to allegations of abuse against Buffy creator Joss Whedon.
Health
Dushku has said that she has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She announced in December 2011 that she switched to a vegan diet after watching the documentary Forks Over Knives. In December 2014, she said she was no longer a vegetarian. On March 7, 2017, Dushku attended a Youth Summit on Opioid Awareness, where she revealed that she was a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, having begun drinking and abusing drugs at the age of 14. She said her addictions were at one point so serious that her brother forbade her from being left alone with her niece, his daughter Sofia, and that she was eight-and-a-half years sober.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Honors
Dushku was ranked by Maxim magazine as 6th on the "Hot 100 Women of 2009" list.
Dushku was named Ambassador for the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show Entertainment Matters program in October 2011.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Boston
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Massachusetts
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Albanian descent
American people of Danish descent
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Citizens of Albania through descent
Former Latter Day Saints
George Washington University alumni
Massachusetts Democrats
People from Watertown, Massachusetts
American women chief executives
Watertown High School (Massachusetts) alumni
Beaver Country Day School alumni
Activists from Boston
Activists from Los Angeles | [
-0.22401562333106995,
-0.5540000796318054,
-0.37276721000671387,
-0.23382696509361267,
0.005339989438652992,
0.8592131733894348,
0.5617417693138123,
-0.0693158209323883,
0.0004018247127532959,
-0.004227094352245331,
-0.13492178916931152,
0.2732834815979004,
0.1177295371890068,
0.6969481110572815,
-0.3688558340072632,
0.5156378149986267,
-0.1576312929391861,
0.6264246106147766,
-0.25640493631362915,
-0.1902599036693573,
-0.16406241059303284,
-0.07338352501392365,
0.5829275250434875,
0.20640313625335693,
-0.7267418503761292,
0.5434684753417969,
-0.30346038937568665,
0.15721744298934937,
0.2742742896080017,
0.037332043051719666,
-0.22352617979049683,
0.034400299191474915,
0.32581430673599243,
-0.10061323642730713,
-0.4117904603481293,
0.5992903113365173,
-0.6525928974151611,
0.18701289594173431,
-0.38957372307777405,
-0.28294554352760315,
-0.5005182027816772,
0.15753225982189178,
-0.398676335811615,
-0.06711189448833466,
-0.2797255516052246,
-0.8328391313552856,
-1.8826556205749512,
0.29142317175865173,
-0.7160659432411194,
-0.7020281553268433,
-0.23765821754932404,
-0.10554613173007965,
0.9402590394020081,
0.024446096271276474,
-0.08054749667644501,
-0.2670488655567169,
-0.5388354063034058,
-0.10564064234495163,
0.3615185618400574,
0.4553421139717102,
0.35804763436317444,
-0.21954913437366486,
0.37357252836227417,
-0.6419697999954224,
0.36892929673194885,
-0.05081046000123024,
0.4425713121891022,
-0.01976795867085457,
-0.16470704972743988,
-0.8451310396194458,
0.17583732306957245,
0.6087830662727356,
0.37852993607521057,
-0.562725305557251,
-0.27076756954193115,
-0.274642676115036,
0.4193724989891052,
0.2124481350183487,
0.530056893825531,
0.32821542024612427,
0.16778531670570374,
-0.00836971215903759,
0.2994934916496277,
0.5348471403121948,
-0.0702703446149826,
-0.1346154510974884,
-0.2156991958618164,
0.1042836457490921,
-0.5509675741195679,
0.4820196330547333,
-0.4147682189941406,
-0.05932631343603134,
0.18280228972434998,
0.5701127648353577,
0.16831079125404358,
-0.2591128349304199,
-0.2483501434326172,
-0.012530084699392319,
0.2784835696220398,
-0.08046445995569229,
-0.6344259977340698,
0.03745032101869583,
0.03246793895959854,
-0.7064335346221924,
-0.09728400409221649,
-0.19944512844085693,
-0.18472392857074738,
-0.1217653900384903,
-0.5510208010673523,
0.1257326602935791,
-0.17087018489837646,
0.3929656744003296,
-0.23977625370025635,
0.26344335079193115,
-0.3450261652469635,
0.4110832214355469,
0.1314736157655716,
-0.002125375671312213,
-0.2817057967185974,
0.43301156163215637,
0.5121536254882812,
0.08724065870046616,
-0.012735692784190178,
0.16944698989391327,
-0.33160731196403503,
0.28524118661880493,
-0.2879141569137573,
-0.25509774684906006,
-0.3887811303138733,
0.3106939494609833,
-0.036882780492305756,
0.5175687074661255,
-0.42740777134895325,
-0.005641432479023933,
-0.24268481135368347,
-0.2084789276123047,
0.3137112557888031,
-0.10508940368890762,
0.3986397385597229,
0.16788411140441895,
-0.7969129085540771,
-0.030831001698970795,
-0.45601290464401245,
0.05728074163198471,
0.7785341143608093,
0.03488456830382347,
0.07068531215190887,
-0.2769717872142792,
-0.7637004852294922,
-0.06622625887393951,
-0.9840419292449951,
0.296210914850235,
-0.00556180439889431,
-0.8604961037635803,
-0.3963030278682709,
-0.0011025317944586277,
0.7285215258598328,
-0.27270710468292236,
0.03802550211548805,
-0.021766044199466705,
0.5354610681533813,
0.23835201561450958,
0.4958939254283905,
-0.08630838245153427,
0.21100248396396637,
-0.5813294053077698,
0.29580801725387573,
0.06664475798606873,
-0.052980534732341766,
-0.20629750192165375,
-0.12649552524089813,
0.6468507647514343,
0.23598352074623108,
0.12954410910606384,
-0.5875703692436218,
0.41947686672210693,
-0.9642363786697388,
0.1912551075220108,
-0.18030467629432678,
0.08947809040546417,
-0.4273177683353424,
0.28343328833580017,
0.035519372671842575,
0.18828663229942322,
0.1589450091123581,
-0.0477355532348156,
0.09887012839317322,
-0.07157427072525024,
0.290729820728302,
0.022521039471030235,
-0.8941669464111328,
-0.13923190534114838,
0.2607688009738922,
0.5894494652748108,
0.3110642731189728,
0.04600827023386955,
-0.16097375750541687,
0.6683448553085327,
0.32230308651924133,
0.2379964143037796,
-0.3676433265209198,
-0.6798679232597351,
-0.22071707248687744,
0.17294399440288544,
0.15012037754058838,
0.25874096155166626,
0.6527138948440552,
0.06239323690533638,
0.08457816392183304,
0.4835750460624695,
-0.5353459119796753,
-0.9733825922012329,
0.788959801197052,
0.6545278429985046,
-0.011211102828383446,
-0.5263484716415405,
-0.9051973223686218,
-0.22457386553287506,
0.3235606551170349,
-0.06411086767911911,
0.5920971632003784,
0.4474566578865051,
-0.06788134574890137,
-0.2514875531196594,
-0.27607443928718567,
0.4795776605606079,
0.015673888847231865,
0.24717946350574493,
0.15884153544902802,
-0.3895052671432495,
-0.18286573886871338,
0.318575918674469,
-0.3261226713657379,
-0.5287469029426575,
-0.08051140606403351,
0.10816945880651474,
0.2527792453765869,
-0.38201281428337097,
0.197907954454422,
-0.7638173699378967,
0.3607292175292969,
0.5895262360572815,
-0.018230566754937172,
0.16652525961399078,
-0.14027170836925507,
0.11951517313718796,
0.08643658459186554,
-0.03147006407380104,
-0.19874699413776398,
-0.1085224524140358,
-0.08374637365341187,
0.143666073679924,
-0.039812661707401276,
0.0397188775241375,
-0.2467890977859497,
-0.1394260674715042,
-0.11401592940092087,
-0.08208607137203217,
0.5086794495582581,
0.6509886384010315,
0.7293348908424377,
0.21734227240085602,
-0.1958775669336319,
-0.4519796073436737,
-0.07697568088769913,
0.32945960760116577,
0.24683403968811035,
-0.7733048796653748,
0.4888230860233307,
0.0040160962380468845,
0.7653325200080872,
-0.5906075239181519,
0.01705770753324032,
0.09745879471302032,
-0.10449173301458359,
0.19878454506397247,
-0.07805243879556656,
0.1425255984067917,
-0.2243562936782837,
-0.9670078754425049,
0.4377053380012512,
0.5855883359909058,
-0.0135898906737566,
0.05754290148615837,
-0.5442497134208679,
-0.54975825548172,
-0.214824840426445,
0.04257369786500931,
-0.1146307960152626,
-0.15128634870052338,
0.09134777635335922,
0.7144529223442078,
-0.1266213208436966,
0.42156657576560974,
-0.37308675050735474,
0.1251019388437271,
0.08176122605800629,
0.47313570976257324,
-0.303409218788147,
0.3658203184604645,
-0.4510258734226227,
0.49458834528923035,
-0.29524755477905273,
0.2464231699705124,
0.34677833318710327,
0.3754851520061493,
-0.020725306123495102,
-0.16761671006679535,
-5.721862316131592,
-0.2965478003025055,
-0.04474668577313423,
0.05870506167411804,
0.6326548457145691,
-0.43184158205986023,
0.20876501500606537,
-0.046887900680303574,
0.20726829767227173,
0.1579366773366928,
0.060817692428827286,
0.29294419288635254,
-0.782099187374115,
-0.09094827622175217,
0.11150878667831421,
-0.003050351981073618,
0.0447566844522953,
-0.37508389353752136,
0.07606112957000732,
0.9135035872459412,
-0.414115846157074,
-0.1712414175271988,
-0.25971609354019165,
-0.07103502750396729,
-0.02682347036898136,
0.12086189538240433,
0.07364446669816971,
-0.18970051407814026,
-0.7281086444854736,
-0.14971326291561127,
-0.6702889800071716,
-0.5749916434288025,
-0.8106633424758911,
0.13670194149017334,
0.20889554917812347,
-0.1375400573015213,
0.42213189601898193,
-0.2950696647167206,
0.3120746314525604,
-0.5339984893798828,
0.20437754690647125,
0.08464977145195007,
-0.5146704912185669,
0.17265942692756653,
0.7814477682113647,
-0.5887928009033203,
-0.80040043592453,
-0.028353380039334297,
-0.07092028111219406,
0.1637963503599167,
0.6949318647384644,
0.28707849979400635,
0.2864936292171478,
-0.133247971534729,
0.7457277774810791,
-0.058141693472862244,
0.35611093044281006,
0.23798759281635284,
-0.6310447454452515,
0.049106597900390625,
0.0628134161233902,
-0.20290349423885345,
-0.07038121670484543,
-0.3840632438659668,
0.33921101689338684,
-0.22445036470890045,
0.6028032898902893,
-0.09473355114459991,
-0.053239233791828156,
-0.3111506700515747,
-0.048231977969408035,
-0.08155965805053711,
0.24519668519496918,
-1.2479372024536133,
0.40953221917152405,
-0.5613918304443359,
0.17219042778015137,
-0.015567457303404808,
-0.95233154296875,
-0.4021869897842407,
-0.12281990796327591,
-0.8055304288864136,
1.079484462738037,
0.42977282404899597,
0.5902765393257141,
0.05063322186470032,
0.07955581694841385,
0.531859815120697,
-0.08352800458669662,
0.22798925638198853,
-0.09893739223480225,
-0.31485965847969055,
0.08694751560688019,
0.3306977450847626,
0.09076045453548431,
-0.015831531956791878,
0.6892602443695068,
0.47617313265800476,
-0.055635448545217514,
0.38050344586372375,
-0.11184383928775787,
-0.47185802459716797,
0.4251508116722107,
-0.42240622639656067,
0.3080548942089081,
-0.21251173317432404,
0.3618108034133911,
0.06837973743677139,
0.8847217559814453,
-0.8333706259727478,
0.38799411058425903,
0.7380841374397278,
-0.12634088099002838,
-0.5502324104309082,
0.2108141928911209,
0.14539003372192383,
-0.07151585817337036,
0.5270114541053772,
0.08305981755256653,
0.6109437942504883,
-0.33479127287864685,
-0.10594543814659119,
-0.5189248919487,
0.7155250906944275,
0.20297907292842865,
-0.19535237550735474,
-0.07596808671951294,
0.015031744726002216,
0.003164028748869896,
0.035648755729198456,
-0.4193740785121918,
0.08419732749462128,
-0.044077616184949875,
-0.3859988749027252,
0.2682674527168274,
0.12366308271884918,
-0.20481817424297333,
-0.14432765543460846,
0.0047280010767281055,
0.17666113376617432,
-0.01863921992480755,
-0.03534286096692085,
-0.16795623302459717,
0.5223029851913452,
0.21086911857128143,
-0.30646517872810364,
0.20834863185882568,
0.16228701174259186,
-0.5365206599235535,
0.08951246738433838,
0.3387216031551361,
0.15694653987884521,
0.10767064988613129,
-0.3725528120994568,
0.19927990436553955,
0.27738243341445923,
-0.3175737261772156,
-0.506405234336853,
0.24810993671417236,
0.0041628568433225155,
-0.061060622334480286,
-0.44070515036582947,
-0.9287227392196655,
0.09672482311725616,
-0.24429582059383392,
0.32230573892593384,
-0.3957071006298065,
-0.21170149743556976,
-0.48417243361473083,
0.35681357979774475,
-0.1219840869307518,
-0.6326758861541748,
0.2147676646709442,
-0.02653985470533371,
-0.16101352870464325,
0.3202727138996124,
0.07003401964902878,
-0.31461119651794434,
-0.3204779326915741,
0.3175487816333771,
-0.2766168713569641,
-0.2903425693511963,
-0.48952415585517883,
0.10056360065937042,
-0.1719973385334015,
0.2517024576663971,
-0.146067276597023,
0.3516137897968292,
-0.2198135256767273,
0.2675473392009735,
-0.5707624554634094,
-0.02171061746776104,
-0.3270483613014221,
0.09932902455329895,
-0.6460623145103455,
-0.08928783982992172,
0.47566747665405273,
-0.020963486284017563,
0.35440337657928467,
-0.0254931952804327,
-0.17543233931064606,
0.38500818610191345,
-0.6717159152030945,
-0.10322993993759155,
0.7367908358573914,
-0.45719990134239197,
0.04488935321569443,
0.7756586670875549,
0.1899157017469406,
0.2536388039588928,
-0.4061170816421509,
-0.16933628916740417,
-0.05790121853351593,
0.13637973368167877,
-0.1010693684220314,
-0.08650592714548111,
0.6598654389381409,
0.02447078377008438,
0.24131348729133606,
-0.22392550110816956,
-0.5992001295089722,
-0.7918449640274048,
-0.03531587868928909,
-0.31732022762298584,
-0.6166762709617615,
0.22476042807102203,
0.1843370795249939,
-0.22464607656002045,
0.5873711109161377,
-0.11943628638982773,
-0.11587273329496384,
0.31753069162368774,
0.062191326171159744,
0.1383761465549469,
-0.453321635723114,
-0.767516016960144,
-0.3035469055175781,
0.326879620552063,
-0.50507652759552,
0.20122283697128296,
0.7410547733306885,
0.20446918904781342,
-0.304227352142334,
0.5916114449501038,
0.3288620710372925,
0.6703366041183472,
-0.39192426204681396,
-0.3519565761089325,
-0.3145923912525177,
0.12602031230926514,
0.6009626388549805,
-0.10518592596054077,
-0.5812524557113647,
0.3710310459136963,
0.4557666480541229,
-0.6600496768951416,
0.4659925103187561,
-0.19448834657669067,
-0.7768146991729736,
0.3688129186630249,
-0.022252842783927917,
-0.37940308451652527,
-0.016493653878569603,
-0.007969324477016926,
-0.36701029539108276,
0.20862017571926117,
0.08034132421016693,
-0.4258102774620056,
0.04417269676923752,
-0.22361232340335846,
0.13398660719394684,
-0.044601522386074066,
-0.11022977530956268,
0.38343945145606995,
-0.3835289478302002,
0.5369681119918823,
0.35976770520210266,
0.18081310391426086,
-0.0047544133849442005,
0.16478665173053741,
-0.19014668464660645,
0.3857848644256592,
-0.45763304829597473,
-0.7170555591583252,
0.2382669597864151,
-0.4438430070877075,
0.6868447065353394,
-0.40997758507728577,
-0.36547157168388367,
0.22328396141529083,
-0.10672016441822052,
0.37096214294433594,
-0.2734641432762146,
-0.035016756504774094,
-0.23974138498306274,
-0.23032408952713013,
0.07960304617881775,
0.9027988314628601,
0.3538881540298462,
0.1509293168783188,
-0.16509288549423218,
0.540952205657959,
-0.021770356222987175,
-0.023608379065990448,
-0.03316723182797432,
-0.02511943131685257,
-0.22684505581855774,
-0.8268321752548218,
-0.07496026903390884,
0.1737310141324997,
0.005765331909060478,
0.4006185233592987,
0.835162878036499,
0.2335626482963562,
0.15070335566997528,
0.0729811042547226,
0.4930914640426636,
-0.09982913732528687,
-0.4156978130340576,
-0.2865064740180969,
-0.3448590934276581,
0.0893356055021286,
0.0986844152212143,
-0.4793008863925934,
0.6957857608795166,
0.7358496189117432,
0.4272569715976715,
0.49440997838974,
-0.2208510935306549,
0.625534176826477,
0.18813130259513855,
-0.20419608056545258,
0.49938854575157166,
0.5558394193649292,
0.4083595275878906,
-0.784514844417572,
0.5210949182510376,
0.047893114387989044,
0.6402565240859985,
0.3478820025920868,
-0.21812660992145538,
0.6211384534835815,
0.06368596106767654,
0.27429383993148804,
0.0954052209854126,
0.07405611127614975,
0.3904249966144562,
0.7636048197746277,
-0.9100936651229858,
-0.29629021883010864,
0.1845652014017105,
0.038648445159196854,
0.3457830250263214,
-0.618478000164032,
0.5873037576675415,
-0.31780529022216797,
0.5285648107528687,
-0.3489986062049866,
-0.46576136350631714,
0.052651166915893555,
-0.4170630872249603,
-0.8248128294944763,
0.5452006459236145,
0.41922250390052795,
-0.44227251410484314,
-0.4136633276939392,
0.09665288031101227,
-0.9261134266853333,
-0.007517191115766764,
-0.6521852016448975,
0.3891097903251648,
0.7173133492469788,
-0.2509784698486328,
0.47511905431747437,
0.5113041400909424,
0.8694582581520081,
0.34872815012931824,
-0.4374113380908966,
-0.3555089831352234,
-0.044129230082035065,
-0.22370564937591553,
-0.03339724242687225,
-0.041981041431427,
-0.0028375620022416115,
-0.08359932899475098,
-0.20466312766075134,
-0.15035434067249298,
0.22040271759033203,
0.6251627206802368,
-0.0012815236113965511,
0.6479408144950867,
-0.23081156611442566,
0.23136883974075317,
0.3728102445602417,
-0.5618956089019775,
0.6328212022781372,
-0.5561836361885071,
0.4091281592845917,
0.22363732755184174,
0.9012079834938049,
0.1585540473461151,
0.9714781045913696,
0.1994422823190689,
0.2091507762670517,
-0.5913488268852234,
0.4679759740829468,
-0.18095359206199646,
0.18481376767158508,
-0.5458676218986511,
-0.4105011522769928,
0.17816616594791412,
-0.5039241313934326,
-0.17590844631195068,
-0.2831853926181793,
0.11863437294960022,
0.41523945331573486,
0.6302015781402588,
0.18919087946414948,
0.48991215229034424,
-0.6025831699371338,
-0.42135196924209595,
-0.0019513422157615423,
0.16087572276592255,
0.1665116548538208,
-0.25266867876052856,
0.7132800817489624,
-0.3360332250595093,
-0.3510289788246155,
-0.3999888002872467,
-0.022254703566432,
-0.22592251002788544,
0.38238808512687683,
-0.07557307183742523,
0.038616470992565155,
-0.5459002256393433,
-0.5424520969390869,
0.46966198086738586,
0.6710726618766785,
0.8614147901535034,
-0.7328304648399353,
0.14852899312973022,
0.08970827609300613,
-0.6761451959609985,
-0.09752967208623886,
-0.11045196652412415,
0.1448683887720108,
-0.5687206983566284,
-0.0768805742263794,
0.10413441807031631,
0.0792316272854805,
-0.27477121353149414,
-0.698738157749176,
0.22493089735507965,
-0.5104833245277405,
-0.5926435589790344,
-0.4136694669723511,
0.3353615999221802,
-0.5067473649978638,
0.5658555030822754,
-0.24505895376205444
] |
236449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20paralysis | Sleep paralysis | Sleep paralysis (plural: sleep paralyses) is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is aware but unable to move or speak. During an episode, one may hallucinate (hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often results in fear. Episodes generally last less than a couple of minutes. It may occur as a single episode or be recurrent.
The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy or those with narcolepsy, or it may run in families as a result of specific genetic changes. The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation, psychological stress, or abnormal sleep cycles. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a dysfunction in REM sleep. Sleep paralysis is commonly experienced by lucid dreamers; some lucid dreamers use this as a method of having a lucid dream. Diagnosis is based on a person's description. Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, atonic seizure, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
Treatment options for sleep paralysis have been poorly studied. It is recommended that people be reassured that the condition is common and generally not serious. Other efforts that may be tried include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressants.
Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some point in their life. About 5% of people have regular episodes. Males and females are affected equally. Sleep paralysis has been described throughout history. It is believed to have played a role in the creation of stories about alien abduction and other paranormal events.
Symptoms
The main symptom of sleep paralysis is being unable to move or speak during awakening.
Imagined sounds such as humming, hissing, static, zapping and buzzing noises are reported during sleep paralysis. Other sounds such as voices, whispers and roars are also experienced. It has also been known that one may feel pressure on their chest and intense pain in their head during an episode. These symptoms are usually accompanied by intense emotions such as fear and panic. People also have sensations of being dragged out of bed or of flying, numbness, and feelings of electric tingles or vibrations running through their body.
Sleep paralysis may include hypnagogic hallucinations, such as a supernatural creature suffocating or terrifying the individual, accompanied by a feeling of pressure on one's chest and difficulty breathing.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about its cause. The first of these stems from the understanding that sleep paralysis is a parasomnia resulting from dysfunctional overlap of the REM and waking stages of sleep. Polysomnographic studies found that individuals who experience sleep paralysis have shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep. This study supports the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can precipitate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis.
Another major theory is that the neural functions that regulate sleep are out of balance in such a way that causes different sleep states to overlap. In this case, cholinergic sleep “on” neural populations are hyperactivated and the serotonergic sleep “off” neural populations are under-activated. As a result, the cells capable of sending the signals that would allow for complete arousal from the sleep state, the serotonergic neural populations, have difficulty in overcoming the signals sent by the cells that keep the brain in the sleep state. During normal REM sleep, the threshold for a stimulus to cause arousal is greatly elevated. Under normal conditions, medial and vestibular nuclei, cortical, thalamic, and cerebellar centers coordinate things such as head and eye movement, and orientation in space.
In individuals reporting sleep paralysis, there is almost no blocking of exogenous stimuli, which means it is much easier for a stimulus to arouse the individual. The vestibular nuclei in particular has been identified as being closely related to dreaming during the REM stage of sleep. According to this hypothesis, vestibular-motor disorientation, unlike hallucinations, arise from completely endogenous sources of stimuli.
If the effects of sleep “on” neural populations cannot be counteracted, characteristics of REM sleep are retained upon awakening. Common consequences of sleep paralysis include headaches, muscle pains or weakness or paranoia. As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not complete: use of EOG traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes; however, the individual experiencing sleep paralysis is unable to speak.
Research has found a genetic component in sleep paralysis. The characteristic fragmentation of REM sleep, hypnopompic, and hypnagogic hallucinations have a heritable component in other parasomnias, which lends credence to the idea that sleep paralysis is also genetic. Twin studies have shown that if one twin of a monozygotic pair (identical twins) experiences sleep paralysis that other twin is very likely to experience it as well. The identification of a genetic component means that there is some sort of disruption of a function at the physiological level. Further studies must be conducted to determine whether there is a mistake in the signaling pathway for arousal as suggested by the first theory presented, or whether the regulation of melatonin or the neural populations themselves have been disrupted.
Hallucinations
Several types of hallucinations have been linked to sleep paralysis: the belief that there is an intruder in the room, the presence of an incubus, and the sensation of floating. A neurological hypothesis is that in sleep paralysis the mechanisms which usually coordinate body movement and provide information on body position become activated and, because there is no actual movement, induce a floating sensation.
The intruder and incubus hallucinations highly correlate with one another, and moderately correlated with the third hallucination, vestibular-motor disorientation, also known as out-of-body experiences, which differ from the other two in not involving the threat-activated vigilance system.
Threat hyper-vigilance
A hyper-vigilant state created in the midbrain may further contribute to hallucinations. More specifically, the emergency response is activated in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack. This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typical of normal dreams, which could explain why such visions during sleep paralysis are so vivid. The threat-activated vigilance system is a protective mechanism that differentiates between dangerous situations and determines whether the fear response is appropriate.
The hyper-vigilance response can lead to the creation of endogenous stimuli that contribute to the perceived threat. A similar process may explain hallucinations, with slight variations, in which an evil presence is perceived by the subject to be attempting to suffocate them, either by pressing heavily on the chest or by strangulation. A neurological explanation holds that this results from a combination of the threat vigilance activation system and the muscle paralysis associated with sleep paralysis that removes voluntary control of breathing. Several features of REM breathing patterns exacerbate the feeling of suffocation. These include shallow rapid breathing, hypercapnia, and slight blockage of the airway, which is a symptom prevalent in sleep apnea patients.
According to this account, the subjects attempt to breathe deeply and find themselves unable to do so, creating a sensation of resistance, which the threat-activated vigilance system interprets as an unearthly being sitting on their chest, threatening suffocation. The sensation of entrapment causes a feedback loop when the fear of suffocation increases as a result of continued helplessness, causing the subjects to struggle to end the SP episode.
Diagnosis
Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed via clinical interview and ruling out other potential sleep disorders that could account for the feelings of paralysis. Several measures are available to reliably diagnose or screen (Munich Parasomnia Screening) for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis.
Diagnosis
Episodes of sleep paralysis can occur in the context of several medical conditions (e.g., narcolepsy, hypokalemia). When episodes occur independent of these conditions or substance use, it is termed "isolated sleep paralysis" (ISP). When ISP episodes are more frequent and cause clinically significant distress or interference, it is classified as "recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" (RISP). Episodes of sleep paralysis, regardless of classification, are generally short (1–6 minutes), but longer episodes have been documented.
It can be difficult to differentiate between cataplexy brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable. The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are more common upon awakening.
Differential diagnosis
Similar conditions include:
Exploding head syndrome (EHS) potentially frightening parasomnia, the hallucinations are usually briefer always loud or jarring and there is no paralysis during EHS.
Nightmare disorder (ND); also REM-based parasomnia
Sleep terrors (STs) potentially frightening parasomnia but are not REM based and there is a lack of awareness to surroundings, characteristic screams during STs.
Noctural panic attacks (NPAs) involves fear and acute distress but lacks paralysis and dream imagery
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often includes scary imagery and anxiety but not limited to sleep-wake transitions
Prevention
Several circumstances have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of sleep paralysis. These include insomnia, sleep deprivation, an erratic sleep schedule, stress, and physical fatigue. It is also believed that there may be a genetic component in the development of RISP, because there is a high concurrent incidence of sleep paralysis in monozygotic twins. Sleeping in the supine position has been found an especially prominent instigator of sleep paralysis.
Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway. This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with sleep apnea or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity.
While many factors can increase the risk for ISP or RISP, they can be avoided with minor lifestyle changes.
Treatment
Medical treatment starts with education about sleep stages and the inability to move muscles during REM sleep. People should be evaluated for narcolepsy if symptoms persist. The safest treatment for sleep paralysis is for people to adopt healthier sleeping habits. However, in more serious cases tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be used. Despite the fact that these treatments are prescribed there is currently no drug that has been found to completely interrupt episodes of sleep paralysis a majority of the time.
Medications
Though no large trials have taken place which focus on the treatment of sleep paralysis, several drugs have promise in case studies. Two trials of GHB for people with narcolepsy demonstrated reductions in sleep paralysis episodes.
Pimavanserin has been proposed as a possible candidate for future studies in treating sleep paralysis.
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Some of the earliest work in treating sleep paralysis was done using a cognitive-behavior therapy called CA-CBT. The work focuses on psycho-education and modifying catastrophic cognitions about the sleep paralysis attack. This approach has previously been used to treat sleep paralysis in Egypt, although clinical trials are lacking.
The first published psychosocial treatment for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis was cognitive-behavior therapy for isolated sleep paralysis (CBT-ISP). It begins with self-monitoring of symptoms, cognitive restructuring of maladaptive thoughts relevant to ISP (e.g., "the paralysis will be permanent"), and psychoeducation about the nature of sleep paralysis. Prevention techniques include ISP-specific sleep hygiene and the preparatory use of various relaxation techniques (e.g. diaphragmatic breathing, mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation). Episode disruption techniques are first practiced in session and then applied during actual attacks. No controlled trial of CBT-ISP has yet been conducted to prove its effectiveness.
Epidemiology
Sleep paralysis is experienced equally in males and females. Lifetime prevalence rates derived from 35 aggregated studies indicate that approximately 8% of the general population, 28% of students, and 32% of psychiatric patients experience at least one episode of sleep paralysis at some point in their lives. Rates of recurrent sleep paralysis are not as well known, but 15%-45% of those with a lifetime history of sleep paralysis may meet diagnostic criteria for Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis. In surveys from Canada, China, England, Japan and Nigeria, 20% to 60% of individuals reported having experienced sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. In general, non-whites appear to experience sleep paralysis at higher rates than whites, but the magnitude of the difference is rather small. Approximately 36% of the general population that experiences isolated sleep paralysis is likely to develop it between 25 and 44 years of age.
Isolated sleep paralysis is commonly seen in patients that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy. Approximately 30–50% of people that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy have experienced sleep paralysis as an auxiliary symptom. A majority of the individuals who have experienced sleep paralysis have sporadic episodes that occur once a month to once a year. Only 3% of individuals experiencing sleep paralysis that is not associated with a neuromuscular disorder have nightly episodes.
Society and culture
Etymology
The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by Samuel Johnson in his A Dictionary of the English Language as nightmare, a term that evolved into our modern definition. The term was first used and dubbed by British neurologist, S.A.K. Wilson in his 1928 dissertation, The Narcolepsies. Such sleep paralysis was widely considered the work of demons, and more specifically incubi, which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In Old English the name for these beings was mare or mære (from a proto-Germanic *marōn, cf. Old Norse mara), hence comes the mare in the word nightmare. The word might be cognate to Greek Marōn (in the Odyssey) and Sanskrit Māra.
Cultural significance and priming
Although the core features of sleep paralysis (e.g., atonia, a clear sensorium, and frequent hallucinations) appear to be universal, the ways in which they are experienced vary according to time, place, and culture. Over 100 terms have been identified for these experiences. Some scientists have proposed sleep paralysis as an explanation for reports of paranormal and spiritual phenomena such as ghosts, alien visits, demons or demonic possession, alien abduction experiences, the night hag and shadow people haunting.
According to some scientists, culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis. When sleep paralysis is interpreted through a particular cultural filter, it may take on greater salience. For example, if sleep paralysis is feared in a certain culture, this fear could lead to conditioned fear, and thus worsen the experience, in turn leading to higher rates. Consistent with this idea, high rates and long durations of immobility during sleep paralysis have been found in Egypt, where there are elaborate beliefs about sleep paralysis, involving malevolent spirit-like creatures, the jinn.
Research has found that sleep paralysis is associated with great fear and fear of impending death in 50% of sufferers in Egypt. A study comparing rates and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Egypt and Denmark found that the phenomenon is three times more common in Egypt versus Denmark. In Denmark, unlike Egypt, there are no elaborate supernatural beliefs about sleep paralysis, and the experience is often interpreted as an odd physiological event, with overall shorter sleep paralysis episodes and fewer people (17%) fearing that they could die from it.
Folklore
The night hag is a generic name for a folkloric creature found in cultures around the world, and which is used to explain the phenomenon of sleep paralysis. A common description is that a person feels a presence of a supernatural malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if standing on the chest. This phenomenon goes by many names.
Egypt
In Egypt, sleep paralysis is conceptualized as a terrifying jinn attack. The jinn may even kill its victims.
Cambodia
Sleep paralysis among Cambodians is known as “the ghost pushes you down,” and entails the belief in dangerous visitations from deceased relatives.
Italy
In the different regions of Italy there are many examples of supernatural beings associated with sleep paralysis. In the regions of Marche and Abruzzo, it is referred to as a Pandafeche attack; the Pandafeche usually refers to an evil witch, sometimes a ghostlike spirit or a terrifying catlike creature, that mounts on the chest of the victim and tries to harm him. The only way to avoid her is to keep a bag of sand or beans close to the bed, so that the witch will stop to count how many beans or sand-grains are inside it. A similar tradition is present in the Sardinian folklore, where the Ammuntadore is known as a creature that mounts on the people's chest during their sleep to give them nightmares, and that can change its shape according to the person's fears. In Northern Italy, specifically in the Tyrol area, the Trud is a witch that sits on the people's chest at night, making them unable to breathe; to chase her away, people should make the sign of the Cross, something that would need a great struggle in a situation of paralysis. A similar folklore is present in the Sannio area, around the city of Benevento, where the witch is called Janara. In Southern Italy, sleep paralysis is usually explained with the presence of a sprite standing on the people's chest: if the person manages to catch the sprite (or steal his hat), in exchange for his freedom (or to have his hat back) he can reveal the hiding place of a rich treasure; this sprite has different names in different regions of Italy: Monaciello in Campania, Monachicchio in Basilicata, Laurieddhu or Scazzamurill in Apulia, Mazzmuredd in Molise.
Newfoundland
In Newfoundland, sleep paralysis is referred to as the Old Hag, and victims of a hagging are said to be hag-ridden upon awakening. Victims report being completely conscious, but unable to speak or move, and report a person or an animal which sits upon their chest. Despite the name, the attacker can be either male or female. Some suggested cures or preventions for the Old Hag include sleeping with a Bible under the pillow, calling the sleeper's name backwards or in an extreme example, sleeping with a shingle or board embedded with nails strapped to the chest. This object was called a Hag Board. The Old Hag is well-enough known in the province to be a pop culture figure, appearing in films and plays as well as in crafted objects.
United States
Sleep paralysis is sometimes interpreted as space alien abduction in the United States.
Nigeria
Nigeria has a myriad interpretation of the cause of SP. This is due to the very diversified culture and belief system that exists there.
Literature
Various forms of magic and spiritual possession were also advanced as causes in literature. In nineteenth century Europe, the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge attributes the ghost he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the Household Cyclopedia (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:
"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."
J. M. Barrie, the author of the Peter Pan stories, may have had sleep paralysis. He said of himself ‘In my early boyhood it was a sheet that tried to choke me in the night.’ He also described several incidents in the Peter Pan stories that indicate that he was familiar with an awareness of a loss of muscle tone whilst in a dream-like state. For example, Maimie is asleep but calls out ‘What was that....It is coming nearer! It is feeling your bed with its horns-it is boring for [into] you’. and when the Darling children were dreaming of flying, Barrie says ‘Nothing horrid was visible in the air, yet their progress had become slow and laboured, exactly as if they were pushing their way through hostile forces. Sometimes they hung in the air until Peter had beaten on it with his fists.’ Barrie describes many parasomnias and neurological symptoms in his books and uses them to explore the nature of consciousness from an experiential point of view.
Documentary films
The Nightmare is a 2015 documentary that discusses the causes of sleep paralysis as seen through extensive interviews with participants, and the experiences are re-enacted by professional actors. In synopsis, it proposes that such cultural phenomena as alien abduction, the near death experience and shadow people can, in many cases, be attributed to sleep paralysis. The "real-life" horror film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2015 and premiered in theatres on June 5, 2015.
See also
Catatonia
References
External links
Sleep information and links from Stanford University
Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences from University of Waterloo
Neuropsychology
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate
Sleep disorders
Sleep physiology
Parasomnias
Sleep in mythology and folklore | [
-0.07375079393386841,
0.057488564401865005,
-0.16077518463134766,
-0.11729328334331512,
-0.19274097681045532,
-0.042733240872621536,
1.2685537338256836,
0.37364786863327026,
-0.5687622427940369,
-0.3449793756008148,
-0.6956680417060852,
-0.3316427767276764,
-0.6139853596687317,
0.5281625986099243,
-0.03644351661205292,
0.29133981466293335,
0.5167058706283569,
0.2757425606250763,
-0.17851534485816956,
-0.0844307690858841,
-0.21910884976387024,
-0.009501555003225803,
-0.20020197331905365,
-0.15145811438560486,
-0.289193332195282,
-0.6263988614082336,
-0.1083153784275055,
0.18205876648426056,
0.24983879923820496,
-0.46054986119270325,
-0.42284250259399414,
0.25951945781707764,
0.020199501886963844,
-0.24613824486732483,
0.3586188852787018,
0.3124656081199646,
-0.6320800185203552,
-0.6757343411445618,
-0.40171799063682556,
-0.4184914827346802,
-0.21619661152362823,
-0.3985825181007385,
0.0833192691206932,
0.10479418188333511,
0.021030467003583908,
-0.39672648906707764,
-0.8388909697532654,
0.07612854987382889,
-0.33850327134132385,
-0.3790176212787628,
-0.2764107286930084,
0.4244329631328583,
0.7226208448410034,
0.24953153729438782,
0.26175186038017273,
0.03066391870379448,
-0.6250328421592712,
0.17700745165348053,
0.39029476046562195,
0.07049883157014847,
0.497585266828537,
-0.24611368775367737,
-0.20388568937778473,
-0.3238140344619751,
-0.010749878361821175,
0.06997878104448318,
-0.039558716118335724,
0.6488348245620728,
0.04210783168673515,
-0.24154026806354523,
-0.7496553063392639,
-0.08973634988069534,
-0.04865764081478119,
0.11573941260576248,
-0.6369242072105408,
-0.034032147377729416,
0.6801234483718872,
-0.7680565714836121,
0.39894697070121765,
0.14618033170700073,
-0.32367217540740967,
1.0743966102600098,
0.8637298345565796,
0.2909296751022339,
0.21371392905712128,
-0.08870132267475128,
-0.7110792994499207,
0.6825548410415649,
0.05226939916610718,
0.5142601132392883,
-0.21031580865383148,
0.4636473059654236,
0.7404535412788391,
-0.16965091228485107,
-0.5982242822647095,
0.3317769169807434,
0.34390950202941895,
0.43484798073768616,
0.02083245851099491,
-0.12119173258543015,
0.31961286067962646,
-0.07901366800069809,
0.47097620368003845,
-0.117833212018013,
0.48481035232543945,
-0.3856743276119232,
-0.47800910472869873,
-0.004962321370840073,
0.0854153111577034,
-0.3278726637363434,
-0.9965701699256897,
-0.053943097591400146,
-0.3169425129890442,
-0.502979040145874,
-0.7546087503433228,
-0.07185843586921692,
0.0568312406539917,
0.051592689007520676,
-0.07899948209524155,
-0.5000854134559631,
-0.02314772829413414,
-0.1782485842704773,
0.09534104913473129,
-0.24168981611728668,
-0.31437912583351135,
0.31010308861732483,
-0.014861971139907837,
-0.3694092035293579,
-0.38101452589035034,
0.4588194787502289,
0.17394651472568512,
0.4373103678226471,
0.0762396976351738,
-0.1730203628540039,
0.21643605828285217,
0.49260663986206055,
0.34305620193481445,
0.6050466895103455,
0.2956864535808563,
-0.0021657466422766447,
-0.5758941173553467,
-0.3471073508262634,
-0.787609875202179,
0.46742287278175354,
0.15353229641914368,
-0.08207915723323822,
-0.22472421824932098,
0.4819851517677307,
-0.41057977080345154,
-0.03463178873062134,
-0.5188949108123779,
-0.28684911131858826,
-0.26090115308761597,
-0.09182664752006531,
-0.2885184586048126,
0.10415983200073242,
-0.022560158744454384,
-0.6022068858146667,
0.863347053527832,
-0.0365925133228302,
0.061157431453466415,
-0.0074502392672002316,
-0.5863906145095825,
0.053289540112018585,
0.2024533599615097,
-0.28729134798049927,
0.2809908092021942,
0.14729054272174835,
0.07268624007701874,
0.5096215605735779,
-0.41742774844169617,
0.341594398021698,
0.12286593019962311,
-0.9224172830581665,
-0.261894553899765,
-0.35400280356407166,
0.3785819709300995,
0.645872175693512,
0.5251498818397522,
-0.3670579791069031,
-0.5163370966911316,
-0.35889899730682373,
0.012678115628659725,
0.052812617272138596,
0.005677423905581236,
-0.229409858584404,
0.3108219504356384,
-0.2691810429096222,
-0.23644345998764038,
-0.38643860816955566,
-0.4235188663005829,
-0.33762678503990173,
0.20609819889068604,
0.23911748826503754,
0.824916422367096,
-0.3382505476474762,
-0.9622654914855957,
1.047262191772461,
0.34064581990242004,
0.2340715080499649,
0.49483829736709595,
-0.376401424407959,
0.18674050271511078,
0.2988132834434509,
-0.2972429096698761,
0.7318920493125916,
0.050115056335926056,
-0.024658290669322014,
-0.2366616278886795,
-0.016140522435307503,
0.3214986026287079,
-0.6297860145568848,
-0.11820529401302338,
0.02409289963543415,
0.25958147644996643,
-0.06875297427177429,
-0.5028323531150818,
-0.058291587978601456,
0.025309918448328972,
-0.40498337149620056,
0.6297910809516907,
-0.29119521379470825,
-0.180866539478302,
0.14957185089588165,
0.33097854256629944,
0.7936603426933289,
0.19098608195781708,
0.1053493395447731,
0.8088387846946716,
-0.46940138936042786,
-0.2021603137254715,
-0.0978308692574501,
-0.30000847578048706,
0.01757812313735485,
-0.261741042137146,
-0.06932404637336731,
0.0847126692533493,
-0.9681673049926758,
-0.006533375009894371,
-0.5318334102630615,
0.2361433058977127,
0.20022574067115784,
0.30002471804618835,
0.13305841386318207,
0.5881937742233276,
-0.17588190734386444,
-0.20277529954910278,
0.4998169243335724,
-0.6879070997238159,
0.45826834440231323,
-0.06288915872573853,
0.7196259498596191,
-0.09211432188749313,
-0.4288722276687622,
0.26610898971557617,
0.016131483018398285,
-0.10508431494235992,
-0.4418331980705261,
0.10192310810089111,
-0.5189306139945984,
-0.1696794331073761,
0.43843427300453186,
0.30208635330200195,
-0.030591513961553574,
-0.19220741093158722,
-0.47229382395744324,
-0.3360283374786377,
-0.26535743474960327,
-0.034293219447135925,
-0.04121174290776253,
1.4421210289001465,
-0.4991840720176697,
-0.4532161355018616,
-0.25076502561569214,
-0.4352395236492157,
-0.9042350649833679,
0.4299113154411316,
-0.003187424736097455,
-0.682050883769989,
0.1048443540930748,
0.6189908981323242,
0.3414498269557953,
0.4234236776828766,
-0.20731347799301147,
-0.31294435262680054,
-0.42481011152267456,
0.3131130337715149,
0.24848464131355286,
-0.4397115409374237,
-0.330527126789093,
-0.5571156740188599,
0.356372594833374,
0.1806643307209015,
0.39830610156059265,
0.07692243903875351,
0.3776562809944153,
0.25841182470321655,
0.7063961625099182,
0.5122238397598267,
-0.11892238259315491,
-0.538440465927124,
0.08212882280349731,
-0.4465387761592865,
-0.47772398591041565,
-0.19498950242996216,
0.14821523427963257,
-0.2255752682685852,
0.007098217494785786,
-5.432689189910889,
-0.4072248637676239,
-0.2760752737522125,
-0.6640504598617554,
0.13860240578651428,
0.23864206671714783,
1.002469539642334,
0.09058383852243423,
-0.5266171097755432,
0.2700725495815277,
0.11820065230131149,
0.2477497011423111,
0.06799326092004776,
0.24317044019699097,
-0.37023845314979553,
-0.09250865876674652,
-0.005991725251078606,
-0.19996187090873718,
0.29798153042793274,
0.4129410684108734,
0.05604017525911331,
0.7134464979171753,
0.007749497424811125,
0.22012588381767273,
-0.18561919033527374,
0.633766233921051,
0.28082704544067383,
0.25864243507385254,
-0.5671354532241821,
-0.02442370168864727,
0.18815338611602783,
-0.8409680128097534,
-0.17353752255439758,
0.18844108283519745,
0.026328908279538155,
0.7973967790603638,
0.23318609595298767,
0.19141341745853424,
-0.1089271605014801,
-0.020964190363883972,
-0.49330684542655945,
0.03230024129152298,
0.06064862385392189,
0.23758026957511902,
0.5595201253890991,
0.080756776034832,
-0.15533393621444702,
-0.4092475175857544,
-0.05719657242298126,
0.5925220847129822,
0.0723283663392067,
0.09022720158100128,
0.21435847878456116,
0.2367115169763565,
0.1863977313041687,
0.43628573417663574,
0.18326209485530853,
-0.397653192281723,
-0.20070400834083557,
0.04904793202877045,
0.12317609041929245,
0.09016916900873184,
-0.25770336389541626,
-1.3341927528381348,
0.679341197013855,
-0.270866334438324,
-0.2464979737997055,
-0.2941073477268219,
1.1791201829910278,
0.3045461177825928,
-0.13529908657073975,
-0.30700764060020447,
0.6274352073669434,
-0.8070587515830994,
0.2296341061592102,
-0.7535707354545593,
-0.4340638220310211,
-0.6532147526741028,
0.3023810386657715,
-0.14044654369354248,
-0.5476343631744385,
0.23493298888206482,
-0.3848135471343994,
0.050730910152196884,
0.4613225758075714,
-0.5387113094329834,
0.09251769632101059,
0.23913317918777466,
0.1418258547782898,
0.08503079414367676,
0.2415572702884674,
0.08399876207113266,
-0.042996443808078766,
-0.009640294127166271,
-0.014552628621459007,
0.9796809554100037,
-0.16658318042755127,
0.6834343671798706,
1.0623770952224731,
-0.4915046691894531,
0.06462917476892471,
-1.0091007947921753,
-0.037136491388082504,
-0.9106122255325317,
-0.12872667610645294,
0.24762223660945892,
-0.37021327018737793,
0.10071050375699997,
0.6052126288414001,
-0.05599260330200195,
-0.24793368577957153,
0.3431289494037628,
-0.20506349205970764,
-0.3736092448234558,
0.637530505657196,
-0.3827950358390808,
-0.5247040390968323,
1.1008812189102173,
-0.030987069010734558,
-0.2777544856071472,
0.09897355735301971,
0.509293258190155,
0.019607575610280037,
0.02451740950345993,
0.4566832482814789,
0.1231895238161087,
0.014400679618120193,
-0.014788521453738213,
0.17564912140369415,
-0.17144066095352173,
0.1486629843711853,
0.4620511531829834,
0.45644599199295044,
0.748632550239563,
-0.3759441077709198,
-0.8971308469772339,
0.09924782812595367,
0.049438897520303726,
-0.008672402240335941,
-0.7000745534896851,
-0.2329798936843872,
0.023045232519507408,
-0.1170906350016594,
0.2812545597553253,
0.5234143137931824,
-0.1449854075908661,
-0.047791626304388046,
-0.1450292468070984,
-0.7294406294822693,
0.5762414932250977,
0.3629511892795563,
-0.5766125321388245,
0.05233714357018471,
-0.07772165536880493,
-0.4062288701534271,
-0.05640441179275513,
0.49865466356277466,
0.5171103477478027,
0.33668288588523865,
-0.5762353539466858,
0.011977450922131538,
-0.7610633969306946,
-0.8902934789657593,
-0.0006959817837923765,
-0.12040155380964279,
-0.307849645614624,
-0.5763624906539917,
-0.6198012232780457,
-0.01576455682516098,
0.31669265031814575,
-0.508510947227478,
-0.40704894065856934,
-0.29096195101737976,
-0.1820974200963974,
0.45486390590667725,
0.0010497465264052153,
-0.6541106700897217,
0.1339312642812729,
-0.3636184632778168,
0.016277652233839035,
0.12364991754293442,
-0.1889842450618744,
-0.4544205367565155,
0.23392243683338165,
0.18384020030498505,
0.3124104142189026,
0.014362771064043045,
-0.22294263541698456,
-0.19439229369163513,
-0.17449277639389038,
0.23391687870025635,
0.3181073069572449,
0.5553174614906311,
0.0559551902115345,
0.16251200437545776,
0.7209949493408203,
-0.13199473917484283,
0.22993262112140656,
-0.08023640513420105,
-0.17908844351768494,
0.20571304857730865,
0.022638648748397827,
-0.5130262970924377,
0.277534157037735,
1.0857943296432495,
-0.8351728320121765,
0.2426249086856842,
0.048340875655412674,
-0.5042073726654053,
0.37525901198387146,
-0.4028925597667694,
-0.5958272218704224,
0.1379433423280716,
0.43607550859451294,
-0.501964271068573,
0.11466357111930847,
0.05889742076396942,
-0.7782816886901855,
-0.04367498680949211,
-0.2722872495651245,
0.35338813066482544,
-0.015896299853920937,
-0.15333141386508942,
-0.10976385325193405,
-0.7886127233505249,
-0.1927889734506607,
0.6918458938598633,
-0.11899496614933014,
1.4327497482299805,
-0.08098932355642319,
-0.13248573243618011,
0.11050774157047272,
0.06661691516637802,
-0.34866148233413696,
-0.2682291269302368,
-0.5186691284179688,
0.48417556285858154,
-0.2629578709602356,
0.01236433070152998,
0.5015926957130432,
0.625945508480072,
1.220559000968933,
0.2295731008052826,
-0.5408268570899963,
-0.09324584901332855,
0.1480865478515625,
0.5450361967086792,
-0.7911794781684875,
0.007387205027043819,
0.18429459631443024,
0.7594891786575317,
-0.09613516181707382,
-0.6570609211921692,
0.21904367208480835,
1.016318917274475,
-0.11132809519767761,
0.08654898405075073,
-0.6158090829849243,
0.29304319620132446,
-0.31490692496299744,
0.680989146232605,
-0.4477041959762573,
0.008955349214375019,
0.20305411517620087,
-0.2371537685394287,
-0.18096545338630676,
-0.1392226666212082,
0.48918643593788147,
0.20816099643707275,
-0.428711861371994,
0.11479105055332184,
-0.23237621784210205,
0.1865130513906479,
0.17770354449748993,
0.08585946261882782,
0.5647701621055603,
0.0662478357553482,
-0.5875458717346191,
-0.18410806357860565,
0.36701762676239014,
0.31561195850372314,
-0.25784969329833984,
-0.04825228080153465,
-0.7458057403564453,
0.6119353771209717,
-0.6948792338371277,
0.23011238873004913,
-0.3246610462665558,
-0.7791637778282166,
-0.39565449953079224,
-0.7765688300132751,
0.2806059420108795,
0.03493313118815422,
0.47380346059799194,
-0.3419816493988037,
0.15141357481479645,
-0.45194849371910095,
0.3558436334133148,
-0.15547247231006622,
-0.4873892068862915,
-0.542827308177948,
1.0335133075714111,
-0.003919933922588825,
-0.19215679168701172,
-0.08739563077688217,
-0.355116069316864,
-0.15219515562057495,
-1.1071362495422363,
0.2438540756702423,
-0.2188473790884018,
0.2496395856142044,
0.19515196979045868,
0.4199455976486206,
1.0174049139022827,
-0.5113336443901062,
0.19083519279956818,
0.6384752988815308,
-0.2682034969329834,
-0.25050997734069824,
0.4603203535079956,
0.35751381516456604,
0.1617181897163391,
0.5499624013900757,
-0.44543400406837463,
0.028891846537590027,
0.44156116247177124,
0.2043190598487854,
0.3111593723297119,
0.9602776169776917,
0.41588619351387024,
0.9788732528686523,
-0.358488529920578,
0.3864475190639496,
0.6866744756698608,
0.19387774169445038,
-0.17654390633106232,
0.4216417968273163,
-0.4546384811401367,
-1.107938289642334,
0.1092694103717804,
0.6049712300300598,
0.09179195016622543,
-0.02553638257086277,
0.3546915054321289,
-0.41590189933776855,
0.6064251661300659,
0.19612380862236023,
0.9714133739471436,
-0.0525297150015831,
-0.7192206382751465,
0.6625939011573792,
-0.19082129001617432,
0.7445005774497986,
-0.011307273991405964,
0.4915885925292969,
0.2195151448249817,
0.6460785269737244,
-0.25096625089645386,
-0.3505711555480957,
-0.017703140154480934,
-0.1530223935842514,
0.08520979434251785,
1.0062505006790161,
0.437789648771286,
0.30445918440818787,
-0.7302099466323853,
0.3817833364009857,
-0.23096303641796112,
0.1300784945487976,
-0.10965646058320999,
0.21539127826690674,
0.37836554646492004,
-0.3103882372379303,
0.2481682002544403,
0.3899385929107666,
-0.3349437117576599,
-0.08157631754875183,
0.5347869992256165,
0.17888112366199493,
-0.16224564611911774,
0.0895376056432724,
-0.5854291915893555,
-0.5883578062057495,
-0.5806397795677185,
0.3040941655635834,
0.05915874242782593,
-0.06866203248500824,
0.3666682243347168,
-0.0584762804210186,
0.2274177074432373,
0.016830729320645332,
0.4707733690738678,
-0.04874817654490471,
-0.10348078608512878,
0.4544346034526825,
0.094852514564991,
0.07868210971355438,
0.4251485764980316,
0.05364099517464638,
-0.09126048535108566,
0.4747123718261719,
0.10980939120054245,
-0.2067086100578308,
0.06364705413579941,
-0.9471359252929688,
0.44583651423454285,
-0.29562798142433167,
0.45503270626068115,
-1.4516373872756958,
0.529509425163269,
-0.049386002123355865,
0.351203054189682,
-0.18590107560157776,
0.6720749735832214,
0.23651771247386932,
0.2841591536998749,
0.36029982566833496,
-0.4564412832260132,
-0.24757802486419678,
-0.8576591610908508,
0.373018354177475,
-0.41270220279693604,
0.33979979157447815,
-0.08101805299520493,
-0.26483505964279175,
0.04143188148736954,
0.7317360043525696,
-0.1306556910276413,
-0.5966826677322388,
-0.13624095916748047,
-0.42229941487312317,
-0.022594120353460312,
-0.220787912607193,
0.19274303317070007,
-0.7463529706001282,
-0.23375114798545837,
0.3788364827632904,
0.5309700965881348,
0.46903717517852783,
-0.5821077823638916,
0.4999005198478699,
-0.5253446698188782,
-0.22218331694602966,
0.04148659482598305,
-0.21208955347537994,
-1.0587823390960693,
-0.5819501876831055,
-0.5054673552513123,
-0.3400340974330902,
-0.38764554262161255,
0.23566456139087677,
-0.4362910985946655,
0.45479899644851685,
-0.4470345377922058,
0.07107362896203995,
0.8440988659858704,
0.10166824609041214,
-0.5571900606155396,
-0.4870468080043793,
0.37765032052993774
] |
236455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir%20Hardie | Keir Hardie | James Keir Hardie (15 August 185626 September 1915) was a Scottish trade unionist and politician. He was a founder of the Labour Party, and served as its first parliamentary leader from 1906 to 1908.
Hardie was born in Newhouse, Lanarkshire. He started working at the age of seven, and from the age of 10 worked in the Lanarkshire coal mines. With a background in preaching, he became known as a talented public speaker and was chosen as a spokesman for his fellow miners. In 1879, Hardie was elected leader of a miners' union in Hamilton and organised a National Conference of Miners in Dunfermline. He subsequently led miners' strikes in Lanarkshire (1880) and Ayrshire (1881). He turned to journalism to make ends meet, and from 1886 was a full-time union organiser as secretary of the Ayrshire Miners' Union.
Hardie initially supported William Gladstone's Liberal Party, but later concluded that the working class needed its own party. He first stood for parliament in 1888 as an independent, and later that year helped form the Scottish Labour Party. Hardie won the English seat of West Ham South as an independent candidate in 1892, and helped to form the Independent Labour Party (ILP) the following year. He lost his seat in 1895, but was re-elected to Parliament in 1900 for Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales. In the same year he helped to form the union-based Labour Representation Committee, which was later renamed the Labour Party.
After the 1906 election, Hardie was chosen as the Labour Party's first parliamentary leader. He resigned in 1908 in favour of Arthur Henderson, and spent his remaining years campaigning for causes such as women's suffrage, self-rule for India, and opposition to World War I. He died in 1915 while attempting to organise a pacifist general strike. Hardie is seen as a key figure in the history of the Labour Party and has been the subject of multiple biographies. Kenneth O. Morgan has called him "Labour's greatest pioneer and its greatest hero".
Early life
James Keir Hardie was born on 15 August 1856 in a two-roomed cottage on the western edge of Newhouse, Lanarkshire near Holytown, a small town close to Motherwell in Scotland. His mother, Mary Keir, was a domestic servant and his stepfather, David Hardie, was a ship's carpenter. Hardie had little or no contact with his biological father, a miner from Lanarkshire named William Aitken. The growing family soon moved to the shipbuilding burgh of Govan near Glasgow (which wasn't incorporated into the city until 1912), where they made a life in a very difficult financial situation, with his stepfather attempting to maintain continuous employment in the shipyards rather than practising his trade at sea – never an easy proposition given the boom-and-bust cycle of the industry.
Hardie's first job came at the very young age of seven, when he was put to work as a message boy for the Anchor Line Steamship Company. Formal schooling henceforth became impossible, but his parents spent evenings teaching him to read and write, skills which proved essential for future self-education. A series of low-paying entry-level jobs followed for the boy, including work as an apprentice in a brass-fitting shop, work for a lithographer, employment in the shipyards heating rivets, and time spent as a message boy for a baker for which he earned four shillings and sixpence a week.
A great lockout of the Clydeside shipworkers took place in which the unionised workers were sent home for a period of six months. With their main source of income terminated, the family was forced to sell all their possessions to pay for food, with Hardie's meagre earnings the only remaining source of income for the household. One sibling took ill and died in the miserable conditions which followed, while the pregnancy of his mother limited her own ability to work. Making matters worse, young James lost his job for turning up late on two occasions. In desperation, his stepfather returned to work at sea, while his mother moved from Glasgow to Newarthill, where his maternal grandmother still lived.
At the age of ten years old, Hardie went to work in the mines as a "trapper" – opening and closing a door for a ten-hour shift in order to maintain the air supply for miners in a given section. Hardie also began to attend night school in Holytown at this time.
Hardie's stepfather returned from sea and went to work on a railway line being constructed between Edinburgh and Glasgow. When this job was completed, the family moved to the village of Quarter, Lanarkshire, where Hardie went to work as a pony driver at the mines, later working his way into the pits as a hewer. He also worked for two years above ground in the quarries. By the time he was twenty, he had become a skilled practical miner.
"Keir", as he was now called, longed for a life outside the mines. To that end, encouraged by his mother, he had learned to read and write in shorthand. He also began to associate with the Evangelical Union becoming a member of the Evangelical Union Church, Park Street, Hamilton – now the United Reformed Church, Hamilton (which also incorporates St. James' Congregational Church, attended by the young David Livingstone, the future famous missionary explorer) – and to participate in the Temperance movement. Hardie's avocation of preaching put him before crowds of his fellows, helping him to learn the art of public speaking. Before long, Hardie was looked to by other miners as a logical chairman for their meetings and spokesman for their grievances. Mine owners began to see him as an agitator and in fairly short order, he and two younger brothers were blacklisted from working in the local mining industry.
Union leader
The 23-year-old Keir Hardie moved seamlessly from the coal mines to union organisation work.
In May 1879, Scottish mine owners combined to force a reduction of wages, which had the effect of spurring the demand for unionisation. Huge meetings were held weekly at Hamilton as mine workers joined to vent their grievances. On 3 July 1879, Keir Hardie was appointed Corresponding Secretary of the miners, a post which gave him opportunity to get in touch with other representatives of the mine workers throughout southern Scotland. Three weeks later, Hardie was chosen by the miners as their delegate to a National Conference of Miners to be held in Glasgow. He was appointed Miners' Agent in August 1879 and his new career as a trade union organiser and functionary was launched.
On 16 October 1879, Hardie attended a National Conference of miners at Dunfermline, at which he was selected as National Secretary, a high-sounding title which actually preceded the establishment of a coherent national organisation by several years. Hardie was active in the strike wave which swept the region in 1880, including a generalised strike of the mines of Lanarkshire that summer which lasted six weeks. The fledgling union had no money, but worked to gather foodstuffs for striking mine families, as Hardie and other union agents got local merchants to supply goods upon promise of future payment. A soup kitchen was kept running in Hardie's home during the course of the strike, manned by his new wife, the former Lillie Wilson.
While the Lanarkshire mine strike was a failure, Hardie's energy and activity shone and he accepted a call from Ayrshire to relocate there to organise the local miners. The young couple moved to the town of Cumnock, where Keir set to work organising a union of local miners, a process which occupied nearly a year.
In August 1881, Ayrshire miners put forward the demand for a 10 percent increase in wages, a proposition summarily refused by the region's mine owners. Despite the lack of funds for strike pay, a stoppage was called and a 10-week shutdown of the region's mines ensued. This strike also was formally a failure, with miners returning to work before their demands had been met, but not long after the return wages were escalated across the board by the mine owners, fearful of future labour actions. One of the other leaders of the strike was 19-year-old miner Andrew Fisher, who decades later would become leader of the Australian Labor Party and Prime Minister of Australia. He and Hardie met regularly to discuss politics when they both lived in Ayrshire, and would renew their acquaintance on a number of occasions later in life.
To make ends meet, Hardie turned to journalism, starting to write for the local newspaper, the Cumnock News, a paper loyal to the pro-labour Liberal Party.As part of the natural order of things, Hardie joined the Liberal Association, in which he was active. He also continued his temperance work as an active member of the local Good Templar's Lodge.
In August 1886, Hardie's ongoing efforts to build a powerful union of Scottish miners were rewarded when there was formed the Ayrshire Miners Union. Hardie was named Organising Secretary of the new union, drawing a salary of £75 per year.
In 1887, Hardie launched a new publication called The Miner.
Scottish Labour Party
Hardie was a dedicated Georgist for a number of years and a member of the Scottish Land Restoration League. It was "through the single tax" on land monopoly that Hardie gradually became a Fabian socialist. He reasoned that "whatever the idea may be, State socialism is necessary as a stage in the development of the ideal." Despite his early support of the Liberal Party, Hardie became disillusioned by William Ewart Gladstone's economic policies and began to feel that the Liberals would not advocate the interests of the working class. Hardie concluded that the Liberal Party wanted the worker's votes without in return the radical reform he believed to be crucial – he stood for Parliament.
In April 1888, Hardie was an Independent Labour candidate at the Mid Lanarkshire by-election. He finished last but he was not deterred by this, and believed he would enjoy more success in the future. At a public meeting in Glasgow on 25 August 1888 the Scottish Labour Party (a different party from the 1994-created Scottish Labour Party) was founded, with Hardie becoming the party's first secretary. The party's president was Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, the first socialist MP, and later founder of the National Party of Scotland, forerunner to the Scottish National Party.
MP for West Ham South
Hardie was invited to stand in West Ham South in 1892, a working-class seat in Essex (now Greater London). The Liberals decided not to field a candidate, but at the same time not to offer Hardie any assistance. Competing against the Conservative Party candidate, Hardie won by 5,268 votes to 4,036. He was variously described as the Labour or "Liberal and Labour" candidate. Upon taking his seat on 3 August 1892, Hardie refused to wear the "parliamentary uniform" of black frock coat, black silk top hat and starched wing collar that other working-class MPs wore. Instead, Hardie wore a plain tweed suit, a red tie and a deerstalker. Although the deerstalker hat was the correct and matching apparel for his suit, he was nevertheless lambasted in the press, and was accused of wearing a flat cap, headgear associated with the common working man – "cloth cap in Parliament". In Parliament, Hardie advocated a graduated income tax, free schooling, pensions, the abolition of the House of Lords and for women's right to vote.
Independent Labour Party
In 1893, Hardie and others formed the Independent Labour Party, an action that worried the Liberals, who were afraid that the ILP might, at some point in the future, win the working-class votes that they traditionally received.
Hardie hit the headlines in 1894, when after an explosion at the Albion colliery in Cilfynydd near Pontypridd which killed 251 miners, he asked that a message of condolence to the relatives of the victims be added to an address of congratulations on the birth of a royal heir (the future Edward VIII). The request was refused and Hardie made a speech attacking the monarchy, which almost predicted the nature of the future king's marriage which caused his abdication.
This speech in the House of Commons was highly controversial and contributed to the loss of his seat in 1895.
Labour Party
Hardie spent the next five years of his life building up the Labour movement and speaking at various public meetings; he was arrested at a woman's suffrage meeting in London, but the Home Secretary, concerned about arresting the leader of the ILP, ordered his release.
In 1900 Hardie organised a meeting of various trade unions and socialist groups; they agreed to form a Labour Representation Committee and so the Labour Party was born. Later that same year Hardie, representing Labour, was elected as the junior MP for the dual-member constituency of Merthyr Tydfil in the South Wales Valleys, which he would represent for the remainder of his life. Only one other Labour MP was elected that year (Richard Bell for Derby), but from these small beginnings the party continued to grow, forming the first-ever Labour government in 1924.
Meanwhile, the Conservative Unionist government became deeply unpopular, and Liberal leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman was worried about possible vote-splitting across the Labour and Liberal parties in the next election. A deal was struck in 1903, which became known as the Lib-Lab pact of 1903 or Gladstone-MacDonald pact. It was engineered by Ramsay MacDonald and Liberal Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone: the Liberals would not stand against Labour in thirty constituencies in the next election, in order to avoid splitting the anti-Conservative vote.
In 1905 Hardie served as an LRC election agent for William Walker who came close to victory with 48.5% of the vote in Belfast North. Despite his own support for Irish home rule, Hardie, who made repeated visits, appeared determined to treat Belfast as a "typical British city", confident that class politics could surmount sectarian division over the constitutional question.
In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the "Labour Party". That year, the newly established Liberal government of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman called a General Election — resulting in a heavy defeat for the Conservative Party (then in opposition), and the landslide affirmation of the Liberals.
The 1906 general election result was one of the biggest landslide victories in British history: the Liberals swept the Conservatives (and their Liberal Unionist allies) out of what were regarded as safe seats. Conservative leader and former Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, lost his seat, Manchester East, on a swing of over 20 percent. What would later turn out to be even more significant was the election of 29 Labour MPs.
In January 1907 at the Labour Party's first annual conference, held in Belfast, Hardie helped raise the issue of whether sovereignty lay with the annual conference, as in the inherited tradition of trade union democracy, or with the PLP. In the closing session he shocked the delegates by threatening to resign from the PLP over an amendment to a resolution on equal suffrage for women that would have bound him as an MP to oppose any compromise legislation that would extend votes to women on the basis of the existing property franchise. This, he saw, as potentially delaying the extension of "citizenship" to women on which he spoke passionately:I thought the days of my pioneering were over but of late I have felt, with increasing intensity, the injustice inflicted on women by our present laws. The Party is largely my own child and I cannot part from it lightly, or without pain; but at the same time I cannot sever myself from the principles I hold. If it is necessary for me to separate myself from what has been my life's work, I do so in order to remove the stigma resting upon our wives, mothers and sisters of being accounted unfit for citizenship.
The PLP defused the crisis by allowing Hardie to vote as he wished on the subject. The precedent became the basis of a "conscience clause" in its standing orders, and would be invoked by party leader Michael Foot in 1981 to argue that the will of the conference should not always bind the PLP.
Hardie, never good at dealing with internal dissension, did resign his chairmanship of the party the following year, 1908. He was replaced by Arthur Henderson.
Racist remarks
Keir Hardie, in his evidence to the 1899 House of Commons Select Committee on emigration and immigration, argued that the Scots resented immigrants greatly and that they would want a total immigration ban. When it was pointed out to him that more people left Scotland than entered it, he replied, "It would be much better for Scotland if those 1,500 were compelled to remain there and let the foreigners be kept out... Dr Johnson said God made Scotland for Scotchmen, and I would keep it so." According to Hardie, the Lithuanian migrant workers in the mining industry had "filthy habits", they lived off "garlic and oil", and they were carriers of "the Black Death".
In 1908, when visiting South Africa, he said the Socialist movement stood for equal rights for every race but that "we do not say all races are equal; no one dreams of doing that". On return to the UK he stated his belief that black people should be given the opportunity to vote and to take a full part in society.
Later career
After resigning the leadership of the party in 1908, Hardie devoted himself to campaigning for votes for women and developing a closer relationship with Sylvia Pankhurst. His secretary Margaret Symons Travers was the first woman to speak in the Houses of Parliament when she tricked her way in on 13 October 1908.
He also campaigned for self-rule for India and an end to segregation in South Africa. During a visit to the United States in 1909, his criticism of sectarianism among American radicals caused intensified debate regarding the American Socialist Party possibly joining with the unions in a labour party.
A pacifist, Hardie was appalled by the First World War and along with socialists in other countries he tried to organise an international general strike to stop the war. His stance was not popular, even within the Labour Party, but he continued to address anti-war demonstrations across the country and to support conscientious objectors. After the outbreak of war, on 4 August 1914, Hardie's spirited anti-war speeches often received opposition in the form of loud heckling. Hardie was among many Scottish socialists, the likes of John MacLean and Willie Gallacher, who opposed the War and believed that working-class men fighting other working-class men only served the interests of capitalism.
Despite this, once the war had started Hardie seems to have resigned himself to the inevitability of pursuing it rather than stopping it immediately. In a full-page article in the Merthyr Pioneer on 28 November 1914, he wrote:
In the same article he also opposed accusations that he was unpatriotic by claiming that his meetings encouraged young men to enlist while those of his Liberal opponents did the opposite:
After a series of strokes Hardie died in hospital in Glasgow of Pneumonia at noon on 26 September 1915, aged 59. His friend and fellow pacifist Thomas Evan Nicholas (Niclas y Glais) delivered the sermon at Hardie's memorial service at Aberdare, in his constituency.
He was cremated in Maryhill, Glasgow. A memorial stone in his honour is at Cumnock Cemetery Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Legacy
On 2 December 2006, a memorial bust of Keir Hardie was unveiled by Cynon Valley MP Ann Clwyd outside council offices in Aberdare (in his former constituency). The ceremony marked a centenary since the party's birth.
Hardie is still held in high esteem in his old home town of Holytown, where his childhood home is preserved for people to view, while the local sports centre was named in his own honour as "The Keir Hardie Sports Centre". Keir Hardie Memorial Primary School opened in 1956, named for him. There are now 40 streets throughout Britain named after Hardie. Alan Morrison has, in turn, used the title Keir Hardie Street for his 2010 narrative long poem in which a fictitious, turn-of-the-century, working-class poet discovers a socialist utopia off the dreamt-up Sea-Green Line of the London Underground.
One of the buildings at Swansea University is also named after him, while a main distributor road in Sunderland is named the Keir Hardie Way.
The Ellen Wilkinson Estate in Wardley, East Gateshead (once in the Urban District of Felling, subsumed by Gateshead Metropolitan Borough in 1974) has Keir Hardie Avenue as its main street. Every other street is named after a pre-1960 Labour MP. The England footballer, Chris Waddle, lived in Number 1 Keir Hardie Avenue, Gateshead, between 1971 and 1983.
The Keir Hardie Estate in Canning Town (Newham, East London) is named after him as a legacy to his tenure as MP for West Ham South, Newham. Keir Hardie Avenue in the town of Cleator Moor, Cumbria, has been named after him since 1934 Furthermore, an estate in the London Borough of Brent was also named after Hardie. Keir Hardie Crescent in Kilwinning in Scotland is named after him, as is a block of apartments in Little Thurrock. There is also a Keir Hardie Street in Greenock and a Keir Hardie Street in Methil, Fife, a predominantly Labour stronghold.
Ty Keir Hardie, in his constituency town of Merthyr Tydfil, housed offices for Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council and adjoins the Civic Centre on Castle Street. In Merthyr Tydfil, there is also a Keir Hardie Estate with streets named after prominent early Independent Labour leaders such as Wallhead and Glasier.
In recognition of his work as a lay preacher, the Keir Hardie Methodist Church in London bears his name.
Labour founder Keir Hardie has been voted the party's "greatest hero" in a straw poll of delegates at the 2008 Labour conference in Manchester. Labour peer Lord Morgan, Ed Balls, David Blunkett and Fiona Mactaggart argued the case for four Labour figures at a Guardian fringe meeting at the Labour conference 2008 in Manchester, 23 September 2008.
Keir Hardie's younger half-brothers David Hardie, George Hardie and sister-in-law Agnes Hardie all became Labour Party Members of Parliament after his death. His daughter Nan Hardie and her husband Emrys Hughes both became Provost of Cumnock; Hughes also became Labour Member of Parliament for South Ayrshire in 1946.
Biographer Kenneth O. Morgan has sketched Hardie's personality:
Keir Starmer, the current Leader of the Labour Party and serving MP in the House of Commons for Holborn and St Pancras, was named after Hardie; he said he was "very fond of the name".
Keir Hardie Society
On 15 August 2010 (the 154th anniversary of Hardie's birth) the Keir Hardie Society was founded at Summerlee, Museum of Scottish Industrial Life. The society aims to "keep alive the ideas and promote the life and work of Keir Hardie". Among the co-founders was Cathy Jamieson, who at the time was the MSP for the constituency of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley, which covers the area where Hardie lived most of his life. Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard was the main founder of the society, along with Hugh Gaffney MP.
In other media
In August 2016, Jim Kenworth's play A Splotch of Red: Keir Hardie in West Ham was premiered at various venues in Newham, including Neighbours Hall in Canning Town at which Hardie spoke. The play deals with Hardie's battle to win the constituency of West Ham South. It was directed by James Martin Charlton; Samuel Caseley played Keir Hardie.
Works
From Serfdom to Socialism (1907)
Karl Marx: The Man and His Message (1910)
See also
List of peace activists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
J. Keir Hardie Biography, Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
J. Keir Hardie Internet Archive at Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
Rhondda Cynon Taff Online: Unveiling the Keir Hardie Bust. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
Scottish Labour Party, History
Kier Hardie – Labour's First MP
1856 births
1915 deaths
British anti–World War I activists
British pacifists
British republicans
British socialists
British suffragists
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Coal miner activists
Congregationalist socialists
European democratic socialists
Independent Labour Party MPs
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Liberal Party (UK) politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Welsh Labour Party MPs
People from Lanarkshire
Politics of Merthyr Tydfil
Scottish Christian socialists
Scottish journalists
Scottish Labour Party (1888) politicians
Scottish pacifists
Scottish socialists
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1910
British political party founders | [
0.0540277324616909,
0.2561304569244385,
-0.6695422530174255,
-0.8431567549705505,
-0.23482516407966614,
0.356564462184906,
0.8378443121910095,
-0.181073859333992,
-0.02373676747083664,
-0.17870454490184784,
-0.16376985609531403,
0.2375175505876541,
-0.5011963248252869,
0.9558827877044678,
-0.1306106150150299,
0.4744560718536377,
-0.5044955611228943,
-0.11166955530643463,
-0.24574962258338928,
0.4122949540615082,
-0.39540573954582214,
-0.5504890084266663,
0.37236475944519043,
0.2092784345149994,
-0.6085606813430786,
0.029563698917627335,
0.2804715037345886,
-0.19672749936580658,
0.13752968609333038,
-0.3146345317363739,
0.24893151223659515,
0.3788338005542755,
0.5359622240066528,
-0.24616621434688568,
-0.19817645847797394,
0.2247007042169571,
-0.28734534978866577,
-0.12156177312135696,
0.24505113065242767,
0.39363735914230347,
-0.35479027032852173,
0.11657334864139557,
0.20324048399925232,
-0.09461814910173416,
0.15741509199142456,
-0.7356249094009399,
-2.0387563705444336,
-0.18975870311260223,
-0.6915957927703857,
-0.22475118935108185,
-0.11950159072875977,
0.4151704013347626,
1.0421714782714844,
-0.39235296845436096,
-0.22665618360042572,
0.4145108461380005,
-0.5297654271125793,
-0.388824999332428,
0.20970575511455536,
-0.3715837895870209,
0.2672199606895447,
0.16424404084682465,
0.7703985571861267,
-0.045685481280088425,
0.7220988869667053,
0.36350834369659424,
-0.6194382905960083,
0.5543102025985718,
-0.36037176847457886,
0.0306853037327528,
-0.1505744308233261,
0.33354270458221436,
0.6211519837379456,
0.17174586653709412,
0.14385098218917847,
-0.4492459297180176,
-0.24969637393951416,
-0.3573738634586334,
0.209134042263031,
0.2325318157672882,
-0.24435921013355255,
0.23110365867614746,
0.5705894231796265,
0.6666586995124817,
-0.06977691501379013,
0.34276509284973145,
-0.6831779479980469,
0.8557446599006653,
-0.22938548028469086,
0.45694243907928467,
-0.3879605531692505,
-0.08799272775650024,
0.2762507200241089,
0.09160618484020233,
-0.45038551092147827,
0.6868851184844971,
-0.3722366392612457,
0.5024563670158386,
0.07335370033979416,
-0.2744233310222626,
0.3871956765651703,
0.029169760644435883,
-0.15927517414093018,
-0.2836466133594513,
-0.4590927064418793,
0.3864983022212982,
-0.5321989059448242,
-0.554311990737915,
0.4250420331954956,
-0.7811384201049805,
-0.27090415358543396,
-0.0064580184407532215,
-0.6135104298591614,
-0.18116524815559387,
0.17761778831481934,
0.3730244040489197,
0.4549573063850403,
-0.43045228719711304,
-0.6200677156448364,
0.08440596610307693,
-0.211161807179451,
0.19375264644622803,
-0.5823729038238525,
0.6139450073242188,
-0.9557746052742004,
0.5111021399497986,
-0.24658112227916718,
0.16722138226032257,
0.3762343227863312,
0.7335277795791626,
0.46628814935684204,
1.401365876197815,
-0.43844306468963623,
-0.2088889181613922,
-0.94140625,
0.18747064471244812,
1.0192971229553223,
0.20532672107219696,
-0.4611186981201172,
-0.02269698679447174,
-0.5759270191192627,
-0.053600430488586426,
-1.3104183673858643,
-0.1200503557920456,
0.2534652352333069,
-0.3350194990634918,
-0.690446674823761,
-0.14173083007335663,
0.26010215282440186,
-0.1531471163034439,
0.3584440052509308,
-0.2747765779495239,
0.4589693546295166,
0.12433341145515442,
-0.5733175277709961,
0.6141316294670105,
0.21883732080459595,
0.08618374168872833,
-0.03769566863775253,
-0.02107214368879795,
-0.11535365134477615,
-0.2648666799068451,
-0.12563908100128174,
-0.24440298974514008,
0.35699138045310974,
0.44521838426589966,
0.11074292659759521,
-0.7524710297584534,
-0.03767881169915199,
0.32607078552246094,
-0.41042912006378174,
0.013617056421935558,
0.34735119342803955,
0.16541746258735657,
-0.03451633080840111,
-0.22845081984996796,
-0.10161030292510986,
0.6723994612693787,
-0.06836911290884018,
-0.7577385902404785,
-1.1360105276107788,
-0.5866411924362183,
0.3718790113925934,
-0.11630652844905853,
0.6149712204933167,
0.30790531635284424,
0.8318095207214355,
-0.7600537538528442,
0.3728109896183014,
-0.024131661280989647,
-0.3977586030960083,
-0.6576446890830994,
0.2096267193555832,
-0.7438943386077881,
1.3301794528961182,
0.23328156769275665,
-0.11384511739015579,
0.005202316213399172,
-0.1996779590845108,
1.2055937051773071,
-0.22382961213588715,
0.18282319605350494,
0.01052137091755867,
-0.6200045347213745,
-0.3081115782260895,
1.3792831897735596,
0.423954576253891,
0.43163856863975525,
0.14747564494609833,
0.5341957211494446,
0.49621984362602234,
-0.49966156482696533,
-0.23691171407699585,
-0.045423440635204315,
-0.2852926552295685,
-0.44921690225601196,
-0.1035291999578476,
-0.9537623524665833,
0.2117156833410263,
-0.030559644103050232,
0.5137507915496826,
-0.036737870424985886,
-0.22292563319206238,
0.8999513983726501,
0.3887522220611572,
1.0706766843795776,
0.39041662216186523,
-0.03203388303518295,
-0.2463962733745575,
-1.346203088760376,
-0.14712250232696533,
0.2975189685821533,
0.4208773076534271,
-0.49842092394828796,
0.032275520265102386,
-0.06641308218240738,
-0.3274722993373871,
-0.04536811634898186,
-0.11545253545045853,
-0.4069840908050537,
0.138388529419899,
0.6449965834617615,
-0.6506841778755188,
0.04583371430635452,
-0.1419963389635086,
0.7953584790229797,
-0.12129024416208267,
0.0910833403468132,
0.49791035056114197,
-0.09713171422481537,
0.7916897535324097,
0.4829148054122925,
0.8047308325767517,
-0.026621561497449875,
0.01979520171880722,
-0.28797590732574463,
0.29872483015060425,
0.03435363247990608,
0.21937784552574158,
0.2514040768146515,
0.14844748377799988,
0.2854568064212799,
0.16084745526313782,
0.46181461215019226,
0.198220893740654,
-0.016598396003246307,
-0.3230041563510895,
-0.15365995466709137,
-0.02839847281575203,
-0.2690930664539337,
0.20250393450260162,
-0.7164554595947266,
0.162444606423378,
-1.1459436416625977,
0.1412767767906189,
0.43250375986099243,
-0.15394046902656555,
0.20409737527370453,
-0.8867366313934326,
-0.10289684683084488,
0.6971336603164673,
1.0570309162139893,
-0.2638828754425049,
-0.24830858409404755,
0.1417018473148346,
0.7188875079154968,
-0.28688353300094604,
0.3659071624279022,
0.18395018577575684,
-0.7172460556030273,
-0.02981691248714924,
0.4897785782814026,
-0.8515579104423523,
0.42671483755111694,
-0.12776006758213043,
-0.3170034885406494,
-0.4655577540397644,
-1.100103735923767,
0.4265631437301636,
-0.4144042134284973,
-0.28179195523262024,
0.4449622333049774,
-0.29013967514038086,
0.5054362416267395,
0.43558189272880554,
0.15559832751750946,
-0.23967128992080688,
0.026984762400388718,
-4.687174320220947,
-0.12418002635240555,
0.1048501655459404,
-0.4369041621685028,
0.5953455567359924,
-0.1538449227809906,
0.7033174633979797,
-0.4741515815258026,
-0.305721253156662,
-0.39636319875717163,
0.45290613174438477,
-0.0020516349468380213,
-0.1790924072265625,
0.0558881051838398,
1.2703572511672974,
0.6647769808769226,
1.1615610122680664,
0.35379090905189514,
0.9319510459899902,
-0.25132033228874207,
0.15506725013256073,
0.15586712956428528,
-0.45295554399490356,
0.4841606914997101,
-0.038166604936122894,
0.29927581548690796,
0.1762102097272873,
0.27719801664352417,
-1.1505846977233887,
-0.21744665503501892,
0.37629133462905884,
0.43885111808776855,
-0.5881484150886536,
-0.5196999907493591,
0.07972098141908646,
-0.3535740375518799,
0.37095069885253906,
0.41718700528144836,
0.010227042250335217,
-0.2643652856349945,
-0.04553774744272232,
0.2076386660337448,
-0.7565215826034546,
0.08412053436040878,
0.28957903385162354,
-0.6235949993133545,
-1.0178438425064087,
-0.31485381722450256,
-0.3951892852783203,
0.5654283165931702,
0.06984918564558029,
-0.06370557099580765,
0.3694857060909271,
0.4758119583129883,
-0.30179181694984436,
0.32095620036125183,
0.11231258511543274,
-0.1440415233373642,
-0.4186725318431854,
0.6509387493133545,
0.5272461771965027,
-0.641610860824585,
0.23195120692253113,
-0.011709772050380707,
-0.3198554515838623,
-0.48167845606803894,
0.30890265107154846,
-0.3998079001903534,
0.20374901592731476,
-0.6618207097053528,
-0.3553178012371063,
0.6342514157295227,
0.06787784397602081,
-0.91029953956604,
-0.49082082509994507,
0.0870908871293068,
-0.12877751886844635,
0.45769283175468445,
-0.02555784210562706,
-0.30068138241767883,
0.627234697341919,
-0.6818340420722961,
-0.12057957053184509,
1.6126508712768555,
0.25022953748703003,
-0.11566042900085449,
-0.44409897923469543,
0.2879857122898102,
-0.29278644919395447,
0.1469377726316452,
-0.10612888634204865,
-0.17644408345222473,
-0.2331032156944275,
0.2265080064535141,
0.5248623490333557,
-0.5361005067825317,
0.2602909207344055,
-0.5779223442077637,
0.24391740560531616,
-0.5340874791145325,
-1.0977156162261963,
0.014179770834743977,
-0.06413853168487549,
-0.8821204900741577,
0.26197549700737,
-0.2106049507856369,
-0.5170422196388245,
0.6455627083778381,
0.19141873717308044,
0.5410317778587341,
0.15835285186767578,
0.020236698910593987,
-0.7116511464118958,
0.16939131915569305,
-0.26016947627067566,
-0.26612257957458496,
-0.23729731142520905,
0.10608049482107162,
0.6966784596443176,
0.5662857294082642,
-0.03991334140300751,
0.4976632297039032,
-0.031135011464357376,
-0.32565736770629883,
-0.03460942208766937,
-0.2079567015171051,
1.153249740600586,
-0.4488411843776703,
-0.6955348253250122,
-0.03464994579553604,
-0.6227109432220459,
0.7947536110877991,
-0.4372783601284027,
0.018426772207021713,
-0.3841606378555298,
-0.4457904100418091,
-0.7390919327735901,
0.24336734414100647,
0.028629453852772713,
-0.27341610193252563,
-0.1485130488872528,
0.10899967700242996,
0.013608724810183048,
0.3181435167789459,
0.1765698492527008,
0.6918964982032776,
0.27036237716674805,
-0.21624122560024261,
-0.6661231517791748,
0.1709670126438141,
0.007195664569735527,
-0.5418298244476318,
0.2970083951950073,
-1.0254231691360474,
-0.3002602458000183,
0.4411885738372803,
-0.3616388440132141,
0.12806902825832367,
0.007177916821092367,
-0.5656527280807495,
-0.45188865065574646,
1.2370374202728271,
-1.3268451690673828,
0.31529974937438965,
0.3526843190193176,
-0.18560068309307098,
-0.38717737793922424,
-0.15583057701587677,
-0.1007760614156723,
0.7913565635681152,
-0.2275574654340744,
-0.021754968911409378,
-0.5373693704605103,
-0.7963740229606628,
-0.003539185505360365,
0.1013462245464325,
-0.06474435329437256,
-0.03442041575908661,
-0.029560768976807594,
-0.09734591096639633,
0.11709119379520416,
0.44230759143829346,
-0.5340994596481323,
0.4663733243942261,
0.4208197593688965,
-0.14722871780395508,
-0.35793203115463257,
-0.3372230529785156,
0.09266309440135956,
0.07086712121963501,
0.1527196764945984,
-0.3566895127296448,
0.2530806064605713,
0.8524489998817444,
-0.09213575720787048,
-0.5216167569160461,
-0.0913122296333313,
0.22928062081336975,
0.11084773391485214,
-0.4961608350276947,
0.40938130021095276,
0.433656245470047,
-0.08487091213464737,
-0.6849342584609985,
0.1265120953321457,
-0.9018539786338806,
-0.3375592827796936,
0.21258006989955902,
-0.4091320037841797,
0.8336343765258789,
-0.25488367676734924,
-0.43022841215133667,
0.26340174674987793,
0.4719145894050598,
-0.4257954955101013,
-0.26715904474258423,
0.5517684817314148,
0.40532949566841125,
-0.32915425300598145,
-0.5221055746078491,
-0.7150000929832458,
-0.08602537959814072,
-0.42464950680732727,
-0.02345428429543972,
-0.3657462000846863,
0.03147057816386223,
-0.22060225903987885,
-0.0921747013926506,
0.7983012199401855,
-0.31033608317375183,
-0.4645111560821533,
0.3006947338581085,
0.5560818910598755,
-0.3562794029712677,
-0.06107005476951599,
0.6089375019073486,
0.09582535922527313,
0.8592144250869751,
0.49167850613594055,
-0.32183602452278137,
0.34323403239250183,
1.0833011865615845,
0.906890332698822,
-0.37313565611839294,
0.4926745593547821,
-0.15959730744361877,
0.2513371706008911,
-0.11145810037851334,
-0.41127169132232666,
0.40580397844314575,
0.1985836923122406,
0.15981493890285492,
-0.9810701608657837,
-0.4790021479129791,
0.4358270466327667,
-0.41846221685409546,
0.07267844676971436,
0.37369656562805176,
0.6346730589866638,
0.01601428911089897,
0.0381106361746788,
0.7298001646995544,
0.16673997044563293,
0.15224342048168182,
0.3305089771747589,
0.7589974999427795,
0.08216312527656555,
-0.3475475609302521,
0.6673711538314819,
-0.10596351325511932,
-1.1927196979522705,
-0.897320568561554,
-0.27982819080352783,
0.2986929714679718,
-0.6247268915176392,
-0.6342889070510864,
0.41154253482818604,
-1.075074553489685,
0.0871054008603096,
-0.11752818524837494,
-0.009090718813240528,
-0.025222256779670715,
0.7352873682975769,
-0.22464649379253387,
-0.29705268144607544,
-0.5684040188789368,
-0.17966149747371674,
-0.12793634831905365,
-0.6076565980911255,
-0.3863006830215454,
-0.8902873396873474,
-0.23145964741706848,
-0.28651362657546997,
0.13940413296222687,
-0.45188915729522705,
0.011756692081689835,
-1.2862968444824219,
0.07480219751596451,
-0.338705837726593,
-0.20631378889083862,
-0.483958899974823,
0.989920437335968,
0.11940725147724152,
-0.12216587364673615,
0.42556488513946533,
0.2283487170934677,
-0.09622365981340408,
-0.027549173682928085,
0.006296467501670122,
0.05310402065515518,
-0.03810671716928482,
-0.4087951183319092,
0.17528316378593445,
0.5762119293212891,
-0.5469987988471985,
-0.2910778522491455,
0.45153042674064636,
-1.1011178493499756,
0.3046319782733917,
0.25047218799591064,
-0.7013888955116272,
-0.2993032932281494,
0.2869788706302643,
-0.07288287580013275,
0.24364691972732544,
0.6719771027565002,
-0.17019255459308624,
0.046566542237997055,
0.41855669021606445,
0.1064983457326889,
-0.2592356204986572,
-0.27603232860565186,
-0.3423236906528473,
0.5078220367431641,
-0.2637177109718323,
-0.0019261771813035011,
0.4485432505607605,
-0.22050264477729797,
0.0027292659506201744,
0.6510523557662964,
0.23210303485393524,
1.0636574029922485,
0.5149607062339783,
0.27271929383277893,
-0.18494975566864014,
0.026343900710344315,
0.016470950096845627,
0.4698790907859802,
0.26776033639907837,
-0.06243634223937988,
0.8996129035949707,
0.42124107480049133,
0.46864616870880127,
-0.3885917365550995,
0.03150230646133423,
0.6532723903656006,
0.7056809067726135,
-0.3946364223957062,
-0.14592881500720978,
-0.5732333064079285,
0.17093513906002045,
0.21955512464046478,
0.5620055794715881,
0.003243671962991357,
-0.20923760533332825,
-0.22407470643520355,
0.11780808120965958,
-0.5646362900733948,
-0.13398459553718567,
0.6660737991333008,
0.5539149045944214,
-0.242425337433815,
0.20184758305549622,
0.25255048274993896,
0.8717411160469055,
0.13225522637367249,
0.42394405603408813,
0.1530672162771225,
-0.5223795771598816,
-0.1790791004896164,
-0.07192320376634598,
1.1352592706680298,
-0.06446408480405807,
-0.4628429710865021,
0.15712232887744904,
-0.18812625110149384,
-0.5941107273101807,
0.01612565480172634,
0.1992916464805603,
-0.6744973063468933,
0.6004686951637268,
-0.5677569508552551,
-0.27552181482315063,
0.04352349787950516,
-0.5977355241775513,
-0.1569729745388031,
-0.3597920835018158,
0.8664894104003906,
0.5531435012817383,
-0.1209971085190773,
-0.4355463981628418,
0.12858067452907562,
-0.3945140540599823,
0.214215949177742,
0.09610278904438019,
0.6137481927871704,
-0.42890575528144836,
1.0075575113296509,
-0.557572603225708,
0.49804022908210754,
0.20386646687984467,
0.5772877931594849,
-0.24973052740097046,
0.7517293095588684,
-0.15248973667621613,
-0.46493107080459595,
0.28712335228919983,
-0.5683327913284302,
-0.6985574960708618,
-0.6643610596656799,
0.7040444016456604,
0.22063788771629333,
0.2820327877998352,
-0.5713133215904236,
-0.32816025614738464,
-0.3680233061313629,
0.2799917161464691,
0.3167271018028259,
0.20452727377414703,
0.33676573634147644,
-0.3044392168521881,
0.0436115600168705,
0.04412982240319252,
-0.8681012988090515,
-0.17989550530910492,
0.06081050634384155,
-0.09974625706672668,
0.8431445360183716,
0.49547258019447327,
-0.05674520134925842,
1.0304759740829468,
-0.3931697905063629,
0.06065588817000389,
0.22363178431987762,
-2.033550977706909,
-0.22637803852558136,
-0.2796188294887543,
-0.45382100343704224,
0.7277584075927734,
0.27759087085723877,
0.28979942202568054,
-0.9313722848892212,
0.043139614164829254,
-0.4332887828350067,
0.4555377662181854,
0.013272284530103207,
-0.3696657717227936,
-0.6953327655792236,
0.3343600630760193,
-0.1745658814907074
] |
236457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCD | GCD | GCD may refer to:
Gardner Carton & Douglas, a former U.S. law firm
GCD, Chinese Internet slang for the Chinese Communist Party ()
General content descriptor, a wireless device file format
Global Cities Dialogue, an international development organisation
Global Credit Data, a credit data pooling organisation
Grand Central Dispatch, a parallel computing framework
Grand Comics Database
Grant County Regional Airport, near John Day, Oregon, United States
Greatest common divisor
Binary GCD algorithm
Polynomial greatest common divisor
Lehmer's GCD algorithm
Griffith College Dublin, in Dublin, Ireland
Yukulta language, spoken in Australia | [
0.15486352145671844,
0.12633691728115082,
-0.23315902054309845,
-0.1674545407295227,
-0.5499681234359741,
-0.09914328902959824,
0.1866060197353363,
0.2540745437145233,
-0.307170033454895,
-0.03326550871133804,
-0.3586106300354004,
0.5202203392982483,
-0.5538649559020996,
0.09235280007123947,
-0.12451116740703583,
0.6977629661560059,
0.24702218174934387,
0.24813556671142578,
-0.5147300362586975,
-0.9188821315765381,
0.020174087956547737,
-0.2599160075187683,
-0.15308524668216705,
0.13653849065303802,
-0.034862220287323,
0.14974205195903778,
0.24876144528388977,
-0.1721455603837967,
0.02209319733083248,
0.16558566689491272,
0.032870255410671234,
1.189211130142212,
0.35333794355392456,
0.12068907916545868,
0.15915405750274658,
0.7944281101226807,
0.04609287157654762,
-0.3739412724971771,
0.23427234590053558,
-0.2657611668109894,
0.7262734770774841,
-0.3227357566356659,
-0.028538251295685768,
0.6893719434738159,
-0.5213609933853149,
0.35983747243881226,
-2.3006725311279297,
0.05696761980652809,
-0.5552902221679688,
-0.010583420284092426,
-0.14541231095790863,
0.5148957371711731,
0.39572855830192566,
0.11933621764183044,
-0.18777568638324738,
0.7388395667076111,
-0.5164629220962524,
0.21152924001216888,
0.4554898142814636,
-0.07358016818761826,
0.41098302602767944,
-0.3248198628425598,
-0.0011089215986430645,
0.35440292954444885,
-0.29640188813209534,
-0.15473619103431702,
-0.1530144363641739,
0.8303588628768921,
0.028384648263454437,
-0.25601494312286377,
-0.5467632412910461,
-0.34813618659973145,
0.3928022086620331,
-0.08161679655313492,
-0.49406665563583374,
0.5760719180107117,
0.035071443766355515,
-0.49121278524398804,
0.4141981899738312,
-0.4635734558105469,
0.04302848502993584,
0.2644760012626648,
0.5095264911651611,
-0.21737168729305267,
0.04640940949320793,
0.007511152420192957,
-0.24241359531879425,
0.1464053839445114,
0.02959490939974785,
1.07100510597229,
-0.06658133119344711,
-0.25449100136756897,
0.2849433720111847,
-0.14401036500930786,
-0.2584156095981598,
0.03894258663058281,
0.6005562543869019,
-0.4157923460006714,
0.5541622042655945,
0.046263691037893295,
0.33814680576324463,
0.6208725571632385,
-0.5834998488426208,
-0.11936544626951218,
-0.44744834303855896,
-0.06080631539225578,
-0.14790698885917664,
-0.7143515944480896,
-0.07721521705389023,
-0.9132526516914368,
-0.6498600840568542,
0.6145793199539185,
-0.2652725279331207,
0.01661861687898636,
0.11885809898376465,
-0.021517544984817505,
0.03898913040757179,
-0.05772967264056206,
-0.6472287774085999,
0.43783503770828247,
0.1641949713230133,
0.6056473851203918,
-0.4424707293510437,
0.06259875744581223,
0.23074638843536377,
0.17778141796588898,
0.5759100317955017,
0.5038814544677734,
-0.20969831943511963,
0.1331990659236908,
0.10383627563714981,
0.38509058952331543,
0.16036631166934967,
-0.29238083958625793,
-0.1234014555811882,
-0.006218846421688795,
0.4794106185436249,
0.2651900351047516,
-0.40966856479644775,
0.2517785429954529,
-0.5054565072059631,
-0.0028568378183990717,
-1.4321485757827759,
-0.2834887206554413,
0.8020117878913879,
0.07941406220197678,
-0.014172675088047981,
0.008121274411678314,
-0.2966190278530121,
0.006858807522803545,
0.3974108397960663,
0.16073867678642273,
0.1588965803384781,
0.2576867640018463,
0.07989239692687988,
0.563321590423584,
-0.10272867232561111,
-0.14299380779266357,
0.22633762657642365,
0.07217936962842941,
-0.297370046377182,
-0.15806430578231812,
-0.02534380555152893,
-0.035285670310258865,
-0.33384013175964355,
-0.08965067565441132,
-0.05054571479558945,
0.5183088183403015,
-0.46795734763145447,
-0.023590900003910065,
-0.4818820357322693,
-0.1234024167060852,
-0.4550151228904724,
-0.3812718391418457,
-0.24673232436180115,
0.25032734870910645,
0.5156832337379456,
0.40350037813186646,
0.36240363121032715,
0.08457458764314651,
-0.6325066089630127,
0.19104509055614471,
0.7712220549583435,
-0.5090735554695129,
0.416039377450943,
-0.0473644956946373,
0.4294217824935913,
-0.28095462918281555,
0.38300856947898865,
0.05532729998230934,
-0.46117284893989563,
-0.0635967031121254,
0.5454187989234924,
-0.5476583242416382,
1.3984779119491577,
0.29932528734207153,
-0.4489152133464813,
0.4259617328643799,
-0.07241013646125793,
0.39297914505004883,
0.2061377912759781,
-0.1528397798538208,
0.3117528557777405,
-0.32331958413124084,
0.06580006331205368,
1.0716853141784668,
0.26326361298561096,
-0.042408548295497894,
-0.24773453176021576,
0.24808870255947113,
0.3497752845287323,
-0.2559235394001007,
-0.08057735860347748,
0.3198518753051758,
-0.016580766066908836,
0.20848658680915833,
-0.00972577091306448,
0.38598689436912537,
-0.12326067686080933,
-0.3631805181503296,
0.09087123721837997,
0.027010522782802582,
-0.09722532331943512,
0.4767531454563141,
0.08319833129644394,
1.154884934425354,
0.30585524439811707,
0.42217832803726196,
0.7912304401397705,
-0.5733094215393066,
-0.07242517918348312,
0.39500027894973755,
0.18964578211307526,
-0.025945894420146942,
-0.099697045981884,
0.47400400042533875,
0.08827859163284302,
-0.3999069333076477,
-0.11076775193214417,
-0.02537968009710312,
0.2569832503795624,
-0.1507018655538559,
-0.3976115882396698,
0.21675623953342438,
-0.1003633439540863,
-0.08913415670394897,
-0.43336597084999084,
0.5634873509407043,
-0.1474028080701828,
-0.14037011563777924,
0.7779335379600525,
0.9814338684082031,
0.22475606203079224,
0.5938734412193298,
0.5249844789505005,
-0.22019518911838531,
-0.5687307715415955,
-0.30827856063842773,
0.128029003739357,
-0.16285724937915802,
-0.4161430597305298,
-0.15299160778522491,
0.2554609775543213,
0.03430721536278725,
-0.0949399471282959,
-1.09657883644104,
-0.30477067828178406,
-0.2420572191476822,
0.10284768790006638,
-0.061333537101745605,
-0.1179698035120964,
0.018417898565530777,
-0.18357062339782715,
-0.9956356287002563,
-0.5614751577377319,
-0.5729871392250061,
-0.058687977492809296,
-0.06519525498151779,
-0.24049422144889832,
-0.3531230390071869,
0.44247302412986755,
0.4035133123397827,
0.5073202252388,
-0.4082244336605072,
-0.5579151511192322,
0.23652170598506927,
-0.3754207193851471,
-0.34906426072120667,
0.4945515990257263,
-0.42028141021728516,
0.15374112129211426,
0.4326230585575104,
-0.3084900677204132,
-0.23888689279556274,
0.44141578674316406,
0.4838460683822632,
-0.31149235367774963,
0.20874695479869843,
-0.3114228844642639,
0.2521250545978546,
0.13754981756210327,
0.39426112174987793,
-0.061796728521585464,
-0.00262664002366364,
-0.015752363950014114,
-0.246797114610672,
-0.5218905806541443,
-0.13595296442508698,
-5.649135112762451,
0.23991215229034424,
0.0019433882553130388,
0.08396007865667343,
-0.38326141238212585,
0.08556212484836578,
0.62840336561203,
-0.4104924201965332,
-0.3241891860961914,
-0.15904399752616882,
-0.04607592523097992,
-0.10397719591856003,
-0.36036089062690735,
0.52183598279953,
0.33726057410240173,
0.4689043164253235,
0.11877577006816864,
0.19896292686462402,
-0.010943843983113766,
0.3639841377735138,
0.21732917428016663,
0.17807486653327942,
-0.22671036422252655,
-0.10149209201335907,
-0.09557484835386276,
0.25691965222358704,
-0.2720271646976471,
-0.08765490353107452,
-0.44754278659820557,
-0.04823490232229233,
-0.019052637740969658,
0.02016565203666687,
-0.09168556332588196,
0.15458929538726807,
0.15119893848896027,
0.4230361878871918,
0.7054684162139893,
0.2759033739566803,
-0.031281329691410065,
-0.6593782901763916,
-0.2335454374551773,
0.5880311727523804,
0.10621675848960876,
0.10673201084136963,
0.438477098941803,
0.32612934708595276,
-0.43538686633110046,
0.06653415411710739,
-0.38031381368637085,
0.2006489485502243,
-0.2841966152191162,
-0.46066826581954956,
0.08558827638626099,
-0.16318827867507935,
0.0852428525686264,
-0.4088009297847748,
0.11625322699546814,
0.05000210925936699,
0.2466556429862976,
0.5041280388832092,
0.3963800072669983,
-0.3856847882270813,
0.5010392069816589,
-0.7090542912483215,
-0.041713863611221313,
0.034913454204797745,
-0.6513106226921082,
-0.6082377433776855,
0.5041673183441162,
0.3811596632003784,
0.08730209618806839,
0.09505953639745712,
0.1895247846841812,
-0.9406331777572632,
-0.365134060382843,
-0.45340946316719055,
-0.02283501997590065,
0.5668256878852844,
0.25921306014060974,
0.39573317766189575,
-0.024746283888816833,
-0.06823910772800446,
-0.19124437868595123,
0.2030932903289795,
0.0028570699505507946,
-0.304052472114563,
-0.18260183930397034,
0.9199894070625305,
-0.4856298863887787,
-0.014487089589238167,
0.08743452280759811,
-0.08048054575920105,
0.04146168753504753,
0.822485089302063,
-0.06966707855463028,
0.7510147094726562,
0.5314164757728577,
0.3444993495941162,
-0.004811720456928015,
-0.4883963167667389,
0.023199493065476418,
-0.7310516238212585,
0.03744392842054367,
-0.5335547924041748,
-0.3992908000946045,
-0.01633857563138008,
-0.5573623776435852,
0.26426711678504944,
0.766536295413971,
-0.16060513257980347,
0.23025992512702942,
0.12626619637012482,
-0.04702026769518852,
-0.47859466075897217,
0.781457245349884,
-0.15914702415466309,
0.023742971941828728,
0.08167089521884918,
0.5861443877220154,
-0.28282466530799866,
0.3819594085216522,
0.18364866077899933,
-0.35300979018211365,
-0.5320416688919067,
-0.18064618110656738,
0.41528740525245667,
0.33598706126213074,
0.0957176685333252,
-0.23950469493865967,
0.3208620846271515,
0.06006127595901489,
0.2844468653202057,
0.5343038439750671,
0.11286535859107971,
-0.3673737645149231,
-0.6129287481307983,
-0.670000433921814,
0.7001521587371826,
-0.31107237935066223,
-0.45340368151664734,
0.6384601593017578,
-0.08870687335729599,
-0.21124345064163208,
0.06251932680606842,
0.34398365020751953,
-0.15860240161418915,
0.07907300442457199,
-0.12457898259162903,
-0.1173049807548523,
-0.0769011452794075,
0.4134540259838104,
-0.2259146273136139,
0.37574347853660583,
-0.1508399099111557,
-0.026122475042939186,
0.0028212587349116802,
-0.11282099038362503,
0.16342726349830627,
-0.26352909207344055,
-0.8994367122650146,
0.4925146996974945,
0.0243686456233263,
-1.3019782304763794,
-0.2832320034503937,
0.5887519717216492,
-0.11803235858678818,
0.3810589015483856,
-0.2759135663509369,
-0.3478357195854187,
0.6158695220947266,
0.3575606942176819,
-0.32661813497543335,
-0.647385835647583,
-0.3206194043159485,
0.06873868405818939,
0.3417964577674866,
0.5610461235046387,
-0.12940463423728943,
0.21500228345394135,
-0.07479894906282425,
0.09092647582292557,
-0.4239327311515808,
-0.21378517150878906,
-0.10885582864284515,
0.33323246240615845,
-0.49359095096588135,
-0.25161343812942505,
0.21873389184474945,
-0.47809433937072754,
-0.13696002960205078,
0.3477904498577118,
0.13767342269420624,
0.738055408000946,
0.1936834752559662,
0.18959777057170868,
-0.5617473721504211,
-0.06999398022890091,
0.17808620631694794,
0.053076859563589096,
-0.6355368494987488,
0.22726494073867798,
0.8494225740432739,
-0.5605896711349487,
0.13782943785190582,
0.45468348264694214,
-0.6320711970329285,
-0.20918221771717072,
-0.49718454480171204,
-0.7765191793441772,
0.6217361092567444,
-0.4639979898929596,
-0.3312608301639557,
-0.19849690794944763,
-0.09125400334596634,
-0.10656812787055969,
-0.027477005496621132,
-0.47534945607185364,
-0.26872724294662476,
-0.38477885723114014,
-0.11285383999347687,
-0.21023429930210114,
-0.08453084528446198,
-0.409875750541687,
0.07248727977275848,
-0.39844343066215515,
-0.2865252196788788,
0.23163072764873505,
-0.5766980051994324,
0.39617908000946045,
-0.14929115772247314,
-0.6619899868965149,
0.32319608330726624,
-0.11439194530248642,
0.07023683935403824,
-0.0752631425857544,
0.05393527075648308,
0.30082428455352783,
0.9207269549369812,
0.13052406907081604,
-0.22120970487594604,
0.07823750376701355,
0.4931821823120117,
-0.018889104947447777,
-0.41433629393577576,
0.061336953192949295,
0.28488242626190186,
0.06969916820526123,
-0.4915922284126282,
-0.30585312843322754,
0.413656622171402,
-0.07727911323308945,
-0.20446817576885223,
0.03308875486254692,
-0.380748450756073,
0.8715968132019043,
-0.2932046353816986,
-0.12384591996669769,
-0.7768157720565796,
0.5284303426742554,
0.17498499155044556,
0.018006538972258568,
0.16138923168182373,
-0.39519140124320984,
0.26802605390548706,
-0.020987767726182938,
0.46469148993492126,
-0.3214329183101654,
-0.1695566475391388,
0.15949004888534546,
-0.34026241302490234,
0.03573814406991005,
-0.020332753658294678,
0.06495970487594604,
0.45368731021881104,
0.26431241631507874,
-0.4092894494533539,
0.1899813562631607,
-0.5037873387336731,
0.16828282177448273,
-0.19626954197883606,
0.5030370950698853,
-0.08840595185756683,
0.7649779915809631,
-0.5895998477935791,
0.07247096300125122,
-0.7874205708503723,
-0.43548065423965454,
-0.2698694169521332,
-0.5774708986282349,
-0.15555746853351593,
-0.04773673787713051,
0.2767990529537201,
-0.2819940149784088,
0.056366924196481705,
-0.2113078087568283,
0.10019435733556747,
-0.10624866932630539,
-0.4150993227958679,
-0.12497367709875107,
-0.2721271514892578,
-0.4934840798377991,
0.5991034507751465,
0.12959466874599457,
-0.29681533575057983,
0.6370957493782043,
0.028744786977767944,
0.01771589368581772,
-0.485510915517807,
0.2963557243347168,
-0.40163031220436096,
-0.33658289909362793,
-0.23063285648822784,
-0.1662035584449768,
0.5819624662399292,
-0.6244533658027649,
-0.14666235446929932,
0.2032361924648285,
-0.2982807755470276,
0.2944483458995819,
0.5879664421081543,
0.5828310251235962,
0.7719564437866211,
0.9950227737426758,
0.07903357595205307,
-0.09114544838666916,
0.2162054479122162,
-0.03841031715273857,
-0.12034079432487488,
0.9581106305122375,
0.15201370418071747,
0.4578505754470825,
-0.12556907534599304,
0.02248426340520382,
1.0297894477844238,
0.40625184774398804,
0.043929554522037506,
-0.004672117065638304,
-0.24642717838287354,
-0.41587328910827637,
0.3386141359806061,
0.4555291533470154,
-0.2091996669769287,
-0.020229021087288857,
0.3181626796722412,
-0.570040225982666,
0.2704240381717682,
-0.3270666301250458,
-0.10358010232448578,
0.20963360369205475,
-0.25968217849731445,
0.5997579097747803,
0.02280716970562935,
0.08261113613843918,
0.004661450628191233,
-0.5632692575454712,
-0.10730694979429245,
0.38928723335266113,
-0.4366435706615448,
-0.5496110916137695,
-0.8632861971855164,
0.3604930341243744,
-0.2485690414905548,
0.3433997631072998,
0.44311192631721497,
0.6840859055519104,
-0.06041054427623749,
0.1369827687740326,
-0.1652851551771164,
-0.021010857075452805,
0.3690221309661865,
-0.2867564857006073,
0.14090830087661743,
0.05776064470410347,
0.6315891742706299,
0.20318752527236938,
-0.3628256320953369,
0.07131741940975189,
0.26350584626197815,
0.13211362063884735,
0.2785143554210663,
-0.054031502455472946,
-0.1425885409116745,
-0.09552428126335144,
-0.6723747849464417,
0.40804147720336914,
-0.7245671153068542,
-0.14999496936798096,
0.21190130710601807,
-0.48280465602874756,
0.4185466766357422,
0.13522574305534363,
-0.1014922633767128,
-0.2549271583557129,
-0.11451423168182373,
-0.06580925732851028,
-0.03651915490627289,
-0.005350534804165363,
0.699743390083313,
0.26008304953575134,
-0.04117476940155029,
-0.7480946779251099,
0.11178139597177505,
-0.1687784492969513,
0.16037902235984802,
-0.5526801347732544,
0.10136718302965164,
-0.737528920173645,
0.45283958315849304,
-0.44277629256248474,
0.4330849349498749,
0.08960101753473282,
-0.15618392825126648,
-0.15321247279644012,
0.35870611667633057,
0.19985206425189972,
0.263564795255661,
0.6041295528411865,
-0.3132970929145813,
-0.09858395904302597,
0.1978720873594284,
-0.24337537586688995,
-0.01226531807333231,
0.46708357334136963,
0.30524393916130066,
-0.34205740690231323,
0.09299878031015396,
0.3724434971809387,
-0.12012679129838943,
-0.2542682886123657,
0.3874250650405884,
0.14749263226985931,
0.2770622670650482,
-0.5264673829078674,
0.053781550377607346,
-0.3529074788093567,
-0.1718353033065796,
0.2285376787185669,
-0.2445099949836731,
-0.29769039154052734,
0.3900938332080841,
-0.19213061034679413,
-0.8495751619338989,
-0.2655559182167053,
0.1854703724384308,
-2.595543384552002,
-0.45211878418922424,
0.3047771453857422,
-0.8692752718925476,
-0.029469309374690056,
0.29317808151245117,
0.014778826385736465,
-0.5002967715263367,
-0.046786896884441376,
-0.29091110825538635,
0.07959753274917603,
0.32640814781188965,
-0.08660280704498291,
-0.5456979870796204,
-0.06077327951788902,
0.053381189703941345
] |
236460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae%20Hong%20Son%20province | Mae Hong Son province | Mae Hong Son province (Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; , ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called Mae Rong Son), also spelled Maehongson, Mae Hong Sorn or Maehongsorn, is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in upper northern Thailand and is the westernmost province. Neighboring provinces are (clockwise from north) Shan State of Myanmar, Chiang Mai and Tak. To the west, the province borders Kayin State and Kayah State of Myanmar.
Mae Hong Son's nickname is "the city of three mists". It is hemmed in by the high mountain ranges of the Shan Hills and is the most mountainous province in Thailand, occupying . The province is often covered with mist. Mae Hong Son town was originally established in the early 19th century as an elephant training camp as ordered by the then King of Chiang Mai.
, Mae Hong Son was the poorest province in Thailand.
Geography
Location
Mae Hong Son province is approximately north of Bangkok by road. To the north and west it connects to a total of three states in the Union of Burma, namely the southern portion of Shan State, Kayah State, and Kawthoolei State, via the Dawna Range, and the Salween and Moei Rivers. These formations serve as natural boundaries between the countries. To the south, it borders the district of Tha Song Yang and Tak, via the rivers Yuam and Ngao, which serve as a provincial boundary. To the east it borders the districts of Wiang Haeng, Chiang Dao, Mae Taeng, Mae Chaem, Hot and Omkoi in Chiang Mai province, via the central and east sections of the Thanon Thongchai mountain ranges, which serve as a boundary between the two provinces.
Every district in Mae Hong Son province shares a common border, measuring approximately 483 kilometres in total length, with Myanmar. The common border consists of approximately of land boundary and of river boundary (not counting the Salween, , and Moei, ).
Topography
Most of the areas of Mae Hong Son province are the complex mountain ranges of the Thai highlands, parts of which are still covered with rain forest. The total forest area is or 85.5 percent of provincial area.
The Daen Lao Range, in the northernmost portion of the province, marks the northern boundary between Thailand and Burma, while the Dawna Range in the west serves as the boundary between Thailand and Burma. The Thanon Thongchai Range in the east of the province serves as the boundary between the provinces of Mae Hong Son and Chiang Mai. The highest point of the province is Doi Mae Ya (ยอดเขาแม่ยะ), in the Pai District in the province's northeast, at elevation.
Climate
Mae Hong Son province has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification category Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until May. Monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Temperature statistics: Its maximum temperature is 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) on 28 April 2016 and the lowest temperature is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). The highest average temperature is 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) on 25 December 1999 and the minimum average temperature is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F). The average relative humidity is 96.99% and the minimum relative humidity is 20%. Annual rainfall is 1,064.9 millimeters and on 23 April 1968 was for 24 hour the rainfall 130.4 mm. The number of rainy days was 130 days for a year.Weather box Mae Hong Son and Weather box Mae Sariang
National parks
There are four national parks and one proposed national park, with total area of 3,411 km2 (8,834 mi2).
Huai Nam Dang National Park, 1,252 km2 (3,243 mi2)
Salawin National Park, 721 km2 (1,867 mi2)
Tham Pla-Namtok Phu Suea National park, 630 km2 (1,631 mi2)
Namtok Mae Surin National Park, 396 km2 (1,026 mi2)
Mae Ngao National park (postponed), 412 km2 (1,067 mi2)
Wildlife sanctuaries
There are six sanctuaries, with a total area of 3,684 km2 (9,541 mi2).
Lum Nam Pai Wildlife Sanctuary, 1,180 km2 (3,056 mi2)
Salawin Wildlife Sanctuary, 955 km2 (2,474 mi2)
Mae Lao-Mae Sae Wildlife Sanctuary, 514 km2 (1,331 mi2)
Doi Wiang La Wildlife Sanctuary, 466 km2 (1,207 mi2)
Mae Yuam Fang Khwa Wildlife Sanctuary, 292 km2 (756 mi2)
Sun Pan Dam Wildlife Sanctuary, 277 km2 (717 mi2)
Water resources
There are 31 water reservoirs with total capacity of 12.31 million cubic meters:
Huai So Tue, capacity 1,880,000 m3
Huai Fai Kho, capacity 950,000 m3
Huai Mae Hong Son, cap. 734,000 m3.
Huai Mae Salap, cap. 700,000 m3.
There are 617 groundwater wells, which are used to mine groundwater for general use.
Mineral resources
Among the minerals that have been discovered in the province are limestone, coal, lignite, lead, zinc, tin, tungsten, antimony, fluoride, and feldspar. The mineral area is approximately 2,440 km2 (19% of provincial area).
History
Mae Hong Son province was formerly part of Mawkmai State, one of the Shan States which had been founded in 1767 by Hsai Khiao, from a noble family of Chiang Mai.
As a result of the Anglo-Siamese Boundary Commission of 1892–1893, Mae Hong Son District was ceded to Siam, but the adjacent Möngmaü and Mehsakun trans-Salween Districts also claimed by Siam (as territories on the eastern side of the Salween River), were kept as part of British Burma.
Environment
The Thai government, to solve persistent water shortages in the central region, have proposed a 70.7 billion baht plan to divert some 1.8 billion m3 of water annually from the Yuam River to the perennially underfilled Bhumibol Dam. Several of the province's districts would impacted. As part of the plan, the Royal Irrigation Department (RID), would build 69 metre high dam with a storage capacity of 68.7 million m3 constructed on 2,075 rai of forest land, together with a pumping station on a separate 55 rai plot and a 61.5 kilometre-long tunnel passing through 14 villages. The inhabitants of the area—primarily Karen tribes people—largely oppose the project. In December 2019, the RID submitted a second environmental impact assessment (EIA) to the Office of the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP). ONEP rejected the EIA for the second time due to concerns about forest destruction, tunnel rock waste, and compensation issues.
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
The province is divided into seven districts (amphoes). These are further divided into 45 subdistricts (tambons) and 415 villages (mubans).
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Mae Hong Son Provincial Administration Organisation () and seven municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Mae Hong Son has town (thesaban mueang) status. There are a further six subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 42 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations (SAO) (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Demographics
Ethnic diversity
Shan people is the largest population group in the province. They migrated from Shan State in Myanmar. Further there are seven hill tribes which consists of 63% of the provincial population: Karen, Lahu, Lisu, Lua, Miao, Chinese Yunnan and Pa-O people.
The Karen are not a single group, but rather a mix of closely related tribes. Among the smallest of the Karen tribes in Thailand are Kayan Lahwi. This group's women are recognized by the large brass rings they wear around their necks. Population density is 22 persons per km2, the lowest of all provinces.
Language
Tai Yai people speak their own language. The written language with round alphabets is like Mon and Burmese script.
Karen and Chinese Haw have their own spoken and written language.
Lahu, Lisu and Lua people have their own spoken language, but their written language uses the Latin alphabet.
Religion
Most inhabitants, 77.5%, are Buddhists, followed by Christians at 20.9%, and Muslims at 0.5%. About 1.1% believe in animism and other religions.
Symbols
The provincial seal, Rup chang nai thong nam (รูปช้างในท้องน้ำ), meaning 'image of an elephant in a body of water', is a reference to the training of wild elephants for battle and various types of animal labour. "Rup chang nai thong nam" was selected as the provincial seal because it refers to Mae Hong Son's founding, which began with Lord Kaeo of Ma being sent to capture elephants for the Lord of Chiang Mai (1825–1846). Once in Mae Hong Son, he gathered the scattered Shan settlements to establish two main villages, Ban Pang Mu and Ban Mae Hong Son, that would be ruled by their elected leaders.
The provincial flag is horizontally divided in dark brown/blue/dark brown (1:3:1) with the image of the provincial seal in the middle of the flag.
The provincial tree is the Millettia brandisiana (; ).
The provincial flower is the Tree marigold (; ).
The provincial animal is the Blyth's river frog (; ).
The official provincial slogan promoted by the Thai government is หมอกสามฤดู กองมูเสียดฟ้า ป่าเขียวขจี ผู้คนดี ประเพณีงาม ลือนามถิ่นบัวตอง
() 'Mists throughout the three seasons, the Kong Mu (monastery) that scrapes the sky, verdant forests, gentle people, beautiful customs; renowned land of marigolds'.
Infrastructure
Education
Higher educational institutions are:
Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Mae Hong Son campus.
Mae Hong Son Community College.
Nawamintrachinaracha Industrial and Community Education College.
Mae Sariang Industrial and Community Education College.
There are eight secondary schools in Mae Hong Son.
Healthcare
Every district has a hospital. There are also 72 subdistrict health-promoting hospitals. There are 63 public health centers, 10 insect-induced disease control centers, 15 malaria clinics, 21 community malaria centers and one health service (Thanyarak Mae Hong Son hospital).
Transportation
Roads
There are four major roads in the province:
Hot District of Chiang Mai to Mae Hong Son, distance 345 km
Mae Tang District of Chiang Mai province to Mae Hong Son, distance 246 km.
Mae Sot District of Tak province to Mae Hong Son.
Mae Chaem District of Chiang Mai province to Khun Yuam District of Mae Hong Son province, distance 90 km.
Public transport
Two bus companies (Prem Pracha Transport Co and Sombat Tour Co.) operate four bus services:
Bangkok - Mae Hong Son, distance is 928 km, travel time is 17 hours.
Chiang Mai - Mae Sariang - Mae Hong Son, distance is 359 km, travel time is eight hours.
Chiang Mai (Pai District) - Mae Hong Son, distance is 250 km, travel time is six hours.
Mae Sot District of Tak province - Mae Sariang District of Mae Hong Son.
Air transport
Bangkok Airways provides daily flights between Chiang Mai International Airport and Mae Hong Son Airport. From 2011 until April 2017 Kan Air provided flights between Chiang Mai International Airport and Pai Airport.
Electricity
Mae Hong Son is supplied with electricity from power stations in Chiang Mai province (Districts Chom Thong, Hot and Mae Taeng), along with eight power plants in Mae Hong Son province:
Pha Bong Dam Hydro Plant
Mae Sa Nga Dam Hydro Plant
Mae Sariang Hydro Plant
Mae Hong Son Diesel Power Plant
Pha Bong Solar Power Plant
In 2015, 83% of households were electrified and the remainder were without electricity.
Communications
As of 2018 there were 65,153 households, of which 2.1% used telephones, 15.2% used computers with no internet connection, and 45.5% used computers with internet. As of 2018 there were 182,615 people aged six years and older, of which 22.2% used computers, 38.9% the internet, and 81.3% used mobile phones.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Events and festivals
Poi Sang Long Procession (งานประเพณีปอยส่างลอง)
Chong Phara Procession (งานประเพณีจองพารา)
Bua Tong Blossom Festival (งานวันดอกบัวตองบาน)
Loi Krathong Festival (ประเพณีลอยกระทง หรือ งานเหลินสิบสอง)
Small World Festival http://www.sawadee.com/thailand/festivals/festival12.html
Gallery
See also
Nai Soi Community Learning Center
References
Further reading
"A Season in Mae Hong Son", in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
External links
Tourist Authority of Thailand official website page
Provincial symbols
Provinces of Thailand | [
0.24658039212226868,
0.07715564966201782,
0.8245254158973694,
-0.18400603532791138,
0.14762000739574432,
-0.0558067224919796,
0.1837599128484726,
0.529895544052124,
-0.46551313996315,
0.28900906443595886,
-0.3819906711578369,
-0.18368029594421387,
-0.36390528082847595,
0.046929702162742615,
-0.5664236545562744,
0.6785426139831543,
1.0990451574325562,
-0.021221043542027473,
-0.14493729174137115,
-0.4676702320575714,
-0.14881083369255066,
-0.5771253108978271,
0.6601871848106384,
-0.058664124459028244,
0.28939542174339294,
0.04928182065486908,
0.15181158483028412,
0.575965166091919,
0.7389422059059143,
0.1014333963394165,
-0.2547891139984131,
0.37534746527671814,
-0.21062296628952026,
0.16620595753192902,
-0.07977570593357086,
0.3978259563446045,
0.15113352239131927,
-0.09609607607126236,
-0.33614659309387207,
-0.014674993231892586,
-0.04208068922162056,
-0.13180692493915558,
0.0686768889427185,
-0.07291541993618011,
0.36264103651046753,
-1.5712484121322632,
-0.6989114880561829,
0.6216772794723511,
-0.4999462366104126,
0.6393133401870728,
-0.8848896026611328,
0.4944625794887543,
-0.9145135283470154,
-0.3947942852973938,
0.3640293478965759,
0.23792603611946106,
-0.9787430167198181,
-0.0017884430708363652,
-0.3250868022441864,
0.15088264644145966,
0.05536068230867386,
0.12992800772190094,
-0.46620625257492065,
0.5751590132713318,
-0.2671259045600891,
0.2422449141740799,
0.2595122456550598,
0.37832289934158325,
0.07593636959791183,
-0.6754812598228455,
0.19693155586719513,
1.1391557455062866,
0.03982426971197128,
0.42204418778419495,
0.10484239459037781,
-0.225065216422081,
-0.34467771649360657,
-0.5539528131484985,
-0.06270553171634674,
-0.17340178787708282,
0.24801138043403625,
0.024709142744541168,
0.5472805500030518,
0.41531291604042053,
0.643182635307312,
0.3028394281864166,
-0.36697298288345337,
0.17804767191410065,
0.0850604921579361,
0.2728387415409088,
0.10547594726085663,
0.3550785779953003,
-0.0018971256213262677,
-0.36785170435905457,
-0.5984711647033691,
-0.945375382900238,
-0.27504289150238037,
0.3231866955757141,
0.3352615237236023,
0.1769339144229889,
0.03635619953274727,
-0.3749321401119232,
0.7710029482841492,
0.03966047987341881,
-1.2815526723861694,
-0.489063024520874,
-0.24180515110492706,
-0.17239220440387726,
0.048758529126644135,
-0.21863684058189392,
-0.6294100880622864,
0.11752327531576157,
-0.040106866508722305,
0.4357779026031494,
0.3797787129878998,
0.11105827242136002,
0.18138879537582397,
-0.464063435792923,
0.5489102602005005,
-0.8451520800590515,
0.3565230071544647,
0.41223621368408203,
-0.18233385682106018,
0.6241441965103149,
0.7303460836410522,
-0.27989548444747925,
0.2862989604473114,
-0.263264924287796,
-0.3231455683708191,
0.606650710105896,
0.2518395185470581,
0.5061190724372864,
-0.1382884681224823,
0.19067837297916412,
-0.009104099124670029,
-0.08521591126918793,
0.15886279940605164,
0.25338178873062134,
0.32164666056632996,
-0.12138696759939194,
-1.3506461381912231,
0.32863619923591614,
-0.6205061674118042,
0.1209915280342102,
0.1930873841047287,
-0.3396718502044678,
-0.1846238523721695,
-0.7244576811790466,
-0.8901785612106323,
-0.31153425574302673,
0.5394274592399597,
0.27837517857551575,
-0.10079828649759293,
0.2648811936378479,
-0.5169422030448914,
-0.14128118753433228,
0.9049454927444458,
0.4467213749885559,
0.17607764899730682,
-0.0828513354063034,
0.1629219502210617,
0.08399050682783127,
-0.48057544231414795,
-0.5152270197868347,
0.46586838364601135,
0.12441947311162949,
0.004593486897647381,
0.4527856707572937,
-0.40574780106544495,
0.1252107322216034,
-0.3550989031791687,
-0.19007176160812378,
0.046587664633989334,
-0.24754972755908966,
0.03419283777475357,
0.10012711584568024,
-0.017024563625454903,
0.7702701091766357,
-0.10643983632326126,
-0.16457392275333405,
-0.705122709274292,
0.819642961025238,
0.29909583926200867,
0.4904589354991913,
-0.055932771414518356,
-0.03778774291276932,
0.5007814168930054,
-0.2839503884315491,
-0.11507148295640945,
0.1800622195005417,
-0.31801658868789673,
-0.44987452030181885,
0.6389634609222412,
-0.024105099961161613,
0.3378341495990753,
0.9192004799842834,
0.8498952984809875,
0.7707869410514832,
-0.46959102153778076,
1.1235512495040894,
-0.31621745228767395,
0.014832047745585442,
0.6069806814193726,
-0.05512642860412598,
-0.6104276776313782,
0.42524388432502747,
0.022892797365784645,
0.33796003460884094,
0.556071937084198,
0.7474193572998047,
0.4969811737537384,
-0.6172314882278442,
-0.3467087745666504,
0.03477234020829201,
0.08808382600545883,
-0.48364827036857605,
-0.11957930773496628,
-0.35161176323890686,
-0.1440100371837616,
-0.2657085061073303,
0.18916065990924835,
0.08071618527173996,
-0.15437258780002594,
0.7959139943122864,
-0.019706737250089645,
0.9118232727050781,
0.2487621158361435,
-0.03004407323896885,
-0.25138288736343384,
-0.34796589612960815,
0.3149189054965973,
-0.46526095271110535,
0.6655467748641968,
0.043740127235651016,
-0.08027465641498566,
-0.03539799153804779,
-0.014107631519436836,
-0.17105010151863098,
0.43606510758399963,
-1.0750244855880737,
-0.04277544841170311,
-0.0048116231337189674,
-0.20440447330474854,
0.18016235530376434,
0.4277701675891876,
0.37122341990470886,
-0.7346152067184448,
0.10052552819252014,
-0.09908559173345566,
-0.03740864247083664,
-0.15762166678905487,
0.08321692794561386,
0.36670199036598206,
-0.15610533952713013,
-0.18609534204006195,
-0.22144490480422974,
-0.07178901135921478,
0.26884329319000244,
0.2886825203895569,
-0.5660569667816162,
-0.6419633626937866,
0.11334063857793808,
0.9365332722663879,
0.08560183644294739,
-0.6284410953521729,
-0.04022129252552986,
0.10088065266609192,
-0.6694483160972595,
0.15558385848999023,
0.4029361307621002,
-0.18317845463752747,
-0.2650027275085449,
-0.796949565410614,
-0.04554905369877815,
-0.5932817459106445,
-0.7205272316932678,
0.09970369189977646,
0.4159596860408783,
-0.7708584070205688,
-0.5190386772155762,
0.4730692207813263,
1.0491135120391846,
0.4071345627307892,
-0.8490679264068604,
-0.06349856406450272,
0.015506146475672722,
-0.2831478714942932,
-0.2790784239768982,
-0.09720973670482635,
0.33384352922439575,
-0.3457340896129608,
-0.21592439711093903,
-0.31433507800102234,
-0.2724975347518921,
-0.4561774730682373,
-0.6261290907859802,
-0.12225386500358582,
0.07267612963914871,
0.8676163554191589,
-0.64030921459198,
-0.4709513783454895,
-0.3242420554161072,
0.04076790064573288,
0.3260999321937561,
-0.06644284725189209,
-0.4965793788433075,
-0.16641537845134735,
0.29930579662323,
-5.223930835723877,
-0.650128960609436,
-0.20143984258174896,
-0.3568783104419708,
0.3540879189968109,
-0.10996780544519424,
0.14654630422592163,
-0.6826415061950684,
0.32107216119766235,
0.09192825853824615,
0.3358442783355713,
-0.07586253434419632,
0.17263902723789215,
0.26867130398750305,
0.12767742574214935,
0.166727215051651,
-0.1666584461927414,
0.3329346179962158,
0.6555346250534058,
0.15948495268821716,
0.008223384618759155,
-0.3122616112232208,
0.12606987357139587,
0.36220434308052063,
0.4234025180339813,
0.9493454694747925,
0.11647386103868484,
-0.6712608933448792,
-0.8975977301597595,
-0.6176883578300476,
-0.7915495038032532,
0.054233577102422714,
0.39521273970603943,
0.09441468119621277,
-0.29393595457077026,
-0.7854548096656799,
0.7274640202522278,
0.6831561923027039,
-0.05436621233820915,
-0.1331675499677658,
0.46539944410324097,
0.10227147489786148,
-0.2088133990764618,
-0.0366506427526474,
0.08559184521436691,
-0.7944880127906799,
-0.7656698822975159,
-0.3671343922615051,
-0.42340201139450073,
0.3529430627822876,
0.7139074802398682,
0.002188571961596608,
0.031203271821141243,
-0.054986368864774704,
-0.343127965927124,
0.016964774578809738,
-0.08728834986686707,
0.14696104824543,
-0.40785595774650574,
0.3985322117805481,
0.5208935141563416,
-0.22878709435462952,
-0.5421792268753052,
-0.05188470706343651,
-0.040110521018505096,
-0.008095881901681423,
0.34506380558013916,
0.00929206982254982,
0.5135499835014343,
0.05199236050248146,
-0.6442681550979614,
0.07545638829469681,
-0.20240460336208344,
-0.647553026676178,
-0.3039678633213043,
-0.5139107704162598,
-0.5254194140434265,
-0.05510169267654419,
-0.12976551055908203,
-0.13726133108139038,
-0.4133917987346649,
0.5425173044204712,
0.3935423195362091,
1.1692808866500854,
0.19427408277988434,
-0.8481838703155518,
-0.1908329576253891,
0.5864022970199585,
0.5833635330200195,
-0.07381109148263931,
0.34405413269996643,
-0.7473299503326416,
0.98457270860672,
0.26713302731513977,
-0.11891522258520126,
0.005562547128647566,
0.4678940176963806,
-0.06674158573150635,
-0.06932321935892105,
-0.7511114478111267,
0.5172671675682068,
-0.04465150833129883,
0.012762508355081081,
-0.2792101502418518,
-0.28830549120903015,
-0.4096839129924774,
0.22088290750980377,
0.5014197826385498,
-0.3475764989852905,
-0.25964388251304626,
-0.2787652313709259,
-0.1808508336544037,
0.26978304982185364,
0.6049448251724243,
-0.2557274401187897,
-0.7753018736839294,
-0.7458387017250061,
0.182692751288414,
0.29217177629470825,
0.6032115817070007,
-0.2852424383163452,
0.9055005311965942,
-0.12045959383249283,
0.2641466557979584,
-0.2553179860115051,
-0.735981285572052,
-0.217233806848526,
0.5149980187416077,
0.14303931593894958,
0.29678767919540405,
0.1994551420211792,
-0.14473436772823334,
0.8199313282966614,
-0.6514884829521179,
-0.044445477426052094,
-0.4498724937438965,
0.2248053252696991,
-0.29629430174827576,
-0.455111563205719,
0.21175937354564667,
0.23159293830394745,
0.1099104955792427,
-0.15981437265872955,
0.6116691827774048,
0.1614772081375122,
0.1265614777803421,
-0.0034685118589550257,
-0.12941260635852814,
-0.6575422286987305,
0.569271981716156,
-0.41720423102378845,
-0.7878627181053162,
0.7001508474349976,
-0.41479256749153137,
0.055300869047641754,
-0.22035552561283112,
-0.3327721655368805,
0.29670536518096924,
1.1331264972686768,
0.06957830488681793,
-0.24746738374233246,
-0.5749219655990601,
-0.5893444418907166,
0.09403345733880997,
-0.16293226182460785,
-0.49231934547424316,
0.3119972050189972,
0.034814972430467606,
-0.7156221866607666,
1.1181777715682983,
0.252396821975708,
-0.1831839382648468,
-0.14552365243434906,
-0.1447431892156601,
-0.22361548244953156,
-0.49884340167045593,
-0.056176699697971344,
0.04390780255198479,
-0.1611270159482956,
0.10296132415533066,
-0.34476238489151,
-0.5018011331558228,
0.1271226406097412,
0.46253469586372375,
0.7719452381134033,
-0.020784961059689522,
-0.301841676235199,
-0.7193059921264648,
-0.42472562193870544,
0.12128454446792603,
0.6310998201370239,
-0.17096924781799316,
-0.27581003308296204,
0.2603760063648224,
0.2994145452976227,
-0.2974071800708771,
-0.7249142527580261,
1.0010324716567993,
-0.14861179888248444,
0.3613882064819336,
-0.1227087527513504,
0.5157702565193176,
-0.23916316032409668,
0.47458958625793457,
0.17206844687461853,
-0.20342670381069183,
0.19675306975841522,
0.1787576973438263,
-0.10412692278623581,
-0.2601136565208435,
-0.7981662154197693,
0.010002212598919868,
0.15001195669174194,
0.48178231716156006,
-0.4993833005428314,
0.07503782957792282,
0.10768348723649979,
-0.05892452225089073,
0.0780750960111618,
-0.8782678246498108,
-0.4672156870365143,
-0.39476048946380615,
-0.5234838128089905,
-0.16843090951442719,
-0.4372447431087494,
0.5402404069900513,
0.6159212589263916,
-1.0238736867904663,
0.3183896541595459,
-0.5740181803703308,
-0.12879829108715057,
-0.019950246438384056,
1.0491161346435547,
0.36538562178611755,
-0.1020110622048378,
-0.1306486874818802,
0.46742042899131775,
0.00370846688747406,
0.19946254789829254,
0.7703697085380554,
0.17299801111221313,
1.0655869245529175,
-0.1739480197429657,
-0.4871881902217865,
-0.500126838684082,
0.04259001836180687,
0.4987466633319855,
-0.6476408839225769,
-0.5642451047897339,
0.611427903175354,
0.6634515523910522,
-0.2485690414905548,
-0.4148111939430237,
-0.35347235202789307,
0.9446343183517456,
-0.4101172089576721,
0.1382649689912796,
0.9637101888656616,
0.40428626537323,
0.05315651744604111,
-0.6008462905883789,
-0.24226780235767365,
-0.14635135233402252,
-0.49095433950424194,
0.4463720917701721,
0.11620563268661499,
-0.9043903946876526,
-0.031058775261044502,
0.477776437997818,
-0.10096799582242966,
-0.5671734809875488,
-0.523183286190033,
0.1471082717180252,
0.006284372415393591,
0.21234717965126038,
-0.11411140859127045,
-0.2037634402513504,
-0.229234978556633,
-0.3885791301727295,
-0.028605742380023003,
-0.581773042678833,
-0.18738171458244324,
0.028987642377614975,
-0.4473881423473358,
0.3841058015823364,
-0.7896782755851746,
0.4592409133911133,
0.1786578744649887,
-0.5844349265098572,
0.27723634243011475,
-0.1652669757604599,
-0.2374252825975418,
-0.23704968392848969,
0.04065556079149246,
-0.10133745521306992,
0.10776562988758087,
0.1905948370695114,
0.7939125299453735,
-0.4423545002937317,
0.6326736807823181,
-1.1413668394088745,
-0.2318340241909027,
0.10765140503644943,
-0.22224824130535126,
0.012391891330480576,
-0.19195982813835144,
0.11446089297533035,
-0.5607725977897644,
-0.027878442779183388,
0.9033926129341125,
0.41221970319747925,
0.3963678181171417,
0.27932271361351013,
-0.007554525043815374,
-0.04375395178794861,
0.4354819059371948,
0.24210979044437408,
-0.9525269865989685,
-0.5850138068199158,
0.5831260681152344,
0.48456883430480957,
-0.04960406571626663,
0.021370815113186836,
0.678292989730835,
-0.012142376974225044,
0.7509785890579224,
0.03811461478471756,
-0.3389860689640045,
0.42827123403549194,
0.14856547117233276,
-0.3147786557674408,
0.03931428864598274,
-0.7970797419548035,
0.5499941110610962,
-0.3563767373561859,
-0.4165443778038025,
0.15600426495075226,
-0.856688380241394,
0.03644223511219025,
0.1798628568649292,
0.7319965958595276,
1.0033942461013794,
-0.048036422580480576,
-0.3019685745239258,
0.3380758762359619,
-0.014093725942075253,
0.4814479947090149,
-0.25780078768730164,
0.4303309917449951,
-0.002439681440591812,
0.09816859662532806,
-0.1691422015428543,
-0.589657723903656,
-0.12097567319869995,
0.6391890048980713,
0.7902278900146484,
-0.8346890807151794,
-0.4495888352394104,
0.3933883607387543,
0.15756285190582275,
-0.4678896367549896,
-0.3129555881023407,
-0.49735260009765625,
0.021698379889130592,
0.05612548440694809,
-0.327088862657547,
0.3970288038253784,
-0.5612983703613281,
-0.21744641661643982,
0.39025840163230896,
-0.1414245069026947,
-0.02164470963180065,
0.3367040455341339,
-0.5478315949440002,
-0.16936740279197693,
0.5780735611915588,
-0.2644767761230469,
0.5351181030273438,
-0.6210588812828064,
-0.25924572348594666,
0.3547084927558899,
-0.054481808096170425,
0.5986564755439758,
-0.5142145752906799,
0.445647269487381,
0.6782119274139404,
0.5829344391822815,
-0.04063360020518303,
-0.3156287372112274,
-0.010942231863737106,
-0.024957971647381783,
-0.14149793982505798,
-0.08167219161987305,
0.06752929836511612,
0.241696298122406,
-0.17776019871234894,
-0.38105592131614685,
0.625895619392395,
0.6798344254493713,
0.13035529851913452,
0.6394915580749512,
-0.21312613785266876,
0.17337043583393097,
0.4080744981765747,
0.41928064823150635,
0.321117103099823,
-0.030029432848095894,
0.502009391784668,
-0.7934744954109192,
0.3098727762699127,
0.3969789445400238,
0.41534680128097534,
0.37856417894363403,
0.1635754555463791,
-0.3889980912208557,
-0.0558147169649601,
0.5391124486923218,
-1.050789475440979,
0.35324937105178833,
-0.7105810642242432,
-0.11725428700447083,
-0.5125023722648621,
-0.03311876952648163,
0.9659209847450256,
-0.31891345977783203,
-0.3962458372116089,
-0.06837083399295807,
0.054071344435214996,
-0.3600265681743622,
0.5984442234039307,
-0.06825663894414902,
0.3614012598991394,
-0.5554720759391785,
-0.4464050531387329,
-0.6552943587303162,
0.2926075756549835,
0.6402180790901184,
0.8392829298973083,
-0.31337985396385193,
0.16660034656524658,
-0.2601337432861328,
-0.4757348299026489,
0.22723235189914703,
0.28789252042770386,
0.055554118007421494,
-0.21020925045013428,
-0.2800169587135315,
-0.2948298454284668,
-1.4176403284072876,
0.5007373094558716,
-0.21005496382713318,
-0.20200861990451813,
0.6692044138908386,
-0.3093775510787964,
-0.2560475766658783,
0.1255129724740982,
0.049245480448007584,
0.14542189240455627,
0.2028130739927292,
0.5019217729568481
] |
236464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCB | GCB | GCB may refer to:
Gaming control board
GCB (TV series), American television series
GCB (McDonald's), a Malaysian product of McDonald's
GCB Bank, formerly Ghana Commercial Bank
Generator circuit breaker
Gilmore City–Bradgate Community School District
Giro Commercial Bank, a defunct commercial bank in Kenya
Global Corruption Barometer
Gloucestershire Cricket Board, in England
Glucocerebrosidase, enzyme
(Dame or Knight) Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Green Camel Bell, Chinese environmental organization
Groupe Communiste Burkinabè, defunct political party of Burkina Faso
Guides Catholiques de Belgique, French-speaking Belgian Girl Guiding organization | [
0.24458684027194977,
0.40053465962409973,
-0.12133130431175232,
-0.0037763789296150208,
-0.12466226518154144,
-0.32891950011253357,
0.05489641800522804,
0.38747265934944153,
-0.43168318271636963,
0.5317158102989197,
-0.29126304388046265,
0.16362681984901428,
-0.36240461468696594,
0.7082614898681641,
-0.20325593650341034,
0.543499231338501,
0.764122724533081,
0.7066146731376648,
-0.42008545994758606,
-0.6846379041671753,
-0.21668384969234467,
0.06283002346754074,
0.32409244775772095,
0.025061016902327538,
0.02308405190706253,
0.4760820269584656,
0.31625810265541077,
0.380982369184494,
-0.17297178506851196,
-0.2870824933052063,
0.4642997086048126,
0.609729528427124,
0.34408456087112427,
0.3320310711860657,
0.04218617454171181,
0.22161361575126648,
-0.26849275827407837,
-0.5487983226776123,
-0.1423286497592926,
-0.7483440637588501,
0.41330528259277344,
-0.14658477902412415,
-0.24649649858474731,
0.7388624548912048,
-0.778125524520874,
0.1603444665670395,
-1.9111015796661377,
0.4554111957550049,
-0.465734601020813,
-0.03134283050894737,
0.3168509304523468,
0.6800379157066345,
-0.14948013424873352,
-0.23790644109249115,
0.11098670214414597,
0.5229578018188477,
-0.3420383930206299,
-0.14473386108875275,
0.4618568420410156,
-0.7929036617279053,
0.5755764842033386,
-0.1921168565750122,
-0.13851423561573029,
0.47664570808410645,
-0.090480275452137,
-0.04932574927806854,
-0.05631326884031296,
0.4879382252693176,
-0.2940308451652527,
-0.09105688333511353,
-0.5577080845832825,
-0.5804158449172974,
-0.05839258432388306,
-0.00046356464736163616,
-0.3363138735294342,
-0.1774681955575943,
-0.22504250705242157,
-0.20372484624385834,
0.29654890298843384,
-0.20909956097602844,
0.0665506049990654,
-0.017465701326727867,
0.02242264337837696,
-0.4114164412021637,
0.18487422168254852,
0.403911828994751,
-0.13127164542675018,
0.0610177218914032,
-0.40473008155822754,
0.9162344336509705,
-0.1997891217470169,
-0.009979777969419956,
0.6173799633979797,
0.1369204819202423,
-0.4233473539352417,
-0.32325077056884766,
0.3053755760192871,
-0.5768855214118958,
0.7733443379402161,
0.3028019666671753,
-0.3421209454536438,
-0.1060221716761589,
-0.32003527879714966,
0.43459683656692505,
-0.383554071187973,
-0.0998058095574379,
-0.2525976598262787,
-0.6970520615577698,
-0.42873415350914,
-0.06944826990365982,
-0.12613625824451447,
-0.05509374290704727,
-0.3110795319080353,
0.44007566571235657,
0.015094639733433723,
-0.024341514334082603,
0.12482206523418427,
-0.4671044945716858,
-0.4771744906902313,
0.2603538930416107,
0.2971244752407074,
0.4554429054260254,
-0.7009928822517395,
0.043671607971191406,
0.6733183264732361,
0.15550725162029266,
0.26488983631134033,
0.11069139838218689,
-0.07311395555734634,
0.5475125908851624,
0.5069405436515808,
0.2543303072452545,
-0.21834227442741394,
-0.18037189543247223,
-0.43001681566238403,
0.030813349410891533,
-0.2538667917251587,
-0.07008229196071625,
-0.1588723510503769,
-0.0014603742165490985,
-0.9062925577163696,
-0.35451969504356384,
-0.5193268656730652,
-0.15050822496414185,
0.8180274963378906,
-0.11985266208648682,
-0.22300584614276886,
0.4937114715576172,
-0.11698178201913834,
0.17547093331813812,
-0.1788153052330017,
-0.11197419464588165,
-0.5391244888305664,
0.22518707811832428,
-0.1596984565258026,
0.6286872029304504,
0.2191581279039383,
-0.4813825190067291,
0.025018474087119102,
0.42604145407676697,
0.047851335257291794,
-0.10823377221822739,
-0.27580568194389343,
-0.16929776966571808,
-0.24690686166286469,
0.2351173311471939,
0.2501274645328522,
0.420694500207901,
-0.5229648351669312,
0.13325025141239166,
-0.6991633772850037,
-0.378872811794281,
-0.0807514637708664,
-0.27759769558906555,
-0.4297698438167572,
-0.07647634297609329,
0.5075757503509521,
-0.27458688616752625,
0.7961752414703369,
0.32083338499069214,
-0.6145496964454651,
-0.10366956144571304,
0.38529375195503235,
-0.3563058078289032,
-0.015335498377680779,
-0.02272808738052845,
0.25764530897140503,
-0.42246493697166443,
-0.08428992331027985,
-0.0013125678524374962,
-0.3682543933391571,
-0.1552119255065918,
0.7338072657585144,
-0.47956985235214233,
1.0500125885009766,
-0.30773523449897766,
-0.3308999836444855,
0.5697239637374878,
0.0066792964935302734,
-0.2747139632701874,
-0.38293319940567017,
0.4404633045196533,
0.19893917441368103,
-0.6204993724822998,
-0.6508449912071228,
0.5790672302246094,
0.6112983226776123,
-0.04699486121535301,
-0.0643872320652008,
0.1482926607131958,
0.24393607676029205,
-0.29123979806900024,
0.2210705429315567,
-0.3485111594200134,
0.5755416750907898,
-0.17827489972114563,
-0.3373633623123169,
0.0028369734063744545,
0.05765443667769432,
-0.6095518469810486,
-0.14946496486663818,
-0.03728785738348961,
-0.11933542042970657,
0.5018400549888611,
-0.3683836758136749,
0.5988423824310303,
0.08354587107896805,
0.4501718282699585,
0.6014741063117981,
-0.49905306100845337,
0.6372798085212708,
0.31031885743141174,
0.47051286697387695,
-0.5094003081321716,
-0.4591670632362366,
0.2550565302371979,
-0.2568744421005249,
-0.5453758835792542,
-0.15581393241882324,
0.41846010088920593,
-0.20824147760868073,
0.19438771903514862,
-0.758181095123291,
-0.39928174018859863,
0.17515341937541962,
-0.5225585103034973,
-0.4554922580718994,
0.4754340648651123,
-0.3348879814147949,
-0.42421770095825195,
0.7164918780326843,
0.46811527013778687,
0.6393773555755615,
-0.007075564935803413,
0.5049437880516052,
-0.352018803358078,
-0.3609731197357178,
-0.11845781654119492,
0.002310654381290078,
-0.20935407280921936,
-0.46026521921157837,
-0.13103032112121582,
-0.02025814726948738,
-0.11714964359998703,
-0.1288173645734787,
-0.4057672321796417,
-0.11049691587686539,
-0.25126251578330994,
0.037085771560668945,
0.14332962036132812,
0.2294333577156067,
-0.24390758574008942,
-0.21023699641227722,
0.1658848524093628,
0.3373700678348541,
-0.6427782773971558,
0.3877396881580353,
0.5202813148498535,
-0.29912981390953064,
-0.3726564943790436,
-0.4046103358268738,
0.17386062443256378,
0.15998303890228271,
-0.19835488498210907,
-0.2536247670650482,
0.0589442178606987,
-0.36856114864349365,
-0.48193952441215515,
0.07742295414209366,
-0.10654947906732559,
-0.022415412589907646,
0.2484980970621109,
-0.23365648090839386,
-0.11361655592918396,
0.3215092718601227,
-0.028714057058095932,
-0.6372665166854858,
-0.12446025013923645,
-0.046115174889564514,
-0.26009252667427063,
0.04584026709198952,
0.6405826807022095,
-0.18674223124980927,
0.07702167332172394,
0.4511338770389557,
0.2226240485906601,
-0.2615838944911957,
-0.011891820468008518,
-5.889895915985107,
-0.21205894649028778,
-0.314800888299942,
0.14331288635730743,
0.1582643985748291,
-0.10771941393613815,
0.4858848452568054,
-0.010565135627985,
0.15151505172252655,
0.08452340960502625,
0.4578600525856018,
0.04369184747338295,
0.23977862298488617,
0.11129006743431091,
0.3067707419395447,
0.5353963971138,
0.44656601548194885,
0.19613373279571533,
0.14022943377494812,
0.2622356116771698,
0.4743424952030182,
-0.24045731127262115,
0.1580267995595932,
0.2860439717769623,
-0.3612620234489441,
0.38367244601249695,
-0.6238775849342346,
0.559826672077179,
-0.4338628351688385,
-0.30593055486679077,
0.21874617040157318,
-0.3243258595466614,
-0.27980315685272217,
-0.06319206953048706,
-0.04407478868961334,
0.5573908090591431,
0.4774474501609802,
0.2718116044998169,
-0.018025105819106102,
0.00834469124674797,
0.2799070477485657,
0.3301961123943329,
-0.192705899477005,
0.31761229038238525,
0.6650190353393555,
-0.01760242134332657,
-0.3939429521560669,
0.2992198169231415,
-0.36794817447662354,
0.3338116705417633,
0.10253199189901352,
0.3107840120792389,
0.1944674253463745,
0.25349724292755127,
-0.11075261235237122,
-0.013018119148910046,
0.18420501053333282,
0.10555581748485565,
-0.20979759097099304,
0.3871329724788666,
0.00037774411612190306,
-0.030374478548765182,
0.22098799049854279,
-0.3246239423751831,
-0.24181480705738068,
0.261462539434433,
-0.40813127160072327,
-0.24241693317890167,
0.38823944330215454,
-0.11960320919752121,
-0.2921558916568756,
-0.36778128147125244,
0.11066209524869919,
-0.963030219078064,
0.04964948818087578,
-0.5954426527023315,
0.39383620023727417,
0.49158674478530884,
0.2475910484790802,
0.3957470953464508,
0.12188055366277695,
0.18689903616905212,
0.03952689841389656,
-0.10884732753038406,
-0.19915376603603363,
-0.8583930134773254,
-0.11586292833089828,
0.8942769169807434,
-0.3372642695903778,
-0.051092952489852905,
0.07130542397499084,
0.14054663479328156,
0.4425036609172821,
1.1672509908676147,
0.2327309399843216,
0.7647268772125244,
0.22310617566108704,
0.2148926854133606,
-0.16221772134304047,
-0.35640081763267517,
0.23271605372428894,
-0.29640358686447144,
0.05171433463692665,
-0.8243579864501953,
0.0679486021399498,
-0.4838266968727112,
-0.014462806284427643,
0.097553551197052,
-0.09284182637929916,
-0.2679206132888794,
0.2327931672334671,
0.11805784702301025,
-0.4226323068141937,
-0.44060084223747253,
0.36035796999931335,
0.21316421031951904,
-0.1428353637456894,
0.2788242995738983,
0.39309239387512207,
-0.10003214329481125,
0.0796068087220192,
0.46906930208206177,
-0.714103639125824,
-0.026732945814728737,
-0.21242965757846832,
-0.1672201305627823,
0.27911972999572754,
0.21233640611171722,
0.3138785660266876,
-0.2551673948764801,
0.1455659568309784,
0.5886138677597046,
0.019374987110495567,
0.32811275124549866,
-0.1593189388513565,
-0.2625091075897217,
-0.5088063478469849,
0.19568288326263428,
0.04675482213497162,
-0.43595629930496216,
0.36695608496665955,
-0.011690457351505756,
-0.4579771161079407,
0.04974863678216934,
0.3870876729488373,
-0.07411057502031326,
0.034687187522649765,
0.5480982065200806,
0.3620738685131073,
0.28129875659942627,
0.0024805618450045586,
-0.09435153007507324,
0.3081435263156891,
-0.11522872745990753,
-0.3919612169265747,
-0.3763047158718109,
0.3155423104763031,
0.5187566876411438,
-0.1651725322008133,
-0.7456592321395874,
0.42781612277030945,
-0.1977137178182602,
-1.1421966552734375,
-0.11415422707796097,
0.21415269374847412,
0.31995275616645813,
0.3923203647136688,
-0.48200345039367676,
-0.026318779215216637,
0.8299521803855896,
0.34391215443611145,
0.06591112911701202,
-0.6366520524024963,
-0.03782353177666664,
0.19958141446113586,
-0.03353323042392731,
0.17395806312561035,
-0.6585714817047119,
0.06367586553096771,
0.31833982467651367,
-0.07343767583370209,
-0.32960182428359985,
0.10527461767196655,
0.3304622769355774,
0.3481330871582031,
-0.379262775182724,
0.0398981086909771,
0.3876730799674988,
0.05134472995996475,
-0.6047546863555908,
0.3859124183654785,
-0.191602423787117,
0.9220572113990784,
0.68431156873703,
0.43012896180152893,
-0.08734283596277237,
0.31154733896255493,
0.3677822947502136,
-0.30296188592910767,
-0.9590882062911987,
-0.050617508590221405,
0.5437374114990234,
-0.7656922936439514,
-0.0652148425579071,
0.5446665287017822,
-0.16150808334350586,
-0.21986378729343414,
-0.3617376685142517,
-0.12855768203735352,
0.6145012378692627,
-0.39847591519355774,
-0.15333271026611328,
0.22381272912025452,
0.35476920008659363,
-0.27724137902259827,
-0.4818095564842224,
0.1478830873966217,
-0.013491937890648842,
-0.228469580411911,
-0.08187412470579147,
-0.3678508698940277,
0.04483196139335632,
-0.31462228298187256,
0.016182487830519676,
-0.2839302122592926,
0.34830474853515625,
0.6804598569869995,
-0.8881840109825134,
0.3859923779964447,
-0.02779960073530674,
-0.44187992811203003,
0.1757686883211136,
-0.31694918870925903,
0.15506131947040558,
-0.31380167603492737,
0.07474014908075333,
0.525932252407074,
0.47616833448410034,
0.17961125075817108,
0.07607287168502808,
-0.21413512527942657,
0.5247370004653931,
0.5104944109916687,
-0.8237232565879822,
0.24772721529006958,
0.36475715041160583,
0.6319938898086548,
0.026678752154111862,
-0.12142737954854965,
0.5393666625022888,
0.15516389906406403,
0.01833912543952465,
0.2856307029724121,
0.2562730610370636,
0.17938880622386932,
-1.2101367712020874,
-0.2263343334197998,
-0.34586790204048157,
0.28404533863067627,
0.3215184509754181,
-0.40954312682151794,
0.3248853087425232,
-0.1694808453321457,
0.07675281167030334,
-0.13215069472789764,
0.4378075897693634,
-0.6585586071014404,
-0.27644655108451843,
0.07464547455310822,
-0.49930626153945923,
0.6148513555526733,
0.1815047562122345,
0.6924881339073181,
0.7958047389984131,
0.1743202805519104,
-0.4803546965122223,
-0.03257259726524353,
-0.8132128119468689,
0.09841477870941162,
0.13732819259166718,
-0.08517277240753174,
0.0872996598482132,
0.2196524292230606,
-0.9360037446022034,
0.4766845107078552,
-1.347256064414978,
-0.13036541640758514,
0.16902600228786469,
-0.36152487993240356,
-0.052515897899866104,
-0.21898503601551056,
0.012048313394188881,
-0.3181540071964264,
-0.44117066264152527,
-0.6032906770706177,
-0.22307059168815613,
0.0449053980410099,
-0.3476700782775879,
0.04798424616456032,
0.19242419302463531,
-0.8869761228561401,
0.5420213341712952,
-0.006054663565009832,
-0.2746979892253876,
0.2757970690727234,
0.493467777967453,
-0.49432843923568726,
-0.4417394697666168,
-0.3584141731262207,
-0.4771229028701782,
-0.029080955311655998,
-0.7881616353988647,
0.2872600853443146,
0.5314101576805115,
-0.14557114243507385,
-0.0033724517561495304,
-0.034961551427841187,
-0.5942401885986328,
0.1692354381084442,
0.504163920879364,
0.41565194725990295,
0.8477017879486084,
0.5504307746887207,
-0.21459998190402985,
0.014778370968997478,
0.5127342939376831,
-0.15521323680877686,
-0.1546080857515335,
0.5348337292671204,
0.14264412224292755,
0.2295438051223755,
-0.20544812083244324,
-0.192144975066185,
0.6308464407920837,
-0.1703542321920395,
0.23553620278835297,
-0.012345301918685436,
-0.46654585003852844,
-0.3326078951358795,
0.5826900005340576,
0.42993608117103577,
-0.3288496434688568,
-0.511663556098938,
-0.2250751107931137,
-0.6083570122718811,
0.6093092560768127,
-0.10733934491872787,
-0.417812317609787,
0.05454377457499504,
0.6222447752952576,
0.2636958360671997,
-0.16940949857234955,
0.12156893312931061,
0.06647767871618271,
-0.20181438326835632,
-0.12406434118747711,
-0.0674230232834816,
-0.3200138211250305,
-0.2991081178188324,
-0.3147563636302948,
0.10746391862630844,
-0.03776518255472183,
0.27536606788635254,
0.6605949401855469,
0.314482718706131,
-0.12257635593414307,
0.06377562135457993,
-0.07995185256004333,
0.27177125215530396,
0.6541675925254822,
-0.2962666451931,
0.02777930721640587,
0.11038674414157867,
0.2312287986278534,
-0.06888662278652191,
-0.22313442826271057,
0.001392198377288878,
0.6043500900268555,
0.5029647350311279,
0.2734101712703705,
-0.21266679465770721,
0.018466517329216003,
-0.4666510224342346,
-0.9240992069244385,
0.053026776760816574,
-0.510692298412323,
-0.6793704032897949,
0.3307245075702667,
-0.6150524020195007,
0.16919055581092834,
0.053982190787792206,
-0.2753749191761017,
-0.5565322637557983,
0.13928112387657166,
0.020862596109509468,
-0.35959434509277344,
0.0921986773610115,
0.5118891596794128,
0.06762956082820892,
-0.04855502024292946,
-0.4598430097103119,
0.20258978009223938,
0.06862634420394897,
-0.04759051278233528,
-0.48100170493125916,
-0.18755269050598145,
-0.17839498817920685,
0.6990906000137329,
-0.3870534598827362,
0.12727299332618713,
0.5051167607307434,
-0.2344769388437271,
-0.13029278814792633,
0.5128039717674255,
0.1713239848613739,
0.4015209376811981,
0.5506104826927185,
-0.19579759240150452,
0.0044277687557041645,
-0.06267214566469193,
-0.20731213688850403,
-0.3864502012729645,
0.38530880212783813,
0.5410467982292175,
-0.07819191366434097,
0.008518585935235023,
0.560431957244873,
-0.3514671325683594,
-0.8130988478660583,
0.6968726515769958,
-0.2676119804382324,
-0.1003742665052414,
-0.645971417427063,
-0.10261113941669464,
-0.2606060802936554,
-0.4346248209476471,
0.6143414378166199,
0.19485415518283844,
0.19265833497047424,
-0.0017396301263943315,
-0.06538429856300354,
0.08590976893901825,
0.45667600631713867,
-0.5494193434715271,
-0.6381097435951233,
0.23227471113204956,
0.5015656352043152,
-0.498373806476593,
-0.25461113452911377,
0.4449605345726013,
0.36138030886650085,
-0.4131624102592468,
-0.12050890922546387,
-0.003885355545207858,
0.3855120837688446,
-0.465331494808197,
0.1559465080499649,
-0.33067017793655396,
0.23392458260059357,
-0.33858489990234375
] |
236466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20early%20warning%20and%20control | Airborne early warning and control | An airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) system is an airborne radar system designed to detect aircraft, ships, vehicles, missiles, and other incoming projectiles at long ranges and perform command and control of the battlespace in an air engagement by directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes. AEW&C units are also used to carry out surveillance, including over ground targets and frequently perform BMC2 (battle management command and control). When used at altitude, the radar on the aircraft allows the operators to detect and track targets and distinguish between friendly and hostile aircraft much farther away than a similar ground-based radar. Like a ground-based radar, it can be detected by opposing forces, but because of its mobility and extended sensor range, it is much less vulnerable to counter-attacks.
AEW&C aircraft are used for both defensive and offensive air operations, and are to NATO and US-trained or integrated air forces what the combat information center is to a naval warship, in addition to being a highly mobile and powerful radar platform. The system is used offensively to direct fighters to their target locations, and defensively, directing counterattacks on enemy forces, both air and ground. So useful is the advantage of command and control aircraft operating at a high altitude, that some navies operate such aircraft from their warships at sea. In the case of US Navy, the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye AEW&C aircraft is assigned to its supercarriers to protect them and augment their onboard command information centers (CICs). The designation airborne early warning (AEW) was used for earlier similar aircraft used in the less-demanding radar picket role, such as the Fairey Gannet AEW.3 and Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star, and continues to be used by the RAF for its Sentry AEW1, while AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) emphasizes the command and control capabilities that may not be present on smaller or simpler radar picket aircraft. AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) is the name of the specific system installed in the E-3 and Japanese Boeing E-767 AEW&C airframes, but is often used as a general synonym for AEW&C.
The first known aerial engagement with both opposing sides using Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft was in the Indian Subcontinent, during the February 2019 aerial engagements between India and Pakistan, with India using A-50I Phalcon and DRDO Netra and Pakistan using the Saab 2000.
General characteristics
Modern AEW&C systems can detect aircraft from up to away, well out of range of most surface-to-air missiles. One AEW&C aircraft flying at can cover an area of . Three such aircraft in overlapping orbits can cover the whole of Central Europe. AEW&C systems communicate with friendly aircraft, vectoring fighters towards hostile aircraft or any flying unidentified object, providing data on threats and targets, help extend their sensor range and make offensive aircraft more difficult to track, since they no longer need to keep their own radar active (which can be detected by the enemy) to detect threats.
History of development
After having developed Chain Home—the first ground-based early-warning radar detection system—in the 1930s, the British developed a radar set that could be carried on an aircraft for what they termed "Air Controlled Interception". The intention was to cover the North West approaches where German long range Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft were threatening shipping. A Vickers Wellington bomber (serial R1629) was fitted with a rotating antenna array. It was tested for use against aerial targets and then for possible use against German E boats. Another radar equipped Wellington with a different installation was used to direct Bristol Beaufighters toward Heinkel He 111s, which were air-launching V-1 flying bombs.
In February 1944, US Navy ordered the development of a radar system that could be carried aloft in an aircraft under Project Cadillac. A prototype system was built and flown in August on a modified TBM Avenger torpedo bomber. Tests were successful, with the system being able to detect low flying formations at a range greater than . US Navy then ordered production of the TBM-3W, the first production AEW aircraft to enter service. TBM-3Ws fitted with the AN/APS-20 radar entered service in March 1945, with 27 eventually constructed. It was also recognised that a larger land-based aircraft would be attractive, thus, under the Cadillac II program, multiple Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress bombers were also outfitted with the same radar.
The Lockheed WV and EC-121 Warning Star, which first flew in 1949, served widely with US Air Force and US Navy. It provided the main AEW coverage for US forces during the Vietnam war. It remained operational until replaced with the E-3 AWACS. Developed roughly in parallel, N-class blimps were also used as AEW aircraft, filling gaps in radar coverage for the continental US, their tremendous endurance of over 200 hours being a major asset in an AEW aircraft. Following a crash, the US Navy opted to discontinue lighter than air operations in 1962.
In 1958, the Soviet Tupolev Design Bureau was ordered to design an AEW aircraft. After determining that the projected radar instrumentation wouldn't fit in a Tupolev Tu-95 or a Tupolev Tu-116, the decision was made to use the more capacious Tupolev Tu-114 instead. This solved the problems with cooling and operator space that existed with the narrower Tu-95 and Tu-116 fuselage. To meet range requirements, production examples were fitted with an air-to-air refueling probe. The resulting system, the Tupolev Tu-126, entered service in 1965 with the Soviet Air Forces and remained in service until replaced by the Beriev A-50 in 1984.
During the Cold war, United Kingdom deployed a substantial AEW capability, initially with American Douglas AD-4W Skyraiders, designated Skyraider AEW.1, which in turn were replaced by the Fairey Gannet AEW.3, using the same AN/APS-20 radar. With the retirement of conventional aircraft carriers, the Gannet was withdrawn and the Royal Air Force (RAF) installed the radars from the Gannets on Avro Shackleton MR.2 airframes, redesignated Shackleton AEW.2. To replace the Shackleton AEW.2, an AEW variant of the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod, known as the Nimrod AEW3, was ordered in 1974. After a protracted and problematic development, this was cancelled in 1986, and seven E-3Ds, designated Sentry AEW.1 in RAF service, were purchased instead.
Current systems
Many countries have developed their own AEW&C systems, although the Boeing E-3 Sentry and Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye are the most common systems worldwide.
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
Boeing produces a specific system with a 'rotodome' rotating radome that incorporates Westinghouse (now Northrop Grumman) radar. It is mounted on either the E-3 Sentry aircraft (Boeing 707) or more recently the Boeing E-767 (Boeing 767), the latter only being used by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
When AWACS first entered service it represented a major advance in capability, being the first AEW to use a pulse-Doppler radar, which allowed it to track targets normally lost in ground clutter. Previously, low-flying aircraft could only be readily tracked over water. The AWACS features a three-dimensional radar that measures azimuth, range, and elevation simultaneously; the unit installed upon the E-767 has superior surveillance capability over water compared to the AN/APY-1 system on the earlier E-3 models.
E-2 Hawkeye
The E-2 Hawkeye was a specially designed AEW aircraft. Upon its entry to service in 1965, it was initially plagued by technical issues, causing a (later reversed) cancellation. Procurement resumed after efforts to improve reliability, such as replacement of the original rotary drum computer used for processing radar information by a Litton L-304 digital computer. In addition to purchases by the US Navy, the E-2 Hawkeye has been sold to the armed forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan.
The latest E-2 version is the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye, which features the new AN/APY-9 radar. The APY-9 radar has been speculated to be capable of detecting fighter-sized stealth aircraft, which are typically optimized against high frequencies like Ka, Ku, X, C and parts of the S-bands. Historically, UHF radars had resolution and detection issues that made them ineffective for accurate targeting and fire control; Northrop Grumman and Lockheed claim that the APY-9 has solved these shortcomings in the APY-9 using advanced electronic scanning and high digital computing power via space/time adaptive processing.
Beriev A-50
The Russian Air Force is currently using approximately 15–20 Beriev A-50 and A-50U "Shmel" in the AEW role. The "Mainstay" is based on the Ilyushin Il-76 airframe, with a large non-rotating disk radome on the rear fuselage. These replaced the 12 Tupolev Tu-126 that filled the role previously. The A-50 and A-50U will eventually be replaced by the Beriev A-100, which features an AESA array in the radome and is based on the updated Il-476.
KJ-2000
In May 1997, Russia and Israel agreed to jointly fulfill an order from China to develop and deliver an early warning system. China reportedly ordered one Phalcon for $250 million, which entailed retrofitting a Russian-made Ilyushin-76 cargo plane [also incorrectly reported as a Beriev A-50 Mainstay] with advanced Elta electronic, computer, radar and communications systems. Beijing was expected to acquire several Phalcon AEW systems, and reportedly could buy at least three more [and possibly up to eight] of these systems, the prototype of which was planned for testing beginning in 2000. In July 2000 US pressured Israel to back out of the $1 billion agreement to sell China four Phalcon phased-array radar systems. Following the cancelled A-50I/Phalcon deal, China turned to indigenous solutions. The Phalcon radar and other electronic systems were taken off from the unfinished Il-76, and the airframe was handed to China via Russia in 2002. The Chinese AWACS has a unique phased array radar (PAR) carried in a round radome. Unlike the US AWACS aircraft, which rotate their rotodomes to give a 360 degree coverage, the radar antenna of the Chinese AWACS does not rotate. Instead, three PAR antenna modules are placed in a triangular configuration inside the round radome to provide a 360 degree coverage. The installation of equipment at the Il-76 began in late 2002 aircraft by Xian aircraft industries (Xian Aircraft Industry Co.). The first flight of an airplane KJ-2000 made in November 2003. All four machines will be equipped with this type. The last to be introduced into service the Chinese Air Force until the end of 2007. China is also developing a carrier based AEW&C, Xian KJ-600 via Y-7 derived Xian JZY-01 testbed.
Netra
In 2003, the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) began a study of requirements for developing an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AWAC) system. In 2015, DRDO delivered 3 AWACs, called Netra, to the IAF with an advanced Indian AESA radar system fitted on the Brazilian Embraer EMB-145 air frame. Netra gives a 240-degree coverage of airspace. The Emb-145 also has air-to-air refuelling capability for longer surveillance time. The IAF also operates three Israeli EL/W-2090 systems, mounted on Ilyushin Il-76 airframes, the first of which first arrived on 25 May 2009. The DRDO proposed a more advanced AWACS with a longer range and with a 360-degree coverage akin to the Phalcon system, based on the Airbus A330 airframe, but given the costs involved there is also the possibility of converting used A320 airliners as well.
Others
The Royal Australian Air Force, Republic of Korea Air Force and the Turkish Air Force are deploying Boeing 737 AEW&C aircraft. The Boeing 737 AEW&C has a fixed, active electronically scanned array radar antenna instead of a rotating one, and is capable of simultaneous air and sea search, fighter control and area search, with a maximum range of over 600 km (look-up mode). In addition, the radar antenna array is also doubled as an ELINT array, with a maximum range of over 850 km at altitude.
The Swedish Air Force uses the S 100D Argus ASC890 as its AEW platform. The S 100D Argus is based on the Saab 340 with an Ericsson Erieye PS-890 radar. Saab also offers the Bombardier Global 6000-based GlobalEye. In early 2006, the Pakistan Air Force ordered six Erieye AEW equipped Saab 2000s from Sweden. In December 2006, the Pakistan Navy requested three excess P-3 Orion aircraft to be equipped with Hawkeye 2000 AEW systems. China and Pakistan also signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for the joint development of AEW&C systems.
The Hellenic Air Force, Brazilian Air Force and Mexican Air Force use the Embraer R-99 with an Ericsson Erieye PS-890 radar, as on the S 100D.
Israel has developed the IAI/Elta EL/M-2075 Phalcon system, which uses an AESA (active electronically scanned array) in lieu of a rotodome antenna. The system was the first such system to enter service. The original Phalcon was mounted on a Boeing 707 and developed for the Israeli Defense Force and for export. Israel uses IAI EL/W-2085 airborne early warning and control multi-band radar system on Gulfstream G550; this platform is considered to be both more capable and less expensive to operate than the older Boeing 707-based Phalcon fleet.
Helicopter AEW systems
On June 3, 1957 the first of 2 HR2S-1W, a derivative of the Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave, was delivered to the US Navy, it used the AN/APS-32 but proved unreliable due to vibration.
The British Sea King ASaC7 naval helicopter was operated from both the s and later the helicopter carrier . The creation of Sea King ASaC7, and earlier AEW.2 and AEW.5 models, came as the consequence of lessons learnt by the Royal Navy during the 1982 Falklands War when the lack of AEW coverage for the task force was a major tactical handicap, and rendered them vulnerable to low-level attack. The Sea King was determined to be both more practical and responsive than the proposed alternative of relying on the RAF's land-based Shackleton AEW.2 fleet. The first examples were a pair of Sea King HAS2s that had the Thorn-EMI ARI 5980/3 Searchwater LAST radar attached to the fuselage on a swivel arm and protected by an inflatable dome. The improved Sea King ASaC7 featured the Searchwater 2000AEW radar, which was capable of simultaneously tracking up to 400 targets, instead of an earlier limit of 250 targets. The Spanish Navy fields the SH-3 Sea King in the same role, operated from the LPH .
The AgustaWestland EH-101A AEW of the Italian Navy is operated from the aircraft carriers and . During the 2010s, the Royal Navy opted to replace its Sea Kings with a modular "Crowsnest" system that can be fitted to any of their Merlin HM2 fleet. The Crowsnest system was partially based upon the Sea King ASaC7's equipment; an unsuccessful bid by Lockheed Martin had proposed using a new multi-functional sensor for either the AW101 or another aircraft.
The Russian-built Kamov Ka-31 is deployed by the Indian Navy on the aircraft carrier and s and will be deployed on the . The Russian Navy has two Ka-31R variants, at least one of which was deployed on their aircraft carrier in 2016. It is fitted with E-801M Oko (Eye) airborne electronic warfare radar that can track 20 targets simultaneously, detecting aircraft up to away, and surface warships up to distant.
See also
List of airborne early warning aircraft
List of AEW&C aircraft operators
Airborne ground surveillance (e.g. JSTARS)
References
Citations
Bibliography
Armistead, Leigh and Edwin Armistead. Awacs and Hawkeyes: The Complete History of Airborne Early Warning Aircraft. St Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. .
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA440094&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Tyack, Bill "Maritime Patrol in the Piston Engine Era" Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 33, 2005 .
External links
AWACS and JSTARS
NATO AWACS-Spotter Geilenkirchen website
FAS.org E-3 Sentry information
Boeing AWACS website
Airborne Early Warning Association website
TU-126 MOSS AWACS – history of development- in Russian
Airborne radar "Gneis-2" – in Russian
Military aviation
Early warning systems
Military electronics
Military terminology
Aircraft radars | [
0.1725957691669464,
0.30430638790130615,
0.14254863560199738,
-0.18919037282466888,
0.016141073778271675,
-0.1682252138853073,
0.20461337268352509,
-0.0926751121878624,
-0.09697131812572479,
-0.28834012150764465,
-0.7383679151535034,
0.47227200865745544,
-0.4171600937843323,
-0.3247496783733368,
0.14340029656887054,
0.13518591225147247,
0.4091718792915344,
0.3637183904647827,
0.14835290610790253,
-0.085005983710289,
-0.23559913039207458,
-0.22051651775836945,
-0.253146231174469,
-0.5002994537353516,
0.5135523080825806,
0.21929775178432465,
0.2548065185546875,
-0.06374221295118332,
0.245229572057724,
-0.14059163630008698,
0.13485193252563477,
0.4091441035270691,
-0.2635360658168793,
-0.5345916748046875,
-0.141527459025383,
0.19944952428340912,
-0.520784318447113,
0.07619748264551163,
-0.7224529385566711,
-0.5070207715034485,
-0.49196669459342957,
-0.07755506783723831,
0.14450198411941528,
0.031009491533041,
-0.25873544812202454,
-0.4177679121494293,
-1.2428802251815796,
0.21672193706035614,
-0.28960272669792175,
0.021606173366308212,
-0.20583981275558472,
0.3004806339740753,
-0.19986531138420105,
-0.040062472224235535,
0.3909112513065338,
0.3741579055786133,
-0.6134034395217896,
-0.3922412693500519,
0.33954918384552,
-0.09165892750024796,
0.3087444603443146,
0.11239159107208252,
0.07285331934690475,
0.2644604742527008,
0.28227144479751587,
-0.5208395719528198,
-0.230231374502182,
-0.2296058088541031,
-0.2587011158466339,
-0.48951253294944763,
-0.17381612956523895,
-0.13184887170791626,
-0.03987037017941475,
0.2557804584503174,
-0.7383736371994019,
-0.3440251350402832,
0.49877259135246277,
-0.10888229310512543,
-0.30312052369117737,
0.08920373022556305,
0.40221190452575684,
0.39456185698509216,
0.48858967423439026,
-0.07886359840631485,
-0.028399165719747543,
0.2982521653175354,
-0.3695356249809265,
0.24645133316516876,
-0.33809229731559753,
0.5452688336372375,
0.15263932943344116,
-0.32044586539268494,
0.46993720531463623,
0.4083825647830963,
0.1388450711965561,
0.0632898360490799,
-0.1417214423418045,
0.8503004908561707,
0.37488189339637756,
0.053449809551239014,
-0.3735988140106201,
0.21568536758422852,
0.7460482716560364,
-0.3112213909626007,
-0.5368885397911072,
-0.2072822004556656,
-0.35093849897384644,
-0.4027671813964844,
-0.7188111543655396,
0.21289528906345367,
-0.596144437789917,
-0.10287097096443176,
-0.09772362560033798,
0.1943357288837433,
-0.7246953248977661,
0.6888612508773804,
0.5580667853355408,
0.38978782296180725,
0.408073753118515,
0.15989144146442413,
0.6215230822563171,
1.3337006568908691,
-0.07088100910186768,
0.18040165305137634,
-0.15714091062545776,
0.09636884182691574,
0.6837780475616455,
0.4117383658885956,
-0.6474044322967529,
0.5492364764213562,
-0.553613007068634,
0.6148627996444702,
-0.733842134475708,
0.64111328125,
-0.5201021432876587,
-0.047615498304367065,
0.5293282866477966,
0.13946190476417542,
0.8879430294036865,
0.27395349740982056,
-1.217240333557129,
-0.9503608345985413,
0.013775357976555824,
-0.5701762437820435,
0.20990362763404846,
0.16903100907802582,
-0.04566551372408867,
-0.05784779042005539,
-0.5607048273086548,
0.05741128325462341,
0.09630832076072693,
-0.46382829546928406,
-0.42813360691070557,
0.23798461258411407,
-0.3783321678638458,
-0.10215508192777634,
0.04530809447169304,
0.06824059039354324,
-0.16482865810394287,
0.5742059946060181,
0.3302340805530548,
0.24526441097259521,
-0.4894632399082184,
0.1729813665151596,
0.44073209166526794,
-0.3077459931373596,
0.1402069330215454,
0.003459036350250244,
0.4105890989303589,
-0.04185266047716141,
-0.5522483587265015,
0.3114118278026581,
0.375009685754776,
-0.221126988530159,
0.22327017784118652,
0.2468680888414383,
0.6840610504150391,
0.2777949571609497,
0.4452973008155823,
0.14631891250610352,
-0.7074397206306458,
-0.11862213909626007,
0.20526643097400665,
-0.48779743909835815,
-0.19136610627174377,
0.09854534268379211,
0.29762741923332214,
-0.13795576989650726,
-0.11157326400279999,
0.2839641869068146,
-0.39028117060661316,
0.17380347847938538,
0.20071150362491608,
-0.5048873424530029,
0.6777337193489075,
-0.49338841438293457,
-0.17356330156326294,
0.9008468389511108,
0.26246508955955505,
0.37964388728141785,
0.40038496255874634,
-0.4137798547744751,
0.6026116013526917,
0.06434214115142822,
-0.3387294113636017,
0.0427272692322731,
0.07528363168239594,
0.002990370150655508,
0.34945157170295715,
0.4372071921825409,
0.21752749383449554,
-0.23120468854904175,
-0.1745283305644989,
-0.16627132892608643,
0.4025774896144867,
0.12731249630451202,
-0.8981209397315979,
0.4979687035083771,
0.08993497490882874,
-0.3651060163974762,
-0.06847450882196426,
-0.2270965874195099,
-0.4238995909690857,
0.3583703637123108,
-0.1479068249464035,
-0.38910362124443054,
-0.020274830982089043,
0.21510574221611023,
0.2952684164047241,
-0.8958789706230164,
0.37260329723358154,
-0.34499287605285645,
-0.027215613052248955,
-0.5443883538246155,
-0.09147845953702927,
-0.1849420815706253,
0.007038922049105167,
-0.1622009575366974,
0.161838561296463,
-0.07596872746944427,
-0.23767369985580444,
-0.12780283391475677,
-0.39561325311660767,
0.4173341989517212,
-0.17096161842346191,
-0.29026028513908386,
0.3836299479007721,
0.022423483431339264,
-0.264492392539978,
0.2594989538192749,
-0.29386621713638306,
0.3375702500343323,
0.38243889808654785,
-0.8710711598396301,
0.05173350125551224,
-0.0449935682117939,
0.045651573687791824,
0.06324928253889084,
0.05832900106906891,
-0.2790025770664215,
-0.09750654548406601,
0.23405921459197998,
0.15643595159053802,
0.5857506990432739,
0.3133774995803833,
-0.8547317385673523,
-0.15521207451820374,
-0.12018803507089615,
0.12597812712192535,
0.3092752695083618,
0.7365104556083679,
-0.13928896188735962,
0.48186567425727844,
-0.21765665709972382,
-0.2386510968208313,
-0.7556832432746887,
0.5329943895339966,
0.715893566608429,
-0.4317249059677124,
-0.14463616907596588,
0.5563994646072388,
0.2941397726535797,
0.24465090036392212,
-0.1387028992176056,
0.038767918944358826,
-0.5555446743965149,
0.6236566305160522,
-0.28500285744667053,
-0.8698392510414124,
0.029392512515187263,
-0.7058117985725403,
0.0017930094618350267,
-0.33383461833000183,
0.6371057629585266,
0.2026958465576172,
0.38388726115226746,
-0.1524362713098526,
-0.15877650678157806,
0.2649914026260376,
-0.5159413814544678,
-0.3221687078475952,
0.5078600645065308,
-0.4568634331226349,
0.11517344415187836,
-0.12049589306116104,
-0.33924001455307007,
-0.46622782945632935,
0.05702261999249458,
-5.824718952178955,
0.09018206596374512,
-0.040297988802194595,
-0.43970987200737,
-0.1954045444726944,
0.2831856310367584,
0.42382094264030457,
-0.32989370822906494,
0.11523079127073288,
0.03506612032651901,
0.11976239085197449,
-0.2421279102563858,
0.32214996218681335,
0.11932636052370071,
0.6894654631614685,
0.3292686641216278,
0.28251737356185913,
-0.5517165064811707,
0.5777886509895325,
0.7209705114364624,
-0.007124232593923807,
-0.4227891266345978,
0.2548831105232239,
0.2165190428495407,
-0.37204596400260925,
-0.012775354087352753,
-0.09962976723909378,
0.14555144309997559,
-0.023773951455950737,
-0.11682180315256119,
0.3803652822971344,
-0.026479272171854973,
-0.25799888372421265,
0.2664216160774231,
-0.28378427028656006,
0.017038779333233833,
0.5318402051925659,
0.282370388507843,
-0.05379091948270798,
0.061545249074697495,
0.5678046345710754,
0.03708447515964508,
0.1129099503159523,
0.45566830039024353,
0.1537328064441681,
-0.6253365278244019,
-0.0162438303232193,
0.26126378774642944,
0.13229207694530487,
0.6196756958961487,
0.22804684937000275,
0.15789289772510529,
0.3643333315849304,
0.18632744252681732,
0.17482046782970428,
-0.12453790754079819,
0.5042728781700134,
-0.3281477093696594,
-0.07766649127006531,
0.3785209059715271,
-0.013385171070694923,
-0.33458784222602844,
-0.35938331484794617,
-0.6018635630607605,
0.6029958724975586,
0.11944683641195297,
-0.507632315158844,
-0.39860737323760986,
0.32664844393730164,
-0.09323062747716904,
-0.10851563513278961,
0.3130141794681549,
-0.2594003975391388,
-0.656893253326416,
0.40099409222602844,
-0.6424460411071777,
0.8125902414321899,
-0.33491799235343933,
0.2681002616882324,
0.23932716250419617,
-0.03605681285262108,
-0.27743658423423767,
-0.09272844344377518,
-0.3024829030036926,
0.0173664353787899,
0.18727318942546844,
-0.018384646624326706,
0.225856751203537,
0.13285015523433685,
0.13420434296131134,
0.5515546798706055,
-0.012189202941954136,
0.3683186173439026,
0.45189350843429565,
0.4792635142803192,
0.10910981893539429,
0.030793925747275352,
0.05820189788937569,
1.1442159414291382,
-0.23024605214595795,
0.23807504773139954,
-0.02969413809478283,
0.4032869040966034,
-0.662674069404602,
-0.23244261741638184,
-0.1349346786737442,
0.18241076171398163,
-0.2089148312807083,
0.8266614079475403,
-0.2653312683105469,
0.043145593255758286,
-0.08850507438182831,
-0.13540075719356537,
-0.4634631872177124,
0.03012871742248535,
0.021155565977096558,
-0.24311089515686035,
0.70216304063797,
0.36948588490486145,
-0.34646910429000854,
-0.45857369899749756,
0.28415435552597046,
-0.38181960582733154,
0.2362167239189148,
-0.0012964518973603845,
-0.9652792811393738,
-0.2551639974117279,
0.48464611172676086,
0.0008432271424680948,
-0.251282662153244,
0.6792680621147156,
0.7377759218215942,
0.04435882344841957,
0.5167639255523682,
0.2605293393135071,
-1.0193599462509155,
0.27272865176200867,
-0.022505108267068863,
0.2309078425168991,
-0.35179972648620605,
-0.24852359294891357,
-0.0024992399848997593,
-0.012201491743326187,
0.3069427013397217,
0.5283417105674744,
0.31515634059906006,
-0.13577137887477875,
-0.05676620453596115,
0.12717609107494354,
0.17649903893470764,
0.238976389169693,
-0.16013911366462708,
0.14300137758255005,
-0.08218537271022797,
-0.30038172006607056,
-0.14839856326580048,
0.17474141716957092,
-0.2701912820339203,
0.2169022411108017,
-0.7430918216705322,
0.547202467918396,
0.040250904858112335,
-1.0590921640396118,
-0.21213692426681519,
-0.04983697831630707,
0.15344767272472382,
-0.3876325488090515,
-0.65071040391922,
0.03681790828704834,
0.08670620620250702,
-0.5328622460365295,
-0.9802798628807068,
-0.4651774764060974,
0.1934959590435028,
0.2870418131351471,
0.16388686001300812,
-0.1545790135860443,
-0.10100464522838593,
-0.20224973559379578,
-0.381925106048584,
-0.12868504226207733,
-0.17103460431098938,
-0.660050630569458,
0.7082387208938599,
-0.0022632007021456957,
-0.3985821604728699,
-0.17004065215587616,
-0.046873074024915695,
-0.07018766552209854,
-0.4870820939540863,
-0.18344660103321075,
-0.00018566435028333217,
0.17942436039447784,
-0.2937849760055542,
-0.27634188532829285,
-0.07685820013284683,
-0.4340614974498749,
0.5338835716247559,
-0.25748956203460693,
-0.3325071632862091,
0.20663903653621674,
0.2615586221218109,
-0.4298625588417053,
0.43143144249916077,
-0.18246231973171234,
0.011148395948112011,
0.6900027394294739,
0.4853360950946808,
-0.2206375151872635,
0.15969505906105042,
-0.4646967649459839,
-0.894321084022522,
0.0810418576002121,
1.0495251417160034,
-0.07934364676475525,
0.035414405167102814,
-0.538435161113739,
0.19648641347885132,
-0.13528290390968323,
-0.06974201649427414,
0.13981010019779205,
0.12559962272644043,
-0.09912922233343124,
0.3249627947807312,
-0.569692075252533,
0.5168792605400085,
0.28017595410346985,
-0.7430108785629272,
0.4928737282752991,
0.27891045808792114,
-0.5549055337905884,
0.2231619656085968,
-0.06343954056501389,
0.4639512598514557,
-0.16708335280418396,
-0.32770663499832153,
-0.35614660382270813,
-0.5219811797142029,
0.20778825879096985,
0.2096157670021057,
-0.06212254613637924,
0.659751296043396,
0.046414878219366074,
-0.08896485716104507,
0.0853193923830986,
0.4446098804473877,
0.7350420951843262,
-0.8826815485954285,
-0.5897216200828552,
0.09981947392225266,
0.10273473709821701,
0.024126652628183365,
-0.6084790229797363,
0.35710206627845764,
0.8308172225952148,
-0.39902281761169434,
-0.8127142190933228,
0.037275467067956924,
-0.24230290949344635,
0.1418040692806244,
-0.22803670167922974,
-0.15889757871627808,
-0.9433069229125977,
0.04671216756105423,
0.06827317178249359,
-0.03496737405657768,
-0.37241822481155396,
-0.033439796417951584,
-0.25686073303222656,
-0.023325635120272636,
0.35664689540863037,
-0.43825867772102356,
0.6792747378349304,
0.9605094790458679,
0.6387633681297302,
-0.2017468512058258,
0.509489119052887,
0.05591003596782684,
0.07787961512804031,
0.22106006741523743,
-0.5914262533187866,
-0.17723019421100616,
0.12392055988311768,
-0.8307655453681946,
0.25362443923950195,
-0.6852458119392395,
0.3335150480270386,
-0.12404070794582367,
-0.25478845834732056,
0.10322809219360352,
-0.11919578164815903,
0.3743457794189453,
-0.559381365776062,
0.023902706801891327,
-0.21607612073421478,
0.42853647470474243,
0.12726573646068573,
0.26333513855934143,
0.37744957208633423,
0.03509024158120155,
-0.45159292221069336,
0.07315198332071304,
0.1571066975593567,
-0.516086757183075,
0.08748281747102737,
-0.11551186442375183,
0.22358334064483643,
-0.501735270023346,
-0.33764350414276123,
-0.03149278834462166,
-0.2569073438644409,
-0.2301969975233078,
0.14353428781032562,
0.8395811319351196,
-0.22470931708812714,
0.5504546761512756,
0.35932618379592896,
-0.16655513644218445,
0.7138574123382568,
0.1423853188753128,
-0.1214628666639328,
0.06403851509094238,
-0.07080133259296417,
0.3269313871860504,
-0.4928703010082245,
0.2728375494480133,
-0.15379859507083893,
-0.04483133554458618,
-0.2064868062734604,
-0.15600888431072235,
0.11076309531927109,
0.23015044629573822,
-0.20498260855674744,
0.9939908981323242,
-0.4595455527305603,
-0.01857243850827217,
0.23854731023311615,
-0.9099292159080505,
-0.4592311978340149,
0.07905128598213196,
0.33693981170654297,
0.6184757947921753,
0.3857255280017853,
-0.004496879875659943,
-0.7304787635803223,
0.31196752190589905,
0.6200700402259827,
0.7204694747924805,
-0.17381395399570465,
0.39824527502059937,
-0.10716480016708374,
0.21337294578552246,
0.5885323882102966,
-0.40567347407341003,
0.46409091353416443,
-0.04413250833749771,
0.09568934142589569,
-0.37091270089149475,
0.09147433936595917,
-0.11500567942857742,
-0.5044697523117065,
0.6032763719558716,
0.010013772174715996,
0.26875928044319153,
-0.19842174649238586,
-0.27949002385139465,
0.29099053144454956,
-0.6740096807479858,
0.5630308389663696,
0.6855992674827576,
-0.06162870302796364,
0.5421571731567383,
-0.5863157510757446,
0.019139554351568222,
-0.03740540146827698,
-0.09411333501338959,
0.022574622184038162,
0.03981976956129074,
0.0777733102440834,
-0.2720617949962616,
0.045928534120321274,
0.27252495288848877,
0.16285723447799683,
-0.8501384258270264,
0.1673009842634201,
0.032646697014570236,
-0.7586004137992859,
0.11390990763902664,
0.2952333092689514,
0.3469294607639313,
0.2993832528591156,
-0.20092807710170746,
-0.11216133832931519,
0.07578630745410919,
0.10061987489461899,
0.7502713203430176,
0.2871098220348358,
0.5003814101219177,
0.5011231303215027,
0.08574958145618439,
-0.3391385078430176,
0.5079637765884399,
-0.3295346200466156,
-0.43050187826156616,
0.05999552831053734,
0.23584109544754028,
-0.22838397324085236,
0.11807948350906372,
-0.41347208619117737,
0.08055083453655243,
0.42328453063964844,
-0.19065721333026886,
-0.16690558195114136,
-0.023433608934283257,
-0.3306849002838135,
-0.6959179639816284,
0.8765549659729004,
-0.5297043919563293,
0.39036551117897034,
-0.6742115616798401,
-0.19728991389274597,
-0.26397091150283813,
-0.3994743824005127,
-0.2060786783695221,
-0.6172201633453369,
-0.026531565934419632,
0.2987535297870636,
0.2752179503440857,
-0.41966113448143005,
0.4747317433357239,
0.02734820917248726,
-0.7017993330955505,
-0.8011568784713745,
-0.103944331407547,
-0.010054807178676128,
-0.5661308169364929,
0.14680631458759308,
0.6815484762191772,
0.8190933465957642,
0.0021243744995445013,
0.6713810563087463,
-0.17343474924564362,
0.27491268515586853,
-0.17066626250743866,
0.02975296415388584,
-0.433051198720932,
-0.5574976205825806,
0.04588565230369568,
-0.41181352734565735,
1.1270787715911865,
-0.026750056073069572,
-0.5246467590332031,
0.15701168775558472,
-0.052195072174072266,
-0.9562402367591858,
0.14994458854198456,
0.024421419948339462,
-0.09521882981061935,
-0.7159571051597595,
-0.24941055476665497
] |
236469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%20batted%20in | Run batted in | A run batted in (RBI; plural RBIs ) is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored (except in certain situations such as when an error is made on the play). For example, if the batter bats a base hit which allows a teammate on a higher base to reach home and so score a run, then the batter gets credited with an RBI.
Before the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not an official baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, according to the Society for American Baseball Research.
Common nicknames for an RBI include "ribby" (or "ribbie"), "rib", and "ribeye". The plural of "RBI" is a matter of "(very) minor controversy" for baseball fans: it is usually "RBIs", in accordance with the usual practice for pluralizing initialisms in English; however, some sources use "RBI" as the plural, on the basis that it can stand for "runs batted in".
Major League Baseball Rules
The 2018 edition of the Official Baseball Rules of Major League Baseball (MLB), Rule 9.04 Runs Batted In, reads:
From 1980 to 1988, the game-winning RBI was an additional statistic used in MLB.
Criticism
The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that compose the triple crown. In addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. However, critics, particularly within the field of sabermetrics, argue that RBIs measure the quality of the lineup more than it does the player himself. This is because an RBI can only be credited to a player if one or more batters preceding him in the batting order have reached base (the exception to this being a home run, in which the batter is credited with driving himself in, not just those already on base). This implies that better offensive teams —and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base— tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams.
RBI leaders in Major League Baseball
Career
Totals are current through the end of the 2021 regular season. Active players are in bold.
Hank Aaron – 2,297
Babe Ruth – 2,213
Albert Pujols – 2,150
Alex Rodríguez – 2,086
Cap Anson - 2,075
Barry Bonds – 1,996
Lou Gehrig – 1,995
Stan Musial – 1,951
Ty Cobb – 1,944
Jimmie Foxx – 1,922
Eddie Murray – 1,917
Willie Mays - 1,903
Season
Hack Wilson (1930) – 191
Lou Gehrig (1931) – 185
Hank Greenberg (1937) – 183
Jimmie Foxx (1938) – 175
Lou Gehrig (1927, 1930) – 173
Game
12 RBIs
Jim Bottomley (September 16, 1924)
Mark Whiten (September 7, 1993)
11 RBIs
Wilbert Robinson (June 10, 1892)
Tony Lazzeri (May 24, 1936)
Phil Weintraub (April 30, 1944)
10 RBIs
By 11 MLB players, most recently Mark Reynolds on July 7, 2018
Inning
Fernando Tatís (April 23, 1999) – 8
Ed Cartwright (September 23, 1890) – 7
Alex Rodriguez (October 4, 2009) – 7
Postseason (single season)
David Freese (2011) – 21
Scott Spiezio (2002) – 19
Sandy Alomar (1997) – 19
David Ortiz (2004) – 19
See also
List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records
References
Baseball statistics
Baseball terminology | [
0.12585337460041046,
-0.4603178799152374,
-0.4566880464553833,
0.3043871819972992,
-0.26357728242874146,
-0.13699565827846527,
0.3260679244995117,
0.07188719511032104,
-0.22459723055362701,
0.06526008993387222,
0.3706296980381012,
0.24961267411708832,
-0.17636612057685852,
-0.2506081163883209,
-0.23238462209701538,
0.5341795682907104,
0.2594199776649475,
0.22085826098918915,
0.28250640630722046,
-0.4187498092651367,
-0.337429016828537,
-0.12432017922401428,
-0.37924328446388245,
-0.34578925371170044,
-0.09272151440382004,
0.21721923351287842,
0.17070625722408295,
0.189274400472641,
-0.7060138583183289,
-0.33588847517967224,
-0.30705884099006653,
0.09972025454044342,
0.2377575784921646,
-0.059352993965148926,
0.06598284095525742,
-0.03386629372835159,
-0.09560146927833557,
-0.5696059465408325,
-0.4665611684322357,
-0.816098153591156,
-0.08835846930742264,
-0.6563482284545898,
-0.04683588445186615,
-0.11569232493638992,
-0.5586975812911987,
-0.270108699798584,
-1.4050828218460083,
0.09529400616884232,
-0.396874338388443,
-0.03929717466235161,
0.20928016304969788,
0.6656695604324341,
-0.3848264813423157,
0.5590801239013672,
0.04583090543746948,
0.7537177205085754,
-0.04849137365818024,
-0.01277189701795578,
0.0793982446193695,
-0.39617541432380676,
0.18592318892478943,
-0.3608374297618866,
0.41941213607788086,
-0.27464559674263,
0.7269421815872192,
0.43895652890205383,
0.013973047956824303,
0.4565984606742859,
0.013849652372300625,
-0.9235571622848511,
-0.30330514907836914,
-0.7350350022315979,
-0.5609549283981323,
0.07231472432613373,
-0.2428818643093109,
-0.4497169852256775,
0.003515601623803377,
0.43081969022750854,
0.08985009044408798,
0.22684220969676971,
-0.37910541892051697,
0.24521495401859283,
0.06265100091695786,
0.2311517596244812,
0.846807062625885,
-0.027814069762825966,
-0.24377307295799255,
0.3102205693721771,
-0.23281826078891754,
0.6770398616790771,
0.7931916117668152,
-0.29135358333587646,
0.43876805901527405,
-0.19407984614372253,
-0.40416932106018066,
-0.04447273537516594,
0.3766104578971863,
-0.12757785618305206,
0.060388557612895966,
-0.3161408305168152,
-0.12251994013786316,
-0.3360324203968048,
0.5300152897834778,
0.1856711357831955,
0.007204693742096424,
-0.32432276010513306,
0.4185679256916046,
-0.590175986289978,
0.028242558240890503,
-0.10359884053468704,
-0.3882843554019928,
0.10854534804821014,
0.1586904525756836,
0.4065744876861572,
-0.5760668516159058,
-0.04666328430175781,
0.22119683027267456,
-0.1920425444841385,
-0.027390968054533005,
0.5104959011077881,
0.5694475769996643,
0.6705145835876465,
0.4158424437046051,
-0.4573841989040375,
0.0785551369190216,
0.05426517128944397,
0.5288424491882324,
0.8461947441101074,
0.14968527853488922,
-0.02867146022617817,
0.30536720156669617,
0.7142584323883057,
-0.10960908234119415,
-0.3506554961204529,
-0.22463271021842957,
-0.6187713146209717,
-0.266266405582428,
0.3495975434780121,
0.06419576704502106,
-0.17957273125648499,
-0.5860395431518555,
-0.356855183839798,
0.10092542320489883,
-0.6686998605728149,
0.06451553851366043,
-0.47662657499313354,
0.021259726956486702,
-0.19745364785194397,
-0.2812475562095642,
0.5449771285057068,
0.39188769459724426,
0.3225010633468628,
0.3612433671951294,
-0.21574720740318298,
-0.6126958131790161,
-0.12024354934692383,
0.38173431158065796,
-0.5378077030181885,
-0.00006263626710278913,
0.8529447317123413,
0.2697923481464386,
-0.21387214958667755,
-0.1731099933385849,
-0.1221570074558258,
-0.4472576379776001,
-0.16835764050483704,
0.8102976679801941,
0.3045629858970642,
0.12798288464546204,
-0.024532083421945572,
-0.2763989269733429,
-0.13186289370059967,
0.6027143597602844,
0.3107008635997772,
0.12081115692853928,
-0.26943838596343994,
0.5831385254859924,
-0.18981300294399261,
1.08456289768219,
0.08091478049755096,
-0.5759508013725281,
0.10199137777090073,
0.5834801197052002,
-0.023693976923823357,
0.4913152754306793,
0.12481541931629181,
0.36678239703178406,
0.08001065254211426,
0.7304490208625793,
-0.16894513368606567,
-0.12568780779838562,
-0.6222193241119385,
-0.8387112021446228,
-0.8527445793151855,
0.5889221429824829,
-0.669324517250061,
-0.5263773202896118,
0.679315447807312,
0.5839815139770508,
-0.44815969467163086,
-0.5049724578857422,
-0.0020597188267856836,
0.2785898447036743,
0.13779008388519287,
-0.3714807331562042,
0.0943918377161026,
0.3702632486820221,
0.17670711874961853,
-0.103322334587574,
0.13480421900749207,
-0.020473867654800415,
-0.012183566577732563,
0.1372039020061493,
-0.6230124831199646,
-0.15942800045013428,
0.41023746132850647,
-0.6440451145172119,
0.24441631138324738,
-0.08382467180490494,
-0.030513551086187363,
0.3562904894351959,
-0.42034825682640076,
-0.2874988913536072,
0.2727976441383362,
0.16449977457523346,
0.7987267374992371,
-0.13113966584205627,
0.3273768126964569,
0.40733471512794495,
-1.0783541202545166,
0.4346550405025482,
0.12404042482376099,
0.435820072889328,
-0.2174263298511505,
-0.8264279961585999,
0.3899701237678528,
0.4719541072845459,
-0.5212587118148804,
0.13627931475639343,
0.127415731549263,
0.08652255684137344,
0.5638220310211182,
0.06389714777469635,
0.06351029127836227,
-0.11942870169878006,
-0.23538407683372498,
-0.20131278038024902,
-0.10084383934736252,
-0.39772772789001465,
-0.03724966198205948,
0.1704537272453308,
0.08021150529384613,
0.4256862998008728,
-0.42567533254623413,
0.45485255122184753,
0.2410917431116104,
-0.5764784812927246,
-0.00564434751868248,
0.43684569001197815,
-0.15122926235198975,
-0.10282903909683228,
0.03252417594194412,
0.3341260552406311,
0.04572833329439163,
-0.1642753779888153,
0.08713003247976303,
-0.7393469214439392,
0.650966465473175,
-0.016813717782497406,
0.22736045718193054,
0.3661678731441498,
0.7131520509719849,
-0.23241084814071655,
0.0352066345512867,
-0.4631306529045105,
-0.5956113338470459,
0.956719160079956,
0.299342542886734,
-0.5491930842399597,
-0.7841298580169678,
-0.1856885850429535,
-0.03229106217622757,
-0.20128357410430908,
-0.5838743448257446,
-0.1588415503501892,
-0.8387218713760376,
0.21451282501220703,
-0.3621583878993988,
0.022127481177449226,
0.019696546718478203,
-0.5200006365776062,
0.661729633808136,
-0.19356460869312286,
0.5571597218513489,
0.17724181711673737,
0.2833590507507324,
-0.19132645428180695,
0.6706182360649109,
0.48392242193222046,
-0.3915163278579712,
-0.7295805215835571,
-0.20970255136489868,
-0.7127769589424133,
-0.34264621138572693,
0.07090240716934204,
-0.3262840211391449,
-0.8202357292175293,
0.32821792364120483,
-5.724817752838135,
0.4379870593547821,
-0.39234036207199097,
0.003263234393671155,
0.2940896451473236,
0.4124666452407837,
0.5524252653121948,
0.2773335874080658,
-0.49461784958839417,
0.6845728754997253,
0.3173017203807831,
-0.4861677885055542,
0.3562452495098114,
0.18866205215454102,
0.8421164751052856,
0.18838965892791748,
0.7657679319381714,
-0.43230560421943665,
-0.17134328186511993,
-0.02811211533844471,
-0.12881290912628174,
0.3154136836528778,
-0.00023748059174977243,
0.9116466045379639,
0.5756259560585022,
0.7286485433578491,
-0.2201293408870697,
0.05683087557554245,
-0.3035246431827545,
0.35812342166900635,
0.32677677273750305,
-0.04197005555033684,
-0.25168970227241516,
0.41051650047302246,
-0.12567056715488434,
0.13104762136936188,
0.3169157803058624,
-0.5121418237686157,
0.027021905407309532,
-0.14879298210144043,
0.11096891760826111,
0.8246893882751465,
-0.32975777983665466,
0.1590534746646881,
0.23755726218223572,
-0.21708425879478455,
-0.330243319272995,
-0.23933839797973633,
-0.40433475375175476,
-0.008673694916069508,
-0.004549022763967514,
0.23377849161624908,
-0.595065176486969,
0.047763124108314514,
0.23657776415348053,
-0.7439802885055542,
0.08669046312570572,
-0.31293365359306335,
-0.21830549836158752,
0.5309696793556213,
0.08764561265707016,
-0.6478098630905151,
0.3828967809677124,
0.1821080893278122,
-0.04762570187449455,
-0.16265179216861725,
-0.505862832069397,
-0.7070357799530029,
0.5129102468490601,
0.48511043190956116,
-0.3364444077014923,
0.4156896471977234,
0.3643253743648529,
-0.6773850917816162,
0.40141063928604126,
0.08276548236608505,
0.21240535378456116,
0.27657318115234375,
-0.15956993401050568,
0.09583698958158493,
-0.0655086487531662,
-0.4043195843696594,
0.1660471260547638,
0.10052843391895294,
0.030113616958260536,
-0.36880528926849365,
-0.33583059906959534,
-0.03610097989439964,
-0.30134591460227966,
-0.09368940442800522,
0.5557458996772766,
-0.08586940914392471,
0.7689692974090576,
-0.07568059861660004,
-0.3678453266620636,
0.6673610210418701,
0.1544884592294693,
0.06763488799333572,
-0.1526203602552414,
-0.12425737828016281,
0.6450273990631104,
-0.2140936255455017,
0.14748352766036987,
-1.0094919204711914,
0.22616179287433624,
-0.40004241466522217,
-0.2890109717845917,
0.15587246417999268,
0.7126275300979614,
-0.4572480618953705,
0.16091999411582947,
0.4578753709793091,
-0.368710458278656,
-0.18407593667507172,
0.5363293290138245,
0.09662232547998428,
-0.07391083240509033,
0.3790014982223511,
0.43699949979782104,
0.07199764251708984,
0.15592652559280396,
-0.24992845952510834,
-0.3682815730571747,
-0.6063584089279175,
-0.20368477702140808,
-0.7257699966430664,
0.022285033017396927,
0.3822379410266876,
0.04023280367255211,
-0.4488849639892578,
0.44943156838417053,
0.6855250000953674,
0.1733977049589157,
0.07996673882007599,
-0.378592848777771,
-0.3335393965244293,
-0.5586578249931335,
-0.0715894103050232,
-0.16093415021896362,
-0.37808069586753845,
-0.027898043394088745,
-0.1965794712305069,
0.07342243194580078,
0.3466389775276184,
0.46063292026519775,
-0.7311282753944397,
0.030467698350548744,
-0.37520143389701843,
-0.3967069387435913,
0.1727066934108734,
0.3489990830421448,
0.29588305950164795,
0.8109345436096191,
-0.7063482999801636,
0.30581116676330566,
-0.06323503702878952,
0.1701231598854065,
0.0999670997262001,
0.07999835163354874,
-0.6198445558547974,
0.2696266174316406,
-0.00875582080334425,
-1.1414461135864258,
0.23716242611408234,
-0.08633368462324142,
-0.16938424110412598,
-1.0010104179382324,
-0.07528597861528397,
0.18093132972717285,
0.49858278036117554,
0.34794628620147705,
-1.204450249671936,
-0.0432833693921566,
-0.05171132832765579,
-0.1342846155166626,
0.010261019691824913,
0.019268151372671127,
0.36819449067115784,
-0.03250698745250702,
-0.3405848741531372,
0.0306132510304451,
-0.5225271582603455,
-0.6294931173324585,
0.3780306279659271,
0.42017388343811035,
0.23043611645698547,
0.2498762011528015,
0.43850716948509216,
-0.5552423596382141,
0.30588299036026,
-0.05013972148299217,
-0.076988086104393,
0.7590487599372864,
-0.2323939949274063,
-0.40374526381492615,
-0.21824504435062408,
0.2740941643714905,
0.6254440546035767,
-0.8331701159477234,
-0.1186692863702774,
0.18506759405136108,
-0.005172519478946924,
-1.0560003519058228,
-0.6034526228904724,
0.6452333331108093,
-0.6425588726997375,
0.3486648499965668,
0.04883725568652153,
-0.128581702709198,
0.7195057272911072,
-0.34100234508514404,
-0.3574664890766144,
-0.20700812339782715,
0.010797192342579365,
0.46050825715065,
0.13685448467731476,
-0.25520575046539307,
-0.10484157502651215,
0.06782393157482147,
-0.3970952033996582,
0.26617908477783203,
0.23023787140846252,
-0.44052600860595703,
0.13618074357509613,
-0.06362982094287872,
-0.6724938154220581,
0.4368516504764557,
-0.713405966758728,
-0.027210256084799767,
-0.01825008913874626,
0.04695242643356323,
-0.4040878713130951,
-0.09979502111673355,
0.30820906162261963,
-0.40689608454704285,
-0.455281525850296,
0.046779610216617584,
0.36418697237968445,
0.4310976266860962,
-0.5631303191184998,
0.14377281069755554,
0.6723268032073975,
0.38842085003852844,
0.040116243064403534,
0.23770961165428162,
0.18643149733543396,
0.0149075947701931,
-1.1299424171447754,
-0.6952242851257324,
0.8623923659324646,
0.2848677933216095,
-0.27012619376182556,
-0.9368581771850586,
0.2903251647949219,
0.24400211870670319,
-0.23983541131019592,
-0.5123078227043152,
-0.4386594593524933,
-0.0950334221124649,
0.7627670764923096,
0.1719735711812973,
-0.48829513788223267,
-0.7385180592536926,
-0.31965282559394836,
-0.07388491928577423,
-0.28130826354026794,
-0.09078159928321838,
0.2531110942363739,
-0.13623285293579102,
-0.6179341673851013,
-0.2658429443836212,
0.290407657623291,
0.349232941865921,
0.9821143746376038,
0.13579648733139038,
0.21244606375694275,
0.5096069574356079,
0.11762872338294983,
-0.22393673658370972,
-0.09399750828742981,
-0.5642411708831787,
-0.11288362741470337,
0.2609293460845947,
-0.26079127192497253,
-0.12790922820568085,
-0.21343109011650085,
0.2706301212310791,
0.19880686700344086,
0.04222807288169861,
0.07100900262594223,
-0.34648096561431885,
0.15899339318275452,
0.11522651463747025,
0.012754961848258972,
-0.32540884613990784,
-0.33383211493492126,
0.25845104455947876,
-0.03434562310576439,
0.504241943359375,
-0.27061328291893005,
-0.19408714771270752,
0.6357534527778625,
0.10401152074337006,
-0.42437049746513367,
0.0596228763461113,
-0.3961974084377289,
0.11270130425691605,
-0.16661123931407928,
-0.7068568468093872,
-0.03103894367814064,
0.2320585548877716,
-0.14519494771957397,
0.01892540603876114,
0.5070743560791016,
-0.2101377695798874,
-0.2725523114204407,
0.31325334310531616,
0.4353094696998596,
0.2938605546951294,
0.4101656973361969,
-0.08009764552116394,
0.13482116162776947,
0.792643129825592,
-0.09793706983327866,
-0.10957205295562744,
0.07673855870962143,
-0.29587405920028687,
0.28815099596977234,
0.34760963916778564,
-0.07609988749027252,
0.8056012392044067,
-0.4199393689632416,
-0.10879455506801605,
0.2772119641304016,
0.07396326959133148,
-0.42065271735191345,
0.1402623951435089,
-0.27253609895706177,
-0.034636568278074265,
0.4098336398601532,
0.6547292470932007,
-0.18435196578502655,
0.2163422405719757,
0.2620837390422821,
-0.4369191527366638,
-0.12136674672365189,
0.021608656272292137,
-0.19841143488883972,
-0.1700342893600464,
0.07077743113040924,
0.2606624662876129,
0.726662814617157,
0.27819544076919556,
-0.34321579337120056,
0.41660454869270325,
-0.5929639339447021,
0.5731769800186157,
-0.21999457478523254,
-0.026142513379454613,
-0.044459398835897446,
0.3126150965690613,
0.377057284116745,
0.057618968188762665,
-0.31105318665504456,
-0.13811127841472626,
-0.31916823983192444,
0.7300326228141785,
0.14498040080070496,
-0.34922105073928833,
0.14759233593940735,
0.271362841129303,
0.5010033249855042,
0.14909698069095612,
0.5493412613868713,
0.2461039125919342,
0.086491160094738,
1.038745403289795,
-0.11562451720237732,
-0.19608429074287415,
-0.636773407459259,
0.07002043724060059,
0.008345838636159897,
-0.47968417406082153,
-0.19129349291324615,
0.14799466729164124,
0.2551846504211426,
0.016755927354097366,
0.7022362947463989,
-0.3288075625896454,
0.002863371977582574,
0.0516197495162487,
-0.3825119137763977,
-0.059472449123859406,
-0.007961727678775787,
-0.043723639100790024,
-0.2719169557094574,
-0.27100345492362976,
0.9035543203353882,
0.3870951235294342,
0.5354027152061462,
0.3041016459465027,
0.08714994788169861,
-0.049195148050785065,
0.19686850905418396,
-0.8202436566352844,
0.03215213119983673,
-0.4237334430217743,
0.02613857202231884,
-0.6855832934379578,
0.35350656509399414,
0.6891298890113831,
-0.5016383528709412,
-0.3189423084259033,
-0.3952850103378296,
0.18983681499958038,
-0.5471898317337036,
0.6452407836914062,
-0.8206217288970947,
-0.08022241294384003,
-0.5331090688705444,
0.3831349313259125,
0.059978827834129333,
0.08880986273288727,
-0.049324989318847656,
-0.360053688287735,
0.1893882304430008,
0.6475989818572998,
-0.3861558139324188,
-0.4881846010684967,
0.8392539620399475,
-0.7606112957000732,
-0.007625964470207691,
-0.6311200857162476,
0.3427102863788605,
0.02676590532064438,
-1.046341896057129,
0.35685890913009644,
0.6148868799209595,
0.5705901384353638,
-0.7193074822425842,
0.49287474155426025,
0.09120485186576843,
-0.21697010099887848,
-0.10661077499389648,
-0.24848167598247528,
0.5412917733192444,
-0.26563262939453125,
0.0776725634932518,
-0.38103482127189636,
0.6001980900764465,
-0.003484199522063136,
0.17957407236099243,
0.17884103953838348,
0.5611569285392761,
-0.11233516782522202,
0.07924625277519226,
-0.0829017162322998,
-0.35763415694236755,
-0.3630572259426117,
0.5659380555152893
] |
236470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru%20Calling | Tru Calling | Tru Calling is an American supernatural drama television series that aired on Fox. Original episodes aired between October 30, 2003, and April 21, 2005; however, the final episode was shown in other territories before it was aired in the United States due to lower-than-anticipated ratings.
The show starred Eliza Dushku as Tru Davies, a twenty-two-year-old medical school student who takes a job at the city morgue when her internship falls through. When the corpse of a deceased woman seems to awaken and asks for her help, Tru discovers that she has the incredible power to relive that day in order to try to prevent that death. Over the course of the series, Tru struggles to keep her secret, juggle her responsibilities with her complicated personal life, and learn to control her power.
Created by Jon Harmon Feldman, the show was produced by Original Film, Oh That Gus!, Inc., and 20th Century Fox Television.
Series overview
Tru is aided by her boss, Davis (Zach Galifianakis), who acts as a sort of guide and mentor, who is later revealed to have known about Tru's mother (who was, apparently, the last person to receive the "calling" before her daughter), her best friend Lindsey (A.J. Cook), who doesn't know Tru's secret, and her impulsive, good-natured and bumbling younger brother Harrison (Shawn Reaves). Tru keeps her secret from her boyfriends, as well as her sister Meredith (Jessica Collins), who has a drug problem.
Halfway through the first season, Tru's life gets much more complicated when she meets Jack Harper (Jason Priestley), a man who shares Tru's abilities but who works to preserve what he sees as the hand of Fate by ensuring that the people Tru tries to help stay dead, though the series was canceled before the conclusion of their struggle was written. In the first-season finale, it is revealed that Tru's father knows Jack Harper and that he had played a similarly antagonistic role versus Tru's mother, terminating her by hiring a hitman to kill her, though neither Harrison nor Tru found out.
The second season does not feature Tru's best friend Lindsey nor her sister Meredith, whose characters are not mentioned. This season has Tru juggling medical school and her live-saving ability, while Jack aims to foil her attempts at every turn.
Cast and characters
Main
Eliza Dushku as Tru Davies
Shawn Reaves as Harrison Davies
Zach Galifianakis as Davis
A.J. Cook as Lindsey Walker (season 1)
Matt Bomer as Luc Johnston (season 1)
Jessica Collins as Meredith Davies (season 1)
Benjamín Benítez as Gardez (season 1)
Jason Priestley as Jack Harper
Recurring
Liz Vassey as Dr. Carrie Allen (season 2)
Cotter Smith as Richard Davies (season 2)
Eric Christian Olsen as Jensen Ritchie (season 2)
Lizzy Caplan as Avery Bishop (season 2)
Parry Shen as Tyler Li (season 2)
Episodes
Season 1 (2003–04)
Season 2 (2005)
Cancellation
The series was canceled in 2005 due to low ratings. The final episode aired in many other territories before it screened in the U.S. The cancellation ended the series with multiple unresolved cliffhangers:
Tru's season two romantic interest, a fellow medical student named Jensen, begins to remember reliving an occurrence he and Tru had together from the negated timeline where he was killed, causing him to obsess over death.
Although initially highly antagonistic to Jack, Tru invites him to a Christmas party with her, hinting he may in time become an ally against her father, Richard.
Dr. Carrie Allen, the new psychologist at the morgue, who is revealed as an agent of Jack's working to seduce and subvert Davis, learns the truth about Tru's power to rewind from Davis; Davis has yet to tell Tru about this.
Jack, talking to Tru's father, hints he is still intent on killing Jensen, despite having failed to seal his fated death in a previous episode.
Proposed storylines
After the cancellation, Doris Egan, one of the show's writers, discussed the series mythology and plans she had had for the future story arc in four postings to her Livejournal page which set the premise of two opposing forces influencing humanity, one (presumably helping Jack) that refuses to interfere and allows humans to evolve at their own pace and the other which wishes to intervene and 'improve' things in a 'revolt against heaven' (presumably helping Tru).
Proposed storylines included:
Tru's boyfriend Jensen becoming more and more fascinated by death after her narrowly saving his life when he was fated to die. He would eventually become a serial killer and she would be forced to ask Jack for help in killing him to stop his reign of terror. Jack and Tru's father would cite this as justification for them stopping Tru from saving people, as she is messing with pre-destination.
Harrison would eventually discover that his father is in league with Jack, but is torn over informing Tru and deciding whose side to take, given what happened to Tru's boyfriend Luc in the previous season.
Davis' fake girlfriend Dr. Carrie Allen, arranged by Jack and Richard to divide him from Tru, begins to genuinely care for him and a romance develops between them. However, Davis discovers that she really did kill her violent and abusive husband and must decide whether or not to turn her in to the police. When Davis learns that Carrie was hired by Jack, he reports her to the police and has her arrested, but soon feels regret over it.
Davis also finally discovers that Tru's mother was supposed to be her mentor like Richard is to Jack but, with her dead, he now takes the role.
Tru and Jack would find themselves beginning to experience other anomalies in reality allowing for more variations on the standard storyline (as was hinted in the last few episodes of the series), including being able to take other people with them on their rewind days and explore parallel dimensions.
Jack and Tru would become involved in a bank siege in one episode which Jack and her father use a mysterious journal in order to pick which hostages will die. Afterwards, Jack would begin a relationship with a beautiful female motorcycle cop he meets during the incident and his feelings for her make him question the morality of his actions and his monk-like solitary existence.
The last corpse in the second season finale to ask for Tru's help is that of her 12-year-old half sister. Tru succeeds in saving her, and when Jack attempts to stop her, he is killed by Tru's father, who cannot bear to let his youngest child die, whatever else he believes. Here, Tru would finally discover her father's alliance with Jack as well as both of her parents ability to rewind time and change Fate as well as Harrison's knowledge of it, and of Carrie's alliance with Jack. The series would end on a cliffhanger rewind effect with Jack's corpse in the morgue asking Tru to save him.
Russian adaptation
The series has been adapted in Russia using the title Я отменяю смерть, pronounced as “Ja otmenjaju smertj′”, and translated to I Revoke the Death, premiering in the country on TV-3 on October 9, 2012.
Broadcast
The series completed airing in its entirety in New Zealand first. The second season began airing in the country on TV3 on February 4, 2005, with the final episode shown on March 11, 2005. After nearly a year-long hiatus in the U.S., new episodes began on Fox on March 31, 2005. However, the series was pulled again in favour of Fox's new show Point Pleasant and the final episode was screened in many other territories before it finally aired in the U.S. on January 21, 2008 on Syfy.
The complete series also aired in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia and the United Kingdom.
Home media
Reception
U.S. Nielsen ratings
Notes
Each U.S. network television season begins in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2000s American drama television series
2000s American supernatural television series
2000s American time travel television series
2003 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series about multiple time paths
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows filmed in Vancouver
Television shows set in Massachusetts | [
-0.0670105367898941,
-0.21299390494823456,
0.279549777507782,
0.17507143318653107,
0.20681127905845642,
0.1909068375825882,
0.5266662240028381,
0.07651232928037643,
0.14277110993862152,
-0.18023084104061127,
-0.13890880346298218,
0.5755910873413086,
-0.189519464969635,
0.3198721408843994,
-0.15202853083610535,
0.07813069224357605,
-0.08994442224502563,
0.42986902594566345,
0.22429902851581573,
-1.02052903175354,
-0.21135923266410828,
-0.6752023696899414,
0.4441705644130707,
0.1453288197517395,
-0.10514233261346817,
0.5738599896430969,
-0.03603906184434891,
0.29842299222946167,
0.022871168330311775,
-0.11996486783027649,
0.013545789755880833,
0.06476616114377975,
-0.4824245274066925,
-0.4514160454273224,
-0.11302067339420319,
0.3251520097255707,
-0.22331765294075012,
-0.12319206446409225,
-0.6085899472236633,
-0.14869223535060883,
-0.2286548763513565,
-0.48018157482147217,
0.1602718085050583,
0.1920364499092102,
-0.151377871632576,
-0.11815615743398666,
-1.9965803623199463,
-0.2160288691520691,
-0.8254091739654541,
-0.6106280088424683,
0.059854842722415924,
0.8855091333389282,
0.5641890168190002,
0.3407314121723175,
0.27845704555511475,
0.6699002981185913,
-0.32437586784362793,
-0.1870841681957245,
-0.0860096663236618,
-0.24443243443965912,
0.06992176920175552,
-0.2941227853298187,
0.014505419880151749,
0.020514925941824913,
-0.07512056082487106,
0.09493225812911987,
0.10309305042028427,
0.30907389521598816,
0.13193759322166443,
-0.4502599537372589,
0.0838283970952034,
0.17120258510112762,
0.18851636350154877,
-0.007586475927382708,
0.1355249434709549,
0.522370457649231,
-0.022748632356524467,
0.33299896121025085,
0.4463252127170563,
0.7075182199478149,
-0.30495455861091614,
0.4087280035018921,
0.8629677295684814,
0.19630670547485352,
0.5257954597473145,
-0.060455482453107834,
-0.21909822523593903,
-0.0795515924692154,
0.06730513274669647,
0.21535661816596985,
-1.019204020500183,
-0.2102259248495102,
0.17003893852233887,
0.03715309873223305,
0.2904225289821625,
-0.16713140904903412,
-0.3596954941749573,
0.29217952489852905,
0.11704269051551819,
0.5226693153381348,
-0.020443780347704887,
-0.0016824138583615422,
0.6348674893379211,
-0.3415415287017822,
0.09061814844608307,
-0.2499590516090393,
-0.4374794363975525,
-0.4370848536491394,
-0.20241639018058777,
-0.5360203385353088,
-0.7174322009086609,
0.3422353267669678,
0.16892126202583313,
-0.16474148631095886,
-0.15802909433841705,
-0.08475655317306519,
0.23728184401988983,
-0.36455821990966797,
-0.6496900320053101,
-0.12740567326545715,
0.19423456490039825,
0.2626321017742157,
-0.18031498789787292,
0.23949241638183594,
-0.15777209401130676,
0.8802187442779541,
0.6496822237968445,
0.2923336625099182,
-0.4324693977832794,
0.21113024652004242,
0.0639648512005806,
0.9492682218551636,
0.023286283016204834,
-0.1475929319858551,
0.07150939851999283,
0.13390856981277466,
0.21035011112689972,
0.1454787701368332,
0.45055943727493286,
0.07787090539932251,
-0.4881499111652374,
-0.26567837595939636,
-1.4516452550888062,
-0.23667223751544952,
0.3950512707233429,
-0.09233368933200836,
-0.15502847731113434,
-0.4412672519683838,
0.09670046716928482,
-0.2601565420627594,
0.029022593051195145,
0.13738153874874115,
-0.05033722147345543,
0.037386056035757065,
-0.4872150421142578,
0.3897317051887512,
0.3049318492412567,
-0.17390386760234833,
0.3554397225379944,
0.2567704916000366,
-0.31612125039100647,
0.4013671576976776,
-0.13713204860687256,
0.18056903779506683,
0.1640869379043579,
0.0513024777173996,
-0.29280099272727966,
-0.3464154601097107,
0.4482198655605316,
0.03426705300807953,
-0.5357956290245056,
0.41071629524230957,
0.2252921760082245,
0.09995383024215698,
0.06820622086524963,
-0.1072724387049675,
0.589984118938446,
-0.2330739051103592,
-0.28624534606933594,
-0.05229786038398743,
-0.29397156834602356,
0.6313080191612244,
0.47152501344680786,
-0.39680835604667664,
0.34755000472068787,
-0.3389391005039215,
0.6532521843910217,
-0.016076255589723587,
-0.2724647521972656,
0.04086306318640709,
-0.8683884739875793,
-0.11954771727323532,
0.672150194644928,
0.1888730525970459,
0.7618843913078308,
-0.2711957097053528,
-0.5061014294624329,
1.00846266746521,
0.2428159862756729,
0.47645485401153564,
0.0016958089545369148,
-0.2162548452615738,
0.6848164200782776,
0.4525555372238159,
0.02949565462768078,
1.1160930395126343,
0.24495230615139008,
-0.17952583730220795,
0.23690877854824066,
0.702737033367157,
0.015038490295410156,
-0.5219642519950867,
0.49890998005867004,
0.4069312512874603,
-0.21664239466190338,
-0.5188133716583252,
-0.5531019568443298,
-0.22576197981834412,
-0.030590014532208443,
-0.26127198338508606,
0.6958935260772705,
0.11472349613904953,
-0.1039319708943367,
0.5185571312904358,
-0.5303304195404053,
0.5961448550224304,
-0.18191474676132202,
0.19054418802261353,
0.6460009217262268,
-0.7997336387634277,
-0.07958106696605682,
0.7938339710235596,
-0.701893150806427,
-0.7905054688453674,
-0.14773136377334595,
-0.2407323122024536,
0.3539845943450928,
-0.6585806012153625,
-0.10686580836772919,
-0.6676538586616516,
0.07930320501327515,
0.2891516089439392,
0.027152055874466896,
0.18092824518680573,
0.17155133187770844,
0.13378800451755524,
-0.18997444212436676,
0.13338150084018707,
0.11741217970848083,
-0.34351807832717896,
0.10171720385551453,
-0.1561625450849533,
0.2147759348154068,
-0.1833590567111969,
-0.15816043317317963,
0.32895252108573914,
-0.24053578078746796,
-0.00413868110626936,
-0.05856872722506523,
-0.1240333616733551,
0.8156157732009888,
0.11800247430801392,
0.34837228059768677,
-0.33874207735061646,
-0.2191898375749588,
-0.7551069259643555,
-0.1935330331325531,
-0.7492830753326416,
0.17890599370002747,
0.3138538897037506,
-0.011157248169183731,
-0.5545546412467957,
-0.29364946484565735,
-1.3041454553604126,
-0.14661332964897156,
-0.07326716184616089,
-0.1450009047985077,
0.1085943803191185,
-0.5681095719337463,
-0.17639592289924622,
0.23062650859355927,
0.31347471475601196,
0.30230703949928284,
-0.5159946084022522,
-0.30249661207199097,
0.16973188519477844,
0.3451803922653198,
-0.06899669766426086,
-0.21567487716674805,
-0.33737486600875854,
-0.15244974195957184,
-0.6992303729057312,
0.2841545641422272,
0.4853607416152954,
0.1643153727054596,
-0.27727267146110535,
0.9946162700653076,
0.44976332783699036,
-0.2168935239315033,
0.19402633607387543,
-0.29217788577079773,
0.10182477533817291,
-0.2453620582818985,
-0.2116168588399887,
0.03427976369857788,
-0.30930328369140625,
-0.3979644775390625,
-0.40231624245643616,
-5.708282470703125,
-0.2802164852619171,
0.15988948941230774,
-0.07090719044208527,
0.1543140709400177,
0.0543840117752552,
0.5810153484344482,
-0.01737266033887863,
0.011686382815241814,
0.2960226535797119,
-0.31166914105415344,
0.017118100076913834,
0.10551444441080093,
-0.04542848467826843,
0.3330884575843811,
-0.43352922797203064,
0.6263695359230042,
0.6168027520179749,
0.5358759760856628,
0.31994321942329407,
-0.10767222195863724,
-0.02730529196560383,
-0.04882635548710823,
0.07764911651611328,
0.2578926384449005,
0.8784162998199463,
-0.2922990918159485,
0.038675371557474136,
-0.5349657535552979,
0.13512352108955383,
-0.08623260259628296,
-0.2912253439426422,
-0.3223877549171448,
-0.22940312325954437,
-0.1068243756890297,
0.26162901520729065,
0.7448136210441589,
-0.224085733294487,
0.6594170331954956,
-0.6961843967437744,
-0.32423993945121765,
0.043914295732975006,
-0.3621813654899597,
0.42710691690444946,
0.5986376404762268,
0.11115729808807373,
-0.4371243417263031,
-0.2062712013721466,
-0.14317870140075684,
0.7028201222419739,
0.12658163905143738,
0.3192653954029083,
0.8066126108169556,
0.4545152485370636,
0.24771440029144287,
-0.1106383353471756,
0.13640110194683075,
-0.23167359828948975,
-0.35188028216362,
0.1376103311777115,
0.4626166522502899,
-0.2407437562942505,
-0.07129919528961182,
-0.6972079873085022,
0.02244110219180584,
-0.3651614487171173,
0.014482200145721436,
-0.07624894380569458,
0.11881907284259796,
-0.1694982498884201,
0.1519652009010315,
-0.1625232696533203,
0.4026111364364624,
-1.0446206331253052,
0.21749567985534668,
-0.4702569842338562,
-0.24254010617733002,
-0.07530023902654648,
-0.32632115483283997,
-0.186549574136734,
0.044807083904743195,
0.24086061120033264,
-0.03392205387353897,
0.13039202988147736,
-0.02912595309317112,
-0.31510576605796814,
-0.21034149825572968,
0.03321176394820213,
-0.3625267744064331,
-0.07100994139909744,
-0.06570648401975632,
0.16184473037719727,
0.1681029349565506,
0.3552578389644623,
0.3179027736186981,
0.7337294220924377,
0.48955684900283813,
0.06873227655887604,
0.4608921408653259,
0.10653605312108994,
-0.0038832586724311113,
0.042210157960653305,
0.5279498100280762,
-0.25462010502815247,
-0.08682196587324142,
-0.8523609042167664,
0.4930211305618286,
0.44977620244026184,
0.3874073922634125,
-0.043089184910058975,
-0.43708550930023193,
-0.005356376525014639,
-0.5145396590232849,
-0.10274778306484222,
-0.1365329623222351,
0.5852133631706238,
-0.40241724252700806,
0.3949090540409088,
-0.4376726448535919,
0.8284762501716614,
-0.4306405782699585,
-0.04693342372775078,
-0.23050644993782043,
-0.2829844057559967,
-0.09712880849838257,
0.0754997506737709,
-0.07054195553064346,
-0.10963733494281769,
0.033243343234062195,
0.17389968037605286,
-0.4780780076980591,
0.021456129848957062,
0.38822638988494873,
0.27997416257858276,
-0.38590651750564575,
-0.32067587971687317,
-0.07016652077436447,
-0.03170781955122948,
0.3808135390281677,
-0.08323950320482254,
-0.051715292036533356,
0.006098127458244562,
-0.42071351408958435,
0.388497918844223,
0.6412693858146667,
-0.0755900889635086,
-0.13473179936408997,
-0.4569040536880493,
-0.8133004903793335,
0.4487447738647461,
0.01744246855378151,
-0.6017115712165833,
0.9465358853340149,
-0.8275032639503479,
0.37947455048561096,
0.487007737159729,
-0.06116638705134392,
0.10198912024497986,
0.22176721692085266,
-0.10664205998182297,
-0.11742249876260757,
-0.29964685440063477,
-0.7319536805152893,
0.2885166108608246,
-0.08407927304506302,
-0.42188650369644165,
-0.12140209227800369,
-0.6012979745864868,
-0.43751001358032227,
0.17696087062358856,
-0.25614240765571594,
0.057452648878097534,
-0.33202433586120605,
0.248796746134758,
0.25952696800231934,
0.1977963000535965,
-0.21677008271217346,
0.007826060056686401,
0.6081358790397644,
-0.03158281370997429,
-0.24790836870670319,
0.1449897587299347,
-0.18900185823440552,
0.012607445940375328,
0.47424831986427307,
-0.0915614515542984,
-0.12766624987125397,
-0.2099035084247589,
0.013668928295373917,
0.021461447700858116,
0.07963080704212189,
0.5383090376853943,
0.17121468484401703,
0.057985175400972366,
-0.3723204433917999,
-0.2592069208621979,
0.5148777365684509,
0.48524966835975647,
-0.02882300317287445,
-0.2885611951351166,
0.31692516803741455,
0.5463760495185852,
-0.7584031224250793,
0.24079787731170654,
0.5452649593353271,
-0.5176586508750916,
0.283841073513031,
0.331736296415329,
-0.3161868453025818,
0.37285029888153076,
0.2859385013580322,
-0.2567426860332489,
-0.18111692368984222,
0.09460808336734772,
-0.2804165482521057,
-0.37892013788223267,
0.42843344807624817,
-0.6059262752532959,
-0.29497238993644714,
-0.42842981219291687,
-0.41168341040611267,
-0.03375597298145294,
-0.28999483585357666,
-0.6909992098808289,
-1.1407289505004883,
-0.5554813146591187,
-0.040567249059677124,
-0.7152240872383118,
0.024082692340016365,
-0.508473813533783,
0.007928857579827309,
-0.09337787330150604,
0.43052682280540466,
0.17755275964736938,
-0.40786758065223694,
0.009515373967587948,
-0.45679497718811035,
0.16600869596004486,
-0.1430274248123169,
0.30754315853118896,
0.44252467155456543,
1.087530493736267,
0.13387247920036316,
-0.42551809549331665,
0.28497257828712463,
0.2824256718158722,
0.45484182238578796,
-0.22330988943576813,
-0.5595112442970276,
0.4224165380001068,
0.6386839747428894,
0.03243104740977287,
-0.6718055605888367,
0.15478378534317017,
0.4933216869831085,
-0.8401496410369873,
0.008097829297184944,
0.10254763066768646,
-0.06689836829900742,
0.20522010326385498,
-0.12608309090137482,
-0.39461222290992737,
-0.6024786233901978,
-0.009234938770532608,
0.11790332943201065,
0.6523689031600952,
0.10962118208408356,
-0.2028961330652237,
0.05181880667805672,
-0.3240433931350708,
-0.05472979322075844,
0.008445657789707184,
0.5718112587928772,
0.03343447670340538,
0.028602980077266693,
-0.1314963400363922,
0.2274491935968399,
-0.3338843882083893,
0.28711211681365967,
-0.025700639933347702,
0.6698740124702454,
0.10168232768774033,
-0.4122365415096283,
-0.2999840974807739,
0.2697007656097412,
-0.30640509724617004,
0.3270033299922943,
0.18948756158351898,
-0.16260795295238495,
0.217450350522995,
-0.2038789689540863,
0.6217581629753113,
0.023203827440738678,
0.5043904185295105,
0.034646641463041306,
0.2126578986644745,
0.37337857484817505,
0.2307823896408081,
0.18807251751422882,
-0.2930701673030853,
-0.41957077383995056,
0.7484198212623596,
-0.1873207837343216,
-0.3710266053676605,
0.16151906549930573,
-0.10625184327363968,
0.21333922445774078,
-0.29643601179122925,
0.2618050277233124,
0.1212870180606842,
0.22466404736042023,
-0.31049612164497375,
0.4642133116722107,
0.8213184475898743,
0.09025149047374725,
0.22792965173721313,
0.6257374286651611,
-0.13753460347652435,
-0.0705304816365242,
0.11384445428848267,
-0.05370989814400673,
-0.1879958212375641,
0.2532522678375244,
-0.18940921127796173,
-0.23001372814178467,
0.6546409130096436,
-0.21015654504299164,
-0.19142258167266846,
0.48273953795433044,
-0.24497386813163757,
0.03870382905006409,
-0.422948956489563,
-0.02377663366496563,
0.21463018655776978,
-0.11108070611953735,
-0.7720798850059509,
0.20342764258384705,
-0.010590177960693836,
-0.15902554988861084,
0.3576841354370117,
-0.1942533701658249,
0.3081677556037903,
0.29229864478111267,
0.15244154632091522,
-0.03309985622763634,
0.26296114921569824,
0.41852420568466187,
-0.005157912150025368,
0.19878782331943512,
-0.16013970971107483,
0.2464602291584015,
0.409227579832077,
-0.03163517266511917,
-0.3474575877189636,
0.6101012229919434,
-0.3295057415962219,
-0.0035872228909283876,
-0.20688363909721375,
0.17543725669384003,
-1.0383648872375488,
-0.5278443694114685,
-0.438231498003006,
-0.13269758224487305,
0.3455254137516022,
-0.29160061478614807,
-0.1688777506351471,
0.5517784953117371,
-0.30962786078453064,
0.020078713074326515,
0.30696749687194824,
0.08037559688091278,
0.5578776597976685,
0.07958723604679108,
0.19869060814380646,
0.17095981538295746,
-0.1201983168721199,
0.47722750902175903,
-0.008941838517785072,
-0.5852088928222656,
-0.10924576222896576,
-0.35970425605773926,
-0.08230696618556976,
-0.07841023057699203,
0.036466240882873535,
0.4093506634235382,
-0.10242271423339844,
-0.10058419406414032,
-0.05664388835430145,
0.03036716766655445,
-0.022526266053318977,
0.5637781620025635,
-0.3093518614768982,
-0.18282853066921234,
0.1309886872768402,
-0.3787858784198761,
0.09286192059516907,
-0.19041277468204498,
0.42735597491264343,
0.079978808760643,
0.0932936891913414,
0.05828328803181648,
0.19315209984779358,
-0.0832362100481987,
0.27515169978141785,
-0.5804457068443298,
-0.04159577190876007,
-0.29167139530181885,
-0.11292622983455658,
-1.1592921018600464,
0.4822976291179657,
0.31323036551475525,
0.3345423936843872,
-0.12348731607198715,
0.7825270891189575,
-0.26466104388237,
0.17954790592193604,
0.8258932828903198,
0.30314141511917114,
0.08556374907493591,
-0.28324365615844727,
0.06578599661588669,
0.1673218309879303,
0.028066832572221756,
0.33358338475227356,
-0.2852940559387207,
-0.14030443131923676,
0.15572647750377655,
-0.25206056237220764,
-0.35597988963127136,
0.06944698840379715,
-0.2150106430053711,
0.11034708470106125,
-0.15886884927749634,
0.47052374482154846,
-0.2151993364095688,
0.07156702131032944,
-0.024826988577842712,
0.7871508598327637,
1.3863499164581299,
-0.0728336051106453,
0.48677578568458557,
-0.3604414463043213,
-0.5048913955688477,
0.2086794078350067,
-2.719449043273926,
0.21246320009231567,
-0.24555818736553192,
-0.7696112990379333,
-0.4557020366191864,
-0.43577075004577637,
-0.22582769393920898,
-0.5955191254615784,
0.14723658561706543,
-0.4749734699726105,
-0.6449207663536072,
-0.20734520256519318,
0.07087685167789459,
-0.41087353229522705,
0.13056451082229614,
0.33199068903923035
] |
236473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Garrison | Jim Garrison | James Carothers Garrison (born Earling Carothers Garrison; November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992) was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and prosecution of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw to that effect in 1969, which ended in Shaw's acquittal. The author of three books, one became a prime source for Oliver Stone's film JFK in 1991, in which Garrison was portrayed by actor Kevin Costner, while Garrison himself also made a cameo as Earl Warren.
Early life and career
Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa in 1921. He was the first child and only son of Earling R. Garrison and Jane Anne Robinson who divorced when he was two years old. His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood, where he was raised by his divorced mother. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, having joined the year before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the war he obtained a law degree from Tulane University Law School in 1949. He then worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for two years where he was stationed with the Seattle office. Leading up to the Korean War era Garrison joined the National Guard, even applying for active duty with the Army in 1951, but because of recurring nightmares of past missions Garrison was then relieved of duty by the Army. Remaining in the Guard when it became apparent that he suffered from shell shock due to his numerous bombing missions flown during World War II, leading one Army doctor to conclude that Garrison had a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his social and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He was considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability." Yet when his record was reviewed further by the U.S. Army Surgeon General, he "found him to be physically qualified for federal recognition in the national army." Upon returning again to civilian life, Garrison worked in several different trial lawyer positions before winning election as New Orleans District Attorney, starting with his first of three terms in January of 1962.
District attorney
In the years prior to winning office as New Orleans District Attorney in 1961, Garrison worked for New Orleans law firm of Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, before he first became an assistant district attorney. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans but was initially unsuccessful in his run for public office. He lost a 1959 election for criminal court judge. In 1961, he ran for district attorney and won against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary. Despite lack of major political backing, his performance in a television debate and last-minute television commercials facilitated his victory.
Once in office Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and strip joints. He indicted Dowling and one of his assistants for criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Garrison did not appeal. Garrison received national attention for a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, staged sometimes on a nightly basis. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Emergency Declared by Police, DA. – Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue – 14 Arrested, 12 more nabbed in Vice Raids." Garrison's critics often point out that many of the arrests made by his office did not result in convictions, implying that he was in the habit of making arrests without evidence. However, assistant DA William Alford has said that charges would more often than not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone charged gained Garrison's ear. Alford said Garrison had "a heart of gold."
After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, he accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. The eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January 1963. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction and struck down the state statute as unconstitutional. At the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted.
Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the charges two weeks later. At a press conference, he accused the state parole board of accepting bribes, but could obtain no indictments. Critical of the state legislature, Garrison was unanimously censured by it for "deliberately maligning all of the members".
In 1965, running for reelection against Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of the vote.
Kennedy assassination investigation
As New Orleans D.A. in late 1966, Garrison began an investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, after receiving several tips from Jack Martin that a man named David Ferrie may have been involved in the assassination. The end result of Garrison's investigation was the arrest and trial of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the jury.
Garrison was able to subpoena the Zapruder film from Life magazine. Thus, members of the American public - i.e. the jurors of the case - were shown the movie for the first time. Until the trial, the film had rarely been seen, and bootleg copies were made by assassination investigator Steve Jaffe working with Garrison, which led to the film's wider distribution by David S. Lifton. In 2015, Garrison's lead investigator's daughter released his copy of the film, along with a number of his personal papers from the investigation.
Garrison's key witness against Shaw was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At the trial, Russo testified that he had attended a party at anti-Castro activist David Ferrie's apartment. At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing President Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.
Russo's version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that part of his testimony might have been induced by hypnotism, and by the drug sodium pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum"). An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's memo, before Russo was subjected to sodium pentothal and hypnosis) fails to mention an "assassination party" and says that Russo met Shaw on two occasions, neither of which occurred at the party. However, in his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo had already discussed the party at Ferrie's apartment before any "truth serum" was administered. Scambria said that the party information was simply accidentally left off the notes of his encounter with Russo. Throughout his life, Russo reiterated the same account of being present for a party at Ferrie's house along with the Mr. Bertrand where the subject of Kennedy's potential assassination had come up.
Garrison defended his conduct regarding witness testimony, stating:
Before we introduced the testimony of our witnesses, we made them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth serum and hypnosis. We thought this would be hailed as an unprecedented step in jurisprudence; instead, the press turned around and hinted that we had drugged our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.
In January 1968, Garrison subpoenaed Kerry Wendell Thornley – an acquaintance of Oswald's from their days in the military – to appear before a grand jury, questioning him about his relationship with Oswald and his knowledge of other figures Garrison believed to be connected to the assassination. Thornley sought a cancellation of this subpoena on which he had to appear before the Circuit Court. Garrison charged Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had been in contact with Oswald in any manner since 1959. The perjury charge was eventually dropped by Garrison's successor Harry Connick Sr.
During Garrison's 1973 bribery trial, tape recordings from March 1971 revealed that Garrison considered publicly implicating former United States Air Force General and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Charles Cabell of conspiracy in the assassination of Kennedy after learning he was the brother of Earle Cabell, the Dallas mayor in 1963. Theorizing that a plot to kill the president was masterminded out of New Orleans in conjunction with the CIA with cooperation from the Dallas police department and city government, Garrison tasked his chief investigator, Pershing Gervais, of looking into the possibility that General Cabell had stayed in the city's Fontainebleau Motel at the time of the assassination. The Washington Post reported that there was no evidence that Gervais ever followed through with the request and that there was no further mention of General Cabell in Garrison's investigation.
US talk radio host David Mendelsohn conducted a comprehensive interview with Garrison which was broadcast in 1988 by KPFA in Berkeley, California. Alongside Garrison, the program featured the voices of Lee Harvey Oswald and JFK filmmaker Oliver Stone. Garrison explains that cover stories were circulated in an attempt to blame the killing on the Cubans and the Mafia but he blames the conspiracy to kill the president firmly on the CIA who wanted to continue the Cold War.
Later career and death
In 1973, Garrison was tried and found not guilty by the jury for accepting bribes to protect illegal pinball machine operations. The prosecutor was Gerald J. Gallinghouse the United States Attorney for Eastern District of Louisiana, who was seeking to halt public corruption. Pershing Gervais, Garrison's former chief investigator, testified that Garrison had received approximately $3,000 every two months for nine years from the dealers. Acting as his own defense attorney, Garrison called the allegations baseless and claimed that they were concocted as part of a U.S. government effort to destroy him because of Garrison's efforts to implicate the CIA in the Kennedy assassination. The jury found Garrison not guilty. In an interview conducted by New Orleans reporter Rosemary James with Pershing Gervais, Gervais had admitted to concocting the charges.
In the same year, Garrison was defeated for reelection as district attorney by Harry Connick Sr. On April 15, 1978, Garrison won a special election over a Republican candidate, Thomas F. Jordan, for Louisiana's 4th Circuit Court of Appeal judgeship, a position for which he was later reelected and which he held until his death.
In 1987, Garrison appeared as himself in the film The Big Easy, and was featured in The Men Who Killed Kennedy series, beginning in 1988.
After the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Kennedy assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star Spangled Contract (1976, fiction, but based on the JFK assassination), and his best-seller, On the Trail of the Assassins (1988). A Heritage of Stone, published by Putnam, places responsibility for the assassination on the CIA and says the Warren Commission, the Executive Branch, members of the Dallas Police Department, the pathologists at Bethesda, and various others lied to the American public. The book does not mention Shaw or Garrison's investigation of Shaw.
Garrison's investigation received widespread attention through Oliver Stone's film, JFK (1991), which was largely based on Garrison's book as well as Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy. Kevin Costner played a fictionalized version of Garrison in the movie. Garrison himself had a small on-screen role in the film, playing United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. Garrison also appears live and comments on the Shaw Trial in the documentary The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, written and directed by actor John Barbour.
Garrison died of cancer in 1992, survived by his five children. He is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.
Legacy
Political analyst Carl Oglesby was quoted as saying, "... I have done a study of Garrison: I come out of it thinking that he is one of the really first-rate class-act heroes of this whole ugly story [the killing of John F. Kennedy and subsequent investigation]" Others have stated that Garrison's persecution of Shaw was "one of the great miscarriages of justice in US history" and criticized Garrison for being reckless.
At the time, Garrison came under criticism from author and researcher Sylvia Meagher, who in 1967 wrote:
... as the Garrison investigation continued to unfold, it gave cause for increasingly serious misgivings about the validity of his evidence, the credibility of his witnesses, and the scrupulousness of his methods.
According to Shaw's defense team, witnesses, including Russo, claimed to have been bribed and threatened with perjury and contempt of court charges by Garrison in order to make his case against Shaw. However, in a later interview with public radio, Russo stated:
Well, the truth of the matter was that Garrison was very sincere. Well, [NBC News reporter and ex FBI Agent] Walter Sheridan tells me and threatens me that he's gonna take Garrison out and take me with him. ... And he says [if] you do that [revoke his testimony], we won't go after you.
Filmography
Selected bibliography
Books
A Heritage of Stone. Putnam Publishing Group (1970) .
The Star Spangled Contract. New York: McGraw-Hill (1976). . .
On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing (1981). .
Articles
"The Murder Talents of the CIA." Freedom (April/May 1987)
References
Further reading
Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power (Clarkson N. Potter, 1969)
Vincent Bugliosi, Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (W.W. Norton and Company, 2007) – pp. 1347–1436 of the main text and pp. 804–932 of the endnotes are devoted to "Jim Garrison's Prosecution of Clay Shaw and Oliver Stone's Movie JFK"
William Hardy Davis, Aiming for the Jugular in New Orleans (Ashley Books, June 1976)
Sean Egan, Ponies & Rainbows: The Life of James Kirkwood (Bearmanor Media, December 2011)
Paris Flamonde, The Kennedy Conspiracy
Paris Flamonde, The Assassinastion of America (2007)
James Kirkwood, American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial in New Orleans
Mark Lane, Rush to Judgement (Thunder's Mouth Press, 2nd edition, March 1992)
Mark Lane, Last Word: My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK (Skyhorse Publishing, November 2011)
Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (New York: Random House Publishers, 1993)
Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books, 1967)
Christine Wiltz, The Last Madam pp. 145–150
DiEugenio, James (1992). Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case. New York: Sheridan Square Press. .
Davy, William (1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Reston, VA: Jordan Pub. .
Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. .
External links
Jim Garrison's Reply to NBC News, July 15, 1967
JFK Online: The Jim Garrison Investigation
JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources – mp3s of Garrison speaking
Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967
1921 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American writers
American conspiracy theorists
Burials at Metairie Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in Louisiana
District attorneys in Louisiana
John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists
Lawyers from New Orleans
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana state court judges
Military personnel from Iowa
People from Denison, Iowa
People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Politicians from New Orleans
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Tulane University alumni
Tulane University Law School alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II | [
-0.6628418564796448,
0.3242858350276947,
-0.29714155197143555,
-0.4427051246166229,
0.2883538007736206,
0.4838496148586273,
0.14128413796424866,
0.0945558100938797,
-0.42328158020973206,
-0.3364779055118561,
-0.275036484003067,
0.5221052765846252,
-0.8311755061149597,
0.07251866906881332,
-0.04559536278247833,
1.0090672969818115,
0.6015303730964661,
-0.4275414049625397,
-0.006561098620295525,
-0.5195311903953552,
0.15026019513607025,
-0.5745410323143005,
-0.3883342742919922,
0.4651169180870056,
0.025795230641961098,
0.6107019782066345,
-0.7321608662605286,
0.30546414852142334,
0.11422624439001083,
0.4378513693809509,
-0.055882528424263,
-0.07301469147205353,
0.04030817002058029,
-0.19370263814926147,
-0.8597859144210815,
0.5322209000587463,
-0.49779048562049866,
-0.39322277903556824,
0.10955574363470078,
0.2251424789428711,
-0.6589980125427246,
-0.024005258455872536,
0.025036102160811424,
-0.3629220724105835,
-0.21145807206630707,
-0.0036988062784075737,
-1.0043047666549683,
-0.3108266592025757,
-0.5389631986618042,
-0.23952114582061768,
-0.43898338079452515,
0.4641152024269104,
-0.08300940692424774,
-0.25747084617614746,
0.04622886702418327,
-0.47799667716026306,
-0.12387463450431824,
-0.08641090989112854,
-0.04963334649801254,
-0.4232219159603119,
0.38942116498947144,
0.43559399247169495,
0.2706020772457123,
-0.20905254781246185,
-0.20912623405456543,
0.3015671968460083,
0.005951518192887306,
0.21492460370063782,
-0.05822950601577759,
0.3787880837917328,
0.2567041218280792,
0.7816150188446045,
0.31992244720458984,
0.2682035565376282,
-0.04792521148920059,
0.08302687108516693,
0.39623090624809265,
-0.5265037417411804,
-0.375825434923172,
0.3750016987323761,
0.17100723087787628,
-0.5473949909210205,
1.244806170463562,
-0.2667020559310913,
0.18014834821224213,
0.07477802038192749,
-0.9437645673751831,
0.30079635977745056,
-0.44876888394355774,
-0.1579112559556961,
-0.6037077903747559,
0.2908518314361572,
-0.1382792443037033,
0.12186437100172043,
-0.52411949634552,
-0.41339677572250366,
0.6803114414215088,
0.4780109226703644,
0.15591241419315338,
0.3202277719974518,
0.1023748442530632,
-0.2686111629009247,
0.3259758949279785,
0.15399421751499176,
-0.4102858006954193,
0.21353723108768463,
0.10335635393857956,
-0.13264550268650055,
-0.5316784381866455,
0.09916826337575912,
-1.0146567821502686,
0.27868446707725525,
0.20624595880508423,
-0.3528476357460022,
0.16544996201992035,
0.10322610288858414,
0.08938326686620712,
0.28151437640190125,
-0.09028083831071854,
-0.33730217814445496,
-0.36370983719825745,
0.25092917680740356,
0.16115622222423553,
0.4528963565826416,
-0.33349335193634033,
-0.3786223828792572,
-0.1598229557275772,
-0.00914344098418951,
-0.07362224161624908,
0.23505312204360962,
0.6686287522315979,
0.27953746914863586,
-0.20021013915538788,
0.20727743208408356,
-0.5929648280143738,
-0.3460253179073334,
0.12852662801742554,
0.4232853651046753,
0.15754620730876923,
-0.17577533423900604,
-0.5268391966819763,
-0.11973299831151962,
-0.5073474645614624,
-0.14809834957122803,
0.27423903346061707,
-0.6042584180831909,
0.3205015957355499,
0.2145628184080124,
0.23016425967216492,
0.029109546914696693,
0.1541227400302887,
0.5687659978866577,
0.15850165486335754,
-0.6480263471603394,
-0.3742683529853821,
0.6405428647994995,
-0.36095288395881653,
0.33436712622642517,
0.03887486457824707,
0.2898469865322113,
0.22008992731571198,
0.09311167150735855,
-0.22399738430976868,
-0.007508584763854742,
0.598378598690033,
0.0897873193025589,
-0.557890772819519,
-0.9460833072662354,
-0.054356545209884644,
-0.10618244856595993,
0.06545679271221161,
0.11600189656019211,
0.23737134039402008,
-0.5833197236061096,
-0.7047234177589417,
0.6325632333755493,
0.6587976217269897,
0.2547631561756134,
0.2657242715358734,
-0.2995736002922058,
-0.6852683424949646,
-0.3086875379085541,
0.6253886818885803,
0.18644355237483978,
-0.18195146322250366,
-0.04909798130393028,
0.5874069333076477,
-0.2895989418029785,
0.6021429300308228,
-0.4278128445148468,
-0.4460029900074005,
-0.25754356384277344,
0.07932758331298828,
-0.4783950746059418,
0.30863669514656067,
0.32069018483161926,
-0.608711838722229,
0.7278631329536438,
-0.2744254767894745,
1.099695086479187,
0.014936789870262146,
-0.2644287645816803,
0.47638386487960815,
-0.33830690383911133,
0.7100768685340881,
0.539030134677887,
0.3530997931957245,
-0.06610345095396042,
0.1719932109117508,
1.3661977052688599,
0.13664327561855316,
-0.9193878769874573,
-0.15722045302391052,
0.5114144682884216,
-0.3307517468929291,
-0.6176520586013794,
-0.36106395721435547,
-0.58595871925354,
0.2103751003742218,
-1.1632084846496582,
0.3082566261291504,
0.13792257010936737,
-0.3461918532848358,
0.7704876661300659,
-0.6300450563430786,
0.726426362991333,
-0.38921377062797546,
-0.32020992040634155,
0.035119906067848206,
-0.6587939858436584,
0.17092210054397583,
0.47770875692367554,
-0.010794722475111485,
-1.1188409328460693,
0.7665584683418274,
0.16307814419269562,
0.42015159130096436,
-0.19234226644039154,
-0.38736939430236816,
-0.3005162477493286,
-0.0685836598277092,
-0.35457292199134827,
-0.18911564350128174,
0.19533994793891907,
0.2056693583726883,
0.031456682831048965,
0.20375105738639832,
0.30519774556159973,
-0.29776617884635925,
-0.20896492898464203,
0.35521653294563293,
0.463887482881546,
0.6194778084754944,
-0.05968828126788139,
0.5783584713935852,
-0.07761200517416,
-0.12974365055561066,
-0.17545445263385773,
-0.1764097660779953,
-0.10680318623781204,
-0.14704227447509766,
0.16242362558841705,
0.05102236568927765,
0.13279879093170166,
-0.0723063200712204,
0.2598114609718323,
0.1309981644153595,
-0.5186840295791626,
-0.1586846113204956,
0.033181700855493546,
0.030365394428372383,
-0.28348973393440247,
0.08105473220348358,
-0.09004024416208267,
0.1594705879688263,
0.13440924882888794,
-0.1280193328857422,
-0.5698949098587036,
-0.27611449360847473,
-0.7032822966575623,
0.9379734396934509,
0.6809391975402832,
0.2753385603427887,
0.10399892181158066,
0.5110571384429932,
-1.137142300605774,
-0.5509494543075562,
-0.595946729183197,
-0.5091123580932617,
-0.25758618116378784,
-0.445913702249527,
0.6653847694396973,
-0.6419861316680908,
0.28511008620262146,
-0.3909110128879547,
0.2796948254108429,
-0.002840701723471284,
-0.35669848322868347,
0.4181826114654541,
-0.26388663053512573,
-0.39490869641304016,
-0.026491915807127953,
-0.057223960757255554,
0.5342695116996765,
0.44680213928222656,
-0.17014455795288086,
-0.093414805829525,
-0.4324076771736145,
-5.430732250213623,
0.39661362767219543,
-0.1267734169960022,
-0.17727699875831604,
-0.1500108540058136,
-0.05659947544336319,
0.3206641674041748,
-0.23634491860866547,
0.40832966566085815,
-0.2092999815940857,
-0.21095511317253113,
-0.11559400707483292,
0.3266853094100952,
0.5647255182266235,
0.7635191679000854,
0.11385895311832428,
0.7018588781356812,
-0.9695871472358704,
0.25575175881385803,
0.4726933240890503,
-0.029312895610928535,
-0.3275506794452667,
-0.09557556360960007,
-0.4439045488834381,
0.23210154473781586,
0.5466198921203613,
-0.9916309118270874,
0.29252320528030396,
-0.6102185845375061,
-0.68448805809021,
-0.21701759099960327,
0.15052196383476257,
-0.33830732107162476,
-0.23529432713985443,
-0.2706489861011505,
-0.11432546377182007,
0.01563948765397072,
0.16190797090530396,
-0.47631797194480896,
-0.7440115809440613,
0.20178130269050598,
0.22726786136627197,
-1.1836553812026978,
0.09245187789201736,
0.4259043037891388,
-0.2740301191806793,
-0.3252243995666504,
0.07190101593732834,
-0.3530309796333313,
0.16958746314048767,
0.1095985695719719,
0.3698398470878601,
0.4456602931022644,
0.3083365261554718,
0.07315319031476974,
-0.4316457211971283,
0.06515692174434662,
0.187574565410614,
-0.666153073310852,
0.5344007611274719,
0.5554883480072021,
-0.9734244346618652,
-0.6390007138252258,
-0.09359606355428696,
-0.3211580514907837,
-0.03784436732530594,
0.13553345203399658,
0.7063639760017395,
0.6257190108299255,
0.2017686665058136,
0.40697717666625977,
1.0358717441558838,
0.05797159671783447,
-1.0193958282470703,
0.5417418479919434,
-0.1119503453373909,
-0.31861287355422974,
-0.18776921927928925,
-0.5963178873062134,
0.032143350690603256,
0.359720915555954,
-0.022051377221941948,
0.498309850692749,
0.6452189087867737,
0.09395132213830948,
-0.3092987537384033,
-0.024781564250588417,
1.3967258930206299,
-0.25680580735206604,
-0.12998543679714203,
-0.027220996096730232,
0.1661127507686615,
0.2583494186401367,
0.5287097692489624,
-0.2007521092891693,
0.2800130844116211,
0.15393736958503723,
0.6840022802352905,
0.22176875174045563,
-0.5147355794906616,
0.20237207412719727,
-0.1611032485961914,
0.04019496962428093,
-0.900679349899292,
0.43178316950798035,
-0.5498411059379578,
0.06226901337504387,
0.37385067343711853,
0.3495335280895233,
0.48999154567718506,
0.06231069564819336,
0.5586197972297668,
-0.36110976338386536,
-0.010340000502765179,
0.5194465517997742,
-0.03566790744662285,
-0.2807452082633972,
0.22991639375686646,
0.2080516368150711,
-0.19218577444553375,
0.0932055190205574,
0.10869704931974411,
0.28991463780403137,
0.821032702922821,
-0.22956319153308868,
-0.5478870868682861,
0.3051398694515228,
0.0759040042757988,
-0.05768971145153046,
0.15845580399036407,
-0.007626757491379976,
0.9538751244544983,
-0.3237502872943878,
0.5651043653488159,
-0.5012437105178833,
-0.21371960639953613,
-0.10916922986507416,
-0.7396134734153748,
0.4245469272136688,
0.3532574772834778,
0.2826589047908783,
-0.2868616580963135,
0.22525252401828766,
-0.033905044198036194,
0.11602582037448883,
0.2637527585029602,
-0.11576885730028152,
0.008065328933298588,
-0.24934706091880798,
0.2359800487756729,
-0.5067220330238342,
-0.3993736803531647,
0.08279464393854141,
-0.40955692529678345,
-0.311034232378006,
-0.8078621029853821,
-0.16803966462612152,
-0.12270204722881317,
0.16964134573936462,
-0.2058178186416626,
0.0702783614397049,
-0.22236087918281555,
-0.7649717926979065,
-0.2798796594142914,
-0.03740125149488449,
0.1141134649515152,
-0.33923113346099854,
0.21083371341228485,
-0.28511449694633484,
0.6934698224067688,
-0.03977454826235771,
-0.4902592599391937,
-0.22861407697200775,
0.050719693303108215,
0.24695207178592682,
-0.25376808643341064,
-0.16518810391426086,
0.06633233278989792,
0.12209176272153854,
0.6072508692741394,
0.3949816823005676,
-0.12204316258430481,
-0.32448938488960266,
-0.1111949235200882,
0.8093065619468689,
-0.3244689106941223,
-0.6473820805549622,
-0.37871053814888,
0.3610701262950897,
-0.19601091742515564,
0.1118340864777565,
-0.7096936106681824,
0.16073523461818695,
0.8337973356246948,
0.06533319503068924,
-0.3317009210586548,
0.44234949350357056,
0.10762478411197662,
-0.4137863516807556,
-0.22802972793579102,
-0.4402041733264923,
0.10154959559440613,
0.15809960663318634,
0.3199290633201599,
-0.0803433284163475,
-0.552061140537262,
-0.0954696387052536,
-0.19340196251869202,
-0.2528381049633026,
0.32355165481567383,
-0.12716616690158844,
0.04289412871003151,
-0.21981389820575714,
0.29185396432876587,
-0.05068912357091904,
0.013027901761233807,
0.2648898661136627,
0.10382954776287079,
-0.22813290357589722,
-0.5667713284492493,
-0.22219200432300568,
-0.6996896266937256,
0.13085360825061798,
0.3085916340351105,
-0.37370720505714417,
0.32550403475761414,
0.21199189126491547,
-0.49704378843307495,
0.6455568671226501,
0.2094050645828247,
-0.07579874247312546,
0.30411526560783386,
0.058034829795360565,
0.5567840337753296,
-0.5213918685913086,
0.09932918846607208,
0.5410169363021851,
0.2389395833015442,
-0.5818480253219604,
0.48656386137008667,
0.6996386051177979,
1.25734281539917,
0.23288494348526,
-0.40561750531196594,
0.47132447361946106,
-0.36591488122940063,
0.6672009229660034,
-0.2306770384311676,
-0.3228760063648224,
0.11648344993591309,
0.332881897687912,
0.29779475927352905,
-0.019033050164580345,
0.2075745016336441,
0.6791465282440186,
-0.46556952595710754,
0.027111943811178207,
-0.2240648716688156,
0.29245442152023315,
-0.09920734912157059,
-0.012752332724630833,
0.31325268745422363,
-0.14408138394355774,
-0.0030666752718389034,
-0.28516167402267456,
-0.1629800796508789,
-0.05109980329871178,
0.08125755190849304,
0.5069026350975037,
-0.8270887732505798,
-0.27327489852905273,
-0.3262040317058563,
-0.23225584626197815,
0.913425087928772,
-0.03267500177025795,
-0.016485897824168205,
0.46674054861068726,
-0.1118597462773323,
0.14407271146774292,
-0.39876461029052734,
-1.0776159763336182,
-0.02503473125398159,
-0.20792697370052338,
-0.41136395931243896,
0.12541383504867554,
-0.7813196778297424,
-0.14762213826179504,
0.13245192170143127,
-0.24786286056041718,
-0.4442135691642761,
-0.18989235162734985,
0.6681620478630066,
0.2881159782409668,
-0.5716962814331055,
-1.17044997215271,
0.2307111769914627,
0.16566582024097443,
0.8859646320343018,
-0.03739982098340988,
-0.08042115718126297,
-0.17435336112976074,
0.24742810428142548,
-0.2698310613632202,
-0.052459705621004105,
-0.29173779487609863,
-0.5717077851295471,
0.037958718836307526,
-0.42076021432876587,
-0.5461365580558777,
0.16683730483055115,
0.3915238082408905,
-0.5814652442932129,
0.6634642481803894,
-0.13391070067882538,
-0.9413102269172668,
-0.026148879900574684,
0.7410179972648621,
-0.19121401011943817,
-0.6551370620727539,
-0.10951711982488632,
-0.007364227902144194,
0.08905435353517532,
0.3651728928089142,
0.25382599234580994,
0.15236029028892517,
1.2044826745986938,
0.33347275853157043,
0.08808426558971405,
-0.2037481814622879,
-0.03779319301247597,
-0.3450234532356262,
0.09651900082826614,
-0.3636656701564789,
0.12942777574062347,
-0.3361504077911377,
-0.25301313400268555,
0.43037474155426025,
-0.18787531554698944,
0.42409271001815796,
0.5345999598503113,
-0.16369929909706116,
1.1864211559295654,
-0.07762297987937927,
0.27251574397087097,
0.352737694978714,
0.08465021103620529,
-0.35096046328544617,
0.2997749447822571,
0.3480360805988312,
-0.2794412076473236,
0.008806498721241951,
0.0699707567691803,
0.3139854073524475,
0.14402484893798828,
0.017908183857798576,
0.38128799200057983,
0.2842594385147095,
-0.20675262808799744,
-0.722162127494812,
-0.2578670084476471,
-0.5928083658218384,
-0.578342616558075,
1.1939822435379028,
0.4198874831199646,
-0.3328796923160553,
0.06188195198774338,
-0.09188403189182281,
-0.4020524024963379,
-0.13070444762706757,
0.7898575067520142,
-0.095411516726017,
-0.4609594941139221,
-0.09517250210046768,
0.05503997579216957,
0.39097920060157776,
-0.2168458104133606,
0.8777751922607422,
0.19764569401741028,
-0.24499741196632385,
-0.3019616901874542,
0.13986042141914368,
0.1776396483182907,
-0.43181341886520386,
-0.6595234274864197,
0.4703686237335205,
0.39534902572631836,
-0.03752163425087929,
0.5024486184120178,
0.25806042551994324,
-0.26432064175605774,
0.3731875419616699,
-0.29114773869514465,
-0.5137590765953064,
-0.040252748876810074,
0.11181515455245972,
0.3294889032840729,
0.2127959430217743,
1.105008840560913,
1.2034225463867188,
-0.2151741236448288,
0.44546452164649963,
0.2669781744480133,
0.044253796339035034,
-0.28295132517814636,
-0.31005430221557617,
0.7196592688560486,
-0.5268300771713257,
-0.3205312490463257,
-0.09119538962841034,
1.0754878520965576,
-0.613138735294342,
0.5621843934059143,
-1.0177797079086304,
0.45148563385009766,
-0.27585211396217346,
0.11988101154565811,
0.6311898827552795,
0.07862410694360733,
-0.32394638657569885,
-0.2886955142021179,
0.1924470067024231,
0.5759894251823425,
0.21707561612129211,
0.4259908199310303,
0.07626637816429138,
-0.09095080196857452,
0.07681187242269516,
0.04181132838129997,
-0.3081693649291992,
0.40929335355758667,
0.7700791358947754,
-0.8403441309928894,
-0.33418142795562744,
-0.16899317502975464,
-0.24401414394378662,
-0.5205391049385071,
0.14003382623195648,
0.4755069315433502,
0.42817702889442444,
-0.4161680042743683,
0.3510593771934509,
0.08596272021532059,
-0.3602602183818817,
-0.6632980108261108,
0.35459163784980774,
0.028454933315515518,
0.023700399324297905,
-0.6944264769554138,
0.05034452676773071,
0.4380590319633484,
-0.5404612421989441,
-0.5606796145439148,
0.13056321442127228,
-0.7477426528930664,
0.20661167800426483,
-0.24587897956371307,
0.17728479206562042,
0.5751748085021973,
0.22711142897605896,
-0.4025140404701233
] |
236474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBI | RBI | RBI most often refers to:
Reserve Bank of India
Run batted in
RBI may also refer to:
Organisations
Radio Berlin International
Raiffeisen Bank International
Reed Business Information
Restaurant Brands International
Ruđer Bošković Institute
Other
Reactive business intelligence
Relative bearing indicator
Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities
Risk based inspection
Rubidium iodide
See also
R.B.I. Baseball (baseball video game series) | [
0.2824057936668396,
-0.11454790085554123,
-0.27405229210853577,
0.16040080785751343,
-0.46679314970970154,
-0.16114898025989532,
0.114438995718956,
-0.03574594855308533,
-0.5345398187637329,
-0.15600399672985077,
0.09224638342857361,
0.240459606051445,
-0.3819442689418793,
0.20873793959617615,
0.5108534693717957,
0.7275237441062927,
0.23759238421916962,
0.46225300431251526,
-0.04824507236480713,
-0.49712446331977844,
0.11552025377750397,
0.5199235677719116,
0.4188418686389923,
-0.37036681175231934,
-0.06420549750328064,
0.2058396339416504,
0.5945114493370056,
0.060201551765203476,
-0.831838071346283,
0.0415743812918663,
0.08323554694652557,
0.3429804742336273,
-0.27310746908187866,
0.42305201292037964,
0.37602370977401733,
-0.29284316301345825,
-0.3435778319835663,
-0.4011945426464081,
-0.005280953831970692,
-1.11586332321167,
0.5822460055351257,
-0.48017942905426025,
0.056030113250017166,
0.4998931288719177,
-0.5041632056236267,
-0.7445786595344543,
-1.6343317031860352,
0.512968122959137,
-0.25641676783561707,
0.05288780480623245,
0.8163135051727295,
1.129659652709961,
0.5689104795455933,
0.3436080515384674,
-0.008289321325719357,
0.8588088154792786,
-0.4935365915298462,
-0.31751200556755066,
0.5941073298454285,
0.07268542051315308,
0.7809535264968872,
-0.28698909282684326,
0.14486868679523468,
0.42748796939849854,
0.6249293088912964,
0.43859046697616577,
0.10106584429740906,
0.26158884167671204,
-0.35740163922309875,
-0.22471754252910614,
-0.43191418051719666,
-0.6371936798095703,
-0.6839804649353027,
-0.014561322517693043,
-0.1910698413848877,
-0.40113064646720886,
0.24606432020664215,
0.3516903817653656,
0.006893048994243145,
0.010332872159779072,
-0.04541568458080292,
0.7193893790245056,
0.26273345947265625,
-0.23169320821762085,
0.6629027128219604,
-0.4263688623905182,
-0.29932600259780884,
-0.18649516999721527,
-0.27189305424690247,
0.6402571201324463,
0.5103762149810791,
-0.6423084735870361,
0.26513150334358215,
0.5156089663505554,
-0.7224000692367554,
0.28674712777137756,
0.2653884291648865,
-0.3281552195549011,
0.44357508420944214,
0.08312254399061203,
0.15579795837402344,
0.05703665688633919,
0.05631890892982483,
0.27081695199012756,
0.2697925865650177,
-0.2017861157655716,
-0.0037690107710659504,
-0.8352813124656677,
-0.18008166551589966,
-0.05684995278716087,
-0.2936665415763855,
-0.05232234671711922,
0.5458884239196777,
0.05047588050365448,
-0.06976786255836487,
-0.2938371002674103,
0.05228634178638458,
-0.03184523805975914,
-0.3309120237827301,
0.4726308286190033,
0.8917480111122131,
0.6665534973144531,
0.3089762330055237,
0.10263530164957047,
0.3082066774368286,
0.17170783877372742,
0.3608802258968353,
0.4028812646865845,
-0.07432521134614944,
0.12142693996429443,
0.1909540593624115,
0.950883686542511,
-0.6954318881034851,
-0.35692739486694336,
-0.26499754190444946,
-0.6606252789497375,
-0.11498415470123291,
0.0802493542432785,
0.37793782353401184,
-0.18818208575248718,
-0.5253990888595581,
-0.20840632915496826,
-0.3994952440261841,
-0.5089718103408813,
0.28875744342803955,
-0.3271733522415161,
-0.3910328149795532,
0.2322833240032196,
-0.34223106503486633,
-0.15172933042049408,
0.0721813291311264,
0.08515561372041702,
0.08158696442842484,
-0.05579186603426933,
-0.4786243736743927,
0.0816362202167511,
0.3596327304840088,
-0.4899696111679077,
0.07164819538593292,
0.7393805384635925,
-0.1772691160440445,
-0.19864940643310547,
-0.35097166895866394,
0.032772719860076904,
-0.7882453799247742,
-0.4236334562301636,
0.4371339976787567,
-0.09018629789352417,
0.34009361267089844,
-0.023683112114667892,
-0.41128113865852356,
-0.22629399597644806,
0.35023003816604614,
0.06854873895645142,
-0.10572171956300735,
-0.2653883099555969,
0.28827008605003357,
-0.15395204722881317,
0.4463779330253601,
-0.0550832636654377,
-0.7889890670776367,
-0.14929984509944916,
0.12335726618766785,
0.09873978048563004,
0.4819706678390503,
0.3155546486377716,
0.6481320261955261,
0.23304598033428192,
0.2749592065811157,
-0.11490612477064133,
0.5086178183555603,
0.010991680435836315,
-0.224951833486557,
-0.6153109073638916,
1.1499782800674438,
-0.3290308713912964,
-0.6560786962509155,
0.3647151291370392,
0.638914942741394,
-0.5587069392204285,
-0.8127492070198059,
0.34944555163383484,
0.22894421219825745,
-0.3852660059928894,
-0.4379429221153259,
0.4929826259613037,
0.5477473139762878,
-0.07027723640203476,
-0.024688493460416794,
-0.14049948751926422,
0.6952831745147705,
-0.7650613784790039,
-0.010015582665801048,
-1.0753159523010254,
-0.2748088538646698,
0.03148574382066727,
-0.23004823923110962,
0.4136999845504761,
-0.25112399458885193,
0.2773427665233612,
0.5688493847846985,
-0.4693252742290497,
0.007634047418832779,
0.7567747831344604,
-0.13194015622138977,
0.5379473567008972,
-0.525887131690979,
-0.10055376589298248,
0.35683131217956543,
-0.7659749984741211,
0.6819860935211182,
-0.39479464292526245,
0.33449557423591614,
-0.21685992181301117,
-0.9712911248207092,
0.06071333959698677,
-0.2458762526512146,
-0.3056420087814331,
0.2597375810146332,
0.0529414564371109,
-0.000037836882256669924,
0.48805463314056396,
-0.29349374771118164,
0.25331535935401917,
0.04023651033639908,
-0.43357405066490173,
-0.3730778396129608,
-0.25909778475761414,
-0.5282547473907471,
0.10686448961496353,
0.3522254228591919,
0.19441285729408264,
-0.03048570454120636,
-0.5690130591392517,
0.38544341921806335,
0.019459476694464684,
-0.15941579639911652,
-0.025956550613045692,
0.2570713758468628,
0.02480638027191162,
-0.7936437129974365,
-0.2456999570131302,
0.13179321587085724,
0.12088929116725922,
-0.41515323519706726,
0.2400164157152176,
-0.18439728021621704,
0.2125014364719391,
0.15652894973754883,
-0.07190725207328796,
0.5720522403717041,
0.28765425086021423,
-0.4146493673324585,
0.5735182166099548,
0.4909970760345459,
-0.7151283621788025,
0.094603531062603,
0.7504977583885193,
-0.37481531500816345,
-0.22237277030944824,
-0.1099276915192604,
0.3382180631160736,
0.6728076338768005,
-0.9202102422714233,
-0.38526177406311035,
0.029338695108890533,
-0.012511664070189,
-0.247533917427063,
0.0866447240114212,
-0.10347435623407364,
-0.17290346324443817,
0.5358979105949402,
-0.2815905511379242,
0.094098761677742,
0.08114843815565109,
0.1573326140642166,
-0.260177880525589,
0.7183680534362793,
0.3683130443096161,
-0.6359288096427917,
-0.08466077595949173,
0.7317721247673035,
-0.9159425497055054,
-0.522830069065094,
0.562700629234314,
-0.2921760082244873,
-0.5941616296768188,
-0.14015789330005646,
-5.599076271057129,
-0.09293223917484283,
-0.388161838054657,
-0.11099638789892197,
0.6342576742172241,
0.14477211236953735,
0.8581136465072632,
-0.1191181167960167,
-0.0750584676861763,
0.17121179401874542,
-0.023489901795983315,
-0.1192074567079544,
0.470530241727829,
-0.26654747128486633,
0.25483962893486023,
0.19232924282550812,
0.7988316416740417,
0.08756759762763977,
0.09306240826845169,
0.15696309506893158,
0.22706440091133118,
0.4411940276622772,
0.014532588422298431,
0.767163872718811,
0.4083920419216156,
0.1876121163368225,
-0.41867169737815857,
0.25952744483947754,
0.23085147142410278,
-0.38680189847946167,
0.06518242508172989,
-0.5985270142555237,
-0.20268525183200836,
-0.00004207226083963178,
0.20217058062553406,
0.037853267043828964,
0.38368335366249084,
-0.11621493846178055,
0.019641276448965073,
-0.1983194649219513,
-0.11862383037805557,
0.49575451016426086,
0.17411990463733673,
-0.40798401832580566,
0.6856786012649536,
0.007622827775776386,
-0.2574266791343689,
-0.0976225957274437,
-0.34218767285346985,
0.3230683207511902,
-0.06024504825472832,
-0.03836706280708313,
-0.3812173306941986,
0.0658193826675415,
0.42210790514945984,
-0.6514701843261719,
-0.06710109114646912,
0.09934701025485992,
0.188398540019989,
0.33675670623779297,
0.4589836895465851,
-0.33682966232299805,
-0.04937697574496269,
-0.18935450911521912,
-0.09977920353412628,
0.05456569045782089,
-0.4470682144165039,
-1.1832910776138306,
0.6830583810806274,
-0.031214293092489243,
-0.7254384756088257,
0.12621982395648956,
0.04817637801170349,
-0.7245435118675232,
0.09588873386383057,
-0.2524372637271881,
0.743707001209259,
0.3463607132434845,
-0.4026326835155487,
0.3119034171104431,
-0.5535651445388794,
-0.0005836387281306088,
-0.12382371723651886,
0.020851748064160347,
0.07541476935148239,
-0.15410414338111877,
-0.12572626769542694,
0.42285531759262085,
-0.8915812373161316,
-0.11560233682394028,
0.41190654039382935,
-0.08079816401004791,
0.36106884479522705,
0.36068347096443176,
-0.038593463599681854,
0.8575658202171326,
0.017794644460082054,
0.05239209532737732,
-0.49172642827033997,
-0.3235169053077698,
0.6721932291984558,
-0.3695536255836487,
-0.07669004797935486,
-1.3956269025802612,
0.1241348460316658,
-0.4163062870502472,
-0.2989310026168823,
-0.1871265321969986,
0.37370964884757996,
-0.5751261711120605,
-0.2533871829509735,
0.05446237698197365,
-0.7015604972839355,
0.021247731521725655,
0.7622627019882202,
-0.22518691420555115,
0.0681106373667717,
0.581993579864502,
0.2531384527683258,
-0.022112004458904266,
-0.14166919887065887,
-0.2711367905139923,
-0.2511868476867676,
-0.4771477282047272,
-0.7474481463432312,
-0.39137789607048035,
-0.15060952305793762,
0.19610443711280823,
0.2563113570213318,
0.0036499686539173126,
0.6745682954788208,
0.20410071313381195,
0.016917986795306206,
-0.03185088559985161,
-0.06196179613471031,
-0.0998154953122139,
-0.5241758823394775,
0.4615222215652466,
0.326852411031723,
-0.47761213779449463,
0.14850950241088867,
0.03189482167363167,
-0.031921833753585815,
0.3184818923473358,
0.5747074484825134,
-0.3017948269844055,
0.20411650836467743,
-0.40939784049987793,
0.012573473155498505,
0.5422495603561401,
-0.16265112161636353,
-0.05660656839609146,
0.5475638508796692,
-0.5211345553398132,
-0.13229647278785706,
-0.1417621225118637,
0.37338361144065857,
-0.1334025263786316,
0.22984248399734497,
-0.789890468120575,
0.24432122707366943,
-0.26130425930023193,
-0.8307893872261047,
0.2219405323266983,
0.8573482036590576,
-0.34517720341682434,
-0.30850255489349365,
-0.2447950690984726,
0.49945464730262756,
1.0618637800216675,
0.22746174037456512,
0.04907120391726494,
-0.49295297265052795,
-0.11512365937232971,
0.037648461759090424,
0.2603347599506378,
0.3499602973461151,
-0.2159784585237503,
0.19931943714618683,
-0.0023226472549140453,
0.07104694843292236,
-0.27508389949798584,
0.18059983849525452,
0.6375892758369446,
0.4559512436389923,
-0.26980701088905334,
0.4425886869430542,
-0.05370769649744034,
-0.4958105981349945,
-0.08526279777288437,
0.27868619561195374,
0.591421365737915,
1.081957221031189,
0.06423520296812057,
0.058458972722291946,
-0.5350643396377563,
0.6584662199020386,
0.8439024090766907,
-0.8386727571487427,
-0.7038196325302124,
0.3461994528770447,
0.10782980173826218,
-0.5460042357444763,
-0.14624111354351044,
0.417136549949646,
-0.27829793095588684,
-0.3027862310409546,
0.3726111352443695,
-0.13880157470703125,
0.24775446951389313,
-0.2374875396490097,
0.2946905195713043,
-0.36672285199165344,
0.12276836484670639,
0.3748413324356079,
-0.34505680203437805,
0.2696729898452759,
-0.42307010293006897,
-0.5742324590682983,
-0.269465833902359,
-0.22172097861766815,
0.31259995698928833,
-0.25414684414863586,
-0.09250138700008392,
-0.07667702436447144,
-0.33584064245224,
0.27473992109298706,
-0.8338292837142944,
0.1812344342470169,
0.1025884747505188,
-0.504263162612915,
-0.18589845299720764,
0.009255788289010525,
0.40021857619285583,
-0.29469069838523865,
-0.11412487924098969,
0.19616471230983734,
0.0768560916185379,
0.2114580124616623,
0.12617531418800354,
-0.4925317168235779,
-0.0650983676314354,
0.20660530030727386,
-0.8165207505226135,
-0.15173251926898956,
0.3145870566368103,
0.6256147623062134,
-0.3771457076072693,
-0.8487075567245483,
0.6768587231636047,
0.48154813051223755,
-0.3114156126976013,
-0.28813812136650085,
-0.489483505487442,
0.6864914894104004,
-0.711461067199707,
-0.1122521162033081,
-0.6602636575698853,
-0.010850074701011181,
0.41381770372390747,
-0.2147964984178543,
-0.461105078458786,
-0.208174929022789,
-0.44580942392349243,
-0.061268605291843414,
0.24116766452789307,
-0.5182602405548096,
-0.7411895394325256,
0.48126164078712463,
-0.7718738913536072,
-0.3306773602962494,
0.29392552375793457,
0.8694239854812622,
0.25588005781173706,
0.09879408031702042,
-0.23424586653709412,
0.07666197419166565,
-0.32999202609062195,
-0.3338092863559723,
-0.1239589974284172,
-0.12670603394508362,
0.4249662458896637,
0.1658146232366562,
-0.2649555802345276,
0.39406296610832214,
-1.1018041372299194,
-0.37858468294143677,
0.027093028649687767,
-0.3827831447124481,
-0.25302258133888245,
-0.021504521369934082,
0.13210105895996094,
-0.20972639322280884,
0.4115094542503357,
-0.6069300174713135,
-0.026535023003816605,
0.1288806051015854,
-0.2712492346763611,
-0.05322112888097763,
-0.0687645748257637,
-0.3297571539878845,
0.7304482460021973,
0.15707112848758698,
-0.16226087510585785,
-0.10262594372034073,
0.40002283453941345,
-0.2781808078289032,
-0.09537797421216965,
-0.017146488651633263,
-0.6036831736564636,
0.0753319188952446,
-0.4305761456489563,
0.27763107419013977,
0.578945517539978,
-0.26334747672080994,
-0.21041999757289886,
0.2584397494792938,
-0.34282392263412476,
0.011773999780416489,
0.3238109052181244,
0.34630945324897766,
0.23896056413650513,
0.8477559685707092,
-0.09708619862794876,
-0.14116358757019043,
0.6070188879966736,
-0.26450544595718384,
-0.11215697973966599,
0.6174367070198059,
0.25545641779899597,
0.9716421365737915,
-0.03944205492734909,
-0.800146222114563,
-0.20509973168373108,
0.3646217882633209,
-0.3418191969394684,
0.20218302309513092,
-0.4907356798648834,
-0.22452308237552643,
0.2942645251750946,
0.821326732635498,
-0.21528010070323944,
-0.8038403391838074,
0.16097421944141388,
-0.2567216455936432,
0.4001578986644745,
1.006681203842163,
-0.39167314767837524,
-0.7289110422134399,
0.677444577217102,
0.05881388112902641,
0.4855022132396698,
-0.03722372651100159,
-0.1080605611205101,
0.31642070412635803,
-0.5442724823951721,
0.25252991914749146,
-0.1784021407365799,
0.06241164728999138,
-0.340594083070755,
0.35893988609313965,
0.645745575428009,
0.19141030311584473,
0.021511349827051163,
-0.06576744467020035,
-0.17782706022262573,
0.5377071499824524,
-0.08149261772632599,
0.3926675021648407,
-0.15115070343017578,
0.4579082727432251,
0.045018989592790604,
-0.7964885830879211,
0.45568373799324036,
-0.20877139270305634,
-0.2426118403673172,
0.4752938747406006,
-0.0043596564792096615,
0.43537548184394836,
0.37952667474746704,
-0.16265317797660828,
0.5609828233718872,
-0.5220984220504761,
-0.5850299000740051,
0.4931868314743042,
-0.13082867860794067,
0.05354638397693634,
0.35214319825172424,
-0.21967051923274994,
-0.28631821274757385,
-0.2377970814704895,
-0.27015364170074463,
-0.1790742725133896,
0.30250000953674316,
0.041885633021593094,
-0.48185646533966064,
-0.5029914975166321,
0.9766907691955566,
0.05717463418841362,
0.5866348147392273,
0.16491055488586426,
0.48299872875213623,
0.039509572088718414,
0.4234215021133423,
-0.6174871921539307,
-0.35310599207878113,
-0.44391128420829773,
0.31835389137268066,
-0.5684655904769897,
0.3118929862976074,
0.4837186634540558,
0.21363744139671326,
-0.012817963026463985,
-0.07737162709236145,
-0.1238950565457344,
-0.16334344446659088,
0.7858477830886841,
-0.3676115870475769,
-0.2611318528652191,
-0.20702242851257324,
0.3684079349040985,
-0.7125972509384155,
0.7412684559822083,
0.08555297553539276,
-0.5031740069389343,
-0.19174376130104065,
0.7743055820465088,
-0.16570822894573212,
-0.5780144333839417,
0.17308905720710754,
-0.7610652446746826,
-0.36164456605911255,
-0.5171267986297607,
0.2675456404685974,
-0.392332524061203,
0.13249565660953522,
0.13122673332691193,
0.4452444016933441,
0.42186087369918823,
-0.4002418518066406,
0.24508877098560333,
0.3286769688129425,
0.46188783645629883,
-0.03956880420446396,
-0.5770251154899597,
0.4841458797454834,
-0.5702281594276428,
-0.129988893866539,
-0.053160861134529114,
0.7944034934043884,
-0.18371380865573883,
-0.3514232039451599,
-0.03358571603894234,
0.047272201627492905,
0.4248104393482208,
-0.3062950074672699,
0.002901592990383506,
-0.5262236595153809,
0.0070019252598285675,
-0.09060826897621155
] |
236475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble%20%28board%20game%29 | Trouble (board game) | Trouble (known as Frustration in the UK and Kimble in Finland) is a board game in which players compete to be the first to send four pieces all the way around a board. Pieces are moved according to the roll of a die using a contained device called a "Pop-O-Matic". Trouble was developed by the Kohner Brothers and initially manufactured by Irwin Toy Ltd., later by Milton Bradley (now part of Hasbro). The game was launched in America in 1965. The classic version is now marketed by Winning Moves Games USA. The gameplay, board, and concept is derivative of the Indian board game Ludo.
A similar game called Headache was also produced by the Milton Bradley Company; besides a different track layout, its pawns are conical, in contrast to the cylindrical pieces used in Trouble.
Gameplay
Players can send opponents' pieces back to the start by landing on them. Teaming is not allowed in the game. Pieces are protected from capture after arriving in the final four slots. Unlike more complex race games such as Parcheesi, counters cannot be maneuvered to block opponents' moves.
The most notable feature of Trouble is the "Pop-O-Matic" die container. This device is a clear plastic hemisphere containing the die, placed over a flexible sheet. Players roll the die by pressing down quickly on the bubble, which flexes the sheet and causes the die to tumble upon its rebound. The Pop-O-Matic container produces a popping sound when it is used, and prevents the die from being lost (and players from cheating by improper rolling). It allows for quick die rolls, and players' turns can be performed in rapid succession. The die is imprinted with Arabic numerals rather than the traditional circular pips (though the circular pips are used in the Travel version, which contains a cover to keep the pegs from being lost).
Players may move pieces out of their start only when the die lands on 6. Getting a 6 at any point in the game also allows the player to take another turn, even if the player cannot move any of their pieces (as they cannot land on any of their own pieces). They can also move a new piece out even if they have another piece currently in play, and can also do the same if another player's piece is occupying their "start" space, but cannot do so when one of their own pieces is occupying their "start" space.
If the die in the "Pop-O-Matic" container has not clearly landed on a number, then the player who popped it can tap the "Pop-O-Matic", but may not re-pop while the die is in limbo.
Editions
Double Trouble (1987) was originally published by Milton Bradley. It is currently being produced in the USA by Winning Moves Games USA. Each player moves two pieces along a path, using separate Pop-o-Matic dice-roller devices.
References
External links
Board games introduced in 1965
Cross and circle games
Children's board games
Roll-and-move board games
Milton Bradley Company games
Articles containing video clips | [
-0.25785544514656067,
0.015132633969187737,
-0.044438790529966354,
-0.10650931298732758,
-0.40208396315574646,
0.14957471191883087,
0.36296796798706055,
-0.21745114028453827,
-0.8814350962638855,
0.1322721540927887,
-0.3073626458644867,
0.03670012950897217,
-0.6163173317909241,
0.033743780106306076,
0.0158497616648674,
0.034123461693525314,
0.9734386801719666,
0.07211605459451675,
-0.7175780534744263,
-0.1607562154531479,
-0.09780118614435196,
0.08206925541162491,
0.2615315020084381,
-0.3978451192378998,
0.3126299977302551,
0.07033014297485352,
0.012505944818258286,
0.29068735241889954,
-0.09729626029729843,
-0.10118945688009262,
-0.004382979590445757,
0.7343026399612427,
0.6013015508651733,
-0.5249360203742981,
-0.020064840093255043,
-0.07484497874975204,
0.1367732435464859,
-0.13383907079696655,
-0.264916330575943,
-0.5226469039916992,
0.5170912742614746,
0.39763718843460083,
-0.18953844904899597,
0.26235008239746094,
0.11488111317157745,
-0.07877650111913681,
-1.1689097881317139,
0.03202156722545624,
-0.8459904193878174,
-0.1490374654531479,
-0.8328397274017334,
0.9494519829750061,
-0.09467439353466034,
0.6164690256118774,
-0.0009218002669513226,
0.3262253701686859,
-0.6354056596755981,
0.15349926054477692,
-0.15111061930656433,
-0.13095217943191528,
0.20968106389045715,
0.07869238406419754,
0.38462209701538086,
-0.06775197386741638,
-0.21253058314323425,
0.3828222453594208,
-0.11529584228992462,
0.8285573124885559,
0.07295367121696472,
-0.47257697582244873,
-0.3111417293548584,
-0.6598930954933167,
-0.19373387098312378,
-0.2169104516506195,
0.2911454141139984,
-0.00420701690018177,
0.28930747509002686,
-0.07532066851854324,
0.2684198021888733,
0.03359416127204895,
-0.5082040429115295,
0.4891418218612671,
0.6897871494293213,
-0.4540032148361206,
0.9137171506881714,
-0.2224741131067276,
-0.28867077827453613,
0.513832151889801,
0.26346340775489807,
0.7888689041137695,
0.6268795132637024,
-0.525688111782074,
0.2674376666545868,
0.09466277062892914,
-0.020227884873747826,
-0.24052220582962036,
0.24111907184123993,
0.07554702460765839,
0.279315710067749,
-0.12112035602331161,
0.4690244197845459,
0.2180698812007904,
0.7983672022819519,
0.2497873157262802,
-0.2518685460090637,
-0.08107239007949829,
0.28877198696136475,
-0.8259851336479187,
-0.11118409037590027,
0.1141919419169426,
-0.49389296770095825,
-0.4496224522590637,
0.16633781790733337,
0.029179412871599197,
-0.45766663551330566,
-0.08268410712480545,
-0.13641832768917084,
0.5564417243003845,
-0.2578371465206146,
0.3715386688709259,
-0.08152098953723907,
0.0643676146864891,
0.20486760139465332,
0.42393141984939575,
0.5321822762489319,
-0.162371426820755,
0.09596029669046402,
0.8702816963195801,
-0.2677493989467621,
0.31946614384651184,
0.36834242939949036,
0.3432322144508362,
-0.13655222952365875,
-0.006283579859882593,
-0.3589779734611511,
-0.2768767178058624,
0.5016118884086609,
0.2436475306749344,
0.08696333318948746,
-0.0070578837767243385,
-0.8628029823303223,
0.4718974828720093,
0.08096843957901001,
-0.1623135805130005,
0.4804985225200653,
-0.11361023783683777,
-0.3566391170024872,
-0.4876255691051483,
0.04169229790568352,
0.09545744955539703,
0.08312029391527176,
-0.22397999465465546,
0.23700793087482452,
-0.06303562968969345,
-0.3775138258934021,
0.22558611631393433,
-0.5495331287384033,
-0.4621478021144867,
-0.330859512090683,
0.059674449265003204,
0.07592890411615372,
0.20481322705745697,
-0.06709107756614685,
-0.14103299379348755,
0.03754517063498497,
-0.09761369973421097,
0.44255590438842773,
0.049281809478998184,
0.21920642256736755,
0.06511867791414261,
-0.3314027488231659,
0.601225733757019,
0.7975845336914062,
-0.10966246575117111,
0.0731620118021965,
0.19229798018932343,
0.503097414970398,
0.5671699643135071,
0.6493595838546753,
-0.42028379440307617,
-0.6455915570259094,
-0.05285397544503212,
0.30465060472488403,
-0.48604804277420044,
0.10547275841236115,
0.21807989478111267,
0.2004142850637436,
-0.6345092058181763,
-0.12063708901405334,
0.05349419638514519,
-0.4359026551246643,
0.2001708447933197,
0.5151854753494263,
-0.25083595514297485,
1.258832573890686,
-0.12648798525333405,
-0.6535854339599609,
0.22703343629837036,
0.35297805070877075,
0.147715225815773,
-0.18752335011959076,
-0.205734983086586,
0.3488776683807373,
0.24099865555763245,
-0.6622349619865417,
0.43493378162384033,
-0.358085572719574,
0.49074122309684753,
-0.15662911534309387,
0.28324851393699646,
-0.14434392750263214,
-0.8160067200660706,
0.2140544354915619,
0.24987050890922546,
0.1907351315021515,
0.34029167890548706,
-0.1905837059020996,
0.07975874841213226,
0.3900168836116791,
-0.3518415093421936,
0.014878458343446255,
0.10839632153511047,
-0.19908128678798676,
0.605543315410614,
-0.2896553575992584,
0.719375729560852,
0.2977046072483063,
0.2117045819759369,
0.4751666486263275,
-0.2597879469394684,
-0.12944352626800537,
0.8180670142173767,
0.48368039727211,
-0.6059148907661438,
-0.2971181869506836,
-0.22541870176792145,
0.265699565410614,
-0.4816707670688629,
0.32232269644737244,
-0.3220486640930176,
-0.023859543725848198,
0.33549636602401733,
-0.2659870982170105,
-0.17335949838161469,
0.3543352782726288,
0.44450482726097107,
-0.18287326395511627,
0.26262083649635315,
0.05639535188674927,
0.2844231128692627,
0.3080592453479767,
0.12767243385314941,
0.25108587741851807,
-0.5131242871284485,
-0.2639292776584625,
-0.41464343667030334,
-0.21600767970085144,
0.02985450252890587,
0.2976226210594177,
0.20619931817054749,
-0.7684697508811951,
0.10930421203374863,
-0.3353746831417084,
-0.08065558969974518,
-0.2475748062133789,
-0.6102955341339111,
-0.7225813269615173,
0.026433832943439484,
0.13837145268917084,
0.17929846048355103,
0.3721258342266083,
-0.32251444458961487,
-0.6653245091438293,
-0.2393968254327774,
-0.10018116980791092,
-0.43757694959640503,
0.2570152282714844,
-0.029067447409033775,
-0.21232084929943085,
-0.8217192888259888,
-0.20677943527698517,
0.5258307456970215,
0.0886177271604538,
-0.4681607186794281,
-0.07535950094461441,
-0.0575101301074028,
0.2358628362417221,
-0.07779258489608765,
0.029689408838748932,
-0.14830581843852997,
0.11465610563755035,
0.2862337529659271,
-0.24648073315620422,
0.04137338697910309,
0.8076574802398682,
0.42800986766815186,
-0.33481961488723755,
0.4661591053009033,
0.8597492575645447,
-0.18200384080410004,
0.4175117015838623,
0.03030470944941044,
-0.4459759294986725,
-0.003513926174491644,
0.07434029132127762,
-0.6605594754219055,
-0.4764046370983124,
-0.4599488377571106,
-5.979548931121826,
-0.013880829326808453,
-0.44788554310798645,
-0.02551625669002533,
0.09330454468727112,
0.3980918526649475,
0.30520161986351013,
-0.22400814294815063,
0.08911886066198349,
0.058901164680719376,
-0.3124511241912842,
-0.10765179991722107,
-0.14073620736598969,
-0.040860213339328766,
0.5621906518936157,
0.40849539637565613,
0.29434695839881897,
-0.08333713561296463,
0.021415647119283676,
-0.01903095841407776,
-0.3341365456581116,
0.6788012385368347,
0.5687451958656311,
0.258426696062088,
-0.42636656761169434,
0.9673932790756226,
0.15680314600467682,
-0.2708183228969574,
-0.09740882366895676,
0.25547218322753906,
-0.09270405769348145,
-0.29697030782699585,
-0.20414027571678162,
-0.6837479472160339,
-0.05870699882507324,
-0.08680429309606552,
0.6329475045204163,
0.032802462577819824,
-0.14630140364170074,
0.036039479076862335,
-0.32463791966438293,
0.4361155033111572,
1.0886977910995483,
0.23569071292877197,
0.770188570022583,
0.08255685865879059,
-0.2739463448524475,
-0.803125262260437,
-0.33440274000167847,
0.48063215613365173,
0.4495451748371124,
-0.14022840559482574,
0.09650527685880661,
-0.2625134587287903,
0.06584405153989792,
-0.006378579419106245,
0.23862773180007935,
-0.04510783404111862,
-0.150401771068573,
0.31782135367393494,
0.3012475073337555,
-0.3190828561782837,
-0.220314159989357,
-0.047025807201862335,
0.42268022894859314,
-0.5296252369880676,
-0.20427793264389038,
0.23725900053977966,
0.7026963233947754,
0.1407894492149353,
-0.11304843425750732,
-0.14497698843479156,
0.2590152323246002,
-0.8321477174758911,
0.2173539400100708,
0.1803715080022812,
0.0992560088634491,
0.41910701990127563,
0.3286600708961487,
0.12565957009792328,
-0.25314050912857056,
-0.3975805938243866,
-0.2703709304332733,
-0.32926493883132935,
-0.12240833789110184,
-0.8850982785224915,
-0.44361814856529236,
0.34596776962280273,
-0.4313068389892578,
0.5707376599311829,
0.4955156743526459,
-0.20224054157733917,
0.22640806436538696,
0.26036739349365234,
0.8062537312507629,
1.1923989057540894,
-0.08318646997213364,
-0.019644679501652718,
0.16483058035373688,
-0.3339250385761261,
0.48933932185173035,
-0.6585932970046997,
0.4789535105228424,
-0.5814389586448669,
-0.4864533841609955,
0.1693984419107437,
-0.5675253868103027,
0.47230052947998047,
0.41835758090019226,
0.017029959708452225,
0.1554388552904129,
-0.07911435514688492,
-0.7086096405982971,
0.12517330050468445,
0.28977248072624207,
-0.011205983348190784,
-0.1817229986190796,
0.45594584941864014,
0.2077871561050415,
-0.6057851910591125,
-0.2520690858364105,
0.30088263750076294,
0.12785853445529938,
-0.2671337127685547,
-0.7388263940811157,
0.11137699335813522,
-0.05484806001186371,
-0.3429183065891266,
0.878572404384613,
0.33903786540031433,
0.0733225867152214,
0.09128452092409134,
-0.05528322607278824,
-0.3446124494075775,
0.11376793682575226,
-0.2739666700363159,
-0.03596177324652672,
0.06626282632350922,
-0.3773879110813141,
-0.2873162627220154,
0.2826717793941498,
-0.6609570980072021,
0.1592978537082672,
0.2842765748500824,
0.12440881133079529,
-0.2522020637989044,
-0.45271581411361694,
-0.3192403018474579,
0.022166818380355835,
0.7534924745559692,
-0.2844869792461395,
-0.5315924882888794,
0.4216403067111969,
-0.5987879037857056,
-0.00008987406909000129,
-0.1758633702993393,
-0.3188526928424835,
-0.08658404648303986,
-0.2468617707490921,
-0.45920419692993164,
0.10434769093990326,
-0.5964850187301636,
-1.1805235147476196,
-0.06651323288679123,
0.10765353590250015,
-0.06148945912718773,
-0.23256604373455048,
-0.5334606170654297,
-0.16505569219589233,
0.4305012822151184,
-0.113728366792202,
-0.5874329805374146,
-0.05433628708124161,
0.21103353798389435,
0.4948969781398773,
-0.2928933799266815,
0.12497337907552719,
-0.4977506697177887,
0.12070304900407791,
-0.4746015667915344,
-0.5157483816146851,
-0.242744579911232,
0.06353184580802917,
0.5101573467254639,
0.24506542086601257,
-0.7812691330909729,
0.04361870884895325,
0.5820461511611938,
-0.09637551009654999,
-0.354081928730011,
0.36272406578063965,
0.602700412273407,
0.13244248926639557,
0.26985597610473633,
-0.3646067976951599,
0.04205234721302986,
-0.07160564512014389,
0.36062726378440857,
-0.17034012079238892,
-0.2308325171470642,
0.34259527921676636,
-0.12466596812009811,
-0.12002116441726685,
-0.16730456054210663,
0.6381091475486755,
-0.4230354130268097,
0.5025096535682678,
0.05181116610765457,
-0.6951451897621155,
0.5263175964355469,
0.043535470962524414,
-0.1412249505519867,
-0.6461541652679443,
0.49338623881340027,
-0.48848679661750793,
-0.5801956653594971,
-0.11547351628541946,
-0.5855439305305481,
-0.004943937994539738,
-0.12177561968564987,
-0.5984312295913696,
-0.5405314564704895,
-0.7890570163726807,
-0.117490254342556,
-0.017902228981256485,
0.26401153206825256,
0.27543869614601135,
-1.0965168476104736,
0.6566388607025146,
0.2701522707939148,
0.3125496208667755,
-0.39418500661849976,
-0.04877958819270134,
0.07088314741849899,
0.40712451934814453,
0.14096473157405853,
-0.27994608879089355,
0.15753944218158722,
0.35942545533180237,
0.17402657866477966,
0.3310084939002991,
0.43588852882385254,
0.4995654821395874,
-0.2754672169685364,
0.0375535748898983,
0.42876148223876953,
0.5685139298439026,
-0.9296249151229858,
-0.35054096579551697,
0.2669714689254761,
0.22372551262378693,
-0.14076755940914154,
-0.06870346516370773,
0.247030571103096,
0.3107447326183319,
-0.7362549901008606,
0.11855267733335495,
-0.39616310596466064,
0.06644417345523834,
0.32114455103874207,
0.020289119333028793,
0.061141837388277054,
-0.14125289022922516,
-0.31148508191108704,
0.22041967511177063,
-0.09580723196268082,
-0.13946744799613953,
-0.5356664657592773,
-0.28533288836479187,
-0.14056289196014404,
-0.2968330681324005,
-0.553036093711853,
0.7761380672454834,
0.04289945960044861,
-0.027956336736679077,
-0.134532630443573,
-0.29005274176597595,
-0.46673384308815,
-0.3543549180030823,
0.20057415962219238,
-0.06315220892429352,
0.257972776889801,
-0.08176323771476746,
-0.09157860279083252,
0.6510616540908813,
-0.21064823865890503,
-0.11915864050388336,
-0.11776229739189148,
0.1648508459329605,
0.03233536332845688,
-0.3192199170589447,
-0.08694100379943848,
-0.17774467170238495,
0.1878199428319931,
-0.17163565754890442,
0.21861408650875092,
-0.14490972459316254,
-0.11971226334571838,
-0.006796327419579029,
-0.0740247368812561,
-0.46199730038642883,
0.4746154546737671,
0.0025972495786845684,
-0.7112556099891663,
0.08514205366373062,
0.03984786942601204,
-0.22671425342559814,
-0.4721755087375641,
-0.16703815758228302,
0.1594752073287964,
0.38758864998817444,
-0.1241404265165329,
-0.30760300159454346,
0.4913523197174072,
-0.20205157995224,
-0.28416141867637634,
0.8908904194831848,
-0.8457224369049072,
-0.04000198096036911,
0.5790194272994995,
0.2903977036476135,
-0.1237933561205864,
0.3925115764141083,
0.35100752115249634,
-0.3532303273677826,
-0.22943539917469025,
-0.28547829389572144,
-0.34348294138908386,
0.2886061370372772,
0.3273845314979553,
0.3903307616710663,
0.1567927896976471,
-0.3087932765483856,
0.4060570299625397,
-0.08967909216880798,
-0.3381144404411316,
0.3076511323451996,
-0.2717859745025635,
0.1455012410879135,
0.4014761447906494,
0.40785059332847595,
-0.0011091810883954167,
-0.2183200865983963,
-0.3120129406452179,
-0.39585307240486145,
0.03576722741127014,
0.7520182728767395,
-0.8157609701156616,
0.02512844279408455,
0.9096739888191223,
0.46785280108451843,
0.36236363649368286,
0.3564125597476959,
-0.023362349718809128,
0.12330378592014313,
-0.34898561239242554,
-0.06819631159305573,
-0.1670364886522293,
-0.2599391043186188,
-0.07674893736839294,
0.4643355906009674,
0.13335756957530975,
-0.07566507905721664,
-0.14369678497314453,
-0.030496491119265556,
0.24428877234458923,
0.1864756941795349,
-0.3056824207305908,
-0.14874215424060822,
0.455143541097641,
-0.295551061630249,
-0.08091619610786438,
0.21519149839878082,
0.6120656132698059,
-0.5327853560447693,
-0.24735939502716064,
0.5061056613922119,
0.5056605339050293,
0.39868655800819397,
0.5815761685371399,
-0.3638749122619629,
-0.057397086173295975,
-0.28600263595581055,
-0.2725015878677368,
-0.13882765173912048,
-0.42313769459724426,
0.15090180933475494,
0.07222519814968109,
-0.5293276906013489,
0.15830162167549133,
-0.0586099699139595,
-0.305828332901001,
-0.9700739979743958,
0.38262489438056946,
0.27605634927749634,
-0.31887146830558777,
0.21934106945991516,
0.6901363730430603,
0.05301132798194885,
0.43265700340270996,
-0.0022691329941153526,
-0.07900340110063553,
0.4426133930683136,
0.0730532556772232,
-0.25842440128326416,
0.24888908863067627,
-0.051587726920843124,
0.28794562816619873,
-0.782111406326294,
-0.03127263858914375,
0.5047411918640137,
0.1677902489900589,
0.1205826848745346,
-0.35599997639656067,
0.01823273114860058,
-0.35572654008865356,
0.31176167726516724,
-0.24196991324424744,
-0.060967039316892624,
-0.6905441880226135,
0.21512022614479065,
-0.008211960084736347,
0.12706632912158966,
0.15240009129047394,
0.0033597107976675034,
-0.1288534253835678,
0.08828246593475342,
-0.8813671469688416,
-0.6099530458450317,
0.7110406160354614,
-0.25763747096061707,
-0.19628046452999115,
-0.21173375844955444,
-0.20624449849128723,
0.15381155908107758,
-0.3855256140232086,
0.5964458584785461,
0.3535846173763275,
0.25084882974624634,
-0.3351098597049713,
0.5573017001152039,
-0.19104813039302826,
-0.31262198090553284,
0.42511752247810364,
-0.4377901256084442,
0.5671981573104858,
-0.22134092450141907,
0.21725036203861237,
-0.12457109987735748,
0.3420925438404083,
0.326801061630249,
-0.49852925539016724,
0.07013683021068573,
-0.14728184044361115,
0.08553443104028702,
-0.07656358927488327,
-0.14310574531555176,
-0.02411774732172489,
-0.3058978319168091,
0.2699952721595764
] |
236482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket%20province | Phuket province | Phuket (; , , or Tongkah) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. It consists of the island of Phuket, the country's largest island, and another 32 smaller islands off its coast. It lies off the west coast of Thailand in the Andaman Sea. Phuket Island is connected by the Sarasin Bridge to Phang Nga province to the north. The next nearest province is Krabi, to the east across Phang Nga Bay.
Phuket province has an area of , somewhat less than that of Singapore, and is the second-smallest province of Thailand. The island was on one of the major trading routes between India and China, and was frequently mentioned in foreign ships' logs of Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English traders, but was never colonised by a European power. It formerly derived its wealth from tin and rubber and now from tourism.
Toponymy
There are several possible derivations of the relatively recent name "Phuket" (of which the digraph ph represents an aspirated /pʰ/). One theory is it is derived from the word Bukit (Jawi: بوكيت) in Malay which means "hill", as this is what the island appears like from a distance.
Phuket was formerly known as Thalang ( Tha-Laang), derived from the old Malay "telong" (Jawi: تلوڠ) which means "cape". The northern district of the province, which was the location of the old capital, still uses this name. In Western sources and navigation charts, it was known as Junk Ceylon or Junkceylon (a corruption of the Malay Tanjung Salang, i.e., "Cape Salang").
Geography
Phuket is the largest island in Thailand. It is located in the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand. The island is mostly mountainous with a mountain range in the west of the island from the north to the south. The mountains of Phuket form the southern end of the Phuket mountain range, which ranges for from the Kra Isthmus.
Although some recent geographical works refer to the sections of the Tenasserim Hills in the isthmus as the "Phuket Range", these names are not found in classical geographic sources. Besides, the name Phuket is relatively recent having previously been named Jung Ceylon and Thalang. The highest elevation of the island is usually regarded as Khao Mai Thao Sip Song (Twelve Canes), at above sea level. However, it has been reported by barometric pressure readings that there is an even higher elevation (with no apparent name), of 542 meters above sea level, in the Kamala hills behind Kathu waterfall.
Its population was 249,446 in 2000, rising to 525,709 in the 2010 decennial census, the highest growth rate of all provinces nationwide at 7.4 percent annually. Some 600,000 people reside on Phuket currently, among them migrants, international ex-pats, Thais registered in other provinces, and locals. The registered population, however, includes only Thais who are registered in a thabian ban or house registration book, which most are not, and the end of 2012 was 360,905 persons.
Phuket is approximately south of Bangkok and covers an area of excluding small islets. It is estimated that Phuket would have a total area of approximately if all its outlying islands were included. Other islands are:
Ko Lone , Ko Maprao , Ko Naka Yai , Ko Racha Noi , Ko Racha Yai , and the second biggest, Ko Sire .
The island's length, from north to south, is and its width is .
Seventy percent of Phuket's area is covered with mountains which stretch from north to south. The remaining 30 percent are plains in the central and eastern parts of the island. It has a total of nine brooks and creeks but does not have any major rivers.
Forest, rubber, and palm oil plantations cover 60 percent of the island. The west coast has several sandy beaches. The east coast beaches are more often muddy. Near the southernmost point is Laem Phromthep (, "Brahma's Cape"), a popular viewpoint. In the mountainous north of the island is the Khao Phra Thaeo No-Hunting Area, protecting more than 20 km2 of the rainforest. The three highest peaks of this reserve are the Khao Prathiu (), Khao Bang Pae , and Khao Phara . The Sirinat National Park on the northwest coast was established in 1981 to protect an area of ( marine area), including the Nai Yang Beach where sea turtles lay their eggs. The total forest area is or 20.6 percent of provincial area.
The most popular (and overcrowded) tourist area on Phuket is Patong Beach on the central west coast, perhaps owing to the easy access to its wide and long beach. The closer you get to the Patong area, the more traffic and tourist actions you will encounter. Most of Phuket's nightlife and its shopping is in Patong, and the area has become increasingly developed. Patong means "the forest filled with banana leaves" in Thai. South of Patong lie Karon Beach, Kata Beach, Kata Noi Beach, and around the southern tip of the island, Nai Han Beach and Rawai. To the north of Patong are Kamala Beach, Surin Beach, and Bang Tao Beach. These areas are generally much less developed than Patong. To the southeast is Bon Island and to the south are several coral islands. The Similan Islands lie to the northwest and the Phi Phi Islands which are part of Krabi province, to the southeast.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Phuket features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Due to its proximity to the equator, in the year, there is little variation in temperatures. The city has an average annual high of and an annual low of . Phuket has a dry season that runs from December to March and a wet season that covers the remaining eight months. However, like many cities that feature a tropical monsoon climate, Phuket sees some precipitation even during its dry season. Phuket averages roughly of rain.
History
16th-18th century: European contact
The Portuguese explorer Fernão Mendes Pinto arrived in Siam in 1545. His accounts of the country go beyond Ayutthaya and include a reasonably detailed account of ports in the south of the Kingdom as well. Pinto was one of the first European explorers to detail Phuket in his travel accounts. He referred to the island as "Junk Ceylon", a name the Portuguese used for Phuket Island in their maps, mentioning the name seven times in his accounts. Pinto said that Junk Ceylon was a destination port where trading vessels made regular stops for supplies and provisions. However, during the mid-16th century, the island was in decline due to pirates and often rough and unpredictable seas, which deterred merchant vessels from visiting the island. Pinto mentioned several other notable port cities in his accounts, including Patani and Ligor, which is modern-day Nakhon Si Thamarat.
In the 17th century, the Dutch, English and, after the 1680s, the French, competed for the opportunity to trade with Junk Ceylon, which was a rich source of tin. In September 1680, a ship of the French East India Company visited the island and left with a full cargo of tin.
A year or two later, the Siamese King Narai, seeking to reduce Dutch and English influence, named as governor a French medical missionary, Brother René Charbonneau, a member of the Siam mission of the Société des Missions Étrangères. Charbonneau remained as governor until 1685.
In 1685, King Narai confirmed the French tin monopoly in Phuket to their ambassador, the Chevalier de Chaumont. Chaumont's former maître d'hôtel, Sieur de Billy, was named governor of the island. However, the French were expelled from Siam after the 1688 Siamese revolution. On 10 April 1689, Desfarges led an expedition to re-capture Thalang to restore French control in Siam. His occupation of the island led to nothing, and Desfarges returned to Puducherry in January 1690.
1785: Burmese invasion
Before the Burmese attacked Thalang in 1785 during the "Nine Armies' Wars", Francis Light, a British East India Company captain (and later founder of Penang), who had been based on the island for some years, notified the local administration that he had observed Burmese forces preparing to attack. The island's military governor had just died, so the Burmese thought that it could be easily seized. Than Phu Ying Chan, the widow of the recently deceased governor, and her sister Mook (คุณมุก) ordered the women of the island to dress as soldiers and take positions on the Thalang city walls. The Burmese called off their attack due to the perceived strength of the defences. Short of supplies, they retreated. After a month-long siege of the capital city, the Burmese were forced to retreat on 13 March 1785. The two women became local heroines, receiving the royal titles Thao Thep Kasattri and Thao Si Sunthon from a grateful King Rama I.
The seal of Phuket is a depiction of the Two Heroines Monument along Highway 402 in Phuket. This commemorates the sisters The seal is a circle surrounded by a kranok pattern and has been used since 1985.
19th–20th centuries
During the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) from 1 October 1868 to 23 October 1910, Phuket became the administrative centre of the tin-producing southern provinces. His reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn managed to save Siam from colonization.
In 1876, Mining laborer in Phuket and nearby provinces have formed a rebellion. This was due to the low tin price, the government's tight fiscal policy and Chinese laborers are not treated fairly.
In 1933 Monthon Phuket (มณฑลภูเก็ต) was dissolved and Phuket became a province.
21st century
2004 tsunami
On 26 December 2004, Phuket and other nearby areas on Thailand's west coast suffered damage when they were struck by a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake. The waves destroyed several highly populated areas in the region, killing up to 5,300 people in Thailand, and two hundred thousand more throughout the Asian region. Some 250 were reported dead in Phuket, including foreign tourists. Almost all of the major beaches on the west coast of Phuket, especially Kamala, Patong, Karon, and Kata sustained major damage, with some damage caused to resorts and villages on the island's southern beaches. Thailand's hardest-hit area was the Takua Pa District of Phang Nga province north of Phuket, where a thousand or more Burmese workers building new beach resorts died.
In December 2006, Thailand launched the first of 22 tsunami-detection buoys to be positioned around the Indian Ocean as part of a regional warning system. The satellite-linked deep-sea buoys float offshore, roughly midway between Thailand and Sri Lanka.
Demographics
As with most of Thailand, the majority of the population is Buddhist, but there is a significant number of Muslims (20 percent) in Phuket, mainly descendants of the island's original Austronesian peoples. Among the Muslims, many are of Malay descent. People of Chinese ancestry make up an even larger population, many of whom are descendants of the tin miners who migrated to Phuket during the 19th century. Peranakans, known as "Phuket Babas" in the local tongue, constitute a fair share of Chinese community members, particularly among those who have family ties with the Peranakans of Penang and Malacca.
Phuket provincial population in the preliminary count of the 2010 census was counted to be 525,018 people, including some 115,881 expatriates, or 21.1 per cent of the population. However, it is admitted this is inaccurate since the Phuket Provincial Employment Office currently records for more than 64,000 Burmese, Lao and Cambodian workers legally residing on the island. The Thai census figure for 2015 shows a population of 386,605 persons.
The number of people on Phuket island swells to over a million during the high season, as tourists, mainly from Western Europe, China, Russia, and the United States flock to Phuket around Christmas.
Religion
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
Phuket is divided into three districts (amphoe), which are further divided into 17 subdistricts (tambon), and 103 villages (muban).
Mueang Phuket
Kathu
Thalang
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Phuket Provincial Administration Organisation () and 12 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Phuket has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Kathu and Patong have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 9 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 6 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Economy
Tin mining was a major source of income for the island from the 16th century until petering out in the 20th century. In modern times, Phuket's economy has rested on two pillars: rubber tree plantations (making Thailand the biggest producer of rubber in the world) and tourism.
Since the 1980s, the sandy beaches on the west coast of the island have been developed as tourist destinations, with Patong, Karon, and Kata being the most popular. Since the 2004 tsunami, all damaged buildings and attractions have been restored. Phuket is being intensely developed, with many new hotels, apartments, and houses under construction.
In July 2005, Phuket was voted one of the world's top five retirement destinations by Fortune Magazine.
In 2017, Phuket received about 10 million visitors, most of them foreign, with China the leading contributor. Tourists generated some 385 billion baht in revenues, nearly 14 percent of the 2.77 trillion baht earned by the nation as a whole.
The first half of 2019 saw a dip in the number of tourists visiting Phuket, driving lower hotel occupancy rates leading to increased price competition. RevPAR (revenue per available room) is down. A decline in the number of tourists, combined with an oversupply of hotel rooms, is the root of the problem. Despite falling numbers, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) claims that tourism revenues have risen by 3.1% in the first half of 2019.
It is unclear how many hotel rooms Phuket has available. Oxfam says it has 60,000 hotel rooms for its 9.1 million annual visitors. The Bangkok Post in September 2019 reported that Phuket has 600 hotels with 40,000 rooms. Three weeks earlier it said that Phuket had 93,941 hotel rooms available, excluding villas and hostels, with an additional 15,000 projected to become available by 2024.
Transportation
Air
Phuket International Airport (HKT) commenced a 5.7 billion baht (US$185.7 million) expansion in September 2012, scheduled for completion on 14 February 2016. The airport will increase its annual handling capacity from 6.5 million to 12.5 million passengers, and add a new international terminal.
Rail
There is currently no rail line to Phuket. Trains run to Surat Thani 230 km away.
City transit
Songthaews are a common mode of transport on Phuket. Phuket's songthaews are larger than those found in other areas of Thailand. Songthaews are the cheapest mode of transportation from town to town. They travel between the town and beaches. There are also conventional bus services and motorbike taxis. The latter are found in large numbers in the main town and at Patong Beach. Traditional tuk-tuks have been replaced by small vans, mostly red, with some being yellow or green. Car taxis in Phuket are quite expensive and charge flat rates between towns. Privately run buses are available from the airport to Phuket Town and major beaches. It is often recommended by locals to take the ride-share company, Grab.
Bus
Phuket's Bus Station 2 BKS Terminal is the long-distance arrivals hub for buses to and from Bangkok and other major Thai cities and provinces. Located four kilometres to the north of Phuket's town centre and port, the complex is large and modern, linking with transportation by tuk-tuk, metered taxi, motorcycle taxi, songthaew, or local bus to the island's beaches and resorts. There are daily scheduled buses from private and government-run companies going to Phuket from Bangkok's Mo Chit and Southern terminal stations.
Tram
The Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (MRTA) announced in 2018 that bidding to construct a 60 kilometre-long, 23 station tram network in Phuket will commence in 2020. The 39 billion baht tram is part of the government's Private-Public-Partnership (PPP) plan which ensures it will be fast-tracked. The planned route stretches from Takua Thung District in Phang Nga province to Chalong in Phuket. Phase one will connect Phuket International Airport with Chalong, about 40 kilometres. It will take three years to complete.
Ferry
There are daily ferry boats that connect Phuket to neighboring islands Phi Phi and Koh Lanta. Ferries depart daily from Rassada Pier and Tonsai Pier, with service expanding each year. The average price for a one-way ticket ranges from 300 THB to 1500 THB.
Health
6 hospitals exist in Phuket. The main hospital in Phuket operated by the Ministry of Public Health is Vachira Phuket Hospital, with smaller hospitals at Thalang and Patong. 3 Private hospitals exist which are Phuket International Hospital, Bangkok Hospital Phuket and Mission Hospital Phuket.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Sport
In 2009, the club is formed as Phuket F.C., nicknamed The Southern Sea Kirins, and admitted to the Regional League South Division. Club home games to be played at Surakul Stadium. Sirirak Konthong named as the first ever coach of Phuket. In 2010 Phuket won the Southern Regional Division 2 and finished 2nd in the Division 2 Champions League after losing to Buriram FC in the final anyway the club promoted to 2011 Thai Division 1 League.
In 2009, the club is formed as Phuket F.C., sports_nicknamed The Southern Sea Kirins, and admitted to the Regional League South Division. Club home games to be played at Surakul Stadium. Sirirak Konthong named as the first ever coach of Phuket. In 2010 Phuket won the Southern Regional Division 2 and finished second in the Division 2 Champions League after losing to Buriram FC in the final anyway the club promoted to 2011 Thai Division 1 League.
In 2015, the club is relegated to 2016 Regional League Division 2 Southern Region.
In 2017, Phuket F.C. decided to dissolve the club due to financial problems about unfair contract cancellation.
In 2018, Phuket F.C. collapsed and combined with Banbueng F.C. In 2019 the club was renamed to Phuket City. However, the club was renamed back to Banbueng F.C. due to the take over of Banbueng's boards again. They have moved their ground back to IPE Chonburi Stadium in Chonburi too.
In 2020, Patong City participated 2020–21 Thai League 3 Southern Region, first time in professional league of club history.
Attractions
Two Heroines Monument (อนุสาวรีย์วีรสตรี), is the monument in Thalang District, a memorial statue of Thao Thep Kasattri (Kunying Jan) and Thao Sri Sunthon (Mook), who rallied islanders in 1785 to repel Burmese invaders.
Thalang National Museum (พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ ถลาง), established in 1985, on the 200th anniversary of the Thalang War.
Hat Karon (หาดกะรน) is the second largest of Phuket's tourist beaches, approximately from town.
Wat Chalong (วัดฉลองหรือวัดไชยธาราราม) has a statue of Luang Pho Cham, who helped the people of Phuket put down the Angyee in 1876 during the reign of Rama V.
Old Phuket Town in Phuket town, around Thalang, Dibuk, Yaowarat, Phang Nga, and Krabi Roads. The architecture is Sino-Portuguese-style.
Aquaria Phuket opened on August 24, 2019.
Freedom Beach, one of the prettiest beaches in the island, with incredibly soft white sand and clear blue waters. It is just a few minutes away from Patong Beach, accessible by boat or hiking.
A day trip to the Phi Phi Islands takes about 50 minutes when departing from Phuket by speedboat and these islands are a beautiful sight worth taking in.
Local culture
Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon Fair (งานท้าวเทพกระษัตรี - ท้าวศรีสุนทร) is held on March 13 every year to commemorate the two heroines who rallied the Thalang people to repel Burmese invaders.
Vegetarian Festival or Nine Emperor gods Festival (Hokkien Chinese language: 九皇勝會, Kiú-Hông Sēng-Huē or 九皇爺, Kiú-Hông Iâ; Phuket Chinese people Call 食菜節, Tsia̍h-tshài (เทศกาลกินเจ (กินผัก-เจี๊ยะฉ่าย)), is held on the first day of the ninth Chinese lunar month (end-Sep or early-Oct). Phuket islanders of Chinese ancestry commit themselves to a nine-day vegetarian diet, a form of purification believed to help make the forthcoming year trouble-free. The festival is marked by several ascetic displays, including fire-walking and ascending sharp-bladed ladders.
Ghost Festival or Phóo-tōo Festival (Hokkien Chinese language: 普渡節; Full name is Û-lân-phûn Sēng-Huē (Hokkien Chinese language: 盂蘭盆勝會)), is held on the middle day of the seventh Chinese lunar month. Intrinsic to the Ghost Festival is ancestor worship. Activities include preparing food offerings, burning incense and burning joss paper, a papier-mâché form of material items such as clothes, gold and other goods for the visiting spirits. Elaborate meals (often vegetarian) are served with empty seats for each of the deceased in the family. Other festivities may include, buying and releasing miniature paper boats and lanterns on water, which signifies giving direction to lost souls.
Phuket King's Cup Regatta (งานแข่งเรือใบชิงถ้วยพระราชทาน) is held every December. The Kata Beach Resort hosts yachtsmen, largely from neighbouring countries who compete for trophies.
Laguna Phuket Triathlon (ลากูน่าภูเก็ตไตรกีฬา) is held each December. The triathlon (a swim, a bike race and a run and a fun run) attracts athletes from all over the world.
Phuket Travel Fair (เทศกาลเปิดฤดูการท่องเที่ยวจังหวัดภูเก็ต), starting 1 November, is usually called the Patong Carnival, from the place where celebrations occur. Colourful parades, sports events and a beauty competition for foreign tourists are major activities. A popular festival, the Patong Carnival opening drew over 30,000 foreign and Thai tourists.
Chao Le (Sea Gypsy) Boat Floating Festival (งานประเพณีลอยเรือชาวเล) falls during the middle of the sixth and eleventh lunar months yearly. The sea gypsy villages at Rawai and Sapam hold their ceremonies on the 13th; Ko Si-re celebrates on the 14th; and Laem La (east of the bridge on Phuket's northern tip) on the 15th. Ceremonies, which centre on the setting small boats adrift similar to the Thai festival of Loi Krathong, are held at night and their purpose is to drive away evil and bring good luck.
Phuket Bike Week is the biggest motorcycle event in Asia. Motorcyclists with their motorcycles and visitors from many countries join this event in every year. The event highlights include a motorcycle exhibition, bike parades "Ride for Peace", custom bike contests, live entertainment, Miss Phuket Bike Week competition, bike accessories and apparel from local and international venders.
Twin towns and sister cities
Phuket province has a number of sister cities. They are:
Nice, France (1989)
Las Vegas, United States (1997)
Yantai, China (1997)
Port Blair, India (2005)
Hainan, China (2005)
Nakhodka, Russia (2006)
Suining, China (2016)
Macau, China (2018)
Gallery
References
External links
Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Phuket’s Historic Peranakan Community
Islands of Thailand
Provinces of Thailand
Southern Thailand
Andaman Sea
Strait of Malacca | [
0.03612196072936058,
0.1593012660741806,
0.32181718945503235,
0.023393478244543076,
-0.10551892220973969,
-0.07024547457695007,
0.2800631523132324,
0.6221060156822205,
-0.42140254378318787,
-0.055068060755729675,
-0.14139999449253082,
-0.3483039140701294,
-0.29885929822921753,
-0.000013707492144021671,
-0.4554584324359894,
0.7467359304428101,
1.0580071210861206,
0.03973069414496422,
0.22181092202663422,
-0.530468225479126,
-0.3613413870334625,
-0.47527098655700684,
0.5225359797477722,
-0.060142647475004196,
0.4398881494998932,
-0.026589298620820045,
0.15614773333072662,
0.7963212728500366,
0.7763842344284058,
-0.18220260739326477,
-0.23192334175109863,
0.3671175241470337,
-0.33301347494125366,
-0.16787078976631165,
0.06893451511859894,
0.23218223452568054,
0.09398987889289856,
-0.18198850750923157,
-0.19416454434394836,
-0.04509584233164787,
-0.24316753447055817,
-0.11555015295743942,
0.1003188043832779,
0.2065230756998062,
0.09929434955120087,
-1.4819881916046143,
-0.8209377527236938,
0.90046226978302,
-0.2824454605579376,
0.4828450083732605,
-0.9721090197563171,
0.499681681394577,
-0.17987439036369324,
-0.45964184403419495,
0.17507369816303253,
0.3282395601272583,
-1.0535873174667358,
0.15049102902412415,
-0.45584580302238464,
0.0870523527264595,
-0.11771686375141144,
0.5134017467498779,
-0.6903063058853149,
0.3667965233325958,
-0.2869110107421875,
0.32160308957099915,
0.002746925689280033,
0.29427987337112427,
0.1385156810283661,
-0.4800049960613251,
0.42064517736434937,
0.8708727955818176,
-0.1322689950466156,
0.2728893756866455,
0.0155018400400877,
-0.18096484243869781,
-0.5819795727729797,
-0.4864163398742676,
0.20188862085342407,
-0.12695255875587463,
0.12884333729743958,
0.1634863317012787,
0.7452967166900635,
-0.1224883645772934,
0.8405773043632507,
0.22126580774784088,
-0.30785971879959106,
0.13864102959632874,
0.030269451439380646,
-0.3187640607357025,
-0.0813947468996048,
-0.004960464779287577,
0.27101388573646545,
-0.3566487431526184,
-0.40909543633461,
-1.171683430671692,
-0.3693074882030487,
0.40164870023727417,
0.2699853181838989,
0.5749242901802063,
0.03599461168050766,
-0.257145494222641,
0.6239334344863892,
0.1709316521883011,
-1.3551015853881836,
-0.16350843012332916,
-0.33811771869659424,
-0.027407443150877953,
-0.3334122896194458,
-0.2532329559326172,
-0.8162882328033447,
0.04739493131637573,
-0.11865722388029099,
0.3850736916065216,
0.17797257006168365,
0.1493447870016098,
0.31571725010871887,
-0.05953067168593407,
0.3309612274169922,
-0.9220990538597107,
0.17149507999420166,
0.24574054777622223,
-0.34124788641929626,
0.7197079658508301,
0.4935086965560913,
0.10385499149560928,
0.3976282477378845,
-0.3023530840873718,
-0.003976061008870602,
0.5269052982330322,
0.4319034814834595,
0.8703193664550781,
-0.23763719201087952,
0.0693155825138092,
0.17194510996341705,
-0.21491065621376038,
0.44744932651519775,
0.9068259596824646,
0.3515418469905853,
-0.27852463722229004,
-1.2394614219665527,
0.4243418872356415,
-0.8456869125366211,
0.19030576944351196,
-0.029561448842287064,
-0.5696847438812256,
-0.5931941866874695,
-0.5106407403945923,
-0.3243834972381592,
-0.24496376514434814,
0.3407241404056549,
0.1899600476026535,
-0.20109935104846954,
0.4294767379760742,
-0.6406165361404419,
-0.19439242780208588,
0.6596211791038513,
0.05861582234501839,
0.34573325514793396,
-0.09920200705528259,
-0.026794185861945152,
-0.10198777914047241,
-0.17977085709571838,
-0.09115796536207199,
0.6631751656532288,
-0.06803888827562332,
-0.11562269181013107,
0.44562044739723206,
-0.43116509914398193,
0.6368767619132996,
-0.5793054103851318,
-0.14220619201660156,
-0.13940200209617615,
-0.17061206698417664,
0.44104206562042236,
-0.17863324284553528,
-0.4446426331996918,
0.5187020897865295,
-0.11212135851383209,
-0.05476000905036926,
-0.838430643081665,
0.5578334331512451,
0.13212472200393677,
-0.0108757009729743,
0.018374331295490265,
-0.21784453094005585,
0.5691120624542236,
0.08543826639652252,
-0.014410058967769146,
0.6019499897956848,
-0.45688292384147644,
-0.4438573122024536,
0.5054662823677063,
0.23561927676200867,
0.5221052169799805,
0.581587016582489,
0.575040876865387,
0.4265938997268677,
-0.1453314870595932,
0.8708524703979492,
0.1538177728652954,
-0.07727538794279099,
0.44614583253860474,
-0.136480450630188,
-0.6358500123023987,
0.7588889598846436,
-0.008699667640030384,
0.32180508971214294,
0.47626984119415283,
0.6320818662643433,
0.3503396511077881,
-0.32744649052619934,
-0.3773716986179352,
-0.13773931562900543,
-0.12676145136356354,
-0.49599653482437134,
-0.17354103922843933,
0.0682167187333107,
0.21541200578212738,
-0.1876608282327652,
-0.10409242659807205,
0.04994843527674675,
-0.4876481592655182,
0.6828078627586365,
-0.16569289565086365,
1.0099095106124878,
0.05025550350546837,
0.17658162117004395,
0.06420501321554184,
-0.41265255212783813,
0.3591305911540985,
-0.4116272032260895,
0.6008387804031372,
-0.12068422883749008,
-0.12703853845596313,
-0.2012501358985901,
-0.26910400390625,
-0.24602313339710236,
0.3502327799797058,
-1.1342004537582397,
0.22726060450077057,
-0.0717177465558052,
-0.5994900465011597,
0.13482415676116943,
0.33996301889419556,
0.6110253930091858,
-0.776033878326416,
0.28839150071144104,
-0.0255469661206007,
-0.0011606711195781827,
-0.07491021603345871,
-0.054967526346445084,
0.3955959975719452,
-0.16799643635749817,
-0.15004579722881317,
-0.18331289291381836,
-0.23964807391166687,
0.07908433675765991,
0.33778268098831177,
-0.4679892659187317,
-0.5229793787002563,
0.005980782676488161,
0.6466953754425049,
0.409807413816452,
-0.28221890330314636,
-0.16413860023021698,
0.25991106033325195,
-0.8506208062171936,
0.2938288152217865,
0.23551785945892334,
-0.24574699997901917,
-0.6391652226448059,
-0.4836214482784271,
-0.2051534801721573,
-0.7766222357749939,
-0.6484063863754272,
0.19881758093833923,
0.4478956162929535,
-0.9901268482208252,
-0.22795812785625458,
0.32865968346595764,
0.956697940826416,
0.315877228975296,
-0.8114670515060425,
0.007991358637809753,
0.0778430923819542,
-0.15227460861206055,
-0.22499433159828186,
-0.27906545996665955,
0.5444166660308838,
-0.2108781784772873,
-0.28126516938209534,
-0.6630324721336365,
-0.06295303255319595,
-0.4065612852573395,
-0.819687008857727,
-0.08682677149772644,
0.10832738131284714,
1.0717054605484009,
-0.6398336887359619,
-0.5315126180648804,
-0.05550447106361389,
-0.2770054340362549,
0.3925393223762512,
-0.15372426807880402,
-0.675431489944458,
-0.07371428608894348,
0.3477005660533905,
-5.256890773773193,
-0.6518697142601013,
-0.12440884858369827,
-0.6324813365936279,
0.3103371560573578,
-0.1384049355983734,
0.3843427896499634,
-0.6132783889770508,
0.15619021654129028,
0.08048321306705475,
0.018801376223564148,
-0.2151302993297577,
0.2911711037158966,
0.4752233624458313,
0.16708548367023468,
0.5280050039291382,
-0.4582262635231018,
0.16963768005371094,
0.8046314120292664,
0.18788176774978638,
0.05188710615038872,
0.016750313341617584,
-0.0604473240673542,
0.3814239203929901,
0.1758284717798233,
0.8787879347801208,
-0.0484284833073616,
-0.5520884990692139,
-1.0859153270721436,
-0.6509260535240173,
-0.6948015093803406,
0.08572043478488922,
0.39105352759361267,
0.050244688987731934,
-0.264562726020813,
-0.5428179502487183,
0.836872935295105,
0.48174768686294556,
-0.16940826177597046,
-0.24467052519321442,
-0.13263142108917236,
0.0714545026421547,
-0.3271791338920593,
0.11763447523117065,
0.23874108493328094,
-0.5802924633026123,
-0.6020328998565674,
-0.6946989893913269,
-0.3971861004829407,
0.3900774419307709,
0.28695088624954224,
0.21831382811069489,
0.6206220388412476,
0.1543232649564743,
-0.3402671217918396,
0.26216134428977966,
-0.09923392534255981,
-0.2527908682823181,
-0.19024598598480225,
0.4907461106777191,
0.6045745015144348,
0.0956682413816452,
-0.7809664607048035,
-0.13915692269802094,
0.3637144863605499,
-0.3947012722492218,
0.5431070327758789,
-0.21886864304542542,
0.055150698870420456,
0.11382164061069489,
-0.7080459594726562,
-0.23809969425201416,
-0.39026883244514465,
-0.743687093257904,
-0.18165861070156097,
-0.3386235535144806,
-0.620278537273407,
0.060631632804870605,
0.08056744933128357,
0.11605523526668549,
-0.44272616505622864,
0.5055630207061768,
0.4790821671485901,
1.3053704500198364,
0.07095837593078613,
-0.8376940488815308,
-0.23002475500106812,
0.36150577664375305,
0.3148059844970703,
0.21893326938152313,
0.2329486608505249,
-0.4258773624897003,
0.6710256934165955,
0.2790028750896454,
-0.05748969316482544,
0.3065284490585327,
0.586537778377533,
0.0952773317694664,
0.022341452538967133,
-0.8272489309310913,
0.532306969165802,
-0.1399288773536682,
0.016880901530385017,
0.21336743235588074,
-0.5098785758018494,
-0.7823402285575867,
0.22842147946357727,
0.4711105227470398,
-0.17083068192005157,
-0.06991132348775864,
-0.469995379447937,
0.15515844523906708,
0.11932818591594696,
0.6126073598861694,
0.10656725615262985,
-0.8338160514831543,
-0.5895688533782959,
0.10408978909254074,
0.2989692986011505,
0.5437966585159302,
-0.5350689888000488,
1.02826726436615,
0.20000608265399933,
0.3373734951019287,
-0.5451176762580872,
-0.7019726634025574,
-0.18594089150428772,
0.4592817723751068,
0.15195655822753906,
0.3124496042728424,
0.3218110501766205,
-0.24935628473758698,
0.5496302843093872,
-0.5954884886741638,
-0.27265265583992004,
-0.556254506111145,
0.22593113780021667,
-0.4256064295768738,
-0.42676809430122375,
-0.1910470575094223,
0.1522257775068283,
0.0818987563252449,
-0.32896414399147034,
0.715481162071228,
0.4660476744174957,
-0.27590861916542053,
0.25899001955986023,
-0.12700210511684418,
-0.4657304584980011,
0.5616796016693115,
-0.34783005714416504,
-0.4907494783401489,
0.552399218082428,
-0.39338359236717224,
-0.13407762348651886,
-0.23169881105422974,
-0.4127349853515625,
0.08515100926160812,
1.0777106285095215,
0.3412252366542816,
0.0817166268825531,
-0.6180095672607422,
-1.0020495653152466,
0.26249971985816956,
0.2025507688522339,
-0.5716497302055359,
0.32971900701522827,
-0.2576361894607544,
-0.6064479947090149,
0.6817150115966797,
0.095832459628582,
-0.09237580746412277,
-0.2905024290084839,
-0.024608835577964783,
-0.03766418248414993,
-0.7867695689201355,
0.09159303456544876,
0.03604651242494583,
-0.48109447956085205,
0.054444570094347,
-0.19138821959495544,
-0.8239901661872864,
-0.04017689824104309,
0.7876158356666565,
0.839945912361145,
0.07951338589191437,
-0.41195157170295715,
-0.8127824664115906,
-0.14199909567832947,
0.2194354385137558,
0.6406686305999756,
-0.32734420895576477,
-0.39129820466041565,
0.33820420503616333,
0.05807529389858246,
-0.6231743097305298,
-0.3811953663825989,
0.72441166639328,
0.010689752176404,
0.06725503504276276,
-0.04863176867365837,
0.5952845215797424,
0.1463424116373062,
0.43397483229637146,
0.25449228286743164,
-0.2564958333969116,
0.11551351845264435,
0.1569407433271408,
-0.17614388465881348,
-0.1559225618839264,
-0.611098051071167,
-0.11399996280670166,
0.21785928308963776,
0.23016506433486938,
-0.4912683367729187,
0.22715593874454498,
0.29121506214141846,
-0.24006885290145874,
0.1776493936777115,
-0.6663227081298828,
-0.3499950170516968,
-0.15121744573116302,
-0.48220548033714294,
-0.31976640224456787,
-0.3852507174015045,
0.3457663655281067,
0.2889319360256195,
-0.6927124261856079,
0.3067917823791504,
-0.358659952878952,
-0.017134469002485275,
-0.1428757607936859,
1.030083179473877,
0.37832364439964294,
-0.2401835322380066,
0.09119325876235962,
0.18869571387767792,
0.3502809405326843,
0.3191666603088379,
0.5749583840370178,
-0.056548312306404114,
0.8997596502304077,
-0.04464685916900635,
-0.4276014268398285,
-0.5417152643203735,
-0.09785693138837814,
0.42799216508865356,
-0.59209144115448,
-0.6727343797683716,
0.43520626425743103,
0.5999740362167358,
-0.2018970251083374,
-0.6710006594657898,
-0.5838948488235474,
1.1055974960327148,
-0.2465541660785675,
-0.019194506108760834,
1.005488634109497,
0.5650973916053772,
-0.21366286277770996,
-0.7257890701293945,
-0.03841197490692139,
-0.09217999875545502,
-0.2505224645137787,
0.3777935206890106,
-0.07533324509859085,
-1.0543287992477417,
-0.2859170436859131,
0.4202975034713745,
-0.4857374131679535,
-0.49357765913009644,
-0.6522277593612671,
0.17076842486858368,
-0.14727267622947693,
0.12207212299108505,
-0.18845580518245697,
0.039807867258787155,
-0.23479962348937988,
-0.4640844166278839,
-0.08826986700296402,
-0.3557095527648926,
0.1586184948682785,
-0.07892546057701111,
-0.09780909866094589,
0.39382174611091614,
-0.9091977477073669,
0.1325526386499405,
0.2768195867538452,
-0.7831550240516663,
0.007625363301485777,
-0.23564833402633667,
-0.30853885412216187,
-0.3242398202419281,
0.13503286242485046,
-0.05356898531317711,
0.5559650659561157,
-0.11356504261493683,
0.7702609300613403,
0.08993572741746902,
0.3821655809879303,
-1.0518825054168701,
0.1016700491309166,
0.7230114936828613,
0.01372289564460516,
-0.26404663920402527,
-0.005440131761133671,
0.45430895686149597,
-0.36104515194892883,
0.011020002886652946,
0.714017927646637,
0.34482166171073914,
0.6137864589691162,
-0.10190221667289734,
0.16846980154514313,
0.04420631378889084,
0.707649827003479,
0.5269357562065125,
-0.9939266443252563,
-0.3064285218715668,
0.8437729477882385,
0.26024991273880005,
-0.479472815990448,
-0.010263094678521156,
0.5056164860725403,
0.2563982307910919,
0.7484122514724731,
-0.07217290252447128,
-0.23541171848773956,
0.3614456355571747,
0.13270582258701324,
0.029543720185756683,
0.014403422363102436,
-0.43042734265327454,
0.6269819736480713,
-0.34455975890159607,
-0.28302428126335144,
0.465165376663208,
-0.4990616738796234,
-0.07578566670417786,
0.35364675521850586,
0.8709098696708679,
0.6055166125297546,
0.33141884207725525,
-0.3230341076850891,
0.2913069427013397,
0.3378347158432007,
0.6830437183380127,
-0.10566007345914841,
0.3451763391494751,
0.12534372508525848,
0.2582123279571533,
0.09829925000667572,
-0.45139646530151367,
-0.2737789452075958,
0.4905218183994293,
0.8648410439491272,
-0.49391546845436096,
0.02256166934967041,
0.41031649708747864,
0.35335782170295715,
0.08329981565475464,
-0.2664656937122345,
-0.38577190041542053,
0.048399776220321655,
-0.08085092157125473,
-0.13005566596984863,
0.3122406005859375,
-0.6697036027908325,
-0.3333757221698761,
0.6681954860687256,
0.13481782376766205,
0.06078898534178734,
0.040654256939888,
-0.8088706731796265,
-0.46459707617759705,
0.2776407301425934,
-0.13518525660037994,
0.46963438391685486,
-0.25078532099723816,
0.13827921450138092,
0.08242672681808472,
-0.08110329508781433,
0.1275559514760971,
-0.5526260733604431,
0.24835304915905,
0.6049346923828125,
0.08458459377288818,
0.1686398833990097,
-0.3098674416542053,
0.1572648137807846,
0.049573466181755066,
-0.007943329401314259,
-0.34198951721191406,
-0.07664351165294647,
0.065486378967762,
-0.13795199990272522,
-0.3538776636123657,
0.7825712561607361,
0.6067102551460266,
-0.2261398732662201,
0.462595671415329,
-0.3679256737232208,
0.2754565179347992,
0.3824062943458557,
0.46621018648147583,
0.45065781474113464,
-0.13054721057415009,
0.4831498861312866,
-0.8093042373657227,
-0.07471644133329391,
0.47000959515571594,
0.3396696448326111,
0.4236316382884979,
0.5877498984336853,
-0.22393514215946198,
0.39243724942207336,
0.443861186504364,
-0.8832747340202332,
0.0399702824652195,
-0.6200932264328003,
-0.1250980794429779,
-0.2618572413921356,
0.22335447371006012,
0.9919658303260803,
-0.4252937436103821,
-0.4689290523529053,
0.23693689703941345,
0.33345940709114075,
-0.5944264531135559,
0.5456742644309998,
-0.06435146927833557,
-0.200733944773674,
-0.43432414531707764,
-0.4144696295261383,
-0.5556851625442505,
0.2366238683462143,
0.7091662287712097,
0.908271312713623,
-0.09775257855653763,
0.08483580499887466,
-0.4168126881122589,
-0.27097123861312866,
0.6221755146980286,
0.46972301602363586,
-0.21128727495670319,
-0.26561474800109863,
-0.35291749238967896,
-0.45106902718544006,
-1.0097635984420776,
0.4125845432281494,
-0.2792683243751526,
-0.27275550365448,
0.5373727679252625,
-0.3108787536621094,
-0.48587948083877563,
0.05809294432401657,
0.08032718300819397,
-0.10805404186248779,
0.3219020366668701,
0.12948201596736908
] |
236486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Philippines | Coat of arms of the Philippines | The coat of arms of the Philippines (; ) features the eight-rayed sun of the Philippines with each ray representing the eight provinces (Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Tarlac) which were placed under martial law by Governor-General Ramón Blanco during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing the three major island groups of Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao.
On the blue field on the dexter side is the North American bald eagle of the United States, and on the red field on the sinister side is the lion rampant of the coat of arms of the Kingdom of León of Spain, both representing the country's colonial past. The current arms, which shares many features of the national flag, was designed by Filipino artist and heraldist Captain Galo B. Ocampo.
Blazon
The blazon of the coat of arms from Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) is as follows:
Its original blazoning according to Commonwealth Act No. 731 is:
History
Spanish Colonial Period
The Philippines' codified heraldry when King Philip II of Spain authorized the first coat of arms to the City of Manila through a royal decree issued on 20 March 1596 is, in part, as follows:
The design of the arms of Manila had changed throughout the years, the castle had adopted various different forms, a crowned sea lion was present later, and in the 19th century, King Ferdinand VII granted the use and placement of the royal crown above the castle itself as an augmentation of honor by royal cedula of April 23, 1826.
Along with this, the lesser arms of the Spanish monarch was used. The design patterned after the national standard of Spain consisted of three fleur-de-lis surrounded by a quartered flag of Castille, represented by two golden castles located on the red field and two red lions on a white field. Minor details of the arms had changed over the years but the basic design elements remained.
Philippine Revolutionary Period
During the 1896 Philippine Revolution, the Filipino leaders had no permanent political symbol, but, two different emblems were easily adopted. Both consisted of an equilateral triangle, but differed on what symbols were placed inside the triangle. Many documents of the Katipunan bore a letter K which stood for Kalayaan (Liberty), while some had the rising mythological sun in the center. General Emilio Aguinaldo, officially the first President of the Philippines, adopted the mythological sun and the three stars in each angle of the equilateral triangle as his emblem.
American Colonial Period
During the American Occupation, a law was enacted prescribing a new coat of arms for the islands. The Spanish-era arms of the City of Manila were used until 1905, when the Philippine Commission adopted the "new arms and great seal of the Philippine Islands" designed by Gaillard Hunt of the US State Department. It consisted of thirteen alternating red-and-white stripes representing the Thirteen Colonies; a chief blue above, the honor color, and over them in an oval the arms of Manila with the castle of Spain and the sea lion prominently displayed. It also bore as its crest an American eagle, the symbol of United States. Beneath the shield was the scroll with the words Philippine Islands. It remained unaltered until the inauguration of Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
Commonwealth Era
During the Commonwealth, extensive reform was made to the government in preparation for Philippine independence. One of major changes was changing the symbol for Filipinos. "The Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines" was approved in 1935, the number of stripes reduced from thirteen to two and three five-pointed stars added. The sea lion was made gold instead of silver and the eagle was slightly enlarged and placed closer to the arm. The word Commonwealth of the Philippines replaced Philippine Islands in the scroll below; it also incorporated the modified coat of arms of the City of Manila.
On December 15, 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon created the Special Committee of Arms of the Philippines. After almost two years of study, the committee recommended certain modifications to the coat of arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. They recommended that the eight-ray Philippine sun must be the point of honor. It was revised in 1940. It featured two stripes, blue on the sinister (right) side and red on the dexter (left) side of the shield; a white field above, studded with three five-pointed stars equidistant from each other; over them, the eight-rayed sun with each ray flanked on both sides by minor rays inside an oval. On the crest is the American eagle, its talon grasping an olive branch with eight leaves and eight fruits, and the left talon grasping three spears. Beneath the shield was the scroll with the inscription Philippines.
After providing the various branches of the government with their own symbols, President Quezon created the Philippine Heraldic Committee in 1940. The committee was assigned the studying and recommending the designs and symbolism for official seals of Philippines' political subdivision, cities, and government institutions.
The 1941 coat of arms was short-lived and the 1938 iteration of the symbol was restored. Both symbols were also used as a presidential symbol through executive orders.
The heraldic work of the committee was suspended during the Pacific War.
Second Philippine Republic
During the Second Philippine Republic, a more nationalistic policy were adopted and the seal was revised. Foreign components of the Filipino heraldic symbol which previously represented its colonial links to Spain and United States were removed. Instead, salient features of the flag and seal of the short-lived Philippine Republic were incorporated, consisting of the eight-ray mythological sun and three stars located beneath the equilateral triangle. Written within three sets of two marginal lines of the three sides of the triangle were Kalayaan, Kapayapaan, Katarungan (Liberty, Peace, Justice). Around the seal was a double marginal circle within which was written Republika ng Pilipinas (Republic of the Philippines).
Post World War II
After World War II, President Sergio Osmeña reactivated the Philippine Heraldic Committee. The current design pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 731 was approved by the Congress of the Philippines on July 3, 1946. It was designed by Captain Galo B. Ocampo, Secretary of the Philippine Heraldry Committee.
During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit) became the national motto of the Philippines. It was immediately incorporated into the national seal, replacing the words Republic of the Philippines, which were originally inscribed in a scroll beneath the arms. The decree for this purpose was approved by the Office of the President on June 9, 1978. However, during the administration of President Corazon Aquino, the decree was revoked.
The words Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa were replaced with a Filipino translation of the original words, Republika ng Pilipinas, pursuant to Republic Act No. 8491.
Chronology
Spanish East Indies
During the Spanish colonial period, the lesser arms of the Spanish Sovereign were used. The seal of Manila was also issued under royal decree by Philip II (for whom the islands were named) in 1596. Note that the Pillars of Hercules or the Golden Fleece were not always displayed and the arms themselves were sometimes solely used.
First Philippine Republic
After the expulsion of the Spanish colonial government by the Philippine Revolutionary Army and the Malolos Constitution was ratified, the government had formally been established.
American and Japanese periods
After the signing of the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and several other possessions to the United States of America. The following arms were used in the period after the cession, during the Commonwealth, and throughout the Second World War.
Sovereignty
The following were used upon the Islands' achievement of full sovereignty in 1946. The arms as designed by Captain Galo B. Ocampo have retained their basic design since, with only minor alterations made due to political and cultural considerations.
In sport
A stylized form of the arms was formerly used on the jersey of the Philippine men's national basketball team, and appears with the word "Pilipinas" emblazoned above it. In addition, many coats of arms of national and private institutions, as well as Philippine towns and cities, are inspired by the national coat of arms.
Gallery
See also
Flag of the Philippines
Great Seal of the Philippines
References
External links
Malacañan Presidential Museum
Coat of arms under American administration
Seals of the Katipunan
Illustrations of Coats of arms of the Philippines: American administration, Commonwealth and Proposed
National symbols of the Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines | [
0.1877962052822113,
0.41491252183914185,
0.47739866375923157,
0.23046311736106873,
-0.26397693157196045,
0.3657519519329071,
-0.16745339334011078,
0.5700705647468567,
-0.8220755457878113,
-0.08431008458137512,
0.09160903841257095,
0.24701711535453796,
0.053302593529224396,
0.39010584354400635,
-0.1629803627729416,
0.5138934254646301,
0.871360182762146,
0.9818211197853088,
-0.442776083946228,
-0.23806244134902954,
-0.43074196577072144,
-0.4738282263278961,
0.7284261584281921,
-0.07014723122119904,
0.3736627399921417,
0.15289759635925293,
0.25671133399009705,
0.20849306881427765,
0.2929926812648773,
0.6308031678199768,
-0.10117042064666748,
0.3084096908569336,
-0.19815021753311157,
0.12586483359336853,
-0.24541926383972168,
-0.58116614818573,
-0.521560788154602,
-0.12387771904468536,
-0.143009215593338,
-0.2718549072742462,
0.3036678731441498,
-0.28299012780189514,
0.18680709600448608,
-0.06898229569196701,
0.20747724175453186,
-0.986997127532959,
-1.1193801164627075,
0.49021026492118835,
-0.6049858927726746,
0.505820095539093,
-0.623859167098999,
-0.1993696242570877,
-0.6076449751853943,
0.15471534430980682,
-0.08944745361804962,
0.7444704174995422,
-0.4970216453075409,
0.3368847966194153,
-0.688683271408081,
-0.8106018900871277,
0.08757823705673218,
0.32946106791496277,
0.06681450456380844,
0.5161199569702148,
-0.20662955939769745,
0.031098246574401855,
0.24610725045204163,
-0.12806586921215057,
-0.2517666816711426,
-0.020580580458045006,
0.03880619630217552,
0.8223550915718079,
-0.306026816368103,
0.2626688778400421,
-0.42619192600250244,
-0.3873179256916046,
-0.37857699394226074,
0.18167753517627716,
-0.3752690851688385,
0.0016737658297643065,
0.0629698857665062,
-0.17840838432312012,
0.14522257447242737,
-0.0639561340212822,
-0.20909644663333893,
0.048094429075717926,
-0.18468157947063446,
-0.3637464642524719,
0.10475283861160278,
0.4659777879714966,
-0.224875345826149,
0.31087836623191833,
0.5856075286865234,
0.5895405411720276,
-0.47282397747039795,
-0.6504765748977661,
-0.5086355209350586,
-0.2882333993911743,
0.24298730492591858,
0.24394738674163818,
-0.10746368020772934,
0.03525999188423157,
0.6196430921554565,
0.11241458356380463,
-0.42282435297966003,
-0.5368356108665466,
-0.2785048484802246,
0.07374045252799988,
-0.5074314475059509,
0.05954438075423241,
-0.7660748958587646,
-0.2971446216106415,
0.6891664266586304,
0.1501389890909195,
0.13249453902244568,
-0.28091752529144287,
0.712005078792572,
-0.9176709055900574,
0.059993840754032135,
-0.24412451684474945,
0.10036006569862366,
0.7315973043441772,
-0.11972237378358841,
-0.015503613278269768,
0.972690224647522,
-0.2044447660446167,
0.42661139369010925,
-0.00781628955155611,
-0.6100753545761108,
0.19575199484825134,
-0.2779844403266907,
0.2852841913700104,
-0.3418249785900116,
0.03932877257466316,
-0.18905088305473328,
-0.7427852749824524,
-0.3244371712207794,
0.11045345664024353,
0.32775455713272095,
0.1307917684316635,
-1.1071155071258545,
-0.6891230940818787,
-0.1353987753391266,
-0.32569876313209534,
0.7152324914932251,
-0.5186386108398438,
0.32021594047546387,
-0.5886247754096985,
-0.7277005910873413,
0.025722473859786987,
-0.2075631469488144,
-0.2800474464893341,
0.08507592231035233,
0.32636985182762146,
-0.25572454929351807,
0.04802127555012703,
0.4413283169269562,
0.32535895705223083,
0.28610745072364807,
0.4314412474632263,
0.10642646253108978,
-0.002095854375511408,
0.016403285786509514,
0.13490134477615356,
0.01046630647033453,
0.16045551002025604,
0.2970871925354004,
0.8081057071685791,
0.08241439610719681,
-0.00460100220516324,
-0.13406717777252197,
-0.33909571170806885,
0.003948819357901812,
-0.2265091985464096,
-0.5294869542121887,
-0.3540692925453186,
-0.17222437262535095,
0.1925087571144104,
-0.2277235984802246,
0.09779246896505356,
-0.46440133452415466,
0.6569973230361938,
0.09561983495950699,
0.1144702136516571,
-0.4106917679309845,
0.20790143311023712,
0.20135089755058289,
0.17787165939807892,
0.589136004447937,
0.3800157904624939,
-0.48222318291664124,
-0.12313879281282425,
-0.04813854768872261,
-0.3070811927318573,
0.40378594398498535,
-0.01335187628865242,
-0.850210428237915,
0.932818591594696,
-0.31907349824905396,
0.6895866990089417,
-0.2547605037689209,
-0.05232960730791092,
0.5423253178596497,
0.21484912931919098,
-0.7431085109710693,
-0.31063568592071533,
0.19024333357810974,
0.46489977836608887,
0.4935113191604614,
0.549526572227478,
0.05079752951860428,
-0.1660623997449875,
-0.03141942620277405,
0.18711629509925842,
0.3286297619342804,
-0.16304217278957367,
-0.23742233216762543,
-0.19434237480163574,
-0.05022473633289337,
-0.267532080411911,
0.7253444790840149,
-0.03364971652626991,
-0.1427108198404312,
0.8484794497489929,
0.11564929783344269,
0.655714213848114,
0.02836652658879757,
0.17925821244716644,
0.3502592146396637,
-0.42922472953796387,
0.7352064251899719,
-0.6327467560768127,
0.7094603776931763,
-0.26440495252609253,
-0.3941056430339813,
-0.0221626628190279,
0.01662110909819603,
0.019578861072659492,
0.26261070370674133,
-0.4415450394153595,
0.2986520826816559,
0.06461337208747864,
-0.5765539407730103,
0.33060380816459656,
0.6327834129333496,
0.05452858284115791,
-0.8571550250053406,
-0.328328400850296,
0.034416086971759796,
-0.5120881795883179,
0.32670682668685913,
-0.029438603669404984,
0.3008747100830078,
-0.16043540835380554,
-0.03449021652340889,
0.09080123156309128,
-0.048453282564878464,
0.0019979500211775303,
0.09236931055784225,
0.019247036427259445,
-0.575271725654602,
-0.07952206581830978,
-0.16314925253391266,
0.1404607743024826,
-0.3495696187019348,
-0.4181102216243744,
0.19220705330371857,
0.28845033049583435,
0.07373835146427155,
0.10404039919376373,
0.07554291933774948,
-0.31706082820892334,
-0.7999913096427917,
-0.24870672821998596,
0.3103218972682953,
-0.6796740889549255,
0.19178840517997742,
0.18689116835594177,
-0.7599066495895386,
-0.6141764521598816,
-0.43091127276420593,
0.27915826439857483,
0.3221369683742523,
-0.3692372441291809,
0.3069622814655304,
-0.5184286832809448,
0.09440858662128448,
-0.36686113476753235,
-0.427511066198349,
0.14673244953155518,
-0.06640985608100891,
-0.04815224930644035,
-0.001568787032738328,
-0.06576747447252274,
-0.1765442192554474,
0.03964892029762268,
0.23887000977993011,
-0.23010045289993286,
0.3986552357673645,
-0.7092762589454651,
0.07795529067516327,
-0.43305402994155884,
0.24860547482967377,
-0.1262868195772171,
0.3470119535923004,
-0.15572287142276764,
-0.18921926617622375,
0.7614365220069885,
-5.823317527770996,
-0.25448134541511536,
-0.31003862619400024,
-0.6180336475372314,
-0.20594845712184906,
0.17237676680088043,
-0.0012487613130360842,
-0.035824310034513474,
0.9494972229003906,
-0.5636300444602966,
0.3405112028121948,
-0.05275469273328781,
0.194889634847641,
0.12442229688167572,
0.2656662166118622,
0.7660794854164124,
-0.006919601932168007,
-0.28745007514953613,
0.07097719609737396,
0.14750874042510986,
0.38261595368385315,
-0.5720096230506897,
0.022285625338554382,
0.6736008524894714,
0.35559189319610596,
0.31943845748901367,
0.07600414007902145,
-0.4021429419517517,
-0.3453035056591034,
-0.025983721017837524,
-0.30360880494117737,
-0.17900234460830688,
0.5915431976318359,
-0.3015713095664978,
-0.004572551231831312,
-0.60471111536026,
0.5131187438964844,
-0.057732950896024704,
0.10138262808322906,
-0.477174311876297,
-0.13664023578166962,
-0.09951141476631165,
-0.05423479527235031,
0.11107940971851349,
0.48055264353752136,
-0.2799626290798187,
-0.5208678245544434,
-0.38720959424972534,
-0.26843786239624023,
0.6560053825378418,
-0.09601365029811859,
0.13675345480442047,
0.2782081663608551,
-0.6157218813896179,
-0.11474241316318512,
0.1747114658355713,
-0.004897672683000565,
-0.11023566126823425,
-0.8426774740219116,
0.22520646452903748,
0.46029630303382874,
0.16723516583442688,
-0.16853664815425873,
0.0018080755835399032,
-0.07132690399885178,
-0.36101534962654114,
-0.4488500952720642,
-0.22367951273918152,
0.30984899401664734,
0.09155389666557312,
-0.5187119841575623,
0.09623824059963226,
-0.5032371282577515,
-0.6218351721763611,
0.2856486141681671,
-0.33508363366127014,
-0.23429299890995026,
0.005756236147135496,
0.2303897589445114,
-0.20111672580242157,
-0.5235792398452759,
-0.1853255033493042,
-0.24637730419635773,
0.2541634440422058,
-0.21397940814495087,
-0.1470462679862976,
-0.3055022656917572,
0.013858292251825333,
-0.16111165285110474,
0.39465343952178955,
0.9666656255722046,
-0.052186623215675354,
0.7254953384399414,
0.3758124113082886,
0.10804164409637451,
0.2991904616355896,
0.18578791618347168,
-0.2897871136665344,
0.5742226839065552,
0.005286657251417637,
0.8177425265312195,
0.26174426078796387,
0.28397735953330994,
-0.323757529258728,
-0.06518686562776566,
0.11907526105642319,
0.3439139723777771,
0.09509328752756119,
0.061023104935884476,
-0.18016304075717926,
0.002956506796181202,
-0.199900820851326,
0.12204672396183014,
-0.15421392023563385,
0.19816283881664276,
-0.14786814153194427,
0.1679728478193283,
0.4665585160255432,
0.5311766862869263,
-0.1947077214717865,
0.29892781376838684,
0.4999985098838806,
-0.39695850014686584,
0.24896077811717987,
-0.4065117835998535,
-0.2976173460483551,
-0.2724186182022095,
0.32558295130729675,
0.49297624826431274,
0.041653551161289215,
0.4581526219844818,
-0.03371358662843704,
0.5880500078201294,
-0.06944984197616577,
0.3124222755432129,
0.1889205276966095,
0.40371379256248474,
-0.6953831315040588,
0.13224531710147858,
-0.7726117372512817,
0.1725541204214096,
-0.31279706954956055,
-0.08388179540634155,
-0.11471042037010193,
-0.2091841697692871,
-0.04939479008316994,
-0.34981516003608704,
-0.10771463811397552,
-0.07223160564899445,
0.9695388078689575,
-0.3183691203594208,
-0.19791044294834137,
0.14138180017471313,
-0.08330053091049194,
-0.6842302680015564,
-0.09695678949356079,
0.013977829366922379,
-0.04888061061501503,
-0.07758677750825882,
-0.05323277413845062,
0.34744229912757874,
-0.2357875108718872,
-0.7409600615501404,
-0.02131054364144802,
-0.4724891483783722,
-0.22349172830581665,
-0.010887051932513714,
-0.2711144983768463,
-0.011746947653591633,
0.961478054523468,
0.5994621515274048,
-0.23713915050029755,
-0.6918335556983948,
0.05652197450399399,
-0.005828984547406435,
-0.28285515308380127,
0.16561098396778107,
-0.1271757185459137,
-0.01580056920647621,
0.4763358235359192,
-0.18816222250461578,
-0.06832138448953629,
-0.20306409895420074,
0.602902889251709,
0.6394665837287903,
-0.2375088334083557,
-0.48710498213768005,
-0.06223977729678154,
-0.6682993173599243,
0.4361221492290497,
0.1387619972229004,
0.17010752856731415,
-0.3918074369430542,
0.2099612057209015,
-0.8792417049407959,
0.4406815469264984,
-0.4107222259044647,
0.41666483879089355,
0.25791314244270325,
0.1642916351556778,
-0.6918625831604004,
0.35354548692703247,
-0.48399654030799866,
0.23039469122886658,
0.014653487130999565,
-0.19348035752773285,
0.6289695501327515,
0.4095863103866577,
0.25805410742759705,
-0.20828521251678467,
-0.3861522078514099,
-0.41884082555770874,
-0.3122676610946655,
0.3657132387161255,
-0.19265799224376678,
0.20165584981441498,
-0.11447714269161224,
-0.5999098420143127,
-0.22179877758026123,
-0.44978266954421997,
-0.03800160437822342,
0.3169732093811035,
0.11631603538990021,
0.11359147727489471,
-0.0057340506464242935,
0.9421935677528381,
0.27947798371315,
-0.20238228142261505,
0.1646047830581665,
0.3458405137062073,
0.16335169970989227,
-0.16747510433197021,
0.3794417977333069,
0.501813530921936,
-0.16236922144889832,
0.13804452121257782,
-0.09690777212381363,
0.03957778960466385,
0.12161768972873688,
0.5687488913536072,
-0.3052907884120941,
0.7673875093460083,
-0.365027517080307,
-0.5914022326469421,
0.19466079771518707,
0.11279156804084778,
0.19906586408615112,
-0.3240024745464325,
-0.18010471761226654,
0.42012518644332886,
-0.2545434832572937,
-0.9725070595741272,
0.12227018922567368,
-0.3243754804134369,
0.4227430820465088,
-0.4260481297969818,
-0.2669348120689392,
0.4067242741584778,
-0.04620378836989403,
0.0053218090906739235,
-0.078708715736866,
-0.047142937779426575,
-0.5696560740470886,
-0.45985227823257446,
-0.05629805102944374,
0.019422108307480812,
-0.6444147229194641,
-0.37612223625183105,
0.05791681259870529,
0.508258581161499,
0.11563026905059814,
-0.11900600790977478,
0.35784634947776794,
0.3232801556587219,
0.2590162754058838,
0.09890326857566833,
-0.2374059110879898,
-0.09452361613512039,
0.002123563550412655,
-0.20931343734264374,
-0.7422828078269958,
0.13785384595394135,
-0.20633581280708313,
-0.04757210239768028,
0.16982653737068176,
-0.6446430683135986,
0.22784820199012756,
0.48983728885650635,
0.20397178828716278,
0.2769027054309845,
-0.45882439613342285,
0.18666711449623108,
0.28673961758613586,
-0.2877843976020813,
-0.030866025015711784,
0.23646381497383118,
0.510992169380188,
0.38251781463623047,
-0.213290274143219,
0.2017495483160019,
-0.42305004596710205,
-0.023908713832497597,
0.480540931224823,
-0.04447615146636963,
-0.20171591639518738,
0.05946797505021095,
0.6211949586868286,
-0.504757821559906,
-0.43499889969825745,
0.24791403114795685,
-0.044149644672870636,
-0.053906749933958054,
0.10697319358587265,
0.006151812616735697,
-0.6291842460632324,
0.5946139097213745,
0.8167323470115662,
-0.5845180749893188,
-0.2954089939594269,
0.7297794818878174,
0.2703026831150055,
0.12352636456489563,
-0.49179211258888245,
0.06540442258119583,
0.032457396388053894,
0.3341948986053467,
-0.2785322070121765,
-0.6790630221366882,
-0.0927160233259201,
0.3509390950202942,
0.13310205936431885,
-0.05784493684768677,
-0.6322791576385498,
0.17294630408287048,
-0.4353301525115967,
-0.12201375514268875,
-0.15442033112049103,
-0.6241315603256226,
0.12160743027925491,
0.6170419454574585,
0.8773114681243896,
0.8924008011817932,
-0.6057259440422058,
-0.5298178791999817,
0.13495272397994995,
0.16586455702781677,
-0.049157463014125824,
0.25483617186546326,
0.16574148833751678,
-0.44871267676353455,
0.5594418048858643,
-0.0724501833319664,
0.2863103449344635,
-0.37897825241088867,
0.8860982656478882,
0.18864129483699799,
-0.3605928122997284,
0.27889499068260193,
-0.17861516773700714,
-0.053849201649427414,
-0.2598654627799988,
0.4795916676521301,
0.27087754011154175,
-0.1685243844985962,
-0.6875572800636292,
0.17008420825004578,
0.23018503189086914,
0.6687684059143066,
-0.8856266140937805,
-0.10626430809497833,
-0.17635951936244965,
0.22663982212543488,
-0.48403364419937134,
-0.0031233695335686207,
-0.4797903299331665,
0.5768489241600037,
0.6721439957618713,
0.6885438561439514,
-0.10231713205575943,
0.261047899723053,
-0.32108747959136963,
-0.297124981880188,
-0.30739825963974,
-0.9635724425315857,
-0.17797912657260895,
0.42299002408981323,
0.11759436875581741,
0.07543274760246277,
0.09559081494808197,
0.23172041773796082,
0.4245487451553345,
0.09583977609872818,
0.14880645275115967,
0.18286941945552826,
0.30344101786613464,
0.3651028871536255,
-0.5081210136413574,
0.9308120012283325,
0.43442487716674805,
-0.07775897532701492,
0.2138442099094391,
0.08290497958660126,
0.35393059253692627,
0.13978125154972076,
-0.25521212816238403,
-0.6919888257980347,
0.2510550916194916,
-0.1584818810224533,
-0.20394304394721985,
-0.10472418367862701,
-0.09718362987041473,
-0.36836332082748413,
-0.07560764998197556,
-0.10632909834384918,
-0.6834282279014587,
-0.10642722249031067,
1.2026300430297852,
-0.49032771587371826,
-0.0400097593665123,
-0.4998987317085266,
0.06235065311193466,
-0.32705050706863403,
-0.18069475889205933,
1.1236692667007446,
-0.10489191859960556,
-0.40191876888275146,
0.33967500925064087,
0.41801467537879944,
-0.760180652141571,
0.07235263288021088,
0.40794965624809265,
-0.3376302123069763,
-0.4272908866405487,
0.5749309062957764,
-0.4390714466571808,
-0.10858587175607681,
0.6528347730636597,
0.6303452849388123,
-0.3264329433441162,
-0.37757590413093567,
-0.4508585035800934,
-0.10579103976488113,
0.4702889025211334,
-0.22021467983722687,
0.6181327700614929,
-0.16624712944030762,
0.13597719371318817,
0.7974317669868469,
-0.7393134832382202,
0.47910135984420776,
0.09988456219434738,
0.04472650960087776,
0.6335382461547852,
-0.029843922704458237,
0.19126464426517487,
-0.16784998774528503,
0.19903622567653656,
-0.1394069939851761,
0.4004378318786621,
-0.3059310019016266
] |
236487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle%202 | Beagle 2 | The Beagle 2 is an inoperative British Mars lander that was transported by the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission. It was intended to conduct an astrobiology mission that would have looked for evidence of past life on Mars.
The spacecraft was successfully deployed from the Mars Express on 19 December 2003 and was scheduled to land on the surface of Mars on 25 December. However, the ESA received no communication from the lander at its expected landing time on Mars. The ESA declared the mission lost in February 2004 after numerous attempts to contact the spacecraft were made.
The Beagle 2 fate remained a mystery until January 2015, when it was located on the surface of Mars in a series of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE camera. The images suggest that it landed safely, but two of the spacecraft's four solar panels failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.
The Beagle 2 is named after , the ship that took the naturalist Charles Darwin on his round-the-world voyage.
Background
The Beagle 2 was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University in collaboration with the University of Leicester. The project was designed and developed by several U.K. academics and companies. The spacecraft's name reflected its goal of searching for signs of past or present life on Mars, as explained by Pillinger:
"HMS Beagle was the ship that took Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real quantum leap. We hope Beagle 2 will do the same thing for life on Mars."
Isidis Planitia, an enormous flat sedimentary basin that overlies the boundary between the ancient highlands and the northern plains of Mars, was chosen as the landing site and a ellipse centered on was selected. The lander was expected to operate for about 180 days and an extended mission of up to one Martian year (687 Earth days) was thought possible. The Beagle 2 lander objectives were to characterise the landing site geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and oxidation state of the physical properties of the atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian meteorology, climate, and search for biosignatures.
The Principal Investigator, Colin Pillinger, set up a consortium to design and build the Beagle 2. The principal members and their initial responsibilities were:
Open University – Consortium leader & scientific experiments
University of Leicester – Project management, Mission management, Flight Operations Team, instrument management, and scientific experiments
Astrium – Main industrial partner
Martin-Baker – Entry, descent and landing system
Logica – Cruise, entry, descent and landing software
SCISYS – Ground segment and lander software
University of Wales, Aberystwyth – Robotic arm
McLaren Applied Technologies - composite materials for the solar panels
Astrium took over responsibility for program management, and Leicester assumed responsibility for mission management which involved the preparations for the operations post launch and the operations control center.
In an effort to publicise the project and gain financial support, its designers sought and received the endorsement and participation of British artists. The mission's call-sign was composed by the band Blur, and the 'test card' (Calibration Target Plate) intended for calibrating Beagle 2 cameras and spectrometers after landing was painted by Damien Hirst.
The Lander Operations Control Center (LOCC), from which the spacecraft was being controlled, was located at the National Space center in Leicester and was visible to the public visiting the center. The control center included operational systems for controlling Beagle 2, analysis tools for processing engineering and scientific telemetry, virtual reality tools for preparing activity sequences, communications systems, and the Ground Test Model (GTM). The GTM was composed of various builds of the Beagle 2 systems, collected together to provide a full set of lander electronics. The GTM was used nearly continuously to validate the engineering and science commands, rehearse the landing sequence, and validate the onboard software.
Funding
The budget is secret but was estimated to be between in 2004, which at then-currency exchange rates would be about or . New Scientist magazine reported a budget of for Beagle 2, and another outlet said . However, some of the work is known to have been donated or done at-cost.
Spacecraft and subsystems
Robotic arm and analysers
Beagle 2 had a robotic arm known as the Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW), designed to be extended after landing. The arm is long when fully extended, and it can reach about to the nearest rocks. The PAW contains a pair of stereo cameras, a microscope (with a 6 micrometre resolution), a Mössbauer spectrometer, an X-ray spectrometer, a drill for collecting rock samples and a spot lamp.
Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph in the body of the lander - the GAP (Gas Analysis Package), to measure the relative proportions of different isotopes of carbon and methane. Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether the samples contained the remnants of living organisms. Atmospheric methane is another signature of existing life, although geological processes can also be a source.
Mole
Beagle 2 was also equipped with a small sample retrieval tool named Planetary Undersurface Tool or PLUTO (nicknamed the mole), that would have been deployed by the robotic arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. PLUTO is attached to the lander by a 3 m power cable which could be used as a winch to bring the sample back to the lander. It had the capability to burrow to depths down to 1.5 m.
Specifications
The lander had the shape of a shallow bowl with a diameter of and a depth of . The cover of the lander is hinged and folded open to reveal the interior of the craft which holds a UHF antenna, the long robot arm, and the scientific equipment. The main body also contains the battery, telecommunications, electronics, and central processor, heaters, and additional payload items (radiation and oxidation sensors). The lid itself should have unfolded to expose four disk-shaped solar arrays. The lander package (including heat shield, parachutes, and airbags) had a mass of at launch but the actual lander was only at touchdown.
The ground segment was derived from the European Space Agency software kernel known as SCOS2000. In keeping with the low cost theme of the mission, the control software was the first of its type designed on a laptop computer.
Mission profile
Mars Express launched from Baikonur on 2 June 2003 at 17:45 UTC. Beagle 2 was a Mars lander initially mounted on the top deck of the Mars Express orbiter. It was released from the orbiter on a ballistic trajectory towards Mars on 19 December 2003. Beagle 2 coasted for six days after release and entered the Martian atmosphere at about on the morning of 25 December. The lander was protected from the heat of entry by a heat shield coated with NORCOAT, an ablating material made by EADS. Compression of the Martian atmosphere and radiation from the hot gas are estimated to have led to a peak heating rate of around 100 W/cm².
After deceleration in the Martian atmosphere, parachutes deployed, and at about 200 m above the surface large airbags inflated around the lander to protect it when it hit the surface. Landing occurred at about 02:45 UTC on 25 December 2003.
After analysis of the imagery obtained in 2015, it has been conjectured that after landing, the bags deflated and the top of the lander opened. However these images suggest that at most only two of the four solar panels were deployed. A signal was supposed to be sent to Mars Express after landing and another the next (local) morning to confirm that Beagle 2 survived the landing and the first night on Mars. A panoramic image of the landing area was then supposed to be taken using the stereo camera and a pop-up mirror, after which the lander arm would have been released. The lander arm was to dig up samples to be deposited in the various instruments for study, and the "mole" would have been deployed, crawling across the surface to a distance of about 3 metres from the lander and burrowing under rocks to collect soil samples for analysis.
The British government spent more than () on Beagle 2, with the remainder of the total () coming from the private sector.
Mission failure
Although the Beagle 2 craft successfully deployed from the Mars Express "mother ship", confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. It should have come on 25 December 2003, when Beagle 2 was to have contacted NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft that was already in orbit. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank also failed to pick up a signal from Beagle 2. The team said they were "still hopeful" of finding a successful return signal.
Attempts were made throughout January and February 2004 to contact Beagle 2 using Mars Express. The first of these occurred on 7 January 2004, but ended in failure. Although regular calls were made, particular hope was placed on communication occurring on 12 January, when Beagle 2 was preprogrammed to expect the Mars Express probe to fly overhead, and on 2 February, when the probe was supposed to resort to the last communication back-up mode: Auto-transmit. However, no communication was ever established with Beagle 2. Beagle 2 was declared lost on 6 February 2004, by the Beagle 2 Management Board. On 11 February, ESA announced an inquiry would be held into the failure of Beagle 2.
On 20 December 2005 Pillinger released specially processed images from the Mars Global Surveyor which suggested that Beagle 2 had come down in a crater at the landing site on Isidis Planitia. It was claimed that the blurry images showed the primary impact site as a dark patch and, a short distance away, Beagle 2 surrounded by the deflated airbags and with its solar panels extended. However, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE camera subsequently imaged the area in February 2007, and revealed that the crater was empty.
Pillinger speculated that higher than expected levels of dust in the Martian atmosphere, which captures heat, caused it to expand and reduce in density, so that the parachutes were not able to slow the probe sufficiently. This would cause the landing to be too hard, damaging or destroying the probe. A number of other failure hypotheses were produced at the time. If the Martian atmosphere was thinner than expected, that would have reduced the parachute's effectiveness and therefore caused the lander to "plummet" and hit the surface with enough speed to destroy it. Turbulence in the atmosphere, which would affect the parachute, was also examined.
Failures in missions to Mars are common. As of 2010, of 38 launch attempts to reach the planet, only 19 have succeeded. Failures are sometimes informally called the Mars Curse.
ESA/UK inquiry report
In May 2004, the report from the Commission of Inquiry on Beagle 2 was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister Lord Sainsbury. Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality, but a list of 19 recommendations was announced to the public.
David Southwood, ESA's Director of Science, provided four scenarios of possible failures:
Beagle 2 entered in atmospheric conditions outside the range assumed by its designers and could have burnt up. The scenario that it may have "bounced off into space" has been put forward but this does not stand up to close technical scrutiny. The amount of dust in the atmosphere often varies widely, changing its density and temperature characteristics. However, the chosen margins on the design of the heat shield and the thermal loads it can withstand are such that the burn-up scenario is unlikely, and even the worst case density variations certainly are not such that, given the steep entry flight path angle at entry, the craft could conceivably have left the atmosphere again (see also Section 6.1 of the Inquiry Report, which states explicitly: "the Commission concludes that deviation of the atmospheric entry conditions is not a probable failure mode of the mission");
Beagle 2's parachute or cushioning airbags failed to deploy or deployed at the wrong time. This is supported by the observation that throughout the transfer to Mars, the outgassing of some substance and subsequent condensation on optical components of the Mars Express spacecraft carrying the Beagle 2 lander was observed. This observation would be consistent with a leak in the gas generators of Beagle 2 airbags;
Beagle 2 backshell tangled with the parachute, preventing it from opening properly. It is not clear whether the difference in air drag between the probe with the parachute deployed and the back shell of the heat shield is sufficient to guarantee a safe separation distance (see Section 5.4.4 of the Inquiry Report);
Beagle 2 became wrapped up in its airbags or parachute on the surface and could not open. Entanglement with the parachute appears plausible in view of the fact that the parachute's strop was shortened from the original design to save mass. Assuming that the airbags deployed, Beagle 2 would, in the scenario, have bounced off the surface right back into the descending parachute (see also Section 5.4.6 of the Inquiry Report).
In addition, further scenarios appeared plausible and consistent with the available body of data:
Beagle 2 may have jettisoned its airbags too early, before it had come to a complete rest on the surface. For mass and cost reasons, the airbag jettison device was designed to be triggered by a timer rather than by acceleration sensors that would have discerned when the lander package had stopped moving. Given that the landing package of NASA's Spirit rover mission rebounded off the surface in Gusev crater numerous times before coming to a standstill—taking much more time than anticipated—Beagle 2 timer may have been set to a too-short time (see Section 5.4.8 of the Inquiry Report);
The parachute deployment sequence was designed to be triggered by three accelerometers. The system was not designed for a "best out of three" logic. Rather, the first accelerometer to compute that a safe deployment velocity had been reached would trigger the parachute deployment sequence, even if the accelerometer readout were faulty.
In February 2005, following comments from the House of Commons Select committee on Science and Technology, the report was made public, and Leicester University independently published a detailed mission report, including possible failure modes, and a "lessons learned".
All above hypotheses were disproved in 2015 after the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter successfully photographed the remains of the lander: pictures show that the probe landed safely and started its operations, deploying some of the solar panels; then an on-ground failure occurred preventing the full deployment of all panels; this prevented the onboard antenna, hidden under the last solar panel, from gaining visibility to any orbiter, making any form of communication with the lander impossible, thus leading to mission loss.
Discovery of Beagle 2 spacecraft on Mars
The location of Beagle 2 on Mars was unknown from late 2003 to early 2015. On 16 January 2015, more than eleven years after its loss and eight months after its pioneer Colin Pillinger died, news sources confirmed that the lander had been located intact on the surface of Mars by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, lying on the surface of Isidis Planitia at , about 5 km from the planned center of its landing zone.
On 26 April 2016 new computer vision methods stacked multiple new images together to create a view of the small lander. The technique called Super-Resolution Restoration or SRR allows improvement in resolution by taking multiple views, then doing intensive image processing of those images. At the time it took up to 4 days on the fastest available computers to compute one improved image from five 1000 by 2000 pixel images.
Imaging analysis appears to show the probe on the surface and partially deployed, in the expected landing area, with objects that have been interpreted as being its parachute and back cover nearby. Although several interpretations of the image are possible, all involve, at most, incomplete deployment of the probe's solar panels. Images suggest that one of the "petals" on which the solar panels of the lander are mounted failed to fully open, preventing deployment of its radio antenna and blocking communication. As the probe's antenna is beneath the last panel, it would have been unable to transmit or receive in such a configuration, so it would have been beyond recovery even if its systems were still operational, which is not known. Possible failure scenarios include mechanical damage during landing, fouling the deployment mechanism, or obstruction of the panels by an airbag.
Eleven years after the landing, the ESA had this to say about the finding:
At a news conference in London, the UKSA noted:
In reviews of lost Mars missions, Beagle 2 is typically noted, and its surprising rediscovery a dozen years later.
Follow-on mission proposals
Some features of the Beagle 2 mission design have been proposed to be reused on other mission concepts:
Beagle 2007
Beagle 2e Evolution (Beagle 3)
BeagleNet (multiple Beagles and a mini-rover)
Beagle to the Moon
ARTEMIS (multiple small Mars landers)
MARGE (reuse an instrument)
Beagle 2's PLUTO mole was noted in the development of InSight's Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), an instrument that also utilizes a self- digging "mole".
Possible surface operations
After Beagle 2 was found, apparently intact and with some but not all solar panels deployed, the events following its landing were re-evaluated. Because the early phase of mission ran on chemical battery power, it is possible that some data was recorded to the lander's Solid State Mass Memory (SSMM), even if it could not obtain full power from its solar panels. If so, it might be possible to retrieve the data eventually. Also, a study of what happened has revealed that Beagle 2 may have gone into its pre-programmed surface operations mode and collected data after landing, it just did not transmit it, or the transmission was blocked by a closed panel.
Mars map
See also
References
External links
Beagle 2 by ESA (2003 archive)
Beagle 2 by NASA (2004 archive)
Beagle 2 by BBC News
Mars Express Operations by ESA
Astrobiology space missions
Attached spacecraft
Derelict landers (spacecraft)
European Space Agency space probes
Mars Express
Missions to Mars
Open University
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Spacecraft launched in 2003
2015 in spaceflight
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets
2003 on Mars | [
-0.5482197403907776,
-0.14867593348026276,
0.4090527594089508,
0.03803830221295357,
0.15722516179084778,
-0.020462654531002045,
0.3339800536632538,
0.18080568313598633,
-0.4487929344177246,
0.434048593044281,
-0.6995662450790405,
0.04856002703309059,
-0.28069940209388733,
-0.15074440836906433,
0.41046375036239624,
-0.25040334463119507,
0.4451342523097992,
-0.014684325084090233,
0.03303350508213043,
-0.8204714059829712,
0.04112095385789871,
0.02018904872238636,
0.24076394736766815,
-0.42126792669296265,
-0.0783410519361496,
-0.15091611444950104,
0.24124830961227417,
0.5457547307014465,
0.2626881003379822,
-0.09912990778684616,
0.21772253513336182,
-0.025357848033308983,
-0.0168929323554039,
-0.29141730070114136,
0.03953500837087631,
0.11823786050081253,
-0.3444960415363312,
-0.09928248077630997,
-0.2261826992034912,
-0.291150838136673,
0.05617959797382355,
0.2899063229560852,
-0.11347734928131104,
-0.08235635608434677,
-0.2743406295776367,
0.6052431464195251,
-1.1073193550109863,
0.026732085272669792,
0.04763837903738022,
0.4107516407966614,
-0.7107695937156677,
0.33924198150634766,
0.20703841745853424,
0.2368731051683426,
0.78268963098526,
1.223448634147644,
-0.5348872542381287,
-0.07597960531711578,
-0.7203583121299744,
-0.5702101588249207,
0.4913693070411682,
0.6848556399345398,
0.026005778461694717,
-0.49521908164024353,
-0.2663240134716034,
-0.26989009976387024,
0.07840949296951294,
0.47054070234298706,
-0.22887887060642242,
-0.6552778482437134,
0.5183385610580444,
-0.5271209478378296,
0.25674161314964294,
0.2482566088438034,
0.08575902134180069,
-0.5324215292930603,
0.4290230870246887,
-0.15601368248462677,
0.5561038255691528,
0.2467111051082611,
0.0056266579777002335,
0.2137376070022583,
0.38099390268325806,
0.4866788983345032,
-0.2580845057964325,
0.25161755084991455,
-0.0038414106238633394,
0.18458667397499084,
-0.31459200382232666,
0.6508416533470154,
-1.4139093160629272,
-0.38688045740127563,
0.1779760867357254,
0.2638714611530304,
0.7061825394630432,
0.029599441215395927,
-0.23207814991474152,
-0.09345570206642151,
0.8434498310089111,
-0.015087594278156757,
-0.030194956809282303,
0.08818160742521286,
0.05527326464653015,
-0.16062308847904205,
-0.12013965100049973,
-0.5471140146255493,
-0.30341091752052307,
-0.6769055128097534,
-0.9100731611251831,
0.09512031078338623,
-0.033178579062223434,
-0.41677963733673096,
-0.5749906301498413,
0.16628582775592804,
-0.3718506991863251,
0.23140233755111694,
0.18907879292964935,
-0.9984045028686523,
-0.42817726731300354,
0.43931862711906433,
0.5447219014167786,
0.3011292517185211,
-0.32446739077568054,
-0.4605127274990082,
-0.12550091743469238,
0.29692012071609497,
0.3863791525363922,
0.3354559540748596,
-0.664228081703186,
0.4150203764438629,
0.5138087272644043,
0.6297011971473694,
-0.4805593490600586,
-0.16976937651634216,
-0.09345521032810211,
-0.6042298674583435,
0.5673194527626038,
0.25403743982315063,
-0.2502085864543915,
0.6334695816040039,
-0.4488033950328827,
-0.1290360689163208,
-0.70188307762146,
-0.1323293000459671,
0.8029013872146606,
0.9038848876953125,
-0.09342753142118454,
-0.2789011597633362,
-0.1923641562461853,
-0.48231399059295654,
-0.38666683435440063,
-0.4466724991798401,
0.023655973374843597,
-0.01996038295328617,
-0.22560322284698486,
0.6313744187355042,
0.19964726269245148,
0.10376650094985962,
0.005749988369643688,
0.1567363291978836,
0.3775976598262787,
0.2126324474811554,
-0.0759417787194252,
-0.1789722442626953,
0.5892596244812012,
0.49976998567581177,
0.9220319986343384,
0.0412970669567585,
0.6237450242042542,
-0.3682486116886139,
-0.35563698410987854,
-0.3908763825893402,
0.2908957302570343,
-0.06525178253650665,
-0.5504665970802307,
-0.7571002244949341,
0.8310572504997253,
0.28630632162094116,
0.5465601086616516,
-0.35096126794815063,
-0.6718485951423645,
0.050374019891023636,
0.013231735676527023,
-0.1788913756608963,
0.8014318943023682,
-0.06630649417638779,
0.5292609333992004,
-0.18510042130947113,
-0.5750343203544617,
0.373129665851593,
-0.5767883658409119,
-0.6672229170799255,
0.48013490438461304,
-0.40813228487968445,
1.1789865493774414,
0.26955124735832214,
-0.37130579352378845,
0.321970671415329,
-0.4335497319698334,
0.8131413459777832,
-0.10687312483787537,
0.45455801486968994,
0.39460045099258423,
-0.15646228194236755,
-0.21920940279960632,
0.3601415157318115,
0.39050692319869995,
0.2157260924577713,
0.4507056474685669,
0.6368754506111145,
-0.41442427039146423,
-0.16088776290416718,
-0.033643968403339386,
0.3445340096950531,
0.13146108388900757,
-0.13090577721595764,
0.1279151290655136,
-0.19411276280879974,
-0.17191940546035767,
0.047115445137023926,
0.47320684790611267,
0.5270134806632996,
-0.19299165904521942,
-0.14901992678642273,
-0.3248184323310852,
1.2197288274765015,
-0.1297680288553238,
0.05943535268306732,
0.3048412501811981,
0.44974642992019653,
-0.45270076394081116,
0.7145761251449585,
0.06884337216615677,
-0.2809333801269531,
-0.30525296926498413,
0.7030680179595947,
0.29055556654930115,
-0.6705500483512878,
0.12456294894218445,
0.3731449842453003,
0.3765459954738617,
0.6541802883148193,
-0.6903992295265198,
0.38727080821990967,
-0.2299545705318451,
0.3161711096763611,
0.4276631772518158,
0.3579767048358917,
0.2553747296333313,
-0.6892858147621155,
0.31823453307151794,
0.3688462972640991,
0.17179545760154724,
0.20569537580013275,
0.4231325387954712,
0.269512802362442,
-0.8516570329666138,
0.23938292264938354,
0.20746159553527832,
0.327411949634552,
0.053278643637895584,
0.016172371804714203,
0.09811807423830032,
0.5585647821426392,
0.06890387833118439,
-0.6485885977745056,
-0.7967323064804077,
-0.006945618893951178,
-0.026118451729416847,
0.7693237662315369,
0.12219391763210297,
-0.3490384817123413,
-0.3153356909751892,
-0.30715325474739075,
0.07758753001689911,
0.38964879512786865,
0.02335086092352867,
0.2043580412864685,
-0.31013771891593933,
-0.4114151895046234,
0.1931663304567337,
0.6179611682891846,
0.3160591125488281,
-0.14426587522029877,
-0.2675747275352478,
0.3846745491027832,
-0.11003918200731277,
-0.809743344783783,
-0.4146732687950134,
-0.5752442479133606,
0.1878516674041748,
-0.5272834897041321,
-0.24698607623577118,
0.2979593575000763,
-0.3413723111152649,
0.4302666485309601,
-0.029845381155610085,
-0.1555420309305191,
0.5986763834953308,
0.10414774715900421,
-0.03736569359898567,
0.3510661721229553,
-0.6320908665657043,
-0.10327963531017303,
0.5043362379074097,
-0.2887062430381775,
-0.24331432580947876,
-0.5207608938217163,
-5.641204357147217,
0.15229558944702148,
-0.3419606387615204,
-0.1398029774427414,
0.09500133246183395,
0.42282813787460327,
0.6373456716537476,
-0.08440522849559784,
0.015226786024868488,
-0.04533796012401581,
0.11745168268680573,
-0.017746105790138245,
-0.24855859577655792,
0.14756204187870026,
0.06971314549446106,
0.7272723913192749,
0.16461850702762604,
-0.07329735904932022,
0.2929113209247589,
-0.2526111900806427,
0.06154120713472366,
-0.23692049086093903,
-0.33002209663391113,
-0.31255418062210083,
0.25582438707351685,
0.22568580508232117,
-0.906795084476471,
-0.09428990632295609,
-0.0656251609325409,
0.33236292004585266,
0.2558991312980652,
0.3801061809062958,
0.2822214961051941,
-0.733947217464447,
0.3070327639579773,
-0.015396771021187305,
0.5592866539955139,
0.16911552846431732,
1.2630338668823242,
-0.5362542271614075,
-0.44480735063552856,
0.0630890280008316,
-0.27331337332725525,
0.20388038456439972,
0.6230435967445374,
-0.8174604177474976,
-0.41500982642173767,
-0.18905401229858398,
0.2586795389652252,
1.021064281463623,
-0.012427967973053455,
0.029798468574881554,
-0.006651532370597124,
0.2189611792564392,
0.45058465003967285,
-0.15657950937747955,
-0.651597797870636,
-0.024151507765054703,
-0.8178758025169373,
0.0722135454416275,
0.016382889822125435,
-0.08068282157182693,
-0.23599497973918915,
-0.51456618309021,
-0.3840878903865814,
0.2194795161485672,
-0.18141670525074005,
0.03747420385479927,
0.1537359207868576,
-0.2460584044456482,
-0.5971680283546448,
0.32101988792419434,
-0.28466796875,
-0.723351776599884,
0.546082079410553,
-0.14649085700511932,
-0.43121668696403503,
0.41803690791130066,
-0.07677605003118515,
-0.16481931507587433,
0.026854831725358963,
-0.5523611903190613,
-0.5875648856163025,
0.25524458289146423,
0.1407494992017746,
-0.5174192786216736,
-0.5826441049575806,
-0.27002835273742676,
-0.11642587929964066,
-0.44349053502082825,
0.4164101183414459,
-0.2742728888988495,
-0.17896011471748352,
0.6379992961883545,
0.108467236161232,
-0.1731344610452652,
-0.2853025197982788,
-0.3071316182613373,
0.4021141231060028,
-0.4259094297885895,
0.48348161578178406,
-0.02061445079743862,
0.16159223020076752,
-0.32989493012428284,
-0.029309134930372238,
-0.5167754292488098,
-0.37338754534721375,
0.4505660831928253,
-0.0634152814745903,
0.2562122941017151,
0.24059246480464935,
-0.444095253944397,
-0.6451963782310486,
0.16584834456443787,
-0.21228964626789093,
0.350567102432251,
-0.22326774895191193,
-0.005047458689659834,
0.5120648145675659,
0.1996341198682785,
-0.045105546712875366,
0.4210383892059326,
0.10822304338216782,
-0.2861259877681732,
-0.3033772110939026,
-0.10380320996046066,
0.22234995663166046,
-0.10462711751461029,
0.2954966425895691,
0.24152815341949463,
-0.24449269473552704,
0.6071792244911194,
-0.041233982890844345,
-0.09684374928474426,
0.1611863076686859,
-0.4979635179042816,
-0.5181217193603516,
0.010215957649052143,
0.3688635230064392,
-0.30139195919036865,
0.037374310195446014,
-0.3088153302669525,
0.1335151195526123,
-0.29355496168136597,
0.3350774049758911,
0.34399309754371643,
0.4358532130718231,
0.19846373796463013,
-0.11006958782672882,
0.25085675716400146,
-0.21607935428619385,
-0.5006363391876221,
0.28135231137275696,
-0.8945164084434509,
0.19050660729408264,
-0.07873720675706863,
0.5713373422622681,
0.34006303548812866,
-0.276081919670105,
-0.08869272470474243,
0.6509367823600769,
-0.17340923845767975,
-0.871900737285614,
0.3954181373119354,
-0.007811874151229858,
0.2791402041912079,
-0.19219805300235748,
-0.7838684320449829,
0.13289915025234222,
0.0990452691912651,
0.4792832136154175,
-0.5966424942016602,
-0.8133485913276672,
0.18400731682777405,
0.5363326072692871,
0.2861006259918213,
-0.6973183751106262,
-0.5647649168968201,
0.3545638620853424,
0.07533212006092072,
-0.7235957384109497,
-0.24037285149097443,
-0.36921223998069763,
0.2580048739910126,
0.2159709930419922,
-0.4779912531375885,
-0.04060017317533493,
-0.005672128405421972,
0.3465060591697693,
0.016739318147301674,
0.3081394135951996,
0.6026851534843445,
0.5488887429237366,
0.6688581109046936,
-0.48073601722717285,
-0.006330023054033518,
-0.16034305095672607,
0.930172324180603,
0.30307796597480774,
-0.33257776498794556,
-0.40404099225997925,
0.2985590994358063,
-0.1873454600572586,
-0.012610218487679958,
0.08648320287466049,
-0.41269275546073914,
-0.18998481333255768,
-0.0948881059885025,
0.2708015441894531,
0.2937694787979126,
-0.07053089141845703,
-1.081664800643921,
0.4971156716346741,
0.8161022067070007,
-0.7858504056930542,
0.4072032570838928,
-0.4529458284378052,
0.44687619805336,
0.0007283545564860106,
-0.09183072298765182,
-0.8559209704399109,
-0.10906105488538742,
-0.7296685576438904,
-0.39974847435951233,
-0.7355281114578247,
0.6800240278244019,
0.1608409285545349,
-0.7999885082244873,
-0.15810173749923706,
-0.3540082275867462,
-0.002249480690807104,
-0.19620442390441895,
-0.4202480912208557,
-0.26471182703971863,
0.089666448533535,
0.35689836740493774,
0.19616055488586426,
0.4277910590171814,
0.32334497570991516,
0.20661646127700806,
0.7555329203605652,
0.5498836040496826,
0.26726338267326355,
-0.8600596189498901,
-0.12741631269454956,
0.45145168900489807,
0.4108082950115204,
-0.5456287264823914,
-0.3158598244190216,
-0.5246055126190186,
0.1531720757484436,
-0.31864556670188904,
-0.6021384596824646,
-0.12592792510986328,
0.7997438311576843,
-0.5697985291481018,
-0.20945340394973755,
-0.524355411529541,
0.07408078014850616,
-0.3026978373527527,
0.6693801283836365,
0.5436097979545593,
-0.9625974297523499,
-0.3211243152618408,
0.09732656925916672,
0.17704729735851288,
0.4963870644569397,
-0.5092443823814392,
0.08629518747329712,
-0.10562438517808914,
0.3598528206348419,
0.15141519904136658,
-0.35145998001098633,
-0.017536764964461327,
-0.47128018736839294,
0.09552109986543655,
0.06159735471010208,
-0.467025488615036,
0.6700353026390076,
0.15667890012264252,
-0.33194875717163086,
0.6480735540390015,
0.08472854644060135,
-0.12490725517272949,
0.17931191623210907,
-0.1836734414100647,
0.09554488211870193,
0.04052572697401047,
0.33187928795814514,
0.3299717605113983,
0.2655227780342102,
-0.17886294424533844,
-0.49444615840911865,
-0.5482467412948608,
0.15694956481456757,
-0.06113247200846672,
-0.7296673059463501,
-0.4093642234802246,
-0.6443364024162292,
-0.059058479964733124,
-0.3792780041694641,
0.41181740164756775,
-0.21679195761680603,
-0.5016460418701172,
0.1897786259651184,
0.01948237419128418,
-0.14526763558387756,
-0.41014671325683594,
0.10692664235830307,
0.10357672721147537,
0.009486987255513668,
-0.5849966406822205,
-0.23734168708324432,
0.21690897643566132,
-0.5278311371803284,
0.004804607480764389,
0.23161472380161285,
-0.3841039836406708,
-0.30877891182899475,
0.673673689365387,
0.03985477611422539,
0.21551218628883362,
0.24617232382297516,
0.14459915459156036,
-0.09525942802429199,
0.35017845034599304,
-0.23081722855567932,
-0.16210123896598816,
0.21598206460475922,
0.24410313367843628,
0.2081403136253357,
-0.49202731251716614,
0.4695117771625519,
0.6643422842025757,
-0.1738707721233368,
-0.17651817202568054,
0.6737785339355469,
-0.05770277976989746,
-0.0033552655950188637,
1.0624316930770874,
-0.42978134751319885,
0.44736918807029724,
-0.02526441216468811,
-0.7667445540428162,
-0.1421486735343933,
0.16468989849090576,
-0.4946109354496002,
-0.09669569134712219,
1.1206204891204834,
0.29803183674812317,
0.20413433015346527,
0.46134692430496216,
-0.16317062079906464,
-0.2776114344596863,
-0.599286675453186,
-0.15154069662094116,
0.3375905156135559,
-0.6871872544288635,
-0.39407333731651306,
0.012532365508377552,
0.3553474545478821,
0.6389688849449158,
0.24525468051433563,
0.3016798496246338,
0.026513012126088142,
-0.4282560646533966,
-0.1959591656923294,
0.062488436698913574,
0.5800386071205139,
0.10518485307693481,
0.11400458961725235,
0.7103824019432068,
-0.22070850431919098,
-0.16078825294971466,
-0.03427516669034958,
0.4367435574531555,
-0.23360958695411682,
0.14479677379131317,
-0.28343501687049866,
-0.08384586870670319,
-0.21753910183906555,
0.22283875942230225,
0.09736058115959167,
-0.4307458996772766,
-0.41787901520729065,
-0.23611599206924438,
0.27137109637260437,
0.18818454444408417,
0.4181146025657654,
0.21372610330581665,
0.20450811088085175,
-0.6905076503753662,
-0.4184543490409851,
-0.3131142258644104,
-0.43209370970726013,
-0.36243534088134766,
0.36909252405166626,
0.10966840386390686,
-0.30801957845687866,
0.24126644432544708,
-0.03590898588299751,
0.02851991355419159,
0.30743154883384705,
0.051121681928634644,
-0.11377642303705215,
0.5779369473457336,
-0.414506733417511,
-0.05672623962163925,
-0.27480340003967285,
0.36162811517715454,
0.5770046710968018,
0.20537146925926208,
-0.7761141061782837,
-0.09673736989498138,
0.29287177324295044,
0.4095551669597626,
0.17969515919685364,
-0.6718389391899109,
-0.40626290440559387,
0.1624619960784912,
-0.05875407159328461,
-0.4554441273212433,
-0.06233585625886917,
-0.12362605333328247,
-0.330831915140152,
-0.7366299033164978,
0.10745913535356522,
-0.4952814280986786,
-0.23709195852279663,
0.3156144320964813,
1.071387529373169,
0.5437307953834534,
0.10223539173603058,
0.059160247445106506,
0.11961201578378677,
-1.112293004989624,
-0.03785837069153786,
0.3285358250141144,
0.3395535945892334,
0.2610578238964081,
0.26442041993141174,
-0.38389670848846436,
0.720554769039154,
0.016124527901411057,
-0.33609384298324585,
-0.3179941773414612,
0.6348068714141846,
-0.17940174043178558,
-0.5929847359657288,
-0.292353093624115,
0.6581559777259827,
0.3825284540653229,
0.0623021237552166,
-0.6691498160362244,
0.6388481259346008,
-0.17865467071533203,
0.23818838596343994,
-0.6103270053863525,
0.5851028561592102,
0.3160895109176636
] |
236489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino%20language | Filipino language | Filipino (; Wikang Filipino, ) is the national language (Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika) of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as an official language of the country. It is a standardized variety of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian regional language that is widely spoken in the Philippines. Tagalog is the first language of 24 million people or about one-fourth of the Philippine population as of 2019, while 45 million speak Tagalog as their second language as of 2013. Tagalog is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Officially, Filipino is defined by the Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in Filipino or simply KWF) as "the native dialect, spoken and written, in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago". As of 2000, over 90% of the population could speak Tagalog, approximately 80% could speak Filipino and 60% could speak English.
Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order but can also use subject-verb-object order as well. Filipino follows the trigger system of Morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection. It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech.
Filipino is officially taken to be a pluricentric language, as it is further enriched and developed by the other existing Philippine languages according to the mandate of the 1987 Constitution. The emergence of varieties of Filipino with grammatical properties differing from Tagalog has been observed in Metro Cebu and Metro Davao. These and Metro Manila together comprise the three largest metropolitan areas in the Philippines.
Background
The Philippines is a multilingual state with more than 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan; however, there are languages brought by the Negritos. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages and these languages borrowed words from other languages such as Hokkien, Sanskrit, Tamil, and Arabic. There was no single common language across every cultural group in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, although chroniclers of the time noted that the kings or chiefs of small polities normally spoke five languages.
A Spanish exploratory mission under Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, and Spanish colonization of the islands followed. The eventual capital established by Spain in the Philippines was Manila, situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the conquest of Manila from both the Muslim communities of Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Matanda and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula. Manila was made capital of the new colony both because of fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch, and because of its strategic location. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomas Pinpin in Pila, Laguna. A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila.
Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish colonial period, originally of the Mexican-Spanish variety during the rule of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and then replaced by Peninsular Spanish under direct Spanish rule. During the American colonial period, English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased.
Designation as the national language
While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that:
On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra, who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans, the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs).
The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors:
Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood language in all the Philippine Regions.
It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, as Visayan or Bikol are.
Its literary tradition is the richest of all native Philippine languages, the most developed and extensive (mirroring that of the Tuscan language vis-à-vis Italian). More books are written in Tagalog than in any other autochthonous Philippine language but Spanish, but this is mainly by virtue of law.
Tagalog has always been the language of Manila, the political and economic center of the Philippines during the Spanish and American eras.
Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog.
On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ () of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language.
Further history
In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection.
The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a “Manila Lingua Franca” which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino, to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino, to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta.
The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution, in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino, to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to:
In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to the Filipino language.
Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:
And also states in the article:
and:
Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages. Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino is the
However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of the Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language.
Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil.
On August 22, 2007, it was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.
Commemoration
Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only a week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language).
In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of the Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar, author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura.
In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with the birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration".
In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos.
Comparison of Filipino and Tagalog
While the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered the official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based";
The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin, the latter a national.
Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same; sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at the Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, or any of the other Philippine languages. He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows:
In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and "Imperial Manila", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues".
Unicode
Tagalog-Numbers Unicode range: U+0000-U+007F U+1700–U+171F
Example
This is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Usually, the diacritics are not written and the syntax and grammar is based from Tagalog.
See also
Philippine literature
Philippine Braille
Filipino Sign Language
Filipino orthography
Filipino alphabet
Abakada alphabet
Suyat
Tagalog grammar
Tagalog phonology
Tagalog Wikipedia
Taglish
List of loanwords in Tagalog
Commission on the Filipino Language
UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino
References
Citations
Sources
Additional sources
New Vicassan's English–Pilipino Dictionary by Vito C. Santos,
Learn Filipino: Book One by Victor Eclar Romero
Lonely Planet Filipino/Tagalog (Travel Talk)
Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook
UP Diksyonaryong Filipino by Virgilio S. Almario (ed.) , and
English–Pilipino Dictionary, Consuelo T. Panganiban,
Diksyunaryong Filipino–English, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino,
New English–Filipino Filipino–English Dictionary, by Maria Odulio de Guzman
[ "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy] by Danilo Manarpaac. In: [ The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies] by Christian Mair. Rodopi; 2003 . p. 479–492.
Further reading
Commission on the Filipino Language
Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines, discussion by linguist and educator Andrew Gonzalez
"...a third of the Filipino language is derived from Spanish words, constituting some 4,000 'loan words'".
Published online: April 18, 2012
Standard languages
Tagalog dialects
National symbols of the Philippines | [
0.17008699476718903,
0.30589529871940613,
-0.18346181511878967,
-0.22625677287578583,
-0.2736350893974304,
0.3924393355846405,
0.2457842379808426,
1.3138712644577026,
-0.7154245972633362,
-0.289768248796463,
-0.16396944224834442,
0.6923816800117493,
-0.05369756370782852,
-0.2192414402961731,
-0.04882045090198517,
0.3197789788246155,
0.8969936370849609,
0.7480953931808472,
-0.08057539165019989,
-0.31659165024757385,
-0.6662264466285706,
-0.09766882658004761,
0.49194490909576416,
0.23317840695381165,
0.35603684186935425,
0.10044072568416595,
0.5624243021011353,
-0.040667805820703506,
0.21129582822322845,
-0.2951434552669525,
-0.08937407284975052,
0.34143736958503723,
-0.08411833643913269,
0.5921635031700134,
-0.1644255369901657,
-0.3027486801147461,
-0.3821113407611847,
-0.2190040647983551,
-0.15237528085708618,
0.41171056032180786,
0.08732149004936218,
-0.47944244742393494,
0.28138551115989685,
0.20532242953777313,
0.223261296749115,
-0.46838849782943726,
-1.0649815797805786,
0.33288902044296265,
-0.9472464919090271,
0.2546803653240204,
-0.8078015446662903,
-0.13104437291622162,
-0.11507047712802887,
0.3079453110694885,
0.044469110667705536,
0.6757652163505554,
-0.20917417109012604,
0.16159385442733765,
-0.2954561710357666,
-0.09102045744657516,
-0.23359589278697968,
0.5711853504180908,
-0.23876309394836426,
-0.05656934529542923,
0.31670278310775757,
0.029728258028626442,
-0.02294783852994442,
0.18708257377147675,
-0.3157522976398468,
-0.5007368922233582,
-0.06409894675016403,
0.23696112632751465,
-0.360208660364151,
0.13714678585529327,
-0.3487436771392822,
-0.7118181586265564,
-0.12537463009357452,
0.3420107066631317,
-0.5263059735298157,
0.18692222237586975,
-0.1804368644952774,
0.6129924058914185,
0.5782712697982788,
0.08998123556375504,
0.19229385256767273,
-0.07458250969648361,
-0.2070566564798355,
0.1448865681886673,
0.3328227996826172,
0.2804827094078064,
-0.1740151196718216,
0.32887595891952515,
0.20107464492321014,
-0.09430792182683945,
-0.16407930850982666,
0.15577054023742676,
-0.5239017605781555,
0.2951984703540802,
-0.10815814882516861,
0.29669317603111267,
-0.40027719736099243,
-0.10329799354076385,
0.6706016063690186,
0.20504732429981232,
-1.1567795276641846,
-0.23645102977752686,
-0.36202532052993774,
0.6032886505126953,
-0.41534844040870667,
-0.03559833765029907,
-0.43182680010795593,
0.03581443801522255,
0.2608921527862549,
-0.03424348682165146,
-0.21108777821063995,
0.30394619703292847,
0.2966209650039673,
-0.3957863748073578,
-0.17653341591358185,
-0.6550165414810181,
-0.11548884958028793,
0.4573681056499481,
-0.14090122282505035,
0.3010810315608978,
0.8267459273338318,
0.08318684250116348,
0.45902249217033386,
-0.1196245327591896,
-0.1942986249923706,
-0.04849841445684433,
0.07147233933210373,
0.39982303977012634,
0.1629692167043686,
0.1885194480419159,
0.12453677505254745,
-0.3433041572570801,
-0.15502189099788666,
0.628995954990387,
0.20091231167316437,
-0.20521046221256256,
-1.016338586807251,
-0.2998482882976532,
-0.5107914805412292,
-0.04562928527593613,
0.446866512298584,
-0.1550123542547226,
-0.25718483328819275,
-0.42583659291267395,
-1.029979944229126,
-0.5590523481369019,
-0.1821502298116684,
-0.4831611216068268,
-0.18676164746284485,
-0.16572311520576477,
-0.3342883884906769,
-0.06281745433807373,
0.6110886335372925,
0.3350038528442383,
0.4289586544036865,
0.38958439230918884,
-0.27481192350387573,
-0.46301186084747314,
-0.36786916851997375,
-0.2844131588935852,
0.04473648965358734,
0.17942491173744202,
-0.11196345090866089,
1.048410177230835,
0.22023817896842957,
0.29142579436302185,
-0.15985754132270813,
-0.2779350280761719,
-0.06425114721059799,
-0.2878537178039551,
-0.7287540435791016,
-1.0582032203674316,
-0.22833150625228882,
0.20386233925819397,
0.27312254905700684,
-0.17848937213420868,
-0.5631552934646606,
0.43154072761535645,
0.13978813588619232,
0.22256579995155334,
-0.2206118106842041,
0.048503853380680084,
0.23385557532310486,
-0.05906331166625023,
0.4585575759410858,
0.07943402975797653,
-0.3330850303173065,
-0.5469478368759155,
0.046947646886110306,
-0.6028079390525818,
0.3306352496147156,
-0.006016604136675596,
-0.5423335433006287,
1.321903944015503,
0.2389250248670578,
0.6459078192710876,
0.41168487071990967,
-0.5681477189064026,
-0.02087932638823986,
0.22327959537506104,
-0.3601624071598053,
0.11039558798074722,
0.19553150236606598,
0.5182458758354187,
0.6788278222084045,
0.3294887840747833,
0.5051324963569641,
-0.26312413811683655,
-0.02714543603360653,
0.31190547347068787,
0.22824549674987793,
-0.40941035747528076,
-0.17205630242824554,
-0.3378690779209137,
0.14467847347259521,
-0.13637478649616241,
1.06315016746521,
-0.7414981126785278,
0.0716419368982315,
0.4230802059173584,
-0.10229383409023285,
0.7528083324432373,
0.12793439626693726,
-0.053379833698272705,
0.7487693428993225,
-0.09972979873418808,
0.7559242248535156,
-0.6408160328865051,
0.46567583084106445,
-0.5976948738098145,
-0.5861722230911255,
0.11889003217220306,
-0.2104329764842987,
-0.06448210775852203,
-0.176053985953331,
0.14993098378181458,
0.1352531760931015,
0.08381080627441406,
-0.6548762917518616,
-0.27524369955062866,
0.3695176839828491,
-0.00018103820912074298,
-0.5321460962295532,
-0.3222867548465729,
0.49805936217308044,
0.14625464379787445,
0.6215243339538574,
0.18857014179229736,
0.09604690223932266,
-0.0785594955086708,
-0.2953922748565674,
0.016520466655492783,
0.008378684520721436,
-0.517918050289154,
0.6767235398292542,
-0.2981778681278229,
-0.31881847977638245,
0.29403507709503174,
0.10117747634649277,
0.33469030261039734,
-0.2438204288482666,
-0.667218029499054,
0.3163910210132599,
0.18669147789478302,
-0.36564305424690247,
0.2907320261001587,
0.5374906659126282,
-0.25868773460388184,
-0.6490488648414612,
-0.2857602834701538,
0.16125962138175964,
-0.36381614208221436,
0.22007440030574799,
-0.0693051740527153,
-0.8091078400611877,
-0.7680880427360535,
-0.3685908317565918,
0.46874818205833435,
0.24492955207824707,
-0.18659533560276031,
-0.4692743420600891,
-0.5801458358764648,
-0.27298060059547424,
-0.5619343519210815,
-0.20479683578014374,
0.04206329211592674,
0.003292078385129571,
-0.0842791348695755,
-0.49717050790786743,
-0.12631537020206451,
0.15968194603919983,
-0.6394367218017578,
-0.051780615001916885,
0.1419910341501236,
0.4992477297782898,
-0.7257400155067444,
-0.2834242880344391,
0.30847540497779846,
-0.17081372439861298,
-0.06563179939985275,
-0.12687955796718597,
0.3075866401195526,
-0.31074634194374084,
-0.0024868235923349857,
-5.742410659790039,
-0.1264144331216812,
-0.31183668971061707,
-0.916046142578125,
0.23255997896194458,
0.10524674504995346,
0.13155624270439148,
-0.40437260270118713,
0.6804010272026062,
0.013017477467656136,
-0.41860222816467285,
0.3192461431026459,
-0.05892208591103554,
0.09183918684720993,
0.16684085130691528,
0.3079243004322052,
-0.2930293679237366,
-0.11006656289100647,
-0.22266264259815216,
0.374899685382843,
0.16636206209659576,
0.06736057251691818,
0.14851267635822296,
0.9166845083236694,
0.6721827983856201,
0.2176748663187027,
-0.10236810147762299,
-0.26986536383628845,
-0.284321129322052,
0.19080418348312378,
-0.3633400499820709,
-0.38031163811683655,
0.8019207715988159,
-0.25754788517951965,
-0.386778324842453,
-0.4215225577354431,
0.7540656924247742,
0.36104676127433777,
0.31005391478538513,
-0.6799567341804504,
-0.2435060739517212,
-0.24485205113887787,
-0.053860731422901154,
-0.29535508155822754,
0.4453108012676239,
0.1698361486196518,
-0.7857109904289246,
-0.5320942401885986,
-0.5292690396308899,
0.9397275447845459,
-0.3894790709018707,
0.12859253585338593,
0.043384842574596405,
0.07809912413358688,
0.3751654326915741,
0.11112324148416519,
0.757304847240448,
-0.18802988529205322,
-0.5859432816505432,
0.014862731099128723,
0.802376925945282,
0.18303442001342773,
-0.4132828414440155,
-0.2917535901069641,
-0.4284302890300751,
-0.08350279182195663,
-0.869926929473877,
-0.12267260253429413,
0.4566742181777954,
0.12727102637290955,
-0.5753478407859802,
0.08916501700878143,
-0.23193953931331635,
-0.6775319576263428,
0.35008901357650757,
-0.3055746555328369,
-0.9081926345825195,
0.16691343486309052,
0.18644225597381592,
0.0828864648938179,
-0.4183772802352905,
0.14158578217029572,
-0.04744282737374306,
0.20784306526184082,
0.12928977608680725,
-0.3896661102771759,
-0.34855806827545166,
-0.11277599632740021,
-0.34433528780937195,
0.26679736375808716,
1.0182113647460938,
-0.4508683979511261,
0.27794209122657776,
0.3015415370464325,
0.7051077485084534,
0.36964157223701477,
0.40219646692276,
-0.0761599987745285,
0.7320967316627502,
-0.8371687531471252,
0.6301710605621338,
-0.3055199980735779,
-0.03972845524549484,
-0.10832268744707108,
0.3441396951675415,
0.08189476281404495,
-0.25470924377441406,
0.2632485628128052,
0.7097905874252319,
-0.4214716851711273,
-0.0776887834072113,
0.2821577191352844,
0.08943912386894226,
0.05650324001908302,
0.6042064428329468,
0.17554540932178497,
-0.564889669418335,
0.13162903487682343,
0.03576276823878288,
-0.10449577867984772,
0.21155931055545807,
0.0965249314904213,
-0.2825866639614105,
0.8354524970054626,
-0.2253885716199875,
-0.439050555229187,
0.014239608310163021,
0.6125423908233643,
-0.37620875239372253,
-0.3455987870693207,
0.5665359497070312,
-0.09289179742336273,
0.6342239379882812,
-0.004495983012020588,
0.06276573985815048,
0.17953689396381378,
0.038584738969802856,
-0.24938510358333588,
0.26568403840065,
-0.8841937780380249,
-0.16975228488445282,
-0.691076934337616,
-0.04053835570812225,
-0.11409632861614227,
0.3310953676700592,
0.3612113893032074,
-0.16361472010612488,
-0.3247053027153015,
-0.47930270433425903,
0.3161514103412628,
0.5149437785148621,
-0.6131924986839294,
0.46741172671318054,
0.2504745423793793,
-0.5508770942687988,
-0.26429250836372375,
0.26550915837287903,
0.37458592653274536,
-0.12800002098083496,
-0.3789829909801483,
0.3314896523952484,
-0.8174455165863037,
-0.43766453862190247,
0.25642889738082886,
-0.45647260546684265,
-0.6279007792472839,
-0.1031608134508133,
0.46279340982437134,
-0.08646272122859955,
0.8144150376319885,
0.8581831455230713,
-0.2981277406215668,
-0.6142399907112122,
0.1624433547258377,
0.45390573143959045,
-0.41916725039482117,
0.21058377623558044,
0.171524778008461,
-0.2617078721523285,
0.21689476072788239,
0.2591647505760193,
-0.29752665758132935,
-0.4521571397781372,
0.5495575070381165,
0.25478771328926086,
-0.043356314301490784,
0.36643171310424805,
0.005930138751864433,
-0.7436901926994324,
0.19109027087688446,
0.13464052975177765,
0.20465633273124695,
0.08686742931604385,
-0.2797083258628845,
-0.7010143995285034,
0.06215305253863335,
-0.14873673021793365,
0.6930845379829407,
-0.04982840642333031,
0.1977774202823639,
0.018620090559124947,
0.3147507309913635,
-0.42909398674964905,
-0.2966667115688324,
0.18287895619869232,
-0.27265581488609314,
0.41504305601119995,
-0.0987027958035469,
-0.41701844334602356,
-0.4546968340873718,
-0.7411155104637146,
-0.3353939652442932,
-0.29661813378334045,
-0.09097037464380264,
-0.37338370084762573,
0.03627406433224678,
-0.09714170545339584,
-0.21898609399795532,
-0.30965912342071533,
-0.3945494294166565,
0.08589737117290497,
0.36142784357070923,
-0.07608939707279205,
0.4392664134502411,
0.061722736805677414,
1.3974940776824951,
-0.06365804374217987,
-0.4577559232711792,
0.3346272110939026,
-0.28136229515075684,
0.39146846532821655,
-0.5389156937599182,
0.6605778336524963,
0.699363112449646,
-0.32126399874687195,
0.20047618448734283,
0.016582757234573364,
0.5907596349716187,
0.4844607710838318,
0.5815727114677429,
0.07922565191984177,
0.9667564034461975,
-0.5801606178283691,
-0.6705678701400757,
-0.5267476439476013,
0.13417063653469086,
-0.1355070173740387,
-0.4021433889865875,
-0.4392802119255066,
0.26364678144454956,
0.2183641642332077,
-0.9486171007156372,
0.07806351035833359,
-0.22941844165325165,
0.4035838842391968,
-0.39408227801322937,
-0.1461932361125946,
0.39820432662963867,
-0.12007302045822144,
-0.1919507533311844,
0.14242973923683167,
-0.24125735461711884,
-0.4794337749481201,
0.22819146513938904,
0.2627376317977905,
-0.2195923924446106,
-0.12894205749034882,
0.34629854559898376,
0.267143189907074,
0.47876015305519104,
-0.25298023223876953,
-0.8725285530090332,
0.05032213032245636,
-0.02725139446556568,
0.31765806674957275,
0.09473554790019989,
-0.09269368648529053,
0.17535296082496643,
0.6420309543609619,
0.18623170256614685,
-1.0488853454589844,
-0.29440733790397644,
-0.3398379981517792,
-0.40020325779914856,
-0.05071699991822243,
-0.4482578933238983,
0.5482539534568787,
0.3428318202495575,
-0.4804210960865021,
0.24050302803516388,
-0.5006172060966492,
0.02876024879515171,
0.20570114254951477,
0.10906942933797836,
-0.26960745453834534,
-0.23275414109230042,
0.2941691279411316,
0.31288108229637146,
-0.21780918538570404,
0.19312971830368042,
-0.14718210697174072,
0.14629989862442017,
0.6431387066841125,
0.03973066061735153,
-0.00008148921187967062,
-0.10740619152784348,
0.2632431983947754,
-0.4845331907272339,
-0.10118123143911362,
-0.15339986979961395,
-0.08440659940242767,
0.37661001086235046,
0.6446383595466614,
0.3231118321418762,
-0.4495108723640442,
0.3921642005443573,
0.4956425130367279,
-0.5530602335929871,
0.15475237369537354,
0.35132795572280884,
0.3841283917427063,
-0.6201157569885254,
0.3751509487628937,
0.45495522022247314,
-0.08779039978981018,
0.3415336012840271,
-0.3389922082424164,
-0.4829696714878082,
0.5659968852996826,
-0.16557542979717255,
0.11566375195980072,
-0.13768085837364197,
-0.3417954444885254,
-0.08772630989551544,
-0.17836573719978333,
-0.6513310074806213,
-0.09596049040555954,
-0.39947977662086487,
-0.23079268634319305,
0.5964537262916565,
1.11702561378479,
0.49663421511650085,
-0.5159937739372253,
-0.14890024065971375,
0.09871260076761246,
0.17585520446300507,
0.09398293495178223,
0.21959243714809418,
0.11851390451192856,
-0.0756216049194336,
0.7002881169319153,
0.1578793078660965,
0.46335989236831665,
-0.14745143055915833,
0.3111821413040161,
0.004429352469742298,
-0.23502515256404877,
-0.2709996998310089,
-0.2155650407075882,
-0.05686162784695625,
0.07827635109424591,
0.4411565661430359,
0.45800071954727173,
0.12820735573768616,
-0.22502441704273224,
-0.3693574368953705,
0.254251629114151,
0.19029657542705536,
-0.5908703804016113,
-0.1343570351600647,
0.11785916239023209,
0.4731948673725128,
-0.6904957294464111,
-0.047155678272247314,
-0.20964302122592926,
0.7565363645553589,
0.3849649131298065,
0.42602017521858215,
-0.07664438337087631,
-0.4987453818321228,
0.17277264595031738,
0.16087578237056732,
0.0012720611412078142,
-0.8260170817375183,
0.07277039438486099,
0.2658407688140869,
0.029914332553744316,
0.6309687495231628,
-0.12400958687067032,
0.7201226353645325,
-0.13728845119476318,
0.054013147950172424,
0.30642202496528625,
-0.1004955843091011,
-0.07999494671821594,
-0.1423882395029068,
-0.4528407156467438,
0.7485011219978333,
0.01803615130484104,
-0.08541309833526611,
0.3670448660850525,
0.07420378178358078,
0.268849641084671,
0.11916965246200562,
-0.28860124945640564,
-0.3097040355205536,
-0.47905823588371277,
-0.14744780957698822,
-0.4195217788219452,
0.1908017247915268,
0.34439992904663086,
0.5169751644134521,
-0.03854571655392647,
-0.1846797913312912,
-0.09942333400249481,
0.4784596860408783,
0.6658133268356323,
-0.5821502208709717,
0.05319416522979736,
-0.4808181822299957,
-0.17195692658424377,
-0.23520901799201965,
0.3037988543510437,
0.6568312048912048,
-0.07059761881828308,
0.009840946644544601,
0.058130525052547455,
0.7471520304679871,
-0.837124228477478,
0.20664949715137482,
-0.1451389193534851,
-0.010028169490396976,
-0.31011027097702026,
0.35544541478157043,
-0.06096925213932991,
0.18309929966926575,
0.29741236567497253,
0.31347358226776123,
-0.13881385326385498,
-0.43593546748161316,
-0.10166288912296295,
-0.1745196431875229,
-0.03326090797781944,
-0.41189438104629517,
0.19143332540988922,
-0.6415330171585083,
0.2777305841445923,
0.1425996720790863,
-0.6576524376869202,
0.08723919093608856,
0.28457367420196533,
-0.0797145813703537,
0.44286927580833435,
0.046192023903131485,
-0.007697402965277433,
0.46581900119781494,
0.8392407894134521,
-0.16022494435310364,
-0.019710881635546684,
0.1813521683216095
] |
236491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hawaii%20%28CB-3%29 | USS Hawaii (CB-3) | USS Hawaii (CB-3) was intended to be the third member of the large cruisers. It was the first United States Navy ship to be named after the then-Territory of Hawaii. Because Hawaiis construction was delayed by higher-priority ships like aircraft carriers, her keel was not laid until December 1943, about two years after her sister ship .
Hawaii was launched in late 1945, but post-war budget cutbacks necessitated her cancellation in 1947. The Alaska-class large cruisers were seen as requiring a crew almost as large as a or , while the armor and protection of the capital ship-sized Hawaii was no better than a and this was particularly significant as the underwater protection designed into Hawaii was poor. In a famous Proceedings article in January 1949, Frank Uhlig dismissed the performance of the class in 1944–1945 and concluded the battlecruiser had no place in the postwar USN. For a time, the US Navy planned to convert the ship into the US' first guided missile cruiser, but this did not come to fruition. A conversion to a large command ship was later contemplated and planning went far enough that money was allocated in the 1952 budget for this purpose. However, with one command ship already completed, , and a second already chosen, , no work was started upon Hawaii. Having been laid up for twelve years, the still incomplete ship was towed to breakers to be scrapped in 1959.
Design and description
The initial impetus for the design of the Alaska class came from the commerce-raiding abilities of German and Japanese ships; the three s, the two s and Japan's large force of both heavy and light cruisers. By the time that they were built, their role had expanded to protect carrier groups. It was thought that the class's bigger guns, greater size and higher speed would give them a marked advantage in this role over heavy cruisers and they would also provide insurance against reports that Japan was building "super cruisers" more powerful than American cruisers limited by the London Naval Treaty.
Hawaii was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at deep load. The ship was powered by four General Electric geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller and eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at and a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of . She carried four floatplanes, housed in two hangars, with a pair of aircraft catapults mounted amidships.
The ship was armed with a main battery of nine 12 inch (305 mm) L/50 Mark 8 guns in three triple-gun turrets, two in a superfiring pair forward and one aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery consisted of twelve 5-inch (127 mm) L/38 dual-purpose guns in six twin turrets. Two were placed on the centerline superfiring over the main battery turrets, fore and aft; the remaining four turrets were placed on the corners of the superstructure. The light anti-aircraft battery consisted of 56 quad-mounted Bofors guns and 34 single-mounted Oerlikon guns. A pair of Mk 34 gun directors aided gunlaying for the main battery, while two Mk 37 directors controlled the 5-inch guns and a Mk 57 director aided the 40 mm guns. The main armored belt was thick, while the gun turrets had thick faces. The main armored deck was thick.
Construction, conversion proposals and eventual fate
Along with the five s and the final three Alaska-class cruisers, the construction of Hawaii was suspended in May 1942 before work began. This freed materials and facilities so that they could be used to build additional ships which could be completed faster and were needed in the war zones, like anti-submarine escorts. Over of steel plates and shapes which had been destined for Hawaii was redirected to other ships in July 1942. However, Hawaii was added back onto the construction queue on 25 May 1943, unlike CB-4 through CB-6, which were cancelled on 24 June 1943. Her keel was laid on 20 December 1943, and she was finally launched on 3 November 1945, about two years after Guam. The ship was sponsored by Mary P. Farrington, the wife of the delegate from the Territory of Hawaii to the United States House of Representatives, Joseph Farrington. After her launch, little, if any, work was done before construction was halted in either February or April 1947 due to the reduction in defense expenditures after World War II; the ship was 82.4% complete when work was halted. The turrets for the main battery had been fitted and the superstructure was mostly finished, although the former were removed when the ship was moved into the reserve fleet at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.
Aircraft carrier conversion
Hawaii was considered under project SCB 26 for a conversion to an aircraft carrier, with an aircraft crane and twin aircraft catapults to be added on the stern of the ship. The conversion, as envisioned, would have looked similar to a completed . The ship would have also been able to launch the JB-2 "Loon" cruise missile from a hydraulic catapult installed on her forward flight deck. The conversion was authorized in the same year (1948) and was scheduled to be completed in 1950; the ship's classification was changed to CBG-3 to reflect the planned overhaul. However, the conversion was canceled in 1949, along with any other plans for surface ships equipped with ballistic missiles, due to the volatility of the rocket fuels and the shortcomings with guidance systems that were available.
Guided-missile cruiser designs
Similar to the unfinished battleship , Hawaii was considered for a conversion to be a test platform for the development of guided missiles in September 1946. Designated CB(SW), the cruisers' gun armament would have consisted of sixteen 3-inch (76 mm) L70 guns in eight dual mounts. Most missiles would have been mounted toward the bow, while two "missile launching pits" would be located near the stern. For this task, no armor would have been needed and previously installed armor was to be taken off the ship when required. These plans never came to fruition, so Hawaii remained in the Reserve Fleet, still incomplete.
Two years later, in 1948, a similar conversion plan was put forth. This plan, designated project SCB 26A, proposed that Hawaii be converted into a Ballistic Guided Missile Ship. This plan called for Hawaii to be completed with 12 vertical launchers for U.S.-made V-2 short-range ballistic missiles and 6 launchers for the SSM-N-2 Triton surface-to-surface cruise missile. Triton was an attempt to give the Navy a reliable cruise missile that it could launch off of its ships. The design process began with an approval from the U.S. Navy in September 1946. After "formulating performance objectives and possible design baselines", the designers settled on attempting to fit a ramjet-powered cruiser missile onto solid-fuel rocket boosters that could carry the missile at Mach 1.6–2.5 in 1950. After lowering the ambitious goals to more realistic levels in 1955, a fully operational version was expected by 1965, but with tests for the SSM-N-9/RGM-15 Regulus II planned for that year and the up-and-coming UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched cruise missile, the project was terminated in 1957. One source has a variation of this scheme, with the developmental XPM (Experimental Prototype Missile) from Operation Bumblebee replacing the Triton launchers. XPM eventually led to the RIM-8 Talos surface-to-air missile.
Large command ship
Yet another conversion of Hawaii, this time to a "large command ship", was contemplated under project SCB 83 from August 1951. In this role, she would have been similar to , but larger. This conversion would have boasted expansive flag facilities and fully capable radar and communication systems for commanding carrier task forces, though there would have been no facilities for amphibious operations. Armament would have consisted of sixteen 5"/54 caliber guns in single mounts; this gun size was specified because 3"/50 caliber guns were believed to be too light. Two radars would have been mounted: an AN/SPS-2 on top of a forward tower and an AN/SPS-8 on the aft superstructure. In addition, an SC-2 was to be mounted on top of a short tower aft of the stack (though forward of the SPS-8); this would have been used for "tropospheric scatter communications".
Two Mk37/25 fire-control directors were planned, both fore and aft of the superstructure. The conversion plans were authorized, and her classification was changed to CBC-1 to reflect this on 26 February 1952. Money to begin the project was included in the 1952 budget, but the only work done on the ship was the removal of the 12" turrets, as it was intended that experience from Northampton should be analyzed before a full conversion. However, when it was seen that a smaller and cheaper ship—like the light carrier —could do the same duty, the Hawaii project was cancelled in 1953. She reverted to her original designation of CB-3 on 9 September 1954.
Polaris study
In February 1957, a study entitled "Polaris Study–CB-3" was published, proposing that Hawaii be stripped of all her guns in favor of twenty Polaris missiles, mounted in the hull vertically in roughly the same location as the third main turret would have been located, two Talos surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers, one each fore and aft, two Tartar SAMs mounted on either side of the superstructure and a single ASROC anti-submarine weapon mounted where the second main turret would have been placed. Nothing further was done with the study.
Disposal
On 9 June 1958, Hawaii was struck from the Naval Vessel Register and the ship was sold to the Boston Metals Company of Baltimore on 15 April 1959. The still-incomplete Hawaii was towed to Baltimore, arriving there on 6 January 1960 and was subsequently broken up for scrap.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Navy photographs of Hawaii (CB-3)
Alaska-class cruisers
Ships built in Camden, New Jersey
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
United States Navy Hawaii-related ships
1945 ships | [
-0.21260622143745422,
0.20345380902290344,
-0.16904079914093018,
0.15268971025943756,
-0.6154524087905884,
0.2575852572917938,
0.36770182847976685,
-0.7867174744606018,
-0.4810161590576172,
0.0865693986415863,
0.2193361520767212,
0.2584606111049652,
-0.1414228081703186,
0.21888215839862823,
0.18446549773216248,
0.21446995437145233,
0.6998116374015808,
0.49026748538017273,
0.07762821018695831,
-0.6237630248069763,
-0.26285630464553833,
0.06603749096393585,
0.28040164709091187,
-0.19285541772842407,
0.23512616753578186,
0.5370425581932068,
0.3763854205608368,
0.6233811974525452,
0.8400054574012756,
-0.30327120423316956,
0.2325209230184555,
0.9644147753715515,
0.007891010493040085,
0.23396557569503784,
0.3204818367958069,
-0.05017286539077759,
0.043560683727264404,
-0.27860227227211,
0.3385227620601654,
0.11782053858041763,
-0.3823554813861847,
-0.21872611343860626,
0.6042898297309875,
0.41825780272483826,
-0.16795244812965393,
0.05496767535805702,
-1.8532253503799438,
0.15792544186115265,
0.13810566067695618,
-0.13377313315868378,
-0.6230650544166565,
-0.0956462100148201,
0.5099893808364868,
0.6119470000267029,
0.2627578675746918,
0.575825035572052,
-1.1611708402633667,
0.3319607973098755,
-0.18951259553432465,
-0.4689079821109772,
0.06166387349367142,
-0.11432656645774841,
0.8606704473495483,
-0.10740706324577332,
0.28495514392852783,
0.18622027337551117,
-0.3805842697620392,
0.5440158843994141,
0.06082713603973389,
-0.2553311288356781,
0.5321095585823059,
-0.5351316332817078,
0.3927142024040222,
0.5275278687477112,
-0.29048293828964233,
-0.12195656448602676,
-0.28126874566078186,
-0.27489450573921204,
0.32096612453460693,
0.3922020196914673,
-0.11427104473114014,
0.6220496296882629,
0.6404867172241211,
-0.1308014988899231,
0.21425868570804596,
0.21038664877414703,
-0.4172722399234772,
-0.30394071340560913,
-0.43434086441993713,
1.4912327527999878,
-0.8931518793106079,
-0.010457384400069714,
0.38676559925079346,
1.1039427518844604,
-0.09113425761461258,
0.24856886267662048,
-0.32987236976623535,
0.11470774561166763,
0.7804560661315918,
0.6490157842636108,
-0.11143571883440018,
0.17039063572883606,
0.9896167516708374,
0.08953055739402771,
-0.42778339982032776,
-0.5394839644432068,
-0.47995972633361816,
-0.5653822422027588,
-1.0005024671554565,
-0.32810506224632263,
-0.47660568356513977,
0.16435591876506805,
-0.23432965576648712,
-0.07644405961036682,
-0.5418036580085754,
0.7721610069274902,
0.044082872569561005,
-0.4974522888660431,
-0.4141167104244232,
-0.312743604183197,
0.4153172969818115,
1.235454797744751,
-0.9402384161949158,
0.18719936907291412,
0.3238644301891327,
0.3816598653793335,
0.6954527497291565,
0.3574647307395935,
-0.7181896567344666,
0.014467067085206509,
0.11672081053256989,
0.6863812208175659,
-0.051785439252853394,
0.2317151576280594,
-0.40568482875823975,
-0.6542923450469971,
0.11835359036922455,
0.5147063136100769,
0.45741331577301025,
0.40326809883117676,
-0.7587463855743408,
-0.6123055219650269,
-0.584199070930481,
-0.14868588745594025,
0.5484502911567688,
0.4302517771720886,
-0.02220177836716175,
0.06775397062301636,
-0.5859189033508301,
0.20884312689304352,
-0.1313236951828003,
-0.06160060688853264,
0.1721179336309433,
0.1729043573141098,
-0.5004642009735107,
-0.04690558463335037,
0.3775734603404999,
-0.5234358310699463,
0.8277620673179626,
0.20727577805519104,
-0.5036918520927429,
0.044684093445539474,
-0.22545725107192993,
0.44218170642852783,
-0.49489739537239075,
0.2516321539878845,
0.6020486950874329,
0.01905711740255356,
0.31033384799957275,
-0.058032967150211334,
-0.4269881248474121,
-0.17331206798553467,
0.037213485687971115,
0.251018762588501,
0.17230752110481262,
-0.45473548769950867,
0.3013719618320465,
-0.08602394908666611,
0.04775475710630417,
-0.5929704904556274,
-0.8290020823478699,
-0.2694002687931061,
0.34069517254829407,
-0.38546913862228394,
0.20589324831962585,
-0.05018824711441994,
0.2794360816478729,
-0.10142308473587036,
-0.14428995549678802,
-0.08290594071149826,
-0.013873771764338017,
-0.07455237209796906,
0.3879900276660919,
-0.1581818163394928,
1.2591184377670288,
0.29040855169296265,
-0.201195627450943,
0.06658396124839783,
0.5952519178390503,
0.6195310950279236,
0.6609281301498413,
0.08269283920526505,
0.9926577806472778,
0.20535458624362946,
-0.8579956889152527,
0.6697511672973633,
0.18030580878257751,
0.6335150003433228,
0.03626282513141632,
0.6095483899116516,
-0.34468114376068115,
-0.20766854286193848,
0.15864704549312592,
0.19016394019126892,
0.04229037091135979,
-0.1535603106021881,
0.3448527455329895,
-0.25926098227500916,
0.08756402879953384,
-0.03464457392692566,
1.0321078300476074,
0.3517027497291565,
-0.13658283650875092,
0.15346534550189972,
0.09178216755390167,
0.6061002612113953,
0.13626258075237274,
0.5994234085083008,
-0.14644275605678558,
0.3476409316062927,
0.3544096052646637,
0.1575491577386856,
-0.8145931959152222,
-0.5649881362915039,
0.1678248941898346,
0.3573820888996124,
-0.06559465825557709,
-0.7912342548370361,
0.01608620025217533,
-0.3555915653705597,
0.28751835227012634,
0.2218206822872162,
-0.48476654291152954,
-0.12845586240291595,
0.34882286190986633,
-0.2788785696029663,
0.65223628282547,
-0.2375008463859558,
0.02609868161380291,
-0.5026060342788696,
0.6152994632720947,
0.5597051978111267,
0.24952541291713715,
-0.6952624917030334,
0.05850991979241371,
-0.14982923865318298,
-0.10895045101642609,
-0.406922310590744,
0.4876318871974945,
-0.32246318459510803,
0.24773874878883362,
0.45836830139160156,
0.3726235032081604,
-0.10950808972120285,
-0.20232607424259186,
-0.20091097056865692,
0.0013084625825285912,
-0.06320350617170334,
0.47933897376060486,
-0.34310072660446167,
0.28097647428512573,
-0.3870857059955597,
0.225343257188797,
-1.0606380701065063,
-0.17707836627960205,
-0.40451088547706604,
-0.4637031853199005,
0.4735918939113617,
-0.825808584690094,
-0.5170168876647949,
0.9594646096229553,
0.33844128251075745,
-0.24179792404174805,
-0.5035964846611023,
-0.4044572710990906,
-0.24771659076213837,
0.24013447761535645,
-0.6755151152610779,
-0.23875083029270172,
-0.42842569947242737,
-0.1263473480939865,
-0.4221191108226776,
-0.4365745782852173,
-0.0007243889267556369,
-0.07456013560295105,
0.5031898617744446,
-0.4651747941970825,
0.18843868374824524,
0.21575666964054108,
0.11982689797878265,
-0.22863991558551788,
0.067232646048069,
-0.3857664167881012,
-0.011057241819798946,
-0.050713442265987396,
-0.3081884980201721,
-0.2959628701210022,
0.5340718626976013,
-5.155768394470215,
-0.07000532001256943,
-0.39949271082878113,
0.21833081543445587,
0.03232021629810333,
0.4490468204021454,
0.21412216126918793,
-0.629985511302948,
0.17175018787384033,
-0.27514299750328064,
0.5790389180183411,
0.2949744164943695,
-0.12926054000854492,
0.031206149607896805,
0.06893328577280045,
0.44571536779403687,
0.5400086641311646,
-0.14182442426681519,
0.3939923048019409,
-0.07478604465723038,
-0.2850135862827301,
0.1912277638912201,
-0.029635239392518997,
0.04312435910105705,
0.07603638619184494,
0.2488975077867508,
-0.3658868670463562,
0.2726459503173828,
-0.9335440397262573,
-0.15858660638332367,
-0.17604391276836395,
-0.3719899356365204,
0.036090556532144547,
-0.41827186942100525,
-0.3200158476829529,
-0.029115354642271996,
1.0414873361587524,
0.24554957449436188,
-0.01723138615489006,
-0.7793851494789124,
-0.5698744058609009,
0.1800386756658554,
-0.0372307114303112,
0.5687664151191711,
0.7709454298019409,
-0.4578500986099243,
-0.26670074462890625,
-0.1990194320678711,
0.40139392018318176,
1.419074535369873,
0.17357490956783295,
0.26814931631088257,
0.6684377193450928,
0.5775743126869202,
0.5659347176551819,
-0.1983867734670639,
-0.42732807993888855,
0.36057010293006897,
-0.6370126605033875,
0.11165560036897659,
0.3398257791996002,
-0.35737138986587524,
-0.40428173542022705,
-0.6278976798057556,
-0.010298163630068302,
-0.4956326484680176,
-0.031217938289046288,
0.1544812023639679,
0.3174086809158325,
-0.20046527683734894,
-0.5320796370506287,
1.3963180780410767,
-0.3126522898674011,
-0.8918784856796265,
0.6340422630310059,
-0.3824029266834259,
-0.26509058475494385,
-0.1753758192062378,
-0.43032774329185486,
0.34436655044555664,
-0.16821354627609253,
-0.16208043694496155,
-0.3625846207141876,
1.0332019329071045,
0.5467755794525146,
-0.6267181038856506,
-0.4477023482322693,
0.353606253862381,
0.04008325934410095,
0.35957416892051697,
0.028986144810914993,
-0.5553117394447327,
0.5320696234703064,
0.4363311529159546,
0.25105059146881104,
-0.24118676781654358,
0.255964070558548,
0.24629051983356476,
0.8493209481239319,
-0.7255026698112488,
0.8618991374969482,
-0.4974150061607361,
0.10468035191297531,
0.255684494972229,
-0.597608208656311,
-0.8061978816986084,
-0.22696030139923096,
0.2596476376056671,
0.2183496057987213,
0.22287961840629578,
0.008886950090527534,
-0.817620575428009,
-0.29246973991394043,
-0.6319050192832947,
1.2532985210418701,
-0.011504817754030228,
-0.09810655564069748,
0.642305850982666,
0.34182417392730713,
0.8234319686889648,
-0.11939068138599396,
0.2690165340900421,
0.03320125862956047,
-0.306753545999527,
-0.07351859658956528,
-0.6911668181419373,
0.12791560590267181,
-0.28478357195854187,
-0.9640169143676758,
0.20485281944274902,
0.48503223061561584,
0.08516719192266464,
-0.08222094923257828,
0.2609200179576874,
0.03931171074509621,
-0.5489147901535034,
-0.28483450412750244,
-0.03127418830990791,
0.7019152045249939,
0.014909867197275162,
-0.5452561974525452,
0.01110055297613144,
-0.9088872075080872,
0.43841278553009033,
0.34017136693000793,
0.7661157250404358,
0.24579249322414398,
0.1228775903582573,
-0.3656423091888428,
0.4249483644962311,
-0.3029511272907257,
-1.3992555141448975,
0.3666501045227051,
-0.8956469297409058,
-0.1482151448726654,
0.33834388852119446,
0.3920380771160126,
0.37739697098731995,
-0.28339672088623047,
-0.19048959016799927,
0.19017547369003296,
0.41434183716773987,
-0.28833600878715515,
-0.42848873138427734,
0.20680586993694305,
0.017769312486052513,
-0.457798033952713,
-0.19287046790122986,
-0.14467404782772064,
0.27705898880958557,
0.08502676337957382,
-0.48608076572418213,
-1.0288063287734985,
-0.20736439526081085,
0.8450754880905151,
0.16075120866298676,
-0.5828889012336731,
-0.25438445806503296,
0.09773676097393036,
-0.1743062138557434,
-0.26141831278800964,
-0.3791142404079437,
-0.223798468708992,
0.3359488844871521,
0.24440428614616394,
-0.10672981292009354,
-0.20747897028923035,
-0.2617477774620056,
0.07831484079360962,
0.09036696702241898,
-0.19972872734069824,
-0.22266089916229248,
0.43826422095298767,
0.445951908826828,
-1.015765905380249,
-0.09830577671527863,
0.1903245896100998,
0.4266859292984009,
0.24814288318157196,
-0.9952621459960938,
0.14309725165367126,
0.4788174629211426,
-1.096565842628479,
0.21634283661842346,
0.6846198439598083,
-0.18309660255908966,
0.37745022773742676,
0.3171159029006958,
0.025093350559473038,
0.14198191463947296,
-0.29072698950767517,
-1.2686727046966553,
-0.015695564448833466,
0.3499009311199188,
-0.15512605011463165,
-0.22869178652763367,
-0.055239468812942505,
-0.3902118504047394,
-0.42421525716781616,
-0.9871085286140442,
-0.49829035997390747,
-0.32612311840057373,
-0.17759640514850616,
-0.6863969564437866,
-0.7612833976745605,
0.5985365509986877,
-0.7678324580192566,
-0.634435772895813,
0.28725504875183105,
-0.8013630509376526,
-0.6382504105567932,
0.12238920480012894,
0.2999725043773651,
0.1332150101661682,
0.03754868730902672,
-0.16708794236183167,
-0.221676304936409,
0.2745174765586853,
0.1724965125322342,
0.7752901315689087,
0.3394508361816406,
1.04022216796875,
0.42368438839912415,
-0.3171211779117584,
-0.6933290958404541,
0.1968371719121933,
0.480840265750885,
-0.18326504528522491,
-0.33960533142089844,
0.11271893978118896,
0.05609043687582016,
-0.8767657279968262,
-0.3080434203147888,
-0.5619785189628601,
0.95706707239151,
-0.8620758652687073,
0.07762923091650009,
-0.33210310339927673,
-0.08700237423181534,
-0.3690662384033203,
-0.26407498121261597,
-0.050900425761938095,
-0.6526881456375122,
-0.2800651490688324,
0.8679113984107971,
0.7616046667098999,
-0.25624901056289673,
-0.5761867165565491,
0.3643157184123993,
-0.15075281262397766,
0.07465976476669312,
0.03479858487844467,
-0.04146666079759598,
0.11647150665521622,
-0.01911836490035057,
0.3830893337726593,
0.10781320929527283,
-0.39890649914741516,
0.47458910942077637,
-0.3667038679122925,
0.0532308965921402,
0.6051490902900696,
-0.28808319568634033,
-0.4227184057235718,
-0.2385881543159485,
-0.6382415890693665,
-0.7851219773292542,
-0.5790818333625793,
-0.2759128510951996,
0.477681428194046,
0.29482001066207886,
-0.20562052726745605,
-0.6879211068153381,
-0.2027793973684311,
0.12087086588144302,
0.3999290466308594,
-0.12904013693332672,
-0.05421467125415802,
-0.6221941113471985,
0.7225496172904968,
-0.20092125236988068,
0.853724479675293,
-0.5820711255073547,
-0.11857610195875168,
0.28664126992225647,
0.08731329441070557,
0.10179606825113297,
-0.37116125226020813,
-0.06627529859542847,
0.06891754269599915,
-0.2653501331806183,
-0.33180591464042664,
0.3873973786830902,
0.6481093764305115,
-0.864618718624115,
0.24765710532665253,
0.5358328223228455,
-0.34968897700309753,
-0.18628624081611633,
0.1709785759449005,
-0.1486302763223648,
-0.26485762000083923,
0.49530819058418274,
0.682084858417511,
-0.4209464192390442,
0.5261178016662598,
-0.5777519941329956,
-0.280672550201416,
0.47198957204818726,
0.16302023828029633,
-0.008456546813249588,
-0.4244711399078369,
-0.17274421453475952,
0.437021404504776,
0.10258731991052628,
0.06642051786184311,
0.29575130343437195,
-0.4425213932991028,
-0.20333614945411682,
0.7914324998855591,
-0.15917398035526276,
0.5879921913146973,
-0.3669055104255676,
-0.4166545569896698,
0.11355763673782349,
0.3127656579017639,
-0.3795556128025055,
0.213845357298851,
0.09998802840709686,
0.5830437541007996,
0.48174425959587097,
0.8141802549362183,
0.2218877375125885,
-0.2598910331726074,
-0.047010887414216995,
0.3284864127635956,
0.27479514479637146,
-0.7889107465744019,
0.19060538709163666,
-0.31025567650794983,
0.12272968143224716,
0.05629318207502365,
0.24771945178508759,
0.3095692992210388,
-0.20519553124904633,
-0.5800614356994629,
-0.3552601635456085,
0.20528310537338257,
-0.14388145506381989,
0.13625164330005646,
0.12394410371780396,
0.4545067250728607,
-0.31321844458580017,
0.011337288655340672,
0.3171460032463074,
0.5716695785522461,
-0.0242632869631052,
-0.7486978769302368,
0.0537075400352478,
0.4907757341861725,
-0.4203157424926758,
0.07513047754764557,
-0.3502856194972992,
-1.0534721612930298,
-0.2640165388584137,
0.27149906754493713,
-0.13351362943649292,
0.6664614677429199,
0.431001752614975,
0.6851758360862732,
0.42429351806640625,
-0.17685039341449738,
-0.5114884972572327,
0.10071229934692383,
-0.3012118637561798,
0.2207803726196289,
0.3655613660812378,
0.07134037464857101,
0.4053945541381836,
0.41458624601364136,
-0.2984429597854614,
0.5644136071205139,
0.32089075446128845,
-0.3595421612262726,
-0.5461835861206055,
0.3621663749217987,
-1.000216007232666,
0.4095476269721985,
-0.38595160841941833,
-0.13041195273399353,
-0.4912570118904114,
-0.05055433511734009,
-0.22346463799476624,
-0.08581274747848511,
-0.17156700789928436,
0.6278316974639893,
0.6831741333007812,
-0.8233177065849304,
-0.4580957293510437,
0.31853118538856506,
-0.4378112256526947,
-0.2856083810329437,
-0.12197893857955933,
0.7989884614944458,
-0.4902728199958801,
-0.6372132301330566,
-0.3654995858669281,
-0.5140262842178345,
-0.35544317960739136,
-0.0691869780421257,
0.37310367822647095,
-0.3020082116127014,
-0.4551956355571747,
-0.1825038194656372,
-0.024907855316996574,
-0.4526842534542084,
-0.01830708235502243,
0.36247318983078003,
0.870840311050415,
0.0013807335635647178,
-0.11759048700332642,
-0.319847047328949,
0.45822352170944214,
0.370695024728775,
-0.6223709583282471,
0.008602616377174854,
-0.30719873309135437,
-0.9906997680664062,
0.3653886318206787,
0.6905805468559265,
0.038720373064279556,
-0.5398676991462708,
0.29836222529411316,
-0.20585060119628906,
0.16399987041950226,
0.3743016719818115,
0.645760178565979,
-0.2642976939678192,
0.5100699067115784,
-0.31714046001434326
] |
236497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighty%20Knight%20Bugs | Knighty Knight Bugs | Knighty Knight Bugs is a 1958 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Friz Freleng, The short was released on August 23, 1958, and stars Bugs Bunny.
Knighty Knight Bugs is the only Bugs Bunny cartoon to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, which was awarded in 1959. The short was later included in the 1981 compilation film The Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie.
Plot
King Arthur is sitting with his Knights of the Round Table, talking about hard times that have befallen the kingdom ever since the Black Knight stole the Singing Sword. He asks his knights—among them Sir Osis of Liver and Sir Loin of Beef—for a volunteer to get the sword back. The knights complain that the Black Knight has a fire-breathing dragon guarding the sword and is invincible. King Arthur angrily demands to know if the knights are all chicken, and is dismayed when he hears clucking and sees chicken feathers flying. Bugs, dressed as a court jester, dances in and tells King Arthur that "only a fool" would be crazy enough to go after the Singing Sword. The King agrees, and tells Bugs that he has to get the singing sword, or else face being executed.
At the castle of the Black Knight—shown to be Yosemite Sam dressed in black armor—there is a fire-breathing dragon that belongs to Sam, but the dragon has come down with a cold from allowing its fire to get low, and thus, is prone to fits of sneezing, causing jets of flame to shoot from its nostrils. Sam feeds the dragon some coal to fuel the dragon's internal fire, and then goes back to taking a nap on his chair. Bugs sneaks in to the castle, past Sam and the dragon and to the chest where he pulls out the singing sword. He openly wonders why it is called a "singing sword" and finds out when it starts vibrating, making noises like a musical saw, to the tune of "Cuddle up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine". Sam wakes up and chases Bugs, but Bugs slams the door in Sam's face, causing his armor to fall off. Sam then wakes up the dragon, who unintentionally breathes fire on him.
Bugs runs outside the castle, chased by Sam on the dragon. Bugs ducks into a hole, and Sam slides off the dragon when trying to stop. Bugs then runs back to the castle and raises the drawbridge as Sam approaches, causing Sam to fall into the moat. When Sam demands that Bugs lowers the drawbridge, Bugs lowers it right onto Sam's head, who yells in a muffled voice to raise it back up. Sam then uses the dragon to pull a catapult in place, gets on it and launches himself to the castle, but misses the window Bugs is looking out of, flattening his front. Next, Sam lassos a rope around one of the battlements of the castle, but as he is climbing up, Bugs whacks Sam on the head with a mallet, causing Sam to slide down the rope outside of his armor.
Thinking the coast is clear, Bugs sneaks out of the castle. Sam and his dragon are hidden behind a rock waiting for Bugs, but the dragon sneezes on Sam again, alerting Bugs to their presence. Bugs then runs back into the castle, followed by Sam and the dragon (who stops briefly to sneeze again). Bugs runs into a room, Sam and the dragon follow, then Bugs sneaks out and locks the door to what is now shown as an explosives stockade. Surrounded by all kinds of explosives, Sam tries to keep the dragon from sneezing again. As Bugs walks away from the castle, the dragon sneezes, and the tower Sam and the dragon are in takes off like a rocket, flying towards the moon. Bugs waves goodbye, saying: "Farewell to thee". The singing sword picks up on this and starts humming "Farewell to Thee" as Bugs walks off.
Awards
Knighty Knight Bugs is the only Looney Tunes entry to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1959. In doing so, it beat out cartoons Walt Disney Studios' Paul Bunyan and Terrytoons' Sidney's Family Tree. It was the third Oscar-nominated Bugs Bunny cartoon, after A Wild Hare in 1941 and Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt in 1942. The Oscar was presented to John W. Burton, the producer of this cartoon.
In the Tiny Toon Adventures episode "Who Bopped Bugs Bunny?", the Oscar win of Knighty Knight Bugs is a major plot point. It is revealed that in 1959, a cartoon of Sappy "Slaphappy" Stanley (an elephant, voiced by Jonathan Winters) was defeated for the "Shloscar" (a parody of the Oscar) award by Knighty Knight Bugs. As a result, Stanley scorned the U.S. film industry and relocated to France, where he became a national star (parodying the similar career move of Jerry Lewis), but he still nursed a bitter grudge against Bugs, culminating in the episode's plot. Sappy Stanley is not a pre-existing cartoon character, having been created for the episode, but a parody of Terrytoons character Sidney the Elephant, a.k.a. "Silly Sidney", whose cartoon Sidney's Family Tree was indeed nominated for an Academy Award the same year as Knighty Knight Bugs.
The phrase "Sir Loin of Beef" was used in Bugs Bunny parody Rabbit Hood by Bugs to con the gullible Sheriff of Nottingham.
The phrase "Sir Osis of the Liver" was used in the Bugs Bunny parody Knight-mare Hare.
The gag on a dopey fire breathing dragon was also used in Knight-mare Hare and on the cartoon series Here Comes the Grump.
Home media
This cartoon is featured uncut on Disc 1 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4 DVD set, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, and The Essential Bugs Bunny. It is also available in the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3 Blu-ray and DVD.
Attractions
Bugs' White Water Rapids is a Hopkins Rides log flume themed to Knighty Knight Bugs that opened in 1998 at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas.
See also
List of Bugs Bunny cartoons
List of Yosemite Sam cartoons
References
External links
1958 films
1958 animated films
1958 short films
1950s American animated films
1950s animated short films
Arthurian animated films
Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
Films set in the Middle Ages
Films set in England
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
American films
Animated films about dragons
Films featuring Bugs Bunny
Films set in castles
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films featuring Yosemite Sam | [
-0.7812333703041077,
0.4025810956954956,
-0.033525872975587845,
0.4922821819782257,
0.13358564674854279,
-0.2568136751651764,
0.17484824359416962,
0.49652761220932007,
-1.0954842567443848,
-0.006332144606858492,
-0.4716763198375702,
0.5377731323242188,
-0.7226212024688721,
-0.015279283747076988,
0.09766677021980286,
0.09983889013528824,
0.20838862657546997,
0.1284126192331314,
-0.6902157068252563,
-0.670772135257721,
-0.24433667957782745,
-0.5370434522628784,
0.05059278383851051,
-0.40454211831092834,
-0.39158570766448975,
-0.23897401988506317,
0.45832785964012146,
0.7760564088821411,
0.3930603563785553,
0.4450812041759491,
-0.09202442318201065,
0.21842819452285767,
0.34074246883392334,
-0.08156216144561768,
-0.2270209640264511,
-0.20895691215991974,
0.37864580750465393,
-0.16204406321048737,
-0.10527533292770386,
-0.3623538613319397,
0.6899824738502502,
0.26641106605529785,
-0.09625737369060516,
-0.023004399612545967,
0.30539512634277344,
-0.23633867502212524,
-1.6292129755020142,
0.008722248487174511,
-0.2751987874507904,
0.048398107290267944,
0.4183167517185211,
0.8980400562286377,
-0.18706436455249786,
0.1936279684305191,
0.13049934804439545,
1.023732304573059,
-0.4367640018463135,
0.17790788412094116,
-0.693131148815155,
0.29306644201278687,
-0.14283907413482666,
-0.6011672019958496,
0.4729982018470764,
-0.020961759611964226,
-0.520330011844635,
0.340146005153656,
-0.0965774729847908,
0.3775825500488281,
0.250021368265152,
-0.2964283525943756,
-0.07797485589981079,
-0.6080011129379272,
0.8624204397201538,
0.416443794965744,
0.15776708722114563,
-0.28454163670539856,
0.4439432621002197,
0.10581939667463303,
-0.003814816242083907,
0.006901965942233801,
-0.4471873342990875,
-0.44686663150787354,
0.8546677231788635,
0.6327584385871887,
0.20878267288208008,
0.45970141887664795,
-0.5840004682540894,
0.1976117491722107,
-0.3803991675376892,
1.009787917137146,
-0.2889655828475952,
-0.6272265315055847,
0.3435967266559601,
0.5381588339805603,
-0.027188286185264587,
-0.8461120128631592,
-0.5905781984329224,
0.21831092238426208,
0.5738478899002075,
0.24881528317928314,
-0.5514309406280518,
0.6942323446273804,
0.6192068457603455,
-0.04613354802131653,
-0.7919744253158569,
0.11153224110603333,
0.21104776859283447,
-0.5731356143951416,
-0.017515625804662704,
-0.07502420991659164,
-0.21870681643486023,
0.058562520891427994,
0.32600826025009155,
0.04398898780345917,
0.004613741301000118,
1.098813772201538,
0.19996218383312225,
-0.4391707181930542,
-0.30699440836906433,
0.48709073662757874,
0.1492912471294403,
0.29788172245025635,
0.3347972631454468,
0.07081282883882523,
0.3416692018508911,
0.8139386773109436,
0.4386551082134247,
0.5681158900260925,
0.32111257314682007,
0.41729724407196045,
0.007959293201565742,
0.6941934823989868,
-0.24543380737304688,
-0.3231150507926941,
-0.06197705119848251,
-0.3625810146331787,
0.4654999375343323,
0.15746434032917023,
-0.5896645784378052,
0.03868625685572624,
-0.1637161672115326,
0.3352142572402954,
-0.5719959139823914,
0.015698781237006187,
0.691024124622345,
-0.04845954477787018,
-0.21728305518627167,
-0.16651584208011627,
-0.06058124825358391,
-0.38209640979766846,
-0.0034773361403495073,
-0.41792139410972595,
0.1303439885377884,
0.08277292549610138,
-0.7133974432945251,
0.12162821739912033,
0.4431406855583191,
-0.02340262196958065,
-0.09098012000322342,
0.4310491383075714,
-0.027118714526295662,
0.04104907810688019,
-0.45938435196876526,
-0.23681780695915222,
-0.0029034644830971956,
-0.08621019870042801,
0.1897592395544052,
0.20769208669662476,
0.13593663275241852,
0.6583359837532043,
-0.8054048418998718,
0.3132920563220978,
0.06549523770809174,
-0.1669457107782364,
0.7379939556121826,
0.2591516375541687,
1.7342644929885864,
0.5124425292015076,
0.4621497392654419,
-0.649566650390625,
-0.5406874418258667,
-0.381608784198761,
0.11221818625926971,
-0.028245681896805763,
0.33434900641441345,
0.4765393137931824,
0.3964349925518036,
-0.5202029347419739,
0.3496684730052948,
-0.14168541133403778,
-0.4145655632019043,
0.41922709345817566,
0.39746081829071045,
-0.6696538925170898,
1.0101386308670044,
0.28909313678741455,
-0.31439098715782166,
-0.47396183013916016,
0.20615823566913605,
0.8054648637771606,
-0.12097465991973877,
0.0029622444417327642,
0.9087710976600647,
-0.07108407467603683,
-0.3899250626564026,
0.5060133934020996,
-0.32186856865882874,
0.23852534592151642,
0.5242058038711548,
0.6198354959487915,
0.13028420507907867,
0.2339588701725006,
0.46711084246635437,
0.14825426042079926,
0.1841442883014679,
-0.05870052054524422,
-0.24121622741222382,
0.4644058346748352,
0.13889390230178833,
-0.8200381398200989,
0.06327641755342484,
0.23135130107402802,
-0.629317581653595,
0.583843469619751,
0.1596912294626236,
1.4451489448547363,
0.0029515274800360203,
-0.5463236570358276,
0.32380586862564087,
-0.30427032709121704,
-0.16926689445972443,
0.5518800616264343,
-0.267588347196579,
-0.2040402740240097,
-0.6432464122772217,
0.39610251784324646,
0.2888602614402771,
-0.8383021354675293,
0.20743948221206665,
0.05736773833632469,
0.3067878782749176,
0.3298107385635376,
-0.5638108253479004,
0.33498886227607727,
-0.3366773724555969,
-0.027922017499804497,
0.0330946259200573,
0.38498249650001526,
0.0028175045736134052,
-0.6101452112197876,
0.6069364547729492,
0.5365536212921143,
-0.05173579230904579,
-0.4700163006782532,
-0.13448300957679749,
0.26025640964508057,
-0.7974362373352051,
-0.3353620171546936,
0.27613988518714905,
-0.07044580578804016,
0.04681561887264252,
0.04906301200389862,
0.32016316056251526,
0.37419095635414124,
-0.3620404005050659,
-0.6185486912727356,
-0.2825213074684143,
0.18768906593322754,
-0.4435240924358368,
0.05026787146925926,
-0.2743084132671356,
0.358504980802536,
-0.6661678552627563,
-0.9196993112564087,
0.6379618048667908,
-0.22501476109027863,
-0.279717355966568,
0.2894401252269745,
-0.2614375948905945,
-0.840636134147644,
0.297446072101593,
0.9957621097564697,
-0.11666040122509003,
0.22969169914722443,
-0.28760892152786255,
-0.1419161707162857,
0.4386025071144104,
-0.7697991132736206,
-0.39684584736824036,
0.048596497625112534,
-0.0038277653511613607,
0.11556943506002426,
-0.7045233249664307,
0.2941794693470001,
-0.4665069878101349,
0.5949413776397705,
-0.2917095422744751,
0.024885449558496475,
-0.2228822410106659,
-0.3042721152305603,
0.34457045793533325,
0.305853009223938,
-0.43604615330696106,
-0.6078439950942993,
0.10097604990005493,
0.09792716056108475,
-0.3556739389896393,
-0.3967006802558899,
-5.375612258911133,
0.43070077896118164,
0.2101360261440277,
-0.2724541127681732,
-0.024477437138557434,
0.1493328958749771,
0.1927979737520218,
-0.312369167804718,
0.21089650690555573,
0.0006982862250879407,
-0.026635903865098953,
-0.510607123374939,
-0.1719786822795868,
0.08543410152196884,
0.4700908064842224,
-0.08061004430055618,
0.24989858269691467,
-0.4695456624031067,
0.17027334868907928,
-0.34443363547325134,
-0.09298883378505707,
-0.14365646243095398,
0.4458208680152893,
-0.04486565664410591,
0.20997782051563263,
1.0672798156738281,
-0.23087556660175323,
-0.1238701120018959,
-0.6121252775192261,
0.42408832907676697,
0.17626023292541504,
-0.382699579000473,
0.058333877474069595,
-0.4643986225128174,
-0.4222557544708252,
-0.2550394535064697,
0.4887846112251282,
0.46611395478248596,
0.5860718488693237,
0.042451273649930954,
0.04929622262716293,
0.4076765775680542,
-0.284870445728302,
-0.03855973109602928,
0.3490440845489502,
-0.4220999479293823,
-0.5107032060623169,
-0.3974284529685974,
0.05267211049795151,
0.16888999938964844,
0.7383706569671631,
-0.028461789712309837,
0.05309920385479927,
0.0997108519077301,
-0.23507922887802124,
-0.19723032414913177,
0.10613654553890228,
0.07607856392860413,
-0.2610183656215668,
-0.1725497990846634,
0.6768432855606079,
-0.28822192549705505,
0.131448432803154,
0.029340475797653198,
0.4435185194015503,
-0.5537338852882385,
-0.2519584894180298,
0.25184178352355957,
0.38521435856819153,
0.1630380004644394,
-0.1256941258907318,
0.18188416957855225,
0.14621885120868683,
-1.2063385248184204,
0.3702516555786133,
0.14572395384311676,
-0.6908544898033142,
-0.3988698720932007,
0.26418641209602356,
-0.4436870813369751,
0.46854904294013977,
-0.5655366778373718,
-0.13016003370285034,
0.26763492822647095,
-0.30009496212005615,
-0.5849754810333252,
-0.5026718974113464,
0.0540832057595253,
-0.16037407517433167,
-0.182625874876976,
0.6654160022735596,
-0.717038094997406,
0.19414947926998138,
0.40638718008995056,
-0.010925146751105785,
0.1445009708404541,
0.6185886263847351,
-0.047431688755750656,
0.06549908965826035,
0.14857064187526703,
-0.4616537392139435,
-0.6463779211044312,
0.023126494139432907,
-0.994795560836792,
-0.5928447246551514,
-0.3071955740451813,
0.08845566213130951,
0.3500160872936249,
0.4865475594997406,
0.23411257565021515,
-0.4034010171890259,
-0.7026968598365784,
-0.28700190782546997,
-0.4343559741973877,
0.6419214010238647,
-0.35037654638290405,
0.5867099165916443,
0.1430225968360901,
0.08776801079511642,
-0.10631857067346573,
-0.046592287719249725,
-0.04935171455144882,
-0.07073316723108292,
-0.11079975217580795,
-0.39876478910446167,
0.026831770315766335,
0.38589900732040405,
0.08593938499689102,
0.3576676547527313,
-0.4311476945877075,
-0.5681058764457703,
0.28918227553367615,
0.3622701168060303,
-0.20241199433803558,
0.09124501049518585,
-0.699903666973114,
-0.7360121011734009,
-0.01797652803361416,
-0.15100952982902527,
-0.2958188056945801,
-0.23937112092971802,
-0.2389892041683197,
0.3420448303222656,
0.6182016730308533,
0.1351466029882431,
-0.3474196791648865,
0.46009692549705505,
-0.3700677752494812,
-0.12194586545228958,
0.5485071539878845,
-0.6195836663246155,
-0.4389609098434448,
1.19150972366333,
-0.5534604787826538,
-0.65058434009552,
0.07053745537996292,
-0.2453708052635193,
0.3874914050102234,
0.06633809953927994,
-0.19725541770458221,
0.4716503918170929,
-0.21113747358322144,
-0.8810475468635559,
0.4210193157196045,
-0.22391246259212494,
-0.21121932566165924,
0.4786548614501953,
-0.8367893695831299,
-0.5618060827255249,
0.419285386800766,
0.11766684800386429,
0.43032339215278625,
-0.6902753710746765,
-0.011023307219147682,
0.3611733317375183,
0.013738749548792839,
0.008755359798669815,
-0.527564525604248,
0.0957973524928093,
-0.05071691796183586,
-0.22416360676288605,
-0.22444863617420197,
-0.36074650287628174,
0.0089956633746624,
0.5013840794563293,
-1.1919537782669067,
-0.16382217407226562,
0.05252249538898468,
-0.24148176610469818,
0.021663231775164604,
0.010103842243552208,
0.5263488292694092,
0.5197718739509583,
0.1365104466676712,
-0.8070784211158752,
-0.45393961668014526,
-0.4494722783565521,
0.2141665369272232,
-0.35482972860336304,
-0.7636172771453857,
-0.2642606198787689,
0.37247228622436523,
0.014042984694242477,
0.632430911064148,
0.24943198263645172,
-0.5583678483963013,
0.33374452590942383,
0.23428520560264587,
0.08773236721754074,
0.3117692768573761,
0.5075381398200989,
-0.8057317733764648,
0.5409830212593079,
0.1303275227546692,
-0.15448682010173798,
0.20840048789978027,
-0.32489410042762756,
-0.012453962117433548,
-0.10740388184785843,
-0.23086223006248474,
-0.45387211441993713,
-0.36899372935295105,
-0.4143578112125397,
0.20082025229930878,
-0.9657074809074402,
0.2105882465839386,
0.7337309122085571,
-0.6172597408294678,
0.46518993377685547,
-0.4085243344306946,
0.41535890102386475,
0.12907364964485168,
-0.15433301031589508,
-0.07353957742452621,
-0.6237257122993469,
0.349132776260376,
-0.029698075726628304,
0.20758536458015442,
0.04238681122660637,
0.15121959149837494,
0.13426566123962402,
0.9888884425163269,
0.10254105925559998,
0.12569816410541534,
0.11279915273189545,
0.04080520197749138,
-0.22143898904323578,
-0.582504153251648,
-0.5257247090339661,
0.5016250610351562,
0.0405026450753212,
-0.2358546257019043,
-0.35033637285232544,
-0.09830373525619507,
0.700398325920105,
-0.7709121108055115,
-0.8567215204238892,
0.7192419767379761,
-0.1919216513633728,
0.09513576328754425,
-0.40288245677948,
1.0884473323822021,
-0.7151927947998047,
-0.173588827252388,
-0.15372005105018616,
0.15002162754535675,
0.2985858917236328,
0.4886343777179718,
0.161002054810524,
0.16860584914684296,
-0.3129795789718628,
-0.1515713781118393,
0.6844994425773621,
0.07718271017074585,
0.10979817062616348,
0.10802309960126877,
0.23307248950004578,
-0.6162768006324768,
0.012755759060382843,
-0.4835129678249359,
-0.5450402498245239,
0.3519218862056732,
-0.1080435961484909,
-0.462985634803772,
-0.4589025378227234,
-0.6079530715942383,
0.20162507891654968,
0.15749023854732513,
-0.2999277710914612,
0.4105585515499115,
-0.2172020822763443,
0.7374215722084045,
-0.2551392912864685,
-0.2592613101005554,
0.43956851959228516,
-0.15195247530937195,
-0.3032187819480896,
0.16041827201843262,
0.20783916115760803,
-0.053144197911024094,
-0.5240193009376526,
0.3209240138530731,
0.36185187101364136,
-0.2791582942008972,
0.5625529885292053,
-0.1210641860961914,
-0.1898030936717987,
-0.10690668970346451,
-0.8590632081031799,
0.32185885310173035,
0.054674774408340454,
-0.46468475461006165,
-0.105336032807827,
0.6605187058448792,
-0.6158570051193237,
0.05304373800754547,
0.7655138969421387,
-0.24054628610610962,
-0.036247193813323975,
0.4525604844093323,
-0.33784258365631104,
0.4397285580635071,
0.1549176573753357,
0.1906464546918869,
-1.0088690519332886,
0.060343362390995026,
-0.5949376821517944,
0.2228873074054718,
0.9443067908287048,
-0.33051007986068726,
0.3026663661003113,
-0.292291522026062,
-0.19039028882980347,
0.8792974352836609,
-0.38321805000305176,
0.00040568812983110547,
0.056302886456251144,
-0.9036129117012024,
-0.1356140822172165,
0.7914395928382874,
0.1911574751138687,
-0.1525544822216034,
-0.07714074850082397,
-0.3024078607559204,
-0.49102628231048584,
-0.2559128403663635,
0.3267160654067993,
-0.29793843626976013,
0.6490411162376404,
0.22533422708511353,
-0.11352596431970596,
0.8806775212287903,
-0.2090783417224884,
-0.07813089340925217,
0.7382960915565491,
-0.4483652710914612,
0.06281901895999908,
0.03361068665981293,
0.06401613354682922,
-0.8291093111038208,
-0.40463465452194214,
-0.025565005838871002,
-0.08425431698560715,
0.34396669268608093,
0.475864440202713,
0.29462742805480957,
-0.08252846449613571,
0.21948212385177612,
0.43746107816696167,
0.5394871830940247,
-0.07775847613811493,
-0.08486510068178177,
0.3922710716724396,
0.20195472240447998,
0.06686560064554214,
0.3084052503108978,
-0.09352632611989975,
0.2596600651741028,
-0.05274616554379463,
0.2808838188648224,
-0.5768576860427856,
0.653242826461792,
-0.5641461610794067,
0.00022481348423752934,
-0.008112834766507149,
-0.04054605960845947,
-0.32937923073768616,
0.3995584547519684,
0.2909984290599823,
-0.631565272808075,
0.06058819964528084,
-0.8696720004081726,
0.09619564563035965,
0.19371019303798676,
-0.08542802184820175,
-0.12028922140598297,
0.043774936348199844,
0.3524695932865143,
-0.13447187840938568,
0.46751654148101807,
0.4164075255393982,
-0.09868788719177246,
-0.06456757336854935,
0.5853620171546936,
0.06852830946445465,
-0.17834441363811493,
-0.26929208636283875,
-0.3878006339073181,
-0.6017252802848816,
0.46565118432044983,
0.01840466447174549,
0.3709374964237213,
-0.0932827889919281,
0.02414240688085556,
-0.40952375531196594,
-0.6540778279304504,
0.6611019968986511,
-0.2502914071083069,
-0.5936453938484192,
-0.346798300743103,
-0.17726197838783264,
-0.9920908808708191,
-0.15825995802879333,
0.12911762297153473,
0.22603864967823029,
-0.32753175497055054,
0.7586997151374817,
-0.4297240376472473,
0.2710125744342804,
0.056374236941337585,
0.31204187870025635,
0.19827833771705627,
-0.5965943932533264,
-0.6286835670471191,
-0.028789320960640907,
-0.30583280324935913,
0.8105983138084412,
0.8598909974098206,
0.7951387166976929,
-0.5325450897216797,
0.3716490864753723,
-0.07526931166648865,
0.08134693652391434,
-0.09535256028175354,
-1.3874341249465942,
-0.3829626142978668,
1.0185450315475464,
0.16913536190986633,
-0.4332256317138672,
0.7703862190246582,
-0.7155011892318726,
0.17131100594997406,
0.5503252744674683,
-0.29883402585983276,
0.3513181209564209,
0.5516533255577087,
0.1658172756433487,
0.04694860056042671,
-0.0003095793363172561,
0.6319201588630676
] |
236499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medallion%20Records | Medallion Records | Medallion Records was a record label (1919–1921) owned by the Baldwin Piano Corporation of Cincinnati, Ohio. Most Medallion issues were pressed from masters leased from Emerson Records.
Now Medallion Records is again
established in the year 2015 and owned by GIO MIC MUSIC B.M.I. Publishing Company.
Discs
At least four LPs were issued in the 1960s on a label with the name Medallion, or, more precisely, Kapp Medallion. The first of these was Mr Phil B., The Greatest Sax in the World (Kapp Medallion ML-7529). Phil B. was Phil Bodner, a session musician who also played clarinet, flute, piccolo, oboe, and English horn.
The second Medallion album was The Sound of Strings, Volume 2, Frank Hunter Orchestra (MS-7509). The album was produced by Michael Kapp; the recording engineer was C. R. Fine; the tape editor was Donald Van Gordon; liner notes were provided by Paul Myers; package designer was Irving Werbin; package production was by Milton Sincoff; re-recording engineers were John Quinn (stereophonic) and Grant Ellerbeck (monophonic); and cover illustration was provided by James Cunningham. The LP consisted of:
Side 1
"Dancing in the Dark" (Dietz-Schwartz)
"Avalon" (Jolson-DeSylva)
"Fools Rush In" (Mercer-Bloom)
"Moonlight Cocktail" (Gannon-Roberts)
"Bali Hai" (Rogers-Hammerstein)
"The Man That Got Away" (Gershwin-Arlen)
Side 2
"L'Arlequin De Toledo" (Drejac-Giraud)
"Something to Remember You By" (Dietz-Schwartz)
"Love in Bloom" (Robin-Rainger)
"But Beautiful" (Burke-Van Heusen)
"Jeepers Creepers" (Mercer-Warren)
"Belle of the Ball" (Leroy Anderson)
The third Medallion album was The Sound of Strings, Michael Leighton & His Orchestra (MS-7502), subtitled "A sparkling showcase of string instruments, subtle textures and bold contrasts, dramatized in startling sound." The LP contained 12 standards from the Great American Songbook such as "Cheek to Cheek", "As Time Goes By", "Little White Lies" and others. The orchestra was made up of 22 violins, four violas, seven cellos, two basses, two harps, two guitars, piano/celeste, and drums. It was produced by Michael Kapp.
The fourth Medallion album, also produced by Michael Kapp, was The Peter London Orchestra, The Sound of Top Brass (MS-7500). It had 12 tracks of standards, including a variety of music from "I Can't Get Started" to "Parade of the Wooden Soldiers" to "Cuanto Le Gusta".
Kapp Records, Inc., was a firm in New York City that had no association with the original Medallion label.
See also
List of record labels
References
American record labels
Record labels established in 1919
Record labels disestablished in 1921
Jazz record labels | [
-0.34113073348999023,
0.22454820573329926,
-0.3408345878124237,
0.21348601579666138,
-0.19606050848960876,
-0.012207714840769768,
0.27104002237319946,
0.11617005616426468,
-0.19556492567062378,
-0.25917553901672363,
0.3095000684261322,
0.033974532037973404,
-0.29631006717681885,
0.6715494990348816,
-0.45116326212882996,
0.17148077487945557,
0.06304860860109329,
0.13075795769691467,
-0.5522108674049377,
-0.8011597394943237,
-0.12801235914230347,
-0.21060076355934143,
0.6753484010696411,
-0.2137429416179657,
-0.3590395450592041,
0.20419953763484955,
-0.002511568833142519,
0.4115028977394104,
-0.24093416333198547,
0.09530935436487198,
0.29408642649650574,
0.7540834546089172,
0.19358299672603607,
-0.16827888786792755,
-0.35559865832328796,
0.4936525225639343,
0.07184159010648727,
-0.545013964176178,
0.07428193837404251,
-0.648368775844574,
0.01828129030764103,
-0.34189465641975403,
0.36749643087387085,
0.770135223865509,
-0.2800320088863373,
-0.06666628271341324,
-1.7130714654922485,
0.2551463544368744,
-0.6106760501861572,
-0.14066487550735474,
-0.6148946285247803,
0.4761589765548706,
0.15082502365112305,
0.12443509697914124,
0.3838067352771759,
0.4086194336414337,
-0.346565842628479,
-0.11010196059942245,
-0.32573550939559937,
-0.7467074394226074,
0.4727698862552643,
0.3459354341030121,
0.4265076220035553,
-0.08375194668769836,
-0.37212812900543213,
0.19846045970916748,
0.19360347092151642,
0.3534553349018097,
-0.3123841881752014,
-0.07352714240550995,
0.05802115052938461,
0.6993035078048706,
0.1123267263174057,
-0.4565824866294861,
0.45848631858825684,
-0.11044427007436752,
-0.056686822324991226,
-0.3792695701122284,
0.5845257043838501,
0.5247385501861572,
0.0344807468354702,
-0.0986541211605072,
1.0856196880340576,
-0.11503802984952927,
-0.1118343323469162,
0.2613507807254791,
-0.7019376158714294,
0.07363487780094147,
-0.09527119994163513,
-0.06762365996837616,
-0.354238897562027,
-0.4056221842765808,
0.7391223907470703,
0.35833290219306946,
-0.721031904220581,
-0.11408497393131256,
0.4852655231952667,
0.18984057009220123,
0.48264360427856445,
0.6029516458511353,
0.07539939135313034,
-0.5393635034561157,
-0.5412392020225525,
-0.4085775315761566,
-0.662326991558075,
0.35007721185684204,
-0.23260456323623657,
-0.13498571515083313,
-0.06640452891588211,
0.23496320843696594,
-0.4827170670032501,
-0.46342554688453674,
-0.011399250477552414,
-0.1533920019865036,
0.2685498297214508,
0.4444427788257599,
0.17639338970184326,
-0.2875150740146637,
-0.9215389490127563,
0.49661514163017273,
0.48604968190193176,
0.47069859504699707,
-0.08965877443552017,
-0.14381903409957886,
-0.3084110617637634,
0.41987350583076477,
0.15675531327724457,
0.6252902746200562,
0.10531383007764816,
-0.17268283665180206,
-0.0795004814863205,
0.23476657271385193,
-0.1460816115140915,
0.0013392578111961484,
-0.05021698400378227,
-0.38990864157676697,
0.3394557535648346,
-0.055421337485313416,
-0.27658721804618835,
-0.16758455336093903,
-0.5421009659767151,
-0.39527103304862976,
-1.113203763961792,
-0.8726894855499268,
0.5646775960922241,
-0.2536716163158417,
-0.019934572279453278,
0.19271324574947357,
-0.3190150856971741,
-0.47603127360343933,
0.5553007125854492,
-0.2788349390029907,
-0.16332632303237915,
0.30845242738723755,
-0.7060118913650513,
-0.2687133550643921,
0.7284670472145081,
0.20281031727790833,
0.3265373408794403,
-0.1259298026561737,
-0.0721917450428009,
0.34814056754112244,
-0.38560545444488525,
0.5760421752929688,
-0.04160643368959427,
0.16821347177028656,
-0.19455088675022125,
0.19987784326076508,
-0.1883126050233841,
0.1474113166332245,
-0.337443470954895,
0.13635653257369995,
-0.07231941819190979,
-0.19777092337608337,
-0.08816594630479813,
0.015288805589079857,
0.5455042123794556,
0.11853135377168655,
0.23333227634429932,
-0.6887127161026001,
-0.5512680411338806,
0.19054433703422546,
0.5074789524078369,
-0.22321967780590057,
0.6396387219429016,
0.28082460165023804,
0.3440997898578644,
-0.38280391693115234,
-0.01923624984920025,
-0.6730514764785767,
-0.25528597831726074,
-0.20472730696201324,
0.8430917859077454,
-0.5431592464447021,
1.2309558391571045,
0.34432315826416016,
-0.8589603304862976,
0.41846778988838196,
-0.3243248164653778,
0.19629240036010742,
0.09906206279993057,
0.4873678684234619,
0.28444936871528625,
-0.6396964192390442,
0.14781160652637482,
0.10791522264480591,
0.24505916237831116,
-0.2353500872850418,
0.4875153601169586,
0.3699098229408264,
0.25338900089263916,
-0.6297627091407776,
0.5070991516113281,
0.1435593217611313,
0.09593111276626587,
-0.3955513536930084,
-0.7878032922744751,
0.36645910143852234,
0.2691762149333954,
-0.5729838013648987,
0.550664484500885,
0.07088790833950043,
-0.05810096487402916,
0.5235917568206787,
-0.2920565903186798,
0.7558602690696716,
-0.07931853830814362,
-0.4461456835269928,
-0.07095948606729507,
0.973654568195343,
0.2047656774520874,
0.02322019450366497,
0.684148371219635,
-1.095442771911621,
0.10408849269151688,
0.5457390546798706,
-0.042910970747470856,
-0.5852693319320679,
0.20004037022590637,
0.29969358444213867,
0.06655058264732361,
0.12856902182102203,
-0.6654276847839355,
0.10704223811626434,
-0.024022985249757767,
0.0011305463267490268,
-0.40592703223228455,
-0.3571470379829407,
0.3791212737560272,
-0.27657249569892883,
0.6977063417434692,
0.6095660924911499,
-0.07780653238296509,
0.17675262689590454,
0.5509510636329651,
0.4139695465564728,
0.3065395653247833,
-0.6487340927124023,
-0.13116690516471863,
0.04430869594216347,
0.23315386474132538,
0.31369197368621826,
0.1427212357521057,
-0.33085498213768005,
0.27860578894615173,
-0.4846293330192566,
-0.08678053319454193,
-0.032014891505241394,
0.3366173505783081,
-0.08691243082284927,
-0.04516308009624481,
0.24269239604473114,
-0.4232127070426941,
0.6412380337715149,
0.2978777587413788,
0.7966002225875854,
-0.6850990653038025,
-0.05936884880065918,
-0.28865718841552734,
-0.4322379231452942,
0.0036666342057287693,
0.01771615631878376,
-0.17422737181186676,
-0.5578390955924988,
-0.5277289748191833,
0.3597436249256134,
0.12026583403348923,
-0.19632823765277863,
-0.06109803915023804,
-0.33267858624458313,
-0.23948906362056732,
0.7929710149765015,
-0.3476894199848175,
0.03750548139214516,
-0.10141297429800034,
0.3575716018676758,
-0.3937365412712097,
0.04462461546063423,
0.47228023409843445,
-0.6337581276893616,
-0.31214991211891174,
0.08977766335010529,
-0.11142022907733917,
-0.5639263987541199,
0.11711538583040237,
-0.42953500151634216,
0.11451500654220581,
-0.4562205374240875,
-5.471925735473633,
-0.17452193796634674,
-0.32134824991226196,
-0.7687612771987915,
0.4249691963195801,
-0.09614566713571548,
0.22266921401023865,
-0.6138595342636108,
0.2655439078807831,
-0.2480558305978775,
0.3201805055141449,
0.20582151412963867,
-0.3160119950771332,
0.2615811824798584,
0.0873560681939125,
0.16982188820838928,
0.8327671885490417,
-0.09691878408193588,
-0.21466603875160217,
-0.1786847859621048,
0.5182065963745117,
-0.820452868938446,
0.3368249535560608,
0.21257661283016205,
-0.059975046664476395,
0.21916188299655914,
-0.2591628432273865,
0.5259080529212952,
-0.42910799384117126,
0.045498695224523544,
0.07377675175666809,
-0.05352306738495827,
-0.03629278019070625,
-0.7823607325553894,
0.01688508875668049,
0.3173815608024597,
0.5036212801933289,
0.08428751677274704,
0.10940732806921005,
0.03723400458693504,
0.1679576337337494,
-0.13514237105846405,
0.04446132853627205,
-0.21709969639778137,
0.06965234130620956,
0.04357274994254112,
-0.5261041522026062,
-0.04046705737709999,
-0.314974308013916,
1.0841387510299683,
0.6957432627677917,
-0.03454059734940529,
0.20194372534751892,
0.32037806510925293,
-0.053631093353033066,
-0.5497839450836182,
-0.056920554488897324,
-0.37199288606643677,
-0.16116192936897278,
0.987434983253479,
0.8677733540534973,
-0.340074360370636,
0.18203125894069672,
-0.349714457988739,
-0.4103212058544159,
-0.46024930477142334,
-0.5156403183937073,
0.6159353852272034,
0.21164685487747192,
0.5718796253204346,
0.2532629072666168,
0.9864746928215027,
-0.18597708642482758,
-1.0871739387512207,
0.3661836087703705,
-0.09735880047082901,
0.8262092471122742,
-0.46557965874671936,
0.017361542209982872,
0.5788673162460327,
0.33232471346855164,
-0.17456676065921783,
-0.2553750276565552,
0.8776531219482422,
-0.08824766427278519,
-0.26445886492729187,
-0.3522363007068634,
0.6480284929275513,
-1.3246266841888428,
-0.31385666131973267,
0.5763260722160339,
-0.688528299331665,
0.03946859389543533,
0.48463478684425354,
-0.015389836393296719,
-0.02512178011238575,
0.3886323571205139,
0.22110213339328766,
0.4061194956302643,
-0.32400813698768616,
-0.5914211869239807,
-0.2714432179927826,
0.27275094389915466,
-0.46757665276527405,
-0.41777125000953674,
-0.9671733975410461,
-0.5126140713691711,
-0.5527724623680115,
0.5048166513442993,
-0.29726442694664,
-0.24848578870296478,
-0.1146480068564415,
-0.8292901515960693,
-0.4411138892173767,
0.9347405433654785,
-0.5453028678894043,
0.45316845178604126,
0.32353031635284424,
-0.07903115451335907,
-0.17963461577892303,
0.7838864922523499,
0.2555478811264038,
0.5211254358291626,
-0.28843215107917786,
-1.0008268356323242,
0.14674152433872223,
0.3608972430229187,
-0.12477899342775345,
0.013032968156039715,
0.21594968438148499,
-0.19193369150161743,
0.24625606834888458,
-0.12779389321804047,
0.860133945941925,
-0.15482355654239655,
-0.10313151031732559,
-0.6894103288650513,
-0.0960562527179718,
-0.10697539150714874,
-0.8573477268218994,
0.5780178904533386,
-0.294297456741333,
-0.2256479412317276,
0.3816477954387665,
0.5288031101226807,
0.8036251068115234,
0.012171166948974133,
-0.5774933099746704,
-0.29187867045402527,
0.019115110859274864,
-0.26936501264572144,
-0.5319087505340576,
0.7526165246963501,
-0.40915465354919434,
-0.15814171731472015,
-0.11031697690486908,
0.10472053289413452,
-0.21961253881454468,
-0.1622270941734314,
-0.4548089802265167,
-0.016554124653339386,
0.007587662898004055,
-0.4701874256134033,
0.20324307680130005,
-0.42653951048851013,
0.39146459102630615,
-0.16823551058769226,
-0.16958311200141907,
0.24880065023899078,
0.38581693172454834,
0.1582869440317154,
0.28125399351119995,
-0.06837454438209534,
-0.6764407753944397,
0.6855040788650513,
0.28780969977378845,
-0.03409522771835327,
-0.5849098563194275,
-0.4125819504261017,
-0.4358046352863312,
0.21995896100997925,
-0.3234172463417053,
-0.7977749109268188,
-0.32894790172576904,
0.7103546857833862,
-0.7315443158149719,
-0.7670197486877441,
-0.31843698024749756,
-0.10436557978391647,
0.060533128678798676,
-0.5419637560844421,
-0.3107065260410309,
0.37792539596557617,
-0.18186131119728088,
-0.09426036477088928,
-0.5219973921775818,
0.19208990037441254,
0.6752634048461914,
-0.4996849596500397,
-0.3125423491001129,
-0.21047252416610718,
0.3679165244102478,
0.2088441699743271,
0.5843513011932373,
-0.10313860327005386,
-0.8417502641677856,
0.3693963587284088,
0.00860959105193615,
-0.8895078897476196,
0.5896123647689819,
-0.19769831001758575,
-0.7491841316223145,
0.9579554796218872,
0.30121636390686035,
-0.2725650370121002,
-0.013433991000056267,
0.06670179963111877,
0.1754395216703415,
-0.23097041249275208,
0.09860774129629135,
-0.5289642810821533,
0.3134690821170807,
-0.4393951892852783,
0.12154877930879593,
-0.37320294976234436,
0.2520509958267212,
0.16092753410339355,
-0.11144895851612091,
0.1765425056219101,
0.3196963667869568,
-0.2354198545217514,
0.026632631197571754,
-0.11425960808992386,
-0.3986445963382721,
0.058308444917201996,
-0.21722842752933502,
0.20709741115570068,
0.33887195587158203,
0.07890357822179794,
0.30660638213157654,
0.1975870132446289,
0.6266002655029297,
0.08307540416717529,
-0.4537072479724884,
0.01616065576672554,
-0.25713586807250977,
0.35256820917129517,
-0.14224600791931152,
-0.18723632395267487,
0.6987107992172241,
0.08783165365457535,
-0.45905229449272156,
-0.6977387070655823,
0.06959144026041031,
0.7210342884063721,
-0.2878422141075134,
-0.17092666029930115,
0.5583139657974243,
0.03291117772459984,
0.04018356651067734,
0.023586180061101913,
0.7587564587593079,
-0.2906801104545593,
-0.15334559977054596,
-0.03320900350809097,
0.5362083315849304,
0.5081437230110168,
-0.3824431300163269,
0.6302963495254517,
-0.018317630514502525,
0.22530227899551392,
0.03697559982538223,
0.17667721211910248,
0.8386203646659851,
-0.12272442877292633,
0.0819665864109993,
0.20927691459655762,
-0.8917962312698364,
-0.2747263014316559,
0.10105796903371811,
-0.3837257921695709,
-0.4523960053920746,
0.006005328614264727,
0.07955624163150787,
-0.06284729391336441,
-0.6122199296951294,
-0.6051374673843384,
-0.19134660065174103,
-0.27899831533432007,
-0.46755433082580566,
-0.18996915221214294,
0.3537106513977051,
0.1834474802017212,
0.13527052104473114,
-0.4114873707294464,
0.5764254331588745,
0.6930274367332458,
0.24244846403598785,
-0.09705471247434616,
0.33698710799217224,
-0.1536957025527954,
0.49335402250289917,
0.006472211796790361,
-0.40855830907821655,
0.10895463824272156,
-0.08725980669260025,
0.17030659317970276,
-0.16640596091747284,
-0.6002383232116699,
-0.07874982804059982,
0.1147649809718132,
-0.570152997970581,
0.2490507811307907,
0.651984691619873,
-0.7981970906257629,
0.10236122459173203,
0.6175098419189453,
-0.2527923285961151,
-0.04734945669770241,
0.1484006643295288,
0.030225025489926338,
0.7808398604393005,
0.5515825152397156,
0.3890361487865448,
-0.700384259223938,
0.2736310064792633,
-0.32602059841156006,
0.2757275700569153,
0.6067795753479004,
0.20448559522628784,
0.5915533304214478,
-0.4185623228549957,
0.16885347664356232,
0.6184967756271362,
-0.2624647915363312,
-0.4683607518672943,
-0.2435123473405838,
-0.5845038294792175,
-0.6333434581756592,
0.4977887272834778,
-0.4428058862686157,
-0.4977531135082245,
0.21162961423397064,
-0.6033032536506653,
-0.19524206221103668,
0.136572927236557,
-0.4533487558364868,
-0.11693651974201202,
0.0940929427742958,
-0.4353257417678833,
0.5230221748352051,
0.15133905410766602,
-0.04368456080555916,
0.27310216426849365,
0.36321747303009033,
0.43469327688217163,
0.5338166952133179,
-0.036320824176073074,
0.32345718145370483,
0.04832303151488304,
0.03016517497599125,
-0.009261691011488438,
1.3834571838378906,
-0.3479079306125641,
-0.6902600526809692,
-0.16644322872161865,
0.3485470116138458,
-0.43919503688812256,
-0.10396131128072739,
0.21567709743976593,
-0.2210162729024887,
-0.11313831061124802,
0.00914702657610178,
0.6077098846435547,
0.03822362422943115,
0.2605571448802948,
0.1993885338306427,
0.6853859424591064,
0.09704843163490295,
0.4335838258266449,
0.005181725136935711,
0.48125138878822327,
-0.2524482011795044,
-0.44877609610557556,
-0.12496820092201233,
-0.48875394463539124,
-0.20683488249778748,
-0.01921899989247322,
0.5786465406417847,
-0.7816770076751709,
0.3840182423591614,
-0.5654524564743042,
-0.25927087664604187,
0.04517965391278267,
0.17047443985939026,
-0.38314908742904663,
-0.10476134717464447,
0.35363489389419556,
-0.05422820895910263,
0.6030882000923157,
-0.030194923281669617,
-0.014134811237454414,
0.7725174427032471,
0.02248636819422245,
0.033005159348249435,
0.5139678716659546,
-0.3808861970901489,
0.3962697386741638,
-0.19263918697834015,
0.7442044615745544,
-0.8010109663009644,
0.2528928518295288,
-0.32579368352890015,
0.5676127672195435,
0.48673781752586365,
-0.11874125152826309,
0.5358126163482666,
0.40599241852760315,
-0.7725604772567749,
0.026154516264796257,
0.5958113074302673,
-0.020385270938277245,
0.284946471452713,
0.19026242196559906,
-0.1654592603445053,
-0.06597903370857239,
-0.07760395854711533,
-0.19652971625328064,
-0.49413204193115234,
0.5774972438812256,
0.06811615824699402,
-0.6755400896072388,
-0.2138126641511917,
-0.10409796983003616,
-0.9120302200317383,
0.02290554717183113,
-0.420745313167572,
0.39417651295661926,
0.6485428214073181,
-0.5755769610404968,
0.7971998453140259,
0.10089503973722458,
0.47417891025543213,
-0.3175060749053955,
0.39431726932525635,
-0.049336422234773636,
0.35622501373291016,
-0.5312262177467346,
-0.878173291683197,
0.6754242777824402,
-0.37127071619033813,
-0.40450406074523926,
0.5841760635375977,
-0.308340847492218,
0.037818655371665955,
-0.6028124094009399,
0.4066846966743469,
-0.2405208945274353,
0.2040870189666748,
-0.1569390445947647
] |
236502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange%20Hill | Grange Hill | Grange Hill is a British children's television drama series, originally produced by the BBC and portraying life in a typical comprehensive school. The show began its run on 8 February 1978 on BBC1, and was one of the longest-running programmes on British television when it ended on 15 September 2008 after 31 series. It was created by Phil Redmond, who is also responsible for the Channel 4 dramas Brookside and Hollyoaks; other notable production team members down the years have included producer Colin Cant and script editor Anthony Minghella.
The show was cancelled in 2008, having run every year for 30 years. It was felt by the BBC that the series had run its course.
Overview
The drama was centred on the fictional comprehensive school of Grange Hill in the equally fictitious North London borough of Northam. As well as dealing with school-related issues such as bullying, learning difficulties, teacher-pupil relationships and conflicts, Grange Hill "broke new ground over the years, with the kind of hard-hitting storylines not usually seen in children's dramas", such as racism, drugs (e.g. Zammo McGuire's heroin addiction, LSD), teenage pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, knife crime, homelessness, rape/sexual assault, mental illness (e.g. bipolar disorder), divorce, cancer (e.g. leukaemia), gun crime, child abuse, alcoholism and death. The series was originally to have been called Grange Park, which would go on to be used as the name of the school in another Redmond creation, the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside (1982–2003).
Series history
Grange Hill was originally conceived by ATV writer Phil Redmond, who first approached various television companies with the idea in 1975, unsuccessfully. In 1976, he managed to sell the idea to the BBC, and the children's drama executive Anna Home commissioned an initial series of nine episodes in a trial run, the first being broadcast on 8 February 1978.
From the start, the series caused controversy for its real-life, gritty portrayal of school life, which differed from the idealised portrayals of earlier school dramas. Redmond has said that he wasn't really able to start pushing the boundaries until later series. This led to Redmond being summoned to lunch by BBC bosses and forced to agree that there would be no further series unless he toned things down. Grange Hill'''s highest-profile period was undoubtedly the mid- to late 1980s. One of the most famous storylines during this time was that of Zammo McGuire, played by Lee MacDonald, and his addiction to heroin. This storyline ran over two series (1986–87) and focused on Zammo's descent into drugs and how it strained his relationship with girlfriend Jackie and friend Kevin. The show's other favourite characters during this period were Gonch and Hollo, played by John Holmes and Bradley Sheppard. During his time at the school (1985–89) Gonch took part in many moneymaking schemes, most of which were unsuccessful. There was a comedic element to the duo's relationship that worked well with viewers. Script editor Anthony Minghella, who worked on the series for several years during the 1980s, later won an Academy Award for Best Director for the film The English Patient in 1996.
During the 1990s, Grange Hill did not receive the same media attention that it had had just a few years before. The teachers were now equals in the narrative, with their personal lives taking up almost as much time as those of the pupils. In 1994, two characters were introduced with disabilities: Denny Roberts (Lisa Hammond), who had dwarfism, and Rachel Burns (Francesca Martinez), who had cerebral palsy. Both characters were presented as "one of the gang" and hated being accorded any special treatment because of their circumstances. This prompted the BFI's 2002 publication The Hill And Beyond to comment that Grange Hill had perhaps become politically correct.
Beginning on 4 April 1993, in celebration of the programme's 15th anniversary, the first fifteen series of Grange Hill were repeated during Children's BBC's Sunday (and later, Saturday) morning slots on BBC1 and BBC2. The repeats ended with Series 16 in 1999. In the 1990s Grange Hill was repeated in full on digital satellite and cable channel UK Gold, which broadcast the late 1970s and early 80s episodes of the show. In 1998, it reappeared on sister channel UK Gold Classics, which was a digital-only channel showing programmes previously aired on UK Gold, and Grange Hill was part of its schedule. The channel lasted only six months, however, before becoming UK Gold 2 in April 1999. Interest in Grange Hill was renewed in the late 1990s and the series celebrated its 20th anniversary with the introduction of sinister Scottish bully Sean Pearce (Iain Robertson), who carried a knife and slashed the face of a classmate. Cast member Laura Sadler, who was heavily involved in this storyline, died after falling out of a building in June 2003; four years earlier her Grange Hill character Judi Jeffreys had been killed after slipping and falling out of the window of a burning storeroom in the school.
By 2001, the series was almost entirely issue-led and the decision to tackle the subject of rape upset some parents. But when Phil Redmond took over production of Grange Hill in 2003, his plan was to get the show back to its roots and the issues were toned down as Redmond skewed the show towards a younger audience. Grange Hill returned on 14 April 2008 with its final series, including a return of the original theme music. Series 31 returned to BBC1 after the 2007 series was shown exclusively on the CBBC Channel.
In 2019, Redmond spoke about possibly reviving the show and dealing with current social issues.
Film
In early 2006, it was announced that a film of Grange Hill was to be released in late 2007 focusing on the lives of former pupils. There was silence on the project for 15 years, until it was announced in January 2022 that Redmond had written the script and was looking to start casting.
Production history
For its first 25 years Grange Hill was produced in-house by the BBC, then the show was made independently for the corporation by Mersey TV, the production house founded by Redmond (and later renamed as Lime Pictures), hence the reason for the production move.
Television Centre years: 1978–1985
Location external and some interior scenes in Grange Hill were originally filmed at real schools in London. The first of these would be Kingsbury High School in North West London, which was used as the Grange Hill setting for the first two series. For series 3 (1980) exterior filming moved to Willesden High School (now Capital City Academy) in Willesden Green, which was similar in looks to Kingsbury and was also situated in a residential area of the capital. In 1981, Grange Hill moved to Holborn College (now Fulham Preparatory School) in Greyhound Road, Hammersmith. This school looked very different from the two that had been used previously, and it was also in a built-up area of London. Holborn College was the longest serving of the "real schools", remaining on screen until 1985. Up to and including 1985, interior scenes were shot at the BBC Television Centre in London.
Elstree years: 1985–2002
In 1985, production shifted to the former ATV studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. The BBC had purchased the studio complex the previous year. The studios, now known as BBC Elstree Centre, were the location for some exterior filming from Series 8 on the closed Elstree set. A 1960s office block, Neptune House in the facility now doubled as Hills "lower school".
The change was explained on screen with an elaborate storyline whereby Grange Hill merged with rival schools Brookdale and Rodney Bennett to form a new school, Grange Hill. In Series 8 the merger had taken place and Grange Hill operated as a split-site school; the former Rodney Bennett building (Neptune House) being the lower school and the original Grange Hill building (still Holborn College) the upper school.
In series 9, the Upper School building was condemned after a fire, allowing production of Grange Hill to fully move to Elstree including studio work. Grange Hill was, at this time, made as an outside broadcast in the same way as its stablemate, EastEnders. New producer Diana Kyle switched filming to a single camera format from 1999 onwards.
A new school entrance set was unveiled in 1990 and remained in use until 2002, with cosmetic modifications along the way. However, as the 1990s progressed more use was made of real schools including the Nicholas Hawksmoor School and Bushey Meads School, and St Audrey's School in Hatfield.
Liverpool years: 2003–2008
Early in 2002, it was announced that Grange Hill creator Phil Redmond had signed a deal for his production company Mersey TV to produce the next three series of the programme. Production moved to Mersey TV's studios in Childwall, Liverpool from Series 26 onwards and for the first time in some years the appearance of Grange Hill School itself would change radically. On screen an explosion ripped through the school at the end of Series 25; during Series 26 tarpaulins covered most of the new "school" to mask the "fire damage".
Phil Redmond originally wanted children from all over the country to participate in the relaunched Grange Hill, having a variety of regional accents in the series as opposed to just the London area voices which had become associated with the programme; however, almost all new characters were exclusively cast from the north-west of England due to the logistics of the child employment laws.
Real schools in the locality were also used including Croxteth Comprehensive, Holly Lodge Girls' School and St Hilda's C of E High School in Liverpool. In 2005, the former Brookside Parade set at Mersey TV was redeveloped to benefit Grange Hill and the new "Creative Learning Centre" subsequently became an integral part of the show. After Grange Hill ended in 2008, the CLC exterior set has now been turned into a skateboard park set for Hollyoaks while the former Grange Hill school frontage has become a permanent exterior for Hollyoaks High.
"The Grange"
In 2007, BBC Children's ordered major changes to Grange Hill so that it fitted in with the new requirement that all programmes under the CBBC banner must appeal to an audience age 12 and under – younger than the traditional age group for Grange Hill, which was the same as or slightly younger than the secondary school characters. Under a deal signed in 2005, Lime Pictures was contracted to produce Grange Hill until 2008, so changes began to be made.
For series 31, Lime Pictures creative director Tony Wood set about the task of meeting CBBC's new requirements. He shifted much of the action away from general school life to "The Grange", the school's multimedia learning centre, which was given a radical makeover and became as much a "hang out" as a learning resource. The emphasis was now on younger characters with a group of Year 6 pupils regularly coming to use The Grange from primary school; storylines were much lighter and fantasy sequences were introduced. One episode, "Boarderman", saw a Year 7 pupil become a masked skateboarding superhero campaigning for an end to the school's ban on skateboarding. In another, "Veggin' out", a girl and her classmates smuggled animals from a local petting farm into school, believing they were destined for slaughter.The Observer reported on 13 January 2008 that the BBC's intention was to shift the action away from Grange Hill School and into The Grange completely. Phil Redmond responded in the same article by calling for Grange Hill to be scrapped, saying the programme had been "robbed of its original purpose". Redmond had been planning a hard-hitting storyline to return Grange Hill to its gritty origins in series 31, and although he signed off the changes he believed it wasn't his show any more.
Cancellation
On 6 February 2008, the BBC announced Grange Hill was to be axed after exactly 30 years. The announcement was made by CBBC controller Anne Gilchrist just two days before the show's official 30th birthday. Grange Hill ended on Monday 15 September 2008.
In 2006, the BBC had announced big plans for the show's 30th birthday including special programming on BBC2, possible repeats and a lavish reunion of former stars during 2008. But in the event, none of these celebrations happened aside from a special BBC Radio 4 programme Grange Hill: Soap Pioneer, hosted by fan and comedian Robin Ince, broadcast on 4 September 2008. The last episode of Grange Hill was watched by 500,000 viewers.
Seven months later, Ashes to Ashes paid homage to the series in its episode 2.1 (airing 20 April 2009). In that episode, the time-travelling protagonist, DI Alex Drake, sees her daughter Molly incorporated into an episode of Grange Hill on the evening of 3 or 5 April 1982 [calendar indicates 3 April; the news report was from 5 April]. Molly (in new footage) tells headmistress Bridget McClusky (appearing as archival footage and Gwyneth Powell's newly recorded audio) that she and Tucker got into a fight when Tucker said her mother Alex was dead.
Spin-offs and merchandise
The show spawned a spin-off called Tucker's Luck (1983–1985), which ran for three series starring Todd Carty. The three series saw the two lead characters (Tucker and Alan) finding work. The 1986 cast released Grange Hill: The Album, with two singles: "Just Say No" (tying in with a character's heroin addiction) and "You Know the Teacher (Smash Head)". The album was re-released on CD on 12 November 2007, as part of the BBC's 30th Anniversary celebrations.
On New Year's Day 1988, a documentary titled Behind The Scenes...At Grange Hill aired, presented by Lee MacDonald. The documentary featured: auditions, rehearsals and filming for series 11, the child actors opinions on being tutored and chaperoned and what impact being in Grange Hill had on their schooling, as well as dealing with fame.
In 1989, a musical play titled Tucker's Return based on the series was staged at Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. Starring Todd Carty who, as Tucker, now returned to Grange Hill as a PE teacher, it also featured several stars of the show both from Tucker's original run, and of the then-current series circa 1989.
In 2005, Justin Lee Collins reunited some of the cast members from the 1980s in the documentary Bring Back...Grange Hill.
Title sequence and theme music
From the start of the series to 1989, the title sequence was in a comic book style and used "Chicken Man" by Alan Hawkshaw as the theme tune. Grange Hill was the first programme to use it as a theme followed by the popular quiz show Give Us a Clue, whose makers used it from 1979 to 1982, despite it already being played on Grange Hill. Give Us a Clue used a less dynamic custom arrangement more in keeping with the style of light entertainment programming.
A new title sequence was introduced in 1988, along with an updated recording of Chicken Man.
In 1990 a new title sequence was introduced which showed pupils and staff travelling into school in a slightly grainy CCTV style. This was accompanied by a new, more contemporary-sounding theme written for the series by Peter Moss. Moss had previously written some special hip-hop music for a storyline in Series 11 of Grange Hill.
In 1994 new titles were introduced showing pupils taking part various school subjects such as music, chemistry, PE and Food Technology, and the end theme was re-edited and re-recorded to reduce its length to just 35 seconds, the first edit in 4 years of the theme. This removed some of the various background elements and sharpened the end notes considerably. However, during this period in particular (1995–2000) several versions were used, with a variety of slightly longer edits creating different lead outs depending on the mood and theme of the episode.
In 2001 a more colourful sequence was introduced, this was due to Grange Hill being broadcast in widescreen for the first time, the opening theme had been cut slightly shorter for the first time since 1990.
In 2003 the titles once again changed, this was to reflect on the move to Liverpool as the previous titles featured shots of the old school building (based In Elstree), once again the titles & the theme tune had been shortened down.
In 2004 the titles changed once again, these were in the style of a video game, The Moss theme tune had been edited down to around 12 seconds by this point. this was the first time since 1989 that live action footage was not used.
For the 30th anniversary, and what turned out to be the final series, an abbreviated edit of the original version of "Chicken Man" was reinstated as the main theme. And for the final time, the titles had changed once again.
The last four notes of the original theme song were heard when Brookside, one of Phil Redmond's other TV series, aired its final episode in November 2003.
Head teachers
Mr Starling appeared only once during Series One, and his initial, E., was shown underneath the name of the school in the first episode: the authority figure most regularly seen during this time was the Head of First Year, Mrs Monroe (Dorothea Philips). Mr Llewellyn did not appear on screen during the 1980 series: the day-to-day running of the school was left to the highly competent but much put-upon deputy head Mr Keating (Robert Hartley), who was also deputy head under Mrs McClusky up to and including Series 7 in 1984. Similarly, Mr McNab was never seen at all during the mid-1990s; the most senior authority figure being Mr Robson who at this point was deputy head. Mr Robson himself did not appear on screen during Series 27, even though he was still headmaster for the early part of the series. Mrs McClusky, perhaps Grange Hill's best known head teacher, was demoted to deputy head temporarily in 1985 having had to reapply, unsuccessfully, for her post following the merger of Grange Hill with Brookdale and Rodney Bennett. When the new head, Mr Humphries, was killed in a road accident the following year, Mrs McClusky was again acting head and her permanent headship was later confirmed.
The final headmistress of Grange Hill was Miss Gayle, introduced as deputy head in the 2007 series although she did not appear in Series 31.
Cast
Books
During the 1980s, when Grange Hill merchandising was at its height and the series arguably at its most popular, a number of annuals and novels were published.
Eight annuals were published from 1981 to 1988.
Comic strip adventures appeared in the short-lived BEEB magazine, which portrayed new stories, and the longer running Fast forward magazine which loosely followed the early 90s series. Additional comic strips occurred in School Fun and in the Radio Times. Grange Hill had its own dedicated magazine, but this only lasted two issues and a holiday special.
There were 14 short story books and novels, some of which were written or co-written by series creator Phil Redmond, but which also involved authors such as Robert Leeson and Jan Needle. Below is a full list of Grange Hill short story books and novels:
Grange Hill Stories, by Phil Redmond. First published by the BBC in 1979. Short stories.
Grange Hill Rules OK?, by Robert Leeson. Published by Fontana Lions in 1980. The first Grange Hill novel.
Grange Hill Goes Wild, by Robert Leeson. Published by Fontana Lions in 1980. Novel
Grange Hill for Sale by Robert Leeson. Published by Fontana Lions in 1981. Novel
Tucker and Co., by Phil Redmond. Published by Fontana Lions in 1982. Novel
Grange Hill Home and Away by Robert Leeson. Published by Fontana Lions in 1982. Novel
Great Days at Grange Hill, by Jan Needle. Published by Fontana Lions in 1984. Short stories that form a sort of prequel to Grange Hill Stories.
Grange Hill After Hours, by Phil Redmond. Published by Magnet in 1986. Novel
Grange Hill Graffiti, by Phil Redmond. Published by Magnet in 1986. Novel
Grange Hill on the Run, by Phil Redmond. Published by Magnet in 1986. Novel
Grange Hill Heroes, by Phil Redmond and David Angus. Published by Magnet in 1987. Novel
Grange Hill Rebels, by Phil Redmond and David Angus. Published by Magnet in 1987. Novel
Grange Hill Partners, by Phil Redmond and David Angus. Published by Magnet in 1988. Novel
Ziggy's Working Holiday, by Phil Redmond and Margaret Simpson. Published by Magnet in 1988. NovelNot in Front of the Children, by Andy Martin, published by DNA in 2015, is an academic study of Grange Hill from Series 1 to the end of Series 16, including the 2 Christmas episodes. It also includes a brief study of the history of children's TV series and serials from 1960 to 1990.
Video game
In 1987 a video game was made for 8-bit computers including the Commodore 64, Sinclair ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC.
A text adventure game based on the series was written in 1985 for the BBC Micro and several other systems, and was mentioned as 'upcoming' in several home computer magazines of the time, with the player having to navigate through a tricky school day as the end of term approaches, solving a number of tricky situations and trying to "get your grades" after the family dog has literally eaten an entire year's homework. However the game was ultimately never released, reportedly because it used multiple names and characters from the actual television series, which would have made it difficult and costly to clear the individual royalties for each one. (The later 1987 game secured three character names and images but nothing else from the series to keep royalties costs down.)
Home media
Highlights of the first and second series were released on VHS and laserdisc in the early 1980s. Both series were edited to remove some storylines and thereby shorten running times, given the duration of early videocassettes & Laserdisc’s. The cover art for series 1 features a cast photograph (and small photos of specific individual characters) from series 3, as some characters pictured therein do not feature in that series. The cover art for series 2 features a similarly styled front cover, but with a cast photo from the correct year.
These abridged versions of the first two series of the show were also released on Betamax and Video 2000 around the same time.
To commemorate the 30th Anniversary of Grange Hill, 2 Entertain released two DVD box sets covering the first four series which were released on 12 November 2007. They were both rated PG by the British Board of film classification. There are no subtitles, episodes are in 4:3 (the original format) and both box sets come with a booklet detailing each episode. Some episodes have been edited to remove pop music tracks that could not be cleared for DVD release, and studio scenes originally shot on video have been filmized.
In 2018 the DVD rights were acquired by Eureka Entertainment. Series five and six were released on DVD on 19 November 2018. Series seven and eight including the 1981 Christmas Special were released on DVD on 11 November 2019. Series nine and ten including the 1985 Christmas Special where released on 19 October 2020. In 2021 Eureka Entertainment'' confirmed there will be no further series of Grange Hill released on DVD.
In January 2021, Britbox announced that the first four series of Grange Hill will be available to stream. Series 5-6 were added in July, series 7 in August, Series 8 in November 2021 and Series 9 in January 2022.
References
External links
Grange Hill Gold 1978–1990
Grange Hill Online
Phil Redmond's Grange Hill site
The Grange Hill Blackboard (Grange Hill Discussion Forums)
British Film Institute Screen Online
The Museum of Broadcast Communications
1978 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
1970s British children's television series
1970s British drama television series
1970s British teen television series
1970s high school television series
1980s British children's television series
1980s British drama television series
1980s British teen television series
1980s high school television series
1990s British children's television series
1990s British drama television series
1990s British teen television series
1990s high school television series
2000s British children's television series
2000s British drama television series
2000s British teen television series
2000s high school television series
BBC children's television shows
BBC high definition shows
British high school television series
British LGBT-related drama television series
British teen drama television series
English-language television shows
Fictional schools
Television series about teenagers
Television series by All3Media
Television shows set in London
Television shows shot at BBC Elstree Centre | [
0.04916233569383621,
-0.2146129012107849,
0.33039918541908264,
-0.2292606383562088,
0.3954333961009979,
0.29608339071273804,
0.6769610643386841,
-0.10772915929555893,
-0.41617444157600403,
0.471379816532135,
-0.5132172703742981,
0.08277729898691177,
0.15642791986465454,
0.31224000453948975,
-0.43865182995796204,
0.12394769489765167,
0.3405461311340332,
0.49088770151138306,
0.23893225193023682,
-0.23511914908885956,
-0.2034190446138382,
-0.46063145995140076,
0.554932713508606,
0.01437368430197239,
0.008933409117162228,
0.12380525469779968,
0.22184957563877106,
0.1014275997877121,
0.1377110332250595,
0.3491652011871338,
0.14575795829296112,
0.03262321278452873,
0.4674544930458069,
-0.279201865196228,
-0.07821958512067795,
0.09363478422164917,
0.06959415227174759,
0.3338278532028198,
-0.4202190935611725,
-0.8078565001487732,
0.050842899829149246,
-0.0011861714301630855,
-0.09752640128135681,
-0.01596103422343731,
-0.5370294451713562,
-0.24691937863826752,
-1.1889748573303223,
0.06231583654880524,
-0.42670315504074097,
-0.37574437260627747,
-0.7742788791656494,
0.7029469013214111,
0.4974330961704254,
-0.309647798538208,
0.23039530217647552,
0.30581557750701904,
-0.2262505143880844,
-0.43984469771385193,
0.33349835872650146,
0.20006300508975983,
0.20065432786941528,
0.31781062483787537,
0.30476245284080505,
0.223476380109787,
-0.6519882082939148,
-0.20900754630565643,
-0.4216926395893097,
0.2564394474029541,
0.09556993842124939,
-0.2832469344139099,
-0.07369077205657959,
-0.13254103064537048,
-0.3500719368457794,
0.0436965674161911,
-0.34695470333099365,
0.06209615245461464,
0.2712548077106476,
-0.060816239565610886,
0.010013204999268055,
0.17381715774536133,
0.17894940078258514,
-0.36402627825737,
0.08444391191005707,
0.2341344654560089,
0.554967999458313,
0.4666396677494049,
-0.31287461519241333,
-0.047352347522974014,
0.1073060855269432,
0.27496880292892456,
-0.3908100426197052,
-0.23476384580135345,
-0.30999934673309326,
0.24535521864891052,
0.15811477601528168,
-0.23830176889896393,
0.29066744446754456,
-0.314485102891922,
0.1052032858133316,
0.12652543187141418,
-0.18368133902549744,
0.6912752985954285,
0.2664957642555237,
-0.35882458090782166,
-0.15749254822731018,
-0.07656048983335495,
0.3639437258243561,
-0.2900659441947937,
-0.16721686720848083,
0.02153530716896057,
-0.8564370274543762,
0.16688813269138336,
-0.1857544481754303,
0.0795392170548439,
0.19883571565151215,
0.22775593400001526,
-0.08900176733732224,
-0.2746002674102783,
-0.44540268182754517,
0.22600057721138,
-0.6538829803466797,
0.27773332595825195,
-0.17496247589588165,
0.4870769679546356,
-0.07902456074953079,
0.32852768898010254,
0.16622038185596466,
0.3735908269882202,
-0.364223837852478,
0.14177650213241577,
0.2516646087169647,
0.30686241388320923,
-0.1015985906124115,
0.002233794191852212,
0.1096777394413948,
-0.1224052906036377,
0.3104184567928314,
0.3049788475036621,
0.06667713075876236,
0.622118353843689,
-0.6850062012672424,
0.4128909111022949,
0.5611491203308105,
0.1001540943980217,
0.14739064872264862,
-0.6150074601173401,
0.08388473838567734,
-0.5595978498458862,
-0.30323317646980286,
-0.6259089112281799,
0.2523360550403595,
0.1124211922287941,
-0.24532119929790497,
-0.7962165474891663,
-0.26111966371536255,
0.4885731339454651,
0.045957300812006,
0.09385666996240616,
-0.03240882605314255,
-0.13858170807361603,
-0.00877992995083332,
0.4819141626358032,
0.31037455797195435,
0.19027914106845856,
0.5525403022766113,
-0.44307437539100647,
-0.03813117742538452,
-0.4774153232574463,
0.24211286008358002,
0.02977103926241398,
-0.2848747968673706,
0.0034676387440413237,
0.565589964389801,
-0.2729988098144531,
-0.22770647704601288,
-0.07541893422603607,
0.16130554676055908,
0.30877000093460083,
0.23516087234020233,
-0.4006938338279724,
-0.3711150586605072,
0.331664115190506,
0.16794776916503906,
-0.3555741012096405,
-0.15944410860538483,
-0.01583525910973549,
0.16700711846351624,
-0.028293564915657043,
-0.4690481722354889,
0.22988851368427277,
-0.6937800049781799,
-0.26870641112327576,
0.9967985153198242,
-0.4545412063598633,
1.098481297492981,
-0.39021721482276917,
-0.009010521695017815,
0.40389084815979004,
-0.24295713007450104,
0.4620409905910492,
0.013119213283061981,
-0.09135980904102325,
0.31796813011169434,
0.052991870790719986,
-0.35936039686203003,
-0.3830147981643677,
-0.2037050575017929,
0.2792711555957794,
0.25773581862449646,
-0.1300382912158966,
-0.21546363830566406,
-0.6192846894264221,
0.38109683990478516,
0.7877310514450073,
-0.039691511541604996,
-0.056384243071079254,
-0.9603902101516724,
-0.21232809126377106,
0.5026782155036926,
-0.7748708128929138,
-0.004578972700983286,
-0.11100053042173386,
0.21404850482940674,
-0.09095926582813263,
-0.23305054008960724,
-0.0431721955537796,
0.744840681552887,
-0.22404472529888153,
0.7398118376731873,
-0.6663163304328918,
-0.07469617575407028,
0.8203924894332886,
-0.3714704215526581,
-0.5954997539520264,
0.11887290328741074,
-0.3163137137889862,
-0.28072911500930786,
-0.1840970516204834,
-0.1208721324801445,
-0.41711458563804626,
-0.2745818793773651,
-0.12614162266254425,
-0.45647189021110535,
0.1659461259841919,
0.28356558084487915,
-0.1699020266532898,
-0.202779620885849,
0.5589670538902283,
-0.05272398144006729,
-0.43417343497276306,
-0.04713388904929161,
0.24082157015800476,
0.5610364675521851,
0.3249110281467438,
-0.22121909260749817,
0.049413226544857025,
-0.2243306189775467,
-0.3156675696372986,
0.1930847316980362,
0.24485881626605988,
-0.32606247067451477,
0.24865522980690002,
0.17254012823104858,
0.05876907706260681,
0.11177486926317215,
-0.49673163890838623,
-0.3383246958255768,
-0.9597787857055664,
-0.15024113655090332,
0.2035566121339798,
0.2095055729150772,
-0.31332412362098694,
0.17926527559757233,
0.05451156944036484,
0.34303972125053406,
-0.4368400275707245,
0.30888938903808594,
0.031785283237695694,
0.2702290117740631,
-0.29651132225990295,
-0.2700454890727997,
0.5169761776924133,
0.44068223237991333,
-0.427092969417572,
-0.2263651341199875,
0.107253797352314,
0.20313435792922974,
0.09343007951974869,
-0.11273474246263504,
0.15021458268165588,
0.24096335470676422,
-0.02751035988330841,
-0.459101140499115,
-0.04463396966457367,
-0.0835496038198471,
-0.0035436528269201517,
-0.10419873893260956,
0.13002991676330566,
0.2878744602203369,
0.2890848219394684,
0.08868429064750671,
0.6664555668830872,
-0.35988929867744446,
0.14780005812644958,
0.19468700885772705,
0.37186747789382935,
-0.06155310198664665,
-0.25812655687332153,
-6.211996078491211,
0.12241210788488388,
-0.10571832954883575,
-0.43220409750938416,
0.21026475727558136,
-0.055960047990083694,
0.3529304563999176,
-0.41419661045074463,
-0.07561465352773666,
0.2152979075908661,
-0.006689694244414568,
-0.16505128145217896,
-0.23139047622680664,
0.39808428287506104,
0.683785617351532,
-0.19747960567474365,
0.038881540298461914,
0.022769106552004814,
0.5954336524009705,
0.3879091739654541,
-0.08343791961669922,
-0.409211665391922,
0.017651885747909546,
0.31959155201911926,
-0.2619096636772156,
1.10923433303833,
-0.19937914609909058,
-0.11480532586574554,
-0.7306799292564392,
-0.008329416625201702,
0.1558550000190735,
-0.6141561269760132,
-0.16781190037727356,
-0.11462930589914322,
0.10054755955934525,
0.22852712869644165,
0.31159695982933044,
0.3691583275794983,
0.14031724631786346,
0.06330980360507965,
-0.2757202088832855,
0.15193256735801697,
-0.33158254623413086,
0.47019702196121216,
0.25895845890045166,
-0.005713861435651779,
-0.22835750877857208,
-0.14647939801216125,
-0.4641794264316559,
0.6544616222381592,
0.42808061838150024,
0.6010531187057495,
0.507124125957489,
-0.00949668139219284,
-0.41846632957458496,
0.00010162855323869735,
0.036644354462623596,
0.03830930218100548,
-0.3021518886089325,
0.0815424695611,
0.25167179107666016,
0.2096477448940277,
-0.049344588071107864,
-0.776202380657196,
0.17423243820667267,
0.03530801460146904,
-0.31825223565101624,
0.03559459000825882,
-0.0758131891489029,
-0.2695046365261078,
0.008363133296370506,
-0.661308765411377,
0.26215410232543945,
-1.0610812902450562,
-0.2665306627750397,
0.12605656683444977,
-0.23959293961524963,
0.033240098506212234,
0.5361679792404175,
-0.4473065435886383,
-0.09841074794530869,
-0.36453360319137573,
0.36781296133995056,
-0.34050533175468445,
-0.10218633711338043,
-0.6760011315345764,
-0.7103947997093201,
-0.03426935523748398,
0.14673437178134918,
-0.116071917116642,
0.43319255113601685,
-0.3337463438510895,
0.27438607811927795,
0.5066182613372803,
0.8459627628326416,
1.1901205778121948,
0.12209359556436539,
-0.12139341235160828,
-0.03246605023741722,
-0.24887298047542572,
-0.29357612133026123,
0.22739353775978088,
0.4747849106788635,
0.10089798271656036,
-0.13235807418823242,
-0.5130521655082703,
0.04799404740333557,
0.59896320104599,
0.1919248104095459,
-0.5450519323348999,
0.25295260548591614,
-0.2365713119506836,
-0.5138322114944458,
-0.28104373812675476,
0.1409253180027008,
0.08092087507247925,
-0.08658752590417862,
0.30210113525390625,
0.17614954710006714,
0.2684696316719055,
-0.5609391927719116,
0.05975251644849777,
-0.19344285130500793,
0.14036999642848969,
-0.8345301747322083,
-0.38227713108062744,
0.36727237701416016,
0.13284766674041748,
0.17444323003292084,
0.3141782879829407,
-0.2528855800628662,
0.07417585700750351,
0.2117571085691452,
-0.21638426184654236,
-0.26234403252601624,
0.0849638432264328,
0.10098350793123245,
-0.1913137584924698,
0.12723569571971893,
0.426766961812973,
-0.09836496412754059,
0.13355492055416107,
0.02667226456105709,
0.5620591640472412,
0.5797593593597412,
-0.14236395061016083,
0.18851338326931,
0.14359785616397858,
0.1678333580493927,
-0.12660618126392365,
0.0236493069678545,
0.528481662273407,
0.43019384145736694,
-0.4662262797355652,
-0.2018473744392395,
-0.2582835555076599,
-0.7378281950950623,
-0.1939394474029541,
-0.42738574743270874,
0.19862806797027588,
0.23617082834243774,
-0.4741572439670563,
-1.0018682479858398,
-0.1919863075017929,
-0.2106860876083374,
0.5621489882469177,
0.2701374292373657,
-0.2552438974380493,
-0.2416958212852478,
0.22418667376041412,
0.06990493088960648,
-0.054233141243457794,
0.041331253945827484,
0.16381365060806274,
0.17207121849060059,
0.1862804889678955,
-0.2930637001991272,
-0.36378470063209534,
-0.13676701486110687,
0.2954217195510864,
-0.12508684396743774,
-0.10698574036359787,
-0.18737395107746124,
0.6493182182312012,
0.4934093654155731,
-0.5479351878166199,
-0.8412436842918396,
0.10355737060308456,
-0.22257502377033234,
-0.5425742864608765,
0.37986764311790466,
0.1119043231010437,
0.5458724498748779,
0.5055745244026184,
-0.5043804049491882,
-0.3844567835330963,
-0.12856833636760712,
0.11879857629537582,
0.29708778858184814,
-0.30421707034111023,
-0.5554031729698181,
0.19695454835891724,
-0.3634944260120392,
0.32507237792015076,
0.7908549308776855,
-0.6167090535163879,
0.16352902352809906,
0.10990147292613983,
-0.44828853011131287,
0.22311021387577057,
-0.30691033601760864,
-0.4771323502063751,
-0.44713592529296875,
0.2842572331428528,
-0.6348296999931335,
-0.5070849061012268,
0.10716937482357025,
-0.07600345462560654,
0.19590146839618683,
-0.14153657853603363,
-0.42532336711883545,
-0.25789690017700195,
-0.5451765060424805,
-0.4077248275279999,
-0.612350583076477,
-0.14215385913848877,
0.5653288960456848,
-0.9536610841751099,
0.3433646559715271,
-0.07546069473028183,
0.2453298568725586,
0.4356692433357239,
0.09592491388320923,
-0.3726295232772827,
-0.2956291437149048,
-0.28005674481391907,
-0.04056994989514351,
0.2681790888309479,
0.2020014077425003,
0.9090907573699951,
0.061735447496175766,
0.6854788064956665,
0.12340565770864487,
-0.6752774119377136,
0.41040879487991333,
0.017128167673945427,
0.659797728061676,
-0.2139359712600708,
-0.4617295265197754,
0.04817207157611847,
0.20902392268180847,
-0.13907252252101898,
0.3059174716472626,
0.1617860496044159,
0.028130024671554565,
-0.8357867002487183,
0.10858655720949173,
-0.05615391582250595,
0.49875617027282715,
0.05238098278641701,
-0.08691904693841934,
0.19076742231845856,
-0.35032394528388977,
0.19231466948986053,
0.5882061123847961,
0.27310144901275635,
0.11375678330659866,
-0.461021363735199,
0.4670935571193695,
-0.3273286521434784,
0.2564185559749603,
-0.25738096237182617,
0.5846025943756104,
0.8272044062614441,
0.5892347097396851,
-0.5606232285499573,
0.049733616411685944,
-0.5259954333305359,
0.24045169353485107,
-0.09308095276355743,
-0.24210795760154724,
0.38428837060928345,
-0.3122585415840149,
-0.44770348072052,
0.059241000562906265,
-0.5630173683166504,
0.43934133648872375,
-0.11741208285093307,
-0.23032309114933014,
0.32308468222618103,
-0.20819324254989624,
0.015847453847527504,
0.19087070226669312,
0.03899829462170601,
-0.18056169152259827,
0.1790059208869934,
0.13069023191928864,
0.2000316083431244,
-0.21675467491149902,
0.1189696416258812,
-0.5182905793190002,
0.34232011437416077,
-0.2261672168970108,
-0.3039032816886902,
0.5306460857391357,
0.2156732678413391,
-0.1551460176706314,
-0.35977450013160706,
-0.3569231331348419,
0.28448811173439026,
-0.1737595498561859,
-0.2250327318906784,
0.337035596370697,
0.7494723796844482,
-0.41937878727912903,
-0.09088558703660965,
0.47004199028015137,
-0.5366743803024292,
0.24401447176933289,
0.2120658904314041,
0.2863336503505707,
0.21077503263950348,
-0.041408561170101166,
-0.14501795172691345,
-0.20110058784484863,
0.4226381480693817,
-0.0024769387673586607,
-0.14439085125923157,
0.06855731457471848,
-0.1604146957397461,
0.16139712929725647,
0.10764133185148239,
-0.1883699893951416,
0.6165434718132019,
-0.2703763544559479,
-0.009137599729001522,
0.3086170554161072,
-0.17593851685523987,
-0.06719423830509186,
0.10493914037942886,
0.22713690996170044,
-0.279458612203598,
0.5089190006256104,
-0.002900131745263934,
0.06052996218204498,
-0.21329177916049957,
0.5941190123558044,
0.18420886993408203,
-0.1310160905122757,
0.38994330167770386,
0.24359077215194702,
-0.129859060049057,
0.3725425899028778,
-0.2066517025232315,
0.05243983119726181,
-0.04319804534316063,
-0.09129338711500168,
-0.17189781367778778,
-0.40874043107032776,
-0.0022597196511924267,
-0.4255181849002838,
-0.1332598477602005,
-0.3181140124797821,
0.14203307032585144,
-0.14501404762268066,
0.21936722099781036,
0.4031311869621277,
-0.4141726791858673,
-0.03808175399899483,
0.5490769147872925,
0.3902168571949005,
0.03199920430779457,
0.1844322681427002,
-0.09819594025611877,
-0.253630131483078,
-0.12624238431453705,
0.3987360894680023,
0.5033494234085083,
0.18329954147338867,
-0.058468349277973175,
-0.019603747874498367,
-0.0716589093208313,
-0.4342655837535858,
-0.1760060042142868,
0.38066044449806213,
-0.4105205237865448,
-0.1828412562608719,
0.22892360389232635,
-0.3946341574192047,
0.2758967876434326,
0.3736461400985718,
-0.2225787192583084,
-0.10450422018766403,
0.19122850894927979,
-0.5046896934509277,
0.2501377463340759,
-0.14469677209854126,
0.7372027039527893,
0.1762300431728363,
-0.07385473698377609,
0.13624274730682373,
0.00569656677544117,
-0.5464968085289001,
0.5642021894454956,
-0.20021730661392212,
0.20328375697135925,
0.06911461055278778,
-0.3283204734325409,
-0.6946533918380737,
0.4335271120071411,
0.6634191274642944,
0.21750634908676147,
0.18497982621192932,
0.20199786126613617,
-0.2550497055053711,
0.21526534855365753,
0.29212138056755066,
0.10864628106355667,
0.09709982573986053,
-0.386737585067749,
0.24625514447689056,
0.12892252206802368,
0.36004379391670227,
0.08386862277984619,
-0.4382859766483307,
-0.19529826939105988,
-0.2053004652261734,
-0.17436793446540833,
-0.5203938484191895,
0.3003638982772827,
-0.12798576056957245,
-0.12849076092243195,
-0.19948351383209229,
0.1881348341703415,
-0.2915680706501007,
0.24096982181072235,
0.8105989098548889,
0.24894635379314423,
0.1500714123249054,
-0.10473567247390747,
-0.1491968333721161,
-0.22862455248832703,
0.6352505683898926,
-0.010889070108532906,
0.44248002767562866,
0.39357611536979675,
0.1661858707666397,
-0.002161623677238822,
-0.32590389251708984,
0.06618928164243698,
0.0039703864604234695,
-0.19108784198760986,
-0.44887229800224304,
-0.2646023631095886,
-0.3240427076816559,
-0.4731464982032776,
-0.03752673789858818,
-0.28808072209358215,
0.0626104474067688,
0.021696964278817177
] |
236504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto%20Records | Arto Records | Arto Records was a record company and label that operated from 1920 to 1923.
Arto was owned by the Standard Music Roll Company in Orange, New Jersey. The recording studio was located in New York City. Arto was one of the first labels to issue releases of vaudeville blues musicians. It also issued Lucille Hegamin and the Original Memphis Five.
Arto issued a Black Label series of popular music including such artists as The California Ramblers and Vernon Dalhart, and a Red Label series of classical and ethnic music that included the Peerless Quartet and Fred Van Eps.
Arto pressed masters for other record companies, including Nordskog Records for Kid Ory's band, the first black band from New Orleans to be recorded, and Arto's sister company Bell Records. The label licensed masters from other companies, particularly for release on the Red Label series.
See also
List of record labels
References
Further reading
American Record Label Book, Brian Rust, Da Capo, 1984.
American record labels
Record labels established in 1920
Record labels disestablished in 1923
Jazz record labels | [
0.07786880433559418,
-0.00281980587169528,
-0.2171695977449417,
0.13991139829158783,
-0.5018358826637268,
0.18818147480487823,
0.21332606673240662,
-0.3757626414299011,
-0.40174469351768494,
-0.15167413651943207,
0.09122586995363235,
0.5958532094955444,
-0.15665303170681,
0.4433342218399048,
-0.40642228722572327,
-0.13227440416812897,
0.08273842185735703,
0.48840928077697754,
-0.04938511177897453,
-0.6212601661682129,
-0.20211555063724518,
0.017284279689192772,
0.40487512946128845,
-0.4114208221435547,
-0.5128700137138367,
-0.40648153424263,
-0.08584077656269073,
-0.07430171221494675,
-0.2620869576931,
-0.0381319522857666,
0.3098810911178589,
0.5065845251083374,
-0.18820495903491974,
-0.22563181817531586,
-0.6636967062950134,
0.03942646458745003,
-0.07461591809988022,
-0.26671332120895386,
-0.2580898404121399,
-0.7786621451377869,
-0.0875408798456192,
-0.29335156083106995,
0.14036449790000916,
0.41020408272743225,
-0.324573278427124,
-0.3144625425338745,
-1.2971110343933105,
0.23526398837566376,
-0.6747124195098877,
0.17366915941238403,
-0.3266367018222809,
0.3515363037586212,
0.16700206696987152,
0.5976963639259338,
-0.03224381059408188,
0.27715232968330383,
-0.6936993598937988,
0.18975253403186798,
-0.5539224147796631,
-0.7424915432929993,
0.32667529582977295,
0.1100432425737381,
0.31410831212997437,
-0.3216390311717987,
-0.04169377312064171,
-0.022532111033797264,
0.22283369302749634,
0.21951501071453094,
0.1800311803817749,
-0.730632483959198,
-0.07568327337503433,
-0.04017417132854462,
0.04566285386681557,
-0.686587929725647,
0.4191381633281708,
-0.843437135219574,
0.19829261302947998,
-0.6668142676353455,
0.24508292973041534,
0.4083305895328522,
0.43098184466362,
-0.02028721384704113,
0.8110140562057495,
-0.2744280993938446,
0.21735809743404388,
-0.03183365613222122,
-0.6292140483856201,
-0.016229720786213875,
-0.39243242144584656,
-0.1588801145553589,
-0.3046416640281677,
-0.4540765583515167,
0.8141133189201355,
0.22232680022716522,
-0.7097910642623901,
-0.06739512830972672,
-0.2349463254213333,
-0.026141824200749397,
0.10350918024778366,
0.5963815450668335,
0.2440374195575714,
0.11791546642780304,
-0.34642714262008667,
-0.5005403161048889,
-0.3230077922344208,
0.2576889395713806,
0.15802595019340515,
-0.21579810976982117,
0.2134614735841751,
-0.12949401140213013,
-0.2909924387931824,
-0.09475689381361008,
-0.10449694097042084,
-0.21560491621494293,
-0.004823820199817419,
0.2763577103614807,
0.4845466911792755,
-0.21014665067195892,
-0.43553635478019714,
0.5601749420166016,
0.43266141414642334,
0.9083429574966431,
0.5852229595184326,
0.03186492994427681,
-0.21105468273162842,
0.549888551235199,
0.33167198300361633,
0.35424157977104187,
0.13995596766471863,
0.12315650284290314,
-0.12953205406665802,
0.23433749377727509,
0.04410215839743614,
0.24532148241996765,
0.2550658881664276,
0.28376030921936035,
0.562743604183197,
0.1907804012298584,
-0.19539426267147064,
0.00227879430167377,
-0.3244164288043976,
0.04605815187096596,
-1.2233846187591553,
-0.3583482503890991,
0.45992311835289,
-0.48381274938583374,
0.3918948769569397,
-0.036250777542591095,
-0.26427558064460754,
-0.2936234772205353,
0.3856704831123352,
-0.5185436606407166,
0.02466876059770584,
0.5103726983070374,
-0.2798892855644226,
0.03876651078462601,
0.3728450834751129,
0.31597667932510376,
0.4061790704727173,
-0.08663979917764664,
0.3978462815284729,
-0.017253179103136063,
-0.3421424329280853,
0.7131794095039368,
-0.01971396803855896,
-0.12610624730587006,
-0.7473360300064087,
0.5565661787986755,
0.020928477868437767,
0.16542208194732666,
-0.44927677512168884,
0.2535397410392761,
0.18950404226779938,
0.13001808524131775,
-0.033259548246860504,
0.5330409407615662,
0.6966168880462646,
0.23544572293758392,
-0.0008127409964799881,
-0.16322913765907288,
-0.508456826210022,
0.442071795463562,
0.5120126008987427,
-0.3403516113758087,
0.8170015215873718,
0.19792217016220093,
0.6521989107131958,
-0.3348061144351959,
0.350955605506897,
-0.27102211117744446,
-0.3584086298942566,
-0.1521632969379425,
0.4137745201587677,
-0.7392674088478088,
0.880801796913147,
0.21669378876686096,
-1.1813926696777344,
0.6102034449577332,
-0.18849998712539673,
0.11731941252946854,
0.020235195755958557,
0.2719804644584656,
0.1984039694070816,
-0.12226099520921707,
0.12861838936805725,
0.0464450903236866,
0.20102077722549438,
0.13941136002540588,
0.5213400721549988,
0.547965943813324,
0.39383044838905334,
-0.4002538323402405,
0.6887321472167969,
-0.06411661952733994,
0.10152566432952881,
-0.17629700899124146,
-0.6575661301612854,
0.43482980132102966,
0.11303634196519852,
-0.3356613218784332,
0.6867053508758545,
-0.09234701842069626,
-0.25315168499946594,
0.20668335258960724,
-0.22117257118225098,
0.5876403450965881,
0.03191761299967766,
-0.3792838156223297,
0.6499288082122803,
-0.17283844947814941,
0.20998504757881165,
0.20944029092788696,
0.5401763916015625,
-0.6078425645828247,
0.3941725194454193,
0.6469439268112183,
0.21194900572299957,
-0.2809205949306488,
0.18916666507720947,
-0.12428608536720276,
0.2986241281032562,
0.26935097575187683,
-0.33734965324401855,
0.6511321663856506,
0.2838898301124573,
0.5126820802688599,
0.14804457128047943,
0.1379404067993164,
-0.17442886531352997,
0.019690275192260742,
0.48070594668388367,
0.3554539680480957,
-0.23997759819030762,
-0.09500991553068161,
-0.01697872392833233,
-0.14912110567092896,
0.15725359320640564,
-0.9750146865844727,
0.16625332832336426,
0.22057867050170898,
-0.20611919462680817,
-0.2538955807685852,
0.44521358609199524,
0.23842518031597137,
0.5932313799858093,
-0.8218679428100586,
-0.23492464423179626,
-0.17999085783958435,
0.26108431816101074,
-0.3676757514476776,
0.3765275776386261,
0.6067489981651306,
-0.5766118764877319,
0.35327398777008057,
0.36448538303375244,
0.4700693190097809,
-0.563430905342102,
-0.10939660668373108,
-0.43076977133750916,
-0.544252872467041,
0.3005170226097107,
0.7563776969909668,
0.18819096684455872,
-0.6519224047660828,
-0.6298301815986633,
0.1931205689907074,
0.27827176451683044,
-0.21235176920890808,
-0.15014418959617615,
-0.06921102851629257,
-0.07245555520057678,
0.6203639507293701,
-0.5807402729988098,
0.2877340018749237,
-0.3158451020717621,
0.5121116042137146,
-0.4381120204925537,
0.361390084028244,
0.050367992371320724,
-0.5274395942687988,
-0.23980942368507385,
0.20356526970863342,
-0.47386434674263,
-0.19582180678844452,
0.4241296648979187,
-0.34306928515434265,
0.10863950848579407,
-0.5315271615982056,
-5.887305736541748,
-0.057977497577667236,
-0.05305152386426926,
-0.15700079500675201,
0.050268497318029404,
0.001939518260769546,
0.37543705105781555,
-0.2071985900402069,
-0.01461433619260788,
-0.5492056608200073,
-0.3569625914096832,
-0.012503363192081451,
0.3142203092575073,
0.8596593737602234,
0.37866827845573425,
0.6407409310340881,
0.27200961112976074,
-0.25145354866981506,
-0.26481661200523376,
0.16086642444133759,
-0.006999441888183355,
-0.6308331489562988,
0.154901921749115,
0.4340769350528717,
0.23729820549488068,
-0.3788866698741913,
-0.2731912434101105,
0.5570814609527588,
-0.5825107097625732,
0.14350475370883942,
0.21577951312065125,
0.08918560296297073,
0.050990235060453415,
-0.7210714221000671,
0.018055319786071777,
0.2061654031276703,
0.7118807435035706,
-0.18339817225933075,
-0.24496421217918396,
-0.15248316526412964,
-0.06160825118422508,
0.26867103576660156,
0.12325280904769897,
-0.22331413626670837,
-0.5462077856063843,
-0.0399303175508976,
-0.37463659048080444,
0.022599615156650543,
0.1436561942100525,
0.7855356335639954,
0.5066644549369812,
-0.055101428180933,
0.12030180543661118,
-0.01166953332722187,
-0.2464902400970459,
-0.08819098025560379,
0.021894842386245728,
0.12759974598884583,
0.3441010117530823,
0.5025928616523743,
0.8065555691719055,
-0.3500939607620239,
0.22420649230480194,
-0.25573280453681946,
-0.19818295538425446,
-0.022534217685461044,
-0.20470023155212402,
0.09914199262857437,
0.6624993681907654,
0.5349306464195251,
0.1546991467475891,
0.41601622104644775,
-0.48160654306411743,
-1.1644030809402466,
-0.13475380837917328,
-0.02084292843937874,
0.5453178286552429,
-0.5461919903755188,
0.1914898008108139,
0.5884698033332825,
0.19920094311237335,
-0.16623222827911377,
-0.032136283814907074,
0.3769901692867279,
-0.3022368848323822,
-0.3572463095188141,
0.09262937307357788,
0.328391969203949,
-1.129508376121521,
0.011969522573053837,
0.6365036964416504,
-0.08353608101606369,
-0.1371697634458542,
0.3475043773651123,
-0.18918456137180328,
-0.1930779069662094,
0.2296379953622818,
0.4057021141052246,
0.7339169979095459,
-0.07464420050382614,
-0.5988859534263611,
0.1010904610157013,
0.7459317445755005,
-0.37910225987434387,
-0.22818373143672943,
-0.4790889620780945,
-0.40766993165016174,
-0.16673767566680908,
0.5695844888687134,
-0.31433022022247314,
-0.47912654280662537,
-0.08324950188398361,
-0.550402820110321,
-0.5079531669616699,
0.8133049607276917,
-0.30224794149398804,
0.12525486946105957,
0.22793461382389069,
-0.10655820369720459,
-0.3983193039894104,
0.6049981117248535,
0.0636821985244751,
0.013417843729257584,
-0.36342543363571167,
-0.4992412328720093,
0.10334191471338272,
0.08252067863941193,
-0.21148619055747986,
0.0047976914793252945,
0.0049483682960271835,
-0.42844390869140625,
0.14714902639389038,
0.2311079353094101,
0.21208687126636505,
0.32548773288726807,
-0.3566504716873169,
-0.3201035261154175,
0.17976035177707672,
0.10687348991632462,
-0.4795531630516052,
0.07278123497962952,
-0.4277727007865906,
-0.08925684541463852,
0.6882189512252808,
0.5730099678039551,
0.6344793438911438,
0.11518293619155884,
-0.43708497285842896,
-0.05805819854140282,
-0.019064519554376602,
0.16361676156520844,
-0.3958524763584137,
0.8660466074943542,
-0.23994150757789612,
-0.15133528411388397,
-0.1813715249300003,
-0.0985235795378685,
-0.48868313431739807,
0.0750957503914833,
-0.30318504571914673,
-0.030314773321151733,
0.06405539810657501,
-0.8231268525123596,
-0.12551313638687134,
-0.10436011850833893,
0.01944602280855179,
-0.015770399942994118,
-0.6744733452796936,
0.046309322118759155,
0.5098139047622681,
-0.2031092643737793,
0.13205447793006897,
0.2904607951641083,
-0.7000546455383301,
0.142289936542511,
0.24655169248580933,
-0.15404830873012543,
-0.2869517207145691,
-0.3192993104457855,
-0.2744031846523285,
0.5829453468322754,
0.22734543681144714,
-0.6252064108848572,
-0.1599714607000351,
0.08034244179725647,
-0.8339492678642273,
-0.6126498579978943,
-0.1121269166469574,
-0.624325156211853,
-0.2876341640949249,
-0.6124714016914368,
0.34375283122062683,
0.5815433859825134,
-0.03609268367290497,
-0.5194063782691956,
-0.565808892250061,
-0.3474273979663849,
0.459873229265213,
-0.4632420837879181,
-0.4404396712779999,
0.30792638659477234,
0.1605222523212433,
-0.11647866666316986,
0.06447549164295197,
-0.21616843342781067,
-0.591544508934021,
0.5429721474647522,
0.03422217071056366,
-0.4814508259296417,
0.6102335453033447,
-0.3019421696662903,
-0.7530251145362854,
0.21035389602184296,
0.5146632790565491,
-0.08988173305988312,
0.2883908450603485,
0.04052472859621048,
-0.1655733287334442,
-0.14001725614070892,
-0.23937276005744934,
-0.2845788896083832,
0.35477423667907715,
-0.5420922040939331,
0.2029467225074768,
-0.5988295078277588,
0.28651878237724304,
0.6978709101676941,
-0.23392929136753082,
-0.10115958750247955,
-0.08744122087955475,
-0.002232364611700177,
0.12319093197584152,
-0.6892857551574707,
-0.15739646553993225,
-0.3559407591819763,
-0.21798589825630188,
0.2792556583881378,
0.336306095123291,
0.23777654767036438,
-0.22942882776260376,
-0.09264987707138062,
0.3254236876964569,
-0.42345672845840454,
0.0295864287763834,
0.16856752336025238,
0.15606586635112762,
0.07755037397146225,
-0.29822540283203125,
-0.4342347979545593,
0.466182678937912,
0.0690799206495285,
-0.2815331518650055,
-0.785529375076294,
-0.11222627013921738,
0.8619382381439209,
-0.34080347418785095,
-0.008071579039096832,
0.6961665153503418,
0.037962693721055984,
0.27648359537124634,
-0.07861959934234619,
0.32095852494239807,
-0.3983054757118225,
0.06696610897779465,
-0.21295365691184998,
0.13980445265769958,
0.21599356830120087,
-0.3607725203037262,
0.3096466660499573,
-0.2584114074707031,
0.1912594437599182,
0.022913718596100807,
0.11349795013666153,
0.4914507567882538,
0.433180034160614,
-0.31178176403045654,
-0.11191010475158691,
-1.0115419626235962,
-0.11166935414075851,
-0.14504840970039368,
-0.6081302165985107,
-0.11227382719516754,
0.20161576569080353,
-0.02906777895987034,
-0.6291324496269226,
-0.7129712104797363,
-0.37526261806488037,
-0.19153772294521332,
-0.5047293305397034,
-0.132069393992424,
0.17379365861415863,
0.12272611260414124,
0.2919841706752777,
0.15767140686511993,
-0.3474593162536621,
0.2506711781024933,
-0.1472923308610916,
0.10494458675384521,
0.06711333245038986,
-0.29738521575927734,
0.09830573201179504,
0.2795669138431549,
0.4198666512966156,
-0.36242377758026123,
0.3285493850708008,
0.045129191130399704,
0.35611677169799805,
-0.2702850103378296,
-0.2886461317539215,
0.027794895693659782,
-0.05735059082508087,
-0.62347412109375,
0.07528705149888992,
0.6439576148986816,
-0.628239095211029,
0.2492709904909134,
0.39973604679107666,
-0.2302950620651245,
0.19444245100021362,
-0.10037168115377426,
0.2884138524532318,
0.2446574866771698,
0.22694411873817444,
0.04261038824915886,
-0.609443187713623,
0.06035219877958298,
-0.18609660863876343,
0.33202889561653137,
0.5210766792297363,
-0.030284682288765907,
0.9724311232566833,
-0.27202048897743225,
0.21289967000484467,
0.6207860708236694,
-0.08433207869529724,
-0.4742782711982727,
-0.01134796254336834,
-0.5447651147842407,
-0.27359557151794434,
0.25309211015701294,
-0.08686056733131409,
-0.1378861516714096,
0.01990741677582264,
-0.12615834176540375,
0.048516448587179184,
0.2020048201084137,
-0.2888888716697693,
-0.03882825747132301,
-0.2123107612133026,
-0.15721680223941803,
0.2637275457382202,
0.10960493981838226,
0.03648609295487404,
-0.09876226633787155,
0.21724896132946014,
0.5103365182876587,
0.3970301151275635,
0.20167718827724457,
0.7580382823944092,
-0.1354968547821045,
0.12004542350769043,
0.1607978492975235,
0.6784955859184265,
0.038609638810157776,
-0.3984088897705078,
-0.010959197767078876,
0.2684198319911957,
-0.29870879650115967,
-0.13140763342380524,
0.16339974105358124,
0.05286157503724098,
0.013815650716423988,
-0.0851842388510704,
0.7493528723716736,
-0.25050532817840576,
0.4859215021133423,
0.8415566086769104,
0.17930254340171814,
-0.030500728636980057,
0.35812318325042725,
-0.4058540463447571,
0.5299286842346191,
-0.4363093376159668,
-0.44461706280708313,
-0.20883987843990326,
-0.6256775856018066,
0.14401188492774963,
0.3123939037322998,
0.541849672794342,
-0.6062002182006836,
-0.322991281747818,
-0.3699474632740021,
0.1721193790435791,
0.16174452006816864,
-0.19711506366729736,
-0.16847948729991913,
-0.4093387722969055,
0.5458400249481201,
-0.05779312923550606,
-0.02798907831311226,
-0.009626473300158978,
0.5185188055038452,
0.20088830590248108,
-0.22279973328113556,
0.17338745296001434,
0.42450761795043945,
-0.15934866666793823,
-0.3480570614337921,
-0.44807690382003784,
0.9755149483680725,
-0.21152640879154205,
0.1772085279226303,
0.06752705574035645,
0.5836681723594666,
-0.21806862950325012,
-0.4982408583164215,
0.4735892415046692,
-0.07961801439523697,
-0.3687213659286499,
0.17532935738563538,
0.2689383924007416,
-0.09045635908842087,
0.05895236134529114,
0.07442504167556763,
-0.3126041293144226,
0.12129904329776764,
0.373444139957428,
0.02814406529068947,
-0.3185223639011383,
0.38879334926605225,
0.28951162099838257,
-0.2700139284133911,
-0.4978351294994354,
0.2867380380630493,
-0.9482818245887756,
0.006574308965355158,
-0.5568177700042725,
0.07378669083118439,
0.5254650712013245,
-0.4181636571884155,
0.5121867656707764,
0.029288794845342636,
0.36566436290740967,
-0.4407273828983307,
0.3462621867656708,
-0.040913134813308716,
-0.04959720000624657,
-0.07647951692342758,
-0.7054445743560791,
0.520641565322876,
-0.3852062225341797,
-0.4422668218612671,
0.6618820428848267,
-0.2703801393508911,
-0.15752561390399933,
-0.24969884753227234,
0.5756354928016663,
-0.12471035867929459,
0.3991655111312866,
0.10958205908536911
] |
236511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durium%20Records%20%28UK%29 | Durium Records (UK) | Durium was a short-lived record label in the United Kingdom run by Durium Products (GB) Ltd in the 1930s.
Its presses were located in Slough, near London. Its products and marketing were derived from the American record company Durium Products, Inc., producer of the Hit of the Week record label. Durium Products sold its single-sided paper gramophone records from around 1930 to 1933 whereas the UK firm operated only from 1932 to 1933. Their records were also exported to other European countries, including Sweden and Denmark (see illustration).
Using the fast-setting new material Durium, the label's production costs were much lower than for the shellac discs of the time. Hit of the Week discs sold for just one shilling and enjoyed great popularity.
Bibliography
Russell, Tony. (2004). Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921-1942. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, , (Durium entry, page 31)
See also
Hit of the Week Records
List of record labels
Durium Records
British record labels
Record labels established in 1930
Record labels disestablished in 1933
Italian record labels
Record labels established in 1935
Record labels disestablished in 1989
Jazz record labels | [
0.1940782070159912,
0.2767830789089203,
-0.273504376411438,
-0.32447952032089233,
-0.5275545716285706,
0.05647347494959831,
0.21746057271957397,
-0.2724542021751404,
-0.16023075580596924,
0.16238446533679962,
-0.12846700847148895,
0.20541666448116302,
0.032480694353580475,
1.0008515119552612,
-0.014600362628698349,
0.14672553539276123,
-0.13284462690353394,
0.5152930021286011,
-0.0923314094543457,
-0.5128769874572754,
-0.14632627367973328,
-0.0352088026702404,
0.384691447019577,
0.017283111810684204,
-0.5858844518661499,
0.03523118048906326,
0.32099658250808716,
0.19548305869102478,
-0.6994444131851196,
-0.1936117261648178,
0.1668941080570221,
0.7277284860610962,
-0.1598120927810669,
-0.12610849738121033,
0.21871107816696167,
0.4888104498386383,
0.24548755586147308,
-0.41803088784217834,
-0.07807167619466782,
-0.7317408919334412,
0.22685447335243225,
-0.24225102365016937,
0.5582433938980103,
0.6369616389274597,
-0.4501402974128723,
-0.0005491426563821733,
-1.2762115001678467,
0.013439545407891273,
-0.5459538102149963,
-0.22587677836418152,
-0.5075838565826416,
0.45513948798179626,
0.516377329826355,
0.20311404764652252,
-0.3964081108570099,
0.13304400444030762,
-0.6714898943901062,
0.18904843926429749,
-0.13681069016456604,
-0.2907252907752991,
0.5238025188446045,
-0.06002910062670708,
-0.06418932974338531,
0.18340209126472473,
-0.044492486864328384,
0.07458211481571198,
0.038552191108465195,
0.5302274823188782,
-0.5386896133422852,
-0.7122226357460022,
-0.5109676718711853,
0.08401942998170853,
0.01827024109661579,
-0.45172879099845886,
0.12727585434913635,
-0.3008919358253479,
0.4694960415363312,
-0.6904033422470093,
0.5985522270202637,
0.7794098258018494,
0.5102209448814392,
0.16345003247261047,
0.8567906022071838,
-0.2853736877441406,
0.537272572517395,
0.20636862516403198,
-0.5785058736801147,
0.2262500673532486,
-0.30669325590133667,
0.4607681334018707,
0.13073723018169403,
-0.8704089522361755,
0.5854646563529968,
-0.0375622920691967,
-0.5036858916282654,
0.23879629373550415,
0.3283524215221405,
0.31749430298805237,
0.21622289717197418,
0.3016756772994995,
0.42276954650878906,
0.19290898740291595,
-0.2507926821708679,
-0.8594867587089539,
-0.5244736671447754,
-0.12491939216852188,
-0.6121515035629272,
-0.3701961636543274,
0.034793365746736526,
0.03679339587688446,
0.012627038173377514,
0.16794338822364807,
-0.04552672430872917,
0.1467704325914383,
0.2736831605434418,
0.2084137201309204,
-0.16121721267700195,
-0.14348357915878296,
-0.5942502021789551,
0.7486779689788818,
0.5014375448226929,
0.7133312225341797,
-0.1666993498802185,
0.38088691234588623,
-0.1563088446855545,
0.6216689944267273,
0.11953537166118622,
0.3348122239112854,
-0.07330706715583801,
0.04579399153590202,
0.2863377630710602,
1.0008034706115723,
-0.18122895061969757,
-0.20461222529411316,
-0.2562732398509979,
0.22226743400096893,
0.828426718711853,
0.14387688040733337,
-0.17674633860588074,
-0.16518351435661316,
-0.5154597759246826,
0.05807487294077873,
-0.9932361841201782,
-0.0869724377989769,
0.16836334764957428,
0.01681898906826973,
-0.08823733776807785,
-0.08001526445150375,
-0.44332170486450195,
-0.3564874827861786,
0.7908801436424255,
-0.11046795547008514,
0.059144675731658936,
-0.08605244755744934,
-0.45223793387413025,
0.118235744535923,
0.4544316530227661,
-0.11771200597286224,
-0.02989070676267147,
-0.4364207983016968,
-0.22281260788440704,
0.44918498396873474,
-0.3381105363368988,
0.8041606545448303,
-0.060476213693618774,
-0.04783492907881737,
-0.27922323346138,
-0.03129684180021286,
0.019794734194874763,
-0.15727660059928894,
-0.28539377450942993,
-0.06392797827720642,
0.08628813177347183,
-0.31850647926330566,
-0.12498120218515396,
0.23594683408737183,
0.97990483045578,
0.6764699220657349,
0.3154012858867645,
-0.6345154643058777,
-0.5116254687309265,
0.1853770911693573,
0.4041137397289276,
-0.3523733615875244,
0.6028487086296082,
0.42562857270240784,
0.9231252074241638,
-0.033726766705513,
-0.31727704405784607,
0.03145367652177811,
-0.5999472737312317,
-0.08284290134906769,
0.3718236982822418,
-0.7467148900032043,
1.095110535621643,
0.34658530354499817,
-0.5541659593582153,
0.41057607531547546,
-0.3021892011165619,
0.09348831325769424,
-0.36530521512031555,
0.6931237578392029,
-0.1860448271036148,
-0.456271231174469,
-0.08362981677055359,
0.18092678487300873,
0.2829075753688812,
-0.18765988945960999,
0.6371645927429199,
0.378734827041626,
0.33486270904541016,
-0.7765493988990784,
0.6984826326370239,
0.3969033360481262,
0.08391597121953964,
-0.4081738591194153,
-0.5733339786529541,
0.06291954219341278,
0.2607671916484833,
-0.514561653137207,
0.3207232654094696,
0.2894081473350525,
0.18624229729175568,
0.40165820717811584,
0.13444919884204865,
0.5219051241874695,
-0.04536374285817146,
-0.4478566646575928,
0.2692452669143677,
0.1209583431482315,
0.04130701348185539,
0.5058123469352722,
0.09694315493106842,
-0.3379001021385193,
0.06063081696629524,
0.25760069489479065,
-0.5454736948013306,
-0.4721251130104065,
0.18792495131492615,
0.18541942536830902,
0.494210422039032,
-0.21394218504428864,
-0.6693558096885681,
0.32750487327575684,
0.676949679851532,
0.4035774767398834,
0.2523207366466522,
0.0029590700287371874,
0.19264580309391022,
-0.12017128616571426,
0.3609848916530609,
0.5421487092971802,
-0.18119771778583527,
0.23474930226802826,
0.5287584066390991,
-0.05690803751349449,
-0.20919844508171082,
-0.36482706665992737,
0.11293196678161621,
0.09971007704734802,
-0.17078343033790588,
0.15018674731254578,
0.3057512938976288,
-0.13749879598617554,
0.28582921624183655,
-0.19601720571517944,
-0.4973013997077942,
-0.34018728137016296,
0.5183271765708923,
-0.4879530370235443,
-0.19130726158618927,
0.3421317934989929,
-0.7687191963195801,
0.3007637858390808,
0.2175035923719406,
0.20045694708824158,
-0.8333394527435303,
0.09496596455574036,
-0.23529395461082458,
-0.3186565041542053,
0.5505817532539368,
0.15250666439533234,
-0.04133258014917374,
-0.9498826265335083,
-0.7649099826812744,
0.4409961402416229,
0.5217003226280212,
-0.010067754425108433,
0.2762840986251831,
-0.43436768651008606,
-0.20209236443042755,
0.06616967916488647,
-0.5692481994628906,
0.3785402774810791,
-0.4970962107181549,
0.46544507145881653,
-0.06983240693807602,
0.0737103521823883,
0.4848582148551941,
0.052756328135728836,
-0.0018118974985554814,
-0.004464725032448769,
-0.5058618783950806,
-0.3050276041030884,
0.1537875533103943,
-0.5410962104797363,
0.009687387384474277,
-1.1095952987670898,
-5.61311149597168,
-0.009570254944264889,
-0.06348101794719696,
0.023604460060596466,
0.7664739489555359,
0.021687909960746765,
0.3957899808883667,
-0.34018585085868835,
-0.29098495841026306,
-0.4351597726345062,
-0.06026986986398697,
0.15632742643356323,
-0.17026670277118683,
0.10778004676103592,
0.5516822338104248,
0.5817192792892456,
1.073171854019165,
0.4222637414932251,
0.17947819828987122,
-0.487511545419693,
-0.09155931323766708,
-0.24836504459381104,
0.018284454941749573,
0.22030602395534515,
-0.06864161789417267,
0.7191112637519836,
0.08529021590948105,
0.436368852853775,
-0.8782694339752197,
-0.005128596443682909,
-0.296603262424469,
-0.04184964671730995,
-0.10274022072553635,
-0.6157160997390747,
0.10682181268930435,
0.42356812953948975,
0.315194308757782,
0.28894591331481934,
0.15254513919353485,
-0.39115434885025024,
-0.03694411367177963,
0.529096245765686,
0.12567254900932312,
-0.04568619281053543,
-0.1395149827003479,
-0.026870349422097206,
-0.45150119066238403,
0.057916875928640366,
-0.252432644367218,
1.344425082206726,
0.04781637713313103,
-0.004022527020424604,
0.2608444094657898,
0.15494801104068756,
-0.09122366458177567,
-0.21750859916210175,
-0.08254417032003403,
0.48815807700157166,
0.17009641230106354,
0.20150263607501984,
0.5198066830635071,
-0.09001528471708298,
-0.41713541746139526,
-0.629544734954834,
-0.4305267632007599,
-0.07589469105005264,
-0.30886781215667725,
-0.3490440249443054,
0.4072427749633789,
0.34035351872444153,
-0.08029351383447647,
0.16184879839420319,
-0.08610350638628006,
-0.9829829931259155,
-0.11930804699659348,
-0.3863483667373657,
0.2802883982658386,
-0.27287063002586365,
-0.08558095246553421,
0.39478859305381775,
-0.01607678458094597,
-0.35591667890548706,
-0.3803911507129669,
0.7714244723320007,
-0.2746650278568268,
-0.28523123264312744,
-0.22908926010131836,
0.33990973234176636,
-1.0668723583221436,
-0.2940865457057953,
0.24821865558624268,
-0.06023384630680084,
-0.36713677644729614,
0.6503443121910095,
0.2089260220527649,
0.24923577904701233,
0.44551774859428406,
0.07847113907337189,
0.26148656010627747,
-0.7008322477340698,
-0.14673733711242676,
0.025458769872784615,
0.08705499023199081,
-0.52489173412323,
-0.21531538665294647,
-0.6366769075393677,
-0.8450783491134644,
-0.20299233496189117,
0.018918242305517197,
-0.314113587141037,
-0.09051413834095001,
-0.4681403338909149,
-0.5962038636207581,
-0.18614079058170319,
0.6116533279418945,
-0.3755730390548706,
0.18966230750083923,
0.7030950784683228,
-0.05366070941090584,
-0.2411326766014099,
0.3842320442199707,
0.1409689337015152,
0.22732803225517273,
-0.9262548685073853,
-0.7424564361572266,
0.24822622537612915,
0.20298002660274506,
-0.12263531237840652,
-0.42713311314582825,
0.3650379776954651,
-0.10079345852136612,
-0.14693422615528107,
-0.17650768160820007,
0.12364701926708221,
0.06179346516728401,
-0.2522830665111542,
-0.7981095314025879,
0.12313301861286163,
0.015017910860478878,
-0.03183398023247719,
0.1701868623495102,
-0.11567419022321701,
0.40870070457458496,
0.0446474552154541,
0.21930097043514252,
0.7821735143661499,
0.33800625801086426,
-0.4837748110294342,
0.15168140828609467,
0.2984176576137543,
0.3018910586833954,
-0.48431769013404846,
0.7102597951889038,
-0.8778297901153564,
0.19806669652462006,
-0.1523323655128479,
-0.13047534227371216,
-0.2771924138069153,
-0.0027915379032492638,
-0.38597992062568665,
-0.015585152432322502,
0.28429025411605835,
-0.5669816732406616,
0.4724058210849762,
0.23713956773281097,
-0.21603532135486603,
0.27591270208358765,
-0.44796061515808105,
0.12871326506137848,
0.4996042549610138,
-0.40528443455696106,
0.17577996850013733,
-0.14904825389385223,
-0.5233903527259827,
0.2525250315666199,
0.6022726893424988,
-0.09225107729434967,
-0.231150820851326,
-0.12074965983629227,
-0.5706958770751953,
0.2350321263074875,
0.1758778840303421,
-0.6634525656700134,
-0.24705936014652252,
-0.009149990975856781,
-0.7811623215675354,
-0.562142550945282,
-0.7612908482551575,
-0.2861693799495697,
-0.12783396244049072,
-0.33165547251701355,
0.3799143433570862,
0.7131447792053223,
0.21161027252674103,
-0.6571441888809204,
-0.9238131642341614,
-0.3204796016216278,
0.7357826232910156,
-0.43836066126823425,
-0.4988538920879364,
0.2803310453891754,
0.35958731174468994,
-0.13521647453308105,
-0.06355097144842148,
0.026379888877272606,
-0.8766698837280273,
0.08328144252300262,
0.4501603841781616,
-0.925238311290741,
0.6966789364814758,
-0.5017254948616028,
-0.8089556097984314,
-0.2621186077594757,
0.0429966039955616,
-0.6235417723655701,
-0.6180883049964905,
0.3846825659275055,
-0.5374529957771301,
-0.09457606077194214,
-0.35955706238746643,
-0.862571120262146,
0.22693289816379547,
-0.7736561298370361,
0.08384115993976593,
-0.24078261852264404,
-0.15471774339675903,
0.5715282559394836,
-0.08788713067770004,
-0.14813877642154694,
-0.2866210341453552,
-0.4543158710002899,
0.01291608065366745,
-0.048802513629198074,
-0.9424429535865784,
0.30117303133010864,
0.7064367532730103,
0.3316194713115692,
0.029481763020157814,
0.37157443165779114,
0.27074047923088074,
0.46077072620391846,
1.010913610458374,
0.12431342899799347,
-0.5516383051872253,
0.19130189716815948,
0.11755172908306122,
0.6710959672927856,
-0.5437570214271545,
-0.513266384601593,
0.34136196970939636,
0.153922438621521,
-0.2799094021320343,
-0.8444758057594299,
-0.3192649185657501,
0.9232284426689148,
-0.49008530378341675,
0.15411996841430664,
0.3068426251411438,
0.0743425264954567,
0.04061131551861763,
0.19231395423412323,
0.43061891198158264,
-0.19304423034191132,
0.01814541220664978,
0.3729563057422638,
0.6799962520599365,
-0.079843670129776,
-0.5759267210960388,
0.26805567741394043,
-0.5246934294700623,
0.2639497220516205,
0.35901787877082825,
0.28368768095970154,
0.4864107072353363,
0.3504244089126587,
-0.38011404871940613,
0.05865539610385895,
-0.8183543086051941,
0.08957010507583618,
-0.4916781187057495,
-0.02511540800333023,
0.14326347410678864,
0.8030862212181091,
-0.0036354437470436096,
0.23154090344905853,
-0.5506216287612915,
-0.7391732335090637,
-0.27312055230140686,
-0.21203485131263733,
-0.4190223813056946,
0.06994745880365372,
-0.17147047817707062,
-0.06933616101741791,
0.2902871072292328,
-0.592655599117279,
0.7486485242843628,
-0.3847804069519043,
-0.1796756386756897,
-0.03071283921599388,
-0.27735424041748047,
0.021535642445087433,
0.9219592809677124,
-0.1177535429596901,
-0.4652289152145386,
0.5642773509025574,
0.21277065575122833,
0.1976296752691269,
0.1777837723493576,
-0.24641837179660797,
0.10225220024585724,
0.3527534306049347,
-0.3462677001953125,
-0.2430287003517151,
0.7554517984390259,
-0.4439058303833008,
0.162628635764122,
0.7148721814155579,
-0.3997028172016144,
0.36730626225471497,
0.2054702490568161,
0.3611833155155182,
0.32975730299949646,
0.6687444448471069,
0.19403119385242462,
-0.4973013699054718,
0.3367682099342346,
-0.5914640426635742,
0.34704476594924927,
0.5379868149757385,
-0.20619861781597137,
0.6142836809158325,
-0.2999536693096161,
-0.07829327881336212,
0.4628441035747528,
-0.4837813675403595,
-0.1804046332836151,
0.04622553288936615,
-0.5632902383804321,
-0.33698055148124695,
0.1645059585571289,
-0.19965755939483643,
-0.2499762624502182,
0.02970965951681137,
-0.5728017091751099,
0.1888149082660675,
0.28161874413490295,
-0.09344764053821564,
-0.3590471148490906,
0.06089331954717636,
0.0205448679625988,
0.3709850311279297,
0.1358802169561386,
0.004555848427116871,
0.28384432196617126,
0.2702024281024933,
-0.11342062056064606,
0.7294715046882629,
-0.3405809998512268,
0.34458690881729126,
-0.025320321321487427,
-0.040784768760204315,
0.16833125054836273,
0.15112794935703278,
0.10645360499620438,
-0.37931710481643677,
-0.32328298687934875,
0.6179273128509521,
-0.5597668886184692,
0.046956196427345276,
0.17938928306102753,
0.67734694480896,
-0.05292593315243721,
-0.014354362152516842,
0.6520087718963623,
-0.03588486462831497,
-0.27241820096969604,
1.014918327331543,
0.3820624351501465,
0.09739484637975693,
0.3593907952308655,
-0.5640131235122681,
0.49206820130348206,
-0.1385042518377304,
-0.48173320293426514,
-0.07124199718236923,
-0.5201632976531982,
-0.4604628086090088,
0.0007152662728913128,
0.2844195067882538,
-0.3921879231929779,
0.4067057967185974,
-0.2656916081905365,
-0.42961743474006653,
-0.04875463992357254,
-0.5089956521987915,
-0.34479010105133057,
-0.03091195598244667,
0.4656125009059906,
-0.26025721430778503,
0.051018502563238144,
0.1345994621515274,
0.7728709578514099,
-0.0024663261137902737,
0.38815614581108093,
0.41162529587745667,
1.1236361265182495,
-0.6902591586112976,
0.679155707359314,
-0.6823230981826782,
1.2528140544891357,
-0.14434072375297546,
0.252034068107605,
0.21573814749717712,
0.6256557703018188,
-0.3294258117675781,
-0.22703854739665985,
0.49499091506004333,
0.18196330964565277,
-0.5232400894165039,
0.10000516474246979,
0.02406534180045128,
0.32606786489486694,
0.22473034262657166,
0.09044422209262848,
-0.11131302267313004,
-0.12437999248504639,
0.1070866584777832,
0.15001384913921356,
-0.5113787651062012,
0.47195860743522644,
0.045266177505254745,
-0.20175734162330627,
-0.36475273966789246,
-0.5667544603347778,
-0.9059222936630249,
0.2240460366010666,
-0.4453381896018982,
0.23929032683372498,
0.5731897354125977,
-0.659780740737915,
0.5097869634628296,
-0.14539562165737152,
0.42973020672798157,
0.2113044112920761,
-0.03611704707145691,
-0.5053974986076355,
0.11851512640714645,
-0.7476881146430969,
-0.48673680424690247,
0.5274933576583862,
-0.021196193993091583,
-0.4434548318386078,
0.16312335431575775,
-0.2656906247138977,
0.1819119155406952,
-0.3588295876979828,
0.34660235047340393,
-0.1655697375535965,
0.23496843874454498,
0.04242495447397232
] |
236514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish | Wendish | Wendish may refer to:
Sorbian languages, spoken in Germany
Prekmurje Slovene, spoken in Slovenia and Hungary
Wends, a Slav people of Northern Europe
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | [
0.22046668827533722,
0.4114949405193329,
-0.3742126524448395,
-0.488365113735199,
-0.4348517060279846,
0.8290555477142334,
1.0411019325256348,
0.6054475903511047,
-0.38248226046562195,
-0.22731934487819672,
-0.4359133541584015,
-0.2943633794784546,
-0.1565849781036377,
0.39479339122772217,
-0.08989768475294113,
0.4844963550567627,
-0.22550910711288452,
0.9508063793182373,
0.2649306356906891,
-0.5464523434638977,
0.05868873745203018,
-0.6246470808982849,
-0.027024095878005028,
0.24049687385559082,
0.12178022414445877,
0.0512838289141655,
0.7539070844650269,
-0.17444388568401337,
-0.11731273680925369,
-0.269692063331604,
-0.25781452655792236,
1.3749213218688965,
0.14684951305389404,
-0.0762893334031105,
0.1796134114265442,
0.039341241121292114,
-0.19004401564598083,
-0.7604181170463562,
-0.12399191409349442,
-0.03925028443336487,
0.2634607255458832,
-0.3391396701335907,
0.37980887293815613,
0.7991170287132263,
0.06832122057676315,
-0.38790592551231384,
-1.3589099645614624,
0.6672917008399963,
-0.9392513632774353,
0.06393901258707047,
-0.5417523384094238,
-0.19814416766166687,
0.06626568734645844,
0.3510323762893677,
0.3852042555809021,
0.038111262023448944,
-1.0584756135940552,
-0.35245442390441895,
1.210358738899231,
0.2244567573070526,
0.35700905323028564,
0.011451177299022675,
-0.7765893936157227,
-0.018246086314320564,
0.3799601197242737,
0.14419685304164886,
-0.09382802993059158,
1.3285518884658813,
-0.5217863321304321,
-1.0743279457092285,
-0.18417412042617798,
-0.16550453007221222,
-0.13573570549488068,
-0.10976797342300415,
0.4548502266407013,
-0.11825063824653625,
0.009993894957005978,
0.044254012405872345,
0.4894310534000397,
-0.06572877615690231,
-0.04752526432275772,
0.731685996055603,
0.8774959444999695,
-0.20096082985401154,
0.4674184024333954,
-0.34803345799446106,
-0.1810004562139511,
0.2947425842285156,
-0.11895647644996643,
0.2896360754966736,
-0.1409505307674408,
-0.07740176469087601,
-0.014775126241147518,
-0.26099124550819397,
-0.39037105441093445,
0.25325262546539307,
0.02035132236778736,
0.30539312958717346,
0.22952641546726227,
0.21238605678081512,
-0.3554491102695465,
0.41563087701797485,
0.12772129476070404,
-0.20016799867153168,
-0.7676085829734802,
0.10723765939474106,
-0.2494342029094696,
0.3649815618991852,
0.07973159849643707,
-0.0394369438290596,
-0.4853355288505554,
0.23838886618614197,
0.054321691393852234,
-0.19045953452587128,
0.36919981241226196,
0.36630353331565857,
-0.07966115325689316,
-0.7315554022789001,
-0.24918188154697418,
0.2502994239330292,
0.1622835248708725,
0.5047429203987122,
-0.5672961473464966,
0.5178729891777039,
0.4088441729545593,
0.16266287863254547,
-0.3556026220321655,
0.2828942537307739,
-0.6262800097465515,
0.156995952129364,
0.5539982318878174,
1.0412367582321167,
0.3876934051513672,
0.13835307955741882,
0.15946654975414276,
-0.10170470178127289,
0.3079461455345154,
0.23708373308181763,
0.6319758296012878,
0.19690042734146118,
-1.2233002185821533,
0.07638364285230637,
-1.0522745847702026,
0.41128310561180115,
0.6467351913452148,
0.5152470469474792,
0.019507743418216705,
-0.03322528302669525,
-0.4708906412124634,
-0.34236645698547363,
-0.4737149775028229,
-0.14841300249099731,
0.32781729102134705,
0.23919476568698883,
-0.3519466519355774,
0.33335167169570923,
0.7985149621963501,
0.10868734121322632,
0.8124035596847534,
0.22640275955200195,
0.06738024950027466,
0.45090922713279724,
-0.2195713222026825,
0.008145851083099842,
0.4573395550251007,
-0.1875002384185791,
0.10620443522930145,
0.43354788422584534,
-0.21194127202033997,
0.578090488910675,
-0.7341594099998474,
0.08657881617546082,
0.20303061604499817,
-0.21264609694480896,
-0.3921220898628235,
0.15611329674720764,
0.00011435823398642242,
0.28024354577064514,
0.6996703147888184,
-0.11794424057006836,
-0.6279101371765137,
0.9886508584022522,
0.26680129766464233,
0.3227986991405487,
-0.1234453022480011,
0.8647353649139404,
-0.23775304853916168,
-0.061000630259513855,
0.0991784930229187,
-0.23775872588157654,
-0.17641426622867584,
-0.6833565831184387,
0.2805232107639313,
-0.12092038989067078,
0.3594819903373718,
0.28214341402053833,
-0.45685476064682007,
0.9207059144973755,
-0.2461923062801361,
0.37870118021965027,
-0.40414562821388245,
-0.8553259968757629,
0.13456612825393677,
0.2578851580619812,
0.4093741178512573,
1.0410674810409546,
-0.11827442049980164,
0.03146650269627571,
0.8867541551589966,
0.0928945317864418,
0.9404728412628174,
-0.26330405473709106,
0.3648321330547333,
0.1852225810289383,
-0.37274715304374695,
0.47137168049812317,
-0.013051454909145832,
-0.03217025846242905,
0.05619632080197334,
-0.1752748191356659,
0.605720579624176,
-0.604607343673706,
0.35913458466529846,
-0.27523502707481384,
0.14613863825798035,
0.5976291298866272,
0.38456958532333374,
0.3335880637168884,
0.22035753726959229,
-0.400375634431839,
-0.1724025011062622,
0.6253116130828857,
0.10169848799705505,
-0.5932061672210693,
-0.4736955463886261,
-0.545494556427002,
-0.20195725560188293,
-0.2730674147605896,
0.546419084072113,
0.5296549201011658,
0.20281445980072021,
0.28901368379592896,
-0.22945740818977356,
-0.6057468056678772,
0.1387181431055069,
-0.12698762118816376,
0.40085867047309875,
0.2560611367225647,
-0.0020331856794655323,
0.1717080920934677,
0.3159042298793793,
0.3630165755748749,
-0.37361690402030945,
-0.20285674929618835,
0.6618128418922424,
0.08733169734477997,
0.31528371572494507,
0.04968532547354698,
0.8083765506744385,
0.11124719679355621,
0.013040141202509403,
0.33826735615730286,
-0.1922556757926941,
-0.03876924514770508,
0.23238280415534973,
-0.3931286931037903,
-0.24016505479812622,
-0.026921618729829788,
0.5037397742271423,
-0.13887125253677368,
0.5408881902694702,
0.4260696768760681,
-0.6609275937080383,
-0.5041669607162476,
-0.3441910147666931,
-0.38439610600471497,
-0.37456902861595154,
-0.5974547266960144,
-0.5402588844299316,
-0.48005157709121704,
-0.3714466989040375,
0.377440482378006,
-0.011031033471226692,
-0.32392221689224243,
-0.22950223088264465,
-0.48371291160583496,
0.31819862127304077,
0.04460076242685318,
0.17539523541927338,
-0.6290637254714966,
0.12638041377067566,
0.1056528091430664,
-0.06295299530029297,
0.2423895299434662,
-0.16093173623085022,
-0.10994189232587814,
-0.26816096901893616,
0.2739216685295105,
0.02533607743680477,
-0.35940489172935486,
-0.19994261860847473,
0.9845871329307556,
-0.16540174186229706,
-0.028631534427404404,
0.23842604458332062,
-0.02512623369693756,
-0.4067925214767456,
-0.38020381331443787,
-5.398337364196777,
0.7989598512649536,
-0.41722553968429565,
-0.12086410820484161,
0.029712511226534843,
0.11188379675149918,
0.7147474884986877,
-0.3211461901664734,
-0.18754933774471283,
-0.15722663700580597,
-0.14395229518413544,
-0.27789226174354553,
-0.8682820200920105,
0.11012358218431473,
0.6687067151069641,
0.28072744607925415,
0.38537853956222534,
0.2727280259132385,
0.19534794986248016,
0.22449247539043427,
-0.2788580656051636,
0.463752418756485,
-0.07924269884824753,
0.5265554785728455,
0.5064290165901184,
0.09974522143602371,
0.09291241317987442,
-0.2526279091835022,
-0.5482541918754578,
-0.5332847237586975,
0.05152507871389389,
-0.49511802196502686,
0.4531230032444,
-0.22834423184394836,
-0.1975952833890915,
-0.050551123917102814,
0.5314478874206543,
0.5371550917625427,
0.7104031443595886,
-0.3597942590713501,
-0.12098119407892227,
0.22754594683647156,
0.12665803730487823,
-0.047924961894750595,
0.14050793647766113,
-0.07855155318975449,
-0.7165231704711914,
-0.1530316025018692,
-0.9831331968307495,
0.9004801511764526,
-0.4060697853565216,
-0.5479725003242493,
0.21895678341388702,
0.5871350765228271,
0.13443773984909058,
0.016202084720134735,
0.2798960208892822,
0.38030678033828735,
-0.29746848344802856,
0.7850000262260437,
0.5740769505500793,
-0.5078482627868652,
0.06682537496089935,
-0.6643299460411072,
-0.16839757561683655,
-0.22145497798919678,
-0.9901037216186523,
-0.15203969180583954,
0.12995168566703796,
-0.3153912425041199,
-0.7262465357780457,
0.6684065461158752,
-0.42259693145751953,
-0.6488128304481506,
0.16236096620559692,
-1.010254144668579,
-0.6037448644638062,
-0.08393261581659317,
0.04031537100672722,
0.7443620562553406,
-0.38785403966903687,
0.03647371381521225,
-0.46082863211631775,
0.4703868627548218,
0.5115206241607666,
-0.0781884640455246,
-0.17205601930618286,
-0.15017461776733398,
-0.6331148147583008,
-0.3951144516468048,
0.5553760528564453,
-0.12450239807367325,
0.016826996579766273,
0.11235257238149643,
0.1710871160030365,
0.8860377073287964,
0.3675178587436676,
-0.45999738574028015,
0.42215606570243835,
-0.45247095823287964,
0.4158391058444977,
-0.7269033193588257,
-0.06788889318704605,
-0.5653379559516907,
0.23921379446983337,
0.08367034792900085,
-0.5624001026153564,
0.2789892852306366,
0.8261212706565857,
0.17218777537345886,
0.30284276604652405,
0.42440906167030334,
-0.1658807396888733,
-0.21164458990097046,
0.5652815103530884,
0.013390990905463696,
-0.36900538206100464,
0.5518763065338135,
0.42576077580451965,
-0.08351574838161469,
0.3218485713005066,
-0.28130629658699036,
-0.43235665559768677,
0.0011476093204692006,
0.2269517332315445,
-0.25212669372558594,
-0.4830235242843628,
0.385481059551239,
-0.7819663286209106,
0.1238594576716423,
-0.39812812209129333,
-0.37814009189605713,
0.027072543278336525,
-0.04358407109975815,
0.15022286772727966,
0.3706120252609253,
-0.4894014000892639,
-0.22466512024402618,
-0.17868727445602417,
-0.4568096697330475,
0.12001097202301025,
-1.0187104940414429,
-0.3613468110561371,
0.3679885268211365,
0.577580451965332,
0.22177954018115997,
0.05491039529442787,
-0.1784602701663971,
-0.7545726299285889,
0.2693718373775482,
0.5680844783782959,
0.056125856935977936,
0.38160228729248047,
-0.143189936876297,
-0.5182079672813416,
0.16192585229873657,
0.6131106615066528,
1.1002905368804932,
0.07627443969249725,
-0.46141672134399414,
0.37025946378707886,
-0.2894574999809265,
-0.04813152924180031,
0.5401505827903748,
0.5251893997192383,
-0.7065742015838623,
-0.23667655885219574,
-0.22668960690498352,
-0.6274070739746094,
0.8043463230133057,
0.2597058415412903,
0.17739763855934143,
-0.7462232112884521,
0.3290945291519165,
0.44556108117103577,
0.03958602622151375,
-0.09143823385238647,
0.6802427172660828,
-0.2722230553627014,
-0.4968790113925934,
0.10108675807714462,
-0.004835464060306549,
-0.3726980984210968,
0.3480914235115051,
0.37137848138809204,
-0.11582757532596588,
0.0709226056933403,
0.3918732702732086,
-0.818179726600647,
0.006865385454148054,
-0.16665112972259521,
0.17596472799777985,
0.36390843987464905,
0.2764270305633545,
-0.5133721232414246,
-0.254634827375412,
0.08237383514642715,
0.03952622786164284,
-0.1373664289712906,
-0.578253448009491,
0.6200675368309021,
0.2849925756454468,
-0.33315518498420715,
-0.141752690076828,
0.12213141471147537,
-0.5864324569702148,
0.740638256072998,
-0.47345030307769775,
-0.8961727619171143,
-0.07538235187530518,
-0.4744231104850769,
-0.7050584554672241,
-0.47989270091056824,
0.29519131779670715,
-0.31901130080223083,
-0.2679573595523834,
0.36840030550956726,
-0.4647185206413269,
-0.8243333101272583,
-0.3148641288280487,
-0.0461198128759861,
-0.3925340473651886,
0.10918104648590088,
0.3539898991584778,
-0.051279038190841675,
0.32533255219459534,
-0.13655884563922882,
-0.3984002470970154,
0.35937339067459106,
-0.5184292793273926,
0.20553570985794067,
-0.3559011220932007,
0.16446615755558014,
0.2156701385974884,
-0.26631489396095276,
0.2546418011188507,
0.15333299338817596,
0.009017794393002987,
0.18768858909606934,
0.3130110502243042,
0.9119886755943298,
0.7561742663383484,
-0.14413225650787354,
-0.735587477684021,
-0.20283569395542145,
0.14629250764846802,
-0.4128628075122833,
-0.5179347991943359,
-0.652603268623352,
0.004533067811280489,
-0.019238747656345367,
-0.09551002085208893,
-0.18431250751018524,
-0.5480921268463135,
0.5794270634651184,
0.07834354043006897,
0.02043403871357441,
-0.3590310215950012,
-0.22659194469451904,
-0.23220066726207733,
0.16034087538719177,
-0.05017588660120964,
-0.08587385714054108,
0.3323301672935486,
-0.361148476600647,
-0.17838124930858612,
-0.33489465713500977,
0.027433115988969803,
0.17789162695407867,
-0.16089947521686554,
-0.2781470715999603,
-0.517810046672821,
0.20204338431358337,
-0.31077146530151367,
-0.29775843024253845,
0.015446322970092297,
0.11459094285964966,
-0.5566993355751038,
0.02353729121387005,
-0.20926304161548615,
-0.8238506317138672,
-0.4434185028076172,
0.18218976259231567,
-0.14621508121490479,
0.013946941122412682,
-0.01916811428964138,
-0.12343478202819824,
0.02016790583729744,
-0.5476101636886597,
0.023380281403660774,
-0.2210547775030136,
-0.22820773720741272,
-0.22317050397396088,
0.4092598855495453,
0.35438254475593567,
-0.1587444394826889,
0.11271399259567261,
-0.06944257020950317,
-0.1857956498861313,
0.060666706413030624,
-0.7157487273216248,
0.13278953731060028,
0.3291727304458618,
-0.6705911755561829,
0.4843674898147583,
0.6360818147659302,
-0.1660873144865036,
-0.5015745759010315,
0.41970622539520264,
-0.38254955410957336,
0.26099658012390137,
0.3772384524345398,
0.34332844614982605,
0.9499468803405762,
0.2745647728443146,
0.3820536136627197,
0.13079161942005157,
-0.44887879490852356,
0.006014448124915361,
0.3133324980735779,
0.6112993955612183,
-0.25050443410873413,
0.9284032583236694,
0.16302712261676788,
0.07772556692361832,
0.8762272596359253,
-0.1360374093055725,
-0.41066625714302063,
0.22562626004219055,
0.5154567360877991,
0.15437552332878113,
-0.3062610328197479,
-0.48343905806541443,
-0.19699667394161224,
-0.30821454524993896,
-0.6060867309570312,
-0.13618557155132294,
-0.3706028461456299,
-0.14307843148708344,
0.9424958229064941,
0.2229655683040619,
0.6913177371025085,
-0.5838268399238586,
-0.09468324482440948,
-0.0408838652074337,
0.33799341320991516,
-0.6494744420051575,
-0.20341454446315765,
0.7455248236656189,
-0.35595712065696716,
1.0222223997116089,
-0.3719334602355957,
-0.03327445685863495,
-0.48947450518608093,
-0.16369684040546417,
-0.04342568293213844,
-0.1737978309392929,
-0.4527665078639984,
-0.2558088004589081,
-0.37940871715545654,
0.15904466807842255,
-0.3702639043331146,
0.05582350119948387,
-0.10036129504442215,
0.11806090176105499,
-0.5277994871139526,
-0.001698493491858244,
-0.4791575074195862,
-0.5597805976867676,
-0.24505925178527832,
0.7486584186553955,
-0.058518633246421814,
-0.1986522376537323,
0.1868445724248886,
0.2604176700115204,
0.3155657947063446,
-0.08469699323177338,
0.42584773898124695,
-0.11042454838752747,
-0.5926910042762756,
-0.3629469573497772,
0.02195347100496292,
0.25284260511398315,
-0.43569204211235046,
0.639717161655426,
-0.3324790894985199,
0.2766381800174713,
0.0038807708770036697,
-0.25687265396118164,
0.2435799539089203,
-0.32106608152389526,
-0.6225482225418091,
0.06589511036872864,
-0.31601542234420776,
-0.45966464281082153,
-0.5057475566864014,
-0.25361984968185425,
1.0586929321289062,
0.01800055429339409,
0.31424495577812195,
0.060700226575136185,
-0.00033570692175999284,
0.012368188239634037,
0.23908263444900513,
-0.4448090195655823,
0.5368298292160034,
-0.5720764994621277,
0.07052415609359741,
-0.266785591840744,
1.175205945968628,
0.5813449621200562,
-0.01772330515086651,
0.24909502267837524,
0.40636754035949707,
0.18983978033065796,
0.4060836136341095,
0.7795197367668152,
-0.06502046436071396,
-0.25332149863243103,
-0.23966145515441895,
-0.48142197728157043,
-0.3356460630893707,
0.1593116968870163,
-0.12851522862911224,
0.10134048014879227,
-0.055315762758255005,
-0.0030002682469785213,
0.49172094464302063,
-1.3284837007522583,
0.6969085931777954,
-0.45667964220046997,
0.25777822732925415,
-0.4022007882595062,
0.4369019865989685,
-0.5652664303779602,
0.16021814942359924,
0.42008620500564575,
0.3401373326778412,
-0.26011911034584045,
-0.3698408305644989,
0.06266219168901443,
-0.7018980979919434,
-0.1705682873725891,
-0.09591260552406311,
-1.2175116539001465,
-0.03608052060008049,
-0.012678478844463825,
-0.3813144564628601,
-0.9024442434310913,
-0.06122143939137459,
0.13517522811889648,
-0.4140733778476715,
0.02659132517874241,
-0.1274913102388382,
0.08561278879642487,
0.4105023741722107,
0.3762035369873047,
-0.642609179019928,
-0.04954582452774048,
-0.05071251839399338
] |
236515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Illich | Ivan Illich | Ivan Dominic Illich (; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was a Roman Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic. His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that constrains learning to narrow situations in a fairly short period of the human lifespan. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, importing to the sociology of medicine the concept of medical harm, argues that industrialised society widely impairs quality of life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing normal conditions, creating false dependency, and limiting other more healthful solutions. Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."
Biography
Early life
Ivan Dominic Illich was born on 4 September 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) and Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb. His father was a civil engineer and a diplomat from a landed Catholic family of Dalmatia, with property in the city of Split and wine and olive oil estates on the island of Brač. His mother came from a Jewish family that had converted to Christianity from Germany and Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina). Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Catholicism upon marriage. Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who made his money in the lumber trade in Bosnia, to later settle in Vienna, where he built an art nouveau villa.
Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the best doctors during birth. Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe at the time. When Ivan was three months old, he was taken along with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), to be shown to his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926. In 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Michael, were born in the family.
Work in Europe and the Americas
In 1942 Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria for Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi persecution of Jews. Illich finished high school in Florence, and then went on to study histology and crystallography at the local University of Florence. Hoping to return to Austria following World War II, he enrolled in a doctorate in medieval history at the University of Salzburg with the hope of gaining legal residency as he was undocumented. He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, a subject to which he would return in his later years. While working on his doctorate, he returned to Italy where he studied theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, as he wanted to become a Catholic priest. He was ordained as a Catholic priest in Rome in 1951 and served his first Mass in the catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.
A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and German fluently. He later learned Croatian, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.
Following his ordination in 1951, he "signed up to become a parish priest in one of New York's poorest neighborhoods—Washington Heights, on the northern tip of Manhattan, at that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants." In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out—Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican's pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the nuclear bomb." It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled throughout South America on foot and by bus.
The end of Illich's tenure at the university came in 1960 as the result of a controversy involving bishops James Edward McManus and James Peter Davis, who had denounced Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his Popular Democratic Party for their positions in favor of birth control and divorce. The bishops also started their own rival Catholic party. Illich later summarized his opposition thusly:
As a historian, I saw that it violated the American tradition of Church and State separation. As a politician, I predicted that there wasn't enough strength in Catholic ranks to create a meaningful platform and that failure of McManus's party would be disastrous on the already frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I believe that the Church must always condemn injustice in the light of the Gospel, but never has the right to speak in favor of a specific political party.
After Illich disobeyed a direct order from McManus forbidding all priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, the bishop ordered Illich to leave his post at the university, referring to his very presence as "dangerous to the Diocese of Ponce and its institutions."
Despite this display of insubordination and an order from Paul Francis Tanner, then general secretary of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, forbidding Illich from any official role in the organization's Latin American bureau, Illich maintained the support of the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in training the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.
Following his departure from Puerto Rico, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he founded the Center of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as missionary training center. As the center became more influential it became the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center), ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program initiated by John F. Kennedy. His real intent was to document the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of industrial hegemony and, as such, an act of "war on subsistence". He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church not to impose their own cultural values. "Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part free university for intellectuals from all over the Americas." At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups."
After ten years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by the Church brought the organization into conflict with the Vatican. Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei, Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a CIA report. While he was not convicted or punished by the Vatican, it was then that he decided to renounce active priesthood. In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own "institutionalization", shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently continued language schools in Cuernavaca, some of which still exist. Illich, who had been made a Monsignor at 33 himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s, but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.
In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined after the 1981 election of François Mitterrand as Illich was considered too pessimistic at a time when the French Left took control of the government.
In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany. He held an appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Technology and Society at Penn State. He also taught at the University of Bremen and University of Hagen. During his last days of his life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of the Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably, his book, Economy of Permanence.
While Illich never referred to himself as an anarchist in print, he was closely associated with major figures in left-anarchist circles, notably Paul Goodman and unschooling advocate John Holt. Goodman is credited in Deschooling Society with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking, and described with great affection in Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:
Personality
Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim", "a wandering Jew and a Christian pilgrim", while clearly acknowledging his Dalmatian roots. He remarked that since leaving the old house of his grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had never had a home.
Death
Illich died 2 December 2002 in Bremen, Germany. Not realised was his last wish: to die surrounded by close collaborators in Bologna amid the creation of his planned, new learning centre.
Philosophical views
Illich followed the tradition of apophatic theology. His lifework's leading thesis is that Western modernity, perverting Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity. A perverse attempt to encode the New Testament's principles as rules of behavior, duty, or laws, and to institutionalize them, without limits, is a corruption that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including education, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, in English The corruption of the best is the worst.
Illich believed that the Biblical God taking human form, the Incarnation, marked world history's turning point, opening new possibilities for love and knowledge. As in the Gospel of John, it invites any believer to seek God's face in everyone encountered. Describing this new possibility for love, Illich refers to the Parable of the Good Samaritan.
Influence
His first book, Deschooling Society, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory mass education. He argued the oppressive structure of the school system could not be reformed. It must be dismantled in order to free humanity from the crippling effects of the institutionalization of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass medicine. Illich was highly influential among intellectuals and academics. He became known worldwide for his progressive polemics about how human culture could be preserved and expand, activity expressive of truly human values, in the face of multiple thundering forces of de-humanization.
In his several influential books, he argued that the overuse of the benefits of many modern technologies and social arrangements undermine human values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, and dignity. His in-depth critiques of mass education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, more timely now than during his life.
Health, argues Illich, is the capacity to cope with the human reality of death, pain, and sickness. Technology can benefit many; yet, modern mass medicine has gone too far, launching into a godlike battle to eradicate death, pain, and sickness. In doing so, it turns people into risk-averse consuming objects, turning healing into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.
The Dark Mountain Project, a creative cultural movement founded by Dougald Hine and Paul Kingsnorth that abandons the myths of modern societies and looks for other new stories that help us make sense of modernity, drew their inspiration from the ideas of Ivan Illich.
Published works
Deschooling Society
Illich gained public attention with his 1971 book Deschooling Society, a radical critique of educational practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional social relations, in fluid informal arrangements:
The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education may help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it throughout society and across persons' lifespans. Particularly striking in 1971 was his call for advanced technology to support "learning webs":
According to a contemporary review in the Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy of the free market in education is the bone in the throat that is choking the public educators." Yet, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not merely publicly funded schooling, but schools as such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment of schools aimed not to establish a free market in educational services, but to attain a fundamental shift: a deschooled society. In his 1973 book After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we can deschool culture." In fact, he called advocates of free-market education "the most dangerous category of educational reformers."
Tools for Conviviality
Tools for Conviviality was published in 1973, two years after Deschooling Society. In this newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied to the educational field: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... have come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities as health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, leading to a 'war on subsistence' that robs peasant societies of their vital skills and know-how. The result of much economic development is very often not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system in which the humans become worn-down mechanical parts." Illich proposed that we should "invert the present deep structure of tools" in order to "give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency."
Tools for Conviviality attracted worldwide attention. A résumé of it was published by French social philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing the Future". The book's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users had a significant influence on the first developers of the personal computer, notably Lee Felsenstein.
Medical Nemesis
In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also known as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack. He argued that the medicalization in recent decades of so many of life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good and rendered many people in effect lifelong patients. He marshalled a body of statistics to show what he considered the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced industrial society. He introduced to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease, which had been scientifically established a century earlier by British nurse Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since voiced similar views.
To Hell with Good Intentions
In his 1968 speech at the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of American missionaries in Mexico. Illich says that the presence of American "do-gooders" is causing more harm than good. Rather, he suggests that the Americans should travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay in their homeland, where they can at least know what they are doing.
List of works
Coauthored with Barry Sanders
Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977
: Edited by Prof Sajay Samuel
Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
Culture and Peace Prize of the Villa Ichon in Bremen (1998)
See also
Credentialism
Critical pedagogy
Critique of technology
Degrowth
Development criticism
Ecopedagogy
Free software movement
Holistic education
Open Source Ecology
Shadow work
Notes
References
Further reading
Winkler, J.T. The intellectual celebrity syndrome. Lancet, 1987 Feb.21, 1: 450.
Wtp.org: Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown — KPFA, 22 March 22, 1996.
Leonard J. Waks
External links
David Tinapple Collection of Ivan Illich's speeches and books
The International Journal of Illich Studies — an open access, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed annual publication engaging the thought/writing of Ivan Illich and his circle.''
1926 births
2002 deaths
Austrian male writers
Austrian philosophers
Philosophers of education
Critics of work and the work ethic
Advocates of unschooling and homeschooling
Humanists
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Austrian people of Croatian descent
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
Clergy from Bremen
People from Cuernavaca
20th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests
Social critics
Cycling advocates
Austrian Christian socialists
Catholic socialists
Anti-consumerists
20th-century Austrian philosophers
Austrian sociologists
Medical sociologists
Writers from Vienna | [
-0.32883018255233765,
0.5602763295173645,
-0.6264709234237671,
-0.3553781509399414,
-0.5343980193138123,
1.124828577041626,
0.9230213165283203,
-0.08518822491168976,
0.04368259757757187,
0.0379812978208065,
-0.412149578332901,
0.5273348689079285,
-0.28062903881073,
0.07503502815961838,
0.40525001287460327,
-0.1435476839542389,
0.21737124025821686,
-0.12493164837360382,
-0.8000154495239258,
-0.020002087578177452,
0.03713086247444153,
-0.08936864137649536,
-0.07737081497907639,
0.6976309418678284,
-0.4597674310207367,
0.4025060832500458,
0.01840456947684288,
-0.3072775900363922,
-0.4741714596748352,
0.0684637650847435,
-0.10644975304603577,
0.7263503074645996,
-0.09425143897533417,
-0.25056448578834534,
-0.5468437671661377,
0.6723096966743469,
-0.1808457225561142,
-0.48210200667381287,
-0.3120383024215698,
0.2782793939113617,
-0.07501892745494843,
0.4150170385837555,
-0.39198800921440125,
0.4307408928871155,
0.1722542941570282,
-0.18326827883720398,
-1.7946791648864746,
0.7545291781425476,
-1.0390933752059937,
-0.4495319426059723,
-0.06567461043596268,
-0.13717621564865112,
1.0044474601745605,
0.11541110277175903,
-0.6893412470817566,
0.19753246009349823,
-0.9586846232414246,
0.1881738007068634,
0.347167432308197,
-0.3901326656341553,
0.3427398204803467,
0.24022680521011353,
0.7973960638046265,
0.030972564592957497,
0.5685492753982544,
-0.16700178384780884,
-0.13535548746585846,
0.504304826259613,
-0.666225790977478,
-0.49862128496170044,
-0.5874466300010681,
0.45919209718704224,
-0.13700814545154572,
-0.06776835769414902,
0.44737398624420166,
-1.1300458908081055,
-0.09357156604528427,
0.026579899713397026,
-0.11075273901224136,
0.09350597113370895,
0.12323098629713058,
-0.15408389270305634,
0.29634883999824524,
0.35060974955558777,
0.2483331859111786,
-0.9122894406318665,
-0.2116115391254425,
0.5789684057235718,
-0.4909626245498657,
-0.165322408080101,
0.06969638168811798,
-0.3581799566745758,
0.4355947971343994,
-0.00007589886081404984,
0.215684711933136,
0.5810568928718567,
-0.11552878469228745,
0.3235439658164978,
-0.3965970277786255,
-0.13528670370578766,
0.07697155326604843,
0.21454162895679474,
0.11936958879232407,
-0.16874602437019348,
-0.4415796399116516,
-0.4748331308364868,
-0.10602947324514389,
-0.2964384853839874,
0.1158425360918045,
0.00014286635268945247,
-1.4271094799041748,
0.3792197108268738,
-0.22081364691257477,
0.025266675278544426,
-0.06861112266778946,
0.42577803134918213,
-0.40442919731140137,
-0.846310019493103,
-0.39167657494544983,
0.1758936196565628,
-0.4349633753299713,
0.06624173372983932,
-0.4560578465461731,
-0.06783042848110199,
-0.5308242440223694,
-0.28821125626564026,
0.22178195416927338,
0.661794126033783,
-0.7664209008216858,
0.3124382495880127,
0.15099148452281952,
1.227988362312317,
-0.23622603714466095,
-0.01650640182197094,
-0.4974779486656189,
-0.19105000793933868,
0.6640176177024841,
-0.12050192803144455,
-0.697381317615509,
0.6070162653923035,
-0.29400473833084106,
-0.36665505170822144,
-0.34705859422683716,
-0.12860269844532013,
0.931644856929779,
-0.33126285672187805,
0.0017891917377710342,
-0.23697024583816528,
0.16524146497249603,
-0.32380813360214233,
-0.32822859287261963,
0.2386316955089569,
0.2064940631389618,
-0.5868051052093506,
0.0674315094947815,
0.963078498840332,
0.35149478912353516,
0.08943182975053787,
0.27672114968299866,
-0.039491262286901474,
0.9626681208610535,
-0.05254630744457245,
-0.10227760672569275,
-0.042684417217969894,
0.19916224479675293,
-0.1295192986726761,
-0.010851303115487099,
0.265257328748703,
-0.09049481153488159,
0.11160612106323242,
-0.1029580608010292,
0.007141560316085815,
0.13926002383232117,
-0.07944516837596893,
-0.0714002326130867,
0.49997639656066895,
0.0881170928478241,
0.07019288837909698,
0.2608751654624939,
-0.4978390038013458,
-0.664940357208252,
0.009947357699275017,
-0.3497961461544037,
0.5019475817680359,
0.1689785271883011,
0.531526505947113,
-0.16846896708011627,
-0.023404911160469055,
1.082451343536377,
-0.22406034171581268,
-0.6277135610580444,
-0.7585641145706177,
0.038712404668331146,
0.01593497022986412,
1.2940475940704346,
0.14019407331943512,
-0.6791694164276123,
0.8245078325271606,
-0.04225831478834152,
0.7366257905960083,
-0.5108780264854431,
-0.4674924314022064,
-0.5936497449874878,
0.473503440618515,
0.3983417749404907,
0.7262274026870728,
0.5417998433113098,
-0.12849636375904083,
0.10957016050815582,
1.0906784534454346,
0.2556442320346832,
-0.716901957988739,
0.5139467120170593,
0.4055829346179962,
-0.8674981594085693,
-0.32084202766418457,
-0.3269800543785095,
0.08460845798254013,
0.20005281269550323,
-0.26275166869163513,
0.6540520191192627,
0.010950520634651184,
-0.15832294523715973,
0.5251733660697937,
-0.3458044230937958,
0.32431760430336,
-0.18171975016593933,
0.2488148957490921,
0.3875071406364441,
-0.6576374173164368,
-0.028986940160393715,
0.48027339577674866,
0.04743104428052902,
-0.17129828035831451,
-0.16469073295593262,
-0.06255006045103073,
0.18690474331378937,
-0.6655503511428833,
0.20417854189872742,
-0.6379568576812744,
0.3352585434913635,
0.30017271637916565,
0.21185779571533203,
0.4054902195930481,
-0.09555049985647202,
0.07079336792230606,
0.047834161669015884,
0.21456505358219147,
-0.3103581368923187,
0.603258490562439,
0.13085925579071045,
0.7608368396759033,
0.2722996175289154,
-0.003252316266298294,
-0.16345836222171783,
0.25378546118736267,
0.4857883155345917,
0.23399192094802856,
0.10945259034633636,
0.3671911060810089,
0.5538437962532043,
-0.07920338213443756,
0.1605229526758194,
-0.24825604259967804,
0.05844835564494133,
0.004223876167088747,
0.389350563287735,
-0.29800546169281006,
0.16243204474449158,
-0.20341342687606812,
0.15651768445968628,
-0.6749869585037231,
-0.5979266166687012,
0.49589985609054565,
-0.19194628298282623,
-0.4923535883426666,
-0.5239750146865845,
-0.12435534596443176,
-0.6714011430740356,
-0.5539085268974304,
-0.08568126708269119,
0.6227259039878845,
-0.31683263182640076,
0.5102085471153259,
-0.31665322184562683,
0.14875049889087677,
-0.6320827007293701,
-0.311516135931015,
0.4496637284755707,
-0.04208096116781235,
-0.2284419983625412,
0.7326909303665161,
0.3960503339767456,
-0.1764502078294754,
-0.43047627806663513,
0.7195954322814941,
-0.15101367235183716,
-1.0204485654830933,
0.3267129957675934,
0.021866248920559883,
-0.27436596155166626,
-0.008715307340025902,
0.026196520775556564,
0.48415225744247437,
0.4991779923439026,
0.4438869059085846,
-0.23980718851089478,
0.2551049292087555,
-5.447137832641602,
0.27593547105789185,
0.11780953407287598,
0.023825528100132942,
0.2372187077999115,
0.4097351133823395,
0.33580461144447327,
-0.13282299041748047,
-0.31315943598747253,
-0.30273205041885376,
-0.22215011715888977,
-0.031089674681425095,
-0.2709004282951355,
0.8884880542755127,
0.789404034614563,
0.22833985090255737,
0.25715383887290955,
-0.5658767819404602,
0.1794658899307251,
0.14475548267364502,
-0.11539339274168015,
0.19974175095558167,
-0.30364951491355896,
0.40116238594055176,
0.15349911153316498,
0.4905424416065216,
-0.1287800669670105,
0.4604274034500122,
-1.0240051746368408,
-0.2639082670211792,
0.007794187869876623,
-0.39223039150238037,
-0.3935716450214386,
0.1734379678964615,
0.14170771837234497,
-0.24661113321781158,
0.44757893681526184,
0.5626901984214783,
0.08103297650814056,
0.1011081263422966,
-0.4164065718650818,
-0.14077769219875336,
-0.2881907820701599,
-0.13900892436504364,
-0.0013835367280989885,
-0.19476372003555298,
-0.5377492308616638,
0.213814839720726,
-0.37329408526420593,
0.4178425371646881,
-0.24010668694972992,
0.1375582218170166,
0.045987170189619064,
0.10097211599349976,
0.34665271639823914,
0.11892995238304138,
0.808071494102478,
-0.09026487916707993,
-0.9568671584129333,
0.054230526089668274,
0.47985050082206726,
-0.12320747971534729,
-0.12086797505617142,
-0.31642061471939087,
0.1951519399881363,
-0.1630454808473587,
0.10584672540426254,
-0.5826572775840759,
-0.12931978702545166,
-0.3340761065483093,
-0.24020610749721527,
1.2240214347839355,
-0.4008936583995819,
-1.317189335823059,
-0.12258202582597733,
-0.3814457356929779,
-0.27229374647140503,
0.016913464292883873,
-0.6671147346496582,
0.3992144465446472,
-0.32300081849098206,
-0.7187169790267944,
-0.41773223876953125,
0.8538712859153748,
0.6464431881904602,
0.7541977167129517,
-0.1402026265859604,
0.44207945466041565,
-0.3428908586502075,
-0.24339090287685394,
-0.12913447618484497,
-0.5008341670036316,
0.06871950626373291,
0.22146491706371307,
-0.3657147288322449,
0.0898720920085907,
-0.4694935083389282,
0.46205052733421326,
0.7965441942214966,
0.49138420820236206,
-0.34264788031578064,
-0.15285761654376984,
0.15364477038383484,
-0.3083217144012451,
0.6981480121612549,
-0.4165322482585907,
-0.18153807520866394,
0.4101214110851288,
0.8825533390045166,
0.1779804229736328,
-0.30108001828193665,
0.6252180337905884,
0.028329573571681976,
-0.7123252749443054,
0.16600562632083893,
0.42534372210502625,
0.036860086023807526,
0.46067383885383606,
0.22502174973487854,
0.7522863745689392,
-0.15909916162490845,
-0.29120513796806335,
-0.4010167717933655,
0.1190079003572464,
0.027960501611232758,
-0.07234839349985123,
0.010062381625175476,
-0.20168979465961456,
-0.3194531202316284,
0.31209874153137207,
0.29935434460639954,
0.9633195996284485,
0.324190616607666,
0.19209127128124237,
0.006375818978995085,
-0.11162832379341125,
-0.1337396651506424,
-0.6741356253623962,
-0.006169426720589399,
-0.056510888040065765,
0.26273706555366516,
0.04802950099110603,
-0.14481760561466217,
0.2903391718864441,
0.006117581855505705,
0.18791529536247253,
-0.16927941143512726,
0.15333086252212524,
-0.37291163206100464,
0.7708607912063599,
0.23194517195224762,
-0.0510903038084507,
0.22206169366836548,
-0.03122383914887905,
-0.3590274453163147,
0.35813525319099426,
0.12591972947120667,
0.10024780035018921,
-0.4422500729560852,
0.3895525634288788,
-0.2112552523612976,
-0.41522225737571716,
-1.1177953481674194,
-0.5390834212303162,
0.2529221177101135,
0.1355348825454712,
-0.3256587088108063,
-0.4805629849433899,
-0.424979567527771,
0.6680048108100891,
-0.023766251280903816,
-0.4825996458530426,
-0.6892110109329224,
-0.027659662067890167,
0.11354029178619385,
0.0009103600168600678,
0.3064746558666229,
0.016220703721046448,
-0.0637427493929863,
0.1505257785320282,
0.49133044481277466,
0.12886343896389008,
-0.8667590618133545,
0.4388464391231537,
0.5998419523239136,
-0.19293037056922913,
-0.3528791069984436,
-0.5350823998451233,
-0.14343272149562836,
-0.1219966933131218,
-0.22146707773208618,
-0.11713003367185593,
0.11619982868432999,
0.008784034289419651,
0.2575131058692932,
-0.2875990867614746,
0.010320031084120274,
-0.38035547733306885,
-0.2904910445213318,
-0.09613753110170364,
0.6018697619438171,
0.8024482131004333,
-0.19444693624973297,
-0.2843301296234131,
-0.01378223579376936,
-1.1641201972961426,
-0.10147940367460251,
0.160394549369812,
0.06553470343351364,
0.6393430233001709,
-0.5923939943313599,
-0.5344786047935486,
-0.34392207860946655,
0.29949215054512024,
-0.344247967004776,
0.15796388685703278,
0.10309156030416489,
-0.142048180103302,
-1.2202587127685547,
0.012172173708677292,
-0.5935606360435486,
0.18503931164741516,
-0.09784756600856781,
-0.15501727163791656,
-0.3080640733242035,
-0.4700760543346405,
0.12226687371730804,
-0.22019755840301514,
0.2951180338859558,
0.18405713140964508,
0.14278195798397064,
-0.3013284206390381,
-0.38333141803741455,
0.41352322697639465,
-0.3494146466255188,
-0.4997384250164032,
0.020031481981277466,
0.3831883370876312,
-0.7558078169822693,
-0.052777014672756195,
0.4434162676334381,
0.6493008732795715,
0.23077340424060822,
-0.22414544224739075,
0.2975333631038666,
-0.19073113799095154,
0.28793367743492126,
-0.11172313243150711,
0.09512685239315033,
0.10764779895544052,
0.2533329129219055,
-0.02313203550875187,
-0.7145122289657593,
-0.46503257751464844,
0.3861575722694397,
-0.4038035571575165,
-0.08130492269992828,
0.04670022055506706,
0.4897915720939636,
0.4411417841911316,
0.12031245976686478,
-0.2250213623046875,
0.024429110810160637,
0.02208748273551464,
0.014963609166443348,
-0.16633224487304688,
0.5680994987487793,
0.2322273999452591,
0.0048019541427493095,
-0.3494722545146942,
0.10530814528465271,
-0.7561050057411194,
-0.4781310558319092,
-0.044709738343954086,
-0.801950991153717,
-0.06690748035907745,
0.1803230196237564,
0.021929247304797173,
0.3400893211364746,
-0.5682851076126099,
-1.0285578966140747,
0.12828141450881958,
-0.1849309206008911,
-0.11089109629392624,
-0.33655595779418945,
-0.6442708969116211,
0.4231308400630951,
-0.08718962222337723,
-0.21687640249729156,
0.257804811000824,
-0.8165741562843323,
-0.12579406797885895,
-0.20809686183929443,
0.4300459027290344,
-0.3483685553073883,
-0.06671237200498581,
-0.4501134753227234,
0.47208675742149353,
-0.6859107613563538,
-0.20334963500499725,
-0.19694684445858002,
0.30208081007003784,
0.3807148337364197,
-0.3211294710636139,
0.7442619204521179,
0.28761377930641174,
-0.042356256395578384,
-0.14948271214962006,
-0.22037027776241302,
0.308706134557724,
0.48578834533691406,
0.35071513056755066,
0.2880496382713318,
0.39716511964797974,
-0.30901622772216797,
0.1133665069937706,
0.1388869732618332,
-0.2683207392692566,
-0.401071161031723,
-0.4936715364456177,
0.3776310384273529,
0.19852055609226227,
0.3230557441711426,
-0.7018160223960876,
-0.09965751320123672,
0.5295504331588745,
0.09605049341917038,
-0.1559634953737259,
-0.2792021930217743,
0.28962400555610657,
-0.020988082513213158,
0.29324236512184143,
-0.21206596493721008,
0.13015547394752502,
0.17023366689682007,
-0.3917721211910248,
0.28580883145332336,
-0.9535797834396362,
0.3063059449195862,
0.5038598775863647,
0.22391079366207123,
1.2299646139144897,
-0.6703837513923645,
0.22949711978435516,
0.003200671635568142,
0.48234519362449646,
0.006225913763046265,
0.7465592622756958,
-0.14670635759830475,
0.0930645540356636,
0.6272205710411072,
0.11416055262088776,
-0.2997669577598572,
-0.7624390721321106,
-0.27789542078971863,
0.030172118917107582,
0.39494872093200684,
-0.6280916333198547,
-0.5309665203094482,
-0.044522762298583984,
-0.011990299448370934,
-0.34437549114227295,
0.4355582296848297,
-0.01793733797967434,
0.3600976765155792,
-0.1425449699163437,
0.3297169506549835,
-0.8828502893447876,
0.12040949612855911,
-0.149400994181633,
0.10569661110639572,
-0.37174177169799805,
-0.31720706820487976,
0.42077744007110596,
0.6883773803710938,
0.07598239183425903,
1.012225866317749,
-0.21531596779823303,
-0.11673510074615479,
0.13697370886802673,
-0.5296110510826111,
0.11558905988931656,
-0.08138716965913773,
0.035832617431879044,
0.1599327176809311,
-0.044858213514089584,
0.42405253648757935,
0.17780382931232452,
0.21251720190048218,
0.16422632336616516,
0.12255792319774628,
-0.3584623634815216,
0.05168997496366501,
0.7388348579406738,
-0.6866991519927979,
0.17076298594474792,
-0.5669607520103455,
0.5064634084701538,
0.48383650183677673,
0.031441304832696915,
-0.3177833557128906,
0.09220349043607712,
-0.001984299859032035,
0.22467251121997833,
-0.8738051652908325,
-0.24235929548740387,
-0.34289267659187317,
-0.32989707589149475,
-1.2110321521759033,
0.17471303045749664,
0.2048574537038803,
-0.005903318058699369,
-0.26577726006507874,
0.294251948595047,
0.20825861394405365,
0.664625883102417,
0.48298701643943787,
-0.23907159268856049,
0.13844890892505646,
-0.13744382560253143,
0.03246818110346794,
-0.08629968017339706,
0.2847931385040283,
0.48212292790412903,
-0.42695745825767517,
0.43133923411369324,
0.5339685678482056,
0.11221016198396683,
-0.2715791165828705,
-0.05402188003063202,
-0.41188928484916687,
0.03183732554316521,
-0.15968871116638184,
0.26667460799217224,
0.26962387561798096,
-0.18943805992603302,
1.0325870513916016,
0.5948523283004761,
0.35103169083595276,
-0.5573208332061768,
0.2838328778743744,
-0.013080750592052937,
-0.2637607455253601,
0.3400289714336395,
-0.19129008054733276,
0.29106393456459045,
-0.2668359875679016,
-0.2724805176258087,
0.10914380103349686,
-0.17082685232162476,
0.3582291007041931,
0.010326131246984005,
0.2638794481754303,
-0.8989681005477905,
0.07210706174373627,
0.06197143718600273,
0.18379996716976166,
-0.11593107134103775,
0.5392138361930847,
0.357197642326355
] |
236519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20pelican | Australian pelican | The Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) is a large waterbird in the family Pelecanidae, widespread on the inland and coastal waters of Australia and New Guinea, also in Fiji, parts of Indonesia and as a vagrant in New Zealand. It is a predominantly white bird with black wings and a pink bill. It has been recorded as having the longest bill of any living bird. It mainly eats fish, but will also consume birds and scavenge for scraps if the opportunity arises.
Taxonomy
The Australian pelican was first described by Dutch naturalist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1824. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin verb conspicere, meaning 'to behold', and refers to the 'spectacled' appearance created by its conspicuous eye markings.
Description
The Australian pelican is medium-sized by pelican standards, with a wingspan of . Weight can range from , although most of these pelicans weigh between . The average weight of four unsexed Australian pelicans was , making this the second heaviest Australian flying bird species on average, after the brolga, although the male of the more sexually dimorphic Australian bustard weighs a bit more at average and maximum weights (both birds are, of course, much smaller than the cassowary and emu). The pale, pinkish bill is enormous, even by pelican standards, and is the largest bill in the avian world. The record-sized bill was long. Females are slightly smaller with a notably smaller bill, which can measure as small as at maturity. The total length is boosted by the bill to , which makes it rank alongside the Dalmatian pelican as the longest of pelicans.
Overall, the Australian pelican is predominantly white in colour. There is a white panel on the upper-wing and a white-V on the rump set against black along the primaries. During courtship, the orbital skin and distal quarter of the bill are orange-coloured with the pouch variously turning dark blue, pink and scarlet. The non-breeding adult has its bill and eye-ring a pale yellow and the pouch is a pale pinkish. Juvenile birds are similar to the adults, but with black replaced with brown and the white patch on upper wing reduced. Overall, their appearance is somewhat similar to several other pelicans, though the species is allopatric.
Distribution and habitat
This species can occur in large expanses of mainland Australia and Tasmania. Australian pelicans occur primarily in large expanses of open water without dense aquatic vegetation. The habitats that can support them include large lakes, reservoirs, billabongs and rivers, as well as estuaries, swamps, temporarily flooded areas in arid zones, drainage channels in farmland, salt evaporation ponds and coastal lagoons. The surrounding environment is unimportant: it can be forest, grassland, desert, estuarine mudflats, an ornamental city park, or industrial wasteland, provided only that there is open water able to support a sufficient supply of food. However, they do seem to prefer areas where disturbance is relatively low while breeding. They may also roost on mudflats, sandbars, beaches, reefs, jetties and pilings.
The species became first known to occur in New Zealand from a specimen shot at Jerusalem in 1890 and small numbers of subfossil bones, the first found at Lake Grassmere in 1947, followed by records of other stray individuals. The bones were later described as a new (sub)species, Pelecanus (conspicillatus) novaezealandiae (Scarlett, 1966: "New Zealand pelican") as they appeared to be larger, but Worthy (1998), reviewing new material, determined that they were not separable from the Australian population. These fossils were first found in 1930.
Australian pelicans follow no particular schedule of regular movement, simply following the availability of food supplies. Drought frequently precedes movements. When the normally barren Lake Eyre filled during 1974 to 1976, for example, only a handful of pelicans remained around the coastal cities: when the great inland lakes dried again, the population dispersed once more, flocks of thousands being seen on the northern coasts. On some occasions, they are simply blown by the wind to new locations. It is a fairly regular visitor to the southern coast of New Guinea, as well as the Bismarck Islands and Solomon Islands. It occurs as a vagrant to Christmas Island, Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau and New Zealand. A population irruption occurred in 1978 into Indonesia, with Australian pelicans reaching Sulawesi, Java and possibly also Sumatra.
Feeding
Australian pelicans feed by plunge-diving while swimming on the surface of the water. They work in groups to drive fish to shallower water, where they stick their sensitive bills in to snatch their prey. Some feeding grounds in large bodies of water have included up to 1,900 individual birds. They will sometimes also forage solitarily. Their predominant prey is fish and they commonly feed on introduced species such as goldfish, European carp and European perch. When possible, they also eat native fish, with a seeming preference for the perch Leiopotherapon unicolor. However, the Australian pelican seems to be less of a piscivore and more catholic in taste than other pelicans. It regularly feeds on insects and many aquatic crustaceans, especially the common yabby and the shrimps in the genus Macrobrachium. This pelican also takes other birds with some frequency, such as silver gulls, Australian white ibis and grey teal, including eggs, nestlings, fledglings and adults, which they may kill by pinning them underwater and drowning them. Reptiles and amphibians are also taken when available. Reportedly even small dogs have been swallowed. The Australian pelican is an occasional kleptoparasite of other water birds, such as cormorants. Cannibalism of young pelicans has also been reported.
Breeding
The Australian pelican begins breeding at two or three years of age. The breeding season varies, occurring in winter in tropical areas (north of 26°S) and spring in parts of southern Australia. Breeding may occur any time after rainfall in inland areas. The nest is a shallow depression in earth or sand, sometimes with some grass lining. Grassy platforms are constructed at Lake Alexandrina in South Australia. Rarely, slightly more elaborate nests have also been observed on top of Muehlenbeckia florulenta bushes. Nesting is communal, with colonies located on islands (such as the North Peron Island) or sheltered areas in the vicinity of lakes or the sea. Breeding Australian pelicans will lay one to four (typically two) chalky-white eggs measuring , which often appear scratched and dirty. The eggs are incubated for 32 to 35 days. The chicks are naked when they hatch, though quickly grow grey down feathers. After they hatch, the larger one will be fed more, and the smaller one will eventually die of starvation or siblicide. For the first two weeks the chicks will be fed regurgitated liquid, but for the remaining two months they will be fed fish and some invertebrates. Feeding pods are formed within colonies when the chicks are around 25 days. The young pelicans fledge at around three months of age.
Status
The Australian pelican is not globally threatened. They are usually fairly common in proper habitats. At the aforementioned temporary inundation of Lake Eyre in March 1990, over 200,000 adult birds were found to be breeding. The species is legally protected and does not seem to be showing any immediate adverse effects from pollution.
In several areas, such as the beach at Monkey Mia, Western Australia and at The Entrance, New South Wales, pelicans may associate with humans and may even beg for hand-outs, but they are quite sensitive to human disturbances while nesting. They will readily adapt to artificial bodies of water such as reservoirs so long as there is no regular boating in them. Due to the popularity of open water sports, the habitat of the Australian pelican has suffered considerably less than more vegetated wetlands throughout Australia. The Australian pelican is evaluated as a least-concern species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
References
Gallery
Further reading
Scarlett, R. J. (1966): A Pelican in New Zealand. Notornis 13(4): 204–217. PDF fulltext
Worthy, Trevor H. (1998): A remarkable fossil and archaeological fauna from Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 12: 79–176.
Australian Pelican — Australian Museum Online
External links
Pelican videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus, BirdLife International
Australian Museum fact sheet
Gould's The Birds of Australia plate
Aussie Pelicans, Victor Harbor, South Australia
Australian pelican
Australian pelican
Australian pelican
Australian pelican
Articles containing video clips | [
-0.07481631636619568,
-0.20713792741298676,
-0.984512984752655,
-0.10144762694835663,
0.20867705345153809,
0.819225013256073,
0.030042987316846848,
0.5579753518104553,
-0.5763591527938843,
-0.10650834441184998,
-0.22890666127204895,
0.003765782341361046,
-0.5556430220603943,
-0.1952257752418518,
0.15138985216617584,
0.7576111555099487,
0.4828060567378998,
0.25210967659950256,
0.16348090767860413,
-0.19459320604801178,
-0.7771698236465454,
-0.4459124803543091,
0.7140445709228516,
-0.5860338807106018,
0.6309457421302795,
-0.2713625133037567,
0.718533992767334,
0.9100112915039062,
-0.0369252935051918,
0.2866882085800171,
-0.02004454843699932,
1.0409650802612305,
0.10383691638708115,
0.6041603088378906,
0.31017202138900757,
0.08215431123971939,
-0.0706123411655426,
-0.1689622700214386,
-0.14453387260437012,
-0.37911537289619446,
0.3264044225215912,
-0.26811179518699646,
0.5551464557647705,
-0.06739417463541031,
0.09728314727544785,
-0.13401614129543304,
-1.2486037015914917,
0.15346652269363403,
-0.22418229281902313,
0.24196404218673706,
0.11328496038913727,
0.8374180197715759,
-0.05610368400812149,
0.2340332716703415,
0.6914480924606323,
0.5167639255523682,
-0.7306832075119019,
0.04660014435648918,
0.18209567666053772,
-0.3544728457927704,
-0.44178664684295654,
0.5541605353355408,
-0.09226220846176147,
0.287791907787323,
0.3558040261268616,
0.3764040470123291,
0.4395177662372589,
0.14841829240322113,
-0.3547535240650177,
-0.0031903134658932686,
-0.11184096336364746,
-0.547694206237793,
-0.5575312376022339,
0.17848631739616394,
-0.6563760638237,
0.027783621102571487,
-0.09448287636041641,
0.25976264476776123,
0.28378763794898987,
-0.04464083909988403,
0.3519713282585144,
0.4777008295059204,
0.6441519856452942,
0.13306033611297607,
-0.007225511129945517,
-0.2971431612968445,
-0.5100939869880676,
0.19624166190624237,
-0.39525237679481506,
-0.09993097931146622,
-0.4907417595386505,
0.02915387973189354,
0.17384789884090424,
0.45504581928253174,
-0.2443927377462387,
-0.39081859588623047,
-0.46227145195007324,
0.22256885468959808,
0.635578989982605,
-0.04457622021436691,
-0.46306899189949036,
-0.002218387322500348,
0.45126524567604065,
0.5203790068626404,
-0.4082268476486206,
-0.051460135728120804,
-0.2130286544561386,
-0.21524298191070557,
-0.25263094902038574,
0.4280584454536438,
-0.6186699271202087,
-0.10212436318397522,
0.3261251151561737,
-0.036942362785339355,
-0.21072383224964142,
0.5616422891616821,
0.44908997416496277,
-0.2688411474227905,
-0.4930151104927063,
-0.3223903477191925,
0.42036691308021545,
0.44370248913764954,
-0.39390379190444946,
0.22516672313213348,
0.21618695557117462,
0.2065744251012802,
0.45378556847572327,
0.31269675493240356,
-0.21514908969402313,
0.20678696036338806,
0.28084298968315125,
0.680086612701416,
-0.5203739404678345,
-0.12602023780345917,
-0.21847625076770782,
-0.1452731043100357,
-0.41093015670776367,
-0.5256893038749695,
0.6580935716629028,
0.5547629594802856,
-1.0307945013046265,
0.07931454479694366,
-0.6998517513275146,
-0.08515477180480957,
-0.04757752642035484,
0.6261056661605835,
-0.089131660759449,
-0.6218956708908081,
-0.2992786169052124,
-0.45694500207901,
0.14462023973464966,
-0.10085727274417877,
-0.17857295274734497,
-0.3253526985645294,
-0.2476225346326828,
-0.7197673320770264,
0.6889369487762451,
-0.16921722888946533,
-0.19361290335655212,
-0.10867166519165039,
-0.11032485216856003,
0.1392326056957245,
0.05578264966607094,
-0.22376058995723724,
0.45022052526474,
-0.02100147306919098,
-0.21739673614501953,
0.5416838526725769,
0.03953638672828674,
0.2871856093406677,
0.12320524454116821,
0.33150583505630493,
0.6776951551437378,
0.5274993181228638,
-1.035698413848877,
-0.7563275098800659,
-0.04522551968693733,
-0.01768464408814907,
0.4112670421600342,
-0.2524566054344177,
-0.8457324504852295,
0.7247546315193176,
-0.09066254645586014,
-0.273421049118042,
0.06892868876457214,
0.14019298553466797,
0.23083320260047913,
-0.005586355458945036,
0.2005363255739212,
-0.6015121936798096,
0.05342866852879524,
-0.6470254063606262,
0.2634614109992981,
-0.30885276198387146,
0.05600498616695404,
0.11749296635389328,
-0.7317624688148499,
0.2280324250459671,
0.49907809495925903,
0.3978925943374634,
-0.4294143319129944,
0.1783350557088852,
0.32168343663215637,
0.14289765059947968,
-1.4459501504898071,
0.22117745876312256,
-0.017541959881782532,
0.23466016352176666,
0.46685779094696045,
0.25491097569465637,
-0.49866360425949097,
-0.5358582735061646,
-0.19674544036388397,
-0.08418034017086029,
-0.10582384467124939,
-0.14452512562274933,
0.021335385739803314,
0.08406170457601547,
-0.07007049024105072,
-0.3736584484577179,
0.6410995125770569,
0.2050703465938568,
-0.046284038573503494,
0.39696821570396423,
0.22063739597797394,
1.010669231414795,
0.28297021985054016,
-0.5757139325141907,
0.03393860161304474,
-0.0988466739654541,
-0.10022081434726715,
0.16641996800899506,
0.18909430503845215,
-0.9177546501159668,
-0.34563928842544556,
0.3052845895290375,
0.28530561923980713,
-0.6419247984886169,
0.6737188696861267,
0.5785142183303833,
0.01787956804037094,
0.11078561097383499,
-0.17989258468151093,
0.3567090332508087,
0.10233040899038315,
-0.21407943964004517,
-0.13559795916080475,
-0.294917494058609,
0.11709773540496826,
0.1681763231754303,
0.420953631401062,
0.3111523687839508,
-0.0021850229240953922,
0.039192937314510345,
-0.3916315734386444,
0.3276544511318207,
-0.24967238306999207,
-0.21283315122127533,
0.3226829767227173,
-0.2793267071247101,
-0.6358567476272583,
-0.12577195465564728,
-0.07584412395954132,
0.126731738448143,
-0.2784596085548401,
-0.8377871513366699,
0.1718110889196396,
0.24276018142700195,
0.27240291237831116,
0.3037630617618561,
0.3070359230041504,
-0.12106673419475555,
-0.7260177731513977,
0.0019133440218865871,
-0.032682958990335464,
0.12958264350891113,
-0.7767106890678406,
-0.7924323678016663,
-0.47889411449432373,
-0.4011276662349701,
0.5047118663787842,
0.6798677444458008,
0.06149148568511009,
-0.5488898754119873,
0.23194493353366852,
-0.0595523901283741,
0.5705766677856445,
-0.457170307636261,
-0.14221073687076569,
-0.34826621413230896,
-0.29351842403411865,
-0.6429468393325806,
-0.1826762706041336,
0.6250383257865906,
-0.518982470035553,
-0.11609480530023575,
0.06356938928365707,
0.8111466765403748,
0.5813683271408081,
-0.7458511590957642,
-0.22814138233661652,
0.27958565950393677,
-0.07879839092493057,
-0.033251311630010605,
0.5728497505187988,
-0.05787660926580429,
-0.05063566565513611,
0.0826798751950264,
-5.591876983642578,
0.05117092281579971,
-0.257440984249115,
-0.03798064962029457,
-0.19150473177433014,
0.5240548849105835,
0.2115117609500885,
-0.512593150138855,
0.262341171503067,
-0.13698388636112213,
0.3584763705730438,
0.2021087110042572,
0.000437443406553939,
0.35100439190864563,
0.6115312576293945,
-0.04933096095919609,
-0.31469157338142395,
-0.19283893704414368,
0.056477081030607224,
0.1502866894006729,
0.14931084215641022,
0.19028855860233307,
0.05910960212349892,
0.8247418403625488,
-0.0032064691185951233,
0.1832551807165146,
-0.15630336105823517,
-0.2583838999271393,
-0.527341902256012,
-0.4614357650279999,
-0.6480220556259155,
-0.44864174723625183,
-0.13337300717830658,
-0.22583158314228058,
0.44985854625701904,
-0.19972354173660278,
0.02996741607785225,
0.1708417683839798,
0.1647365242242813,
-0.4080953299999237,
-0.42866581678390503,
0.10220016539096832,
0.21889853477478027,
0.03696553036570549,
0.43876591324806213,
-0.04834168404340744,
0.04141142964363098,
-0.273700088262558,
-0.03312388435006142,
0.9433143138885498,
0.09674375504255295,
0.12993164360523224,
-0.27446210384368896,
0.10992133617401123,
0.2767026424407959,
0.33008432388305664,
0.06298526376485825,
-0.39265963435173035,
-0.67551589012146,
0.252329021692276,
0.6272346377372742,
-0.07997909933328629,
-0.26638248562812805,
-0.2763279974460602,
-0.2517239451408386,
0.26302221417427063,
-0.7137176990509033,
0.5415342450141907,
0.7638426423072815,
-0.24531665444374084,
-0.29615798592567444,
-0.12411639839410782,
-0.5351940393447876,
-0.7627959847450256,
0.8230845332145691,
-0.1972680538892746,
-0.23783424496650696,
0.24977023899555206,
-0.08972158282995224,
0.27385544776916504,
0.04113025963306427,
-0.04702822491526604,
-0.12539565563201904,
0.34336817264556885,
0.33183130621910095,
-1.168350100517273,
-0.7980592846870422,
0.07600953429937363,
-0.03140130266547203,
-0.7128430604934692,
0.2778629958629608,
-0.3824520409107208,
0.2875322103500366,
-0.025829045102000237,
0.845535933971405,
0.8968906402587891,
0.007750260177999735,
0.03641792759299278,
0.8861510753631592,
0.02992529235780239,
0.5783410668373108,
-0.2275378406047821,
-0.18362995982170105,
-0.3121173679828644,
0.305865079164505,
-0.5058053731918335,
0.04432465136051178,
0.1405332237482071,
0.46703284978866577,
-0.009429135359823704,
0.7616997957229614,
-0.6907135844230652,
-0.44972214102745056,
0.18484912812709808,
0.3001980185508728,
0.3200990855693817,
0.23177874088287354,
-0.06353842467069626,
0.6663238406181335,
0.1120326817035675,
0.007676711771637201,
-0.43236657977104187,
-0.45420917868614197,
-0.07035345584154129,
-0.33158203959465027,
-0.5423803329467773,
0.05511171743273735,
0.11420254409313202,
-0.9430724382400513,
-0.5232835412025452,
0.2842179536819458,
-0.42193132638931274,
-0.18822556734085083,
-0.14579154551029205,
0.01506874244660139,
0.09800771623849869,
-0.043212536722421646,
-0.3328348994255066,
0.703339695930481,
-0.08613632619380951,
-0.28879404067993164,
-0.39956846833229065,
-0.02616887539625168,
-0.13490694761276245,
0.8652936816215515,
0.12762020528316498,
-0.4689941108226776,
-0.5682219862937927,
0.2388887107372284,
0.45181551575660706,
-0.08087663352489471,
-0.3316013514995575,
-0.10845208168029785,
-0.6774651408195496,
-0.2808445394039154,
-0.5112799406051636,
0.5210717916488647,
0.20530091226100922,
-0.1448836773633957,
-0.01973123289644718,
0.006309777032583952,
-0.2738795578479767,
-0.955375611782074,
-0.35618293285369873,
0.4885757267475128,
0.041772909462451935,
-0.7485567331314087,
-0.01951492764055729,
0.4628390669822693,
0.11072582006454468,
0.49330630898475647,
-0.6698816418647766,
-0.3173505365848541,
0.6368388533592224,
0.10504863411188126,
-0.5625406503677368,
-0.60777747631073,
-0.044381409883499146,
-0.26195797324180603,
-0.08052431046962738,
-0.7345607280731201,
0.28299230337142944,
-0.7341185212135315,
-0.19689461588859558,
0.6324818134307861,
-0.167429119348526,
0.036738861352205276,
-0.007850601337850094,
0.08148259669542313,
0.0011667193612083793,
0.1249241828918457,
0.770520806312561,
0.0695125162601471,
0.5314169526100159,
-0.3198452889919281,
0.007214180659502745,
-0.03605547547340393,
1.0221920013427734,
0.11894836276769638,
-0.27600741386413574,
-0.2710380256175995,
-0.13036438822746277,
-0.10737676918506622,
0.06744185090065002,
-0.004658757243305445,
-0.37630367279052734,
0.9663834571838379,
-0.27246642112731934,
-0.5994964241981506,
-0.03809654712677002,
-0.008363778702914715,
-0.3919847905635834,
0.12333586066961288,
1.0025384426116943,
-0.3389694094657898,
0.36485230922698975,
-0.09830699861049652,
0.5523332953453064,
-0.28059256076812744,
0.10487692803144455,
-0.020848827436566353,
-0.35747963190078735,
0.053249798715114594,
-0.3291398584842682,
-0.5481105446815491,
0.3831135034561157,
0.39517733454704285,
0.01112434919923544,
0.3131263554096222,
-0.0956384465098381,
0.36882251501083374,
-0.34099677205085754,
0.20921280980110168,
-0.1012994572520256,
-0.21456733345985413,
0.0034081628546118736,
-0.11406868696212769,
-0.4344356060028076,
0.30787092447280884,
0.5010660290718079,
0.7872987985610962,
0.8891294002532959,
0.33598583936691284,
-0.33068886399269104,
-0.5225750207901001,
0.1841532438993454,
0.32378971576690674,
-0.05327105522155762,
-0.9253252148628235,
-0.4867573082447052,
0.27096793055534363,
0.03609162196516991,
-0.19641566276550293,
0.3461434841156006,
0.16760101914405823,
0.2524307668209076,
-0.4347275495529175,
0.31192559003829956,
-0.1642943024635315,
0.3698594272136688,
0.8966489434242249,
0.008302291855216026,
-0.36221179366111755,
0.44483068585395813,
0.14806722104549408,
-0.6663182377815247,
-0.8504245281219482,
-0.05775521323084831,
0.335196852684021,
0.13321009278297424,
0.1693073809146881,
0.07015103846788406,
0.5252095460891724,
-0.1434100866317749,
0.17130665481090546,
0.09562432765960693,
0.055449601262807846,
-0.9249873757362366,
0.1745782196521759,
0.295960009098053,
-0.29356616735458374,
0.11470469832420349,
-0.07394328713417053,
-0.3959459662437439,
-0.3607430160045624,
-0.5237288475036621,
-0.4390608072280884,
-0.23617880046367645,
-0.27285411953926086,
-0.4282833933830261,
0.11866236478090286,
-0.4093966484069824,
0.1569884568452835,
-0.466582715511322,
0.24700228869915009,
-0.022278813645243645,
0.2332315593957901,
-0.06738214194774628,
0.16106435656547546,
0.041396692395210266,
-1.0882712602615356,
0.366332083940506,
0.0003103790513705462,
-0.48647063970565796,
0.03489292040467262,
-0.2539415657520294,
-0.20267486572265625,
-0.38627350330352783,
-0.29703831672668457,
0.01039427611976862,
0.8142399191856384,
-0.4661148190498352,
-0.14915111660957336,
0.6207472681999207,
0.11242510378360748,
0.2970646023750305,
0.31027039885520935,
-0.5886813402175903,
0.8233559727668762,
1.0305908918380737,
-0.36590540409088135,
-0.36788907647132874,
0.48749542236328125,
0.5000977516174316,
-0.2357865571975708,
-0.10844609141349792,
-0.3317325711250305,
0.08334419876337051,
0.9087430834770203,
0.7754345536231995,
0.4150891602039337,
0.04293052852153778,
0.19818729162216187,
-0.30563440918922424,
0.08213484287261963,
-0.09928034245967865,
-0.097213014960289,
-0.4277189373970032,
-0.7208174467086792,
0.8788096904754639,
1.2965682744979858,
0.02759968675673008,
0.5733425617218018,
0.18083526194095612,
0.5729984641075134,
0.13113908469676971,
-0.1551804095506668,
0.08982851356267929,
0.28494811058044434,
-0.09650580585002899,
0.37865757942199707,
0.0036169590894132853,
0.4979296028614044,
-0.9350241422653198,
0.18588648736476898,
0.18962222337722778,
-0.10627014189958572,
-0.16455195844173431,
-0.5134979486465454,
0.31729522347450256,
-0.25952988862991333,
0.8093708753585815,
-0.23245391249656677,
0.26556330919265747,
-1.1451600790023804,
0.33416494727134705,
0.03276768699288368,
-0.24799522757530212,
0.08502985537052155,
-0.46652182936668396,
0.08788588643074036,
0.36998215317726135,
-0.4456862509250641,
0.2980080842971802,
0.3060007393360138,
0.2949761748313904,
-0.0875164270401001,
0.3067348003387451,
0.2158215045928955,
-0.018560808151960373,
-0.5101501941680908,
-0.1941588968038559,
0.4752383828163147,
-0.6635964512825012,
0.3486270308494568,
-0.3995495140552521,
0.2813396453857422,
-0.2832139730453491,
-0.48688992857933044,
0.5152817368507385,
-0.31438857316970825,
-0.6383134722709656,
-0.011786465533077717,
-0.24516448378562927,
-0.5542663931846619,
-0.7176995277404785,
0.19409286975860596,
1.0241265296936035,
0.0255372766405344,
-0.34982556104660034,
0.40090057253837585,
0.19279815256595612,
-0.05068114772439003,
0.1581544280052185,
-0.058549024164676666,
-0.13481882214546204,
-0.3087724447250366,
0.1592530757188797,
-0.3028814196586609,
0.5893014073371887,
0.7860517501831055,
0.800578236579895,
-0.2955104410648346,
0.12930361926555634,
0.27016517519950867,
0.5025570392608643,
0.16672980785369873,
0.1748526245355606,
-0.18444684147834778,
0.07174018770456314,
0.0050026834942400455,
-0.436740905046463,
0.39760634303092957,
-0.19077391922473907,
0.06190577149391174,
0.0789564698934555,
-0.023479865863919258,
0.15982381999492645,
-0.5872681140899658,
0.25965291261672974,
-0.504978358745575,
0.6258206963539124,
-0.7359008193016052,
0.013514514081180096,
-0.1499091237783432,
-0.8413046002388,
0.31118637323379517,
0.21290625631809235,
-0.05744832381606102,
-0.07510747760534286,
0.4250846207141876,
-0.33650609850883484,
0.5671792030334473,
-0.37963345646858215,
0.6620553135871887,
-0.14167848229408264,
0.12921588122844696,
-0.4689564108848572,
-0.5172669887542725,
-0.1346302181482315,
0.4788205921649933,
-0.2055729180574417,
-0.1261100023984909,
-0.2413593828678131,
-0.06682814657688141,
-0.14967083930969238,
-0.018902519717812538,
-0.24906378984451294,
0.1151122897863388,
-0.3279477059841156
] |
236521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds%20Talk-o-Phone | Leeds Talk-o-Phone | Leeds Talk-O-Phone was a record label, producing cylinders from 1894 to 1903 and single-sided lateral-cut disc phonograph records in the United States of America from about 1902 to 1909.
Leeds Records were produced by the Talk-O-Phone Company of Toledo, Ohio, owned by Wynant van Zant Pierce Bradley and Albert Irish. Talk-O-Phone produced disc phonographs (gramophones in British English) very similar to the earliest "Victor" machines of the Victor Talking Machine Company.
Some Leeds Records were unauthorized dubs of recordings made in other countries, a practice that slipped through a legal loophole at the time when international copyrights on recorded sound was poorly regulated. Some printed speculation about this obscure early record label has alleged that all Leeds material was either leased or pirated from other companies, but this was not the case. Some Leeds records were recorded specifically for Leeds, as can be confirmed by the spoken announcements at the beginning of the records. There was, however, an artist dishonesty incident in the late 1890s with Russell Hunting. Leeds had Hunting record a specialty of his called "Cohen at the Telephone". He was paid $5 per "round", as pantographic duplication yielded about 100 acceptable duplicates of a cylinder. At the end of the fourth round (recording into 4 machines yielded 16 masters) he saw a man carting 24 recordings of his "Cohen at the Telephone" away at the end of the studio. Hunting accused Leeds of attempting to defraud him. Leeds Talk-O-Phone, according to Hunting, made good upon being threatened with exposure.
A few Vaudeville stars of some note recorded for Leeds, including Byron G. Harlan. The audio fidelity of original Leeds recordings is about comparable to Victor or Columbia Records discs of some 5 years earlier.
The most notable feature of early Leeds records are the labels at the center of the discs, some of the most elaborate and beautiful ever to grace phonograph records. The labels are coated in embossed gold foil in high relief, with a trio of angels flying in clouds beside "LEEDS TALK-O-PHONE RECORDS" in elaborate flowing lettering. The lower portion of the label shows the record number, song title, and artist, in much more plain type. The whole is surrounded by a floral border.
In the early 20th century, the quality of Leeds records improved. Leeds records were issued under the rare "Century" label, the "Sir Henri" label, the "Imperial" label, and many others. None of these labels credited Leeds as the manufacturer, likely as Leeds was usually in court for infringing some patent, trademark, etc. In 1905, Leeds was rumored to have begun plans for returning to producing cylinders, sending Edison investigators scattering about. Leeds made its last known cylinders in 1903, in brown wax. Columbia made molded brown waxes at this time and introduced black waxes in 1903. This stopped Leeds cylinder production. If Leeds really did resume cylinder production in 1905, the cylinders would have to have been molded black waxes or they would not have survived on the market if they were brown. Columbia stopped brown wax molding in 1904, thus eliminating any niche competition for Leeds brown waxes. No supposed Leeds cylinders from ca. 1905 survive, nor do any Leeds cylinder catalogs.
In April 1909 Victor triumphed in a lawsuit for patent infringement, and Leeds Records and Talk-O-Phone went out of business.
See also
Walcutt and Leeds
List of record labels
References
Defunct record labels of the United States
Record labels established in 1902
Record labels disestablished in 1909 | [
0.27989062666893005,
0.10762608051300049,
-0.19480478763580322,
0.09244458377361298,
-0.6274322867393494,
0.1903763711452484,
-0.10592138767242432,
0.47995489835739136,
-0.14969438314437866,
0.14718350768089294,
0.09934848546981812,
-0.0053855678997933865,
-0.3053998351097107,
0.3999115228652954,
-0.19624917209148407,
-0.24488966166973114,
-0.1387464702129364,
0.3609563708305359,
-0.2612758278846741,
-0.6381021738052368,
-0.437068909406662,
-0.2437649667263031,
0.5784767866134644,
-0.06603877246379852,
-0.27725949883461,
0.15880808234214783,
0.07783253490924835,
-0.22467151284217834,
-0.23682153224945068,
0.2554352581501007,
0.3486940264701843,
0.6060168147087097,
0.05275502800941467,
-0.3212932050228119,
0.17474576830863953,
-0.12033102661371231,
-0.15094809234142303,
-0.41207319498062134,
-0.0555453896522522,
-0.5949665307998657,
0.027347363531589508,
0.19949346780776978,
0.22511029243469238,
0.6270415782928467,
-0.19965936243534088,
-0.015069259330630302,
-1.3235280513763428,
0.3403925895690918,
-0.789230227470398,
-0.01895873434841633,
-0.4268939197063446,
0.2155250608921051,
0.6261458992958069,
1.2040581703186035,
0.023330193012952805,
0.2785532772541046,
-0.025387899950146675,
-0.010954449884593487,
-0.000641958205960691,
-0.4669017493724823,
-0.15714913606643677,
-0.1271737515926361,
0.4302835762500763,
0.10618336498737335,
0.16585659980773926,
-0.031165553256869316,
-0.04390406981110573,
0.5909104943275452,
-0.1514371633529663,
-0.5258839130401611,
-0.07616636902093887,
0.06483452767133713,
0.2765379250049591,
-0.11280930042266846,
0.5146979689598083,
-0.20811773836612701,
0.2727738320827484,
-0.5192943215370178,
0.6829946637153625,
0.38539057970046997,
0.19256362318992615,
0.46291372179985046,
0.5851736068725586,
0.04329304397106171,
0.27914929389953613,
0.42687973380088806,
-0.9486927390098572,
0.055001433938741684,
-0.1853211671113968,
0.20499159395694733,
-0.3492465317249298,
-0.3132530748844147,
0.22995343804359436,
-0.08286986500024796,
-0.5100776553153992,
0.21922700107097626,
-0.04020290821790695,
0.03899559751152992,
0.23744602501392365,
0.33572670817375183,
0.26118531823158264,
0.07046531140804291,
0.35265350341796875,
-0.21931734681129456,
-0.5539060831069946,
-0.06990700960159302,
0.07180426269769669,
-0.1677500307559967,
0.7260178327560425,
0.2256140559911728,
0.015081468969583511,
0.05726127699017525,
0.32888635993003845,
-0.07047965377569199,
0.43237754702568054,
0.01303822360932827,
-0.10379041731357574,
0.10206984728574753,
-0.37743261456489563,
0.458586186170578,
-0.4414824843406677,
0.6162198781967163,
-0.09488335251808167,
0.08638947457075119,
-0.05002478510141373,
0.5799323916435242,
0.17799577116966248,
0.5807653069496155,
0.18595407903194427,
-0.562462329864502,
0.16017653048038483,
0.8102195262908936,
0.27751612663269043,
-0.3143276870250702,
0.08026744425296783,
0.1977781355381012,
0.5840811133384705,
0.06007648631930351,
-0.24445252120494843,
-0.2335522621870041,
-0.03910447657108307,
-0.06585098803043365,
-0.9455324411392212,
-0.4092537462711334,
0.32905665040016174,
0.1436442881822586,
-0.40113720297813416,
-0.14421184360980988,
-0.07337632775306702,
-0.43316537141799927,
0.27316105365753174,
-0.11847131699323654,
0.47797754406929016,
-0.25252237915992737,
-0.5007214546203613,
-0.09923795610666275,
0.07756544649600983,
-0.11202743649482727,
0.25311312079429626,
-0.5916154980659485,
-0.5362228751182556,
-0.03327837213873863,
-0.557284951210022,
0.5297994017601013,
0.023809531703591347,
-0.08014319092035294,
-0.009632475674152374,
-0.20206500589847565,
-0.248336061835289,
0.406349241733551,
-0.19278207421302795,
0.2163635939359665,
0.010198486968874931,
-0.24363160133361816,
-0.31921252608299255,
-0.08998985588550568,
0.5279654264450073,
0.586510419845581,
0.09252092987298965,
-0.9748926758766174,
-0.734421968460083,
0.34464189410209656,
0.7347536087036133,
-0.6052868366241455,
-0.39799365401268005,
0.3167233467102051,
0.8303268551826477,
-0.23904335498809814,
-0.4416869282722473,
-0.3436107039451599,
0.04485039412975311,
-0.4447920322418213,
0.13561682403087616,
-0.6096073389053345,
1.6355516910552979,
-0.13928331434726715,
-0.44961243867874146,
-0.008053092285990715,
-0.025377526879310608,
0.012580186128616333,
0.03657696023583412,
0.3673188388347626,
0.5438127517700195,
-0.1308031529188156,
-0.01142278965562582,
0.15406575798988342,
0.17877145111560822,
0.11253979802131653,
0.5263220071792603,
0.2106877714395523,
0.3800208568572998,
-0.8504078984260559,
0.6649119257926941,
0.31862011551856995,
-0.3696109354496002,
-0.25004589557647705,
-0.28211578726768494,
0.4221653342247009,
0.4032266438007355,
-0.23255909979343414,
0.6961711645126343,
-0.16252586245536804,
0.10243982076644897,
0.6543088555335999,
0.27920103073120117,
0.8451903462409973,
0.575689971446991,
0.06667149811983109,
0.40289315581321716,
-0.04759756848216057,
0.18266862630844116,
-0.05145560950040817,
-0.22755968570709229,
-0.3100821077823639,
-0.0470922477543354,
0.05274154618382454,
-0.5521116852760315,
-0.7662655711174011,
-0.21041755378246307,
-0.383416086435318,
0.5212304592132568,
-0.3960963785648346,
-0.5286915898323059,
0.15375252068042755,
0.6597885489463806,
0.1914711892604828,
0.08500862866640091,
0.4729868471622467,
0.3511766493320465,
0.1326569765806198,
0.49050334095954895,
0.5522181391716003,
0.009550481103360653,
-0.26231303811073303,
0.6066550612449646,
0.13782978057861328,
0.31030693650245667,
-0.5363124012947083,
0.724851131439209,
0.1284155696630478,
0.37620794773101807,
0.0203425083309412,
0.19965605437755585,
0.04649366810917854,
0.16565600037574768,
-0.4401996433734894,
0.16085533797740936,
-0.2800094783306122,
-0.005507366266101599,
-0.10582403838634491,
0.930346667766571,
0.3945092558860779,
-0.5416070222854614,
0.42075884342193604,
0.04468902572989464,
0.13454318046569824,
-0.5001355409622192,
0.08208340406417847,
-0.38759368658065796,
-0.3798237442970276,
-0.06521967798471451,
0.37381869554519653,
-0.27806779742240906,
-0.6056405305862427,
-0.365221232175827,
0.0023581075947731733,
-0.2137129157781601,
-0.35786575078964233,
0.01048969104886055,
-0.8628061413764954,
-0.03354194015264511,
0.26126500964164734,
-0.3250533938407898,
0.539092481136322,
-0.16942676901817322,
0.46550223231315613,
-0.28575366735458374,
0.31804028153419495,
0.18441304564476013,
-0.21426893770694733,
-0.15518878400325775,
0.28250226378440857,
-0.4478268325328827,
-0.431190550327301,
-0.08410985767841339,
-0.42695459723472595,
0.06388058513402939,
-0.73807692527771,
-5.771842956542969,
0.5946993231773376,
-0.2638380825519562,
-0.538802444934845,
0.9232696890830994,
-0.08887187391519547,
0.6652787327766418,
-0.626897394657135,
-0.08146005868911743,
0.3795177936553955,
-0.4832238256931305,
0.23836229741573334,
-0.5666561126708984,
0.21798303723335266,
0.49168941378593445,
0.37729528546333313,
0.008386007510125637,
-0.03760640323162079,
0.19136711955070496,
-0.36091747879981995,
-0.07691983133554459,
-0.17870649695396423,
0.560478687286377,
0.35998421907424927,
0.11593321710824966,
0.08544551581144333,
-0.15714552998542786,
0.02518271654844284,
-0.38300374150276184,
-0.10897775739431381,
-0.47032687067985535,
-0.5778713822364807,
-0.09030407667160034,
-0.7540911436080933,
-0.02500193938612938,
-0.011552445590496063,
1.16134774684906,
0.6815956830978394,
-0.0598573312163353,
-0.5918722748756409,
-0.10768236964941025,
0.7210593223571777,
-0.1014542281627655,
-0.465442955493927,
0.444403737783432,
0.25800076127052307,
-0.26561787724494934,
0.04585462063550949,
-0.9663974642753601,
0.7659435868263245,
0.6044426560401917,
-0.15775693953037262,
0.17219612002372742,
0.28320327401161194,
0.07982465624809265,
-0.45116376876831055,
0.09449099004268646,
-0.055075518786907196,
-0.18458589911460876,
0.02638702653348446,
0.7720397114753723,
-0.23656508326530457,
-0.6951779127120972,
-0.51774001121521,
-0.3314111828804016,
-0.5722106099128723,
-0.7922527194023132,
0.18557393550872803,
0.7375316619873047,
0.1134401336312294,
0.1585347056388855,
0.3871433138847351,
0.44391554594039917,
-0.7366122007369995,
0.2597811818122864,
-0.14328645169734955,
0.4564635753631592,
-0.15025952458381653,
-0.11666730791330338,
0.8646193742752075,
0.26919856667518616,
0.01222662441432476,
-0.2941049039363861,
0.44995352625846863,
0.23168662190437317,
-0.41119158267974854,
-0.36860719323158264,
0.29405662417411804,
-0.43904396891593933,
-0.5456104874610901,
0.46292707324028015,
-0.24783580005168915,
-0.014642210677266121,
0.5588292479515076,
-0.1475517600774765,
-0.2889311611652374,
0.3634297251701355,
0.7094650864601135,
0.31330087780952454,
-0.19679147005081177,
-0.025980904698371887,
-0.017184961587190628,
-0.3974234163761139,
-0.8096631765365601,
0.0007991294842213392,
-0.2936934232711792,
-0.9837602972984314,
-0.05671237036585808,
0.1746464967727661,
-0.06116127967834473,
-0.3518783450126648,
-0.200693741440773,
-0.9449894428253174,
-0.6274420022964478,
0.4534256160259247,
-0.12043017148971558,
-0.1677885204553604,
0.05832827836275101,
0.0846678838133812,
-0.7995736002922058,
0.32543304562568665,
0.13647224009037018,
0.20480570197105408,
-0.4855026304721832,
-0.4217839539051056,
-0.046818118542432785,
-0.3500986099243164,
0.010058696381747723,
-0.23695248365402222,
0.17089177668094635,
-0.17801953852176666,
0.03115159273147583,
0.1331382691860199,
0.4462836682796478,
-0.058709513396024704,
-0.13432708382606506,
-0.6775472164154053,
0.33490580320358276,
-0.25188732147216797,
-0.13154169917106628,
-0.10276272892951965,
-0.26387643814086914,
-0.1350153386592865,
0.021354995667934418,
1.0500339269638062,
0.7142991423606873,
-0.18513138592243195,
-0.28100597858428955,
-0.6531816720962524,
0.12660062313079834,
-0.20910508930683136,
-0.9905723333358765,
0.3210519552230835,
-0.19391009211540222,
-0.021685533225536346,
-0.02846284583210945,
-0.18052299320697784,
-0.05240728333592415,
-0.11204780638217926,
-0.4684138000011444,
0.02401949092745781,
-0.12655742466449738,
-0.5876301527023315,
-0.03534698113799095,
0.10105374455451965,
0.05101655796170235,
-0.2661206126213074,
-0.08364097774028778,
0.008051504381000996,
0.1653633713722229,
-0.10269506275653839,
0.2803876996040344,
-0.4202626943588257,
0.03380071744322777,
0.5084177851676941,
0.9217342138290405,
-0.2329472154378891,
0.03964793682098389,
-0.06853204220533371,
-0.36277198791503906,
0.4609563648700714,
-0.1746664047241211,
-0.8014540672302246,
-0.246506929397583,
0.8131864070892334,
-0.4970220923423767,
-0.15336938202381134,
-0.36402007937431335,
0.05296996235847473,
-0.17881448566913605,
-0.30005109310150146,
0.3897652328014374,
0.3005201518535614,
0.6884056329727173,
-0.559974730014801,
-0.5837472677230835,
-0.0010076604085043073,
0.34253475069999695,
-0.150128573179245,
-0.5253974795341492,
0.14679139852523804,
-0.025441225618124008,
0.16546575725078583,
-0.18584975600242615,
0.42500486969947815,
-0.5522502660751343,
-0.0602906160056591,
0.01505663339048624,
-0.5995370745658875,
0.3616092801094055,
-0.23259079456329346,
-0.43805253505706787,
-0.12750418484210968,
-0.22880786657333374,
-0.41259321570396423,
-0.07335159182548523,
0.08028208464384079,
-0.09296960383653641,
-0.09808381646871567,
-0.41746488213539124,
-0.41632699966430664,
0.11127212643623352,
-0.9643864631652832,
-0.22027580440044403,
-0.3766588866710663,
0.511020302772522,
0.3883114755153656,
0.36749356985092163,
0.5769999027252197,
-0.3175121247768402,
-0.13351134955883026,
-0.19461572170257568,
-0.27153149247169495,
0.22766999900341034,
0.39038702845573425,
0.4468119442462921,
0.08025237917900085,
0.3234895169734955,
-0.1492472141981125,
0.42972931265830994,
0.4700707793235779,
0.7201405167579651,
0.10531654208898544,
-0.1883634775876999,
-0.050662506371736526,
0.48967763781547546,
0.6122130155563354,
-0.39802342653274536,
-0.450513631105423,
-0.11282938718795776,
0.36883553862571716,
-0.3920154571533203,
-0.7101583480834961,
0.10603441298007965,
0.7551842331886292,
-0.5602533221244812,
-0.20437999069690704,
0.19973883032798767,
0.18781958520412445,
0.19283533096313477,
-0.3142637610435486,
-0.010725283995270729,
-0.24305163323879242,
0.40393728017807007,
0.2250058501958847,
0.6445260643959045,
-0.2208622545003891,
-0.4634878635406494,
-0.06677009910345078,
-0.35971447825431824,
0.3001169264316559,
0.3965262174606323,
0.22404195368289948,
0.08799595385789871,
0.05552695691585541,
-0.07782604545354843,
-0.019641263410449028,
-0.6353908181190491,
-0.3482009768486023,
-0.4451196789741516,
-0.4710421860218048,
-0.04106291010975838,
0.16811081767082214,
-0.20924533903598785,
-0.20326296985149384,
-0.29590147733688354,
-0.49468061327934265,
-0.24352358281612396,
-0.1294364631175995,
-0.17006179690361023,
-0.21077103912830353,
0.4677538573741913,
-0.18956634402275085,
0.4966183006763458,
-0.5085915923118591,
0.1994686722755432,
0.06048145517706871,
0.0058080158196389675,
0.07981178909540176,
0.05353375896811485,
-0.29658761620521545,
0.40204453468322754,
0.37227457761764526,
-0.5332372188568115,
-0.04383634030818939,
0.29747474193573,
0.02314671501517296,
-0.5450082421302795,
-0.3174392879009247,
0.014727583155035973,
0.23434339463710785,
-0.2442874014377594,
-0.030055539682507515,
0.5073787569999695,
-0.33797353506088257,
-0.171818807721138,
0.7532976269721985,
-0.45720505714416504,
-0.3354783356189728,
0.2629006505012512,
0.1656499207019806,
0.6649720072746277,
0.3508864939212799,
0.05738570913672447,
-0.7594119310379028,
0.2072606384754181,
-0.1606583297252655,
0.6384027600288391,
0.2827244699001312,
0.13107939064502716,
0.9204491376876831,
-0.20803366601467133,
-0.1310035139322281,
0.8026391863822937,
0.05411858856678009,
-0.380528062582016,
0.013655023649334908,
-0.2057676613330841,
-0.3587491512298584,
0.5911156535148621,
0.07714346796274185,
0.36341336369514465,
0.1473439335823059,
-0.16400527954101562,
0.2157212793827057,
0.4711166322231293,
0.14270243048667908,
-0.019279712811112404,
0.06396139413118362,
0.44694361090660095,
0.5376184582710266,
0.03881717845797539,
0.3010331988334656,
-0.14285822212696075,
-0.03200887516140938,
0.11415623873472214,
0.7435912489891052,
-0.2767215967178345,
0.5721881985664368,
0.13388313353061676,
-0.008263541385531425,
0.19618728756904602,
0.46095922589302063,
-0.40871939063072205,
-0.18668881058692932,
0.08402151614427567,
0.2614434063434601,
-0.6745218634605408,
-0.049447234719991684,
-0.018314475193619728,
0.16302399337291718,
-0.020157741382718086,
-0.12262614071369171,
0.048706550151109695,
-0.6506760120391846,
0.4970632791519165,
0.5635154247283936,
0.40204665064811707,
0.1548432856798172,
0.28156089782714844,
-0.15198996663093567,
0.019182782620191574,
-0.24116463959217072,
-0.6287572979927063,
-0.06726503372192383,
-0.6206247806549072,
-0.46224918961524963,
0.31406545639038086,
0.40506884455680847,
-0.5213611721992493,
-0.38455283641815186,
-0.6786820888519287,
0.11219404637813568,
0.1382756233215332,
-0.4002262055873871,
-0.2719494700431824,
-0.15821510553359985,
0.30133283138275146,
-0.06538354605436325,
0.17208585143089294,
-0.0893159732222557,
-0.08797917515039444,
0.1511189192533493,
0.030672654509544373,
0.4235113263130188,
1.1157870292663574,
-0.718416690826416,
-0.32568836212158203,
-0.4492424726486206,
1.119003415107727,
0.028678858652710915,
0.509466290473938,
-0.22127744555473328,
0.23921993374824524,
0.2593078315258026,
0.1979150027036667,
0.3992651700973511,
0.1148003563284874,
-0.8622505068778992,
0.14155784249305725,
0.20361070334911346,
-0.09743992239236832,
0.15438149869441986,
-0.10463737696409225,
-0.10552231222391129,
0.41375353932380676,
0.5033023357391357,
-0.528044581413269,
-0.5710062384605408,
0.37235891819000244,
-0.2532108426094055,
0.32264238595962524,
-0.5852090120315552,
-0.4397587776184082,
-0.6754822134971619,
0.4501325786113739,
-0.5420271754264832,
0.5418002605438232,
0.6708731651306152,
-0.6109644174575806,
0.4284574091434479,
0.34193944931030273,
-0.14915065467357635,
-0.07503541558980942,
0.4020684063434601,
-0.01733032800257206,
0.320408433675766,
-0.4388957619667053,
-0.8063309788703918,
0.7037346959114075,
-0.5205625891685486,
-0.7698796391487122,
0.22877910733222961,
-0.4088035523891449,
-0.006513509433716536,
-0.15287722647190094,
0.4191809892654419,
-0.45967787504196167,
0.20521914958953857,
0.026693718507885933
] |
236524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithi | Tithi | In Vedic timekeeping, a tithi is a [duration of two faces of moon that is observed from earth], known as milа̄lyа̄ (𑐩𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅, मिलाल्याः) in Nepal Bhasa, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12°. In other words, a tithi is a time-duration between the consecutive epochs that correspond to when the longitudinal-angle between sun and moon is an integer multiple of 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. Every day of lunar month is called tithi.
Panchanga
A Hindu muhurta (forty-eight minute duration) can be represented in five attributes of Hindu astronomy namely, vara the weekday, tithi, nakshatra the Moon's asterism, yoga the angular relationship between Sun and Moon and karana half of tithi.
Tithi plays an important role along with nakshatra in Hindus' daily as well as special activities in selecting the muhurta. There are auspicious tithis as well as inauspicious tithis, each considered more propitious for some purposes than for other.
There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named as:
References
External links
आज की तिथि क्या है, आज क्या तिथि है और आज की तिथि, आज का त्यौहार और व्रत
Nepali Panchang
Panchangam In Telugu With Tithi
The Vaisnava Calendar
The Hindu Lunisolar Calendar
iPhone app for Nepali Panchang
iPhone app
Free Hindu Panchang
Tithi in Indian Hindi Calendar
Hindu astronomy
Units of time
Hindi words and phrases
Hindu calendar
Articles containing video clips | [
0.6123374104499817,
0.03474791720509529,
0.1520208865404129,
-0.3603801727294922,
-0.301994264125824,
0.41472649574279785,
0.6211040019989014,
-0.22653444111347198,
-0.41427722573280334,
-0.22459857165813446,
0.21832752227783203,
0.49619990587234497,
0.2811964750289917,
0.2117939442396164,
-0.4433040916919708,
0.19242937862873077,
0.8844653964042664,
-0.06717284023761749,
-0.2663697600364685,
-0.21572944521903992,
0.08546541631221771,
-0.15859386324882507,
0.40775159001350403,
-0.25417983531951904,
-0.3718554675579071,
-0.036486487835645676,
0.4484074115753174,
0.17049641907215118,
-0.0455295592546463,
-0.04670080542564392,
-0.4850882291793823,
0.3321211636066437,
-0.034569527953863144,
0.02311047539114952,
0.31369519233703613,
0.13493481278419495,
0.3916715681552887,
0.12212881445884705,
-0.47820690274238586,
0.04217185825109482,
0.20652557909488678,
-0.6235092878341675,
-0.13768982887268066,
0.1123153567314148,
-0.8351704478263855,
-0.5155307650566101,
-0.894618809223175,
0.7801348567008972,
-0.4760420620441437,
0.16274064779281616,
-0.11400066316127777,
0.35942375659942627,
0.35287848114967346,
0.3335685729980469,
0.4305839538574219,
0.7225577235221863,
-0.1909746676683426,
0.18288381397724152,
0.07796206325292587,
0.15910767018795013,
0.8767823576927185,
-0.20338229835033417,
0.2610444724559784,
-0.38719290494918823,
-0.3572218418121338,
-0.030862729996442795,
-0.2046133130788803,
-0.00012974737910553813,
0.21798795461654663,
-0.28023314476013184,
-0.5098716020584106,
0.3553711473941803,
-0.8124344944953918,
0.6840758919715881,
-0.5622639656066895,
0.08145201951265335,
-0.17461590468883514,
-0.32876288890838623,
0.054761502891778946,
-0.48835960030555725,
-0.38081079721450806,
-0.1925203651189804,
0.6384393572807312,
0.11427251249551773,
0.49085733294487,
-0.40980178117752075,
0.019434455782175064,
-0.22653919458389282,
0.1804361343383789,
0.0853688046336174,
0.28798338770866394,
-0.2972777187824249,
0.44836482405662537,
0.4580000638961792,
-0.5714432597160339,
-0.11008880287408829,
-0.2098417431116104,
-0.36500880122184753,
0.3226405680179596,
-0.27830231189727783,
0.28958427906036377,
-0.2007187306880951,
0.10419537872076035,
0.3716612458229065,
-0.18875014781951904,
-0.22661246359348297,
0.16336281597614288,
-0.1731642484664917,
0.05253457650542259,
0.06876751035451889,
-0.6074411869049072,
0.6090908050537109,
0.4604203999042511,
0.3150878846645355,
-0.19464360177516937,
-0.41558000445365906,
-0.35571980476379395,
-0.40798458456993103,
-0.48646828532218933,
0.0278198029845953,
0.10155782848596573,
0.5853822231292725,
0.8385493159294128,
-0.09241271018981934,
0.04009333252906799,
0.3607884347438812,
0.159525528550148,
0.5830174684524536,
-0.601533055305481,
0.1552751064300537,
0.07449252158403397,
-0.00584839703515172,
-0.034181512892246246,
-0.27843010425567627,
0.06117783859372139,
-0.8635863065719604,
0.5872527360916138,
-0.33593326807022095,
0.48562300205230713,
0.36698612570762634,
-0.8085624575614929,
-0.2077139914035797,
-0.0970873013138771,
0.14147788286209106,
0.30023565888404846,
-0.13165052235126495,
0.19574031233787537,
-0.4145975410938263,
-0.5103340744972229,
-0.014654514379799366,
0.024845773354172707,
0.5501989126205444,
0.2932976484298706,
-0.1921858787536621,
-0.35419824719429016,
-0.08469665795564651,
-0.20151838660240173,
0.4679049253463745,
-0.35884779691696167,
-0.16180624067783356,
0.126699760556221,
0.15086734294891357,
-0.2557070255279541,
-0.17221041023731232,
0.26608869433403015,
0.048971936106681824,
0.6910081505775452,
0.35785141587257385,
0.44200268387794495,
0.03399042785167694,
-0.3310662806034088,
0.27581125497817993,
-0.16436363756656647,
0.12151090800762177,
-0.8236269950866699,
-0.07176003605127335,
0.34672990441322327,
0.04057985171675682,
0.17953592538833618,
-0.1490911841392517,
-0.45415911078453064,
-0.2668139338493347,
0.32616081833839417,
0.342319518327713,
0.1491726189851761,
-0.008219343610107899,
0.15760478377342224,
0.2206808626651764,
0.039949823170900345,
-0.3156592845916748,
0.029586438089609146,
-0.05835290253162384,
-0.31652045249938965,
-0.25925037264823914,
0.682572066783905,
-0.4171336591243744,
-0.5739591121673584,
0.40464794635772705,
0.2995538115501404,
0.4129079282283783,
-0.31982147693634033,
-0.13113173842430115,
0.11410079151391983,
0.2471780627965927,
-0.4027875065803528,
0.0719139501452446,
-0.5348191261291504,
0.5138925909996033,
0.32035958766937256,
0.1250448375940323,
0.050611335784196854,
-0.8112227320671082,
0.3253011107444763,
0.006386375054717064,
-0.28504112362861633,
0.20184628665447235,
-0.5503312349319458,
0.35020655393600464,
0.3020986020565033,
0.06118738278746605,
0.7345482707023621,
-0.002061429899185896,
-0.1946144551038742,
0.21615135669708252,
0.193692147731781,
0.6515551209449768,
-0.05142362043261528,
-0.2943519651889801,
0.10178638994693756,
-0.9018203020095825,
-0.06938036531209946,
-0.436175137758255,
0.5892826914787292,
0.16596341133117676,
-0.2207043468952179,
-0.0423666387796402,
0.48557421565055847,
-0.4924210011959076,
0.35587790608406067,
-0.6265788078308105,
0.034467391669750214,
0.17265471816062927,
0.19848962128162384,
0.16293421387672424,
0.0721203163266182,
0.35053709149360657,
0.2166362702846527,
0.07195389270782471,
-0.4849959909915924,
0.27954381704330444,
0.4140856862068176,
0.3297644555568695,
0.30406421422958374,
-0.09421900659799576,
-0.6679632663726807,
-0.07846921682357788,
-0.1747642159461975,
-0.37562987208366394,
0.6676437258720398,
0.34741371870040894,
-0.3718935549259186,
-0.1206572875380516,
0.6984845995903015,
-0.4689248204231262,
-0.4141232669353485,
-0.6561354994773865,
-0.1626356989145279,
-0.021410975605249405,
0.1600012481212616,
0.2865368723869324,
0.1502731740474701,
-0.17456896603107452,
-0.6898626089096069,
0.24855321645736694,
-0.2707943618297577,
-0.8638668656349182,
0.5439614653587341,
-0.06454749405384064,
-0.6062707304954529,
-0.084291972219944,
0.35735979676246643,
0.341010719537735,
0.229847714304924,
-0.45209628343582153,
-0.5167776942253113,
0.15321801602840424,
0.14653466641902924,
-0.8036189675331116,
0.14625687897205353,
-0.1365894079208374,
0.2491883784532547,
0.6930096745491028,
0.2572767734527588,
-0.3320745825767517,
0.28727853298187256,
0.20271806418895721,
0.15618319809436798,
-0.30158981680870056,
0.7387571930885315,
-0.32349979877471924,
0.0596364289522171,
-0.31774094700813293,
0.1414843499660492,
-0.008681065402925014,
0.020717982202768326,
-0.320141077041626,
-0.21742668747901917,
-0.10766308009624481,
-6.0519700050354,
-0.2728257179260254,
-0.06334827840328217,
-0.4201015830039978,
0.20778532326221466,
0.38492676615715027,
0.8354203104972839,
0.30800822377204895,
0.31591835618019104,
0.12364231050014496,
-0.4587015211582184,
-0.68796706199646,
-0.3230719566345215,
0.015026874840259552,
0.3921523094177246,
0.01749868132174015,
0.4388008713722229,
0.0002691920381039381,
0.22193294763565063,
0.2995891869068146,
0.24452537298202515,
0.3943929076194763,
0.4391334652900696,
0.8976911306381226,
0.28162211179733276,
0.05647033825516701,
-0.21344076097011566,
-0.30432406067848206,
0.016758468002080917,
0.1999441385269165,
0.115865558385849,
-0.27371543645858765,
0.44809767603874207,
-0.12220718711614609,
0.0444955937564373,
0.36195895075798035,
0.4552132189273834,
0.11335476487874985,
0.47668570280075073,
0.06407534331083298,
0.18035753071308136,
0.15873919427394867,
0.3487929701805115,
-0.657730758190155,
0.2386501133441925,
-0.3114992678165436,
-0.6043941378593445,
-0.17759846150875092,
-0.18751218914985657,
0.4555234909057617,
0.00414590397849679,
0.13946299254894257,
-0.19875450432300568,
-0.5848889946937561,
-0.4454733729362488,
0.11020121723413467,
0.26880666613578796,
0.36554619669914246,
-0.6466245055198669,
-0.1090872660279274,
0.009769335389137268,
-0.3558797836303711,
-0.19445277750492096,
-0.7017946243286133,
0.3103831708431244,
-0.017182571813464165,
-0.16314749419689178,
-0.6502658724784851,
0.3347308039665222,
0.4295269846916199,
-0.7066788673400879,
-0.008521853014826775,
0.04935741797089577,
-0.9607080817222595,
0.2938574552536011,
-0.23653730750083923,
0.01682310737669468,
0.3496202528476715,
-0.2696008086204529,
0.3905821442604065,
-0.6117864847183228,
-0.47517144680023193,
0.5072111487388611,
0.2012101113796234,
0.5466263294219971,
0.004726655315607786,
-0.30177000164985657,
-0.7307147979736328,
-0.3312643766403198,
0.16284920275211334,
1.4830559492111206,
-0.44243380427360535,
0.24759596586227417,
0.09322730451822281,
0.41603589057922363,
1.0430140495300293,
-0.16229084134101868,
0.037776898592710495,
0.8225037455558777,
-0.24107049405574799,
0.4927870035171509,
0.16744384169578552,
0.5253615975379944,
-0.24756398797035217,
-0.5258175134658813,
0.07963366061449051,
-0.03785834088921547,
0.0993516594171524,
0.40819355845451355,
-0.18735039234161377,
-0.3031053841114044,
0.1654863804578781,
-0.23752014338970184,
0.2510688006877899,
0.060424670577049255,
0.0928003340959549,
-0.29471516609191895,
0.28071165084838867,
0.015587245114147663,
-0.013044647872447968,
-0.12374840676784515,
-0.4802253246307373,
-0.5235224366188049,
-0.5874547958374023,
-0.1969807744026184,
-0.4668465554714203,
-0.3060837984085083,
0.09372948855161667,
0.23899587988853455,
0.6980494260787964,
0.20131196081638336,
-0.16044186055660248,
0.1308029741048813,
-0.275838702917099,
-0.33827105164527893,
0.05376598984003067,
0.2640010714530945,
0.015429076738655567,
-0.36808645725250244,
-0.20319008827209473,
0.032533831894397736,
-0.04775392264127731,
0.12100104242563248,
0.40099096298217773,
0.5397563576698303,
0.21094785630702972,
-0.33136773109436035,
-0.6218422055244446,
-0.10803496092557907,
0.4705662727355957,
0.24887531995773315,
-0.2045675367116928,
0.19104698300361633,
-0.5316734313964844,
-0.4569559395313263,
0.16464462876319885,
0.03766750916838646,
-0.02567301131784916,
-0.28919902443885803,
0.19786907732486725,
-0.3835112452507019,
-0.8420605659484863,
-0.9943413734436035,
-0.018191957846283913,
-0.27994778752326965,
-0.1561889499425888,
-0.16711761057376862,
-0.21859677135944366,
0.20301896333694458,
0.1025172546505928,
0.18172456324100494,
-0.06645457446575165,
-0.32208681106567383,
0.1961330771446228,
0.20456130802631378,
0.4930490255355835,
0.17559511959552765,
-0.09348242729902267,
0.00006591682904399931,
0.06315057724714279,
-0.3894893527030945,
-0.1255125105381012,
-0.034982502460479736,
0.65897536277771,
0.2863166928291321,
-0.20465533435344696,
-0.24395707249641418,
-0.47770431637763977,
-0.21584200859069824,
0.6863687038421631,
0.5642584562301636,
0.02111104130744934,
0.08596130460500717,
-0.42085787653923035,
0.4097501039505005,
-0.49388518929481506,
0.08751354366540909,
1.036924958229065,
-0.05161850154399872,
-0.047697197645902634,
0.268160879611969,
-0.03193686529994011,
-0.28087443113327026,
0.15823446214199066,
0.24151556193828583,
-0.655290424823761,
0.1908629983663559,
0.5048319101333618,
-0.18974123895168304,
-0.35700491070747375,
-0.07756225019693375,
-0.160027876496315,
-0.5132259130477905,
-0.17481090128421783,
0.24227125942707062,
0.2841917872428894,
-0.12188276648521423,
-0.23207348585128784,
0.5895028114318848,
-0.9988953471183777,
0.40555596351623535,
0.10751248896121979,
-0.2595508396625519,
-0.013839997351169586,
0.07769902795553207,
-0.4604114890098572,
0.18212836980819702,
-0.5512365102767944,
-0.12795959413051605,
-0.13673773407936096,
0.45137861371040344,
0.08437618613243103,
-0.3124935030937195,
-0.07582448422908783,
-0.22115088999271393,
-0.47260424494743347,
-0.2458265721797943,
-0.1919640451669693,
0.31124576926231384,
0.5845112204551697,
-0.12271475046873093,
0.039064642041921616,
0.05256280675530434,
0.12586303055286407,
-0.3690708875656128,
0.7064477205276489,
0.2488849014043808,
-0.6873812675476074,
-0.5254595279693604,
0.1837116777896881,
0.2666117548942566,
-0.24835304915905,
-0.391731321811676,
-0.4741538465023041,
0.21877868473529816,
-0.6044557690620422,
0.048608798533678055,
-0.20555807650089264,
0.2405535727739334,
0.23714634776115417,
-0.20008333027362823,
-0.4934197664260864,
-0.08410108089447021,
-0.7443417906761169,
-0.14782440662384033,
0.328140527009964,
-0.2840583026409149,
-0.04201221093535423,
0.39385145902633667,
-0.25959333777427673,
0.03392268717288971,
-0.5366945266723633,
0.22522751986980438,
-0.270413875579834,
0.23557531833648682,
0.1178009882569313,
-0.47232377529144287,
0.1618395298719406,
0.24745453894138336,
-0.13471923768520355,
0.26698732376098633,
-0.37186798453330994,
0.06188888102769852,
0.2761229872703552,
-0.052118584513664246,
-0.4742107391357422,
0.21905861794948578,
0.0953240692615509,
-0.3900068998336792,
-0.07483404874801636,
-0.516526460647583,
0.1927982121706009,
0.15969684720039368,
0.2681715190410614,
-0.5777043104171753,
0.49677857756614685,
0.6212800145149231,
0.6305931806564331,
-0.7249646782875061,
-0.05342141166329384,
0.10698950290679932,
-0.4308432638645172,
0.2953810393810272,
-0.2744842767715454,
-0.6660715937614441,
-0.19277706742286682,
0.7401896119117737,
-0.6416250467300415,
-0.49615684151649475,
0.07660843431949615,
0.3911612629890442,
0.5529907941818237,
0.45621412992477417,
0.6727480292320251,
-0.3098866641521454,
-0.12231817841529846,
0.38056236505508423,
-0.01622242107987404,
0.21187826991081238,
0.29033660888671875,
0.27421805262565613,
-0.3448788523674011,
0.23895984888076782,
-0.3283703029155731,
0.3204437792301178,
-0.14341726899147034,
-0.09544117748737335,
0.06928763538599014,
-0.3744833469390869,
0.3575631082057953,
0.25417912006378174,
0.09601275622844696,
-0.4158765375614166,
0.01928733102977276,
0.2076946347951889,
-0.5706536769866943,
-0.06805741041898727,
-0.14648213982582092,
-0.5202151536941528,
0.15963059663772583,
0.644004225730896,
0.9584173560142517,
0.20352287590503693,
0.19734609127044678,
0.3553610146045685,
0.17655859887599945,
0.33116844296455383,
0.028189416974782944,
-0.28970929980278015,
0.7769842147827148,
0.09078546613454819,
0.026540154591202736,
0.23435543477535248,
0.09200846403837204,
0.15981703996658325,
-0.34112846851348877,
0.41487041115760803,
-0.35408198833465576,
0.400543749332428,
0.10312584787607193,
0.20277997851371765,
0.5790510177612305,
-0.16207897663116455,
-0.389926940202713,
-0.42698240280151367,
-0.14745262265205383,
0.14867663383483887,
-0.601330578327179,
-0.3303554654121399,
0.038495924323797226,
0.4826428294181824,
0.5082921981811523,
-0.8894578814506531,
0.06844927370548248,
0.15536727011203766,
-0.07954571396112442,
0.7041189670562744,
0.024760549888014793,
-0.09110032767057419,
-0.3988090455532074,
-0.3776603937149048,
-0.3321128487586975,
-0.09070160984992981,
-0.7842323184013367,
-0.5159949660301208,
0.29913926124572754,
0.29703545570373535,
0.18451867997646332,
-0.4990606904029846,
0.34916722774505615,
0.061386629939079285,
0.25256234407424927,
-0.3466545641422272,
0.19108149409294128,
-0.40331345796585083,
0.0008582441369071603,
-0.26218220591545105,
0.31516340374946594,
0.32988348603248596,
0.2423156350851059,
0.5540995001792908,
-0.23179340362548828,
0.4947474002838135,
-0.1213732585310936,
-0.1310999095439911,
-0.25511056184768677,
0.05313057079911232,
0.061387963593006134,
-0.6810486912727356,
0.0451669879257679,
0.2273396998643875,
-0.13922232389450073,
-0.027054838836193085,
0.19174066185951233,
-0.3350706100463867,
-0.1699344515800476,
0.46076926589012146,
-0.5329145789146423,
0.10240751504898071,
-0.4661288559436798,
-0.22550706565380096,
0.15692012012004852,
0.014609340578317642,
0.33334270119667053,
-0.18211117386817932,
-0.5110725164413452,
0.6124816536903381,
0.06989756971597672,
-0.29612571001052856,
0.47404932975769043,
-0.16457824409008026,
-0.2290787547826767,
-0.294804185628891,
0.47954368591308594,
-0.38633134961128235,
-0.3194781243801117,
0.2790544331073761,
0.2971481382846832,
0.35379764437675476,
-0.938530683517456,
0.32246163487434387,
0.12648172676563263,
-0.3411162793636322,
0.10605813562870026,
0.1598179042339325,
-0.026923909783363342,
-0.344489187002182,
0.09727218002080917,
-0.35814374685287476,
0.46498870849609375,
0.06460306793451309,
0.22562435269355774,
0.22023752331733704,
0.0021071031223982573,
-0.09512108564376831,
-0.1428634077310562,
0.3855576813220978,
-0.44409865140914917,
0.32654255628585815,
0.3507933020591736
] |
236532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric%20Records%20%28US%29 | Lyric Records (US) | Lyric Records was a record label based in the United States from about 1917 to 1921.
The parent company of Lyric Records was initially listed on the label as the Lyraphone Company of America, New York City, although actually headquartered in Newark, New Jersey. Later labels reflected the actual location. The label artwork featured a drawing of a white cat (perhaps inspired by the dog Nipper of the Victor Talking Machine Company's His Master's Voice logo) seated on a gramophone record, with the legend "Never Scratches". Lyric Records actually seem to be exactly as prone to scratching as any other shellac 78rpm record of the era.
The first Lyric records were vertical-cut with an unusually narrow groove that required using steel needles, related to that used by British "Marathon" discs, which according to company publicity yielded a playing time of four-and-a-half minutes per 10-inch side and seven minutes per 12-inch side. Over 1000 titles were available by September 1917, including popular vocal, dance, operatic, and orchestral selections. J. Louis von der Mehden was the company's chief conductor, and his diaries (now at the University of Connecticut) detail recording sessions with a 40-player orchestra which he personally recruited, a much larger ensemble than most American recording groups. The recorded sound of Lyric vertical-cut discs is superior to most other contemporary American "hill-and-dale" records. From 1919 Lyric records were double-sided lateral-cut 10-inch discs which have slightly above-average sound quality for the era. The company went into receivership in the fall of 1921 and ceased operations sometime the following year.
Among those recording for Lyric were soprano Regina Vicarino, violinist Vera Barstow, tenor "Mario Rodolfi" (the first stage name of opera star Mario Chamlee), vaudeville comedian and prolific early sound recording star Billy Murray and Harry Yerkes' band featuring early jazz trombonist Tom Brown. The celebrated Polish pianist and composer Sigismund Stojowski made his only records for Lyric, of Anton Rubinstein's Valse caprice in E-flat and Frédéric Chopin's Waltz in A-flat major op. 42.
See also
List of record labels
Lyric Records (Germany)
References
http://majesticrecord.com/labelsl.htm
http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/lyraphone-co-of-america-tf/
Defunct record labels of the United States
Vertical cut record labels
Record labels established in 1917
Record labels disestablished in 1921
Jazz record labels | [
0.3008490800857544,
-0.1657828986644745,
-0.7623283863067627,
0.326190322637558,
-0.02950417995452881,
-0.060948148369789124,
0.4425952434539795,
-0.15449632704257965,
-0.15147946774959564,
-0.4782889783382416,
0.2625049352645874,
0.5854528546333313,
-0.21472150087356567,
0.5006436109542847,
-0.198994442820549,
-0.44099369645118713,
-0.19018541276454926,
0.25604116916656494,
0.19606806337833405,
-0.7954980731010437,
-0.8926756381988525,
0.10779964923858643,
0.5043376088142395,
-0.6807283759117126,
-0.34994393587112427,
0.005190656986087561,
0.09972277283668518,
0.10185949504375458,
-0.31599101424217224,
0.49373379349708557,
0.5705975890159607,
0.42311111092567444,
-0.2504921853542328,
-0.1244887113571167,
-0.7424255609512329,
0.15894478559494019,
-0.0206788070499897,
-0.2833611071109772,
-0.27787914872169495,
-0.9419253468513489,
-0.2623600661754608,
-0.16331754624843597,
0.6306686997413635,
0.5004247426986694,
-0.1390206217765808,
-0.1462094783782959,
-1.573250412940979,
0.5213310122489929,
-0.6485676765441895,
-0.18197472393512726,
-0.23918065428733826,
0.2970336675643921,
0.1746079921722412,
0.21100851893424988,
0.07422631978988647,
0.3592699468135834,
-0.46217429637908936,
0.27155932784080505,
-0.5182517766952515,
-0.7178332805633545,
0.04406711459159851,
0.26248741149902344,
0.7091401815414429,
0.2598884701728821,
0.20811927318572998,
0.025550615042448044,
0.3062780201435089,
0.2693755626678467,
-0.07191064208745956,
-0.31309470534324646,
0.3623706102371216,
0.16446635127067566,
0.1345977485179901,
-0.18346597254276276,
0.36534687876701355,
-0.05313370004296303,
0.21296198666095734,
-0.35027793049812317,
0.19354428350925446,
0.568353533744812,
0.42683207988739014,
0.07804945111274719,
0.6196725368499756,
-0.42699405550956726,
0.011978207156062126,
0.023778242990374565,
-0.5179746150970459,
-0.09471552819013596,
-0.15097874402999878,
0.02585742250084877,
-0.07567707449197769,
-0.26421111822128296,
0.4155166745185852,
-0.25038668513298035,
-0.5304898619651794,
0.04327467083930969,
-0.05874871462583542,
0.2856217324733734,
0.025075679644942284,
-0.10133730620145798,
0.24193868041038513,
-0.06993574649095535,
0.029868116602301598,
-0.9301342368125916,
-0.3922441303730011,
-0.052411992102861404,
0.06263592839241028,
-0.13613460958003998,
-0.0505191832780838,
0.04400595277547836,
-0.19806137681007385,
0.04280620813369751,
0.22504274547100067,
0.008755963295698166,
0.09966861456632614,
0.4298337697982788,
0.22489747405052185,
0.11354463547468185,
-0.31766363978385925,
0.06730474531650543,
0.3268943428993225,
0.6296072602272034,
0.06323789060115814,
-0.05079608038067818,
-0.4480752944946289,
0.518537700176239,
0.18478333950042725,
0.4742673933506012,
0.12416163831949234,
-0.1766219139099121,
-0.30358967185020447,
0.671873927116394,
-0.1392153650522232,
-0.3556470572948456,
-0.011015967465937138,
0.37329769134521484,
0.6774547696113586,
-0.2930946350097656,
0.21367385983467102,
-0.10697618871927261,
-0.3455088436603546,
0.10632722079753876,
-1.1704213619232178,
-0.46461737155914307,
0.29303649067878723,
-0.2027186006307602,
0.4226122796535492,
-0.32740193605422974,
-0.6992722749710083,
-0.6572734117507935,
0.5252872705459595,
-0.2772901654243469,
0.31996193528175354,
0.5495640635490417,
-0.5077429413795471,
-0.27791184186935425,
0.6598935127258301,
0.21131126582622528,
0.10633924603462219,
-0.07978690415620804,
0.12115346640348434,
0.5489515662193298,
0.39465224742889404,
0.661647379398346,
0.28697189688682556,
0.05137285590171814,
-0.6079416871070862,
-0.005280121695250273,
-0.465625137090683,
-0.036254122853279114,
0.16341173648834229,
0.16607455909252167,
-0.1480398029088974,
0.037612512707710266,
0.18093158304691315,
0.10527485609054565,
0.5627817511558533,
0.2779092490673065,
-0.2823297083377838,
-0.5022473931312561,
-0.3958924412727356,
0.5909527540206909,
0.6278887391090393,
-0.29702791571617126,
0.62156081199646,
0.3013904094696045,
0.6476963758468628,
-0.18320851027965546,
0.18714843690395355,
-0.625129222869873,
-0.5172968506813049,
-0.39346206188201904,
0.254986435174942,
-0.6236400008201599,
0.9444732666015625,
0.438426673412323,
-0.18115822970867157,
0.5315999388694763,
-0.28895020484924316,
-0.015562448650598526,
0.3032991290092468,
0.3294585049152374,
-0.05405246838927269,
-0.12823547422885895,
-0.1988607943058014,
0.19559742510318756,
0.18952596187591553,
0.07212982326745987,
0.486502468585968,
0.2654379904270172,
0.4303187429904938,
-0.9565945267677307,
0.39464879035949707,
0.21938136219978333,
0.0012192735448479652,
-0.26958638429641724,
-0.5108049511909485,
-0.044379983097314835,
0.2896213233470917,
-0.2754441499710083,
0.8122354745864868,
-0.0020474125631153584,
0.23874248564243317,
0.10426682978868484,
0.05005910247564316,
0.39844247698783875,
0.012313907034695148,
-0.5232818722724915,
0.13130119442939758,
-0.31557685136795044,
0.13699592649936676,
0.05759953334927559,
-0.05061623826622963,
-0.7519019246101379,
0.6075329184532166,
-0.009452681057155132,
-0.14948612451553345,
-0.28443625569343567,
0.26259180903434753,
-0.12523198127746582,
0.11812339723110199,
-0.26831528544425964,
-0.6653079390525818,
0.34387674927711487,
0.4509024918079376,
0.19079837203025818,
-0.0817214697599411,
-0.11383858323097229,
0.17131592333316803,
-0.328120619058609,
0.29935771226882935,
0.6630229353904724,
-0.1207834929227829,
-0.029084153473377228,
-0.05562439560890198,
0.28918248414993286,
0.017647990956902504,
-0.512212336063385,
0.15576891601085663,
-0.32048049569129944,
-0.001242990605533123,
0.16672146320343018,
0.25010618567466736,
-0.03291831910610199,
0.19390246272087097,
-0.4999898672103882,
-0.7241960763931274,
-0.029561812058091164,
0.3899276852607727,
-0.23376399278640747,
0.48027315735816956,
0.40324291586875916,
-0.7231824398040771,
0.2647489607334137,
0.25726690888404846,
0.25087177753448486,
-0.3270608186721802,
0.061943892389535904,
-0.23866689205169678,
-0.3011772632598877,
0.39277684688568115,
0.24717052280902863,
0.6571972370147705,
-1.0069527626037598,
-0.655102550983429,
0.41639870405197144,
0.6974859237670898,
0.014683868736028671,
0.1389220505952835,
0.0541982538998127,
0.14854297041893005,
0.14145271480083466,
-0.26602184772491455,
0.22220741212368011,
0.06829515099525452,
0.09943212568759918,
0.16894413530826569,
0.6441798806190491,
-0.05190416797995567,
-0.11595109105110168,
-0.3484915494918823,
0.048649273812770844,
-0.26799020171165466,
-0.45175084471702576,
0.5705440640449524,
0.11774768680334091,
-0.014667918905615807,
-0.7261896729469299,
-5.865279674530029,
-0.24041996896266937,
-0.27170154452323914,
-0.5297648906707764,
0.32446131110191345,
-0.4927428662776947,
0.34082743525505066,
-0.4461216628551483,
-0.01058821938931942,
-0.10483895987272263,
-0.10765252262353897,
0.26854610443115234,
-0.018659617751836777,
-0.2205723375082016,
0.4329695403575897,
0.007244126405566931,
0.24617701768875122,
0.03201517462730408,
-0.14935116469860077,
0.0768001452088356,
0.1319519430398941,
-0.5397213697433472,
0.28309985995292664,
0.5722149610519409,
0.00852116011083126,
0.1944061517715454,
0.18368910253047943,
-0.019926631823182106,
-0.5718922019004822,
-0.3300807774066925,
-0.023740693926811218,
-0.23725853860378265,
0.25372835993766785,
-0.3958701193332672,
0.17998147010803223,
-0.2126293033361435,
0.38266637921333313,
-0.07184039056301117,
-0.32388442754745483,
-0.35668277740478516,
-0.14040209352970123,
0.2077762931585312,
0.07305273413658142,
-0.06395798921585083,
-0.3429848253726959,
0.1114039346575737,
-0.2043914496898651,
-0.02631845697760582,
-0.22159913182258606,
1.6034079790115356,
0.7937123775482178,
-0.16784583032131195,
0.05421413481235504,
-0.07200617343187332,
-0.020177286118268967,
-0.27831751108169556,
0.14480316638946533,
-0.44022107124328613,
-0.0362219400703907,
0.518872857093811,
0.8599641919136047,
-0.05517953634262085,
-0.03831510245800018,
-0.4595275819301605,
0.13447751104831696,
-0.628349244594574,
-0.7018201351165771,
-0.13147439062595367,
0.2347758412361145,
0.5823526978492737,
0.3798736333847046,
0.4013925790786743,
0.01742512546479702,
-0.9634823203086853,
-0.3666752278804779,
-0.3180432915687561,
0.3853710889816284,
-0.6028662323951721,
-0.3276329040527344,
0.3496370315551758,
0.02924819104373455,
0.137517511844635,
-0.11403157562017441,
0.4547797739505768,
0.23640000820159912,
-0.256039023399353,
-0.39320364594459534,
0.3649272620677948,
-1.2352778911590576,
-0.21817989647388458,
0.6499375700950623,
-0.1167818233370781,
0.12035635858774185,
0.07816137373447418,
0.1569790244102478,
0.1921907216310501,
0.22329112887382507,
0.5582399964332581,
0.492264062166214,
-0.3254026770591736,
-0.6285121440887451,
0.0990762859582901,
0.4098736643791199,
-0.40247368812561035,
-0.26306965947151184,
-0.32230865955352783,
-0.4905078411102295,
-0.15219257771968842,
0.5792273283004761,
-0.5306451916694641,
-0.028547750785946846,
-0.8027311563491821,
-0.28027650713920593,
-0.5528967976570129,
0.5321178436279297,
-0.24627937376499176,
0.5931898951530457,
0.2026965171098709,
0.013879883103072643,
-0.06386981904506683,
0.19319979846477509,
0.3819167912006378,
-0.0693531185388565,
-0.26002830266952515,
-0.7794660329818726,
0.14413386583328247,
0.18637028336524963,
-0.2956697642803192,
-0.2703532576560974,
0.1225842610001564,
0.006473556160926819,
-0.255988210439682,
0.350923627614975,
0.20816855132579803,
0.00022306507162284106,
-0.0062887948006391525,
-0.3760707676410675,
0.13047955930233002,
-0.06418773531913757,
-0.2859877347946167,
0.0924975723028183,
-0.08327069133520126,
-0.04488905146718025,
0.5176815986633301,
1.1614254713058472,
0.48857811093330383,
0.06312577426433563,
-0.7160276174545288,
0.06601526588201523,
0.11123348027467728,
-0.16827847063541412,
-0.591292142868042,
0.7011400461196899,
-0.6938491463661194,
-0.39453598856925964,
0.1267019510269165,
0.09560121595859528,
-0.5179338455200195,
0.025311164557933807,
-0.15850448608398438,
-0.4734944999217987,
-0.17596232891082764,
-0.5934651494026184,
-0.17794205248355865,
0.3207366466522217,
-0.0996694564819336,
0.11008995026350021,
-0.25457096099853516,
-0.02295626327395439,
0.2244560718536377,
-0.24000932276248932,
-0.07620584964752197,
0.3780907094478607,
-0.3991394340991974,
0.27247127890586853,
0.5724062323570251,
0.07026901841163635,
-0.16161535680294037,
-0.08024987578392029,
-0.24710310995578766,
0.19212351739406586,
-0.315481036901474,
-0.5860244035720825,
0.03572363406419754,
0.3280380368232727,
-0.5272498726844788,
-0.7995712161064148,
-0.34788957238197327,
-0.5949552655220032,
0.4573362171649933,
-0.35887619853019714,
0.3340684175491333,
0.3268212676048279,
0.20499008893966675,
-0.429388165473938,
-0.32014405727386475,
-0.29237958788871765,
0.0759703516960144,
-0.25737473368644714,
-0.002331920899450779,
0.25307515263557434,
-0.005053157452493906,
-0.07922372967004776,
-0.08207352459430695,
-0.2667846083641052,
-1.047227382659912,
0.5386815071105957,
0.5801311135292053,
-0.6211234331130981,
0.1770704984664917,
0.03487285226583481,
-0.6939298510551453,
-0.004161166492849588,
0.05620433762669563,
-0.08407344669103622,
-0.30269044637680054,
0.4334874451160431,
-0.1934947818517685,
-0.3637276589870453,
-0.4194485545158386,
0.006712646689265966,
-0.061489980667829514,
-0.742659866809845,
-0.16625487804412842,
-0.26130005717277527,
0.28034672141075134,
-0.3626384139060974,
-0.18357610702514648,
-0.1035541370511055,
0.0765383318066597,
-0.5519700646400452,
0.10555306077003479,
-0.08586094528436661,
-0.6782814860343933,
-0.43579837679862976,
0.012742988765239716,
0.09505878388881683,
0.12461023777723312,
0.26629069447517395,
0.12287356704473495,
0.07625376433134079,
0.7922005653381348,
-0.03657406195998192,
-0.016964493319392204,
0.09233427792787552,
-0.1016755998134613,
0.4893603026866913,
-0.3097133934497833,
-0.30143019556999207,
0.30686280131340027,
0.6420785784721375,
-0.32452812790870667,
-1.0135698318481445,
-0.022414298728108406,
0.7388316988945007,
0.4959125518798828,
-0.3270634114742279,
0.5608935356140137,
-0.24365592002868652,
0.4544433355331421,
0.037739720195531845,
0.37107187509536743,
-0.2242613285779953,
-0.002423117868602276,
0.4436641037464142,
0.4508868157863617,
-0.186850443482399,
-0.539935290813446,
0.22132186591625214,
-0.3663356900215149,
0.03180338069796562,
0.30118390917778015,
0.3939919173717499,
0.40988868474960327,
0.3906862735748291,
-0.14792640507221222,
0.05154803767800331,
-0.6866918802261353,
-0.003754308447241783,
0.0593307688832283,
-0.3812559247016907,
-0.34052979946136475,
0.22931119799613953,
0.2953207790851593,
-0.3485703468322754,
-0.6274137496948242,
-0.19627784192562103,
-0.38258156180381775,
-0.27025240659713745,
-0.4428606629371643,
0.6804083585739136,
0.008001334965229034,
0.21003539860248566,
0.46508175134658813,
-0.47234654426574707,
0.4397710859775543,
0.43926864862442017,
-0.1642439216375351,
0.11701107025146484,
0.1240498274564743,
-0.01599361002445221,
0.1420665830373764,
0.07316525280475616,
-0.2842720150947571,
-0.025109728798270226,
-0.004342884290963411,
0.1492932289838791,
-0.5329405665397644,
-0.12371430546045303,
0.1719280630350113,
0.2508617341518402,
-0.48879939317703247,
0.3828023672103882,
0.45701831579208374,
-0.4101482331752777,
0.31790709495544434,
0.4983130097389221,
-0.04766521975398064,
0.09509960561990738,
0.09854725748300552,
0.26579970121383667,
0.6351785063743591,
0.4280000329017639,
0.14580294489860535,
-0.3492927849292755,
0.234102264046669,
-0.44949325919151306,
0.38656264543533325,
0.7866533398628235,
0.2266220897436142,
1.2334164381027222,
-0.15619894862174988,
0.5313827395439148,
0.542815625667572,
-0.10590256005525589,
-0.456175833940506,
0.10511694103479385,
-0.5059822201728821,
-0.6528828740119934,
-0.277132123708725,
-0.07285153120756149,
-0.8547464609146118,
0.36754992604255676,
0.025060411542654037,
0.17732763290405273,
0.2302856594324112,
0.19532887637615204,
0.08861103653907776,
0.081032395362854,
-0.3554931581020355,
0.2988157868385315,
0.03236754611134529,
-0.0354316383600235,
0.11035248637199402,
0.5027967691421509,
0.1821829229593277,
0.3506055474281311,
-0.11483611166477203,
0.7166705131530762,
-0.2441866397857666,
-0.3463544547557831,
0.4073832929134369,
0.7576305270195007,
-0.4791983366012573,
-0.48708227276802063,
0.22352932393550873,
0.754033625125885,
-0.20123109221458435,
-0.03305996581912041,
-0.1129567101597786,
0.13554377853870392,
0.0010138415964320302,
-0.2552410960197449,
0.7040190696716309,
-0.10210202634334564,
0.13286422193050385,
0.8945193886756897,
0.15434546768665314,
0.05759485810995102,
-0.03653288632631302,
-0.253301203250885,
0.1525517702102661,
-0.2632331848144531,
-0.35224878787994385,
-0.16279761493206024,
-0.48968613147735596,
-0.3306979238986969,
-0.21852506697177887,
0.14066395163536072,
-0.4383391737937927,
0.11653964221477509,
-0.8595999479293823,
0.12892775237560272,
-0.1986018717288971,
0.0786256343126297,
-0.014515763148665428,
-0.15888677537441254,
0.39699897170066833,
-0.18130114674568176,
0.04471110180020332,
-0.0037998505868017673,
-0.02483154460787773,
0.36025822162628174,
0.03919792175292969,
0.21374377608299255,
0.6216621398925781,
-0.35628122091293335,
0.26734521985054016,
-0.38939517736434937,
0.7100046277046204,
-0.08366421610116959,
0.48890069127082825,
0.15304556488990784,
0.9934800863265991,
0.17145809531211853,
-0.21943995356559753,
0.9664714932441711,
0.39937904477119446,
-0.252923846244812,
-0.20660096406936646,
0.34833988547325134,
-0.35788294672966003,
-0.17513199150562286,
-0.11353834718465805,
-0.54668790102005,
0.19964361190795898,
-0.1049397885799408,
0.42301926016807556,
-0.26985713839530945,
0.5644500255584717,
0.4088733494281769,
-0.42145174741744995,
-0.18495526909828186,
0.03190765529870987,
-1.0022825002670288,
0.15721391141414642,
-0.5714316964149475,
0.46226897835731506,
0.34300848841667175,
-0.5974430441856384,
0.318524569272995,
0.09759319573640823,
0.32342275977134705,
0.14335814118385315,
0.5281402468681335,
-0.42004722356796265,
-0.09442593157291412,
-0.51030433177948,
-0.9376662373542786,
0.621911883354187,
-0.6363308429718018,
-0.41949963569641113,
0.07148325443267822,
-0.27244189381599426,
-0.020974893122911453,
-0.49844399094581604,
0.3382432460784912,
-0.06748580187559128,
0.5073473453521729,
0.12324459105730057
] |
236536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20H.%20O%27Neill | Paul H. O'Neill | Paul Henry O'Neill (December 4, 1935 April 18, 2020) was an American economist and government official who served as the 72nd United States secretary of the treasury for part of President George W. Bush's first term, from January 2001 to December 2002. He was fired in December 2002 for his public disagreement with the administration. Prior to his term as secretary of the treasury, O'Neill was chairman and CEO of industrial giant Alcoa and chairman of the RAND Corporation.
Early life and education
O'Neill was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Gaynald Elsie (Irvin) and John Paul O'Neill, an army sergeant. His father claimed that he was from Scotland and that he didn't know where his family was anymore. A long time after his death, however, Paul discovered that he was actually from Netherlands and was originally named Piet Kalfsterman, though it isn't known why he lied to his family about his background.
Due to his father's transfers, the family had to change residences often. They lived in Illinois, Hawaii, New Mexico and Alaska. As a teenager, Paul worked part-time jobs including as a paperboy and as a clerk at a convenience store. He graduated from Anchorage High School in Anchorage, Alaska in 1954. He lived on the military base there with his parents. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from California State University, Fresno, studied economics at Claremont Graduate University in 1961, and received a Master of Public Administration from Indiana University.
Career
O'Neill began his public service as a computer systems analyst with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, where he served from 1961 to 1966. He joined the United States Office of Management and Budget in 1967 and served as its deputy director from 1974 to 1977.
Private sector
After President Gerald Ford lost the 1976 election, O'Neill took an executive job at International Paper in New York City. He was vice president of the company from 1977 to 1985 and president from 1985 to 1987.
In 1989, he was approached by George H. W. Bush to serve as secretary of defense. O'Neill declined but recommended Dick Cheney for the position. Bush then pursued O'Neill to chair an advisory group on education that included Lamar Alexander, Bill Brock, and Richard Riley.
O'Neill was chairman and CEO of the Pittsburgh industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999 and retired as chairman at the end of 2000. At the beginning of his tenure O'Neill encountered significant resistance from the Board of Directors due to his stance on prioritizing worker safety. One argued reason that he could remain in office was his level of CEO power. The company's market value increased from $3 billion in 1986 to $27.53 billion in 2000, while net income increased from $200 million to $1.484 billion.
In 1988, O'Neill joined the RAND Corporation as a member of its board of trustees and in 1997 was elected as its chairperson. He resigned after being appointed as the treasury secretary, but was appointed to RAND's board of trustees again in 2003 after losing his job. He also served on RAND Health's advisory board.
After being dismissed as Treasury Secretary, he became a special advisor for The Blackstone Group. In addition he also acted as an angel investor with his son Paul Jr. for Qcept Technologies Inc. in 2004, and joined it as a board director. In 2005, he established a consulting firm named Value Capture that advises health care institutions on reducing expenses as well as increasing safety of patients.
Community service
In December 1997, O'Neill together with Karen Wolk Feinstein, President of the Jewish Healthcare Foundation, founded the Pittsburgh Regional Health Initiative (PRHI). They assembled a wide-ranging coalition of healthcare interests to begin to address the problems of healthcare, as a region. PRHI adapted the principles of the Toyota Production System into the "Perfecting Patient Care" system. O'Neill became a leader locally and nationally in addressing issues of patient safety and quality in healthcare.
O'Neill was a co-founder of Pittsburgh's Riverlife Task Force, established in 1999. He served on its very first task force with Jim Rohr, Teresa Heinz, the CEO of Richard King Mellon Foundation Mike Watson, the President of the Heinz Endowments Mark King and the editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette John G. Craig Jr. among others.
O'Neill was also a member of Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College's Dean's Advisory Council. In addition, he served on the Board of Directors of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
In 2006, he published the results of a study conducted from 2003 to 2005 at Allegheny General Hospital along with a team of doctors led by Richard Shannon, in the Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. It showed reduction in infections through a team coordinating to prevent infections in the bloodstream. He also rejoined PRHI as its CEO in October 2003. O'Neill became a trustee of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in February 2003, but left in September 2004 due to it not joining a programme to make hospitals eliminate medical errors. During his tenure he often disagreed with UPMC's CEO Jeffrey Romoff and also opposed its plans to shut Highmark-insured patients out of receiving treatment at affiliated hospitals in 2019.
In June 2019, he was awarded the Gerald R. Ford Medal for Distinguished Public Service by the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation.
Bush administration
O'Neill was appointed as the secretary of the treasury by the newly elected president George W. Bush in January 2001. He believed in fiscal prudence, increasing productivity and also encouraging workers with safeguards for their jobs. As the secretary he strongly disagreed with the strong dollar policy, ceremonial speeches and large bailouts, while favoring personally touring American factories and reducing the length of written statements by the finance ministers belonging to the Group of Seven. O'Neill saw the United States through the 2001 recession and 9/11 attacks. He initially helped pass the first tax cuts under the Bush administration but stringently opposed the second. He also clashed with Bush on his steel tariffs as well as actions against Cuba.
O'Neill also helped Turkey, Argentina and Brazil in receiving loans from the International Monetary Fund but opposed more financial assistance. His cavalcade was once attacked with eggs during a visit to Argentina because of him stating the country had “no industry to speak of.” He however also encouraged governments to increase grants by the World Bank and cracking down on monetary support of terrorism. In this regard, he encouraged governments to further regulate non-traditional lending systems such as hawala, and was a strong proponent of integrating largely non-participatory governments, organizations, and individuals into more formal financial institutions. In May 2002, he visited Africa with Bono to draw attention to the continent's poor. During his tenure, he was known for his outspokenness which would eventually cost him his job in December 2002.
Ron Suskind interviewed O'Neill extensively about his tenure in the Bush Administration. He was also given access to a large amount of documentation. In 2004 he produced the book The Price of Loyalty, detailing O'Neill's tenure in the Bush Administration. The book describes many of the conflicts that O'Neill had with the Bush administration. The book also details O'Neill's criticisms of some of Bush's economic policies. O'Neill claims that Bush appeared somewhat unquestioning and incurious, and that the Iraq War was planned from the first National Security Council meeting, soon after the administration took office. At the first cabinet meeting of the new Bush administration, O'Neill observed that the debate was not "should we attack Iraq?" but rather "how do we go about attacking Iraq?"
Personal life
O'Neill's siblings included two brothers and a sister. He married Nancy Jo Wolfe, whom he had met while studying at Anchorage High School. He fathered four children including three daughters named Patricia, Margaret, Julie and a son named Paul Jr.
O'Neill died at his home in Pittsburgh on April 18, 2020, aged 84, from lung cancer. He is survived by his sister, a brother, his four children, twelve grandchildren and fifteen great-grandchildren.
Comments and views
In an October 16, 2007, opinion piece published in the New York Times, he wrote of the reluctance among politicians to address comprehensive reform in the U.S. health care system. In the opinion, he suggested that doctors and hospitals should be required to report medical errors within 24 hours, as well as moving malpractice suits out of the civil courts and into a new, independent body. He also felt that health care reform had to acknowledge all aspects of the problem, such as insurance coverage, medical costs, quality of care, and information technology.
In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the June 2016 Referendum.
Book
The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (2004)
References
External links
1935 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American politicians
American businesspeople
California State University, Fresno alumni
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
Deaths from lung cancer
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Indiana University alumni
International Paper
Missouri Republicans
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Politicians from St. Louis
RAND Corporation people
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
American people of Dutch descent | [
-0.3672161400318146,
0.15306301414966583,
-0.6131328344345093,
0.4569586217403412,
0.3304196298122406,
0.21969512104988098,
-0.03759082034230232,
-0.1439119428396225,
-0.6314834952354431,
-0.17007987201213837,
-0.32799026370048523,
0.5505344271659851,
-0.522382915019989,
0.3070862293243408,
0.5998687744140625,
-0.5861369371414185,
0.20198887586593628,
-0.23943322896957397,
-0.16410338878631592,
-0.3257373571395874,
-0.29980331659317017,
0.09921035915613174,
0.30774998664855957,
0.11767438054084778,
-0.05901078134775162,
-0.013106649741530418,
-0.025458460673689842,
-1.0518982410430908,
0.16618739068508148,
0.14448140561580658,
-0.18292304873466492,
0.4795249402523041,
0.3524421155452728,
0.0545964390039444,
-0.5215786695480347,
0.21159304678440094,
-0.4934327006340027,
-0.38450106978416443,
-0.1804584413766861,
0.6233001947402954,
-0.15999646484851837,
0.444954514503479,
0.07827835530042648,
0.23804102838039398,
-0.5734075307846069,
-0.4638405442237854,
-1.3826208114624023,
-0.1563180387020111,
-0.5628719329833984,
-0.41560518741607666,
-0.19870340824127197,
-0.02276195026934147,
-0.0000016454943079224904,
-0.33620166778564453,
-0.1702268421649933,
0.3622983694076538,
-0.7962815761566162,
0.1354069709777832,
-0.4830860495567322,
-0.8010632395744324,
0.23621463775634766,
-0.6039761304855347,
0.37571460008621216,
0.10164869576692581,
0.2543582022190094,
-0.2464633285999298,
0.11053106188774109,
0.338482528924942,
-0.16472823917865753,
-0.061220359057188034,
-0.11133291572332382,
0.16223706305027008,
0.2605677545070648,
0.2595328986644745,
0.4088442623615265,
-0.2645672559738159,
0.2546049952507019,
0.2762615978717804,
-0.17858010530471802,
-0.09671129286289215,
-0.07028122991323471,
0.11626031994819641,
0.6068218946456909,
0.42376217246055603,
0.07193881273269653,
-0.11666399985551834,
-0.2240808606147766,
0.5208094120025635,
0.05731159448623657,
0.3396221101284027,
-0.48520246148109436,
0.08169806748628616,
0.42267289757728577,
-0.48271068930625916,
-0.6055871248245239,
-0.8621609807014465,
0.1433272361755371,
-0.3626803159713745,
-0.009919053874909878,
-0.5374340415000916,
-0.49766069650650024,
-0.3137923777103424,
0.2835897207260132,
-0.1566707044839859,
-0.45851096510887146,
0.2851649224758148,
0.2502383291721344,
-0.18434861302375793,
-0.21328799426555634,
-0.11708585917949677,
-0.49833592772483826,
0.5463554859161377,
-0.11670051515102386,
0.18475022912025452,
-0.01493113674223423,
0.4719853401184082,
0.09441223740577698,
-0.1484188586473465,
-0.36865922808647156,
-0.08151347935199738,
0.4506742060184479,
0.5209767818450928,
0.3350868821144104,
-0.6269742250442505,
-0.18985237181186676,
-0.251326322555542,
0.1929207146167755,
-0.13874386250972748,
-0.05929378420114517,
-0.020401213318109512,
0.7758461236953735,
0.8267173767089844,
-1.0778229236602783,
-0.16188441216945648,
-0.5854782462120056,
0.04613902047276497,
0.28174400329589844,
-0.19489116966724396,
0.3377434313297272,
0.4705997705459595,
-0.10986378788948059,
-0.015390584245324135,
-0.30658772587776184,
-0.18655221164226532,
0.24650461971759796,
0.143975168466568,
0.3567724823951721,
-0.10716049373149872,
-0.16755521297454834,
0.08548486232757568,
-0.1045810803771019,
0.0018050449434667826,
0.3043178617954254,
0.12067130208015442,
0.036100201308727264,
0.5356886982917786,
0.33587905764579773,
0.1948736310005188,
0.07295676320791245,
0.3585900068283081,
0.5243297815322876,
-0.21650399267673492,
-0.4339921474456787,
0.15590405464172363,
0.18006306886672974,
0.4979310631752014,
0.20367668569087982,
-0.12400171160697937,
-0.5860777497291565,
0.09695201367139816,
-0.027448348701000214,
0.33485761284828186,
0.554581880569458,
-0.34593474864959717,
0.44858691096305847,
0.9026187658309937,
0.048237498849630356,
-0.15320749580860138,
0.38923558592796326,
-0.14601349830627441,
-0.6999796628952026,
-0.09796732664108276,
0.3540548086166382,
-0.19466456770896912,
0.17743948101997375,
-0.18193086981773376,
0.32257547974586487,
-0.4213879406452179,
1.2442466020584106,
-0.5269498825073242,
-0.46122297644615173,
-0.43061909079551697,
-0.38060635328292847,
-0.31336596608161926,
0.38381317257881165,
0.31907904148101807,
-0.07433762401342392,
0.5489015579223633,
-0.07290992140769958,
0.41604748368263245,
-0.12355060875415802,
-0.5386863350868225,
0.13338959217071533,
-0.4538203775882721,
-0.06623610854148865,
0.6198741793632507,
0.43074581027030945,
0.21676960587501526,
0.3289477527141571,
0.9495166540145874,
0.5015450716018677,
-0.17615950107574463,
-0.05063769966363907,
0.39769864082336426,
0.11740359663963318,
-0.2127232849597931,
-0.0439225472509861,
-0.39518725872039795,
0.11490456759929657,
-0.34394028782844543,
0.9410024285316467,
0.9539468288421631,
-0.13236014544963837,
0.9767299294471741,
-0.41377711296081543,
0.6720225214958191,
0.16549129784107208,
-0.5839034914970398,
-0.44608595967292786,
-0.5221275687217712,
0.00909026525914669,
-0.17198623716831207,
0.19733543694019318,
-0.7197765111923218,
0.9969038963317871,
0.5296472907066345,
-0.2303517907857895,
-0.11670548468828201,
0.041471660137176514,
-0.7068949341773987,
0.08314625173807144,
0.08494027704000473,
-0.04644234478473663,
0.29617804288864136,
-0.29692980647087097,
0.0767173245549202,
0.34100648760795593,
0.39165574312210083,
-0.25845444202423096,
-0.0834469273686409,
-0.06954292207956314,
0.8439461588859558,
0.4975631535053253,
-0.1905611902475357,
-0.326066792011261,
0.08017715811729431,
0.15621249377727509,
0.44948819279670715,
0.661922037601471,
0.2252456098794937,
-0.25210171937942505,
0.21555761992931366,
0.29949623346328735,
0.3808397352695465,
-0.07277154177427292,
-0.05140489712357521,
-0.2547817528247833,
-0.1931527554988861,
-0.26348239183425903,
-0.12004709243774414,
0.5413718223571777,
-0.8009815812110901,
-0.5909342765808105,
0.3928666412830353,
0.7895687818527222,
-0.6288836598396301,
-0.31043821573257446,
0.549877405166626,
-0.6589282155036926,
-0.9306401610374451,
1.1426899433135986,
0.8367854356765747,
-0.3029957115650177,
0.1398925930261612,
-0.19083872437477112,
-0.8564426898956299,
-0.4123161733150482,
-0.2141295075416565,
0.20465946197509766,
-0.15931078791618347,
0.005808248184621334,
0.17758901417255402,
-0.38718074560165405,
0.10557381808757782,
-0.084550641477108,
0.7017050385475159,
0.13970263302326202,
-0.32793042063713074,
0.3936675488948822,
-0.05903135985136032,
-0.1554151326417923,
-0.10855627804994583,
0.30054154992103577,
-0.0770660936832428,
0.6687502861022949,
-0.03913363814353943,
0.18953430652618408,
-0.7254208326339722,
-5.791238307952881,
0.45711785554885864,
0.0013958880444988608,
-0.5319563150405884,
0.7311009764671326,
0.03261328488588333,
0.37158820033073425,
-0.07441957294940948,
0.27467572689056396,
-0.6513012647628784,
0.31652215123176575,
-0.39738035202026367,
-0.0855393186211586,
0.5535683631896973,
0.31823083758354187,
0.1866072714328766,
0.7202322483062744,
-0.6066634654998779,
0.20186465978622437,
0.4399411082267761,
-0.21776723861694336,
0.05515029653906822,
0.19763365387916565,
0.27286940813064575,
0.38499191403388977,
0.051868535578250885,
-0.2401237189769745,
0.19117039442062378,
-0.9732002019882202,
0.06074409559369087,
-0.3282049000263214,
0.018841296434402466,
0.22438523173332214,
0.25335198640823364,
0.09458333253860474,
-0.5876328945159912,
0.48026058077812195,
0.41601428389549255,
-0.054590824991464615,
-0.031192049384117126,
0.1993144303560257,
-0.4186323881149292,
-0.7139658331871033,
-0.10050026327371597,
-0.2422221153974533,
0.0142160439863801,
-0.6826246380805969,
-0.4206487238407135,
0.07349734753370285,
0.1540336310863495,
0.25890064239501953,
0.6842483878135681,
0.2761973440647125,
-0.26647844910621643,
0.09690816700458527,
0.15563063323497772,
0.33065491914749146,
0.41452085971832275,
-1.056431531906128,
0.2683728039264679,
0.4505389332771301,
-0.46677178144454956,
0.4251778721809387,
0.33611956238746643,
-0.3222505748271942,
-0.38157519698143005,
-0.006865266710519791,
0.048602767288684845,
0.6512318849563599,
-0.10203026980161667,
0.05653168261051178,
0.4404769837856293,
0.4417356550693512,
-1.1465989351272583,
0.15836380422115326,
-0.5602657198905945,
-0.10033857822418213,
0.347993940114975,
-0.39715930819511414,
-0.3500050902366638,
-0.07300665974617004,
0.12643009424209595,
0.03965561091899872,
0.5835778713226318,
0.5434839129447937,
0.24771232903003693,
-0.3336062431335449,
0.471907377243042,
-0.10830362886190414,
0.23244386911392212,
0.17905160784721375,
-0.667089581489563,
0.46408918499946594,
-0.08385831117630005,
0.02059066668152809,
-0.15828049182891846,
-0.12337185442447662,
0.7362555265426636,
0.3059910237789154,
0.10763845592737198,
-0.25048109889030457,
-0.14888353645801544,
-0.14051403105258942,
-0.8717780709266663,
0.0025917168240994215,
0.12052494287490845,
0.31317946314811707,
0.28629809617996216,
0.27534499764442444,
0.1842363327741623,
0.03973685950040817,
0.0055715544149279594,
-0.022935567423701286,
-0.40421366691589355,
0.18509244918823242,
0.07916943728923798,
-0.2727343440055847,
-0.2770054042339325,
0.8307284712791443,
0.21748609840869904,
0.04660695046186447,
0.2923395037651062,
-0.31018149852752686,
-0.29122692346572876,
-0.2914411723613739,
-0.5253535509109497,
0.20026955008506775,
-0.5519932508468628,
0.06705375015735626,
-0.08224542438983917,
0.38777631521224976,
0.8560951352119446,
0.06333966553211212,
-0.00870227999985218,
0.6381485462188721,
-0.023448526859283447,
0.11674898117780685,
-0.1733914464712143,
-0.2200135886669159,
0.1416245400905609,
0.17896054685115814,
-0.7014069557189941,
-0.13499461114406586,
0.05750858411192894,
0.14111217856407166,
-0.10358192771673203,
-0.2453632950782776,
0.3517707288265228,
0.04402725026011467,
0.3258964419364929,
0.04984055832028389,
-0.41501420736312866,
0.2943200170993805,
-0.4110698401927948,
-0.524732232093811,
-0.40194272994995117,
0.016986284404993057,
-0.3670036494731903,
-0.6128429174423218,
-0.4694517254829407,
0.49504125118255615,
-0.5311982035636902,
-0.895807683467865,
-0.342269629240036,
0.20406164228916168,
0.2935841977596283,
-0.2927570044994354,
-0.26257026195526123,
-0.11062642186880112,
0.6748698949813843,
0.22601473331451416,
-0.2293408066034317,
-0.17231181263923645,
-0.23099511861801147,
0.2521287798881531,
-0.1532152146100998,
0.2680302560329437,
-0.10242731124162674,
0.005991901271045208,
0.3849658966064453,
0.003190351650118828,
-0.3103216290473938,
-0.4754473865032196,
-0.2964312434196472,
0.05754055827856064,
-0.5976845622062683,
-0.47541552782058716,
0.22467507421970367,
-0.5639063119888306,
0.46834275126457214,
0.074463851749897,
-0.19609776139259338,
0.14475445449352264,
0.8160005211830139,
-0.0022916775196790695,
0.2979893386363983,
-0.17649362981319427,
0.32435452938079834,
-0.25782766938209534,
0.0906151682138443,
0.013022635132074356,
0.03371073678135872,
-0.447162926197052,
-0.2726990580558777,
-0.16902543604373932,
-0.6150728464126587,
-0.6541125178337097,
0.21074984967708588,
0.5808641314506531,
0.9374251365661621,
-0.0575740821659565,
-0.2682272791862488,
-0.5937115550041199,
-0.08623865246772766,
0.34708303213119507,
-0.06546715646982193,
0.12560711801052094,
0.18473505973815918,
-0.5651718974113464,
-0.5703284740447998,
0.21521562337875366,
-0.027156813070178032,
-0.2011565864086151,
0.1361227035522461,
0.10819486528635025,
-0.15248313546180725,
-0.22519133985042572,
-0.029301811009645462,
0.17804419994354248,
-0.04727404564619064,
-0.6396107077598572,
-0.4006328284740448,
0.27603068947792053,
0.8624371886253357,
0.17681631445884705,
-0.1470070332288742,
0.5170252919197083,
0.9229243397712708,
-0.4250575006008148,
-0.046797946095466614,
-0.40676549077033997,
0.7442074418067932,
0.26658353209495544,
-0.6717027425765991,
-0.38163742423057556,
0.2772810757160187,
0.34238699078559875,
-0.47654083371162415,
0.21466365456581116,
0.4448317885398865,
0.4944332242012024,
-0.0774080902338028,
-0.45393314957618713,
0.2840786576271057,
0.543624222278595,
-0.5487560629844666,
0.2357097566127777,
0.0408845990896225,
0.16620008647441864,
0.15703248977661133,
-0.05462394282221794,
-0.05443662405014038,
-0.23175564408302307,
0.1610947698354721,
0.34818175435066223,
0.2453204095363617,
-0.19652506709098816,
0.19256800413131714,
0.05135856568813324,
-0.6611264944076538,
-0.3428764343261719,
0.03904017060995102,
-0.586431086063385,
0.3025702238082886,
0.18374326825141907,
0.11657857149839401,
0.31656259298324585,
-0.1370391696691513,
0.30637654662132263,
-0.7694377303123474,
-1.0139167308807373,
-0.1190371960401535,
-0.05251692235469818,
-0.19448088109493256,
-0.32852283120155334,
-1.0673195123672485,
0.16408322751522064,
-0.23564691841602325,
-0.33731040358543396,
-0.29601508378982544,
-0.13349825143814087,
0.2809250056743622,
-0.678439199924469,
-0.4862821698188782,
-0.8824674487113953,
0.08971167355775833,
0.37067675590515137,
0.8498519659042358,
-0.275635689496994,
0.10985477268695831,
-0.1921616941690445,
-0.4588466286659241,
0.22881855070590973,
0.44400742650032043,
-0.10102612525224686,
-0.3621727228164673,
-0.1978760063648224,
-0.6127206087112427,
-0.4985416829586029,
-0.5212010741233826,
0.12000774592161179,
-0.43353271484375,
0.4984471797943115,
0.05215143412351608,
-0.8119624257087708,
-0.37946563959121704,
0.11147264391183853,
-0.13814100623130798,
-0.40461209416389465,
0.0008620009175501764,
0.024780649691820145,
-0.17137491703033447,
0.1253499984741211,
-0.1438531130552292,
0.17633844912052155,
0.32002508640289307,
0.16716840863227844,
0.32253560423851013,
0.13988319039344788,
-0.04485511779785156,
-0.00159937993157655,
0.21530015766620636,
-0.3974399268627167,
0.6402227282524109,
0.4534243047237396,
-0.044826820492744446,
0.0137083251029253,
-1.1833494901657104,
0.388502836227417,
0.32638660073280334,
0.2188197523355484,
0.8980609178543091,
-0.13238997757434845,
0.24210979044437408,
0.12682457268238068,
0.06648674607276917,
0.018038257956504822,
0.49093690514564514,
-0.1552944928407669,
-0.11020087450742722,
0.3196044862270355,
-0.021180957555770874,
0.0441315695643425,
-0.8416674733161926,
0.2001156061887741,
-0.09387511014938354,
0.2386588156223297,
0.08345092833042145,
-0.081963449716568,
-0.4837019443511963,
0.018758568912744522,
-0.11158721148967743,
0.45271170139312744,
0.13583889603614807,
0.3192289173603058,
-0.4004684090614319,
-0.28363755345344543,
0.04360034689307213,
-0.2526979446411133,
0.5095795392990112,
-0.10014165937900543,
-0.4388009309768677,
-0.2807815372943878,
0.23578175902366638,
0.3016115128993988,
0.2202158272266388,
0.5370035767555237,
-0.3705696761608124,
0.2060977965593338,
-0.16255612671375275,
-0.23502564430236816,
-0.09740766137838364,
-0.24867451190948486,
0.07849650084972382,
-0.34263160824775696,
0.5939921140670776,
0.18047794699668884,
0.2905188500881195,
-0.39728596806526184,
-0.019419517368078232,
0.48056721687316895,
-0.47221502661705017,
-0.44522005319595337,
1.1414679288864136,
0.09712423384189606,
-0.08206512778997421,
-0.25147396326065063,
0.5686765313148499,
1.0346488952636719,
0.3458618223667145,
-0.05994251370429993,
-0.2461555004119873,
-0.49443432688713074,
0.16358110308647156,
-0.18484589457511902,
-0.11533880233764648,
0.18427368998527527,
-0.03528532385826111,
-0.24787364900112152,
0.2841535210609436,
-0.19475461542606354,
0.2091425657272339,
-0.531286895275116,
0.43180960416793823,
0.1881921887397766,
0.21764400601387024,
0.6871317625045776,
-0.0054049743339419365,
0.13379351794719696,
-0.6004038453102112,
-0.20321473479270935,
-0.36202284693717957,
-0.21048814058303833,
0.337245374917984,
0.06103800982236862,
0.27945998311042786,
0.04529036581516266,
-0.007532256189733744,
0.1821841448545456,
0.24659603834152222,
-0.11400054395198822,
-0.5441590547561646,
-0.43649792671203613,
-0.07249608635902405,
0.12434393167495728,
-0.143172025680542,
0.25204336643218994,
0.6837347745895386,
-0.020577464252710342,
-0.3092208504676819,
-0.253075510263443,
0.3241713047027588,
0.24802981317043304,
-0.5451248288154602,
0.24794036149978638,
0.2900710999965668,
0.5120877027511597,
-0.342878133058548,
-0.2583754062652588,
0.046698279678821564,
0.016705932095646858,
-0.5068046450614929,
0.5077756643295288,
-0.2613179385662079,
0.4773505628108978,
-0.1207599937915802,
-0.054245248436927795,
0.28665077686309814,
-0.011114568449556828,
-0.056425951421260834
] |
236543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%20Bock | Ior Bock | Ior Bock (; originally Bror Holger Svedlin; 17 January 1942 – 23 October 2010) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish tour guide, actor, mythologist and eccentric. Bock was a colourful media personality and became a very popular tour guide at the island fortress of Suomenlinna, where he worked from 1973 to 1998.
In 1984, Bock raised public interest and discussion when he claimed that his family line (Boxström) had been keepers of an ancient folklore tradition that provides insight into the pagan culture of Finland, including hitherto unknown autofellatio exercises connected to old fertility rites. These stories are often known as the Bock saga. His eccentric philosophical and mythological theories gained a small international following.
Biography
Birth
According to Bock's autobiographical The Bock Saga, he was born as the result of an incestuous relationship between sea-captain Knut Victor Boxström (1860–1942), who would have been 81 years old at the time, and his daughter Rhea, 42. Knut's only son had been killed in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, and this was a desperate measure to continue the male line and bring the extensive family-saga about heathen times to the public eye. Knut Victor Boxström died shortly after Ior's baptism, one month after his birth. Consequently, he was adopted by Rhea's husband, Bror Gustaf Bertil Svedlin.
In 2004, the freelance journalist Magnus Londen published an article where he claimed that Ior Bock was actually an adopted son of Rhea Boxström-Svedlin and Bror Svedlin. According to Londen, official adoption documents in the National Archive in Helsinki prove that Ior's biological mother was a 23 years old gardening instructor in Porvoo. His father was said to be a Spanish sailor. After Bock's death, a family friend from Sibbo, quoting her mother, supported the adoption claims. In 2003, Bock had answered Londen's queries by explaining that the adoption-theme was a necessary precaution from his mother to hide the incestuous act that led to his birth.
Adolescence
According to Magnus Londen's article, young Holger Svedlin was sent off to an orphanage for one year at age nine. Londen, citing unnamed acquaintances of the Svedlin family, states that Holger (who had adopted the name Ior, meaning Eeyore in Swedish) had displayed irrational behaviour and that his mother had been unable to cope with him since his adopted father had died the previous year. It was during this period that, according to the stories he later told, his twenty years of daily training into the sound system and secret saga of his family began. It was his biological mother as well as his aunt/sister Rachel who taught him for two hours every day, and only when they were away was he in the orphanage.
At the age of 15, under the name of Ior Bockström-Svedlin, he got into training practice as a lighting technician at Svenska Teatern (The Swedish Theatre) in Helsinki. Here he completed his basic education to become a professional actor at age 21.
The shooting death of his brother
In 1962 Ior Svedlin's adopted brother, Erik Svedlin, died by a gunshot at the age of 23. Due to his participation in the situation that led to the death, Ior got a probation of four months, on the grounds of "participation in acts that led to involuntary manslaughter". After his parents' death, Ior Bock (as he was known by then) stated that Erik Svedlin actually committed suicide due to a family drama – as his planned marriage was disapproved of by his family. Erik's fiancé as well as friends have disputed this claim in interviews with Londen. According to Ior Bock's version, to avoid a social scandal, the incident was termed an "accidental death" and explained to be a result of the two brothers "playing around". According to Magnus Londen, the investigation report archived in the police archive in Helsinki states that the brothers had been listening to music while Ior was dancing and playing with a gun. Ior told the police that the gun went off accidentally when he threw it to his brother. Everyone involved considered the incident to be an accident. Ior Bock and others have viewed the article of Magnus Londen as "defamatory".
Professional life and publicity
In the following years Ior Svedlin became a renowned actor, due to engagements at the Swedish theatres in Vaasa, Turku and Helsinki. Apart from guest-plays in Stockholm he also got to direct some smaller productions. Most famous is the TV commercial "The Coral Man", where Ior Svedlin showed his skills both as a director and a dancer.
Due to his family's specific interest and knowledge of Finnish history, Ior Bockström-Svedlin became privately engaged with the history of the 18th century sea fortress Sveaborg () in Helsinki. From 1969 until 1984, when his contract with the Society was terminated, he was employed daily as a tourist guide at the service of the Ehrensvärd Society. According to Magnus Londen, the stories told by Ior Svedlin during his guided tours gradually evolved in a bizarre direction, resulting in a conflict with his employer. From 1984 to 1998 he continued his studies of Sveaborg while guiding on a free-lance basis, using his new name Ior Bock.
Starting in the mid-1970s, Bockström-Svedlin started regularly visiting the well-known hippie paradise Goa on the Arabian Sea coast of India. Every year from October to April he stayed in the small village Chapora, developing a significant crowd of supporters, or apprentices as some back in Finland would call them. According to Ior, he had been occasionally smoking hemp with the consent of his parent from the age of 14 since hemp-growing and smoking had been a tradition in the Bockström-family—until 1965 when the use of cannabis was prohibited. According to Londen, Ior Svedlin was interviewed by the Finnish newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet in 1982 and he was quoted there giving a statement that Londen has found most poignant in yielding a critical perspective on Ior Bock's own biography which he began to present to the public two years thereafter.
After the funeral of his mother Rhea on 23 June 1984, Ior claimed that she had left him a will containing a very specific duty, which was to bring their family-saga to the attention of professional historians as well as the public. The first recordings were done in Swedish in 1984 and 1985 at The Archive of Folklore in Helsinki. Later he gave further outlines and specifics in numerous tapes, and in 1996 the Finnish yogi Juha Javanainen collected some basic extracts in the book Bockin Perheen Saga (Helsinki, 1996).
Excavation of the Temple of Lemminkäinen
In 1987, Ior Bock and his supporters began fund-raising in order to finance excavation of a sediment-filled cave that is situated under the hill 'Sibbosberg', situated north of Gumbostrand in Sipoo, 30 km east of Helsinki – at the estate Bock had inherited from his parents. The cave was supposed to lead to a furnished temple-chamber inside the Sibbosberg, known as the Temple of Lemminkäinen. Inside of the temple chamber, a spiraling hallway is described, with small hall-rooms that were created to hold the collected treasures from each generation from the heathen culture of ancient Finland. The time of ongoing storage is counted in millennia, accumulating a large treasure chamber. The last storage was done in 987 when the entrance-hall was filled and the entrance-door closed and hidden, as foreign warlords would enter the Baltic area and - by the year 1050 - reaching and conquering the major cities of southern Finland.
A number of digs in the cave were made on various occasions during 1987–1998.
Due to the enigmatic statements of the family-saga, The National Board of Antiquities in Finland retracted from involving themselves with the hallway inside the Sibbo Mountain as an archaeological site. The participation of professional archaeologists in the Gumbo excavations has been restricted into a couple of official visits, during which nothing archaeologically significant was observed. In a recent archaeological survey, the Gumbo cave was defined as a natural formation of geological interest. According to the surveying archaeologist, the only man-made feature there is a recent rock carving
In 1990, the police arrested Bock and 33 other participants in the dig on suspicion of the use and distribution of indian hemp. When the court sentenced three of Bock's foreign companions the results were a public scandal and the withdrawal of the sponsor of the excavation, the major construction and roadworks company Lemminkäinen Group. Since then, smaller digs have been made. In 1999, a knife-stabbing left Bock quadriplegic. When Bock was still in hospital, his debts to the Lemminkäinen Group and to a geotechnical contractor (from 1992) were used to instigate a process against him for debts and credits. During Bock's stay in Goa the following winter, his assets were confiscated and his properties sold.
Hoard of the Kajaani castle
Another location of the Bock's stories was the early 17th century stone fort in Kajaani. According to Bock, a castle was situated in the place already in the 13th century, when a royal treasure of Kings of Finland, including a golden buck statue, was hidden in a well in the courtyard of the castle. Some excitement arose when ground-penetrating radar investigations made in 1996 and 2000 suggested that a sizable metal item was located at 4 meters depth of the courtyard of the fort. According to the state archaeologist Henrik Lilius the item was probably an old cannon that could have fallen into the well during the destruction of the fort in 1716. A new investigation made in 2006 was not able to verify the earlier observations. During an archaeological excavation made later in 2006, it was noticed that an electric ground cable had been dug in the courtyard at 40 cm depth. According to the project manager Selja Flink of the National Board of Antiquities, it was most probably the object noticed in the ground-penetrating radar investigations. According to Flink, there is no archaeological or documentary evidence of the well mentioned by Lilius.
Later life
On 3 June 1999, Bock was attacked in his home in Helsinki and stabbed several times. The attack left him a quadriplegic. Until his death at the age of 68, Bock maintained a circle of friends and followers, who were still impressed by his stories and hoped to start again the excavations at the Sibbosberg.
Death
On 23 October 2010, Bock was stabbed to death in his apartment in Helsinki. Police arrested two men, Indian nationals aged 19 and 28, who had shared his apartment and had worked as his personal assistants. The case was investigated as a murder. According to the police, a quarrel had preceded the act of homicide.
The younger suspect was subsequently set free and no longer considered a suspect. The 28-year-old was found not culpable by reason of insanity and in 2011 he was deported to India.
Outline of the Bock Saga
At her funeral on 23 June 1984, Ior claimed that his mother Rhea (Boxström-Svedlin) had left him a very specific duty, confirmed in her will, to bring their ancient and unknown family-saga to the attention of professional historians as well as the public. The first recordings were done in Swedish in 1984 and 1985 at The Archive of Folklore in Helsinki. Later he gave further outlines and specifics in numerous tapes and in 1996 the Finnish writer Juha Javanainen collected some basic extracts in the book Bockin Perheen Saga (Helsinki, 1996).
In his saga Ior Bock employs a distinct etymology, based on the letters of the Scandinavian alphabets (Swedish and Finnish language). To support his (allegedly) historical saga he related it to old Scandinavian folklore, describing a nucleus that is supposed to be the origin of both the Scandinavian and the Finnish cultures. The saga describes a detailed sound system, built on the sounds of the Scandinavian alphabet. Based on this phonology the saga explains an extensive mythology and a chronological, stringent history. The "historical outline" covers a number of topics; from the origin of man before Ice Age and a global caste-system, to the breakup of this global population due to the appearance of the Ice Age, climatic fluctuations and continental drift. The saga explains how this first, tropical culture was divided into ten different kingdoms as life on each continents developed into parallel but different biotops. During the eons of time when ice time proceeded a small group of people, the Aser, who were caught inside the ice of northern Europe – inside the Baltic Ocean. The end of Ice Age broke this isolation and became a "new start" of humanity since all the various populations could now be reached – and reach each other. Regaining contact with the various tropical kingdoms the Aser were instrumental in spreading a "root-system" of words, to develop a common ground for communication and exchange between the various cultures. Since the legendary "deluge" (Younger Dryas) 10,000 years ago, the connections rapidly established and similar cultures started on all the different continents, leading to parallel cultures on the respective continents, leading to the ethnicities, constitutions and civilizations we know as Stone Age and Classical Antiquity.
During these millennia, the Asers were drafting and cultivating their intercontinental connections, enhancing the exchange of knowledge, skills and produce worldwide. The purpose was to produce common features and grounds for language and culture, through the exchange of procreators, skills, crafts, arts and architecture. Their method was co-operation between parallel constitutions of royals, nobilities and laymen. According to the saga the Eurasian monarchies were established shortly after the Ice Age. From the one arctic group of people that survived Ice Age, called "Aser", only three families were first made to explore the Eurasian north – and leave offspring in their respective regions; east, west and south of the Baltic Ocean. These offspring became the core-families of three major kingdoms, who managed to grow into the societies that managed to populate western, central and eastern Europe. Within the open lands of northern Eurasia, the royals were producing 'houses' of nobility to inhabit and populate the various regions and there found a third cast of offspring, called Earls, to produce structured societies within their respective shires and villages.
The Bock saga explains that the historical kingdoms of Eurasia descended from the three kingdoms found by the Aser already during early Stone Age. Similar constitutions are claimed to have existed already in the southern hemisphere, on all other continents. Since the ancestry of all these tropical and arctic royals would lead back to a common source, the word "All-father" was recognized by them all as a common origin of all human beings. Thus the renewed contact and resurrection of common roots and goals resulted in a positive contact and exchange, producing a worldwide net of genetic and academic exchange – leading to the innovations, produce and trade of agriculture, metals and alloys that led to advanced arts, tools, craft and technology.
A major theme in the poetry and prose of the Bock saga is the exposure of the ancient fertility cultures of antiquity, whose legal traditions – based on inheritance – where contradictory to the interest of foreign invaders and illegal regimes. Consequently, to handle an occupied population, the religions of the Middle Ages exercised an absolute repression of all the old fertility rituals, since they required and recreated the memory of the old codexes. Consequently, the heathen traditions of sexual visibility and identification was massively condemned and sanctioned with the most severe of punishments. One such heathen tradition was that of drinking the "divine vine" or the "water of wisdom", which literally refers to the female sap (ejaculate) and the male sperm.
According to the saga the pagan traditions were based on a naturalistic philosophy, where it was regarded a virtue to "save and not spill ones semen or female ejaculate". This could be done by sharing the liquids in a "69" or by practicing autofellatio – which the family-saga names sauna-solmu. The Finnish expression for this "sacred vines" would be Viisauden Vesi—the water of wisdom, which in other traditions are known under cryptic terms such as "The Water of Life", "The Seeds of Life", "The Nectar of The Gods" or "The Elixir of the Blessed". In the early Christian context these classical issues were mistranslated, to "blood" and "flesh", to stigmatize the pagan peoples as wild beasts, vampires and cannibals. Paradoxically, the liturgy is still defining "the flesh and blood of Jesus" as our most sacred rite, the communion. Even if the tools of the communion today are explained to be "purely allegorical" their origin are still to be explained. In fact however, origins of the communion are well known, the communion has little in common with mentioned traditions, and in Catholicism it is not allegorical.
While the men would learn how to "curl up" in a "sauna-knot" and drink directly from their "clubs", the women would normally ingest their mahla, female ejaculation, with a straw. According to the Bock Saga this used to be a collective tradition amongst men and women, where "heart-friends" (of the same sex) would share each other's liquids as a special favor and sacrament, to enhance their respective fertility and vitalize their neurological energy. The saga claims that within the heathen cultures this recycling of sperm and sap was obligatory at the age of 7, when it was combined with yoga exercises.
In popular culture
In 1994, Kingston Wall, a Finnish psychedelic rock group included the core of Bock's mythic symbolism on their last album, Tri-Logy. The saga was described in the CD booklet and some of the song lyrics featured themes from it.
References
Further reading
Bock, Ior. Bockin perheen saaga : Väinämöisen mytologia. Synchronicity. 1996
Londen, Magnus. . https://www.magnuslonden.net/fi/artikkelit/haastattelut/article-64846-28436-holgerin-saaga-alias-ior-bockin-tarina. Luettu 30. joulukuuta 2021
Javanainen, Juha. Ior Bockin yhteistyö Ehrensvärd-seuran kanssa. iorbock.fi. Luettu 1. syyskuuta 2006
Kirkkoherra kielsi muinaistarujen jumalien muistotulet. Helsingin Sanomat. Kesäkuu 1884.
Lipponen, Ulla. SKSÄ 375–376. 1984. Nauhoitettu 2.10.1984 Helsinki. Kertoja Ior Svedlin.
Valtteri Väkevä: "Missä hän on nyt". Helsingin Sanomat/Kuukausiliite, 2007, nro Kesäkuu, s. 86.
Heydemann, Klaus. Filmography – Klaus Heydemann. talvi.com. Luettu 8. toukokuuta 2007
Similä, Ville: Näin puhui guru. Helsingin Sanomat, 8. lokakuuta 2004. Sanoma Osakeyhtiö. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 2.9.2007.
External links
Bock Saga Website Official Bock Saga Website
IorBock.fi – Official Website
BockSaga.de – English and German
BockSaga.no
Bocksaga channel at YouTube
Films
"Who in the Hel Is Ior Bock?" – (Documentary, 2018)
"Bock Saga: Welcome to Hel" – (Documentary, 2015)
"Bock Saga: Welcome to Rajasthan" – (Documentary, 2016)
"Bock Saga: Welcome to Altlantis" – (Documentary, 2016)
"Back to Lemminkäinen" – (Documentary series, Season 1, 2020)
1942 births
2010 deaths
Finnish victims of crime
Finnish mythology
Finnish people with disabilities
Male actors from Helsinki
People with tetraplegia
Place of birth missing
Storytellers
Swedish-speaking Finns
Tour guides
People murdered in Finland
Finnish murder victims
Deaths by stabbing in Finland
Finnish adoptees
Finnish people of Spanish descent | [
-0.2314034253358841,
0.6467132568359375,
-0.05012054368853569,
-0.08169560879468918,
0.20010678470134735,
0.5404226779937744,
0.7473334670066833,
0.15364797413349152,
-0.20316042006015778,
0.5988226532936096,
-0.5639070868492126,
0.42094045877456665,
-0.05331643670797348,
0.09363522380590439,
0.24828261137008667,
-0.047876935452222824,
-0.035166386514902115,
0.14011423289775848,
-0.8583089113235474,
-0.10975752025842667,
-0.08737768232822418,
-0.21407125890254974,
0.46569517254829407,
0.41756993532180786,
-0.5951542258262634,
0.5339311957359314,
-0.46728742122650146,
-0.0447746179997921,
-0.3779626786708832,
0.02085999771952629,
-0.20889924466609955,
0.25880271196365356,
0.23401956260204315,
-0.4906543791294098,
-0.7406129240989685,
0.6234148740768433,
-0.35435745120048523,
-0.2833063006401062,
-0.02295060083270073,
0.6369126439094543,
0.06547803431749344,
0.374021053314209,
0.06147366017103195,
0.13792046904563904,
-0.7935114502906799,
-0.5288735628128052,
-1.6299129724502563,
0.7412062287330627,
-0.5090607404708862,
0.14543338119983673,
-0.20257417857646942,
0.2008439600467682,
0.33061230182647705,
0.041497569531202316,
0.4022327959537506,
-0.23451372981071472,
-0.7860813140869141,
-0.2974250912666321,
0.0973789170384407,
-0.22946912050247192,
0.4784930348396301,
-0.12504063546657562,
0.5242741703987122,
-0.6418744921684265,
0.005487028509378433,
0.21297262609004974,
0.15447302162647247,
0.2725087106227875,
-0.07256070524454117,
-0.21552404761314392,
0.11916650831699371,
1.0814605951309204,
0.12434810400009155,
-0.2861381471157074,
0.33615484833717346,
-0.6139624714851379,
0.021682780236005783,
0.4630768597126007,
-0.3579874038696289,
-0.1613837480545044,
-0.1113581731915474,
-0.29980477690696716,
0.5886555314064026,
0.4203161299228668,
-0.007843871600925922,
-0.465225487947464,
-0.2609602212905884,
0.35881999135017395,
-0.290884792804718,
-0.6576105952262878,
-0.5516960620880127,
-0.6499687433242798,
0.3630155622959137,
0.3230397701263428,
0.15452328324317932,
0.1873643845319748,
-0.03725874051451683,
0.20348575711250305,
-0.19085612893104553,
-0.07317958772182465,
0.5398093461990356,
0.10206359624862671,
0.17956086993217468,
-0.31570523977279663,
-0.1007021889090538,
0.14483642578125,
0.40900519490242004,
0.24845898151397705,
-0.3925902545452118,
0.21775183081626892,
-1.233227014541626,
-0.17816540598869324,
0.06951198726892471,
0.04039923474192619,
0.02707521989941597,
0.13410300016403198,
-0.3202325403690338,
-0.5011492967605591,
-0.28658327460289,
0.4469255208969116,
0.039554186165332794,
0.14901041984558105,
-0.3782975375652313,
0.13002924621105194,
-0.4560547173023224,
0.014055767096579075,
-0.6553805470466614,
0.09999404847621918,
-0.6064630150794983,
-0.09280890226364136,
0.3881339430809021,
0.32675760984420776,
-0.2829676866531372,
-0.11149375885725021,
-0.24018634855747223,
0.006341183092445135,
0.4442347586154938,
0.052161164581775665,
-0.2977561056613922,
0.31151849031448364,
-0.43983951210975647,
-0.7173750400543213,
-0.8542920351028442,
0.2533366084098816,
0.47286614775657654,
-0.011259619146585464,
-0.3726530373096466,
-0.4754939675331116,
0.0179731547832489,
-0.1413966715335846,
-0.3062881827354431,
0.18473385274410248,
0.3904707431793213,
-0.9097220301628113,
-0.025927551090717316,
0.7642053365707397,
0.14555634558200836,
-0.21181239187717438,
0.49777647852897644,
-0.6014946699142456,
0.6824752688407898,
0.3007974624633789,
-0.4867682456970215,
-0.3949931561946869,
0.37666407227516174,
0.01689792424440384,
-0.0018170323455706239,
0.3370131254196167,
-0.03093913570046425,
0.008401863276958466,
-0.12337419390678406,
0.05747247859835625,
0.7984370589256287,
0.5326493978500366,
-0.5293869972229004,
0.6774424314498901,
0.24044892191886902,
-0.0265630092471838,
-0.25120604038238525,
-0.3256535530090332,
-1.0084540843963623,
-0.5245521664619446,
-0.22126343846321106,
-0.07071781903505325,
0.3481561839580536,
0.05606568604707718,
-0.06222810968756676,
-0.12838144600391388,
0.7763826847076416,
0.09340076893568039,
-0.5966953635215759,
-0.4970237612724304,
0.4701615571975708,
0.17035765945911407,
0.8026140928268433,
-0.15840445458889008,
-0.3989240825176239,
0.3498246967792511,
0.23284286260604858,
0.41637271642684937,
-0.5255032181739807,
-0.658926248550415,
0.18895012140274048,
0.30908843874931335,
0.03142114356160164,
0.5183722376823425,
0.49320143461227417,
0.19947423040866852,
0.22804731130599976,
0.0931025967001915,
0.07960168272256851,
-0.8335870504379272,
0.3693704903125763,
0.5214521288871765,
-0.06707285344600677,
-0.4459323287010193,
-0.41679853200912476,
-0.26085343956947327,
0.26614952087402344,
-0.08464305102825165,
0.3928888440132141,
0.49581611156463623,
-0.5355339050292969,
-0.07242539525032043,
-0.06603283435106277,
1.135069489479065,
-0.03337369114160538,
-0.13408279418945312,
0.4678334593772888,
-0.8274812698364258,
-0.16966612637043,
-0.08185171335935593,
0.01599952019751072,
-0.2188156396150589,
0.08126945048570633,
0.06144849956035614,
0.44794392585754395,
-0.14052057266235352,
-0.12681791186332703,
-0.45668038725852966,
0.3530998229980469,
0.2170671671628952,
-0.6644852757453918,
0.5214676856994629,
0.617128312587738,
0.2604426145553589,
0.025815902277827263,
0.13262122869491577,
-0.5294502377510071,
0.41127467155456543,
0.17795902490615845,
0.2970012426376343,
0.04222485423088074,
-0.09498784691095352,
0.11180753260850906,
-0.19003643095493317,
0.661553680896759,
0.3000239133834839,
0.3015967011451721,
0.6945163607597351,
0.3498249650001526,
-0.030906379222869873,
0.08152908086776733,
-0.09972787648439407,
-0.1765105128288269,
0.16834278404712677,
-0.050630100071430206,
-1.0622440576553345,
0.4541855752468109,
-0.14039652049541473,
-0.16743870079517365,
-0.4205363392829895,
-0.26597920060157776,
0.5623672008514404,
0.20485883951187134,
0.16040579974651337,
-0.6354222893714905,
-0.18762673437595367,
-0.19076934456825256,
-0.03171074762940407,
-0.05549072474241257,
0.4129466116428375,
-0.3312067687511444,
-0.2526548206806183,
-0.43940386176109314,
-0.2731180489063263,
-0.9159741997718811,
0.00026460003573447466,
0.2572600245475769,
-0.10466249287128448,
-0.1771404892206192,
0.9871649146080017,
0.24205228686332703,
0.14814603328704834,
-0.3038531243801117,
-0.05558578670024872,
0.1383017897605896,
0.09660238772630692,
0.06226085498929024,
0.005903209559619427,
-0.5425176024436951,
0.23105615377426147,
-0.26644614338874817,
0.1329459547996521,
0.6676533818244934,
0.6735114455223083,
0.13897503912448883,
-0.06761786341667175,
-5.644110679626465,
0.2839961051940918,
0.4527856707572937,
-0.2288164496421814,
0.45984238386154175,
0.4585895836353302,
0.27416151762008667,
-0.189157173037529,
0.28270643949508667,
-0.08855714648962021,
0.47866326570510864,
-0.050996240228414536,
-0.049028534442186356,
0.9156452417373657,
0.2067783623933792,
0.35883089900016785,
-0.1566726267337799,
0.3150119483470917,
-0.2910741865634918,
0.7310678362846375,
-0.34691277146339417,
-0.16703613102436066,
0.00903262011706829,
0.11617106944322586,
-0.37017571926116943,
0.1850285679101944,
-0.5872465968132019,
0.40393441915512085,
-0.824674665927887,
-0.2729586958885193,
-0.15230365097522736,
-0.10524334758520126,
-0.12694527208805084,
-0.3012385666370392,
-0.2030850648880005,
-0.30888399481773376,
0.3976723849773407,
0.09936879575252533,
0.04239276424050331,
-0.16075044870376587,
-0.4734840393066406,
0.274544894695282,
-0.3999437689781189,
0.1336517333984375,
0.5809080004692078,
-0.21036949753761292,
-0.48713821172714233,
-0.2039850503206253,
0.08006654679775238,
0.22977998852729797,
0.3864137530326843,
-0.20447991788387299,
0.23778097331523895,
0.03619120270013809,
0.5113017559051514,
-0.18928644061088562,
0.16815856099128723,
0.5018123984336853,
-0.5491262078285217,
-0.03132995218038559,
0.17214828729629517,
0.202040433883667,
-0.40787070989608765,
-0.25375065207481384,
-0.14232178032398224,
0.12940311431884766,
0.6410846710205078,
0.2769155502319336,
0.37487924098968506,
-0.7484645843505859,
0.0017256131395697594,
0.6336798667907715,
0.04006030037999153,
-1.3132742643356323,
-0.18380498886108398,
-0.4696934223175049,
0.38807418942451477,
-0.3078441023826599,
-0.8233976364135742,
-0.101531021296978,
-0.7719048261642456,
-0.4144703149795532,
-0.2037743180990219,
0.332038938999176,
0.7917664051055908,
0.10014507174491882,
-0.19663770496845245,
0.27777794003486633,
0.04063829779624939,
-0.26250842213630676,
-0.11896266043186188,
-0.42331498861312866,
-0.2909822463989258,
0.23013950884342194,
-0.060002297163009644,
0.16908276081085205,
-0.1642448604106903,
0.5511462688446045,
0.49227118492126465,
0.38437217473983765,
-0.019147010520100594,
-0.534821629524231,
0.4096043109893799,
-0.06130183860659599,
0.2677735984325409,
0.08374107629060745,
0.3130299150943756,
0.3239367604255676,
0.8412870168685913,
0.1709374487400055,
0.06447946280241013,
1.0318647623062134,
-0.1556541919708252,
-0.4292846620082855,
0.09322576224803925,
-0.09539207071065903,
0.17769798636436462,
0.5041173696517944,
0.5548969507217407,
0.32557159662246704,
-0.752525806427002,
0.15594398975372314,
0.0025188662111759186,
-0.09843947738409042,
0.27362948656082153,
0.05238352343440056,
-0.15710364282131195,
-0.2646426260471344,
0.07255017757415771,
0.04755152389407158,
-0.8377178907394409,
0.7997085452079773,
0.5770675539970398,
0.4195801019668579,
0.5436453819274902,
-0.27780869603157043,
-0.4155663847923279,
-0.0812409445643425,
0.30656901001930237,
-0.18516066670417786,
0.2783527374267578,
-0.6468562483787537,
0.2559807300567627,
0.7318329811096191,
-0.376764178276062,
0.1354915201663971,
-0.32711493968963623,
0.5419100522994995,
-0.21919074654579163,
0.5511957406997681,
0.2653236389160156,
0.351413369178772,
0.5081490874290466,
-0.16728787124156952,
-0.4628339111804962,
0.20910800993442535,
-0.9920336604118347,
-0.0704585462808609,
0.07660666108131409,
0.18567721545696259,
0.40925148129463196,
-0.5373305678367615,
-0.8503768444061279,
0.2417202740907669,
-0.30142349004745483,
0.21816189587116241,
-0.09562263637781143,
-0.47145792841911316,
-0.6135062575340271,
0.28272587060928345,
-0.27194806933403015,
-0.32236072421073914,
-0.6095244288444519,
0.23180803656578064,
0.06847644597291946,
0.06648849695920944,
-0.41822779178619385,
-0.3874959647655487,
0.2672596573829651,
-0.16955138742923737,
0.21946407854557037,
0.7442567348480225,
-0.5038514733314514,
0.13128219544887543,
0.13472644984722137,
-0.4400021433830261,
-0.2957759201526642,
-0.5184329748153687,
0.16800031065940857,
0.10498910397291183,
0.3221814036369324,
0.41875699162483215,
0.1116771474480629,
0.373559832572937,
-0.21937084197998047,
-0.15313221514225006,
0.13866007328033447,
-0.0004052711301483214,
0.17454545199871063,
0.5478391051292419,
0.2442127764225006,
-0.3121595084667206,
-0.27045950293540955,
-0.5069324374198914,
0.43121427297592163,
-0.4471110701560974,
-0.2714323103427887,
0.28578197956085205,
0.17048101127147675,
0.5871360898017883,
-1.0475609302520752,
-0.8949698209762573,
-0.5588780641555786,
0.11916163563728333,
-0.4754225015640259,
0.18016792833805084,
0.35904908180236816,
-0.2702215611934662,
-0.3013465106487274,
-0.3462587296962738,
-0.6558910608291626,
0.06023995578289032,
-0.2683992385864258,
-0.18144391477108002,
-0.4165651202201843,
-0.10027333348989487,
0.05900738760828972,
-0.3163204789161682,
0.8166237473487854,
-0.16345015168190002,
0.46072831749916077,
-0.23495440185070038,
-0.23997806012630463,
0.2513130009174347,
-0.5041765570640564,
0.16569183766841888,
0.15115614235401154,
0.40496203303337097,
-0.030558409169316292,
0.5172408819198608,
0.901218056678772,
0.482622355222702,
0.03866548463702202,
0.27375397086143494,
-0.14744652807712555,
0.5775507092475891,
-0.17204444110393524,
-0.17560578882694244,
0.01621135324239731,
-0.19260381162166595,
0.5046407580375671,
-0.16820095479488373,
-0.3703462481498718,
-0.018447719514369965,
0.8733504414558411,
-0.8359315395355225,
0.6832931637763977,
-0.19865232706069946,
0.10511381924152374,
-0.14383605122566223,
-0.04462148994207382,
-0.04648243263363838,
0.3230510652065277,
-0.18586350977420807,
-0.1398586481809616,
0.140531986951828,
-0.3210533559322357,
-0.38276422023773193,
0.10895954817533493,
-0.1613796055316925,
-0.053894493728876114,
-0.09913844615221024,
-0.05628291890025139,
-0.3098551630973816,
-0.85080486536026,
0.05015747249126434,
0.563734233379364,
-0.4628133475780487,
0.16601012647151947,
-0.3004591763019562,
-0.5273601412773132,
0.5870704054832458,
-0.2565228044986725,
-0.3203342854976654,
-0.462388813495636,
-0.4219277799129486,
0.04650100693106651,
-0.26240968704223633,
-0.2909213900566101,
0.5779686570167542,
-0.6140751838684082,
0.39759379625320435,
-0.3138023614883423,
0.6954744458198547,
0.2046583741903305,
-0.16131705045700073,
-0.3042346239089966,
0.7494149208068848,
-0.6233289837837219,
0.40574824810028076,
-0.18293526768684387,
0.010680089704692364,
0.4430142343044281,
-0.22458265721797943,
0.14435912668704987,
0.027730269357562065,
-0.1959935575723648,
-0.6645923852920532,
-0.3179000914096832,
0.31352317333221436,
0.20274889469146729,
0.19075393676757812,
-0.16959945857524872,
0.586334764957428,
-0.1928725689649582,
-0.494903028011322,
0.26268184185028076,
-0.36689576506614685,
-0.5140478014945984,
-0.15107446908950806,
0.36336883902549744,
0.1350942850112915,
0.30565619468688965,
-0.5083261132240295,
0.7700279951095581,
0.7029080986976624,
0.871953547000885,
-0.1609502136707306,
-0.2320622056722641,
0.5723474025726318,
-0.240488663315773,
-0.603243887424469,
0.409826397895813,
0.5399320125579834,
-0.10437346994876862,
-0.1958000212907791,
0.5310533046722412,
-0.7393298745155334,
-0.06259743869304657,
0.17929136753082275,
-0.5313467979431152,
1.1075849533081055,
-0.5330670475959778,
0.17182840406894684,
0.27459201216697693,
-0.03780115395784378,
-0.22746267914772034,
0.2588101923465729,
-0.5129355192184448,
-0.1873778998851776,
0.3819621503353119,
-0.07985933125019073,
0.030574599280953407,
-1.2602218389511108,
0.2920524775981903,
0.10962510854005814,
-0.05116388574242592,
-0.4586000442504883,
-0.4869210720062256,
0.3533127009868622,
0.23449237644672394,
-0.27521973848342896,
0.7508825659751892,
0.20023085176944733,
0.11250726133584976,
-0.45627152919769287,
-0.42497745156288147,
-0.848772406578064,
0.4305664598941803,
0.40504980087280273,
0.24523378908634186,
-0.033013783395290375,
-0.8763436675071716,
0.2703646421432495,
0.3660683035850525,
0.2597385048866272,
0.6879302859306335,
-0.03099440038204193,
-0.1970018744468689,
0.04002806544303894,
-0.5409974455833435,
0.07708733528852463,
0.4133443832397461,
-0.19102413952350616,
0.38553690910339355,
-0.2538962662220001,
0.16494205594062805,
-0.06047847867012024,
-0.04995550960302353,
0.09087173640727997,
0.6537365317344666,
-0.506198525428772,
-0.11984594166278839,
0.6303825378417969,
-0.481026291847229,
-0.6123110055923462,
-0.5430637001991272,
0.0347527377307415,
0.03728655353188515,
-0.04136546701192856,
0.08703656494617462,
0.3790597915649414,
0.4200334846973419,
-0.2525603771209717,
-0.4091576933860779,
0.43279439210891724,
-0.25951215624809265,
0.05593713000416756,
-0.307933509349823,
0.17040319740772247,
0.2786101996898651,
0.09386027604341507,
-0.10626395046710968,
-0.005013721529394388,
-0.11810373514890671,
-0.053978268057107925,
0.6501810550689697,
-0.031283795833587646,
-0.11997164040803909,
-0.28993451595306396,
-0.3174687325954437,
0.10014689713716507,
0.3660221993923187,
-0.03727412596344948,
-0.5448958873748779,
0.6949305534362793,
0.007893119007349014,
-0.32099243998527527,
-0.5804851651191711,
0.10435212403535843,
-0.17448179423809052,
-0.08329632133245468,
-0.16159388422966003,
-0.11260015517473221,
0.04785027727484703,
-0.8876755833625793,
0.7070647478103638,
0.694119930267334,
0.5679866075515747,
-0.47507908940315247,
0.5233668088912964,
0.329566091299057,
0.022712716832756996,
-0.28380924463272095,
0.20236513018608093,
0.1699252873659134,
-0.07914065569639206,
-0.2454543113708496,
-0.04764285311102867,
-0.26812490820884705,
-0.09510791301727295,
-0.8318213820457458,
0.4216625690460205,
-0.6375789046287537,
-0.039492327719926834,
0.006632373668253422,
-0.013632971793413162,
0.34668946266174316,
0.6274533867835999,
-0.25399577617645264
] |
236549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta | Yalta | Yalta (: Я́лта) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea. It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality, one of the regions within Crimea. The population as of the last Census was
The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita. It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore (Γιαλός, yalos in Greek) on which to land. It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea, surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri. It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards.
The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945.
The term "Greater Yalta" is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements.
History
12th–19th centuries
The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer, who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement. It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century, when it was known as Etalita or Galita. Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe (Feodosiya). Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, along with the rest of Crimea, sparking the Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792. Prior to the annexation of the Crimea, the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778; one of the villages they established nearby is also called Yalta.
In the 19th century, the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry. Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house (the White Dacha) here, where he lived till 1902; Yalta is the setting for Chekhov's short story, "The Lady with the Dog", and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta. The town was also closely associated with royalty. In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911.
20th century
During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin issued a decree "On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People" which endorsed the region's transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians. Numerous workers' sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district. There were, in fact, few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday, as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful. The Soviet elite also came to Yalta; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence.
Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944.
The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the "Big Three" powers – the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace.
21st century
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Yalta has struggled economically. Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts, now that they had the freedom and money to travel; conversely, the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta. The town's transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea. The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta (almost 90 km). Yalta is crowded in the vacation season (July–August) and prices for accommodation are very high. Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union; in 2013, about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships.
Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea. People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year, and it also serves as a place to gather and talk, to see and be seen. There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade. The town has several movie theaters, a drama theater, plenty of restaurants, and several open-air markets.
Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010, these were the first beaches (with two beaches in Yevpatoria) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state.
In 2014, the Russian Military entered Crimea and claimed it as part of Russia.
Main sights
Famous attractions within or near Yalta are:
Yalta's Sea Promenade (Naberezhnaya), housing many attractions, which was renovated in 2003 and 2004.
Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta, an Armenian Church, with frescoes by V. Surenyants
A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov
Yalta's cable car, taking visitors to the Darsan hill, from which one can see Yalta's shoreline
Renovated Hotel Taurica, the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, constructed by the architect Krasnov, who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P. Terebenyov
Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel, built in the style of a Gothic castle
Palace of Bukhara Emir
Yalta's Zoo
Yalta's Aquarium, housing small dolphins
Park-museum Polyana Skazok (Glade of Fairytales)
White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov
House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka
House with Caryatids, where the composer A. Spendiarov lived
Yalta Hotel Complex
Roffe Bath, historical monument
Moreover, Yalta's suburbs contain:
Foros Church
Nikitsky Botanical Garden (Nikita)
Livadia Palace (Livadiya)
Organ hall in Livadiya
Massandra Palace (Massandra)
Massandra Winery and Vaults
International children's centre of Artek(Gurzuf)
Ai-Petri Mountain (1233 metres high, with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain)
Alupka Palace
Swallow's Nest castle near Gaspra.
Tsar's Path hiking trail
Geography
Climate
As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and, within an amphitheatre of hills, the climate is mild. Yalta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate. According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do (oceanic.) In February, the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter. In July, the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months. The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year. Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea, the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes. The average annual temperature for Yalta is .
Demographics
As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001, the population of Yalta is 80,500. The main ethnic groups of Yalta are: Russians (65.5%), Ukrainians (25.7%), Belarusians (1.6%), and Crimean Tatars (1.3%). The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue.
This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns. The metropolitan area population is about 139,500.
Twin towns – sister cities
Yalta is twinned with:
Antalya, Turkey
Baden-Baden, Germany
Batumi, Georgia
Eilat, Israel
Fujisawa, Japan
Grozny, Russia
Kaluga, Russia
Santa Barbara, United States
Khachmaz, Azerbaijan
Latakia, Syria
Luhansk, Ukraine
Margate, England, United Kingdom
Nice, France
Pozzuoli, Italy
Rhodes, Greece
Salsomaggiore Terme, Italy
Sanya, China
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Ulan-Ude, Russia
Vladikavkaz, Russia
References
External links
The murder of the Jews of Yalta during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
Cities in Crimea
Yaltinsky Uyezd
Populated coastal places in Ukraine
Populated coastal places in Russia
Port cities and towns in Ukraine
Port cities and towns in Russia
Seaside resorts in Ukraine
Seaside resorts in Russia
Yalta Municipality
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Port cities of the Black Sea
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Russia
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Greek colonies in Crimea | [
0.1860080361366272,
0.1848026067018509,
0.35149112343788147,
-0.21763625741004944,
-0.11808986961841583,
0.4723104238510132,
0.44873952865600586,
0.45050138235092163,
-0.08949000388383865,
0.19394758343696594,
-0.6964303255081177,
-0.14179396629333496,
-0.5691805481910706,
0.6550084948539734,
-0.16679492592811584,
0.6281746029853821,
0.4252832233905792,
0.3015519678592682,
-0.02613602764904499,
-0.054958753287792206,
0.30015555024147034,
-0.24032732844352722,
0.660313606262207,
0.025527099147439003,
0.23011712729930878,
-0.7640224695205688,
0.269740492105484,
0.569043755531311,
-0.2525787055492401,
0.4069632589817047,
-0.6362038254737854,
0.4361882209777832,
-0.6804705262184143,
-0.11214394867420197,
0.0356174074113369,
0.6412147879600525,
-0.253520667552948,
0.03868354111909866,
-0.7256573438644409,
-0.7864516973495483,
-0.09191697090864182,
0.23257315158843994,
0.4313831031322479,
0.00006319025851553306,
0.16932083666324615,
-0.2880808115005493,
-0.7019568085670471,
0.7225573658943176,
-0.41664189100265503,
-0.06887298822402954,
-0.38397833704948425,
0.23823246359825134,
0.13292217254638672,
0.2104797214269638,
-0.012920437380671501,
0.40403106808662415,
-0.8394829630851746,
0.2001476287841797,
-0.1380620151758194,
0.1672493815422058,
0.19844867289066315,
0.6899511218070984,
-0.21839429438114166,
0.3968558609485626,
0.7756932377815247,
0.15016505122184753,
-0.2313399761915207,
0.04390264302492142,
0.20154689252376556,
-0.13335955142974854,
-0.14030146598815918,
0.02747122012078762,
-0.22717905044555664,
-0.2867932617664337,
-0.2972375154495239,
0.08968938142061234,
-0.6026212573051453,
-0.021531082689762115,
0.25158703327178955,
0.5889220237731934,
0.2808168828487396,
-0.3534393906593323,
0.779209315776825,
-0.035995181649923325,
0.5429248809814453,
-0.3448576033115387,
-0.3843883275985718,
0.16995300352573395,
-0.7815245389938354,
0.17244364321231842,
0.07994935661554337,
0.22569148242473602,
0.4858276844024658,
-0.1734151840209961,
-0.018212616443634033,
-0.21861986815929413,
-0.4204776883125305,
0.5862081050872803,
-0.29225826263427734,
0.182558074593544,
-0.4654071033000946,
0.10073505342006683,
0.10762210935354233,
0.11470671743154526,
-0.069334976375103,
-0.6956110596656799,
-0.4883725047111511,
0.1300772726535797,
0.4396094083786011,
0.13551810383796692,
-0.7488992810249329,
0.14695045351982117,
0.3086744248867035,
0.12581615149974823,
-0.12145834416151047,
0.006992613896727562,
-0.16991892457008362,
-0.33765867352485657,
0.2303854078054428,
-0.5483816266059875,
0.515538215637207,
0.030597923323512077,
-0.2382824569940567,
0.05393301695585251,
-0.1726122349500656,
-0.454065203666687,
0.431657999753952,
0.3779592514038086,
-0.909481406211853,
0.3664768934249878,
0.03757201507687569,
0.37498024106025696,
-0.42942002415657043,
0.6163011193275452,
0.06224406883120537,
0.19551078975200653,
0.06739777326583862,
-0.3349747061729431,
0.5905953049659729,
0.21668443083763123,
-0.9720802903175354,
0.2429228127002716,
-0.590514063835144,
-0.04367338493466377,
-0.019311632961034775,
-0.15699924528598785,
0.2290593385696411,
-0.6566464900970459,
-0.19835682213306427,
-0.8623432517051697,
-0.08398877084255219,
0.43816444277763367,
-0.34549206495285034,
0.18878763914108276,
-0.4068950116634369,
-0.5251614451408386,
0.8398560881614685,
-0.11037235707044601,
0.37138012051582336,
-0.18151460587978363,
0.28762325644493103,
0.13767500221729279,
0.3447287082672119,
0.2455926090478897,
-0.008351588621735573,
-0.2156720906496048,
0.4424358904361725,
-0.023102259263396263,
0.10175128281116486,
0.5419273972511292,
0.17384415864944458,
0.16196684539318085,
0.7269322276115417,
0.3721426725387573,
-0.11718636751174927,
-0.30716264247894287,
0.20673887431621552,
0.571815013885498,
0.16341887414455414,
0.014575988054275513,
-0.5055617094039917,
0.506942868232727,
-0.3434092104434967,
0.41864052414894104,
0.15171639621257782,
-0.06171185150742531,
0.31147655844688416,
0.19326132535934448,
-0.11177901923656464,
-0.11500336974859238,
0.21959111094474792,
-0.5723152160644531,
-0.8186996579170227,
0.20662923157215118,
0.7503708004951477,
0.12229323387145996,
-0.5865311622619629,
0.3423899710178375,
-0.17288838326931,
0.9939501285552979,
-0.5962674617767334,
-0.03612055256962776,
0.21505533158779144,
-0.18216504156589508,
-0.18546536564826965,
0.29244402050971985,
0.21531148254871368,
0.3489536941051483,
-0.22849611937999725,
0.9578360319137573,
0.13235855102539062,
-1.0559372901916504,
0.6018195748329163,
-0.12067840248346329,
-0.31814172863960266,
-0.7086254358291626,
-0.6764410734176636,
-0.1460943967103958,
0.1241467148065567,
0.11341804265975952,
0.7348523736000061,
0.47951436042785645,
-0.3071618974208832,
-0.1660914570093155,
0.11762544512748718,
0.15274742245674133,
0.20930606126785278,
0.3147144913673401,
-0.2281799614429474,
-0.4529154300689697,
-0.2858480215072632,
0.33554747700691223,
0.36685189604759216,
0.11359547078609467,
0.13333694636821747,
-0.38849306106567383,
0.1591741144657135,
-0.22626304626464844,
0.33852171897888184,
-0.31182992458343506,
0.14753952622413635,
0.11324557662010193,
0.24569739401340485,
0.3786154091358185,
0.4876457452774048,
0.2004261463880539,
0.2695249021053314,
0.3038744628429413,
0.034248970448970795,
-0.3487379848957062,
0.09552199393510818,
0.17282098531723022,
-0.062426090240478516,
0.1913340836763382,
-0.0003962471382692456,
-0.4319016933441162,
-0.03172485902905464,
0.1059095561504364,
0.16923661530017853,
0.053998518735170364,
-0.2735644280910492,
0.18089120090007782,
-0.10505788028240204,
0.1290167272090912,
0.30362191796302795,
0.12020223587751389,
0.22198233008384705,
-0.6627487540245056,
0.4179849624633789,
0.4709354341030121,
0.26180022954940796,
-0.12959711253643036,
-0.2751159369945526,
0.08291541785001755,
-0.52079838514328,
-0.09875055402517319,
-0.10874409973621368,
0.05652052164077759,
-0.6910730600357056,
-0.1452668011188507,
0.21580073237419128,
0.3198055624961853,
0.15078820288181305,
-0.5645146369934082,
-0.45376279950141907,
-0.7170478701591492,
-0.42357903718948364,
-0.35062175989151,
-0.43167248368263245,
-0.46340280771255493,
-0.2794235944747925,
-0.13131330907344818,
0.23387271165847778,
0.15763089060783386,
-0.6660667657852173,
-0.10216805338859558,
-0.03235607594251633,
0.15715643763542175,
0.6526603102684021,
-0.4479632079601288,
-0.7320154905319214,
-0.0890144407749176,
-0.3082103133201599,
-0.05071422830224037,
0.48487988114356995,
-0.15826615691184998,
-0.2676957845687866,
0.08143222332000732,
-5.654941558837891,
0.06061023101210594,
-0.46330681443214417,
-0.15690428018569946,
0.24924930930137634,
-0.23701295256614685,
0.5928921699523926,
-0.19438792765140533,
0.13513734936714172,
-0.16825824975967407,
-0.37856242060661316,
0.13217729330062866,
-0.4502100944519043,
0.4560622274875641,
0.8647418022155762,
0.23527850210666656,
0.47267353534698486,
-0.33955803513526917,
0.23400162160396576,
-0.22155959904193878,
-0.2426638901233673,
0.3148636221885681,
-0.40902358293533325,
0.5980513095855713,
0.66607666015625,
0.23103751242160797,
-0.22091138362884521,
-0.3279031813144684,
-0.863474428653717,
-0.448969304561615,
-0.9437718987464905,
-0.22258514165878296,
-0.11412204056978226,
0.5994024276733398,
0.8807088136672974,
0.18458910286426544,
0.6133669018745422,
0.12365511804819107,
0.4390431046485901,
-0.3654399514198303,
0.046487558633089066,
0.7245878577232361,
-0.0014726215740665793,
-0.1960345357656479,
0.41755709052085876,
-1.0453970432281494,
-0.45724621415138245,
0.14084972441196442,
-0.3332582414150238,
0.29721009731292725,
0.48116013407707214,
0.20548146963119507,
0.18200847506523132,
0.041923556476831436,
0.26823893189430237,
-0.058827824890613556,
0.5273347496986389,
-0.30629763007164,
-0.17598742246627808,
0.6104024648666382,
0.01669074222445488,
-0.04555336758494377,
0.12059793621301651,
-0.24774719774723053,
-0.04629100114107132,
-0.12479306012392044,
0.012547806836664677,
-0.376857191324234,
-0.10126607120037079,
0.521658182144165,
-0.5330080389976501,
0.5556018948554993,
-0.7191145420074463,
-1.080919861793518,
-0.18769246339797974,
-0.46208497881889343,
-0.823913037776947,
-0.07277510315179825,
-0.41576096415519714,
0.32212990522384644,
-0.5811742544174194,
-0.36583200097084045,
0.13107188045978546,
0.6275949478149414,
0.07599665224552155,
-0.18619351089000702,
0.11398173868656158,
0.6059316396713257,
0.12105172872543335,
-0.5355924963951111,
0.5424326658248901,
-0.3950566351413727,
0.9353906512260437,
-0.30015259981155396,
-0.513875424861908,
0.6104443073272705,
-0.1439506709575653,
-0.2474745213985443,
0.2195005565881729,
0.06926500052213669,
0.23659883439540863,
-0.10338862985372543,
-0.22420449554920197,
0.06462759524583817,
0.14304132759571075,
-0.3996121883392334,
-0.15126995742321014,
0.5187909603118896,
1.1399118900299072,
-0.28957924246788025,
0.003568684682250023,
0.5278874635696411,
0.204447939991951,
-0.3983060121536255,
0.6014357209205627,
-0.0033538443967700005,
0.061081983149051666,
0.9949485659599304,
-0.32819855213165283,
0.4177970886230469,
-0.2594885528087616,
-0.22235633432865143,
-0.5151374936103821,
0.29407405853271484,
-0.4148167073726654,
-0.4907517731189728,
-0.2820017635822296,
-0.0959044024348259,
0.3896068036556244,
0.511171281337738,
-0.01054777204990387,
0.07815996557474136,
0.44287317991256714,
-0.528655469417572,
0.3064078390598297,
0.3962838053703308,
-0.46403968334198,
-1.2694813013076782,
0.2638684809207916,
0.2675109803676605,
0.328479140996933,
0.19989672303199768,
0.03142843768000603,
0.17233073711395264,
0.31583040952682495,
0.07823925465345383,
-0.24163806438446045,
0.35668137669563293,
-0.2517499327659607,
-0.11727859079837799,
-0.4967624247074127,
-0.10294856876134872,
-0.2567954361438751,
-0.33658260107040405,
0.014249693602323532,
-0.10328339040279388,
0.3527515232563019,
0.4932014048099518,
0.4810791015625,
0.42165642976760864,
0.30753570795059204,
-1.0309139490127563,
-1.199730634689331,
-0.22106054425239563,
0.3373684287071228,
-0.5050757527351379,
-0.21784795820713043,
-0.16873152554035187,
-0.2597104012966156,
0.5046857595443726,
0.24676495790481567,
-0.6071746349334717,
-0.13519848883152008,
-0.32768023014068604,
-0.08475693315267563,
0.2704726457595825,
-0.14923112094402313,
0.04439391940832138,
-0.35431209206581116,
-0.2607373297214508,
0.4601472318172455,
-0.32565245032310486,
-0.1490764617919922,
0.7844868302345276,
-0.0288422591984272,
0.13827785849571228,
-0.4957081973552704,
0.0691380500793457,
0.5054940581321716,
-0.03377511352300644,
0.11598207801580429,
-0.2549141049385071,
-0.3497384786605835,
-0.01238399650901556,
0.2081741988658905,
-0.6361313462257385,
0.35825151205062866,
0.4778411090373993,
-0.2610885798931122,
-0.10328467190265656,
-0.09089501202106476,
0.26465606689453125,
-0.6638376712799072,
-0.038268472999334335,
-0.19877031445503235,
-0.20364506542682648,
0.5986266732215881,
0.3919767439365387,
-0.40764176845550537,
-0.37917399406433105,
-0.6484614014625549,
-0.48877814412117004,
-0.2213284820318222,
0.7846294641494751,
-0.8006064891815186,
0.5482463836669922,
0.004716958850622177,
-0.0004594560887198895,
-0.8249399065971375,
0.037319160997867584,
-0.3208363354206085,
-0.13006821274757385,
0.11739795655012131,
-0.4588654935359955,
-0.6319130063056946,
0.38952669501304626,
0.29308146238327026,
-0.2897253930568695,
-0.4258023500442505,
-0.39487436413764954,
0.2862194776535034,
-0.12108062952756882,
0.22396035492420197,
0.10905402153730392,
0.4529998004436493,
-0.4854380190372467,
-0.2547336518764496,
-0.5381524562835693,
-0.1797342300415039,
0.060805536806583405,
0.44282659888267517,
0.28426215052604675,
0.25918400287628174,
-0.4665488302707672,
-0.2552509605884552,
0.1484026312828064,
0.09769811481237411,
-0.3492019474506378,
-0.9407286047935486,
0.5197538733482361,
0.6545122265815735,
0.05642657354474068,
-1.027065396308899,
0.07084928452968597,
0.41007357835769653,
-0.177080437541008,
0.23562560975551605,
0.7282918095588684,
-0.25424304604530334,
0.6805141568183899,
-0.0016802462050691247,
-0.27562448382377625,
-0.1837664544582367,
0.2532477080821991,
-0.16432611644268036,
-0.44353532791137695,
-0.6070895791053772,
-0.18860110640525818,
-0.02670508250594139,
-0.36865636706352234,
-0.09589481353759766,
0.10514096915721893,
0.6584499478340149,
0.09646575897932053,
0.005515884142369032,
0.020475255325436592,
-0.0857582837343216,
-0.14739714562892914,
-0.03120957873761654,
0.441530704498291,
-0.4193318784236908,
0.03936150670051575,
0.06990870833396912,
-0.40499886870384216,
-0.520470142364502,
-0.5136316418647766,
0.1598147302865982,
-0.16757097840309143,
-0.8993031978607178,
0.2421296238899231,
-0.03762757405638695,
-0.6038288474082947,
-0.3546411395072937,
0.07964139431715012,
-0.042390670627355576,
-0.6479544043540955,
0.34086793661117554,
0.6440415382385254,
-0.14578372240066528,
0.5323484539985657,
-0.9321545362472534,
0.21756824851036072,
0.28777015209198,
-0.3533765375614166,
0.09510249644517899,
0.09677590429782867,
-0.06719694286584854,
-0.7138135433197021,
0.45364847779273987,
0.24602288007736206,
0.5123578906059265,
0.35231977701187134,
0.2258385717868805,
0.7533949017524719,
0.1594851016998291,
0.543682336807251,
0.48101529479026794,
-0.025791598483920097,
0.0032363145146518946,
0.3492744266986847,
0.3181178569793701,
-0.348429799079895,
-0.08674328774213791,
0.08651841431856155,
-0.01329509261995554,
0.5096039772033691,
0.24561871588230133,
-0.22513146698474884,
0.21478015184402466,
0.7956781387329102,
0.5370230078697205,
-0.12770827114582062,
0.23725681006908417,
0.044680528342723846,
-0.2808016240596771,
-0.5323904156684875,
-0.23918811976909637,
-0.5073765516281128,
-0.3851340115070343,
0.10712850838899612,
0.7827260494232178,
0.44295820593833923,
-0.2876327931880951,
0.29080626368522644,
0.6947299242019653,
0.2455417364835739,
0.36640483140945435,
-0.02889428846538067,
-0.03143102675676346,
-0.1378260850906372,
0.6988364458084106,
-0.25145870447158813,
-0.5895726084709167,
-0.5404500365257263,
0.0011195895494893193,
-0.1717386096715927,
0.4151984751224518,
-0.43967196345329285,
-0.204989954829216,
0.42187413573265076,
0.2114492654800415,
0.46695980429649353,
0.030390331521630287,
-0.20727914571762085,
-0.2660282254219055,
-0.0362369529902935,
0.12618914246559143,
-0.9231175780296326,
-0.2580770254135132,
-0.11869021505117416,
0.4004223942756653,
0.48845431208610535,
-0.16321833431720734,
0.10441432148218155,
0.3008953630924225,
1.1442968845367432,
0.21340885758399963,
0.509381890296936,
-0.0015877074329182506,
0.2952973544597626,
-0.25845518708229065,
0.258328378200531,
-0.128583163022995,
-0.0255572609603405,
-0.2818586230278015,
-0.29403695464134216,
0.038824886083602905,
-0.3217272162437439,
-0.2125949263572693,
-0.1670004278421402,
-0.36396336555480957,
-0.006765068043023348,
0.32819849252700806,
0.07243291288614273,
-0.3833204209804535,
-0.6550211906433105,
-0.14898183941841125,
0.33418941497802734,
-0.05332183837890625,
0.24697276949882507,
0.06947128474712372,
-0.3126581311225891,
0.14055821299552917,
0.1599595844745636,
-0.12379886209964752,
0.5143123269081116,
-0.1394481360912323,
0.155445858836174,
-0.16550692915916443,
0.4933682978153229,
0.4249609708786011,
-0.3490351736545563,
-0.062158405780792236,
0.3576720058917999,
-0.4291878044605255,
0.5240181684494019,
0.514566957950592,
-0.5158907175064087,
0.8620003461837769,
-0.7685867547988892,
0.07212625443935394,
-1.0618499517440796,
0.07490605115890503,
-0.20746257901191711,
0.2322978675365448,
-0.4968101978302002,
0.24131758511066437,
0.26754382252693176,
-0.581459641456604,
0.2326732873916626,
0.4176200032234192,
-0.022114554420113564,
-0.39250820875167847,
0.46017950773239136,
-0.28449881076812744,
-0.05857481807470322,
0.32597824931144714,
0.8977792859077454,
0.37659120559692383,
-0.4545273184776306,
0.30253005027770996,
0.23315057158470154,
-0.35752564668655396,
-0.2509085237979889,
0.25290828943252563,
0.27687251567840576,
-1.0168265104293823,
-0.1485770344734192,
-0.7249804139137268,
0.3607192635536194,
-0.009564417414367199,
-0.1124282032251358,
0.45012328028678894,
-0.006757940165698528,
0.16218669712543488,
-0.6308946013450623,
0.25852712988853455,
-1.1569117307662964,
0.7945235371589661,
-0.09497275948524475
] |
236551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron%20%28disambiguation%29 | Caron (disambiguation) | Caron or háček, is a diacritic ( ˇ ).
Caron may also refer to:
Places
Caron, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Saskatchewan, Canada
Rural Municipality of Caron No. 162, a rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada
Caron, Western Australia, a town in Western Australia
Other uses
Caron (name)
Parfums Caron, a French perfume house established in 1904
See also
Carron (disambiguation)
Charon (disambiguation)
Karon (disambiguation) | [
-0.4100226163864136,
0.524815559387207,
-0.15638229250907898,
-0.15574395656585693,
-0.9244147539138794,
0.8748825788497925,
0.24413834512233734,
0.0802774429321289,
-0.2301599681377411,
-0.30874723196029663,
-0.14715655148029327,
0.1276332139968872,
0.08879822492599487,
0.3218563199043274,
0.107337586581707,
0.42741134762763977,
0.3773602247238159,
0.4298001527786255,
-0.5229870080947876,
-0.3902599513530731,
-0.10619885474443436,
-0.2374061495065689,
0.1879717856645584,
-0.40501588582992554,
0.3203241527080536,
0.1536465734243393,
-0.0363459438085556,
0.12077837437391281,
0.05239655077457428,
-0.3315938711166382,
-0.40701818466186523,
0.739250659942627,
0.11899419873952866,
-0.300500750541687,
0.5362238883972168,
-0.454910010099411,
-0.08611200749874115,
-1.049847960472107,
-0.21525678038597107,
-0.47338417172431946,
-0.43472814559936523,
-0.18081285059452057,
-0.005884181708097458,
0.472512423992157,
-0.3606319725513458,
-0.06531679630279541,
-1.557783603668213,
0.32781392335891724,
-0.8775169253349304,
0.14514461159706116,
-0.4103323221206665,
-0.06581530719995499,
-0.19145816564559937,
0.29305708408355713,
-0.011515047401189804,
0.7061790823936462,
-1.192297101020813,
-0.41088518500328064,
0.6889168620109558,
-0.08341362327337265,
0.32389336824417114,
-0.12528692185878754,
0.014994475990533829,
-0.04434283450245857,
0.3012940287590027,
0.12186145782470703,
-0.5462907552719116,
0.6482325792312622,
-0.9486840963363647,
0.0249691940844059,
-0.6296390295028687,
-0.49463748931884766,
-0.4100174605846405,
-0.0669032409787178,
-0.20230823755264282,
0.08279052376747131,
-0.2820722162723541,
-0.2045980542898178,
0.3416478633880615,
-0.0415475033223629,
-0.5270591378211975,
-0.21477143466472626,
0.6357581615447998,
-0.02875637263059616,
0.41920503973960876,
0.15148481726646423,
-0.6255112886428833,
-0.34612905979156494,
-0.4475356936454773,
0.23550300300121307,
0.2628898322582245,
-0.4031882882118225,
-0.008162650279700756,
0.44151127338409424,
-0.597377598285675,
-0.008208224549889565,
0.36004602909088135,
-0.08391634374856949,
0.3449309766292572,
0.04185254126787186,
0.05953805148601532,
0.2808058261871338,
0.4744424819946289,
0.11929880082607269,
-0.6508665084838867,
-0.46464309096336365,
-0.6571524739265442,
-0.15245185792446136,
0.22606220841407776,
-0.32664158940315247,
-0.31527796387672424,
0.33448389172554016,
0.21041984856128693,
0.04983823373913765,
-0.17120638489723206,
-0.48561835289001465,
0.1582322120666504,
0.4904457628726959,
-0.12934623658657074,
-0.39115291833877563,
-0.038366664201021194,
0.6173624992370605,
0.5675910115242004,
0.07635027170181274,
0.44795289635658264,
0.02487826533615589,
-0.04565686360001564,
0.33460286259651184,
-0.6279962062835693,
0.1301357001066208,
0.024639155715703964,
0.6008098125457764,
0.34449273347854614,
0.3304827809333801,
0.06535815447568893,
-0.5843392610549927,
0.09723391383886337,
0.244789719581604,
0.3355647325515747,
0.025300120934844017,
-1.1068384647369385,
0.19940954446792603,
-0.6801468133926392,
0.3873298764228821,
0.7468944191932678,
0.5130947232246399,
-0.3538798987865448,
0.3259708881378174,
-0.1532767117023468,
0.32048535346984863,
0.41735753417015076,
-0.14875465631484985,
0.2504204511642456,
0.2457306981086731,
-0.3110584318637848,
0.5601451396942139,
-0.2741166353225708,
0.1864871233701706,
-0.2824186384677887,
-0.013240835629403591,
-0.13353249430656433,
-0.04154748097062111,
-0.0840812623500824,
-0.12653835117816925,
0.21405528485774994,
-0.28858476877212524,
-0.21443408727645874,
0.24268467724323273,
-0.4655107855796814,
0.4302769601345062,
-0.15105950832366943,
-0.6695982813835144,
0.33709609508514404,
-0.33505532145500183,
-0.15803606808185577,
-0.026232194155454636,
0.4045022130012512,
-0.28523266315460205,
0.5207892656326294,
0.1431923359632492,
-0.5630425810813904,
0.5158580541610718,
0.3111465573310852,
-0.128374382853508,
-0.23583358526229858,
0.21428056061267853,
0.09483008831739426,
-0.08274221420288086,
0.16630087792873383,
-0.025391196832060814,
0.07027755677700043,
-0.31017494201660156,
-0.24157552421092987,
-0.6771942973136902,
0.728817343711853,
-0.07428592443466187,
-0.5139651894569397,
-0.364323228597641,
0.26195257902145386,
0.18862397968769073,
-0.8087987899780273,
-0.3602803945541382,
0.13201995193958282,
-0.02467893809080124,
0.2517808675765991,
0.9264572858810425,
-0.021269522607326508,
0.5654862523078918,
0.6086800694465637,
0.4524837136268616,
0.32196125388145447,
-0.11160550266504288,
0.8339211940765381,
-0.2512240707874298,
0.21952009201049805,
-0.17365644872188568,
0.023779327049851418,
-0.04367343336343765,
0.022379113361239433,
-0.10912485420703888,
0.6538347005844116,
-0.6299477815628052,
-0.2155255377292633,
0.2640264332294464,
-0.12094882875680923,
0.7262110114097595,
0.36087122559547424,
0.023966623470187187,
0.45068496465682983,
-0.40335148572921753,
0.3887656629085541,
0.05387436971068382,
0.4409515857696533,
-0.24820773303508759,
-0.4685892164707184,
-0.15212620794773102,
0.06566178798675537,
-0.14992845058441162,
0.14530529081821442,
-0.5203188061714172,
-0.22885890305042267,
0.3018340468406677,
-0.028902307152748108,
-0.5280748009681702,
0.5683375000953674,
-0.3657822608947754,
0.288941890001297,
-0.022930029779672623,
-0.06014388054609299,
-0.022743813693523407,
-0.03787427023053169,
-0.10112252831459045,
-0.045232728123664856,
-0.6218528151512146,
-0.24347759783267975,
-0.14065076410770416,
0.41243988275527954,
0.5123792886734009,
0.518099308013916,
0.18414348363876343,
-0.3802037239074707,
0.3845846354961395,
0.14050070941448212,
-0.5695154666900635,
-0.10667426139116287,
-0.09578211605548859,
-0.274252325296402,
0.20665444433689117,
0.49654892086982727,
0.16014505922794342,
-0.30677661299705505,
0.06745076179504395,
-0.5631066560745239,
-0.36639708280563354,
-0.6132549047470093,
-0.3691580593585968,
-0.03831619396805763,
0.293472558259964,
-0.5915459394454956,
-0.5598031878471375,
-0.09346412867307663,
0.2294655442237854,
0.22837689518928528,
-0.6089313626289368,
0.0010401944164186716,
-0.14298969507217407,
0.28182533383369446,
-0.5973860621452332,
0.19610796868801117,
-0.8784521818161011,
0.06916768848896027,
0.5104421377182007,
-0.21437712013721466,
-0.17680343985557556,
0.37547311186790466,
-0.3090389668941498,
-0.12584416568279266,
0.31414148211479187,
0.5035659670829773,
-0.4500303864479065,
-0.3181522488594055,
-0.06859798729419708,
-0.15139159560203552,
-0.17222365736961365,
-0.10073583573102951,
0.18800517916679382,
-0.11727932840585709,
0.4662100374698639,
-5.926126956939697,
0.26798221468925476,
-0.547579824924469,
-0.3252915143966675,
0.22769634425640106,
0.21451275050640106,
0.02568003535270691,
-0.3135676980018616,
0.276266485452652,
-0.013414911925792694,
-0.2920553386211395,
-0.1673513799905777,
-0.1939365565776825,
0.045551277697086334,
0.0550505705177784,
-0.1294213980436325,
0.08987655490636826,
0.0951264351606369,
0.10980062186717987,
0.2360382378101349,
0.2075708508491516,
0.5511616468429565,
-0.14814986288547516,
1.0404882431030273,
0.3564935028553009,
0.15109825134277344,
0.17038080096244812,
0.47370395064353943,
-0.49804264307022095,
-0.34720849990844727,
-0.047290679067373276,
-0.21992725133895874,
0.3745758831501007,
-0.2261740267276764,
-0.6050536632537842,
-0.04836699366569519,
0.5017481446266174,
0.1525612622499466,
0.34911131858825684,
0.023827478289604187,
-0.22121606767177582,
0.4238245487213135,
0.45764803886413574,
-0.39080098271369934,
0.6273093819618225,
-0.2208862006664276,
-0.7983899116516113,
-0.23873746395111084,
-0.18865042924880981,
0.31760743260383606,
0.14446920156478882,
-0.38079291582107544,
0.3980056643486023,
0.22907671332359314,
0.8512626886367798,
0.24970655143260956,
0.7551196217536926,
-0.0713847354054451,
-0.25346097350120544,
0.35788410902023315,
0.43216803669929504,
-0.43572738766670227,
-0.416547954082489,
-0.3176707625389099,
0.5517367124557495,
-0.5866144895553589,
0.042177941650152206,
-0.15281088650226593,
0.40820762515068054,
0.3954831659793854,
-0.6916301846504211,
0.42893871665000916,
0.5131906270980835,
-0.5178384780883789,
0.3353308439254761,
0.07290571928024292,
-0.19196638464927673,
-0.15746428072452545,
-0.45268455147743225,
0.602833092212677,
-0.3650875389575958,
-0.07112417370080948,
-0.10530173778533936,
0.36669060587882996,
0.043261077255010605,
0.010267291218042374,
-0.15619969367980957,
0.1586671769618988,
0.05736163258552551,
0.179475337266922,
1.033028483390808,
-0.2705661654472351,
0.2579900622367859,
0.07956855744123459,
-0.1355675607919693,
0.714942991733551,
0.2076389044523239,
-0.32244154810905457,
0.6060781478881836,
-0.19225917756557465,
0.059866685420274734,
-0.14050577580928802,
0.13013286888599396,
0.21067921817302704,
-0.1570432037115097,
-0.2167680859565735,
-0.48248904943466187,
0.1562420278787613,
0.4879841208457947,
0.3837384879589081,
0.277269572019577,
0.21347087621688843,
-0.2528606951236725,
-0.2647959291934967,
0.14997869729995728,
0.3569367527961731,
0.04392920061945915,
0.2522122859954834,
0.4400758445262909,
0.050253283232450485,
0.20005753636360168,
0.5255251526832581,
-0.2797850966453552,
-0.2492855042219162,
-0.3087634742259979,
0.06835553050041199,
-0.13441342115402222,
0.29091084003448486,
0.13271495699882507,
0.43539878726005554,
-0.3386767506599426,
-0.08529264479875565,
0.44003960490226746,
0.03603464365005493,
0.31737518310546875,
-0.2314281314611435,
-0.18722152709960938,
0.4365038573741913,
-0.07016148418188095,
-0.5316447019577026,
0.369602769613266,
-0.7515210509300232,
-0.3408944308757782,
-0.09087802469730377,
0.4462377429008484,
-0.005332771223038435,
-0.5244569778442383,
-0.2605263292789459,
-0.5247655510902405,
0.9240241050720215,
0.18498453497886658,
-0.3239724040031433,
0.6269495487213135,
-0.5809500217437744,
-0.30413421988487244,
-0.3279609680175781,
-0.11126020550727844,
0.30459320545196533,
-0.2870067059993744,
0.08803854882717133,
0.2239244133234024,
-0.4339408278465271,
-0.5442940592765808,
-0.22189080715179443,
0.16343563795089722,
-0.6896371245384216,
0.07775372266769409,
-0.09901286661624908,
-0.05998492240905762,
0.8192651271820068,
-0.40008974075317383,
-0.08991952985525131,
-0.9310737252235413,
-0.3746850788593292,
0.6052727103233337,
-0.3102431297302246,
0.4711153209209442,
0.6396554112434387,
0.014747515320777893,
-0.0665217936038971,
-0.048406198620796204,
0.3466409742832184,
0.13281194865703583,
0.7310283780097961,
0.5787502527236938,
-0.32951125502586365,
0.051506053656339645,
0.15146823227405548,
-0.5224035978317261,
-0.3043711483478546,
-0.06350574642419815,
-0.3183791935443878,
0.1388319879770279,
0.015756746754050255,
-0.38127923011779785,
0.14673376083374023,
-0.17268887162208557,
0.42557230591773987,
-0.07500671595335007,
-0.16536696255207062,
0.23024216294288635,
0.13030244410037994,
0.13704289495944977,
0.005335892550647259,
0.607886791229248,
-0.7060989141464233,
0.7636827230453491,
0.15167781710624695,
-0.596713662147522,
0.12263409048318863,
0.12403015047311783,
-1.1228686571121216,
-0.7152941226959229,
0.03263852372765541,
0.2339925318956375,
-0.028065452352166176,
0.4963476061820984,
-0.08094598352909088,
-0.5085339546203613,
-1.026434302330017,
0.7515045404434204,
-0.5160930156707764,
0.09627246856689453,
0.0813499465584755,
-0.01002303883433342,
0.16308927536010742,
-0.06511186808347702,
-0.03672987222671509,
0.6273504495620728,
0.043612290173769,
0.19748488068580627,
-0.10188579559326172,
0.10356730222702026,
0.34009063243865967,
0.03645637258887291,
-0.48680564761161804,
-0.21944792568683624,
-0.14071057736873627,
-0.33190712332725525,
0.2670007348060608,
0.5847951769828796,
0.43119582533836365,
0.40082114934921265,
0.14641442894935608,
-0.5780321955680847,
0.21852459013462067,
0.11968137323856354,
-0.6013068556785583,
-0.20785227417945862,
0.6235933303833008,
0.2617318630218506,
-0.184891939163208,
-0.928989827632904,
-0.3862808346748352,
0.6153225302696228,
-0.26447561383247375,
0.009184743277728558,
0.11491408199071884,
-0.07587072998285294,
0.5086573362350464,
0.3345429301261902,
-0.013223218731582165,
0.0743560791015625,
0.5126416683197021,
-0.7325199842453003,
0.4411033093929291,
-0.6098893880844116,
0.33549875020980835,
0.6427870392799377,
-0.424679696559906,
-0.2336021065711975,
-0.14926961064338684,
-0.03134402260184288,
0.3115543723106384,
0.13868530094623566,
0.16886144876480103,
-0.647187352180481,
-0.31339961290359497,
0.05519575998187065,
-0.16895829141139984,
-0.4924369156360626,
-0.2556878328323364,
0.1447017788887024,
0.4012032449245453,
0.1727030873298645,
0.31822076439857483,
-0.24604524672031403,
0.023354563862085342,
-0.13563872873783112,
0.2524533271789551,
-0.24019145965576172,
0.7301070690155029,
-0.08796025067567825,
0.537594735622406,
-0.07246839255094528,
-0.1574929654598236,
0.5115804672241211,
0.8451027870178223,
0.34311071038246155,
-0.1061214730143547,
-0.45928046107292175,
0.4832601547241211,
0.3232294023036957,
-0.38682228326797485,
-0.2968709468841553,
0.18259942531585693,
0.45317938923835754,
-0.4674723744392395,
-0.13429707288742065,
0.1357530802488327,
0.2110598087310791,
0.1459362953901291,
0.3139675557613373,
0.9697504639625549,
0.5572739839553833,
-0.08268897235393524,
0.34304189682006836,
-0.2730814516544342,
-0.34177857637405396,
0.12895570695400238,
0.3115941882133484,
-0.2318836897611618,
0.09339321404695511,
-0.23971375823020935,
-0.8610432744026184,
-0.0030972477979958057,
-0.25354304909706116,
-0.3907226324081421,
-0.18688367307186127,
-0.002788236830383539,
0.8763167858123779,
0.09257186204195023,
-0.3710799813270569,
-0.11525827646255493,
-0.23543862998485565,
-0.6836944222450256,
-0.2827766537666321,
-0.5139977335929871,
0.17147710919380188,
0.39268243312835693,
0.34386423230171204,
0.3742103576660156,
-0.4086861312389374,
-0.17290596663951874,
0.32870951294898987,
0.07577600330114365,
-0.017930401489138603,
-0.5626325607299805,
0.12070729583501816,
0.6275655031204224,
0.3028191030025482,
0.14381304383277893,
0.4102690815925598,
-0.5901538133621216,
-0.2602351903915405,
0.17736804485321045,
-0.6327497363090515,
0.13911882042884827,
-0.1226569190621376,
-0.044393520802259445,
-0.14805863797664642,
0.6445857286453247,
0.03964054584503174,
-0.12919272482395172,
-0.03801428899168968,
0.10515514761209488,
0.012009097263216972,
-0.4446926414966583,
-0.38266080617904663,
0.09056227654218674,
-0.1344640702009201,
0.267636775970459,
-0.2668698728084564,
-0.03706493228673935,
0.22997373342514038,
0.1468646228313446,
0.411251425743103,
0.2779631018638611,
-0.49328336119651794,
-0.29412850737571716,
-0.39448612928390503,
0.12775298953056335,
-0.7083568572998047,
-0.1886560022830963,
-0.2091418355703354,
-0.18578268587589264,
-0.006685600616037846,
0.19479571282863617,
-0.004453795030713081,
0.21875828504562378,
0.0022647485602647066,
-0.03009757585823536,
0.3727883994579315,
-0.4003729522228241,
-0.3128277659416199,
-0.08916563540697098,
-0.5059995651245117,
0.5095332264900208,
0.5540949702262878,
0.23513829708099365,
0.24245145916938782,
0.31518998742103577,
0.040521327406167984,
-0.3716273009777069,
-0.09454300254583359,
-0.19700439274311066,
-0.030675331130623817,
0.3207493722438812,
-0.4117220938205719,
0.23644483089447021,
0.4470479190349579,
-0.4255203604698181,
-0.16652065515518188,
0.7923744320869446,
0.17267338931560516,
-0.2850637435913086,
0.4816123843193054,
0.12754905223846436,
0.09583961963653564,
-0.2918665111064911,
0.019908105954527855,
0.0471038855612278,
-0.1955799013376236,
0.3836282193660736,
0.21032962203025818,
0.1422128826379776,
0.632512092590332,
0.140647754073143,
-0.406345009803772,
0.1503591388463974,
-0.09216272085905075,
0.3616994619369507,
-0.5483904480934143,
0.043739791959524155,
-0.19679498672485352,
-0.27844855189323425,
0.3730856776237488,
0.3664730489253998,
-0.2532893121242523,
-0.183775395154953,
-0.007443998008966446,
-0.1892412304878235,
-0.4366859197616577,
0.2175990343093872,
-1.452118992805481,
0.3438602387905121,
-0.37419116497039795,
-0.36784684658050537,
-0.12917771935462952,
-0.06852056086063385,
0.34179747104644775,
-0.10765379667282104,
0.26096728444099426,
0.2196335345506668,
0.10104924440383911,
-0.39646485447883606,
0.10469245910644531,
-0.5832021832466125,
0.24199724197387695,
0.39911434054374695
] |
236552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron | Caron | A caron (), háček or haček ( or ; plural háčeks or háčky) also known as a hachek, wedge, check, kvačica, strešica, mäkčeň, paukščiukas, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, flying bird, inverted chevron, is a diacritic (◌̌) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages to indicate a change in the related letter's pronunciation.
The symbol is common in the Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic and Berber languages.
The use of the caron differs according to the orthographic rules of a language. In most Slavic and other European languages it indicates present or historical palatalization (e → ě; [] → []), iotation, or postalveolar articulation (c → č; → ). In Salishan languages, it often represents a uvular consonant (x → x̌; [] → ). When placed over vowel symbols, the caron can indicate a contour tone, for instance the falling and then rising tone in the Pinyin romanization of Mandarin Chinese. It is also used to decorate symbols in mathematics, where it is often pronounced ("check").
The caron is shaped approximately like a small letter "v". In serif typefaces, the caron generally takes one of two forms: either symmetrical, essentially identical to a rotated circumflex; or with the left stroke thicker than the right, like the usual serif form of the letter "v" (but without serifs). The latter form is often preferred by Czech designers for use in Czech, while for other uses the symmetrical form tends to predominate, as it does also among sans-serif fonts. The caron is not to be confused with the breve (◌̆), which has a curved bottom, while the caron is pointed (see illustration below).
Names
Different disciplines generally call this diacritic by different names. Typography tends to use the term caron. Linguistics more often uses haček (with no long mark), largely due to the influence of the Prague School (particularly on Structuralist linguists who subsequently developed alphabets for previously unwritten languages of the Americas). Pullum's and Ladusaw's Phonetic Symbol Guide (Chicago, 1996) uses the term wedge.
The term caron is used in the official names of Unicode characters (e.g., "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON"). The Unicode Consortium explicitly states that the reason for this is unknown, but its earliest known use was in the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual of 1967, and it was later used in character sets such as DIN 31624 (1979), ISO 5426 (1980), ISO/IEC 6937 (1983) and ISO/IEC 8859-2 (1985). Its actual origin remains obscure, but some have suggested that it may derive from a fusion of caret and macron. Though this may be folk etymology, it is plausible, particularly in the absence of other suggestions.
The Oxford English Dictionary gives 1953 as the earliest citation for . In Czech, () means 'small hook', the diminutive form of (, 'hook')". The name appears in most English dictionaries, but they treat the long mark (acute accent) differently. British dictionaries, such as the OED, ODE, CED, write (with the mark) in the headwords, while American ones, such as the Merriam-Webster, NOAD, AHD, omit the acute and write , however, the NOAD gives as an alternative spelling.
In Slovak it is called (, i.e., 'softener' or 'palatalization mark'), in Serbo-Croatian or ('angled hook' or 'small angled hook'), in Slovenian ('little roof') or ('little hook'), in Lithuanian ('little bird') or ('little jackdaw'), in Estonian ('roof'), in Finnish ('hat'), and in Lakota ('wedge').
Origin
The caron evolved from the dot above diacritic, which Jan Hus introduced into Czech orthography (along with the acute accent) in his De Orthographia Bohemica (1412). The original form still exists in Polish ż. However, Hus's work was hardly known at that time, and háček became widespread only in the 16th century with the introduction of printing.
Usage
For the fricatives š , ž , and the affricate č only, the caron is used in most northwestern Uralic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Karelian, Veps, Northern Sami and Inari Sami (though not in Southern Sami). Estonian and Finnish use š and ž (but not č), but only for transcribing foreign names and loanwords (albeit common loanwords such as or 'check'); the sounds (and letters) are native and common in Karelian, Veps and Sami.
In Italian, š, ž, and č are routinely used as in Slovenian to transcribe Slavic names in the Cyrillic script since in native Italian words, the sounds represented by these letters must be followed by a vowel, and Italian uses ch for , not . Other Romance languages, by contrast, tend to use their own orthographies, or in a few cases such as Spanish, borrow English sh or zh.
The caron is also used in the Romany alphabet. The Faggin-Nazzi writing system for Friulian makes use of the caron over the letters c, g, and s.
The caron is also often used as a diacritical mark on consonants for romanization of text from non-Latin writing systems, particularly in the scientific transliteration of Slavic languages. Philologists and the standard Finnish orthography often prefer using it to express sounds for which English require a digraph (sh, ch, and zh) because most Slavic languages use only one character to spell the sounds (the key exceptions are Polish sz and cz). Its use for that purpose can even be found in the United States because certain atlases use it in romanization of foreign place names. On the typographical side, Š/š and Ž/ž are likely the easiest among non-Western European diacritic characters to adopt for Westerners because the two are part of the Windows-1252 character encoding.
Esperanto uses the circumflex over c, g, j and s in similar ways; the circumflex was chosen because there was no caron on most Western European typewriters, but the circumflex existed on French ones.
It is also used as an accent mark on vowels to indicate the tone of a syllable. The main example is in Pinyin for Chinese in which it represents a falling-rising tone. It is used in transliterations of Thai to indicate a rising tone.
Phonetics
The caron represents a rising tone in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet for indicating postalveolar consonants and in Americanist phonetic notation to indicate various types of pronunciation.
The caron below represents voicing.
Writing and printing carons
In printed Czech and Slovak text, the caron combined with certain letters (lower-case ť, ď, ľ, and upper-case Ľ) is reduced to a small stroke. That is optional in handwritten text. Latin fonts are typically set to display this way by default. Some fonts have an option to display a normal caron over these letters, but for those that don't, an option is to combing the letter and caron with the combining grapheme joiner, U+034F, resulting in t͏̌, d͏̌, l͏̌.
In Lazuri orthography, the lower-case k with caron sometimes has its caron reduced to a stroke while the lower-case t with caron preserves its caron shape.
Although the stroke looks similar to an apostrophe, there is a significant difference in kerning. Using an apostrophe in place of a caron looks very unprofessional, but it can be found on goods produced in foreign countries and imported to Slovakia or the Czech Republic (compare t’ to ť, L’ahko to Ľahko). (Apostrophes appearing as palatalization marks in some Finnic languages, such as Võro and Karelian, are not forms of caron either.) Foreigners also sometimes mistake the caron for the acute accent (compare Ĺ to Ľ, ĺ to ľ).
In Balto-Slavic languages
The following are the Czech and Slovak letters and digraphs with the caron (Czech: , Slovak: ):
Č/č (pronounced , similar to 'ch' in cheap: , which means Czech Republic)
Š/š (pronounced , similar to 'sh' in she: in )
Ž/ž (pronounced , similar to 's' in treasure: 'sorrow')
Ř/ř (only in Czech: special fricative trill , transcribed as in pre-1989 IPA: Antonín Dvořák )
Ď/ď, Ť/ť, Ň/ň (palatals, pronounced , , , slightly different from palatalized consonants as found in Russian): , 'The Devil and a beheaded horse')
Ľ/ľ (only in Slovak, pronounced as palatal : , 'businessman')
DŽ/Dž/dž (considered a single letter in Slovak, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian, two letters in Czech, pronounced "jungle" - identical to the j sound in jungle and the g in genius, found mostly in borrowings.)
Ě/ě (only in Czech) indicates mostly palatalization of preceding consonant:
, , are , , ;
but is or , and , , , are .
Furthermore, until the 19th century, Ǧ/ǧ was used to represent while G/g was used to represent .
In Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian, the following letters and digraphs have the caron:
Č/č (pronounced like 'ch' in cheap)
Š/š (pronounced like 'sh' in she)
Ž/ž (pronounced like 's' in treasure)
Ř/ř (only in Upper Sorbian: pronounced like 'sh' in she)
Tř/tř (digraph, only in Upper Sorbian, soft (palatalized) sound)
Ě/ě (pronounced like 'e' in bed)
Balto-Slavic Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian use č, š and ž. The digraph dž is also used in these languages but is considered a separate letter only in Serbo-Croatian. The Belarusian Lacinka alphabets also contain the digraph (as a separate letter), and Latin transcriptions of Bulgarian and Macedonian may use them at times, for transcription of the letter-combination ДЖ (Bulgarian) and the letter Џ (Macedonian).
In Uralic languages
In the Finnic languages, Estonian (and transcriptions to Finnish) use Š/š and Ž/ž, and Karelian use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. Dž is not a separate letter. Č is present because it may be phonemically geminate: in Karelian, the phoneme 'čč' is found, and is distinct from 'č', which is not the case in Finnish or Estonian, for which only one length is recognized for 'tš'. (Incidentally, in transcriptions, Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like or even the to express Karelian .) On some Finnish keyboards, it is possible to write those letters by typing s or z while holding right Alt key or AltGr key.
In Estonian, Finnish and Karelian these are not palatalized but postalveolar consonants. For example, Estonian (palatalized) is distinct from (postalveolar). Palatalization is typically ignored in spelling, but some Karelian and Võro orthographies use an apostrophe (') or an acute accent (´). In Finnish and Estonian, š and ž (and in Estonian, very rarely č) appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and when not available, they can be substituted with 'h': 'sh' for 'š', in print.
In the orthographies of the Sami languages, the letters Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž appear in Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami. Skolt Sami also uses three other consonants with the caron: Ǯ/ǯ (ezh-caron) to mark the voiced postalveolar affricate (plain Ʒ/ʒ marks the alveolar affricate ), Ǧ/ǧ to mark the voiced palatal affricate and Ǩ/ǩ the corresponding voiceless palatal affricate . More often than not, they are geminated: vuäǯǯad "to get". The orthographies of the more southern Sami languages of Sweden and Norway such as Lule Sami do not use caron, and prefer instead the digraphs tj and sj.
Finno-Ugric transcription
Most other Uralic languages (including Kildin Sami) are normally written with Cyrillic instead of the Latin script. In their scientific transcription, the Finno-Ugric Transcription / Uralic Phonetic Alphabet however employs the letters š, ž and occasionally č, ǯ (alternately tš, dž) for the postalveolar consonants. These serve as basic letters, and with further diacritics are used to transcribe also other fricative and affricate sounds. Retroflex consonants are marked by a caron and an underdot (ṣ̌, ẓ̌ = IPA , ), alveolo-palatal (palatalized postalveolar) consonants by a caron and an acute (š́, ž́ = IPA , ). Thus, for example, the postalveolar consonants of the Udmurt language, normally written as Ж/ж, Ӝ/ӝ, Ӵ/ӵ, Ш/ш are in Uralic studies normally transcribed as ž, ǯ, č, š respectively, and the alveolo-palatal consonants normally written as Зь/зь, Ӟ/ӟ, Сь/сь, Ч/ч are normally transcribed as ž́, ǯ́, š́, č́ respectively.
In other languages
In the Berber Latin alphabet of Berber languages, primarily in Taqbaylit (Kabyle) (part of Northern Berber languages group) , the following letters and digraphs have the caron:
Č/č (Tifinagh equivalent: ⵞ) (pronounced like the English "ch" in China)
Ǧ/ǧ (Tifinagh equivalent: ⴵ) (pronounced like the English "j" like in the words joke and James)
Ř/ř (Tifinagh equivalent: ⵔ / ⵍ) (only in Northern Berber languages: pronounced like in Czech (no English equivalent) )
Finnish Kalo uses Ȟ/ȟ.
Lakota uses Č/č, Š/š, Ž/ž, Ǧ/ǧ (voiced post-velar fricative) and Ȟ/ȟ (plain post-velar fricative).
Indonesian use ě (e with caron) informally to mark mid central unrounded vowel.
Many alphabets of African languages use the caron to mark the rising tone, as in the African reference alphabet.
Outside of the Latin alphabet, the caron is also used for Cypriot Greek letters that have a different sound from Standard Modern Greek: σ̌ κ̌ π̌ τ̌ ζ̌ in words like ('and'), ('cat').
Other transcription and transliteration systems
The DIN 31635 standard for transliteration of Arabic uses Ǧ/ǧ to represent the letter . , on account of the inconsistent pronunciation of J in European languages, the variable pronunciation of the letter in educated Arabic , and the desire of the DIN committee to have a one-to-one correspondence of Arabic to Latin letters in its system.
Romanization of Pashto uses Č/č, Š/š, Ž/ž, X̌/x̌, to represent the letters چ, ش, ژ, ښ, respectively. Additionally, Ṣ̌/ṣ̌ and Ẓ̌/ẓ̌ are used by the southern Pashto dialect only (replaced by X̌/x̌ and Ǵ/ǵ in the north).
The latter Š/š is also used to transcribe the phoneme in Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform, and the phoneme in Semitic languages represented by the letter shin (Phoenician and its descendants).
The caron is also used in Mandarin Chinese pinyin romanization and orthographies of several other tonal languages to indicate the "falling-rising" tone (similar to the pitch made when asking "Huh?"). The caron can be placed over the vowels: ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, ǚ. The alternative to a caron is a number 3 after the syllable: = , as the "falling-rising" tone is the third tone in Mandarin.
The caron is used in the New Transliteration System of D'ni in the symbol š to represent the sound (English "sh").
A-caron (ǎ) is also used to transliterate the Cyrillic letter Ъ () in Bulgarian—it represents the mid back unrounded vowel .
Caron marks a falling and rising tone (bǔ, bǐ) in Fon languages.
Letters with caron
Software
Unicode
For legacy reasons, most letters that carry carons are precomposed characters in Unicode, but a caron can also be added to any letter by using the combining character , for example: b̌ q̌ J̌.
The characters Č, č, Ě, ě, Š, š, Ž, ž are a part of the Unicode Latin Extended-A set because they occur in Czech and other official languages in Europe, while the rest are in Latin Extended-B, which often causes an inconsistent appearance.
Unicode also encodes , for example: p̬.
See also
Acute accent
Apostrophe
Breve
Caret
Circumflex accent
Sicilicus
Soft sign (ь)
References
External links
Greek-script diacritics
Latin-script diacritics | [
-0.3331567347049713,
0.19003942608833313,
-0.1915077120065689,
0.03214636445045471,
-0.47857680916786194,
1.0535426139831543,
0.18935376405715942,
0.38699448108673096,
-0.009646743535995483,
-0.32724133133888245,
-0.49234241247177124,
0.037826597690582275,
0.12766870856285095,
0.1595613956451416,
-0.03332117944955826,
0.5742202401161194,
0.30133500695228577,
0.6666975021362305,
-0.47678399085998535,
-0.32253503799438477,
-0.23770904541015625,
0.0023853753227740526,
0.12918363511562347,
-0.4150244891643524,
0.8237334489822388,
-0.01276303268969059,
-0.25993773341178894,
-0.5093733668327332,
-0.1193261444568634,
0.31844010949134827,
-0.059172146022319794,
0.7502604126930237,
0.3859574794769287,
-0.21754172444343567,
-0.08812608569860458,
-0.7337384223937988,
-0.47004035115242004,
-0.6317103505134583,
-0.06653393805027008,
-0.6868587136268616,
-0.2054685354232788,
-0.48969465494155884,
0.40620094537734985,
0.32760879397392273,
-0.6791887283325195,
-0.5619718432426453,
-1.5534403324127197,
0.5969798564910889,
-0.26944392919540405,
0.6494486331939697,
-0.34345564246177673,
0.21095292270183563,
-0.35718193650245667,
0.24394315481185913,
-0.178564190864563,
0.32187989354133606,
-0.2261551469564438,
-0.3688948452472687,
0.5807374715805054,
-0.6362152099609375,
0.32243773341178894,
-0.17175249755382538,
-0.014260605908930302,
-0.03166733682155609,
0.375861257314682,
-0.034880027174949646,
-0.14622005820274353,
0.11278125643730164,
-0.8590900301933289,
-0.4516792893409729,
-0.14857816696166992,
-0.25478020310401917,
-0.3776494562625885,
-0.08672501891851425,
-0.10016953200101852,
-0.11367068439722061,
-0.38198480010032654,
0.10790040343999863,
0.32464882731437683,
0.365485280752182,
-0.11484663933515549,
0.451780766248703,
-0.16049975156784058,
0.2289014607667923,
0.11539676040410995,
0.12543798983097076,
-0.5688180923461914,
-0.08373759686946869,
-0.5070504546165466,
-0.04577159136533737,
0.31124961376190186,
-0.6213014125823975,
0.2844131290912628,
0.28395339846611023,
-0.5481156706809998,
-0.0632130354642868,
0.49518707394599915,
-0.3523271381855011,
0.07877063006162643,
-0.21995703876018524,
-0.04069621488451958,
-0.25510382652282715,
0.7258687019348145,
0.1298973113298416,
-0.5658369660377502,
-0.4187919795513153,
-0.16980573534965515,
0.4233296513557434,
0.5233816504478455,
-0.15085360407829285,
-0.38579311966896057,
-0.046932343393564224,
0.4331461191177368,
0.2576228976249695,
-0.22099922597408295,
-0.6097062230110168,
0.13850297033786774,
0.4466532766819,
-0.2951699197292328,
-0.28385448455810547,
-0.20500706136226654,
0.45949873328208923,
0.7744014859199524,
-0.28836390376091003,
0.4373597502708435,
-0.5396994948387146,
0.2412121742963791,
0.3113892674446106,
-0.957616925239563,
0.1547481119632721,
0.08563369512557983,
0.6540747880935669,
0.1738278865814209,
0.2327347695827484,
-0.2724534571170807,
-0.11892290413379669,
0.24754254519939423,
0.027605686336755753,
0.5879626870155334,
0.3072344958782196,
-0.9851173758506775,
0.34763842821121216,
-0.21292443573474884,
-0.015046999789774418,
0.14028051495552063,
0.2000468522310257,
-0.28146010637283325,
0.2041882872581482,
-0.46284496784210205,
-0.05594450980424881,
0.14756301045417786,
-0.23434379696846008,
0.10712754726409912,
0.35255953669548035,
-0.20206570625305176,
0.23895537853240967,
-0.38678812980651855,
-0.24195677042007446,
0.03385378420352936,
-0.10042110830545425,
-0.15024642646312714,
0.2877495288848877,
-0.07634908705949783,
0.018496017903089523,
0.2492111474275589,
-0.1070370227098465,
-0.07701986283063889,
0.39553016424179077,
-0.43964219093322754,
0.5094147324562073,
0.35248446464538574,
0.18149176239967346,
0.7172312140464783,
0.2525447905063629,
-0.19060644507408142,
0.019549451768398285,
0.33759692311286926,
-0.35235705971717834,
0.5495728850364685,
0.3462170362472534,
-0.4564911127090454,
0.7397686243057251,
0.2008342444896698,
-0.037349678575992584,
-0.7014382481575012,
0.18678811192512512,
0.2944192886352539,
-0.21958427131175995,
-0.10874584317207336,
-0.5344881415367126,
-0.4518059194087982,
-0.549604594707489,
-0.637205958366394,
-0.23479874432086945,
0.9794899821281433,
-0.5451937317848206,
-0.656578779220581,
0.3051566183567047,
0.2804911136627197,
0.40391939878463745,
-0.6350775361061096,
-0.23952198028564453,
0.6913455128669739,
-0.35122713446617126,
0.22325733304023743,
0.3069649338722229,
0.10819624364376068,
0.4365103542804718,
0.33910971879959106,
0.29836803674697876,
0.1598522663116455,
-0.4821811020374298,
0.9658380746841431,
-0.20651502907276154,
-0.17334242165088654,
0.013999455608427525,
0.008309312164783478,
-0.15463587641716003,
-0.2990769147872925,
-0.108098104596138,
0.5083502531051636,
-0.44808945059776306,
-0.5414865016937256,
0.2644236087799072,
-0.09299829602241516,
0.209971085190773,
0.30250418186187744,
0.12009655684232712,
0.35461798310279846,
-0.24128268659114838,
-0.009340270422399044,
-0.3328219950199127,
0.3945179581642151,
-0.12259048968553543,
-0.6750103235244751,
-0.17695727944374084,
0.2131417691707611,
0.18106311559677124,
0.4296068549156189,
-0.47362372279167175,
-0.276993989944458,
0.16847093403339386,
-0.026801902800798416,
-0.16358311474323273,
0.8085097074508667,
-0.49211546778678894,
0.2842702269554138,
0.052574578672647476,
0.1452077329158783,
-0.18876802921295166,
0.04199409484863281,
0.41876569390296936,
-0.16699740290641785,
-0.4701199233531952,
-0.11042916774749756,
0.22925350069999695,
0.6055020689964294,
0.34319326281547546,
0.4498991370201111,
0.19225147366523743,
-0.36515170335769653,
0.4458548426628113,
0.3272407054901123,
-0.3781549036502838,
-0.024206560105085373,
0.06568298488855362,
-0.12529128789901733,
0.09208833426237106,
0.7620630264282227,
0.09686513990163803,
-0.10422556102275848,
0.5369447469711304,
-0.6276715397834778,
0.004231857601553202,
-0.5645755529403687,
-0.43797767162323,
0.38669106364250183,
-0.2501249313354492,
-0.2914719879627228,
-0.5011652112007141,
-0.48192504048347473,
-0.059025079011917114,
0.18558740615844727,
-0.702950656414032,
0.5792908072471619,
-0.1767110973596573,
0.15114110708236694,
-0.4331950545310974,
0.09139710664749146,
-0.9848486185073853,
-0.3488084673881531,
0.5026832222938538,
-0.11017488688230515,
0.167836531996727,
0.26788151264190674,
0.036220427602529526,
0.25917208194732666,
0.050396859645843506,
0.4102955460548401,
-0.3929203152656555,
-0.2728675305843353,
0.04762765392661095,
-0.015973739326000214,
0.007132820785045624,
0.09287082403898239,
0.49800726771354675,
0.10076415538787842,
0.30408990383148193,
-5.963711738586426,
0.2418949455022812,
-0.36369144916534424,
-0.60599684715271,
0.22621966898441315,
0.5271694660186768,
0.23187480866909027,
-0.2585591971874237,
0.15894144773483276,
0.0013196337968111038,
-0.43518325686454773,
0.008836972527205944,
-0.3162100911140442,
-0.1512511521577835,
-0.1491101235151291,
-0.18381556868553162,
-0.23603364825248718,
0.015187177807092667,
-0.249070405960083,
0.39499813318252563,
0.12524531781673431,
0.25747430324554443,
0.21590372920036316,
0.8959928154945374,
0.390305757522583,
-0.1320454478263855,
0.04350348189473152,
-0.08537682145833969,
-0.17713817954063416,
-0.34879833459854126,
0.14906732738018036,
-0.08256258815526962,
0.43885037302970886,
0.05965037643909454,
-0.18931461870670319,
-0.0053588044829666615,
0.5630267262458801,
0.09357093274593353,
0.42435702681541443,
0.22935140132904053,
-0.18183928728103638,
0.4529639482498169,
0.661445140838623,
-0.6000944375991821,
0.24261142313480377,
-0.28265097737312317,
-0.30912965536117554,
-0.412362277507782,
-0.30258291959762573,
0.4177706837654114,
0.0004990115994587541,
-0.029988737776875496,
0.013485697098076344,
0.01278137881308794,
0.9043110609054565,
0.34077250957489014,
0.4781597852706909,
0.17283262312412262,
-0.3591386377811432,
-0.05955759063363075,
0.4827100336551666,
-0.5740460753440857,
-0.652664065361023,
-0.40914079546928406,
0.6475706696510315,
-0.8189984560012817,
-0.5104392766952515,
-0.10450034588575363,
0.729152262210846,
0.06976238638162613,
-0.21389569342136383,
-0.03211767598986626,
0.5652484893798828,
-0.6142079830169678,
0.40638864040374756,
-0.6308409571647644,
0.055776551365852356,
-0.1659722477197647,
-0.7045090794563293,
0.7648853063583374,
-0.32795190811157227,
0.03939776495099068,
-0.23906433582305908,
-0.09673505276441574,
0.01511892769485712,
-0.33069920539855957,
-0.35241997241973877,
0.07631348073482513,
0.3289754092693329,
0.3118515908718109,
1.251609444618225,
-0.36362984776496887,
0.2817270755767822,
0.0009375951485708356,
-0.12944456934928894,
0.046084191650152206,
0.06145242229104042,
-0.1363789290189743,
0.14644303917884827,
-0.1510312706232071,
0.24104627966880798,
-0.028819909319281578,
0.09733494371175766,
0.19295848906040192,
-0.004089318681508303,
-0.2028454691171646,
-0.7286108732223511,
0.03949815407395363,
0.9503838419914246,
0.2798016369342804,
0.10471568256616592,
0.17964431643486023,
-0.3225337266921997,
-0.3519671857357025,
-0.05830087512731552,
0.2897612154483795,
0.12643419206142426,
0.049516044557094574,
-0.00824015960097313,
-0.44590479135513306,
0.16488510370254517,
-0.030502475798130035,
-0.9071027040481567,
-0.04229758679866791,
-0.25139862298965454,
0.04252554848790169,
-0.3856872618198395,
-0.044539980590343475,
0.3444303870201111,
0.12527310848236084,
0.3246133625507355,
0.0200398750603199,
0.42573827505111694,
0.31178250908851624,
0.20375318825244904,
0.1296435296535492,
0.026382649317383766,
0.26234811544418335,
-0.3788887858390808,
-0.5191236734390259,
0.013494736514985561,
-0.8026569485664368,
-0.1131133958697319,
-0.14247475564479828,
0.7463281154632568,
-0.018118971958756447,
-0.5245881080627441,
-0.4112292230129242,
-0.2036982774734497,
0.7669275999069214,
0.11242933571338654,
0.31304603815078735,
0.06000465899705887,
-0.1516358107328415,
-0.0377209410071373,
-0.2556806206703186,
-0.08541557192802429,
0.11266066879034042,
-0.41974547505378723,
0.014676127582788467,
0.2739297151565552,
-0.3245794475078583,
-0.5123103260993958,
-0.40747785568237305,
0.22950339317321777,
-0.32106301188468933,
-0.2665562629699707,
-0.27976709604263306,
0.1596827208995819,
0.4797244369983673,
-0.25483906269073486,
-0.1648329496383667,
-0.7099654674530029,
-0.06526443362236023,
0.3621681034564972,
-0.17468243837356567,
0.1527465134859085,
0.37054917216300964,
-0.06433380395174026,
-0.04795773699879646,
-0.12478606402873993,
0.10808931291103363,
0.1990865170955658,
0.6235814094543457,
0.18759103119373322,
-0.2730434834957123,
-0.3516090512275696,
0.38097938895225525,
-0.1706453263759613,
-0.26600486040115356,
-0.21616025269031525,
-0.6127992868423462,
-0.14195454120635986,
-0.14355549216270447,
-0.41917282342910767,
0.6367132663726807,
-0.2978335916996002,
0.5192095041275024,
-0.05731108784675598,
0.23916836082935333,
0.06302818655967712,
-0.2744078040122986,
0.06140019744634628,
-0.25610166788101196,
0.46107983589172363,
-0.27383261919021606,
0.6317942142486572,
-0.38401249051094055,
-0.33955517411231995,
0.3253541588783264,
0.10628465563058853,
-0.8513291478157043,
-0.48306629061698914,
0.36270904541015625,
0.3282448351383209,
-0.04405732825398445,
-0.03272582218050957,
-0.4326339662075043,
-0.39255136251449585,
-0.9232200384140015,
0.4536193609237671,
-0.15725958347320557,
-0.20862042903900146,
0.11642273515462875,
0.10919182002544403,
-0.12301164120435715,
-0.251750111579895,
0.031567979604005814,
0.7476683855056763,
-0.0848286896944046,
0.6302980184555054,
-0.004706599283963442,
0.11696945130825043,
0.43091389536857605,
0.1783866286277771,
-0.42827749252319336,
-0.6104710102081299,
-0.4082224369049072,
-0.19247698783874512,
0.3079701066017151,
0.5761591792106628,
0.4977518618106842,
0.370505690574646,
0.01925515942275524,
-0.5180249810218811,
0.3366919457912445,
0.029964858666062355,
-0.7069462537765503,
-0.4601535201072693,
0.6716718673706055,
0.5059605240821838,
-0.3875841200351715,
-0.3949134349822998,
-0.29353439807891846,
0.2831486463546753,
-0.019671158865094185,
-0.004658216144889593,
-0.17980186641216278,
0.030820775777101517,
0.84589022397995,
0.20521576702594757,
-0.3645877242088318,
0.2887027859687805,
0.3735945522785187,
-0.5999417901039124,
0.24808548390865326,
-0.6070325374603271,
0.08574295789003372,
0.34085705876350403,
-0.4864802360534668,
0.05536616966128349,
0.21691149473190308,
0.3224064111709595,
-0.09236850589513779,
0.33424118161201477,
-0.12184979021549225,
-0.20530113577842712,
-0.3283349573612213,
-0.16601526737213135,
0.33989694714546204,
-0.4795103967189789,
-0.16851426661014557,
-0.20328471064567566,
0.19487856328487396,
-0.13946236670017242,
0.1118384599685669,
0.20761629939079285,
0.1534980833530426,
-0.07042711228132248,
-0.032235246151685715,
-0.4450296461582184,
0.8425264954566956,
-0.17791657149791718,
0.9801537990570068,
-0.253574937582016,
-0.3878055214881897,
0.748664915561676,
0.7985501885414124,
0.2718992531299591,
0.2492966204881668,
-0.46767911314964294,
0.24688750505447388,
0.4639028310775757,
-0.3626348376274109,
-0.08220216631889343,
0.42907366156578064,
-0.018796924501657486,
-0.424114465713501,
-0.1830832064151764,
-0.025377944111824036,
0.14220473170280457,
0.14693868160247803,
0.41239121556282043,
0.6989220976829529,
0.4659254848957062,
-0.1592816859483719,
0.19042624533176422,
-0.02803700603544712,
-0.14652402698993683,
0.03932739049196243,
0.3232559561729431,
-0.1351725161075592,
0.08501733839511871,
-0.4208328425884247,
-0.7164112329483032,
0.0664656013250351,
0.0546746701002121,
-0.1124185249209404,
-0.22196371853351593,
0.7342434525489807,
0.6192964315414429,
0.38837936520576477,
-0.11799799650907516,
-0.49861377477645874,
0.061628296971321106,
-0.7498873472213745,
-0.35043808817863464,
-0.1563137173652649,
0.30676794052124023,
0.3228057324886322,
0.19652986526489258,
0.46464765071868896,
0.0422280989587307,
0.2623911499977112,
0.3376745283603668,
0.1410670131444931,
0.17464476823806763,
-0.39939218759536743,
-0.3084000051021576,
0.334570050239563,
0.19346819818019867,
0.07144229114055634,
0.18966008722782135,
-0.21338951587677002,
0.12083452194929123,
-0.038169316947460175,
0.0613492988049984,
-0.11606187373399734,
-0.2441953718662262,
0.16717621684074402,
-0.4419962763786316,
0.5851116180419922,
0.4913352429866791,
-0.5023691058158875,
-0.39936503767967224,
-0.03348562493920326,
-0.11920329928398132,
-0.5280622243881226,
-0.3732753098011017,
-0.32593920826911926,
-0.0020849460270255804,
0.22615841031074524,
-0.5765373706817627,
0.04327843710780144,
0.18493780493736267,
0.3159063756465912,
0.7184192538261414,
0.44986432790756226,
-0.2416062206029892,
0.028726860880851746,
-0.5848496556282043,
-0.383562296628952,
-0.4232734143733978,
-0.4297565519809723,
-0.150643453001976,
0.14199873805046082,
0.10219041258096695,
-0.04998563230037689,
-0.1676628589630127,
0.2469145506620407,
-0.012778074480593204,
-0.5284768342971802,
0.5339744091033936,
-0.2171345055103302,
-0.36314114928245544,
0.1684885025024414,
-0.20758256316184998,
0.8015276193618774,
0.4763352870941162,
0.43115535378456116,
0.04193742573261261,
0.007228841073811054,
-0.0777871161699295,
-0.5796100497245789,
-0.7059159874916077,
0.011048170737922192,
0.39595910906791687,
-0.005609686952084303,
0.3186676502227783,
0.11014235764741898,
0.5909034609794617,
-0.3713403344154358,
0.028511997312307358,
0.7955647110939026,
-0.10131720453500748,
-0.22935070097446442,
0.559902548789978,
0.15727083384990692,
0.341513991355896,
-0.4798825681209564,
0.2266402393579483,
0.32408004999160767,
0.06801079958677292,
0.2703722417354584,
0.23377887904644012,
0.2575945258140564,
0.41388174891471863,
0.5403419137001038,
-0.8869562149047852,
0.100880466401577,
-0.8476054668426514,
0.15744033455848694,
-0.43368762731552124,
0.6183627247810364,
-0.3759155869483948,
-0.058270037174224854,
-0.042779553681612015,
-0.15752620995044708,
-0.10520415753126144,
-0.1899040937423706,
0.20669947564601898,
-0.10330658406019211,
-0.33002522587776184,
-0.01923670619726181,
-0.4380989670753479,
0.46835747361183167,
-0.2981601059436798,
0.03474476560950279,
-0.09123127907514572,
-0.20677459239959717,
0.3522071838378906,
-0.14180324971675873,
0.4527583718299866,
0.2456059753894806,
0.3191930055618286,
-0.6859741806983948,
-0.018730446696281433,
-0.46783673763275146,
0.1517103761434555,
0.14810733497142792
] |
236556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Wisternitz | Battle of Wisternitz | The Battle of Wisternitz or Dolní Věstonice was fought on 5 August 1619 between a Moravian force under Friedrich von Tiefenbach (Teuffenbach) and an Austrian army under Henri de Dampierre. The battle was a Moravian victory. The battle is part of the Thirty Years' War.
Budweis (České Budějovice) was one of the three towns which remained loyal to the Austrian emperor when Bohemia revolted. After the Austrian victory at Sablat, the Bohemians were forced to raise the siege of České Budějovice. On 15 June 1619, Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim retreated to Soběslav where he awaited reinforcement by Count Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.
After taking control of the strong places of southern Bohemia, Emperor Ferdinand II sent a force under Dampierre to Moravia, which had chosen the side of the Bohemian rebels. However, Dampierre was defeated at Dolní Věstonice () by Moravian forces under von Tiefenbach (brother of Rudolf von Tiefenbach) and Ladislav Velen ze Žerotína in August 1619, which left Moravia in the Bohemian camp.
Notes
References
William P. Guthrie. Battles of the Thirty Years War: From White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618–1635. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport, Connecticut. 2002.
Radek Fukala. Sen o odplatě. Dramata třicetileté války. Nakladatelství Epocha. 2005.
1619 in Europe
Wisternitz 1619
Wisternitz 1619
Battles in Moravia
Battles involving Bohemia | [
-0.4921504259109497,
-0.42983943223953247,
0.4693315327167511,
0.2778220772743225,
-0.7729712724685669,
0.8619896173477173,
0.7971765995025635,
-0.18040287494659424,
-0.06417565047740936,
-0.6962015628814697,
0.6140157580375671,
0.30143415927886963,
0.004220150876790285,
0.8834044933319092,
-0.5032562017440796,
0.6456217169761658,
0.7026476860046387,
-0.24202586710453033,
0.0400666669011116,
-0.6359776854515076,
0.4537142813205719,
-1.1427481174468994,
0.559126079082489,
0.805889368057251,
0.5317769050598145,
-0.525477945804596,
0.19420017302036285,
-0.5151703953742981,
0.7915393710136414,
0.04001440480351448,
0.026916390284895897,
0.7672348618507385,
0.04502169415354729,
-0.25925588607788086,
-0.26143720746040344,
0.4481910467147827,
-0.45247915387153625,
0.0028970756102353334,
-0.03306054323911667,
-0.1414361298084259,
-0.050512660294771194,
0.7023909091949463,
-0.06233641877770424,
-0.09512590616941452,
0.2997995913028717,
0.398144006729126,
-0.8618215918540955,
0.07440590858459473,
-0.5484243631362915,
-0.399283766746521,
-0.26511409878730774,
0.8542133569717407,
0.1773371398448944,
1.0351799726486206,
-0.3508259057998657,
0.14074485003948212,
-0.8992646932601929,
-0.7249300479888916,
0.5965430736541748,
-0.05614478886127472,
0.6405463814735413,
0.21524767577648163,
-0.13851922750473022,
-0.07691647112369537,
-0.23490822315216064,
0.018363602459430695,
-0.027109142392873764,
1.0423786640167236,
-0.5880939960479736,
-1.1446216106414795,
-0.004202521406114101,
0.17585965991020203,
-0.04848034679889679,
-0.28422486782073975,
0.6481733918190002,
-0.4242817759513855,
-0.24671965837478638,
0.1113680899143219,
0.045918188989162445,
-0.144697904586792,
0.03613712266087532,
-0.47376465797424316,
0.6153897643089294,
-0.3262806236743927,
0.69645094871521,
0.33173638582229614,
-0.45719945430755615,
0.2405649721622467,
-0.5319868922233582,
-0.21271876990795135,
0.18641798198223114,
-0.7251991033554077,
0.009523465298116207,
-0.2896566689014435,
-0.008309666067361832,
0.5600529909133911,
0.08554207533597946,
-0.0191503893584013,
-0.539168655872345,
0.5656790733337402,
0.5555068850517273,
0.47230976819992065,
-0.024367446079850197,
0.20254765450954437,
-0.9621322154998779,
-0.16827242076396942,
0.37649738788604736,
-0.37707963585853577,
0.18918965756893158,
-0.20298661291599274,
-0.2435334026813507,
0.023559439927339554,
-0.3912205100059509,
-0.1054471954703331,
-0.19174925982952118,
0.38671597838401794,
0.5941401124000549,
-0.8368197679519653,
0.32116222381591797,
0.6676352024078369,
0.34666067361831665,
0.4126426577568054,
-0.33140942454338074,
0.6048698425292969,
-0.17841099202632904,
-0.0810159295797348,
0.27393490076065063,
0.3628939986228943,
-0.03682029992341995,
0.30097103118896484,
-0.05745020881295204,
1.1478265523910522,
0.36684972047805786,
-0.1526593565940857,
0.24772508442401886,
-0.2147461324930191,
0.3939126133918762,
0.14806616306304932,
-0.244268998503685,
0.03331640735268593,
-0.6038916110992432,
0.08631164580583572,
-0.24547341465950012,
-0.16497457027435303,
0.3831932544708252,
-0.5780932903289795,
-0.20434723794460297,
-1.1374115943908691,
0.23380178213119507,
-0.6987250447273254,
0.19840827584266663,
-0.11132162809371948,
-0.11383134871721268,
0.09894458949565887,
-0.5574202537536621,
0.7931456565856934,
0.2857300043106079,
-0.18874643743038177,
0.36740756034851074,
0.3742515742778778,
0.16281144320964813,
0.37714821100234985,
-0.052431244403123856,
0.7046554684638977,
0.027624953538179398,
-0.39164748787879944,
0.822340190410614,
-0.21725966036319733,
0.06586536020040512,
0.10126753896474838,
-0.33219581842422485,
0.1431952267885208,
-0.2282814234495163,
-0.0339103527367115,
0.632803201675415,
0.3325502574443817,
0.8047133088111877,
0.17251697182655334,
0.1793736070394516,
-0.6519999504089355,
-0.5118272304534912,
-0.049875881522893906,
0.46448224782943726,
-0.122499980032444,
0.49665895104408264,
0.8724274635314941,
0.4733792245388031,
0.009887744672596455,
-0.16313911974430084,
0.2947547435760498,
-0.1548370122909546,
-0.5887767672538757,
0.5715326070785522,
0.14975617825984955,
1.5999152660369873,
0.13215716183185577,
-0.24345481395721436,
-0.36545637249946594,
-0.419845312833786,
0.3192530870437622,
0.03126418963074684,
-0.9559757113456726,
0.38854214549064636,
0.42955708503723145,
-0.5962859392166138,
-0.10246016830205917,
-0.4269503653049469,
-0.33248233795166016,
0.3150539994239807,
-0.00447413045912981,
0.14848849177360535,
-0.0932999923825264,
-0.2582307755947113,
0.20419637858867645,
-0.1597236841917038,
0.05844154953956604,
-0.6084721684455872,
0.22088934481143951,
0.287479043006897,
-0.5143049955368042,
0.0026921508833765984,
0.12057322263717651,
-0.05332006514072418,
0.569188117980957,
0.3904936611652374,
0.5225602388381958,
-0.2062550038099289,
0.26185891032218933,
-0.3898089528083801,
-1.4947113990783691,
-0.1363057941198349,
0.3187390863895416,
0.46651366353034973,
-0.1384250372648239,
0.07944905757904053,
-0.25462305545806885,
-0.17746686935424805,
-0.46462029218673706,
0.136546328663826,
-0.4381271004676819,
0.24752937257289886,
0.35044971108436584,
-0.5903422236442566,
0.5537741780281067,
0.38295093178749084,
0.6033477783203125,
0.22810687124729156,
0.3328777849674225,
-0.2565459609031677,
-0.1580035239458084,
-0.07522622495889664,
0.5933330655097961,
-0.4659425914287567,
-0.3267657160758972,
0.2833792567253113,
-0.3746376037597656,
0.24863992631435394,
-0.06609909981489182,
0.6916830539703369,
0.4819975793361664,
0.18759091198444366,
-0.2870147228240967,
-0.009878884069621563,
0.15287111699581146,
-0.17832162976264954,
-0.518388569355011,
-0.2592546045780182,
0.006829638499766588,
0.2592586278915405,
-0.5780240893363953,
0.19982512295246124,
-0.4496248662471771,
-0.4396609663963318,
-0.046723343431949615,
0.3249417245388031,
-0.7567224502563477,
-0.47427529096603394,
0.15587227046489716,
0.01062195748090744,
-0.11692705005407333,
-0.06650542467832565,
0.39704689383506775,
0.29070165753364563,
-0.16015346348285675,
0.09705422073602676,
0.5340884327888489,
0.38738036155700684,
0.21238642930984497,
0.4021356403827667,
-0.5292472839355469,
-0.20463192462921143,
0.4243938624858856,
-0.4340481758117676,
0.28208795189857483,
-0.09396117925643921,
0.5813646912574768,
-0.625124454498291,
-0.21522648632526398,
0.7537936568260193,
0.11229482293128967,
-0.6876360177993774,
0.5482268333435059,
-0.8300315737724304,
0.09098358452320099,
-0.18053191900253296,
-0.7690752148628235,
0.11010779440402985,
-0.07693035155534744,
-5.260135650634766,
0.3764989972114563,
-0.19608718156814575,
-0.41993123292922974,
0.057634387165308,
0.12041069567203522,
0.5201707482337952,
-0.3529319167137146,
0.16106265783309937,
0.24317814409732819,
0.02249750681221485,
-0.7731038928031921,
-0.6087663769721985,
0.004559129010885954,
0.42994463443756104,
-0.03238707408308983,
0.02127288654446602,
-0.8009753227233887,
0.08563561737537384,
-0.5364141464233398,
-0.116048663854599,
0.11548731476068497,
0.40895742177963257,
0.44324570894241333,
0.6061628460884094,
0.26447761058807373,
-0.18675386905670166,
-0.14057926833629608,
-0.2948131561279297,
-0.03404400125145912,
0.24107009172439575,
-0.5033555030822754,
-0.16977161169052124,
0.3964460790157318,
-0.649807333946228,
-0.3169533908367157,
1.0821008682250977,
0.6354493498802185,
0.5262769460678101,
-0.3303520381450653,
0.06771699339151382,
0.8449203968048096,
-0.542143702507019,
0.051485929638147354,
1.1006044149398804,
-0.5399032235145569,
-0.48606184124946594,
0.07472138851881027,
-0.6914994120597839,
0.8588719964027405,
0.30303826928138733,
-0.3090863823890686,
0.22473667562007904,
-0.22288408875465393,
0.24543236196041107,
0.0812292993068695,
-0.7092499136924744,
-0.04686189442873001,
-0.3256851136684418,
0.2234405130147934,
0.24525591731071472,
-0.10839387774467468,
-0.0848846361041069,
-0.35223913192749023,
0.47145965695381165,
-0.3120380640029907,
0.1123216524720192,
-0.0014078295789659023,
0.4748205840587616,
0.05522739514708519,
0.6291674971580505,
1.3870422840118408,
-0.24325178563594818,
-1.1539058685302734,
-0.10888512432575226,
-0.1792316883802414,
-0.8841530084609985,
-0.35263851284980774,
0.004652985371649265,
0.3125241696834564,
0.36376404762268066,
-0.28350648283958435,
0.20505066215991974,
0.48972973227500916,
0.8513564467430115,
0.7224283814430237,
-0.4273775815963745,
-0.24950124323368073,
-0.16877810657024384,
-0.32842791080474854,
0.44268131256103516,
-0.7114596962928772,
-0.18427428603172302,
-0.022956661880016327,
-0.344693660736084,
0.6933478713035583,
-0.10448162257671356,
0.09319350123405457,
-0.01189506333321333,
0.2779746949672699,
0.5821748375892639,
-0.35733655095100403,
0.2385723739862442,
-0.4438544511795044,
-0.027537837624549866,
0.11091797053813934,
-0.29299938678741455,
0.4457707107067108,
0.8495598435401917,
0.4111800491809845,
-0.22151382267475128,
0.2046113908290863,
-0.22449854016304016,
-0.3869563043117523,
0.3244662880897522,
-0.9027732014656067,
-0.32376348972320557,
1.1534759998321533,
0.6577334403991699,
-0.4511833190917969,
0.621619462966919,
-0.3661631941795349,
-0.11930874735116959,
-0.5313572883605957,
-0.13390932977199554,
-0.3007985055446625,
-0.3097124993801117,
0.35171929001808167,
-0.8895383477210999,
0.4432388246059418,
-0.006412888411432505,
-0.0057878498919308186,
-0.39436694979667664,
-0.2910859286785126,
0.1359429955482483,
-0.44939330220222473,
-0.43049725890159607,
-1.00627863407135,
0.26177266240119934,
0.4720579981803894,
0.2417871654033661,
-0.23781529068946838,
-0.30573907494544983,
0.15181127190589905,
-0.35007527470588684,
0.2332468181848526,
0.13240908086299896,
-0.7551422119140625,
-0.549365758895874,
0.17513789236545563,
-0.6319202184677124,
-0.04980244114995003,
0.5055126547813416,
-0.07917442172765732,
-0.01504969596862793,
-0.028481684625148773,
0.4760594964027405,
0.12227250635623932,
-0.009119776077568531,
-0.046400319784879684,
-0.3002050220966339,
0.5800934433937073,
-0.9971639513969421,
-0.11187700927257538,
0.08449741452932358,
-0.4159678816795349,
-0.595664918422699,
-0.6790614128112793,
-0.1158294677734375,
0.6365090012550354,
0.4071226716041565,
-0.26202526688575745,
-0.9551743865013123,
0.440060019493103,
0.11258786916732788,
0.13461077213287354,
-0.07346885651350021,
-0.05731016770005226,
-0.09813053905963898,
-0.05721098929643631,
-0.12529663741588593,
0.04137156531214714,
0.37111642956733704,
0.7273562550544739,
0.6581360697746277,
-0.08943204581737518,
-0.40933579206466675,
0.3227544128894806,
-0.515518069267273,
0.4658799469470978,
-0.02715672366321087,
-0.6080276966094971,
-0.2458031326532364,
0.30778348445892334,
-0.31473273038864136,
-0.5608976483345032,
-0.5068168044090271,
-0.007908621802926064,
-0.03269010782241821,
-0.1809319704771042,
-0.19390229880809784,
0.4664302170276642,
-0.6202220320701599,
0.2492501437664032,
-0.04164109006524086,
-0.688879132270813,
-0.018298568204045296,
0.35607466101646423,
-0.9816341996192932,
0.574113667011261,
-0.15093614161014557,
-0.3966127336025238,
-0.2608649432659149,
0.40694430470466614,
0.04628796875476837,
-0.3464643955230713,
-0.045970480889081955,
-0.31509265303611755,
-0.5054733157157898,
-0.1987685263156891,
-0.3866312503814697,
0.26922571659088135,
-0.4639195501804352,
-0.3627588450908661,
-0.4450954794883728,
0.3015526533126831,
0.18810439109802246,
-0.4136258065700531,
0.45098888874053955,
-0.11674989759922028,
-0.28503909707069397,
-0.19652871787548065,
0.156715989112854,
0.3611687123775482,
-0.050270382314920425,
-0.2389136701822281,
0.29095205664634705,
-0.19186455011367798,
-0.05976877361536026,
0.3300487995147705,
0.829585611820221,
0.2336682379245758,
-0.1268155574798584,
-0.24934574961662292,
0.7084383368492126,
-0.43560919165611267,
0.30761685967445374,
-0.35931795835494995,
-0.44911104440689087,
0.03719352185726166,
-0.3241041898727417,
-0.27318623661994934,
-0.8991662263870239,
-0.31667327880859375,
0.7656253576278687,
-0.10569042712450027,
-0.03746113181114197,
0.3982146978378296,
-0.08596846461296082,
0.03193514794111252,
-0.43015050888061523,
0.0852729082107544,
-0.09125366061925888,
0.10687749832868576,
0.1502784937620163,
-0.33393317461013794,
-0.11661982536315918,
-0.5869756937026978,
-0.05083601549267769,
0.017785798758268356,
-0.0818503201007843,
-0.520498514175415,
0.5142884850502014,
-0.3687402307987213,
0.09647488594055176,
0.10933026671409607,
-0.11303246766328812,
-0.42405039072036743,
0.27170810103416443,
-0.25608184933662415,
-0.958798885345459,
-0.4613880217075348,
-0.5078139305114746,
-0.09903199225664139,
0.01563059538602829,
-0.7203156352043152,
-0.05184008926153183,
0.1706799864768982,
-0.12350655347108841,
0.7253327965736389,
-0.30651381611824036,
-0.13500355184078217,
-0.2735718786716461,
0.29644477367401123,
0.40910279750823975,
-0.17439083755016327,
-0.2891474664211273,
0.18545874953269958,
-0.3319380283355713,
0.2368760108947754,
-0.8357195854187012,
0.4004674255847931,
0.4127057194709778,
-0.7615625858306885,
0.43501290678977966,
0.6646024584770203,
-0.39032649993896484,
0.16411954164505005,
-0.4528440833091736,
-0.24785152077674866,
0.09582877159118652,
0.35535433888435364,
-0.3425280749797821,
0.23144689202308655,
-0.6378855109214783,
-0.2417745143175125,
0.28588539361953735,
-0.15172132849693298,
-0.0077877650037407875,
-0.17237985134124756,
0.4315042793750763,
-0.06569202244281769,
0.8237376809120178,
0.23480503261089325,
-0.443121075630188,
0.8982682228088379,
0.36573219299316406,
-0.10789542645215988,
-0.11243923008441925,
0.20072229206562042,
-0.09497103840112686,
0.07679878175258636,
-0.573382556438446,
0.5481298565864563,
-0.33760419487953186,
0.21553988754749298,
-0.18316152691841125,
-0.6377982497215271,
-0.31319889426231384,
0.6858994364738464,
0.14011403918266296,
1.1388310194015503,
0.05404038727283478,
-0.07952695339918137,
-0.207555890083313,
0.20551086962223053,
0.07062290608882904,
-0.2559956908226013,
0.6408258080482483,
-0.4617908298969269,
0.8628129363059998,
0.06994485855102539,
-0.2697087228298187,
-0.8242770433425903,
0.3139343559741974,
0.5784980654716492,
0.3225128650665283,
-0.2501058578491211,
-0.6269662380218506,
-0.12255125492811203,
-0.1643175631761551,
-0.38483861088752747,
0.6253474950790405,
-0.10199650377035141,
-0.5364603996276855,
0.4051136374473572,
-0.35652241110801697,
0.41506636142730713,
-0.12956365942955017,
0.24689540266990662,
0.5894474387168884,
-0.5427189469337463,
-0.08785755187273026,
-0.547511875629425,
0.3639697730541229,
-0.014302888885140419,
0.5193382501602173,
0.27222102880477905,
0.07692046463489532,
0.429058700799942,
-0.41727447509765625,
0.6281241774559021,
-0.5018706917762756,
0.018820885568857193,
0.02235279232263565,
-0.5408509373664856,
0.042312126606702805,
-0.46553194522857666,
0.5978109836578369,
-1.174765944480896,
-0.031913500279188156,
-0.3235974609851837,
0.9435244202613831,
-0.2003268003463745,
-0.7351353168487549,
0.23970822989940643,
0.17448461055755615,
0.9217419028282166,
0.3313051462173462,
0.5078861117362976,
-0.22563184797763824,
0.275889128446579,
-0.3973574638366699,
0.5385494828224182,
-0.7350151538848877,
1.0667803287506104,
-0.3005950152873993,
0.38374051451683044,
0.29116979241371155,
0.4553361237049103,
0.49662429094314575,
-0.11217795312404633,
-0.19935914874076843,
0.32538193464279175,
-0.9681581258773804,
-0.5971984267234802,
0.9056224226951599,
0.10951243340969086,
-0.15063099563121796,
-0.7766448259353638,
0.12104662507772446,
-0.06991744041442871,
0.3069080710411072,
-0.21939745545387268,
0.4828415513038635,
-0.28001850843429565,
0.265582799911499,
-0.05444326996803284,
0.021397804841399193,
-0.06218138337135315,
-0.031105410307645798,
-0.09620103240013123,
-0.4205692708492279,
-0.2540782690048218,
-0.5189571380615234,
0.29932162165641785,
0.5273255109786987,
0.08446141332387924,
0.23288562893867493,
-0.408063679933548,
0.4215985834598541,
-0.5947272181510925,
0.33081716299057007,
0.1260172426700592,
0.46849754452705383,
0.4020627737045288,
-0.13570907711982727,
-0.22905349731445312,
0.30720698833465576,
0.8147538304328918,
-0.009538073092699051,
-0.06978493183851242,
0.46336814761161804,
-0.48664048314094543,
-0.19132596254348755,
-0.3789547085762024,
-0.43970441818237305,
-0.48029017448425293,
-0.11636003106832504,
-0.016100378707051277
] |
236557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%20University | Greenville University | Greenville University is a private university in Greenville, Illinois. It is affiliated with the Free Methodist Church. Established as Greenville College in 1892, the institution was renamed Greenville University in 2017.
History
In 1855, Stephen Morse and Almira Blanchard founded a college for women: Almira College, which shared an affiliation with the Baptist Church and educated young women, until a change in leadership, affiliation, and organization in 1892. At that time, the Central Illinois Conference of the Free Methodist Church purchased the property of Almira College and named it Greenville College. The institution was restructured to offer a co-educational experience for both genders. The institution was also incorporated as an independent college under the leadership of the Free Methodist Church. Greenville College was renamed to Greenville University in 2017.
Code of conduct
Students attending Greenville University are expected to adhere to a lifestyle that is codified and asks that the student agree to certain principles that the school calls "Christ-honoring", outlined in a document known as the Lifestyle Statement. Violations of the lifestyle statement are handled through a grace-based system which seeks to help students recover from any negative effects (i.e. addiction, emotional distress) and rehabilitate them to live according to what they believe is Christ's purpose for their life.
The Lifestyle Statement exists to keep the GU community accountable for having a healthy lifestyle that keeps the individual in line with God's redemptive plan. It includes instructions for all students to avoid: "backbiting, cheating, dishonesty, drunkenness, gossip, immodesty of dress, lying, occult practices, profanity, sexual promiscuity (including adultery, homosexual behavior, pre-marital sex), theft, and vulgarity (including crude language)." Other actions that students must agree to refrain from, both while on and away from campus, include: "the use of tobacco in any form, alcoholic beverages, hallucinogenic drugs and substances (including marijuana), or narcotics not authorized by a physician", gambling, and using or possessing pornography. And, in keeping with the institution's focus on Christian principles, the document states: "Members of the community are to observe the Lord's Day (Sunday) as a day set apart primarily for worship, fellowship, ministry, and rest." These principles are set in place to hold students accountable for creating a learning environment that intends to stands out from other universities and offer unique benefits to the health and well-being of the student. Greenville University states that it is committed to providing support without judgment to anyone suffering from any kind of problem, addiction, or mental illness. Struggling students are often encouraged to receive counseling or meet with a mentor in order to provide professional support as they attempt to make lifestyle changes.
Students are not required to sign a statement of faith; however, they must fulfill at least 36 chapel credits each semester. Most of these credits are fulfilled by attending a chapel service that is available on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of every academic week at 9:30am.
Campus
Nearly 800 students live on campus in a variety of residence halls including Joy Hall, Janssen Hall, Burritt Hall, Holtwick Hall, Blakenship Apartments, Tenney Hall, Kinney Hall, and Ellen J. Mannoia Hall (formerly known as College Avenue Hall). An additional 101-bed dormitory, called Hood Hall (formerly known as West Oak Hall), opened in the fall of 2007. Students also live in a number of college-owned houses. In the summer of 2007, Janssen Hall (originally constructed in 1959) was gutted and completely updated and remodeled. Joy Hall was renovated in the summer of 2011 to bring it up to modern safety code.
The college is home to the only museum dedicated to the works of sculptor Richard Bock, an associate of Frank Lloyd Wright. The first classes of Almira College in the 1850s were held in John Brown White's home, which is called the Almira College House; it houses Bock's sculptures.
In 1999, under the leadership of President Mannoia, the college became the first campus in the nation to install a completely wireless internet network across the entire campus.
Hogue Hall
The previous oldest building on campus, Wilson T. Hogue Hall, originally housed Almira College. Bricks for the building were made on the front campus in 1855, and the building was erected between 1856 and 1864 and given the name "Old Main". Hogue Hall contained the data processing center and administrative offices of the college on the lower two floors. The upper two floors, originally dormitory rooms, provided offices for the faculty and a few small classrooms. Informal conversation between faculty and students frequently took place in these offices. An open "bridge" at the third-floor level led to the third floor of LaDue Auditorium and Marston Hall, which serves as the main classroom building. This building was part of the National Register of Historic Places.
In the spring of 2007, then-President Vincent James Mannoia was made aware of structural problems within Hogue Hall that led to a remodeling project in the building. In the summer of 2007, remodeling work on the lower floor found significant cracks in the timber holding up the masonry wall. When it became aware of the situation, the college stopped the remodeling and consulted with a structural engineer and architectural experts on old buildings for advice. These experts' initial inspection uncovered major structural concerns in the east wing of the historic building. Classes were moved from the four classrooms on the third floor of the building, and faculty with offices located in the east wing were relocated to the classrooms. After extensive consultation with local citizens, faculty, staff, alumni, and the board of trustees, President Mannoia determined that Hogue Hall should be torn down in the summer of 2008, despite objections from Illinois' state preservation agency. The site of Hogue Hall is now contains Hogue Tower Memorial, a tower recreated in the shape of a tower that used to stand center of Hogue Hall. Original plans were to rebuild a new Hogue Hall in the same location, the college board of trustees is deciding whether to rebuild it in another location.
Athletics
Greenville University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Panthers are a member of the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Greenville added men's volleyball in the 2015–16 school year (2016 season); since the SLIAC only sponsors volleyball for women, that team will compete in the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League.
Notable alumni
|- colspan="2"
!Bands
|- colspan="2"
!People
Faculty
1956 Prohibition Party candidate for President, Enoch A. Holtwick, was a professor of history and government at Greenville College and is honored at GU through the Enoch A. Holtwick Literary Award and Enoch A. Holtwick Hall, a residence building.
GU professor Richard Huston became a Fulbright scholar for the third time in July 2007. He spent a year lecturing at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua in Leon, Nicaragua, beginning in February 2008.
Greenville University depends heavily on full-time faculty as the foundation for its educational program, particularly in the four-year traditional undergraduate programs. In the spring of 2009, 69 full-time faculty were employed at the school.
According to the Faculty Handbook, full-time faculty are reviewed regularly in their second, fourth, and sixth years of employment. For those faculty on the tenure track, the sixth year review is usually a tenure review. Post-tenure reviews occur every seven years. In each review, teaching and professional growth are evaluated. Faculty are also evaluated in at least one other area: scholarship, service, and/or governance. Greenville University says the review process is based on its published standards and what it calls its commitment to excellence in teaching.
See also
Phyllis Holmes
Robert Smith
References
Further reading
Still Abides the Memory by Mary A. Tenney. Student and faculty member writes about the history and her experience of Greenville College
Man Proposes, But God Disposes: A Biography of John Brown White, Lawyer, Minister, Educator, and Founding President of Almira College by Dr. Donald Jordahl, Emeritus Professor of History at Greenville College
External links
Official athletics website
1855 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Bond County, Illinois
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Education in Bond County, Illinois
Educational institutions established in 1855
Evangelicalism in Illinois
Greenville, Illinois
Sixth form colleges
Universities and colleges in the United States affiliated with the Free Methodist Church
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Bond County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Bond County, Illinois
Private universities and colleges in Illinois | [
-0.024870269000530243,
-0.3876645863056183,
0.1764058619737625,
-0.03833737596869469,
0.3660799264907837,
-0.1791432946920395,
0.4526820480823517,
0.5283330082893372,
-0.39265570044517517,
-0.511285126209259,
-0.08550500869750977,
-0.08391047269105911,
-0.10955910384654999,
0.33884575963020325,
-0.1632341593503952,
0.0477917455136776,
0.23560428619384766,
0.4243800640106201,
0.45130929350852966,
-0.775929868221283,
-0.4204617142677307,
0.0012634608428925276,
0.3469052016735077,
0.6033459305763245,
0.08566775918006897,
0.1946832239627838,
0.4856894016265869,
-0.25975027680397034,
0.0727459043264389,
0.6438361406326294,
0.2699049115180969,
0.39168521761894226,
0.04600748419761658,
-0.052147090435028076,
0.11677378416061401,
0.011735266074538231,
0.035592805594205856,
-0.1811041533946991,
0.43509382009506226,
-0.4328358471393585,
-0.6848952174186707,
-0.08523505926132202,
0.2862812280654907,
0.26286888122558594,
0.5300737619400024,
-0.7297765016555786,
-0.9846982359886169,
0.12154984474182129,
-0.34752243757247925,
-0.041491907089948654,
-0.3886837363243103,
0.6194006204605103,
0.43074244260787964,
0.5736514329910278,
0.06175609678030014,
0.4032518267631531,
-0.4837918281555176,
0.15856681764125824,
0.13238783180713654,
-0.21192729473114014,
0.6045042872428894,
0.7917506098747253,
-0.08757402747869492,
0.2064637392759323,
-0.3778368830680847,
0.17645728588104248,
-0.2703385055065155,
0.3777399957180023,
-0.3006299138069153,
0.0042662546038627625,
0.11385781317949295,
0.11272790282964706,
-0.3777531385421753,
0.2609047293663025,
0.1701868772506714,
-0.2623552978038788,
0.20259682834148407,
0.27741554379463196,
0.0664392039179802,
0.06006363779306412,
0.19915062189102173,
0.3780437409877777,
0.5719531774520874,
0.014185525476932526,
0.38864991068840027,
-0.04008419066667557,
-1.0268524885177612,
-0.266792893409729,
0.04243658855557442,
0.48377084732055664,
-0.32680079340934753,
-0.02117597684264183,
-0.39169013500213623,
0.25526052713394165,
0.08241540938615799,
-0.15205709636211395,
0.24977560341358185,
0.4115615785121918,
0.3226949870586395,
0.3421477973461151,
-0.06350267678499222,
0.19227378070354462,
0.3420957028865814,
0.022661391645669937,
0.15093010663986206,
-0.3204394578933716,
-0.4061925709247589,
-0.6260581016540527,
-0.10217739641666412,
-0.6181129813194275,
-1.1478368043899536,
0.5281640291213989,
-0.25169411301612854,
-0.43230605125427246,
-0.3721851110458374,
1.000775933265686,
0.44124141335487366,
-0.5251672863960266,
-0.13970810174942017,
0.10866963118314743,
0.15112416446208954,
0.4061673879623413,
-0.2924405634403229,
0.5359539985656738,
0.023694342002272606,
0.22329629957675934,
0.4020967483520508,
-0.026490936055779457,
-0.27270764112472534,
0.062124405056238174,
1.0112252235412598,
0.5144169330596924,
0.011271582916378975,
0.5389171838760376,
-0.18509691953659058,
-0.23584610223770142,
0.7333559989929199,
0.3551868200302124,
0.25970807671546936,
0.2864873707294464,
-1.0413938760757446,
-0.3586592674255371,
-1.461179256439209,
-0.613456666469574,
-0.02577943354845047,
-0.3882042169570923,
-0.19978587329387665,
0.25773492455482483,
0.024585317820310593,
0.04288135841488838,
0.35178637504577637,
0.21128733456134796,
-0.16947540640830994,
0.4100227952003479,
-0.6185826063156128,
0.2708663046360016,
0.4154507517814636,
-0.043281927704811096,
0.51230388879776,
0.3941425383090973,
0.19660159945487976,
0.6013088822364807,
-0.07490700483322144,
-0.22763851284980774,
0.32685986161231995,
-0.09469182789325714,
0.0780147910118103,
-0.4564317762851715,
0.09297411143779755,
0.2799331545829773,
-0.3102913796901703,
0.058232225477695465,
0.16274164617061615,
-0.78281569480896,
0.11230099201202393,
-0.600959062576294,
0.1350683718919754,
-0.05525237321853638,
0.22625738382339478,
-0.11693352460861206,
-0.7455061078071594,
0.14053823053836823,
0.8914207816123962,
-0.642298698425293,
-0.37100064754486084,
-0.2593124806880951,
0.2611037492752075,
0.2333497405052185,
0.041976649314165115,
0.4979230463504791,
-0.8018750548362732,
-0.43353700637817383,
0.43310102820396423,
0.41975995898246765,
1.1456992626190186,
0.04312106594443321,
-0.6614307761192322,
0.8637118935585022,
-0.9208416938781738,
0.04623552784323692,
-0.402958482503891,
-0.6571343541145325,
0.10401180386543274,
-0.19613675773143768,
-0.8099178671836853,
0.4287451207637787,
0.29337581992149353,
-0.30194219946861267,
0.3139272630214691,
0.5108747482299805,
0.3565164804458618,
-0.9828715920448303,
0.2458348572254181,
0.3860674500465393,
0.13718529045581818,
-0.3573307693004608,
-0.4287295341491699,
-0.2541843056678772,
0.1248723641037941,
-0.41273438930511475,
0.8452102541923523,
0.02938188426196575,
0.41861507296562195,
0.8121088743209839,
-0.10088330507278442,
0.11098017543554306,
0.05434436351060867,
0.33074453473091125,
0.18286219239234924,
0.4853343367576599,
0.5216037034988403,
0.128321573138237,
-0.03206445649266243,
-0.8595766425132751,
0.0656784176826477,
-0.4708256125450134,
-0.24349769949913025,
-0.35917797684669495,
0.13202643394470215,
0.03066924586892128,
0.05668149143457413,
-0.02213519811630249,
-1.2403275966644287,
0.020535726100206375,
0.22419308125972748,
-0.3988586664199829,
0.15791726112365723,
0.3668019473552704,
0.33739373087882996,
-0.6394382119178772,
0.37243708968162537,
0.381405234336853,
0.022059284150600433,
-0.42281433939933777,
0.18152868747711182,
0.2029913067817688,
0.17341341078281403,
0.40128037333488464,
0.22069445252418518,
-0.6367355585098267,
-0.17475198209285736,
0.15969638526439667,
-0.18545135855674744,
-0.31081151962280273,
-0.0966302827000618,
-0.11231739073991776,
-0.522361159324646,
-0.816646933555603,
-0.010085448622703552,
0.4725605845451355,
0.39922797679901123,
-0.0013979169307276607,
0.19856354594230652,
-0.9263888001441956,
-0.7561209201812744,
-0.01551394909620285,
0.42003965377807617,
-0.10608513653278351,
-0.6401770710945129,
-0.26439061760902405,
0.4368444085121155,
0.27336546778678894,
0.12641586363315582,
-0.6388171911239624,
0.25735533237457275,
-0.15960805118083954,
0.7719954252243042,
0.251284122467041,
-0.27693265676498413,
-0.028413282707333565,
-0.6438338160514832,
0.7922472953796387,
-0.4963974952697754,
0.4701700806617737,
0.07145734876394272,
0.3400074541568756,
0.47720304131507874,
-0.1385055035352707,
0.7641074657440186,
-0.3950585126876831,
-0.1550590544939041,
0.2792736291885376,
-0.33929184079170227,
0.116154745221138,
0.3345772922039032,
-0.9944444894790649,
-0.10602603852748871,
-0.18051716685295105,
-5.352108478546143,
0.472601056098938,
-0.833779513835907,
0.024139799177646637,
0.28186970949172974,
-0.6516885161399841,
0.4008064568042755,
-0.2502625584602356,
-0.32547885179519653,
-0.19457310438156128,
-0.4278610348701477,
-0.08525156229734421,
-0.16810795664787292,
0.5054630041122437,
0.3770202398300171,
0.9110074639320374,
1.1191253662109375,
-0.3764762580394745,
0.2023756057024002,
0.6656952500343323,
-0.3158627152442932,
-0.28232303261756897,
-0.41291099786758423,
0.32646870613098145,
0.251899391412735,
1.2903274297714233,
-0.8730949759483337,
-0.31716588139533997,
-0.06629665940999985,
-0.9530885219573975,
0.3938278555870056,
0.03712412342429161,
-0.2431843876838684,
-0.38974127173423767,
0.18258428573608398,
-0.24876320362091064,
0.04295019060373306,
0.31873008608818054,
-0.33760204911231995,
0.13595233857631683,
0.1489500105381012,
0.13896316289901733,
-0.547675609588623,
0.4478420317173004,
0.3248140811920166,
-0.26944735646247864,
-0.2196473479270935,
-0.0036554685793817043,
-0.37578049302101135,
0.7510436773300171,
-0.48074716329574585,
0.0441969558596611,
0.8471553921699524,
0.5440695285797119,
-0.23324552178382874,
-0.48917874693870544,
-0.13079281151294708,
0.22683805227279663,
0.4387921392917633,
0.46210628747940063,
0.25555768609046936,
-0.8370272517204285,
-0.07712147384881973,
-0.7011483907699585,
-0.754644513130188,
-0.21961678564548492,
-0.08633094280958176,
0.14021071791648865,
0.4593372941017151,
0.5890088677406311,
0.1154463142156601,
0.4702504575252533,
-0.12495701760053635,
-0.8502958416938782,
0.22083206474781036,
-0.22451728582382202,
-0.7663767337799072,
-0.2703711688518524,
-0.06000940874218941,
-0.02220369689166546,
0.15970604121685028,
0.4150405526161194,
0.07915391772985458,
0.8875831365585327,
0.1780354380607605,
-0.7973124980926514,
-0.3111956715583801,
-0.18832693994045258,
-0.43740949034690857,
-0.27139976620674133,
0.15776745975017548,
-0.406242698431015,
0.49132975935935974,
-0.07350368052721024,
-0.05180959776043892,
0.1128745749592781,
0.18707117438316345,
-0.10639270395040512,
-0.26938730478286743,
-0.6787665486335754,
0.8137720823287964,
-0.16091634333133698,
-0.043626800179481506,
-0.08453785628080368,
-0.16460639238357544,
-0.2025604546070099,
-0.2927621603012085,
0.41519084572792053,
0.23793457448482513,
0.0620090514421463,
-0.04303470626473427,
-0.6305497288703918,
-0.5963436961174011,
0.1834494024515152,
0.22746984660625458,
-0.2969924509525299,
-0.523245632648468,
0.3550960123538971,
-0.22243176400661469,
0.3099929094314575,
0.5755909085273743,
0.223881334066391,
0.5780287981033325,
-0.40450388193130493,
-0.16874240338802338,
-0.45291227102279663,
0.34679558873176575,
0.10269562900066376,
-0.17758314311504364,
0.4541012644767761,
0.42306289076805115,
0.3290232717990875,
-0.44600173830986023,
-0.07327286899089813,
-0.452560156583786,
-0.4009568989276886,
-0.22939835488796234,
-0.3028428554534912,
0.185525581240654,
-0.1775229275226593,
0.16182498633861542,
0.04068441689014435,
0.11625225841999054,
0.4919613003730774,
0.4296180009841919,
0.32242551445961,
0.2923380136489868,
0.0260574072599411,
-0.6667618155479431,
0.2803923189640045,
-0.519655168056488,
-0.7038370966911316,
0.2701258063316345,
-0.34026461839675903,
0.24074526131153107,
-0.23357398808002472,
0.22495053708553314,
0.08832933753728867,
0.21171307563781738,
0.006726331077516079,
0.19297824800014496,
-0.22158899903297424,
-1.1259464025497437,
0.7140423655509949,
-0.5350790023803711,
0.20157530903816223,
-0.43367260694503784,
-0.010465458035469055,
-0.8998059034347534,
0.2097908854484558,
0.1935848593711853,
-0.7961387038230896,
-0.37545347213745117,
-0.2178892195224762,
0.5286882519721985,
-0.4252719283103943,
-0.04827450215816498,
0.2374008595943451,
-0.07816547900438309,
0.00018872562213800848,
0.16641531884670258,
-0.47171857953071594,
-0.5924896597862244,
0.4490497410297394,
0.3422153890132904,
-0.7534387111663818,
-0.3921218514442444,
-0.6082054376602173,
0.3854653537273407,
-0.05027959495782852,
0.3002122640609741,
-0.2551630735397339,
0.38244301080703735,
0.39705437421798706,
-0.1572534143924713,
-0.7131375074386597,
0.3880932629108429,
0.1854667067527771,
-0.011989549733698368,
-0.41901102662086487,
0.2585388123989105,
0.8166048526763916,
-0.3147183954715729,
1.06125807762146,
-0.03293343633413315,
-0.08435749262571335,
0.21921955049037933,
-0.04928428307175636,
-0.15945583581924438,
0.2896045446395874,
-0.3953365981578827,
-0.5738214254379272,
0.6654876470565796,
0.39686888456344604,
-1.0806812047958374,
-0.04564668610692024,
0.31352725625038147,
-0.3318426012992859,
-0.7420974373817444,
0.19264952838420868,
-0.5510155558586121,
-0.03936281055212021,
-0.44060924649238586,
-0.1126302182674408,
-1.020310401916504,
0.48078396916389465,
0.31450381875038147,
-0.29511427879333496,
0.26282161474227905,
-0.5331212878227234,
-0.5043236613273621,
-0.04792096093297005,
0.23347704112529755,
-0.059037502855062485,
0.1847211718559265,
0.19073809683322906,
-0.32319146394729614,
0.3500993251800537,
0.20660410821437836,
0.12132725119590759,
0.25721192359924316,
0.7419758439064026,
-0.07220190018415451,
-0.9555402994155884,
-0.2452232390642166,
0.38026297092437744,
0.8221146464347839,
-0.14119549095630646,
-0.7704083323478699,
0.5641776919364929,
0.684052050113678,
-0.5496788024902344,
-0.4695568382740021,
-0.0004552176978904754,
1.047362208366394,
-0.24985474348068237,
0.002617898629978299,
0.2960122227668762,
-0.07011950016021729,
-0.3477224111557007,
0.11492220312356949,
0.30128949880599976,
-1.2373100519180298,
0.24646010994911194,
-0.1423134207725525,
-0.323670893907547,
-0.05705447122454643,
-0.6880653500556946,
0.4749273657798767,
-0.7182236313819885,
0.01554056815803051,
-0.500985860824585,
0.21738477051258087,
0.6364014148712158,
-0.44029471278190613,
0.5318686366081238,
-0.07242271304130554,
-0.6099171042442322,
-0.17692220211029053,
-0.08085695654153824,
-0.003326548496261239,
-0.1925383359193802,
0.14690051972866058,
-0.3811514675617218,
1.0123475790023804,
-0.5461231470108032,
-0.35699331760406494,
0.07809942960739136,
-0.28905290365219116,
-0.4834703207015991,
-0.15191961824893951,
-0.7586632370948792,
-0.11728467047214508,
-0.3295937776565552,
-0.7123453617095947,
0.4329506754875183,
0.5263849496841431,
-0.2691510021686554,
0.5683865547180176,
-0.24834680557250977,
-0.714773416519165,
0.9061976671218872,
0.016909152269363403,
-0.20235878229141235,
0.6711347103118896,
-0.11342966556549072,
0.0037667215801775455,
0.2105797827243805,
0.30280327796936035,
-0.027750251814723015,
0.4298913776874542,
-0.32285600900650024,
0.32881322503089905,
0.6166815757751465,
-0.4682198464870453,
0.357697457075119,
-0.3597168028354645,
-0.416849285364151,
0.4490632712841034,
0.1479465365409851,
-0.2357930988073349,
0.49180901050567627,
0.5417950749397278,
0.6005507707595825,
0.06510444730520248,
1.0591344833374023,
0.31472501158714294,
0.0639919638633728,
0.6351126432418823,
0.07709959894418716,
0.0438423827290535,
-0.37943336367607117,
-0.05727168545126915,
0.8500521779060364,
-0.13471463322639465,
0.18195213377475739,
-0.01553038414567709,
-0.4001900255680084,
-0.4490448236465454,
0.897984504699707,
-0.3506637215614319,
0.5993695259094238,
0.1825302690267563,
0.194458469748497,
-0.5529863238334656,
0.026998547837138176,
-0.1209874376654625,
0.6099927425384521,
-0.1514841616153717,
-0.7443190217018127,
-0.05211567506194115,
-0.0403367318212986,
0.19335885345935822,
0.0006237762863747776,
-0.30934497714042664,
0.0861203670501709,
0.44845277070999146,
-0.7499432563781738,
-0.40245744585990906,
-0.534252405166626,
0.24373146891593933,
0.14856566488742828,
0.5056282877922058,
0.03036843240261078,
0.13523034751415253,
0.04460319131612778,
-0.02336667850613594,
-0.5712170004844666,
-0.21092075109481812,
0.35794779658317566,
0.23578934371471405,
0.34310388565063477,
0.43209952116012573,
-0.0232920553535223,
0.09473822265863419,
0.6605993509292603,
0.1108415424823761,
0.23986397683620453,
0.1125437393784523,
-0.12131097912788391,
-0.2641722857952118,
0.39504122734069824,
-0.4168999493122101,
0.13827885687351227,
0.4719342291355133,
-0.22128775715827942,
-0.7294016480445862,
0.18966886401176453,
-0.19396935403347015,
-0.09092771261930466,
0.26509588956832886,
-0.7531803250312805,
-0.10736062377691269,
-0.09731446951627731,
0.050308916717767715,
0.583046555519104,
0.024256907403469086,
0.8903672099113464,
0.24319899082183838,
0.2403290718793869,
0.05333202704787254,
-0.10442570596933365,
-0.06740979850292206,
0.3620855212211609,
-1.0378607511520386,
0.5278177261352539,
-0.37792351841926575,
0.383697509765625,
-0.23322905600070953,
0.8333355188369751,
0.06838440895080566,
0.24490639567375183,
0.4540441632270813,
0.5283422470092773,
0.4243910014629364,
0.6168776154518127,
0.7894204258918762,
-0.54962158203125,
-0.7625040411949158,
-0.010692445561289787,
0.027412714436650276,
-0.28463128209114075,
-0.012047872878611088,
0.6192188262939453,
0.11602876335382462,
-0.6714977025985718,
-0.4248657524585724,
0.3399186134338379,
-0.4533093273639679,
0.5605873465538025,
0.22917082905769348,
-0.3709784150123596,
-0.4295652210712433,
0.10072457045316696,
0.019003551453351974,
-0.027912508696317673,
-0.4905390441417694,
1.0745211839675903,
0.9335619211196899,
-0.21221140027046204,
-0.10881427675485611,
-0.46857908368110657,
0.2909727096557617,
-0.1919674277305603,
-1.2356164455413818,
-0.2833561897277832,
-0.23067478835582733,
-0.733208954334259,
-0.36782488226890564,
0.4939712882041931,
-0.14933766424655914,
-0.6044828295707703,
-0.14491406083106995,
0.2665751278400421,
-0.5042268633842468,
0.21330712735652924,
-0.10658127069473267,
-0.15925759077072144,
0.579314112663269,
-0.19430553913116455
] |
236564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%E2%80%93aluminium-rich%20inclusion | Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion | A calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion or Ca–Al-rich inclusion (CAI) is a submillimeter- to centimeter-sized light-colored calcium- and aluminium-rich inclusion found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The four CAIs that have been dated using the Pb-Pb chronometer yield a weighted mean age of 4567.30 ± 0.16 Myr. As CAIs are the oldest dated solids, this age is commonly used to define the age of the Solar System.
Description
CAIs consist of minerals that are among the first solids condensed from the cooling protoplanetary disk. They are thought to have formed as fine-grained condensates from a high temperature (>1300 K) gas that existed in the protoplanetary disk at early stages of Solar System formations. Some of them were probably remelted later resulting in distinct coarser textures. The most common and characteristic minerals in CAIs include anorthite, melilite, perovskite, aluminous spinel, hibonite, calcic pyroxene, and forsterite-rich olivine.
Using the lead-lead isotope chronometer (‘Pb–Pb dating’), the absolute age of four CAIs have been calculated. They yield a weighted mean age of 4567.30 ± 0.16 Myr, which is often interpreted as representing the beginning of the formation of the planetary system (so-called ‘CAI time-zero). It is of note that all four Pb-Pb dated CAIs come from the same group of meteorite (CV chondrites).
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
Bibliography
MacPherson, G. J. (2004) Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in chondritic meteorites. In Treatise on Geochemistry, Volume I, Meteorites, Comets, and Planets, A. M. Davis, edt., Elsevier, New York, pp. 201–246.
Krot, A. N. (September 2002) Dating the Earliest Solids in our Solar System. Planetary Science Research Discoveries. http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept02/isotopicAges.html
Shukolyukov A., Lugmair G.W. (2002) Chronology of Asteroid Accretion and Differentiation, pp. 687–695, in Asterois III, Bottke W.F., Cellino A., Paolicchi P., Binzel R.P., eds., University of Arizona Press (2002),
Meteorite minerals
Solar System dynamic theories | [
-0.07852385938167572,
0.9818630218505859,
-0.5392541289329529,
0.25741612911224365,
-0.2288733422756195,
0.27130642533302307,
-0.18584959208965302,
0.1936715692281723,
-0.05832882225513458,
0.06442341953516006,
-0.07795196771621704,
-0.06952034682035446,
-0.25993555784225464,
0.41288310289382935,
0.2641826570034027,
0.7980347871780396,
0.2264927476644516,
0.5567805171012878,
-0.4817279279232025,
-0.3565133213996887,
0.49469277262687683,
-0.20341993868350983,
0.41387346386909485,
-0.11784201860427856,
-0.0917743593454361,
0.31421348452568054,
-0.04978114739060402,
-0.16978541016578674,
0.014802585355937481,
-0.21084778010845184,
-0.28502845764160156,
1.2106651067733765,
0.07680341601371765,
-0.07719768583774567,
0.28508296608924866,
0.07082395255565643,
0.4447280466556549,
-0.17032082378864288,
-0.20871663093566895,
-0.4886800944805145,
0.319089412689209,
-0.33551135659217834,
0.5553897619247437,
0.5171647071838379,
-0.8585512638092041,
-0.1879960596561432,
-1.2404946088790894,
0.562325119972229,
-0.8805496692657471,
-0.10661600530147552,
0.24614036083221436,
0.41457808017730713,
0.657903254032135,
-0.027679577469825745,
0.3182837665081024,
0.4948384761810303,
-0.700070858001709,
-0.15975210070610046,
0.5631122589111328,
-0.20876267552375793,
0.061106424778699875,
0.10826874524354935,
-0.5151533484458923,
-0.34182482957839966,
0.11269433051347733,
1.0789084434509277,
-0.33039915561676025,
0.04968651384115219,
-0.3453522026538849,
0.06127211079001427,
0.02935183048248291,
-0.3757561445236206,
0.08894301950931549,
0.3810942769050598,
-0.2931878864765167,
0.38181671500205994,
-0.4541175067424774,
0.08572938293218613,
-0.2866300940513611,
0.14906251430511475,
-0.2918230891227722,
0.4592941999435425,
0.6981036067008972,
0.10882948338985443,
0.12293542921543121,
0.26240772008895874,
-0.8530362248420715,
0.4954538345336914,
-0.26133108139038086,
0.3857101798057556,
-0.2686358094215393,
0.02329949103295803,
1.3262838125228882,
0.8823422789573669,
0.03572480008006096,
-0.3745978772640228,
-0.25755876302719116,
-0.07596409320831299,
0.6390443444252014,
0.4800252318382263,
-0.3718477487564087,
-0.0347793810069561,
-0.12928006052970886,
0.1651218980550766,
-0.878679096698761,
0.19271692633628845,
-0.9765654802322388,
-0.40238434076309204,
-0.37873828411102295,
0.024647917598485947,
-0.6543260216712952,
-0.0175470020622015,
-0.6408663988113403,
0.2065451294183731,
-0.17494629323482513,
-0.2941848635673523,
-0.26703912019729614,
-0.22650796175003052,
0.17157864570617676,
-0.45353803038597107,
0.06048452854156494,
1.0773025751113892,
-0.2776142358779907,
-0.14244483411312103,
0.07127059251070023,
0.6800554990768433,
-0.029631953686475754,
0.6665794253349304,
-0.09522845596075058,
0.7805612683296204,
-0.17298761010169983,
0.3894283175468445,
-0.1781405508518219,
0.09289618581533432,
0.2727227509021759,
-0.9724772572517395,
-0.44039082527160645,
-0.05333428084850311,
0.8191371560096741,
0.2042805552482605,
-0.5727362632751465,
-0.6771895289421082,
-0.38362303376197815,
-0.4419094920158386,
0.18607787787914276,
-0.4186951220035553,
-0.2031000703573227,
0.18558408319950104,
0.10817095637321472,
0.26857686042785645,
0.17641673982143402,
-0.8595325350761414,
0.08479363471269608,
0.24503284692764282,
-0.36528483033180237,
-0.3716878592967987,
0.04724860563874245,
-0.0321638248860836,
0.19801126420497894,
0.09807547926902771,
0.14613966643810272,
-0.030221903696656227,
-0.2759115397930145,
-0.2724679112434387,
0.32878828048706055,
0.08720428496599197,
0.525173008441925,
0.09222584962844849,
-0.26040998101234436,
1.0152032375335693,
-0.40921446681022644,
-0.2900661528110504,
-0.2258947342634201,
0.5396883487701416,
-0.22259846329689026,
-0.7126204967498779,
0.5133228898048401,
0.05883416905999184,
0.5296622514724731,
0.1062300056219101,
-0.8369585275650024,
-0.6967123746871948,
-0.1757047176361084,
-0.026790106669068336,
0.23368655145168304,
0.2675723135471344,
0.25514155626296997,
0.029841799288988113,
0.20491519570350647,
0.0685189813375473,
-0.5241096019744873,
-0.19019410014152527,
-0.1689254492521286,
-0.7638751864433289,
1.404343605041504,
-0.49454522132873535,
-0.4774892032146454,
0.3575202524662018,
0.9735983610153198,
0.3249594569206238,
-0.7215659618377686,
-0.11834181845188141,
0.4914734959602356,
-0.09173671901226044,
-0.6808280348777771,
0.7358925938606262,
0.6066015362739563,
0.6252596974372864,
-0.14231978356838226,
-0.008101736195385456,
0.3789398968219757,
-0.053283073008060455,
0.6696316599845886,
0.019040755927562714,
0.028344478458166122,
-0.3631722927093506,
-0.6194249391555786,
0.594329297542572,
-0.19481375813484192,
0.023934893310070038,
0.7099754810333252,
-0.6394093036651611,
0.1389397382736206,
0.508887767791748,
-0.329208642244339,
0.5875029563903809,
0.5994241237640381,
-0.2247677594423294,
0.6438052654266357,
-0.25445228815078735,
0.793738603591919,
-0.763374388217926,
0.2872851490974426,
-0.5209000706672668,
-0.13138993084430695,
0.0018524451879784465,
0.2654125988483429,
-0.045777320861816406,
0.5397127270698547,
0.014778629876673222,
-0.22656084597110748,
0.2456076741218567,
-0.4860185384750366,
-0.1318100094795227,
0.13963857293128967,
-0.11117053031921387,
0.21878096461296082,
0.0283074788749218,
-0.553231418132782,
0.4850086271762848,
0.4075462818145752,
0.03935667872428894,
0.21564266085624695,
-0.530876874923706,
0.1106157973408699,
-0.05513961613178253,
-0.16326333582401276,
-0.41908371448516846,
0.13857820630073547,
-0.10927648842334747,
-0.658198356628418,
-0.13656118512153625,
0.12145019322633743,
-0.35429757833480835,
-0.04910919815301895,
-0.1747848242521286,
-0.015902118757367134,
0.053540732711553574,
0.778167188167572,
0.4068377912044525,
0.2830353379249573,
0.11221188306808472,
-0.6814435124397278,
0.3341419994831085,
-0.28362715244293213,
-0.31199994683265686,
-0.6671499609947205,
0.6060290336608887,
-0.8314545750617981,
0.0937403067946434,
-0.028154704719781876,
0.6520656943321228,
0.4652545750141144,
-0.1054212898015976,
-0.20610183477401733,
0.07489460706710815,
0.35875773429870605,
-0.7887057662010193,
-0.6940667033195496,
-0.8622393012046814,
-0.37435951828956604,
-0.20384031534194946,
-0.6908573508262634,
0.15666072070598602,
0.27361056208610535,
0.5484763383865356,
0.17533613741397858,
0.24008427560329437,
0.43577930331230164,
-0.1862122267484665,
-0.22353053092956543,
0.27976852655410767,
-0.3586469292640686,
0.25677552819252014,
0.3228066563606262,
0.24047896265983582,
-0.028732875362038612,
0.18560241162776947,
-5.452571392059326,
0.5972994565963745,
-0.39456307888031006,
-0.11762344837188721,
-0.0985381007194519,
0.5744262933731079,
0.45522481203079224,
-0.24456149339675903,
0.11318753659725189,
0.1648993194103241,
-0.39231154322624207,
0.21700412034988403,
-0.08744077384471893,
0.7330753803253174,
0.24583138525485992,
0.869917094707489,
0.5503756999969482,
-0.11123128235340118,
0.08070816844701767,
-0.06306946277618408,
0.17410270869731903,
0.5423431992530823,
0.24399851262569427,
0.9428220391273499,
0.1964474320411682,
-0.3149424195289612,
0.17075058817863464,
0.35132506489753723,
-0.11404167115688324,
-0.25060945749282837,
0.048822756856679916,
-0.359283447265625,
-0.34047380089759827,
-0.5612524747848511,
-0.06184143200516701,
0.44248348474502563,
0.3308430016040802,
-0.06451115012168884,
-0.38449785113334656,
-0.49867939949035645,
-0.20752470195293427,
0.31858786940574646,
0.08469981700181961,
-0.4581000804901123,
0.9504057765007019,
-0.38862356543540955,
-0.28400611877441406,
0.34255823493003845,
-0.19756467640399933,
0.5181769132614136,
-0.2619730532169342,
-0.048984821885824203,
0.2624007761478424,
0.7166697978973389,
0.022630225867033005,
0.7391323447227478,
0.5980066061019897,
0.09513882547616959,
-1.0213890075683594,
-0.0629139170050621,
-0.09036289900541306,
-0.044076547026634216,
-0.4642890393733978,
-0.08413777500391006,
-0.18364869058132172,
-0.4069591164588928,
-0.9369463920593262,
0.05595334619283676,
0.2972749173641205,
-0.020999280735850334,
-0.6749147176742554,
-0.1299838125705719,
-0.08639489859342575,
-0.6472926735877991,
0.8944222331047058,
-0.4712553322315216,
0.5032383799552917,
0.35507163405418396,
-0.6138994097709656,
0.6063503623008728,
-0.3865325450897217,
0.10217134654521942,
-0.00297873024828732,
0.5689701437950134,
0.5211507678031921,
0.3410293757915497,
-0.04215330630540848,
0.08389836549758911,
-0.26365914940834045,
0.07634567469358444,
0.5921832323074341,
0.011851794086396694,
-0.17361700534820557,
0.3060857355594635,
0.14132744073867798,
0.4523458480834961,
0.4341971278190613,
-0.30455902218818665,
1.0489531755447388,
0.2606796324253082,
0.8957160711288452,
-0.23763011395931244,
-0.31551212072372437,
-0.6609377264976501,
-0.34437909722328186,
-0.2820250988006592,
0.14688710868358612,
0.04495461657643318,
0.5313480496406555,
-0.05388637259602547,
0.20894066989421844,
0.19717977941036224,
-0.8247437477111816,
-0.30642378330230713,
1.0886527299880981,
0.06834416091442108,
-0.34038397669792175,
0.11793822795152664,
0.6219160556793213,
-0.36255785822868347,
0.07750967144966125,
0.2040683776140213,
-0.32284194231033325,
-0.07302413880825043,
-0.6313719749450684,
-0.320962518453598,
0.16337275505065918,
0.149675652384758,
-0.6215120553970337,
0.041428547352552414,
-0.2206621617078781,
0.22365973889827728,
-0.5625330805778503,
0.1332312971353531,
-0.24429534375667572,
-0.3303341269493103,
-0.12219900637865067,
0.3580985963344574,
-0.15196189284324646,
-0.5162250995635986,
0.7930347919464111,
-0.05485212430357933,
-0.4525279700756073,
0.2502342760562897,
0.46408554911613464,
0.5586203932762146,
-0.12550775706768036,
0.30546462535858154,
-0.2282114326953888,
0.40535086393356323,
0.27864494919776917,
-0.11786885559558868,
0.2673635184764862,
0.25091129541397095,
0.007338033523410559,
0.9633715152740479,
0.49223461747169495,
0.40865805745124817,
0.15759529173374176,
-0.5257328152656555,
0.42827168107032776,
0.06821169704198837,
-0.974331259727478,
-0.21696186065673828,
-0.05152067914605141,
-0.8175899982452393,
-0.631501317024231,
0.05875550955533981,
-0.2076798677444458,
0.5319414734840393,
0.1407272219657898,
0.33498647809028625,
-0.33893516659736633,
-0.06799931824207306,
-0.04706519469618797,
-0.12550820410251617,
-0.00997842289507389,
0.009578757919371128,
-0.2418723702430725,
-0.705784022808075,
0.21277254819869995,
-0.24116791784763336,
-0.035417310893535614,
0.004137526731938124,
0.25864335894584656,
0.1289444863796234,
-0.33517903089523315,
0.21068315207958221,
-0.2890457808971405,
-0.3026294708251953,
-0.023818805813789368,
-0.4645375907421112,
0.21794581413269043,
-0.06215774640440941,
0.519926130771637,
-0.3748968243598938,
0.23994453251361847,
0.5583352446556091,
-0.17821992933750153,
-1.0929518938064575,
-0.26417577266693115,
-0.1805564910173416,
-0.8683357834815979,
0.1156679168343544,
0.06726522743701935,
-0.4127369523048401,
0.5854820013046265,
-0.2210390865802765,
-0.2683789134025574,
0.5265599489212036,
0.05966998264193535,
-0.6461753845214844,
0.3130265474319458,
0.16796572506427765,
-0.25557732582092285,
0.47744235396385193,
-0.20305268466472626,
0.25890052318573,
-0.2832063138484955,
-0.2518903315067291,
0.21464234590530396,
0.015473999083042145,
0.6784326434135437,
-0.6547716856002808,
-0.21713677048683167,
0.19702619314193726,
0.4920971095561981,
-0.06509082019329071,
0.2938006520271301,
-0.21379612386226654,
0.2551577389240265,
-0.13644441962242126,
-0.19400916993618011,
0.06445124745368958,
-0.31965211033821106,
0.08132951706647873,
-0.8498108983039856,
0.013799715787172318,
0.15164285898208618,
0.515687882900238,
0.14465349912643433,
0.068722665309906,
0.36434313654899597,
-0.2689956724643707,
-0.5531696081161499,
-0.0036579060833901167,
-0.024337882176041603,
0.046071141958236694,
-0.5007043480873108,
-0.12586358189582825,
0.38857465982437134,
-0.4760710895061493,
-0.2074400782585144,
-1.0548917055130005,
1.016516089439392,
-0.736996054649353,
-0.220341756939888,
-0.3077957034111023,
0.04183998703956604,
0.49576976895332336,
-0.1805626004934311,
-0.345178484916687,
-0.14979825913906097,
0.1722341626882553,
-0.04371752217411995,
-0.2846827507019043,
-0.198097825050354,
-0.13169093430042267,
0.3384527862071991,
-0.66329026222229,
0.2792583405971527,
-0.06321652978658676,
0.5963343977928162,
0.5123851895332336,
-0.5387290716171265,
0.04123919829726219,
0.17182289063930511,
-0.7071129679679871,
0.1091536208987236,
-0.015474268235266209,
-0.8499335050582886,
-0.23314954340457916,
0.8311880826950073,
0.42815977334976196,
-0.04784688726067543,
-0.8166935443878174,
-0.6155895590782166,
-0.19525593519210815,
-0.5616031885147095,
-0.024714818224310875,
-0.5997892618179321,
-0.06022011116147041,
-0.7494028806686401,
-0.6803790330886841,
0.5219991207122803,
0.4549480080604553,
-0.16902777552604675,
0.42574217915534973,
-0.12761034071445465,
0.611316978931427,
-0.940130352973938,
0.8855940103530884,
0.16890276968479156,
-1.03516685962677,
-0.4229534864425659,
-0.43260082602500916,
0.1509409248828888,
-0.3107547461986542,
-0.03969113901257515,
0.26482173800468445,
0.18150891363620758,
0.08057814836502075,
-0.10875493288040161,
0.08631078898906708,
0.007964344695210457,
0.23782320320606232,
0.4110134541988373,
-0.5833808183670044,
0.6556065082550049,
0.6059399247169495,
-0.23037350177764893,
0.40459057688713074,
0.434376060962677,
0.1936672180891037,
-0.7892941832542419,
0.06881512701511383,
-0.19517771899700165,
0.22751691937446594,
-0.06547380238771439,
0.8325932025909424,
0.3401416540145874,
0.029515769332647324,
0.12218057364225388,
-0.18466223776340485,
-0.2203393429517746,
-0.18979519605636597,
-0.24818459153175354,
-0.6564550995826721,
-0.6628797054290771,
0.6528145670890808,
0.10201562941074371,
1.0243788957595825,
0.01930183917284012,
-0.7233102917671204,
0.22817885875701904,
0.4914749562740326,
-0.7198836803436279,
-0.04500122740864754,
-0.17474156618118286,
0.16503283381462097,
-0.05767514556646347,
0.0841791108250618,
-0.33339637517929077,
-0.7356061935424805,
-0.8372330665588379,
-0.04136739671230316,
-0.30382832884788513,
-0.22034522891044617,
-0.08012843132019043,
0.4291398227214813,
-0.6541237235069275,
0.1745239645242691,
0.054459378123283386,
0.2775845229625702,
-0.6322807669639587,
-0.31522539258003235,
0.17477059364318848,
-0.37539026141166687,
0.2968011796474457,
-0.49773135781288147,
0.17479661107063293,
0.16053356230258942,
-0.08213665336370468,
0.6411873698234558,
-0.08127143234014511,
-0.1957913637161255,
0.03421950340270996,
0.11846203356981277,
-0.009550035931169987,
0.036041587591171265,
-0.2550312876701355,
0.2221604883670807,
-0.8278161287307739,
-0.6782339811325073,
0.23668082058429718,
-0.24878214299678802,
0.2517969310283661,
0.7275485992431641,
0.33554622530937195,
0.2831776440143585,
0.16786104440689087,
-0.43295925855636597,
0.21958625316619873,
-0.19347494840621948,
-0.44272565841674805,
-0.465821772813797,
-0.10179071128368378,
0.5373284220695496,
0.43414583802223206,
0.20866242051124573,
-0.3653051257133484,
-0.018984075635671616,
0.8064096570014954,
0.059669796377420425,
-0.24173210561275482,
0.26842644810676575,
-0.359376460313797,
0.23336249589920044,
-0.957911491394043,
0.009922018274664879,
0.8522961139678955,
-0.1334458440542221,
-0.34653139114379883,
0.4442828595638275,
0.5125027298927307,
0.027359792962670326,
0.6220399737358093,
0.06240914762020111,
-0.10325837880373001,
-0.2855462431907654,
-0.06990586221218109,
-0.6574836373329163,
0.5968338847160339,
0.40520521998405457,
0.07397003471851349,
0.18847480416297913,
0.657657265663147,
-0.2480931133031845,
0.08981680124998093,
0.134211465716362,
-0.5146583318710327,
0.03038751147687435,
-0.3680400848388672,
0.7059571743011475,
-0.43903204798698425,
-0.23304784297943115,
-0.26203665137290955,
0.4049648344516754,
-0.03533381596207619,
-0.23463112115859985,
0.4371345639228821,
-0.22516246140003204,
-0.1574213057756424,
-0.3997862637042999,
0.29827654361724854,
0.47929391264915466,
-0.48393043875694275,
-0.6078433990478516,
-0.22729969024658203,
0.31916338205337524,
-0.20942337810993195,
-0.787270724773407,
0.3336229622364044,
0.38402971625328064,
-0.5235685706138611,
-0.5716936588287354,
0.06432165950536728,
-0.33244606852531433,
-0.08661848306655884,
0.0013752104714512825
] |
236567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haken%20manifold | Haken manifold | In mathematics, a Haken manifold is a compact, P²-irreducible 3-manifold that is sufficiently large, meaning that it contains a properly embedded two-sided incompressible surface. Sometimes one considers only orientable Haken manifolds, in which case a Haken manifold is a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that contains an orientable, incompressible surface.
A 3-manifold finitely covered by a Haken manifold is said to be virtually Haken. The Virtually Haken conjecture asserts that every compact, irreducible 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group is virtually Haken. This conjecture was proven by Ian Agol.
Haken manifolds were introduced by . proved that Haken manifolds have a hierarchy, where they can be split up into 3-balls along incompressible surfaces. Haken also showed that there was a finite procedure to find an incompressible surface if the 3-manifold had one. gave an algorithm to determine if a 3-manifold was Haken.
Normal surfaces are ubiquitous in the theory of Haken manifolds and their simple and rigid structure leads quite naturally to algorithms.
Haken hierarchy
We will consider only the case of orientable Haken manifolds, as this simplifies the discussion; a regular neighborhood of an orientable surface in an orientable 3-manifold is just a "thickened up" version of the surface, i.e. a trivial I-bundle. So the regular neighborhood is a 3-dimensional submanifold with boundary containing two copies of the surface.
Given an orientable Haken manifold M, by definition it contains an orientable, incompressible surface S. Take the regular neighborhood of S and delete its interior from M, resulting in M' . In effect, we've cut M along the surface S. (This is analogous, in one less dimension, to cutting a surface along a circle or arc.) It is a theorem that any orientable compact manifold with a boundary component that is not a sphere has an infinite first homology group, which implies that it has a properly embedded 2-sided non-separating incompressible surface, and so is again a Haken manifold. Thus, we can pick another incompressible surface in M' , and cut along that. If eventually this sequence of cutting results in a manifold whose pieces (or components) are just 3-balls, we call this sequence a hierarchy.
Applications
The hierarchy makes proving certain kinds of theorems about Haken manifolds a matter of induction. One proves the theorem for 3-balls. Then one proves that if the theorem is true for pieces resulting from a cutting of a Haken manifold, then it is true for that Haken manifold. The key here is that the cutting takes place along a surface that was very "nice", i.e., incompressible. This makes proving the induction step feasible in many cases.
Haken sketched out a proof of an algorithm to check if two Haken manifolds were homeomorphic or not. His outline was filled in by substantive efforts by Friedhelm Waldhausen, Klaus Johannson, Geoffrey Hemion, Sergeĭ Matveev, et al. Since there is an algorithm to check if a 3-manifold is Haken (cf. Jaco–Oertel), the basic problem of recognition of 3-manifolds can be considered to be solved for Haken manifolds.
proved that closed Haken manifolds are topologically rigid: roughly, any homotopy equivalence of Haken manifolds is homotopic to a homeomorphism (for the case of boundary, a condition on peripheral structure is needed). So these three-manifolds are completely determined by their fundamental group. In addition, Waldhausen proved that the fundamental groups of Haken manifolds have solvable word problem; this is also true for virtually Haken manifolds.
The hierarchy played a crucial role in William Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds, part of his revolutionary geometrization program for 3-manifolds.
proved that atoroidal, anannular, boundary-irreducible, Haken three-manifolds have finite mapping class groups. This result can be recovered from the combination of Mostow rigidity with Thurston's geometrization theorem.
Examples of Haken manifolds
Note that some families of examples are contained in others.
Compact, irreducible 3-manifolds with positive first Betti number
Surface bundles over the circle, this is a special case of the example above.
Link complements
Most Seifert fiber spaces have many incompressible tori
See also
Manifold decomposition
P2-irreducible manifold
References
Differential geometry
Manifolds
3-manifolds | [
-0.523756742477417,
0.22659045457839966,
-0.08719553053379059,
-0.003899757983162999,
-1.0568819046020508,
0.33211392164230347,
0.06918592751026154,
-0.28955313563346863,
-0.13004238903522491,
-0.35300183296203613,
-0.7905004024505615,
0.0883946418762207,
-0.37607309222221375,
0.3117312788963318,
0.40559569001197815,
0.2996904253959656,
0.9160903692245483,
0.41346701979637146,
-0.5622509717941284,
-0.8654959797859192,
0.12778179347515106,
0.00416276091709733,
0.08663564175367355,
-0.4369920790195465,
0.39164456725120544,
-0.02892492339015007,
0.18261905014514923,
0.6708593964576721,
0.6568082571029663,
0.4955626130104065,
-0.2917686104774475,
0.801940381526947,
0.20426030457019806,
-0.0814230814576149,
0.48975101113319397,
-0.08281601965427399,
0.6059579253196716,
-0.06942065060138702,
0.12783721089363098,
-0.058542270213365555,
0.7865363359451294,
0.4507560133934021,
0.10409983992576599,
0.6529870629310608,
-0.5229794979095459,
-0.5770013928413391,
-1.1468284130096436,
0.3192739486694336,
-0.1385185867547989,
-0.10905525833368301,
-0.16263671219348907,
0.03918641433119774,
0.03451310098171234,
0.6723553538322449,
-0.17499074339866638,
0.7955620288848877,
-0.5988114476203918,
-0.26288896799087524,
0.5462283492088318,
0.06762918829917908,
-0.37215033173561096,
-0.03580125793814659,
0.2272794395685196,
-0.08882255107164383,
-0.3439520299434662,
1.1315104961395264,
-0.34471726417541504,
0.034643761813640594,
-0.42856431007385254,
-0.5205065608024597,
0.11013203114271164,
-0.5706774592399597,
-0.2371385544538498,
0.6700441837310791,
-0.19669601321220398,
-0.40039145946502686,
-0.24462178349494934,
-0.49330565333366394,
-0.047741081565618515,
0.12059842795133591,
-0.5174661874771118,
0.600034773349762,
0.5306215286254883,
-0.12235676497220993,
0.7518159747123718,
0.12004272639751434,
-0.5913228988647461,
1.2224982976913452,
-0.9335344433784485,
0.7164316773414612,
0.6627925038337708,
-0.023140018805861473,
0.2853486239910126,
-0.11194190382957458,
0.15037062764167786,
0.6557999849319458,
0.6120068430900574,
-0.4066196084022522,
0.7619866132736206,
-0.07728183269500732,
-0.15081395208835602,
0.4420427978038788,
0.10581359267234802,
-0.6463642120361328,
-0.928421676158905,
-0.6317011713981628,
-0.10030987858772278,
-0.3202767074108124,
-0.18571504950523376,
0.036110397428274155,
-0.6531192064285278,
0.32175129652023315,
0.20390065014362335,
-0.056627307087183,
-0.08685488253831863,
0.27660319209098816,
-0.016380302608013153,
-0.18078555166721344,
-0.05772282928228378,
0.37938475608825684,
-0.2462296038866043,
0.36665961146354675,
-0.16097486019134521,
0.5885009765625,
-0.14718864858150482,
-0.12802110612392426,
0.31018415093421936,
1.1233679056167603,
-0.5345702171325684,
-0.04716096445918083,
0.12530988454818726,
0.6270819902420044,
0.6482454538345337,
0.28836363554000854,
0.39615312218666077,
-0.5117000937461853,
-0.19939614832401276,
-0.21924282610416412,
-0.04757610708475113,
0.27183541655540466,
-0.8439680933952332,
-0.2339320182800293,
-0.3510201573371887,
-0.5222160816192627,
0.46518078446388245,
-0.043072596192359924,
-0.4178740084171295,
-0.5150334239006042,
-0.19290417432785034,
-0.12128020823001862,
0.210807666182518,
0.5542680025100708,
-0.28880271315574646,
0.19203047454357147,
-0.1798098236322403,
0.06910544633865356,
0.38932910561561584,
0.46756115555763245,
-0.35384729504585266,
-0.12581326067447662,
-0.33323654532432556,
-0.2635994255542755,
-0.4741050601005554,
-0.545962929725647,
0.05212802439928055,
-0.5467585921287537,
0.7482128143310547,
0.24522772431373596,
-0.012981681153178215,
0.4543694257736206,
-0.26264286041259766,
-0.6709939241409302,
0.24266359210014343,
-0.0851908028125763,
0.06993749737739563,
0.02062191069126129,
1.045133352279663,
-0.30540090799331665,
0.5274617075920105,
-0.2793794274330139,
-1.161108374595642,
-0.1013171598315239,
0.5634616017341614,
-0.39520809054374695,
0.5712884068489075,
0.4143122434616089,
0.3902772068977356,
0.5180043578147888,
0.43640565872192383,
0.2399330884218216,
-0.5564761161804199,
-0.4473370611667633,
0.05640783533453941,
-0.4574645757675171,
1.3685787916183472,
0.35117754340171814,
-0.7349568605422974,
0.007926982827484608,
-0.171658456325531,
0.4577629864215851,
-0.1737837940454483,
-0.15296858549118042,
0.027462182566523552,
-0.06006719172000885,
-0.3216506242752075,
0.47455886006355286,
-0.27968713641166687,
0.0769328847527504,
-0.24766935408115387,
0.5411419868469238,
0.43946897983551025,
-0.42196404933929443,
0.5316139459609985,
-0.3676098883152008,
-0.3020561635494232,
0.01919781044125557,
-0.38528162240982056,
0.14825241267681122,
0.14267268776893616,
-0.393843412399292,
1.440313458442688,
0.1449313461780548,
-0.13449256122112274,
0.3207646608352661,
-0.17914879322052002,
1.099483609199524,
0.5161636471748352,
0.9402686357498169,
0.28724536299705505,
-0.3646198809146881,
-0.5033825635910034,
-0.33977383375167847,
0.16081108152866364,
-0.21612687408924103,
-0.17838934063911438,
0.7983883023262024,
0.7129618525505066,
-0.7035850286483765,
0.31219786405563354,
-0.9133309721946716,
-0.25852036476135254,
0.5066184401512146,
-0.7432773113250732,
-0.18588833510875702,
0.08994999527931213,
-0.3007405400276184,
-0.3424508571624756,
0.15645481646060944,
-0.39054808020591736,
-0.3740909993648529,
-0.6546651721000671,
-0.2520420253276825,
-0.04559461399912834,
-0.9208149313926697,
-0.32597053050994873,
-0.3337591290473938,
-0.059625495225191116,
-0.058569569140672684,
0.12743957340717316,
0.5342242121696472,
-0.41947513818740845,
0.07835360616445541,
0.015474663116037846,
-0.24699071049690247,
-0.6917986869812012,
-0.24908889830112457,
-0.12001029402017593,
-0.04449671134352684,
1.0026105642318726,
0.2583599388599396,
0.12059300392866135,
-0.9796422719955444,
-0.7764856815338135,
0.04169875755906105,
-0.7012954354286194,
-0.6658292412757874,
-0.2588971257209778,
0.10837866365909576,
-1.0757335424423218,
-0.1306971311569214,
0.2638397514820099,
0.9802519083023071,
0.309015154838562,
0.1205831915140152,
-0.520999550819397,
0.07049383968114853,
-0.12078597396612167,
-0.7914893627166748,
-0.13163761794567108,
-0.23244133591651917,
-0.45421531796455383,
0.7771908044815063,
-0.3580438196659088,
-0.06336630135774612,
0.4159647226333618,
0.7564163208007812,
-0.30122268199920654,
-0.7548243999481201,
0.3379495143890381,
-0.08476787805557251,
-1.1286489963531494,
-0.340719610452652,
-0.5128915309906006,
0.0021930597722530365,
-0.0931813046336174,
0.39321762323379517,
-0.49660712480545044,
0.11443894356489182,
-5.260177135467529,
0.15020851790905,
-0.20013979077339172,
-0.13095735013484955,
-0.1175277829170227,
0.4968945384025574,
0.41392770409584045,
-0.00836919341236353,
-0.41032710671424866,
-0.035455722361803055,
-0.2681724727153778,
-0.3309968113899231,
-0.5361144542694092,
0.7749527096748352,
0.15652857720851898,
0.21121738851070404,
0.19883999228477478,
0.08987144380807877,
0.09367895871400833,
-0.17657878994941711,
-0.7631633281707764,
-0.11298460513353348,
-0.1919918954372406,
-0.028140908107161522,
0.12374694645404816,
0.7105453610420227,
-0.4786478579044342,
0.20733612775802612,
-0.4794280230998993,
-0.2430403083562851,
-0.16507190465927124,
-0.2785317599773407,
0.1975632756948471,
-0.24836738407611847,
-0.7634168267250061,
0.3247082233428955,
0.16754813492298126,
-0.14228831231594086,
0.03266315534710884,
-0.5192812085151672,
-0.28073254227638245,
0.622724711894989,
-0.12293673306703568,
-0.26907652616500854,
0.27826744318008423,
-0.854736864566803,
-0.4287715554237366,
-0.3773733079433441,
0.22519861161708832,
0.7305004596710205,
0.10900869965553284,
-0.12343994528055191,
0.05754619091749191,
-0.05319896712899208,
0.07127219438552856,
0.24426786601543427,
0.401040256023407,
-0.0467502623796463,
-0.5664610862731934,
0.21158547699451447,
0.6358554363250732,
-0.7054100036621094,
0.37863054871559143,
-0.139743834733963,
-0.5119355916976929,
0.23556259274482727,
-0.8855030536651611,
-0.11952947080135345,
0.3999740481376648,
-0.10232605040073395,
-0.5036259889602661,
0.5857943296432495,
-0.08213888108730316,
-0.5566534996032715,
0.27269232273101807,
-0.5555277466773987,
0.0064325458370149136,
0.05158539116382599,
-0.11292905360460281,
0.20626021921634674,
-0.36474889516830444,
-0.2012757807970047,
-0.47237271070480347,
0.48553192615509033,
-0.10286339372396469,
-0.16955183446407318,
0.00488881953060627,
-0.3349379599094391,
-0.07895682007074356,
-0.07944793999195099,
0.7652207612991333,
-0.19572485983371735,
1.1168107986450195,
0.5738212466239929,
0.47916218638420105,
0.03283052518963814,
0.10440414398908615,
0.5205786824226379,
0.6201429963111877,
-0.6011091470718384,
0.285350501537323,
-0.3833144009113312,
0.23546920716762543,
0.20790810883045197,
0.05691154673695564,
-0.10917782783508301,
-0.6082728505134583,
0.9676740765571594,
0.7158098816871643,
0.2109060436487198,
-0.15465562045574188,
-0.16311438381671906,
-0.4632432460784912,
-0.49741971492767334,
0.8667947053909302,
0.09544239193201065,
-0.6118422746658325,
0.2811168134212494,
0.78336501121521,
-0.12910686433315277,
0.17060430347919464,
0.2835776209831238,
0.511989176273346,
-0.05623359978199005,
-0.26166024804115295,
0.022691449150443077,
0.15672853589057922,
0.4738702178001404,
-0.14953434467315674,
-0.1402517557144165,
0.01673891581594944,
0.865847110748291,
0.09979593753814697,
-0.022952985018491745,
0.30921387672424316,
-0.6165974140167236,
-0.37575551867485046,
0.09605574607849121,
0.22036141157150269,
-0.191590815782547,
0.8452430367469788,
0.00837105792015791,
-0.6421663165092468,
-0.05180095508694649,
0.6591913104057312,
0.24790742993354797,
-0.2516593635082245,
0.03615529462695122,
-0.34640708565711975,
0.6261374950408936,
-0.19223511219024658,
-0.9668582677841187,
0.37370556592941284,
-0.6047421097755432,
0.0886455848813057,
0.24591881036758423,
-0.5750197768211365,
0.3137150704860687,
0.18247462809085846,
-0.5418693423271179,
0.501162588596344,
0.37261831760406494,
-0.9420136213302612,
-0.2743968069553375,
-0.33850279450416565,
-0.38291221857070923,
-0.14039887487888336,
-0.23255038261413574,
-0.707792341709137,
0.29272472858428955,
0.20970550179481506,
-0.26239824295043945,
-0.08778955042362213,
-0.6551082134246826,
0.26768702268600464,
-0.02974759414792061,
0.6491758823394775,
0.18444769084453583,
0.3212188482284546,
-0.4219158887863159,
0.20923642814159393,
-0.4632577896118164,
0.024002954363822937,
0.3852795660495758,
0.8863059878349304,
-0.353362500667572,
-0.11278902739286423,
0.14593252539634705,
-0.5024388432502747,
-0.09275559335947037,
0.2862231433391571,
-0.29275140166282654,
-0.3542267084121704,
0.23442433774471283,
-0.06272498518228531,
-0.15885791182518005,
0.8395387530326843,
0.19777746498584747,
0.0997195765376091,
-0.5402557849884033,
-0.3428974449634552,
0.6396928429603577,
-0.7415096163749695,
0.8323947787284851,
0.8078299760818481,
-0.8505958318710327,
-0.18447338044643402,
-0.23904851078987122,
0.13707269728183746,
0.06501618027687073,
-0.5714682340621948,
-0.5525667071342468,
-0.16595694422721863,
-0.7904205918312073,
-0.3314133584499359,
0.5392416715621948,
0.37647202610969543,
-0.49013176560401917,
-0.24563896656036377,
-0.5600695013999939,
0.031000150367617607,
-0.4389476776123047,
0.07394301891326904,
-0.062321797013282776,
-0.1656823456287384,
-0.06067263334989548,
-0.07287126034498215,
-0.6676812767982483,
0.39013853669166565,
-0.5236771702766418,
-0.03377155959606171,
-0.15557272732257843,
-0.256847620010376,
0.36477604508399963,
0.20989948511123657,
-0.8408377170562744,
-0.40938490629196167,
0.36218371987342834,
-0.08251175284385681,
-0.15008430182933807,
0.4245855510234833,
0.32100892066955566,
-0.0004994067712686956,
-0.2592109739780426,
-0.1647581160068512,
0.3457110822200775,
0.10905816406011581,
-0.6875039935112,
-0.18677228689193726,
0.36570197343826294,
0.3117702901363373,
-0.29700207710266113,
-0.2444901168346405,
-0.4157765805721283,
0.7544673085212708,
0.5689086318016052,
-0.17854203283786774,
-0.13217933475971222,
0.33883634209632874,
0.474494069814682,
-0.3117603063583374,
-0.5690693259239197,
-0.15931066870689392,
0.0638020858168602,
-0.06760858744382858,
-0.1499035358428955,
-0.2927308976650238,
-0.1438651829957962,
0.6922675371170044,
-0.40805166959762573,
-0.3517231345176697,
0.153975248336792,
0.39674800634384155,
-0.02563008852303028,
0.055764906108379364,
0.5276339054107666,
-0.0492095984518528,
0.09641899913549423,
-0.227218359708786,
-0.06950391083955765,
-1.0496331453323364,
-0.20790305733680725,
-0.012932372279465199,
-0.4411279559135437,
-0.17825154960155487,
-0.08179105073213577,
0.6285644173622131,
0.37468454241752625,
-0.3545463979244232,
0.3653259873390198,
-0.6797906756401062,
-0.4343023896217346,
-0.270997554063797,
-0.2196991741657257,
-0.1881043165922165,
0.6404454708099365,
0.3519384562969208,
0.1753828078508377,
-0.6441929936408997,
-0.12707461416721344,
-0.7241762280464172,
-0.2256227731704712,
-0.0877562016248703,
-0.874923050403595,
0.6073639392852783,
0.47385144233703613,
0.31999310851097107,
0.016136378049850464,
-0.24553929269313812,
0.13263341784477234,
0.38953644037246704,
0.4041008949279785,
0.01830967701971531,
0.6989695429801941,
-0.42627763748168945,
0.027088763192296028,
0.4336000680923462,
-0.3636164963245392,
0.13990338146686554,
0.6367660760879517,
-0.13677753508090973,
-0.21055610477924347,
-0.047117434442043304,
0.17512774467468262,
-1.0766239166259766,
0.466080904006958,
-0.554164707660675,
-0.01703827641904354,
-0.10368693619966507,
0.7799760699272156,
0.5182665586471558,
-0.018427668139338493,
-0.632148802280426,
0.36297106742858887,
0.562566339969635,
-0.13323773443698883,
-0.03033311851322651,
-0.16729062795639038,
-0.2746534049510956,
0.5116472244262695,
0.40900319814682007,
0.7652787566184998,
-0.3934861719608307,
0.21961268782615662,
-0.1663864701986313,
0.2791440784931183,
0.15285317599773407,
0.22030746936798096,
0.04905436560511589,
0.456204891204834,
0.5566872954368591,
0.42272239923477173,
0.5448416471481323,
0.16794131696224213,
-0.1694793701171875,
0.6521750092506409,
0.3471720516681671,
-0.5434286594390869,
-0.17522265017032623,
0.5507793426513672,
0.1944945752620697,
0.12516847252845764,
-0.16120728850364685,
0.4789584279060364,
0.09086041152477264,
-0.07285723090171814,
0.13508811593055725,
-0.05652601644396782,
0.046831823885440826,
0.09837174415588379,
-0.42718973755836487,
0.6455400586128235,
0.0606415830552578,
0.36770740151405334,
0.23893685638904572,
-0.36881253123283386,
-0.052315566688776016,
0.0008832788444124162,
-0.291618287563324,
-0.5321101546287537,
0.36364874243736267,
0.15238985419273376,
0.08967524766921997,
-0.8477002382278442,
-0.07611538469791412,
0.12490558624267578,
0.03585147485136986,
-0.00271991197951138,
-0.14759878814220428,
0.5488218665122986,
0.21669995784759521,
-0.18683266639709473,
-0.2653043568134308,
0.5597636699676514,
-0.0615508072078228,
0.3896913528442383,
-0.620574951171875,
1.0876221656799316,
0.8390928506851196,
0.08520630747079849,
0.02840055525302887,
-0.09557180106639862,
0.5211561322212219,
0.6239613890647888,
-0.9195346832275391,
-0.19880753755569458,
0.019225161522626877,
0.27496856451034546,
-0.8711190819740295,
0.21731233596801758,
0.3256930708885193,
0.18594685196876526,
0.10515062510967255,
0.09082206338644028,
0.1647452414035797,
-0.28741252422332764,
0.5636042952537537,
0.07803075760602951,
0.016544021666049957,
-0.13295938074588776,
-0.06444808095693588,
-0.5669953227043152,
0.09766752272844315,
0.5526221394538879,
0.33198803663253784,
-0.06006089970469475,
0.5117048025131226,
-0.2270355075597763,
0.15730226039886475,
0.06963028758764267,
0.015549011528491974,
0.42744964361190796,
-0.9401997327804565,
0.18680232763290405,
-0.06552455574274063,
-0.3746715188026428,
0.20952759683132172,
0.5607057213783264,
0.6118150949478149,
-0.9894206523895264,
-0.327808141708374,
-0.13014785945415497,
-0.7888950705528259,
0.5633037090301514,
-0.18051274120807648,
0.656787633895874,
-0.3288147449493408,
-0.37244224548339844,
-0.8015328645706177,
0.5805504322052002,
0.23425526916980743,
-0.47279226779937744,
0.3450251519680023,
-0.6110546588897705,
-0.33147886395454407,
0.1985657513141632,
0.6582044363021851,
0.05775429680943489,
-0.38807883858680725,
0.5551233291625977
] |
236569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Tulip | The Black Tulip | The Black Tulip is a historical novel and a work of Romantic poetry written by Alexandre Dumas, père, and first published in 1850.
Story
It begins with a historic event of 1672, the lynching of the Dutch Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis, considered rebels against the stadtholder William of Orange.
During these events there was Tulip mania across the Netherlands. In this scenarios, the main fictional character Cornelius Van Baerle, belonged to the natural school, whose motto was: "To despise flowers is to offend God", and thus followed the syllogism:
"To despise flowers is to offend God,
The more beautiful the flower is, the more does one offend God in despising it,
The tulip is the most beautiful of all flowers,
Therefore, he who despises the tulip offends God beyond measure". (p. 46, The Black Tulip)
The city of Haarlem had set the prize of 100,000 Francs to whoever could grow a black tulip. At stake was not only the prize, but fame and honour. Also, the gardener would perpetuate his name in history by the tulip's recorded name.
The prosperous Cornelius Van Baerle, godson of Cornelius de Witt, starts the liking of growing tulips in his state. Then he takes the challenge of growing the black tulip. But as an act of misfortune, his neighbour, Isaac Boxtel – also a gardener – watches his every move, and fearing his success, starts plotting. Followed by unsuccessful schemings, Boxtel moved by envy, denounces Van Baerle to Justice, because of Van Baerle's relation to the brothers De Witt, traitors of the nation then.
Van Baerle is suddenly arrested, and condemned to a life sentence in prison. Dumas uses religious beliefs for dramatic effect, and words as "Fate", "Providence" and "Misfortune". Misfortune plays a major influence throughout Van Baerle's life events, but at the end succumbs to be a major act of Providence, showing that God is always in control, both in sadness as in happiness.
Was in such an act, that Van Baerle meets the beautiful daughter of the jailer, Rosa Gryphus. Cornelius loses everything but had kept the bulbs of the tulips, that were expected to be black. In midst of loss and sorrows, Rosa helps him to grow the flower in the jail. His growing affection for Rosa gives courage to not give up his fancies and expectations. Rosa is seen as a brave and virtuous girl, not held by her father vices, but strong in her own pursuits.
The drama elucidates how far an envious person can go; how the righteous ones are not forgotten by God; how in the midst of misfortune a greater happiness is right ahead, and so love and flowers can grow within stone walls.
As famously phrased in To Althea: From Prison by Richard Lovelace, "Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage". Van Baerle was free, even inside a prison he was faithful to his conscience. The guards could keep his hands, but not love from him moving forward. And the latter played a major role to prove his innocence.
The philosophy of the book is summed up: "Sometimes one has suffered so much that he has the right never to be able to say, ‘I am too happy.’" (p. 204 The Black Tulip).
The novel was originally published in three volumes in 1850 as La Tulipe Noire by Baudry (Paris). A similarity of story may be seen in The Count of Monte Cristo by same author.
This book was officially printed in France by Alexandre Dumas in 1850 and originally had 236 pages but soon it was converted into different sizes thus changing the pages.
Characters
William, Prince of Orange, afterward William III. King of England.
Louis XIV, King of France.
Cornelis de Witt, inspector of dikes at the Hague.
Johan de Witt, his brother, Grand Pensionary of Holland.
Colonel van Deeken, aide-de-camp to William of Orange.
Dr. Cornelius van Baerle, a tulip-fancier, godson of Cornelius de Witt.
Mynheer Isaac Boxtel, his rival.
Marquis de Louvois.
Count Tilly, Captain of the Cavalry of the Hague.
Mynheer Bowelt, deputy.
Mynheer d'Asperen, deputy.
The Recorder of the States.
Master van Spenser, a magistrate at Dort.
Tyckalaer, a surgeon at the Hague.
Gerard Dow.
Mynheer van Systens, Burgomaster of Haarlem and President of its Horticultural Society.
Craeke, a confidential servant of John de Witt.
Gryphus, a jailer, Rosa's father.
Rosa, his daughter, in love with Cornelius van Baerle.
Reception
George Saintsbury described the novel as "charming in parts", but felt that Dumas had spun the story out to "an unconscionable length".
Adaptations
The first screen adaptation appears to have been a silent 1921 Dutch-UK co-production directed by Maurits Binger and Frank Richardson. Alex Bryce directed a well-regarded UK adaptation of the novel in 1937, with Patrick Waddington as Cornelus Van Baerle. A five-part BBC miniseries debuted in August 1956 with Douglas Wilmer in the lead role. A second British miniseries appeared in September 1970. In 1988, Australia's Burbank production company created a 50-minute children's animated film from a bowdlerised version of the story.
A musical adaptation was written in 2004 by Kit Goldstein, and premiered at Union College in February 2005.
See also
Assassinations in fiction
Tulip mania
References
External links
The Black Tulip full text at Google Books
eLook Literature: The Black Tulip - HTML version broken down chapter by chapter.
Webpage for The Black Tulip musical at kitgoldstein.com.
1850 French novels
Novels by Alexandre Dumas
Historical novels
Novels set in the 1670s
Novels set in the Dutch Golden Age
French novels adapted into plays
Cultural depictions of William III of England
Cultural depictions of Louis XIV
French novels adapted into films
Novels set in prison | [
-0.31133848428726196,
-0.0039528426714241505,
-0.4527800977230072,
-0.3244163393974304,
0.44988134503364563,
0.88676917552948,
0.060339413583278656,
0.45586737990379333,
-0.358401894569397,
-0.1001913994550705,
-0.4739619493484497,
0.18978066742420197,
-0.6867015361785889,
0.3412513732910156,
-0.012132148258388042,
0.4192124903202057,
0.692736029624939,
0.17360122501850128,
-0.3934953808784485,
-0.8347570300102234,
-0.20085695385932922,
-0.19222025573253632,
0.45653995871543884,
-0.2578584551811218,
1.022855520248413,
-0.5244958400726318,
0.2713772654533386,
0.009266084991395473,
0.42470473051071167,
0.9123156070709229,
-0.19814714789390564,
0.26762810349464417,
0.22126679122447968,
-0.32069411873817444,
-0.01444964949041605,
-0.41723930835723877,
-0.5940080881118774,
-0.5011411905288696,
-0.2598240077495575,
-0.5355860590934753,
0.09282982349395752,
0.45568224787712097,
0.32133612036705017,
0.4223426878452301,
0.2175012230873108,
-0.09463325142860413,
-1.3434242010116577,
0.706388533115387,
-0.1113470196723938,
0.4628036618232727,
0.22049768269062042,
0.5279943346977234,
0.77104651927948,
0.2106819897890091,
-0.2220182716846466,
0.8122032284736633,
-0.8724757432937622,
0.10028938949108124,
0.11096377670764923,
-0.34753984212875366,
0.2821374237537384,
0.3432601988315582,
0.545610249042511,
0.576931893825531,
0.0691743791103363,
0.5177258253097534,
-0.5206620097160339,
0.05131486803293228,
0.13543440401554108,
0.12006386369466782,
0.1206928938627243,
0.16874569654464722,
-0.2126031517982483,
0.5515915751457214,
-0.3591567575931549,
-0.23202548921108246,
0.347475528717041,
0.20600876212120056,
0.516135573387146,
0.8127171397209167,
0.11284288763999939,
0.04125887528061867,
0.8046923279762268,
0.2959364950656891,
0.18619342148303986,
0.1372576206922531,
-0.1403641700744629,
0.3896440267562866,
0.10777974128723145,
-0.6950185894966125,
-0.30925050377845764,
-0.45660969614982605,
-0.29832565784454346,
0.3957081437110901,
-0.09119231253862381,
-0.6784648895263672,
0.08908848464488983,
0.1235494613647461,
-0.832729160785675,
-0.18369418382644653,
-0.1491738259792328,
0.8080641031265259,
0.2191198617219925,
-0.29123279452323914,
-0.9932049512863159,
-0.5360531210899353,
-0.30632054805755615,
-0.07817378640174866,
0.6502647995948792,
0.2656911015510559,
-0.300064355134964,
-0.004204648081213236,
0.03557124361395836,
-0.01858794316649437,
0.03899180516600609,
0.9812707901000977,
0.480916827917099,
-0.7201998233795166,
0.11261498928070068,
0.25321629643440247,
-0.24086172878742218,
0.06915298104286194,
0.35221385955810547,
0.09448420256376266,
-0.22087933123111725,
-0.3734819293022156,
0.23152589797973633,
0.22555938363075256,
-0.5033627152442932,
0.2874740660190582,
0.34066784381866455,
0.9750833511352539,
-0.1856519877910614,
-0.6748775839805603,
-0.09820729494094849,
0.1206991896033287,
0.4488959014415741,
0.12886324524879456,
0.4765053987503052,
0.4756910800933838,
-0.6566302180290222,
-0.004259626846760511,
-0.7959330081939697,
-0.31731581687927246,
-0.17633643746376038,
-0.3161894381046295,
-0.0037774033844470978,
-0.7296328544616699,
0.13673283159732819,
-0.6793069839477539,
-0.016542915254831314,
-0.407937228679657,
0.0985860601067543,
0.05399630218744278,
-0.39543095231056213,
-0.13277624547481537,
0.18933285772800446,
-0.0216544009745121,
0.01042651291936636,
-0.36530545353889465,
0.29244744777679443,
0.1762843132019043,
0.45173653960227966,
-0.1777176409959793,
-0.490614652633667,
-0.252706915140152,
0.5277091264724731,
0.021989159286022186,
-0.04051605984568596,
0.06198320910334587,
0.06231573224067688,
0.13758669793605804,
0.6355250477790833,
-0.17574810981750488,
0.20299288630485535,
0.5626793503761292,
0.6545915007591248,
0.04119449108839035,
0.4947870373725891,
0.10483749210834503,
-0.5622702240943909,
0.7248228192329407,
0.0028800482396036386,
-0.3462710678577423,
0.12176083028316498,
0.16608615219593048,
0.647049605846405,
0.4239526391029358,
-0.12500517070293427,
-0.18329139053821564,
-1.1091281175613403,
-0.8673022985458374,
0.0008227038779295981,
0.1299566626548767,
0.7703707814216614,
-0.13196700811386108,
-0.45100975036621094,
0.91702800989151,
-0.5575917363166809,
0.8120072484016418,
-0.4095557630062103,
0.1550242006778717,
0.3334314525127411,
-0.04017428681254387,
-0.21585211157798767,
-0.31321626901626587,
-0.5521643161773682,
-0.042782340198755264,
0.467175155878067,
0.12199262529611588,
0.1721414476633072,
-0.29941341280937195,
0.2305804044008255,
0.3565909266471863,
-0.08131447434425354,
-0.3051198422908783,
-0.36404165625572205,
0.08633888512849808,
0.09380779415369034,
-0.2957887351512909,
0.3689645826816559,
0.10818392783403397,
-0.09600125998258591,
0.1159229502081871,
0.3046494722366333,
0.4676574468612671,
-0.2352251559495926,
-0.6396775841712952,
0.2460719347000122,
-0.5551379919052124,
-0.8654462695121765,
-0.01514903549104929,
-0.1254751831293106,
-0.2523880898952484,
-0.15437497198581696,
-0.11206845194101334,
0.07415999472141266,
-0.402014821767807,
0.3063461482524872,
-0.007054752670228481,
0.5740459561347961,
-0.05494841933250427,
-0.41575053334236145,
0.01670767366886139,
0.005956058856099844,
0.15123237669467926,
-0.14652028679847717,
-0.27984461188316345,
0.16288959980010986,
-0.16667379438877106,
-0.5516586303710938,
0.7932946085929871,
-0.2264547049999237,
0.010059152729809284,
-0.5108298063278198,
-0.25803667306900024,
0.07516063749790192,
0.28044241666793823,
-0.03761425241827965,
0.023643342778086662,
-0.46772468090057373,
0.6086122393608093,
-0.08427268266677856,
0.01194778736680746,
0.17291806638240814,
-0.3219802975654602,
-0.3199644982814789,
-0.4301210343837738,
0.6552488207817078,
0.16230227053165436,
0.09462267905473709,
0.049960389733314514,
-0.7638952136039734,
0.48143628239631653,
-0.10684921592473984,
-0.4552813172340393,
0.14475330710411072,
-0.12865899503231049,
-0.31398430466651917,
-0.9368055462837219,
-0.06126992776989937,
0.7904816269874573,
0.286730021238327,
-0.7781974077224731,
0.23514355719089508,
-0.16098399460315704,
0.4652189016342163,
-0.5624428391456604,
-0.09229236096143723,
0.19560840725898743,
-0.31346410512924194,
0.551487386226654,
-0.08940577507019043,
-0.3576112985610962,
-0.6137884259223938,
-0.01573268696665764,
-0.044950053095817566,
0.45153531432151794,
0.07461212575435638,
0.12875322997570038,
-0.17446765303611755,
-0.032118141651153564,
0.0799718126654625,
0.11160105466842651,
0.7322295904159546,
0.4932526648044586,
-0.18562184274196625,
0.3497318625450134,
-5.6794562339782715,
0.28491687774658203,
0.1673380583524704,
-0.44391104578971863,
-0.23002426326274872,
0.16473133862018585,
0.1538323611021042,
0.1804538369178772,
-0.18748198449611664,
-0.5772795677185059,
-0.40169286727905273,
0.1257745325565338,
-0.21303080022335052,
0.12973877787590027,
-0.11769372969865799,
0.2768552601337433,
-0.6732463240623474,
-0.67173171043396,
-0.38889846205711365,
0.3281950354576111,
-0.3207055330276489,
0.08082671463489532,
-0.05765427649021149,
0.1971595138311386,
0.5675569176673889,
1.2804269790649414,
-0.39842233061790466,
-0.43393373489379883,
-0.48922625184059143,
0.263702392578125,
0.042218685150146484,
-0.24644184112548828,
0.6090502142906189,
-0.19433879852294922,
-0.04494675248861313,
-0.06431056559085846,
-0.3813367187976837,
-0.22478269040584564,
0.22427448630332947,
0.8577790260314941,
-0.3654721677303314,
0.06320302188396454,
0.18711255490779877,
-0.009278456680476665,
0.308461457490921,
-0.24898718297481537,
-0.4384896457195282,
-0.6632261872291565,
-0.15882572531700134,
0.6210768222808838,
-0.019719421863555908,
0.040769971907138824,
0.05631590262055397,
-0.11049627512693405,
0.568122148513794,
0.1057174801826477,
0.17301151156425476,
-0.6487628221511841,
-0.12540973722934723,
-0.07868272811174393,
0.1646585911512375,
0.173078715801239,
0.14147891104221344,
-0.18924766778945923,
0.11703051626682281,
-0.4485749900341034,
-0.12754325568675995,
0.11473266035318375,
0.28686225414276123,
0.4387710690498352,
0.3923671543598175,
0.15193653106689453,
-0.5160799622535706,
-1.1368370056152344,
-0.9645494222640991,
-0.3377152681350708,
-0.8434229493141174,
-0.5116241574287415,
-0.05985527113080025,
-0.5573038458824158,
0.09001277387142181,
-0.3309440016746521,
-0.29462364315986633,
0.3924374282360077,
0.17467433214187622,
-0.8545272946357727,
-0.652283787727356,
0.059942059218883514,
-0.9137545824050903,
-0.25071147084236145,
0.2546709477901459,
-0.584147572517395,
-0.3520280122756958,
-0.24062860012054443,
0.5843948125839233,
0.22872501611709595,
0.14217105507850647,
0.14873069524765015,
0.44565513730049133,
0.049509696662425995,
0.41448959708213806,
-0.1332121044397354,
0.32224032282829285,
0.0410563200712204,
0.1837572306394577,
-0.32882416248321533,
-0.3942045569419861,
0.6530600190162659,
0.8227020502090454,
0.09534902125597,
0.0032586243469268084,
-0.4043574333190918,
0.22512876987457275,
-0.4391983449459076,
0.1956835687160492,
0.11511600017547607,
0.6707516312599182,
-0.1633438616991043,
0.12240060418844223,
0.0720321387052536,
-0.2767494022846222,
0.08175491541624069,
-0.2505945563316345,
-0.23592311143875122,
-0.1596033126115799,
-0.1615232229232788,
0.3209327459335327,
-0.3042840361595154,
-0.46364209055900574,
-0.11729063093662262,
0.1154717430472374,
-0.2964373826980591,
-0.11330145597457886,
-0.23922844231128693,
-0.38938939571380615,
-0.2436004877090454,
-0.7256925106048584,
-0.8468878269195557,
0.03281375765800476,
0.130327045917511,
-0.49392256140708923,
-0.15004418790340424,
0.013310028240084648,
-0.017123648896813393,
0.6535276770591736,
-0.25522539019584656,
-0.5462243556976318,
-0.4666465222835541,
-0.30243006348609924,
0.5750666856765747,
0.08865517377853394,
0.4768134355545044,
0.9299532175064087,
-0.31590262055397034,
-0.4047698676586151,
-0.5037066340446472,
0.16170097887516022,
0.44392478466033936,
-0.16974419355392456,
0.07359140366315842,
-0.03916112706065178,
-0.3120337128639221,
-0.6989481449127197,
-0.4039262533187866,
-0.313333123922348,
-0.22214871644973755,
0.06632741540670395,
-0.9281908869743347,
-0.09971527010202408,
0.5516718626022339,
0.35299089550971985,
-0.4890298545360565,
0.08848147839307785,
0.037145473062992096,
0.2528092861175537,
-0.2678530812263489,
-0.36167362332344055,
0.09757443517446518,
0.03396306931972504,
-0.04011619836091995,
-0.24648673832416534,
0.06192280352115631,
-0.18608500063419342,
0.15522904694080353,
1.2130204439163208,
-0.004540915600955486,
-0.07769270241260529,
-0.6125912070274353,
-0.5494670271873474,
0.3386020064353943,
0.11298234015703201,
0.5983356237411499,
0.1319155991077423,
0.3421338200569153,
-0.8826947212219238,
-0.03340650722384453,
-0.14862917363643646,
0.1770545095205307,
-0.013330833055078983,
0.07690948247909546,
0.0494292676448822,
0.37596628069877625,
-0.2219211757183075,
0.20587366819381714,
0.2937559187412262,
-0.9774565696716309,
0.6789074540138245,
-0.4567420780658722,
-0.9829539656639099,
0.5495131015777588,
0.012078207917511463,
-0.5122888088226318,
0.10385867208242416,
0.2578120529651642,
-0.12117993831634521,
0.5745252966880798,
-0.025279294699430466,
-0.34809258580207825,
-0.34723207354545593,
-0.2369627207517624,
0.12952832877635956,
-0.31625524163246155,
-0.34237393736839294,
-0.16273409128189087,
-0.15038366615772247,
-0.02230687066912651,
0.2000911980867386,
-0.26887717843055725,
0.20837610960006714,
-0.4935281276702881,
0.35880738496780396,
0.06884618103504181,
-0.26192066073417664,
-0.09383255988359451,
-0.4157751798629761,
-0.0587674118578434,
0.061802733689546585,
-0.6486515998840332,
0.5517784357070923,
0.6059089303016663,
0.9125860333442688,
0.6635312438011169,
0.08328123390674591,
-0.13299372792243958,
-0.011829625815153122,
0.1847350001335144,
-0.07274774461984634,
-0.4344274699687958,
-0.31938526034355164,
0.031393032521009445,
0.09227383881807327,
-0.30805709958076477,
-0.18948769569396973,
-0.2238461971282959,
0.6501480937004089,
0.12928058207035065,
-0.01095149852335453,
0.5915964245796204,
-0.5961613059043884,
0.3009319603443146,
0.15300439298152924,
0.3680674433708191,
-0.2653132677078247,
0.23735910654067993,
0.4569511115550995,
-0.01204008236527443,
0.20231513679027557,
0.16668981313705444,
0.10681649297475815,
-0.31371864676475525,
0.13261787593364716,
0.20367003977298737,
0.2865664064884186,
-0.00795089639723301,
-0.4581804871559143,
0.2934056520462036,
-0.1868136078119278,
-0.15347526967525482,
-0.02700502797961235,
-0.09006861597299576,
-0.6988264322280884,
0.5760653614997864,
-0.1785358488559723,
-0.3881683647632599,
-0.27350178360939026,
-0.010928735136985779,
0.5089139342308044,
-0.13199688494205475,
0.5791852474212646,
-0.5967556238174438,
0.11115650832653046,
-0.12397938966751099,
0.6375243067741394,
0.4144408702850342,
0.6381973624229431,
0.34522783756256104,
-0.04335351660847664,
0.02281000278890133,
0.5152779221534729,
-0.172604501247406,
-1.0017491579055786,
0.5926339626312256,
0.241407111287117,
-0.05452042073011398,
0.5210845470428467,
-0.2256002128124237,
0.22806316614151,
0.37477296590805054,
-0.7451961040496826,
0.1565077304840088,
0.6491968631744385,
0.4730285108089447,
-0.6171634197235107,
0.11303477734327316,
-0.4186735153198242,
-0.037474364042282104,
0.028298480436205864,
0.011100562289357185,
0.6022241115570068,
0.13619297742843628,
0.36248961091041565,
0.24687820672988892,
0.32947349548339844,
-0.021706758067011833,
-0.35151973366737366,
0.3619830310344696,
-1.1239330768585205,
0.8540862202644348,
0.11916092783212662,
-0.04450018331408501,
0.22957131266593933,
0.32162564992904663,
-0.3314554989337921,
0.2205473929643631,
-0.036844342947006226,
-0.37997543811798096,
0.4702388048171997,
-0.5938425660133362,
-0.2799180746078491,
0.4240919053554535,
0.9449389576911926,
0.08744388818740845,
-0.15060651302337646,
0.10145635902881622,
0.22368627786636353,
0.02969403564929962,
0.12213020771741867,
0.020228708162903786,
0.504776656627655,
0.516033411026001,
0.6018076539039612,
0.7477036118507385,
0.25100117921829224,
-0.6903604865074158,
0.5536819100379944,
0.18724822998046875,
-0.07268866896629333,
-0.32655492424964905,
-0.6659364104270935,
0.160798117518425,
-0.4920040965080261,
0.4548930525779724,
0.13085219264030457,
0.13161876797676086,
-0.24829533696174622,
0.9025412797927856,
0.05013122782111168,
-0.41520485281944275,
-0.011778062209486961,
-0.36796683073043823,
0.4526207447052002,
-0.061991430819034576,
-0.03550107032060623,
0.5240282416343689,
0.34846949577331543,
0.24825409054756165,
0.3562534749507904,
0.4584023058414459,
0.04306801036000252,
0.3445366322994232,
-0.8163348436355591,
-0.04028097912669182,
0.27294567227363586,
0.04850775748491287,
0.1846827268600464,
0.02242058329284191,
-0.2528568208217621,
-0.14277034997940063,
0.03051144815981388,
-0.5583533644676208,
0.14211736619472504,
-0.6817086338996887,
-0.3102177381515503,
0.14692145586013794,
-0.3057749569416046,
-0.1839485615491867,
-0.15288908779621124,
1.2940880060195923,
-0.8559685349464417,
-0.053771138191223145,
0.34089431166648865,
-0.41135990619659424,
0.21026265621185303,
0.09756423532962799,
-0.4759911894798279,
0.5500657558441162,
-0.5646787881851196,
0.16623815894126892,
-1.3953498601913452,
0.42665091156959534,
-0.2975391447544098,
0.12256177514791489,
0.12559352815151215,
0.29105690121650696,
-0.3323301076889038,
0.07852627336978912,
0.21826912462711334,
0.11481296271085739,
-0.000864048779476434,
-0.4391538202762604,
0.22550414502620697,
-0.24392804503440857,
-0.2439713180065155,
0.33160150051116943,
-0.6589507460594177,
-0.20329205691814423,
0.07284646481275558,
0.7651795744895935,
-0.10430483520030975,
0.34800300002098083,
-0.10654767602682114,
0.21780578792095184,
-0.07782195508480072,
0.02277439646422863,
-0.0680423229932785,
-0.018943026661872864,
0.6470765471458435,
0.7582677602767944,
-0.16951671242713928,
-0.524512767791748,
0.36231446266174316,
-0.042151231318712234,
0.2818804383277893,
0.21816986799240112,
0.06672773510217667,
-0.11273083835840225,
-0.18312284350395203,
0.0453791506588459,
-0.3480549454689026,
0.2525210678577423,
0.24307750165462494,
-0.3124457001686096,
0.06630807369947433,
-0.3318938910961151,
0.12527212500572205,
0.041988518089056015,
-0.15416809916496277,
-0.5556197762489319,
0.3492882251739502,
0.19265149533748627
] |
236572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus%20Hortensius | Quintus Hortensius | Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BC) was a famous Roman lawyer, a renowned orator and a statesman. Politically he belonged to the Optimates. He was consul in 69 BC alongside Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus. His nickname was Dionysia, after a famous actress. After his retirement Hortensius took up fish-breeding as a hobby. Cicero spoke of him as a Piscinarius – 'fish fancier'.
Biography
At the age of nineteen he made his first speech at the bar and shortly afterwards successfully defended Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, one of Rome's dependents in the East, who had been deprived of his throne by his brother. From that time his reputation as an advocate was established. Through his marriage to Lutatia, daughter of Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Servilia, he was attached to the aristocratic party, the optimates. During and after Lucius Cornelius Sulla's dictatorship the courts of law were under the control of the Senate, the judges themselves being senators.
To this circumstance perhaps, as well as to his own merits, Hortensius may have been indebted for much of his success. Many of his clients were the governors of provinces which they were accused of having plundered. Such men were sure to find themselves brought before a friendly, not to say a corrupt, tribunal, and Hortensius, according to Cicero was not ashamed to avail himself of this advantage. Having served during two campaigns (in 90 and 89 BC) in the Social War, he served as quaestor in 81, aedile in 75, praetor in 72, and consul in 69. In the year before his consulship he came into collision with Cicero in the case of Gaius Verres, and from that time his supremacy at the bar was lost.
After 63, Cicero gravitated towards the faction to which Hortensius belonged. Consequently, in political cases, the two men were often engaged on the same side (e.g., in defence of Gaius Rabirius, Lucius Licinius Murena, Publius Cornelius Sulla, and Titus Annius Milo). After Pompey's return from the East in 61, Hortensius withdrew from public life and devoted himself to his profession.
In 56, Hortensius admired Cato the Younger "so much that he wanted them to be kinsmen, not merely friends," and proposed to marry Cato's daughter, Porcia Catonis, who was only about 20 years old at the time. Since Porcia was already married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and had borne him children, Cato refused to dissolve the marriage. Instead, Cato offered his own wife, Marcia, on the condition that Marcia's father, Lucius Marcius Philippus, approve as well. Consent was obtained and Cato divorced Marcia, thereby placing her under her father's charge. Hortensius promptly married Marcia, who bore him a child. After Hortensius' death in 50 BC, she inherited "every last sesterce of his estate". This caused a minor scandal, as after Hortensius' death she remarried Cato, making both of them rich.
In 50, the year of his death, he successfully defended Appius Claudius Pulcher when accused of treason and corrupt practices by Publius Cornelius Dolabella, afterwards Cicero's son-in-law.
Family
His daughter Hortensia became a successful orator. In 42, she spoke against the imposition of a special tax on wealthy Roman matrons with such success that part of it was remitted. His son Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, a friend of the poet Catullus, was granted the governorship of Macedonia in 44 by Julius Caesar, before switching allegiance to Brutus and perishing after the debacle of the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. He likely also had a child with Marcia, possibly a daughter or son who became the mother or father of Marcius Hortalus.
Oratory
Although none of Hortensius' speeches is extant, his oratory, according to Cicero, was of the Asiatic style, a florid rhetoric, better to hear than to read. Even though his gestures were highly artificial, and his manner of folding his toga was noted by tragic actors of the day, he was such a "gifted performer that even professional actors would stop rehearsal and come to watch him hold an audience captive with each swish of his toga." In addition to his style, he had a tenacious memory, and could retain every point in his opponent's argument. He also possessed a fine musical voice, which he could skillfully command.
He wrote a treatise on general questions of oratory, erotic poems, and an Annales, which gained him considerable reputation as a historian.
Legacy
Hortensius' oratory gave him such vast wealth that he was able to spend his money gratuitously on splendid villas, parks, fish-ponds, costly entertainments, wine, pictures, and other works of art. He was also reputed to be the first to introduce peacocks as a table delicacy at Rome.
Cicero eventually wrote a dialogue, now lost, called Hortensius or "On Philosophy". The work defended the notion that genuine human happiness is to be found by using and embracing philosophy. St. Augustine wrote in his Confessions that this work left an impression upon him and moved him to embrace philosophy, and ultimately convert to Christianity.
Another of Cicero's works, his history of Latin oratory known as the Brutus, is dedicated to the memory of Hortensius. Though he criticises him at various points, Cicero's respect for Hortensius is evident throughout, and he frequently mourns his rival's death: 'I grieved to have lost in him not, as some may have thought, a rival jealous of my forensic reputation, but rather a friend, and a fellow worker in the same field of glorious endeavour ... each of us was helped by the other with exchange of suggestions, admonitions, and friendly offices'.
Over the centuries, Hortensius's orations were lost, and the last person reported in the literature to have read and commented upon one of Hortensius's original works was the first century AD rhetorician Quintilian. Today, not a single speech by Hortensius is extant.
References
114 BC births
50 BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman augurs
1st-century BC Roman consuls
1st-century BC Roman praetors
Quintus | [
-0.3306502401828766,
0.053061388432979584,
-0.35089048743247986,
0.33791157603263855,
-0.08123527467250824,
1.2420902252197266,
0.061189938336610794,
-0.005922007840126753,
-0.06857054680585861,
-0.3812457323074341,
0.13749276101589203,
0.7046380043029785,
-0.6749288439750671,
-0.38591712713241577,
0.30875837802886963,
-0.4329761266708374,
-0.010471698828041553,
-0.30284565687179565,
-0.33045217394828796,
0.021721063181757927,
0.22352951765060425,
0.005865806248039007,
0.10715902596712112,
-0.3395361006259918,
-0.02485557273030281,
-0.08715305477380753,
-0.32256239652633667,
-0.0881175622344017,
-0.605373203754425,
-0.046265024691820145,
0.19735568761825562,
0.4472684860229492,
0.26242098212242126,
-0.4543248116970062,
-1.4632182121276855,
0.27041658759117126,
0.272489070892334,
0.1357821226119995,
0.6549582481384277,
0.19579912722110748,
-0.09524953365325928,
0.12193210422992706,
0.31877821683883667,
-0.24451039731502533,
-0.6828160285949707,
-0.20817750692367554,
-2.019742488861084,
0.3527129292488098,
-0.29043757915496826,
-0.24304260313510895,
0.20618540048599243,
0.11792665719985962,
-0.44836223125457764,
0.765884280204773,
-0.19416917860507965,
0.7811134457588196,
-0.9600557684898376,
-0.7180061340332031,
0.24713200330734253,
0.05266733840107918,
0.34618639945983887,
0.1843813955783844,
0.7908937931060791,
0.05667262151837349,
0.9169515371322632,
0.2691551148891449,
0.026389898732304573,
0.795529305934906,
-0.4065610468387604,
0.40247777104377747,
-0.34758874773979187,
0.4012008011341095,
-0.28986212611198425,
0.5688039064407349,
0.04947436600923538,
-0.40440231561660767,
0.044489484280347824,
0.5132967233657837,
0.18371045589447021,
-0.06421610713005066,
0.4730011522769928,
-0.20167754590511322,
0.9864340424537659,
0.00002243094604637008,
0.10360690206289291,
0.39115065336227417,
-0.4376426339149475,
-0.12387441098690033,
-0.38243505358695984,
-0.9260316491127014,
-0.22103530168533325,
-0.4544559121131897,
0.2972789406776428,
0.3367847800254822,
-0.6381701231002808,
0.25359076261520386,
-0.12274148315191269,
-0.026878196746110916,
-0.44213399291038513,
-0.37390854954719543,
0.16785696148872375,
0.39329949021339417,
0.692980170249939,
-0.3551337718963623,
0.15623195469379425,
0.17932701110839844,
0.25576430559158325,
-0.5907981991767883,
-0.5159727931022644,
0.7224042415618896,
-0.04514647275209427,
0.30956652760505676,
-0.060106951743364334,
-0.341274619102478,
-0.5172415375709534,
0.9558620452880859,
0.15429262816905975,
-0.7714043259620667,
-0.5572801828384399,
-0.4519577622413635,
-0.2320905476808548,
0.11969947069883347,
0.3266451060771942,
0.557486891746521,
-0.6400254368782043,
-0.30796751379966736,
0.004323788918554783,
0.6140332221984863,
0.3023052215576172,
0.6952149868011475,
0.37514495849609375,
0.9082121849060059,
-0.42072179913520813,
-0.08659105747938156,
-0.15237216651439667,
0.20008410513401031,
0.2044314295053482,
0.47736185789108276,
-0.14564110338687897,
-0.01351558044552803,
-0.2764548063278198,
-0.17357990145683289,
0.02106589451432228,
0.1099717989563942,
0.2102317363023758,
-0.009211347438395023,
0.6858339309692383,
-0.16440504789352417,
-0.5110564827919006,
0.056653641164302826,
-0.07466398179531097,
0.0446273535490036,
0.43969184160232544,
-0.25245097279548645,
-0.014226395636796951,
0.4592253863811493,
0.7431007027626038,
-0.2774493396282196,
-0.12410535663366318,
0.5250676870346069,
0.33098486065864563,
-0.2721298336982727,
-0.8084582686424255,
0.06907861679792404,
-0.07895644754171371,
-0.352959007024765,
0.21287879347801208,
-0.2764787971973419,
-0.23385527729988098,
0.000366745691280812,
-0.44229748845100403,
-0.10506568849086761,
0.40154966711997986,
-0.5702272653579712,
0.02096470445394516,
0.8579874634742737,
0.4440554082393646,
0.2656484544277191,
0.23934121429920197,
-0.7248586416244507,
-0.5544933676719666,
0.40963298082351685,
-0.05816277861595154,
0.15773645043373108,
0.36030274629592896,
-0.09593728929758072,
0.6497461795806885,
-0.11548501253128052,
0.16305166482925415,
-0.5610591173171997,
-1.0022740364074707,
-0.14602741599082947,
-0.3297431766986847,
-0.12459846585988998,
0.9762163162231445,
0.4821534752845764,
-0.6602131128311157,
1.0130350589752197,
0.1858474165201187,
0.9273927807807922,
-0.5856563448905945,
-0.19439060986042023,
0.18599937856197357,
0.2786518633365631,
-0.11669117957353592,
0.3969894349575043,
0.2988434433937073,
-0.15151526033878326,
0.5889168381690979,
0.9101648330688477,
0.7704486846923828,
-0.05942986160516739,
0.1761055439710617,
-0.2581676244735718,
-0.5890569686889648,
0.10746616870164871,
-0.39940789341926575,
-0.15221332013607025,
0.31700631976127625,
-0.1845843344926834,
0.8074402809143066,
-0.5629936456680298,
0.15780851244926453,
0.6689894795417786,
-0.7302394509315491,
0.6998631358146667,
0.10466574877500534,
-0.17451991140842438,
-0.4670460522174835,
-0.6535308361053467,
0.03136660158634186,
0.15430182218551636,
0.3561031222343445,
-0.3049779236316681,
0.12564143538475037,
-0.10912492871284485,
0.12659145891666412,
-0.5113086104393005,
0.5196175575256348,
-0.07067929208278656,
0.37104836106300354,
0.6366126537322998,
-0.5183647274971008,
0.47127416729927063,
-0.27587243914604187,
0.5546820759773254,
-0.4223763346672058,
0.08671343326568604,
0.21731840074062347,
-0.14978232979774475,
0.18527041375637054,
-0.041653066873550415,
-0.11669881641864777,
-0.3432106673717499,
0.33930185437202454,
-0.48479869961738586,
0.628535807132721,
0.8819115161895752,
0.17123132944107056,
-0.4171329736709595,
-0.2736600935459137,
-0.29209065437316895,
0.6885132193565369,
0.3785429000854492,
0.08820029348134995,
0.15116819739341736,
0.18460290133953094,
-0.28500354290008545,
-0.1761654019355774,
-0.2887245714664459,
0.07860255986452103,
0.07940015941858292,
-0.3117327392101288,
0.3748392164707184,
0.5106759071350098,
-0.4387393891811371,
-0.7157942652702332,
0.04469989612698555,
-0.4246698021888733,
-0.8775895833969116,
-0.04789428412914276,
0.5350710153579712,
-0.5861088037490845,
-0.5142205953598022,
-0.3570083975791931,
-0.051718052476644516,
0.0579061359167099,
-0.09399328380823135,
-0.11085040122270584,
-0.19989019632339478,
0.14506390690803528,
0.06698863953351974,
-0.6176576018333435,
0.4165906608104706,
0.06053781136870384,
0.32174208760261536,
-0.038305461406707764,
-0.2787092328071594,
0.24544623494148254,
-0.3092261552810669,
-0.6879668831825256,
0.5179075598716736,
-0.19169509410858154,
0.5179104804992676,
0.4622343182563782,
-0.3942413926124573,
0.13703742623329163,
0.695099949836731,
-5.329118251800537,
0.18020838499069214,
-0.2678215503692627,
-0.14984355866909027,
0.09813320636749268,
0.08215384930372238,
0.4930397570133209,
-0.01110170315951109,
0.45726078748703003,
-0.29705363512039185,
0.7018603682518005,
-0.1922030746936798,
-0.0285603366792202,
0.4966346323490143,
0.574315071105957,
0.7209706902503967,
0.2013140320777893,
0.09510106593370438,
-0.06525526940822601,
0.6158624887466431,
0.483818918466568,
0.17176945507526398,
-0.2351694107055664,
-0.06924758106470108,
0.50138920545578,
-0.33637964725494385,
-0.4071487486362457,
0.44569268822669983,
-0.7833969593048096,
-0.34715524315834045,
0.32521283626556396,
0.04111228883266449,
-0.3064289093017578,
-0.3452397286891937,
-0.3967564105987549,
-0.09457933157682419,
0.6912283897399902,
0.17730939388275146,
-0.14166656136512756,
0.5547714829444885,
-0.5876050591468811,
-0.1031608060002327,
-0.10775110125541687,
0.8518753051757812,
-0.08199566602706909,
-0.18578888475894928,
-0.6076720356941223,
0.26955994963645935,
-0.18399930000305176,
0.26421698927879333,
0.1815742701292038,
0.06546305119991302,
-0.29563307762145996,
0.48180001974105835,
-0.038791682571172714,
0.035545989871025085,
0.297795832157135,
0.31309306621551514,
-0.22744742035865784,
0.19074948132038116,
0.49829357862472534,
-0.6807775497436523,
-0.04345740005373955,
-0.4767056405544281,
0.2125314623117447,
-0.3912312984466553,
0.28203946352005005,
-0.3722761571407318,
0.060977187007665634,
0.1079864501953125,
-0.0366511344909668,
1.3301408290863037,
0.050512999296188354,
-0.9422461986541748,
0.0825551375746727,
-0.4165607690811157,
-0.5696563720703125,
0.06449940800666809,
-0.4471410810947418,
-0.19116485118865967,
-0.1060790866613388,
-0.6585144996643066,
-0.19737260043621063,
0.5412874817848206,
0.8346604108810425,
0.7764151692390442,
0.21327272057533264,
0.21780245006084442,
-0.503486156463623,
-0.10263805091381073,
-0.06119684875011444,
-0.5304355621337891,
-0.19615937769412994,
0.6042179465293884,
-0.23979541659355164,
0.711351215839386,
-0.9045082926750183,
0.020497934892773628,
0.7901738882064819,
0.7235158681869507,
-0.09902700781822205,
0.18415945768356323,
-0.22106821835041046,
0.030646275728940964,
0.13064654171466827,
-0.6419523358345032,
-0.46676746010780334,
0.5430259704589844,
0.04205000773072243,
0.2474292516708374,
-0.004696241579949856,
0.11595253646373749,
-0.2148939073085785,
0.2334456443786621,
-0.08220556378364563,
-0.32282495498657227,
-0.18628953397274017,
0.45749032497406006,
0.5589286088943481,
0.02508351393043995,
-0.37769293785095215,
0.42050471901893616,
-0.24745893478393555,
-0.25641530752182007,
-0.644644558429718,
-0.3658920228481293,
-0.17624042928218842,
-0.24768422544002533,
-0.12238246202468872,
-0.0693841427564621,
-0.13821913301944733,
-0.16369201242923737,
-0.34238290786743164,
0.19804155826568604,
0.15086805820465088,
-0.6658065319061279,
0.051225725561380386,
0.02106492407619953,
0.06340000778436661,
0.03675534576177597,
-0.2142309993505478,
-0.4097757637500763,
-0.23574069142341614,
0.29289212822914124,
0.35408952832221985,
-0.03265121951699257,
-0.3178166449069977,
-0.2961472272872925,
-0.722828209400177,
0.3647489547729492,
-0.018980585038661957,
-0.6159943342208862,
0.3773379623889923,
-0.5843770503997803,
0.006272574421018362,
-0.2596867084503174,
-0.1057678610086441,
0.3348144292831421,
0.20988807082176208,
0.05056770145893097,
-0.2527964115142822,
-0.028638102114200592,
-0.29043492674827576,
-0.35106974840164185,
0.19701455533504486,
0.07661784440279007,
-0.509372889995575,
-0.6701991558074951,
-0.8986549377441406,
0.9512767195701599,
0.06867663562297821,
-0.07206419855356216,
-0.2584642767906189,
-0.2203163504600525,
0.26119035482406616,
-0.07699067145586014,
-0.05650525912642479,
-0.14150141179561615,
-0.10412947833538055,
0.24401399493217468,
-0.21086525917053223,
0.04481165483593941,
-0.274967759847641,
-0.030005892738699913,
0.843631386756897,
-0.39116737246513367,
0.15711259841918945,
-1.0409170389175415,
-0.6307922601699829,
-0.5639121532440186,
-0.28619158267974854,
0.13139617443084717,
0.047468990087509155,
0.5003503561019897,
-0.12064171582460403,
-0.5535187125205994,
-0.0972197949886322,
-0.5479361414909363,
-0.2672250270843506,
-0.4063096344470978,
-0.6425794363021851,
0.3685372769832611,
-0.2730807065963745,
-0.03423057124018669,
-0.38578855991363525,
-0.8037971258163452,
0.1518203318119049,
-0.18895870447158813,
-0.2799453139305115,
0.916476845741272,
-0.2883964776992798,
-0.7215387225151062,
-0.2756640613079071,
0.6417900323867798,
-0.42285576462745667,
-0.06091686710715294,
-0.16027088463306427,
0.07245183736085892,
-1.0762149095535278,
-0.3575124144554138,
-0.21362411975860596,
-0.8538007736206055,
-0.5173851847648621,
-0.4199821352958679,
-0.24923080205917358,
0.4539128541946411,
-0.17610950767993927,
-0.26400378346443176,
0.7446490526199341,
-0.2699160575866699,
0.07183635979890823,
-0.32017335295677185,
0.3827284276485443,
-0.2248087078332901,
-0.6848496794700623,
-0.29350602626800537,
-0.038711968809366226,
0.3797260522842407,
-1.3603419065475464,
-0.013267004862427711,
0.8578895926475525,
0.8153505921363831,
0.10515797883272171,
-0.3691636025905609,
0.08117314428091049,
-0.001442372566089034,
0.1815258264541626,
0.25656557083129883,
-0.5046129822731018,
-0.30498242378234863,
0.30844786763191223,
0.1089719757437706,
-0.781096875667572,
-0.0015788135351613164,
0.7973747253417969,
-0.38502436876296997,
0.6921138167381287,
0.00291384756565094,
-0.20223289728164673,
0.10726729035377502,
0.34777310490608215,
0.2961784601211548,
0.20641747117042542,
-0.16027048230171204,
0.018910882994532585,
0.5278578400611877,
0.016993623226881027,
-0.2801860570907593,
0.667275071144104,
-0.8993538022041321,
-0.536502480506897,
-0.7046345472335815,
-0.22173617780208588,
0.5631266236305237,
-0.2554658353328705,
0.21624566614627838,
0.7009011507034302,
0.2052215337753296,
1.005462646484375,
-0.1783560812473297,
-0.9984446167945862,
0.5914499163627625,
-0.0332891121506691,
-0.20242170989513397,
-0.20473355054855347,
-0.36805957555770874,
-0.3232690393924713,
0.6268341541290283,
-0.20373284816741943,
0.25846990942955017,
-0.8672901391983032,
0.44417572021484375,
0.24765707552433014,
0.5567278861999512,
0.22070688009262085,
0.38931435346603394,
-0.5189952850341797,
0.45814359188079834,
-0.28775304555892944,
-0.16738227009773254,
-0.7912524342536926,
0.46138882637023926,
0.9898583292961121,
-0.17582929134368896,
0.22415752708911896,
0.48751571774482727,
0.28722137212753296,
0.108555369079113,
-0.1766882985830307,
-0.103643037378788,
0.025118479505181313,
-0.45290976762771606,
0.4415595829486847,
0.012047328986227512,
-0.4699995219707489,
-0.7670557498931885,
0.47671255469322205,
-0.09226003289222717,
0.07637771219015121,
0.41866642236709595,
0.1785484403371811,
-0.20577341318130493,
0.5148715376853943,
-0.4002459943294525,
0.4216446578502655,
0.5256490111351013,
-0.02799193561077118,
0.17634180188179016,
-0.36084264516830444,
0.5207383036613464,
-0.036182016134262085,
-0.1440114825963974,
-0.6227337718009949,
0.28191718459129333,
-0.04483732208609581,
-0.7662617564201355,
0.07542697340250015,
-0.9173938035964966,
0.21269096434116364,
-0.49535906314849854,
0.8541923761367798,
1.3036832809448242,
-0.3563779294490814,
0.2638590633869171,
-0.6013363599777222,
0.7495825290679932,
-0.2986140251159668,
-0.35262560844421387,
-0.41475674510002136,
0.12355513870716095,
0.11041323840618134,
0.4350234270095825,
0.32038506865501404,
-0.3829011917114258,
0.24026286602020264,
0.3576921820640564,
0.12401260435581207,
0.6254386901855469,
-0.4542527496814728,
0.15582537651062012,
0.25276979804039,
0.044413670897483826,
1.1290005445480347,
-0.7108286023139954,
-0.5930676460266113,
0.1479976922273636,
0.037058744579553604,
-0.36820679903030396,
-0.9224086403846741,
0.16381874680519104,
-0.3775954842567444,
-0.6023047566413879,
-0.10633312910795212,
0.2839578688144684,
0.2671842873096466,
-0.1403495818376541,
0.9740908145904541,
0.03010297566652298,
0.03765898942947388,
-0.0033414806239306927,
-0.6280403137207031,
-0.2967173755168915,
-0.12111250311136246,
0.03747818246483803,
0.05975939333438873,
-0.038289666175842285,
-0.18987946212291718,
-0.24729210138320923,
0.03323011100292206,
-0.44877442717552185,
-0.021042227745056152,
-0.48151180148124695,
0.32075294852256775,
0.28565582633018494,
-0.6868099570274353,
0.19512411952018738,
0.08772388845682144,
0.7951567769050598,
-0.16691334545612335,
-0.6121005415916443,
0.11569216102361679,
-0.14836105704307556,
-0.5722988247871399,
-0.19944922626018524,
0.29355353116989136,
0.44072848558425903,
-0.11280054599046707,
0.39341676235198975,
-0.5943743586540222,
0.44229942560195923,
0.015294798649847507,
0.48905467987060547,
-0.22474034130573273,
0.6170428395271301,
-0.3794417381286621,
0.16396337747573853,
0.6187587976455688,
-0.01070147193968296,
-0.14100003242492676,
0.4897747039794922,
0.071029894053936,
0.8238460421562195,
0.04919799789786339,
0.2586938738822937,
-0.5075528025627136,
0.28848323225975037,
0.1505325734615326,
0.15527454018592834,
-0.4608226418495178,
0.35807982087135315,
0.14882318675518036,
-0.2882499098777771,
-0.1312752664089203,
-0.5562857985496521,
0.1806020587682724,
-0.3333173394203186,
0.4499916434288025,
0.17446719110012054,
0.0858599916100502,
-0.3340506851673126,
0.5843448042869568,
0.1519423872232437,
0.30075111985206604,
-0.48669782280921936,
0.289860337972641,
0.35259005427360535,
-0.5802273154258728,
0.01811053603887558,
0.34025120735168457,
0.7489501237869263,
0.2622824013233185,
-0.07716348767280579,
0.48422324657440186,
-0.7741063833236694,
-0.27317437529563904,
-0.07803580909967422,
-0.039991240948438644,
-0.28545624017715454,
0.7161811590194702,
-0.1053062453866005
] |
236573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20food | Dog food | Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be omnivores with a carnivorous bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for starch and glucose digestion, as well as the ability to produce amylase, an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that obligate carnivores like cats lack. Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap leftovers from humans.
Dogs have managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and leftovers of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.
In the United States alone, the dog food market is expected to reach $23.3 billion by 2022.
History
Prior to being domesticated, dogs, being canines, fended for themselves and survived on a carnivorous diet. After adapting them for protection, work, and companionship, people began to care at least in part for their nutritional needs. The historic record of this changing approach dates back at least 2,000 years.
In 37 BCE, Virgil talks about the feeding of dogs in his Bucolics:
Around 70 CE, Columella wrote his book On Agriculture in which he addresses the feeding of dogs:
In the Avesta, written from 224 to 651 CE, Azura Mazda advises:
By Medieval times, dogs were more seen as pets rather than just companions and workers which affected their quality of the diet to include "Besides being fed bran bread, the dogs would also get some of the meat from the hunt. If a dog was sick, he would get better food, such as goat's milk, bean broth, chopped meat, or buttered eggs."
In France, the word pâtée began to appear in the 18th century and referred to a paste originally given to poultry. In 1756, a dictionary indicates it was made of a mixture of bread crumbs and little pieces of meat given to pets.
In 1781, an encyclopedia mentioned an earlier practice of removing the liver, heart, and blood of a downed stag and mixing it with milk, cheese, and bread, and then giving it to dogs.
In 1844, the French writer, Nicolas Boyard, warned against even giving tallow graves (the dregs of the tallow pot) to dogs, though the English favored them (see below), and suggested a meat-flavored soup:
In England, care to give dogs particular food dates at least from the late eighteenth century, when The Sportsman's dictionary (1785) described the best diet for a dog's health in its article "Dog":
In 1833, The Complete Farrier gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:
It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first food made specifically for dogs. An American electrician, James Spratt, concocted the first dog treat. Living in London at the time, he witnessed dogs around a shipyard eating scraps of discarded biscuits. Shortly thereafter he introduced his dog food, made up of wheat meals, vegetables and meat. By 1890 production had begun in the United States and became known as "Spratt's Patent Limited".
In later years, dog biscuit was sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food:
Canned horse meat was introduced in the United States under the Ken-L Ration brand after World War I as a means to dispose of excess horses no longer needed for the war. The 1930s saw the introduction of canned cat food and dry meat-meal dog food by the Gaines Food Co. By the time World War II ended, pet food sales had reached $200 million. In the 1950s Spratt's became part of General Mills. For companies such as Nabisco, Quaker Oats, and General Foods, pet food represented an opportunity to market by-products as a profitable source of income.
Commercial varieties
Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as kibble) or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6–10% moisture by volume, as compared to 60–90% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25–35%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in the Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products.
Dry
Dry dog food usually consists of bagged kibble that contains 3-11% water. It makes up the vast majority of pet foods.
Dry food is both convenient and typically inexpensive, with over $8 billion worth being sold in 2010 – a 50% increase over just seven years earlier.
Manufacturing process
Dry food processing is popular in the pet food industry, as it is an efficient way to supply continuous production of feed in many varieties. It is energy efficient, allows for large amounts of feed to be used, and is cost effective.
To make dog kibble, a process known as extrusion is done. A simple extruder consists of a barrel, helical screws, and a die (tool to cut and shape food). Feed ingredients are solid at room temperature; therefore, the extrusion process of these ingredients requires a temperature above 150 degrees Celsius, achieved by the use of steam, hot water, or other heat sources in order to soften or melt the mixture and allow for fluidity through the barrel. During the extrusion process, the high amounts of pressure applied to the mixture forces it to enter through the die before exiting the extruder completely, where it is cut to its desired size by a rotating fly knife.
Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs and cats fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked, but is reduced in extruded diets. Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food.
Wet
Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in a solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water, which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food. Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile. Sterilizing is done through the process of retorting, which involves steam sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius. A given wet food will often be higher in protein or fat compared to a similar kibble on a dry matter basis (a measure which ignores moisture); given the canned food's high moisture content. A larger amount of canned food must be fed in order to meet the dog's required needs. Grain gluten and other protein gels may be used in wet dog food to create artificial meaty chunks, which look like real meat. This food is usually used for old dogs or puppies.
Manufacturing process
After ingredients are combined, they are placed in a tank at the end of a canning machine. From there, the mixture is forced through an opening and onto a metal sheet, forming a thickness of 8 to 12mm. Next, the mixture is heated to thoroughly cook the ingredients. Heating can be done through the means of ovens, microwaves or steam heating. The sheet containing a layer of feed is passed through the heat source that displays heat to the top and bottom of the tray, allowing the internal temperature to reach 77 degrees Celsius at a minimum. Once cooked, this mixture can be directly placed into cans to form a loaf or it can be cut into "meaty" pieces for chunks and gravy formulas.
Semi-moist
Semi-moist dog food is packaged in vacuum-sealed pouches or packets. It contains about 20-45% water by weight, making it more expensive per energy calorie than dry food.
Most semi-moist food does not require refrigeration. They are lightly cooked and then quickly sealed in a vacuum package. This type of dog food is extremely vulnerable to spoiling if not kept at a cool temperature and has a shelf life of 2–4 months, unopened.
Dehydrated and freeze-dried
Dehydrated or freeze-dried meals come in raw and cooked forms. Products are usually air-dried or frozen, then dehydrated (freeze-dried) to reduce moisture to the level where bacterial growths are inhibited. The appearance is very similar to dry kibbles. The typical feeding methods include adding warm water before serving. There is some concern of nutrients, such as vitamins, being lost during the dehydration process.
Specialty small batches sold through specialty or online stores generally consist of some form of cooked meat, ground bone, pureed vegetables, taurine supplements, and other multivitamin supplements. Some pet owners use human vitamin supplements, and others use vitamin supplements specifically engineered for dogs.
Contents
Many commercial dog foods are made from materials considered by some authorities and dog owners to be unusable or undesirable. These may include:
Meat and bone meal
Offal (wild canines eat offal as a vital part of their diets)
Animal digest
Sucrose and/or fructose
Animal by-products
Less expensive dog foods generally include less meat and more animal by-products and grain fillers. Proponents of a natural diet criticize the use of such ingredients, and point out that regulations allow for packaging that might lead a consumer to believe that they are buying natural food, when, in reality, the food might be composed mostly of ingredients such as those listed above. More expensive dog foods may be made of ingredients suitable for organic products or free range meats. Lamb meal is a popular ingredient.
According to the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), animal by-products in pet food may include parts obtained from any animals that have died from sickness or disease, provided they are rendered in accordance to law. Cow brains and spinal cords not allowed for human consumption under federal regulation 21CFR589.2000 due to the possibility of transmission of BSE are allowed to be included in pet food intended for non-ruminant animals. In 2003, the AVMA speculated changes might be made to animal feed regulations to ban materials from "4-D" animals – those who enter the food chain as dead, dying, diseased or disabled.
Quality, digestibility and energy density
There are a few key components to consider when evaluating dietary needs. These factors include the quality and digestibility of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the energy density provided in the diet. Diets containing proteins that are high in quality, composition, and digestibility require less of that protein to be present. The same can be said in regards to the energy density. In contrast, high-protein diets will provide excess protein content after meeting maintenance demands; this can therefore lead to the protein being utilized in fat and energy storage. This ultimately increases the risk for developing obesity and other health related issues. Higher protein in the diet helps reduce lean body mass loss, but will not lead to an increase in size of muscle unless paired with resistance exercises or anabolic steroids under maintenance conditions.
Labeling
In the United States, dog foods labelled as "complete and balanced" must meet standards established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), either by meeting a nutrient profile or by passing a feeding trial. The Dog Food Nutrient Profiles were last updated in 2016 by the AAFCO's Canine Nutrition Expert Subcommittee.
Critics argue that due to the limitations of the trial and the gaps in knowledge within animal nutrition science, the term "complete and balanced" is inaccurate and even deceptive. An AAFCO panel expert has stated that "although the AAFCO profiles are better than nothing, they provide false securities."
Certain manufacturers label their products with terms such as "premium", "ultra premium", "natural", and "holistic". Such terms currently have no legal definitions and are not regulated. There are also varieties of dog food labeled as "human-grade food." Although no official definition of this term exists, the assumption is that other brands use foods that would not pass US Food and Drug Administration inspection according to the Pure Food and Drug Act or the Meat Inspection Act.
The ingredients on the label must be listed in descending order by weight before cooking. This means before all of the moisture is removed from the meat, fruits, vegetables and other ingredients used.
Types of diets
Raw
Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic dogs, cats and other animals a diet consisting primarily of uncooked meat, edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. Some pet owners choose to make homemade raw diets to feed their animals but commercial raw food diets are also available.
Frozen, or fresh-prepared, meals come in raw or cooked form, some of which is made with ingredients that are inspected, approved, and certified by the USDA for human consumption, but formulated for pets. Part of this growing trend is the commercialization of home-made dog food for pet owners who want the same quality, but do not have the time or expertise to make it themselves. The advantage is forgoing the processing stage that traditional dog food undergoes. This causes less destruction of its nutritional integrity.
The practice of feeding raw diets has raised some concerns due to the risk of foodborne illnesses, zoonosis and nutritional imbalances. People who feed their dogs raw food do so for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited to: culture, beliefs surrounding health, nutrition and what is perceived to be more natural for their pets. Feeding raw food can be perceived as allowing the pet to stay in touch with their wild, carnivorous ancestry. The raw food movement has occurred in parallel to the change in human food trends for more natural and organic products.
Senior
Aging dogs require specialized catering. Commercially available senior dog diets address their physiological changes through various ingredients and nutrients.
When looking for a senior dog food, one of the first things that should be taken into consideration is the energy content of the diet. The maintenance energy requirements decrease as a dog ages due to the loss in lean body mass that occurs. Therefore, senior dogs will require a diet with a lowered energy content compared to non senior diets. Although senior dogs require lower energy content diets, they will also require diets that are higher in protein and protein digestibility. This is due to the fact that dogs have a reduced ability to synthesize proteins as they age.
Joint and bone health is an important factor to be considered when purchasing a senior dog food. The addition of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate has been shown to improve cartilage formation, the composition of synovial fluid, as well as improve signs of osteoarthritis. The calcium to phosphorus ratio of senior dog foods is also important. Calcium and phosphorus are considered essential nutrients, according to AAFCO.
Gastrointestinal health is another important factor to consider in the aging dog. Sources of fiber such as beet pulp and flaxseed should be included within senior dog foods to help improve stool quality and prevent constipation. A current technology that is being used to improve gastrointestinal health of aging dogs is the addition of fructooligosacchardies and mannanoligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are used in combination to improve the beneficial gut bacteria while eliminating the harmful gut bacteria.
The aging dog goes through changes in brain and cognitive health. There are two highly important ingredients that can be included in senior dog foods to help prevent cognitive decline and improve brain health. These ingredients are vitamin E and L-carnitine. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, which can prevent oxidative damage that occurs during aging. L-carnitine is used to improve mitochondrial function, which can also help to prevent and lower rates of oxidative damage.
Skin and coat health is important in all dogs, but especially becomes important as dogs age. An important nutrient to look for in senior dog foods to support coat health is linoleic acid, which can be found in corn and soybean oil. Another important nutrient is vitamin A, which helps with keratinization of hair. Good sources of vitamin A for skin and coat health include egg yolk and liver.
Immune system health has been shown to decline in aging dogs. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids plays an important role in providing optimal health. Vitamin E can be used as an antioxidant in senior dog foods. Pre- and probiotics can also be added to senior dog foods to help improve the beneficial bacteria in the gut, providing support for the immune system.
Low-protein
According to The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient guideline for cats and dogs, the minimum protein requirement for dogs during adult maintenance is 18% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Other parts of the world would have a guideline similar to AAFCO. The European Pet Food Federation (FEDIAF) also stated a minimum of 18%. AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and reproductive life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels. They can be purchased, such as vegetarian, vegan, weight control, and senior diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species.
Disadvantages
There is an increasing risk of the practice of coprophagy when providing low-protein diets to dogs; a negative correlation exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy. Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the muscle turnover (i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the amino acid intake remains balanced and there are no limiting amino acids. There is a greater opportunity for amino acids to balance in diets containing more protein.
Advantages
The dog's simple gastrointestinal tract contains a vast array of microbial populations; some members of this very diversified community include fusobacteria, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria. The gut microbiota of the dog will be comparable to that of the owners due to similar environmental impacts. Not only are the microbes influenced by the dog's environment, but they are also affected by the macronutrient content of the dog's diet. The populations present and health status of the microbiota found within the gut can alter the physiological and metabolic functions of the dog, which then subsequently affects susceptibility to disease development.
Fermentation and digestion in the hindgut of a dog can potentially be improved depending on the source and the concentration of protein provide in a diet. Greater digestibility due to higher quality ingredients, in addition to lower protein concentrations within a diet, will help promote beneficial outcomes in assisting the health of a dog's gastrointestinal tract. Higher protein entering the gut will lead to more putrefaction that give rise to various toxins including carcinogens and increase the chances of many bowel diseases, such as colorectal cancer.
The age of dogs and cats is inversely proportional to protein consumption. As they age, the protein requirement decreases due to lower level of pepsin in their stomachs. There has also been discussion about higher protein content in diets being inversely related with lifespan (i.e. negative relationship), where lower protein content diets were related to longer lifespans.
Hypoallergenic
Dogs are prone to have adverse allergic reactions to food similar to human beings. The most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets such as uncontrollable bowel movements and soft stools. Certain ingredients in dog food can elicit these allergic reactions. Specifically, the reactions are understood to be initiated by the protein ingredients in dog food, with sources such as beef, chicken, soy, and turkey being common causes of these allergic reactions. A number of "novel protein" dog foods are available that claim to alleviate such allergies in dogs.
Hypoallergenic diets for dogs with food allergies consist of either limited ingredients, novel proteins, or hydrolyzed proteins. Limited ingredients make it possible to identify the suspected allergens causing these allergic reactions, as well as making it easy to avoid multiple ingredients if a canine is allergic to more than one. In novel protein recipes, manufacturers use ingredients which are less likely to cause allergic reactions in dogs such as lamb, fish, and rice. Hydrolyzed proteins do not come from a novel source; they could originate from chicken or soy for example. Hydrolyzed proteins become novel when they are broken apart into unrecognizable versions of themselves, making them novel to allergic gastrointestinal tracts.
Grain-free and low-carbohydrate
Some dog food products differentiate themselves as grain- or carbohydrate-free to offer the consumer an alternative, claiming carbohydrates in pet foods to be fillers with little or no nutritional value. A study published in Nature suggests that domestic dogs' ability to easily metabolize carbohydrates may be a key difference between wolves and dogs.
Some consumers and manufacturers say dogs perform better on grain-free diets, while some veterinarians doubt this for a lack of scientific evidence. In 2019, a study comparing dry dog food that was manufactured in the United States found that 75% of food containing feed grade grains also contained measurable levels of various mycotoxins (discussed below), while none of the grain-free dry diets tested had any detectable levels of mycotoxins. Feed grade (lower quality grade) grains that are allowed to spoil and become moldy are the suspected source of the mycotoxins. This is the first published study to show a potential health benefit to feeding grain-free commercial dry pet foods.
In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identified 16 dog food brands linked to canine heart disease. The FDA has investigated more than 500 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating food marketed as grain-free. The 16 brands are: Acana, Zignature, Taste of the Wild, 4Health, Earthborn Holistic, Blue Buffalo, Nature's Domain, Fromm, Merrick, California Natural, Natural Balance, Orijen, Nature's Variety, NutriSource, Nutro, and Rachael Ray Nutrish. These brands are labeled as "grain-free" and list peas, lentils, or potatoes as the main ingredient. The top three brands associated with reports of cardiomyopathy are Acana with 67 reports, Zignature with 64, and Taste of the Wild with 53 reports.
Vegetarian and vegan
Like the human practice of veganism, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of ingredients that contain or were processed with any part of an animal, or any animal byproduct. The omnivorous domestic canine has evolved to metabolize carbohydrates and thrive on a diet lower in protein, and therefore, a vegan diet may be substantial if properly formulated and balanced.
Popularity of this diet has grown with a corresponding increase in people practicing vegetarianism and veganism, and there are now various commercial vegetarian and vegan diets available on the market. Vegetarian dog foods are produced to either assuage a pet owner's ethical concerns or for animals with extreme allergies.
Due to the exclusion of animal products and by-products, which are primary ingredients of conventional dog food, many nutrients that would otherwise be provided by animal products need to be provided by replacement, plant-based ingredients. While both animal and plant products offer a wide range of macro and micronutrients, strategic formulation of plant ingredients should be considered to meet nutritional requirements, as different nutrients are more abundant in different plant sources. Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and palatable as animal-based diets for dogs.
Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources.
Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets. Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is strongly advised.
Nutrients and supplements
The requirements and functions of nutrients in dogs are largely similar to those in cats, with many requirements relaxed:
The requirement of arginine in the urea cycle is reduced, as dogs have a functional pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase.
Dogs have a functional delta 6 desaturase, hence no specific need for arachidonic acid.
Dogs have a function sulfinoalanine decarboxylase, hence no need for taurine.
Unlike cats, dogs and humans can use Vitamin D2 nearly as efficiently as they use Vitamin D3.
Chart
The European Union does not use a unified nutrient requirement. A manufacturer committee called FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) makes recommendations for cats and dogs that members follow. Both AAFCO and FEDIAF publish in two formats: one in the amount-per-kilogram form above, another in an energy-ratio format.
Dangers
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulfate, alliin or allyl propyl disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins (cause kidney failure in dogs), milk (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial), nutmeg (neurotoxic to dogs), mushrooms, fatty foods, rhubarb, xylitol, macadamia nuts, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials.
A full list of poison/toxic substances can be found on the ASPCA's website.
Recalls
The 2007 pet food recalls involved the massive recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007. The recalls came in response to reports of renal failure in pets consuming mostly wet pet foods made with wheat gluten from a single Chinese company, beginning in February 2007. After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the Canadian company Menu Foods on March 16, 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals.
Overall, several major companies recalled more than 100 brands of pet foods, with most of the recalled product coming from Menu Foods. The contaminant was identified as melamine, which had been added as an adulterant to simulate a higher protein content.
In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There have been calls for government regulation of pet foods, which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods losing roughly $30 million alone from the recall.
Contaminants
Mycotoxins
In April 2014, aflatoxin B1, a known carcinogenic toxin, melamine, and cyanuric acid were all found in various brands of USA pet food imported into Hong Kong. Since 1993, the FDA has confirmed concerns of toxins in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients, yet to date no comprehensive federal regulation exists on mycotoxin testing in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients used to make pet food.
In 1997, the Journal of Food Additives and Contaminants established that low levels of various mycotoxins could cause health concerns in pets, and was found in feed grade ingredients.
A study published in the Journal of Food Protection in 2001 cited concerns regarding fungi (the source of mycotoxins) in commercial pet foods and warned about the "risk for animal health".
In 2006, a study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry confirmed mycotoxins in pet foods around the world and concluded that contamination of mycotoxins in pet foods can lead to chronic effects on the health of pets.
In 2007, the International Journal of Food Microbiology published a study that claimed "mycotoxin contamination in pet food poses a serious health threat to pets", and listed them: aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and fusaric acid.
A 2008 study published in the Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition found high levels of mycotoxins in the raw ingredients used for pet food in Brazil.
A 2010 study in the Journal of Mycotoxin Research tested 26 commercial dog foods and found mycotoxins at concerning sub-lethal levels. It was determined that long-term exposure to low levels of confirmed mycotoxins could pose chronic health risks.
For all the above reasons, a trend away from feed ingredients and toward USDA-certified ingredients fit for human consumption has developed.
In 1999, another fungal toxin triggered the recall of dry dog food made by Doane Pet Care at one of its plants, including Ol' Roy, Wal-Mart's brand, as well as 53 other brands. This time the toxin killed 25 dogs.
A 2005 consumer alert was released for contaminated Diamond Pet Foods for dogs and cats. Over 100 canine deaths and at least one feline fatality have been linked to Diamond Pet Foods contaminated by potentially deadly aflatoxin, according to Cornell University veterinarians.
Salmonella and copper
The FDA released a video focusing on another major threat in commercial pet food: Salmonella bacterial contamination. They also cite other major toxins of concern. The video references the case of a specific commercial pet food plant that was also the subject of a March 2014 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. It details how at least 53 known human illnesses were linked to commercial pet foods made at that plant in 2012. A class action lawsuit linked to this outbreak was settled in 2014.
The video also cites the dangers of over supplementation of nutrients in pet food. A study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in February 2013 suggested a correlation between liver disease and the amount of copper supplementation in AAFCO diets.
In popular culture
Eating your own dog food or dogfooding is the practice of using your own products or services.
See also
Cat food
Dental health diets for dogs
Dog food brands
Dog biscuits
Dog meat
Dog odor
Hypoallergenic dog food
Pet store
Puppy nutrition
Senior dog diet
References
External links
Interpreting pet food labels – Pet food labeling according to AAFCO regulations
Pet foods
Dog nutrition | [
0.7218762636184692,
0.3619726598262787,
-0.3410729765892029,
-0.16437987983226776,
-0.019754039123654366,
0.11610754579305649,
0.320226788520813,
0.21488946676254272,
0.0034967120736837387,
-0.6348891854286194,
-0.6552603244781494,
0.4643736183643341,
-0.3470522165298462,
-0.19723473489284515,
-0.4237601161003113,
0.3225655257701874,
0.42449477314949036,
0.6623584628105164,
0.4571033716201782,
0.025263095274567604,
-0.40992259979248047,
-0.7042372226715088,
-0.2413438856601715,
-0.18673670291900635,
0.4649905562400818,
0.13334502279758453,
0.3563743829727173,
0.436548113822937,
0.11287236958742142,
-0.2848285734653473,
0.3600485324859619,
0.281294584274292,
0.19545283913612366,
-0.0908520519733429,
0.152436301112175,
0.20944896340370178,
0.3023465573787689,
-0.1731489598751068,
-0.3674958348274231,
-0.22068548202514648,
-0.02530132420361042,
0.5730600357055664,
0.0721178650856018,
0.24447350203990936,
0.12249748408794403,
-0.38278257846832275,
-1.529442310333252,
0.19562217593193054,
-0.5717480778694153,
-0.04999212175607681,
-0.13857656717300415,
-0.17105776071548462,
-0.02272958494722843,
0.07497688382863998,
0.33777666091918945,
0.8214626312255859,
-0.7632772922515869,
0.2163037806749344,
-0.27399754524230957,
-0.07725132256746292,
0.015829412266612053,
0.36097651720046997,
-0.20806707441806793,
0.10166104137897491,
0.05825945362448692,
-0.038652848452329636,
-0.21643097698688507,
0.22673030197620392,
-0.05783887580037117,
0.03987174108624458,
0.08106330037117004,
-0.6028914451599121,
-0.137479767203331,
0.4791516065597534,
-0.25030285120010376,
-0.38521483540534973,
0.00011341263598296791,
0.02733576111495495,
0.12018870562314987,
0.36648914217948914,
-0.22602953016757965,
0.5542565584182739,
0.05663774535059929,
0.09802062064409256,
0.12286042422056198,
0.43365851044654846,
-0.23734401166439056,
0.34851422905921936,
-0.3478696942329407,
0.3843935430049896,
0.4060337543487549,
0.6033623814582825,
0.6076757311820984,
-0.21450547873973846,
-0.04733748361468315,
-0.3128928542137146,
0.1291223168373108,
0.27928170561790466,
0.1574884057044983,
0.15757694840431213,
-0.4608117341995239,
0.15547074377536774,
0.42570948600769043,
0.10415836423635483,
-0.3800724446773529,
0.07462792098522186,
-0.22881850600242615,
-0.8505244255065918,
0.3470790386199951,
0.1236942782998085,
-0.06632880121469498,
0.04573797062039375,
-0.22514812648296356,
0.44766393303871155,
-0.6164223551750183,
0.3611539602279663,
0.043821174651384354,
0.28105810284614563,
-0.7648749947547913,
-0.18573687970638275,
0.2593909800052643,
0.09089347720146179,
-0.3949490189552307,
-0.03280716389417648,
-0.012162330560386181,
-0.1333300620317459,
0.37751710414886475,
0.6732895970344543,
-0.28329822421073914,
0.12102677673101425,
0.22366902232170105,
0.7753803133964539,
-0.16890859603881836,
-0.10441705584526062,
-0.40159398317337036,
0.2165384143590927,
0.7830526232719421,
-0.35783201456069946,
0.230185866355896,
0.015878036618232727,
-0.7747222185134888,
-0.6647627353668213,
-0.09133559465408325,
-0.3479025661945343,
0.07155190408229828,
-0.2021677941083908,
0.09995393455028534,
-0.27804169058799744,
-0.6186222434043884,
-0.2981230616569519,
0.024455003440380096,
0.46379610896110535,
-0.2005206048488617,
0.41066738963127136,
-0.1620180904865265,
0.3105950355529785,
-0.1827404648065567,
0.04666381701827049,
0.025948531925678253,
-0.5238208770751953,
-0.07850737869739532,
0.3386518955230713,
-0.42979514598846436,
-0.4037562906742096,
0.3355523645877838,
-0.39320608973503113,
0.0049392362125217915,
0.4636515974998474,
-0.463712602853775,
0.1362740397453308,
-0.05020993575453758,
0.006515648681670427,
0.0547272227704525,
0.005279162432998419,
0.4365186095237732,
0.006033771205693483,
0.18768984079360962,
-0.10100992769002914,
0.3832813501358032,
0.11080479621887207,
-0.5689628720283508,
0.48335158824920654,
0.38852232694625854,
-0.5314218997955322,
0.6372623443603516,
-0.5242130160331726,
0.03977588191628456,
-0.45367658138275146,
-0.49783578515052795,
-0.6592466831207275,
-0.737415075302124,
-0.5231658220291138,
0.39362022280693054,
-0.344614714384079,
0.9964824914932251,
-0.34844139218330383,
-0.4015907943248749,
0.7853894233703613,
-0.15341420471668243,
0.17731262743473053,
-0.009436424821615219,
-0.19319194555282593,
0.2408372014760971,
-0.49396979808807373,
-0.7074035406112671,
0.13348738849163055,
0.21220219135284424,
-0.10692599415779114,
0.8088402152061462,
0.1731368750333786,
0.4908491373062134,
-0.024997105821967125,
0.15673449635505676,
-0.5510603785514832,
0.029969746246933937,
0.03937191516160965,
-0.21545103192329407,
0.47910600900650024,
-0.03742922469973564,
-0.5801865458488464,
0.6118326783180237,
-0.10979266464710236,
-0.3201095759868622,
0.4622657299041748,
-0.2685181796550751,
0.7268950343132019,
0.14618991315364838,
-0.1409345120191574,
0.5240163207054138,
-0.2892816364765167,
0.5127721428871155,
-0.14944487810134888,
0.11994562298059464,
-0.38540732860565186,
-0.5484820604324341,
0.18533173203468323,
0.5395156741142273,
0.1450628936290741,
0.02654331363737583,
-0.202461838722229,
-0.10048568993806839,
0.20073769986629486,
-0.2961176931858063,
-0.4241787791252136,
0.159589946269989,
-0.19405943155288696,
-0.22543802857398987,
0.6968515515327454,
-0.31284716725349426,
-0.732096791267395,
0.07246039807796478,
0.2749161124229431,
0.9348984956741333,
-0.19677622616291046,
0.22092802822589874,
-0.4713701009750366,
-0.40751200914382935,
0.04850469529628754,
0.47756075859069824,
0.07808950543403625,
-0.20018525421619415,
0.28343626856803894,
0.16998086869716644,
-0.2625249922275543,
-0.210902139544487,
-0.33241501450538635,
-0.2856661081314087,
-0.6835265159606934,
-0.11633838713169098,
0.6601139307022095,
0.7766484022140503,
-0.030690331012010574,
-0.7934763431549072,
0.08831368386745453,
-0.3232123851776123,
-0.38743120431900024,
0.6855716109275818,
0.018698470667004585,
-0.06271025538444519,
-0.395218163728714,
-0.11333984136581421,
0.4429817199707031,
0.5437073707580566,
-0.37398388981819153,
-0.6380243897438049,
-0.7895558476448059,
0.03995824605226517,
-0.7066476345062256,
-0.46214964985847473,
0.3376663327217102,
-0.16986864805221558,
0.6812707185745239,
-0.3171454668045044,
-0.39145103096961975,
0.30735665559768677,
0.25986722111701965,
-0.3312818706035614,
0.3465091586112976,
0.4036291837692261,
-0.1971961408853531,
0.44691193103790283,
0.005310275126248598,
0.11086119711399078,
0.14297132194042206,
-0.1559194177389145,
-0.2261526882648468,
-0.16450902819633484,
-0.24962688982486725,
-6.02697229385376,
-0.3918020725250244,
-0.5643792748451233,
-0.1755165159702301,
-0.13436830043792725,
-0.07414308190345764,
0.7781985998153687,
-0.22720010578632355,
0.06831901520490646,
0.4804438352584839,
-0.3067631125450134,
0.04183776676654816,
0.40174591541290283,
-0.04059658572077751,
0.7311930060386658,
-0.09738004952669144,
0.23490439355373383,
-0.3703503906726837,
0.1537608504295349,
0.5270978808403015,
0.3695415258407593,
-0.13599154353141785,
-0.1292956918478012,
0.6584154963493347,
-0.3037775456905365,
-0.09024567157030106,
-0.6637861132621765,
0.5557450652122498,
-0.32903414964675903,
0.11423338204622269,
0.447021484375,
0.011762511916458607,
0.08493408560752869,
-0.7153785824775696,
0.4506220817565918,
0.2405569702386856,
0.15122480690479279,
0.09815195947885513,
-0.22736677527427673,
0.09515761584043503,
0.5934566259384155,
0.42079153656959534,
0.2522982656955719,
-0.2578730881214142,
0.5115349888801575,
-0.04679376631975174,
-0.31570544838905334,
-0.4176781177520752,
-0.3071729242801666,
0.24221442639827728,
0.09660273790359497,
0.27018797397613525,
0.03160500153899193,
0.4422242045402527,
0.3089187443256378,
0.2269969880580902,
0.5296475291252136,
-0.12559278309345245,
-0.2236325889825821,
-0.25787386298179626,
-0.15249644219875336,
-0.7015195488929749,
-0.2060985565185547,
-0.23011723160743713,
-0.273377001285553,
0.15131987631320953,
-0.5005340576171875,
-0.5418165922164917,
-0.22615988552570343,
0.5473760962486267,
-0.7590596675872803,
-0.03229590505361557,
0.08551415055990219,
-0.7887493968009949,
0.39177143573760986,
-0.18277643620967865,
-0.327371209859848,
-0.19635364413261414,
0.13638165593147278,
0.07884537428617477,
0.04458240792155266,
-0.20382562279701233,
-0.6167137026786804,
0.2585873603820801,
0.0919078066945076,
-0.7584903240203857,
-0.3224276602268219,
0.011037920601665974,
-0.6422398686408997,
-0.4122334122657776,
0.9651474356651306,
-0.26724889874458313,
0.11610284447669983,
0.18844851851463318,
0.36994513869285583,
0.1530931442975998,
0.03563367575407028,
0.3719996213912964,
0.12545296549797058,
-0.20601241290569305,
0.40448588132858276,
-0.002225129632279277,
0.11122820526361465,
-0.39677855372428894,
0.19523170590400696,
-0.5799098610877991,
0.07783029228448868,
0.18609602749347687,
1.0834689140319824,
-0.18949700891971588,
-0.3087162375450134,
0.32791775465011597,
-0.6746294498443604,
-0.5245689749717712,
-0.03271126374602318,
0.3141319751739502,
0.13207651674747467,
0.00506969727575779,
0.34870290756225586,
0.21875423192977905,
-0.06229036673903465,
0.2795359492301941,
0.10686792433261871,
-0.140914648771286,
-0.22847744822502136,
-0.46005895733833313,
0.44457313418388367,
-0.059429869055747986,
-0.0425804927945137,
0.37728023529052734,
0.44876983761787415,
0.3884406089782715,
0.003219749080017209,
0.26902228593826294,
-0.08415888249874115,
0.3295952379703522,
0.021435951814055443,
0.09915420413017273,
-0.13340482115745544,
-1.0136826038360596,
0.0945863202214241,
-0.0995548665523529,
0.1346724033355713,
0.05519687384366989,
0.14049598574638367,
0.450957328081131,
-0.058976225554943085,
0.12607334554195404,
0.09215904772281647,
0.32945945858955383,
0.056647107005119324,
0.1207851767539978,
0.08274389803409576,
0.2800569236278534,
-0.45460835099220276,
-0.35770630836486816,
0.697291910648346,
0.6191103458404541,
-0.1206856220960617,
-0.6504373550415039,
0.05619421601295471,
-0.6838439702987671,
-0.9012209177017212,
-0.21157988905906677,
-0.3962000608444214,
-0.15699449181556702,
-0.15206927061080933,
-0.3761010766029358,
-0.08643370121717453,
0.44758519530296326,
-0.12991677224636078,
-0.45255666971206665,
-0.262885719537735,
-0.08858595043420792,
0.016354458406567574,
-0.2891371548175812,
0.12740372121334076,
0.23269519209861755,
-0.3760927617549896,
0.051234837621450424,
0.21816587448120117,
-0.3088514804840088,
0.07063499093055725,
0.1574355810880661,
0.39476698637008667,
-0.08425173908472061,
0.1658899039030075,
-0.029503358528017998,
-0.13812926411628723,
-0.24023765325546265,
-0.005087175406515598,
0.11888088285923004,
0.8959688544273376,
-0.004414668306708336,
-0.14656555652618408,
-0.07604401558637619,
-0.07801280915737152,
0.6250714659690857,
0.029339537024497986,
-0.18812322616577148,
0.29165640473365784,
0.5054502487182617,
-1.0765624046325684,
0.14394237101078033,
0.24393752217292786,
-0.2720813751220703,
0.023863323032855988,
-0.27307021617889404,
-0.14454755187034607,
0.4268864393234253,
-0.20622877776622772,
-0.4443986415863037,
0.138625830411911,
0.3875548541545868,
-0.7774312496185303,
0.2537032961845398,
0.09900960326194763,
0.19281287491321564,
-0.0857081264257431,
-0.05866942182183266,
0.020547667518258095,
-0.17741098999977112,
-0.7499085664749146,
-0.10508556663990021,
0.060369543731212616,
0.503660261631012,
0.4275274872779846,
-0.5149844884872437,
0.3081311881542206,
0.3046651780605316,
-0.2636505365371704,
0.05296516418457031,
0.31967607140541077,
0.4040636122226715,
-0.23913393914699554,
0.23685282468795776,
0.12102876603603363,
0.38410839438438416,
0.31508341431617737,
0.5656330585479736,
0.35776713490486145,
0.9261729121208191,
0.041284073144197464,
-0.05042097717523575,
-0.33601370453834534,
0.4530465006828308,
0.21456648409366608,
-0.31787896156311035,
-0.5657988786697388,
0.026705045253038406,
0.2468559294939041,
0.016598280519247055,
-0.347881019115448,
-0.1550089567899704,
0.2157040685415268,
-0.09144395589828491,
-0.1440936028957367,
0.3464277684688568,
0.05548427626490593,
0.3032725751399994,
0.20758144557476044,
0.31213268637657166,
-0.34314024448394775,
0.48422539234161377,
0.5376848578453064,
-0.022620748728513718,
-0.40219855308532715,
-0.43998077511787415,
0.0316397063434124,
0.029118748381733894,
0.5133094191551208,
0.16146904230117798,
0.8136244416236877,
0.8843520879745483,
0.6629924178123474,
0.09252619743347168,
-0.23972123861312866,
-0.8900513052940369,
-0.14775143563747406,
0.34440886974334717,
0.07978366315364838,
-0.3972095549106598,
0.1676643192768097,
-0.37098634243011475,
0.19435302913188934,
-0.5567303895950317,
0.058687880635261536,
-0.32767254114151,
-0.5088098645210266,
0.15321165323257446,
-0.055445026606321335,
0.05644981563091278,
0.05732997506856918,
0.036485254764556885,
-0.04476551339030266,
-0.061587586998939514,
-0.07622367143630981,
0.06509875506162643,
0.13907548785209656,
-0.2525826096534729,
-0.5812947750091553,
0.6521579027175903,
0.07785002142190933,
-0.8244364857673645,
0.3874755799770355,
0.5229614973068237,
0.24101251363754272,
-0.43545597791671753,
-0.03964923694729805,
-0.2438633292913437,
-0.14975257217884064,
-0.4654778242111206,
0.20956863462924957,
0.41825196146965027,
-0.13656431436538696,
0.3787752687931061,
0.289208322763443,
-0.6876956224441528,
0.40108373761177063,
0.6913080811500549,
0.7983306050300598,
-0.7568681240081787,
-0.14622049033641815,
0.031659241765737534,
-0.22242668271064758,
0.37814706563949585,
-0.3098817765712738,
0.05391157045960426,
0.31036531925201416,
-0.23458167910575867,
0.5231592655181885,
0.06610492616891861,
-0.040637027472257614,
-0.04780225083231926,
-0.22675110399723053,
0.11556588113307953,
-0.18486571311950684,
-0.2569535970687866,
-0.6695524454116821,
0.8904573917388916,
0.48671138286590576,
-0.019308404996991158,
-0.22543905675411224,
0.09319331496953964,
-0.2667486071586609,
0.4467991590499878,
0.13908666372299194,
0.2073020040988922,
-0.1557605266571045,
0.19127584993839264,
-0.11220884323120117,
-0.05357607826590538,
0.10343112051486969,
0.3791707456111908,
-0.12574473023414612,
-0.49878746271133423,
-0.018010521307587624,
-0.47532394528388977,
-0.7186359763145447,
-0.060368575155735016,
-0.2925886809825897,
0.24620461463928223,
0.4778130352497101,
0.02756519801914692,
0.4365575909614563,
0.23342463374137878,
-0.0273404773324728,
-0.8054795861244202,
0.17428100109100342,
0.5231186151504517,
-0.27083057165145874,
0.42660045623779297,
-0.4070397615432739,
0.5296801328659058,
-0.047413308173418045,
0.2726343870162964,
0.3901265263557434,
0.35033971071243286,
0.012555744498968124,
-0.08829465508460999,
-0.307624876499176,
-0.06871851533651352,
-0.2313576489686966,
-0.6678045392036438,
-0.15365256369113922,
0.14503028988838196,
-0.5409066081047058,
0.19880825281143188,
-0.3661104142665863,
-0.15671506524085999,
-0.10534651577472687,
-0.27632656693458557,
0.21391092240810394,
-0.639354944229126,
0.296061247587204,
-0.13885517418384552,
0.39004138112068176,
0.5646628737449646,
0.3707420527935028,
-0.4978519380092621,
-0.3347923755645752,
0.1054098904132843,
0.0480024479329586,
0.17149892449378967,
-0.43905192613601685,
0.49440884590148926,
-0.3829535245895386,
0.003540524048730731,
-0.81568843126297,
0.5303460359573364,
0.23043543100357056,
-0.6433168053627014,
0.2941132187843323,
-0.39835357666015625,
0.599117636680603,
0.1787087321281433,
0.2417728453874588,
-0.8834391832351685,
0.06460109353065491,
-0.5076119303703308,
0.26583409309387207,
-0.31862470507621765,
-0.09651672095060349,
0.28109297156333923,
-0.012089574709534645,
-0.39528632164001465,
0.319339781999588,
0.1328027844429016,
-0.7627578973770142,
0.31883522868156433,
-0.3062156140804291,
0.3749365210533142,
-0.29896262288093567,
0.25398898124694824,
-0.029699021950364113,
-0.27166077494621277,
0.7221017479896545,
0.47106632590293884,
0.34898287057876587,
-0.009127207100391388,
-0.10890451818704605,
0.03890584409236908,
-0.0962444394826889,
-0.10390716046094894,
0.13038456439971924,
-0.026899931952357292,
0.22444508969783783,
-0.6586818099021912,
-1.0727708339691162,
0.1947759985923767,
-0.27459636330604553,
-0.36765360832214355,
-0.029205385595560074,
0.15105848014354706,
0.09813583642244339,
0.13902805745601654,
0.03879790008068085,
-0.47994932532310486,
-0.2940148413181305,
0.31877705454826355
] |
236575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIT | SIT | Sit commonly refers to sitting.
Sit, SIT or Sitting may also refer to:
Places
Sit (island), Croatia
Sit, Bashagard, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Sit, Gafr and Parmon, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Sit, Minab, a village in Hormozgan Province
Sit-e Bandkharas, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Sit (river), a river in Russia
Sit-e Bandkharas, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Organizations
Singapore Improvement Trust, a government public housing organization
Special Investigation Team (India), a team of Indian investigators for serious crimes.
Special Investigation Team, a specialized team of officers in Japanese law enforcement consisting of officers trained to investigate serious crimes with SWAT elements attached.
Strategic Information Technology, a Canadian banking software company
Educational organizations and certification
Salazar Institute of Technology, Cebu, Philippines
Schaffhausen Institute of Technology, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
School of Information Technology, Kolkata, India
School for International Training, Brattleboro, Vermont
Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
Siliguri Institute of Technology, West Bengal, India
Singapore Institute of Technology, an autonomous university in Singapore
Southeastern Institute of Technology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
Southern Institute of Technology, Invercargill, New Zealand
Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States
Psychology
Sexual Identity Therapy
SIT-lite, pejorative term for a form of social identity theory
Structural Information Theory, a theory of human perception
Science and technology
Sea ice thickness
SIT or SITh, static induction thyristor
SIT, static induction transistor
SIT, Simple Internet Transition, an IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling protocol
.sit, or .sitx, file extensions used for compressed files created with StuffIt
System integration testing, a process in software engineering
Special information tones (telephony), a three beep signal indicating a call did not go through
Specific ion Interaction Theory, a theory for estimation of single-ion activity coefficients
Sprint interval training, a form of high-intensity interval training in which sprinting is interspersed with walking
Sterile insect technique, a technique for managing insect populations
Systematic Inventive Thinking, a practical methodology for innovation and creative problem solving
Systematic Inventive Thinking (company), a company based in Israel implementing the Systematic Inventive Thinking method in organizations
Other
Sino-Tibetan languages, the ISO 639-2 code
SIT, IATA code for Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport
Slovenian tolar, the ISO 4217 code for the former currency of Slovenia
SİT areas in Turkey, archaeological sites in Turkey
Sit (surname), Chinese surname
"Sitting", a song from Cat Stevens' album Catch Bull at Four | [
-0.025199851021170616,
0.11186119168996811,
-0.46927428245544434,
-0.040436532348394394,
-0.45150378346443176,
-0.013322081416845322,
0.048252929002046585,
0.27733567357063293,
-0.7739494442939758,
-0.2951103150844574,
-0.4174636900424957,
0.0997341200709343,
-0.058197516947984695,
-0.30058860778808594,
-0.25409355759620667,
0.5037156343460083,
0.32288336753845215,
0.2770684063434601,
0.13136105239391327,
-0.08823449164628983,
0.354932963848114,
-0.1984584778547287,
0.1321600377559662,
-0.5813326835632324,
0.4826643764972687,
-0.5001513361930847,
0.0948185995221138,
0.13789205253124237,
0.4146144986152649,
-0.38053932785987854,
-0.09505172073841095,
0.32363811135292053,
0.35810986161231995,
0.103069007396698,
0.26196256279945374,
-0.19964492321014404,
0.2699326276779175,
-0.0028583670500665903,
0.2990657091140747,
-0.2977992296218872,
-0.010033528320491314,
-0.3067551255226135,
0.4327586889266968,
-0.09993614256381989,
0.39543452858924866,
-0.477695107460022,
-1.7030667066574097,
0.049679405987262726,
-0.36362987756729126,
0.28350216150283813,
-0.4882359802722931,
0.4750913381576538,
0.30655455589294434,
0.5271660685539246,
0.053021278232336044,
0.3076816499233246,
-0.12769468128681183,
0.03614195063710213,
-0.05191971734166145,
-0.03903306648135185,
0.4442150592803955,
0.428997665643692,
-0.18301266431808472,
0.0753956288099289,
0.42498376965522766,
0.170508474111557,
-0.2605295181274414,
-0.28844884037971497,
-0.0987236425280571,
0.27621912956237793,
-0.5173450112342834,
-0.41399452090263367,
0.0036657683085650206,
0.18595059216022491,
-0.11240188032388687,
0.05667402967810631,
0.09992149472236633,
0.13897114992141724,
0.43755725026130676,
-0.22195571660995483,
-0.11482004076242447,
0.08653610199689865,
0.3472372591495514,
0.35376858711242676,
0.16045156121253967,
0.35029417276382446,
-0.46990782022476196,
0.19718794524669647,
0.050010181963443756,
0.23144754767417908,
0.4715811610221863,
0.2560926377773285,
0.1100742295384407,
0.297371506690979,
-0.06900867819786072,
0.0283014178276062,
0.4526488184928894,
0.12518633902072906,
0.1581234186887741,
-0.09929871559143066,
-0.22848761081695557,
-0.3486189544200897,
0.682668924331665,
0.35341131687164307,
0.053376879543066025,
-0.24436578154563904,
-0.43656378984451294,
0.010556443594396114,
0.41961267590522766,
-0.9972981214523315,
-0.34875044226646423,
0.29141658544540405,
0.0037458292208611965,
-0.08592502027750015,
-0.787926197052002,
0.025045040994882584,
-0.004022136330604553,
0.16758382320404053,
0.03768221661448479,
-0.0918484628200531,
-0.42585015296936035,
0.4561487138271332,
0.12948590517044067,
-0.11564725637435913,
-0.112674281001091,
0.12257474660873413,
0.2696404457092285,
0.28028354048728943,
-0.49294787645339966,
0.1726578027009964,
0.19107741117477417,
0.16227149963378906,
0.3044578731060028,
-0.01071927323937416,
-0.6354510188102722,
0.33644264936447144,
1.0423510074615479,
0.11419370025396347,
0.5463209748268127,
0.3051687777042389,
-0.16120119392871857,
-0.4660399258136749,
-1.4195330142974854,
-0.041051026433706284,
0.7502118945121765,
-0.18796306848526,
0.003472105134278536,
0.027108613401651382,
-0.18726535141468048,
0.05989751219749451,
0.03502793237566948,
-0.05114853382110596,
0.02283368818461895,
0.11265590041875839,
-0.16100622713565826,
0.5360767841339111,
0.1670055240392685,
-0.7167800068855286,
0.12659457325935364,
-0.019306808710098267,
-0.2571876645088196,
0.06803420931100845,
-0.5316880941390991,
-0.12159748375415802,
0.4561898112297058,
-0.2053038775920868,
-0.16678376495838165,
0.21988116204738617,
-0.0943036675453186,
0.5392354130744934,
-0.23609642684459686,
0.10348106920719147,
0.011011827737092972,
-0.14795508980751038,
-0.10526816546916962,
-0.07383330166339874,
0.01737542264163494,
0.08064450323581696,
0.40110448002815247,
0.3191089928150177,
-0.42218804359436035,
0.25489944219589233,
0.33883851766586304,
-0.056443966925144196,
0.4908100962638855,
-0.19719620048999786,
0.5221688747406006,
-0.020387955009937286,
-0.2574050724506378,
-0.20629845559597015,
-0.4199478030204773,
-0.9724505543708801,
0.29167982935905457,
-0.07435020059347153,
0.8787989616394043,
-0.18829143047332764,
-0.6780980825424194,
0.8984051942825317,
-0.05510052293539047,
0.7380072474479675,
-0.08479670435190201,
0.1529126614332199,
0.1264721006155014,
-0.16842561960220337,
-0.261128306388855,
1.6611008644104004,
0.3452489376068115,
-0.03526778146624565,
0.10644576698541641,
0.12405046075582504,
0.23842264711856842,
-0.13192255795001984,
0.33330562710762024,
-0.2617948353290558,
-0.1454325020313263,
0.00955724436789751,
-0.12095417827367783,
0.5215174555778503,
-0.09241019934415817,
-0.04524381831288338,
1.0332138538360596,
0.2777785360813141,
-0.2854430675506592,
0.4067578911781311,
-0.10382752865552902,
0.647219717502594,
0.15086689591407776,
0.5345067381858826,
0.05054803192615509,
-0.5471622347831726,
-0.0012914682738482952,
-0.028647739440202713,
-0.047133248299360275,
0.04092109948396683,
-0.3552866280078888,
-0.11309067904949188,
0.5475861430168152,
-0.37580782175064087,
0.3324027955532074,
-0.13785596191883087,
-0.22630438208580017,
0.17483551800251007,
0.005791384261101484,
0.014912362210452557,
-0.05563662573695183,
-0.38299402594566345,
-0.3821592926979065,
0.3465461730957031,
0.13558776676654816,
0.2762336730957031,
0.5434032678604126,
0.3536487817764282,
0.20327377319335938,
-0.36742568016052246,
-0.09988061338663101,
0.17424768209457397,
-0.3704555630683899,
0.07073667645454407,
0.06394956260919571,
0.17055962979793549,
-0.5142806768417358,
0.3902917504310608,
0.2206500619649887,
0.00002355795913899783,
-0.3880477547645569,
0.03712912276387215,
-0.33055612444877625,
-0.038399964570999146,
0.16867230832576752,
0.4690049886703491,
0.31035271286964417,
-0.6274911165237427,
-0.32926642894744873,
-1.848978877067566,
-0.5119989514350891,
-0.09665390849113464,
0.21389585733413696,
0.15088988840579987,
-0.48722514510154724,
-0.7498924136161804,
0.4783336818218231,
0.27081841230392456,
0.7461373209953308,
-0.04313427954912186,
0.03273533657193184,
-0.1868096888065338,
0.3817284405231476,
-0.0670890361070633,
-0.008357550017535686,
0.057789452373981476,
0.3212331533432007,
0.4982610046863556,
0.3030124306678772,
-0.07852326333522797,
1.0856680870056152,
0.4398725628852844,
-0.30996349453926086,
-0.008068510331213474,
-0.24559515714645386,
-0.2574023902416229,
-0.23544663190841675,
0.22039029002189636,
0.08801296353340149,
-0.41802096366882324,
0.29051947593688965,
-0.1549292653799057,
-0.12411101907491684,
-0.5087229013442993,
-5.715506553649902,
-0.34213143587112427,
-0.2968328297138214,
-0.11021742969751358,
-0.18073128163814545,
-0.12965337932109833,
0.6903022527694702,
-0.32019564509391785,
-0.6622936725616455,
0.1875145137310028,
-0.18976061046123505,
-0.0034030249807983637,
-0.049238353967666626,
0.1795458346605301,
0.6551424264907837,
0.7000871896743774,
0.6510863304138184,
-0.4278738796710968,
0.5236724019050598,
0.24913036823272705,
0.04246653616428375,
0.48201894760131836,
-0.062352851033210754,
0.1444888412952423,
0.3123796880245209,
0.19258952140808105,
-0.12817157804965973,
0.26731768250465393,
-0.17864865064620972,
-0.4249184727668762,
0.8205186724662781,
-0.0002015612117247656,
-0.22934705018997192,
-0.48348480463027954,
-0.42102575302124023,
-0.05838743969798088,
0.2822209596633911,
0.06325040757656097,
0.46230652928352356,
0.2658727765083313,
-0.4180907607078552,
0.22891107201576233,
0.3794035315513611,
0.02476503513753414,
0.13954190909862518,
0.09763424843549728,
-0.2416383922100067,
-0.5613842010498047,
-0.45717570185661316,
0.3945484161376953,
0.23241111636161804,
0.18557807803153992,
0.6579557657241821,
-0.1977148801088333,
0.006159750744700432,
0.1719922572374344,
0.7990149855613708,
0.2353968471288681,
-0.11200427263975143,
-0.2517826557159424,
0.1545523852109909,
-0.6801170110702515,
0.1868828386068344,
-0.7167738080024719,
0.1681491583585739,
-0.637956440448761,
-0.036191102117300034,
-0.13560862839221954,
0.6132295727729797,
0.4993276298046112,
-0.10386689007282257,
-0.1934468001127243,
0.730703592300415,
-0.9548693299293518,
-0.04507488012313843,
-0.4125155210494995,
-0.5062081813812256,
-0.22325538098812103,
0.5195257067680359,
-0.018963467329740524,
-0.555471658706665,
-0.05906590074300766,
0.004138892516493797,
0.289132684469223,
0.054637789726257324,
-0.4672901928424835,
-0.04379604756832123,
0.10856553912162781,
0.0689871683716774,
0.32592371106147766,
0.5004039406776428,
-0.08184808492660522,
-0.29572340846061707,
0.007684427313506603,
0.23844508826732635,
0.3880121409893036,
0.43621131777763367,
-0.46282559633255005,
0.23844003677368164,
-0.31859928369522095,
-0.2828819453716278,
-0.19390863180160522,
-0.1857353001832962,
-0.010231667198240757,
0.1428534835577011,
-0.030456213280558586,
-0.6433101892471313,
0.6867489218711853,
0.5629559755325317,
0.08594021946191788,
-0.05771930515766144,
0.11371801793575287,
-0.20125624537467957,
-0.3159051537513733,
0.00780960638076067,
0.11446364969015121,
-0.44515925645828247,
-0.17346817255020142,
-0.17409422993659973,
-0.35324230790138245,
-0.27622881531715393,
-0.15439847111701965,
0.2689228057861328,
-0.08811254054307938,
-0.19562427699565887,
-0.08809131383895874,
-0.2020995318889618,
-0.3809334337711334,
-0.33833688497543335,
0.04101589694619179,
0.4183729887008667,
0.4614347219467163,
0.3672693967819214,
-0.023837586864829063,
-0.19682422280311584,
-0.6023556590080261,
0.0749787762761116,
0.6694850325584412,
-0.19903521239757538,
-0.6930657625198364,
-0.5054200887680054,
-0.31921258568763733,
-0.23360837996006012,
0.1541830599308014,
0.376414954662323,
0.28145939111709595,
-0.5548191666603088,
-0.1558683216571808,
-0.2920600473880768,
0.8662177324295044,
-0.02306014858186245,
-0.3783218562602997,
0.3851860761642456,
-0.024973707273602486,
0.43776461482048035,
-0.574764609336853,
-0.03228215128183365,
0.11534141004085541,
-0.18909887969493866,
-0.5905007719993591,
-0.11912815272808075,
-0.2322855293750763,
-1.324121356010437,
-0.370115727186203,
-0.2711184620857239,
-0.4180671274662018,
-0.1267404705286026,
-0.0965845063328743,
0.11646968126296997,
0.1932583451271057,
0.20114505290985107,
-0.7633695006370544,
0.0726056769490242,
-0.2886573374271393,
0.2677573263645172,
0.10870013386011124,
0.7412294745445251,
0.3603608012199402,
0.3902072012424469,
-0.07610416412353516,
-0.11731752008199692,
-0.0823158249258995,
-0.21351565420627594,
0.3708593547344208,
-0.021440060809254646,
-0.1929825395345688,
-0.4784253239631653,
-0.11528640240430832,
-0.10000673681497574,
-0.22506454586982727,
0.14911171793937683,
0.0985708013176918,
1.0089305639266968,
-0.08923332393169403,
-0.09302467107772827,
0.23432233929634094,
0.483791321516037,
-0.38587895035743713,
-0.7813006043434143,
-0.14683106541633606,
-0.08002989739179611,
0.26842454075813293,
-0.5435277819633484,
0.4831099212169647,
0.30814942717552185,
-0.27527666091918945,
0.30153730511665344,
0.3187482953071594,
-0.41497477889060974,
-0.26903417706489563,
-0.4363756477832794,
-0.298604279756546,
0.25364255905151367,
-0.08038313686847687,
-0.8182762861251831,
0.2316897064447403,
0.1911403089761734,
-0.4262407720088959,
0.101084403693676,
-0.5784912109375,
0.40341848134994507,
-0.4802035391330719,
-0.6895935535430908,
-0.23474563658237457,
-0.31521373987197876,
-0.2807512879371643,
0.2051144391298294,
-0.6455269455909729,
1.1822378635406494,
-0.23584498465061188,
-0.7000293731689453,
-0.10608174651861191,
-0.012894856743514538,
0.33798301219940186,
-0.06546884030103683,
-0.004715979099273682,
-0.3501617908477783,
0.35709595680236816,
0.13689608871936798,
-0.04943370074033737,
0.4995281398296356,
1.023000717163086,
0.04301033169031143,
-0.4976089894771576,
-0.6424949169158936,
0.18973460793495178,
-0.1487746387720108,
-0.6070852875709534,
-0.3527836501598358,
0.26405322551727295,
0.4164069592952728,
-0.27507510781288147,
-0.30510494112968445,
-0.3860614597797394,
0.24305154383182526,
0.17226609587669373,
-0.030426733195781708,
-0.004412956535816193,
0.19586394727230072,
0.480729877948761,
0.26246437430381775,
-0.2273319959640503,
-0.0468340627849102,
0.3651897609233856,
-0.08012697845697403,
0.3824617862701416,
0.5151399970054626,
-0.1953735500574112,
0.3280865252017975,
-0.130766823887825,
0.011875576339662075,
0.01608620584011078,
-0.15214163064956665,
-0.20636004209518433,
0.6948233246803284,
-0.3101247549057007,
-0.4337359070777893,
-0.6815627813339233,
0.5048364996910095,
0.05522172525525093,
0.5511128306388855,
-0.22826248407363892,
0.255693256855011,
-0.115379199385643,
0.19945929944515228,
0.21875567734241486,
0.19008882343769073,
-0.22969472408294678,
-0.6118761301040649,
-0.1676303744316101,
-0.36852607131004333,
-0.031132545322179794,
0.0937369093298912,
0.23466670513153076,
-0.24679449200630188,
-0.09988220036029816,
0.25289806723594666,
-0.1403525471687317,
-0.05259019136428833,
-0.4738089144229889,
-0.8929175734519958,
0.6980732679367065,
0.01489394810050726,
-0.16909809410572052,
0.30278679728507996,
0.11511562019586563,
0.07127328962087631,
-0.8309886455535889,
0.5431630611419678,
-0.19995619356632233,
0.08712583035230637,
0.33205223083496094,
0.2241755872964859,
0.6948461532592773,
-0.10870160907506943,
-0.3267168700695038,
0.162052720785141,
-0.0987454503774643,
-0.03925614058971405,
0.37132081389427185,
-0.2473457157611847,
-0.8215658068656921,
0.48481953144073486,
-0.24128997325897217,
-0.18536914885044098,
0.10409662127494812,
0.4147770404815674,
-0.29919078946113586,
0.4469563663005829,
-0.10722647607326508,
0.2754129469394684,
0.1861981451511383,
0.19746069610118866,
0.07720300555229187,
0.0460396446287632,
-0.45742952823638916,
-0.07652460783720016,
-0.49226540327072144,
-0.47689563035964966,
0.21412906050682068,
0.4171256422996521,
0.10255064815282822,
0.08503065258264542,
-0.02571941167116165,
-0.196053147315979,
-0.15636691451072693,
-0.045735958963632584,
0.05185755342245102,
-0.21246536076068878,
-0.017907967790961266,
0.1890353113412857,
0.11523845046758652,
0.16895818710327148,
-0.2284214347600937,
0.11536498367786407,
-0.3898123800754547,
0.41122445464134216,
-0.14369018375873566,
-0.5448877215385437,
-1.1870735883712769,
0.12733474373817444,
-0.02080831304192543,
0.04557935521006584,
0.06201807036995888,
0.23707781732082367,
-0.04347475990653038,
0.34107688069343567,
-0.3469398021697998,
0.1864406168460846,
0.4409884810447693,
-0.027722297236323357,
0.35130366683006287,
-0.6097029447555542,
0.1792333573102951,
0.24404744803905487,
-0.4013659656047821,
-0.14326290786266327,
0.3585672080516815,
0.13940489292144775,
0.0240568108856678,
0.40805691480636597,
-0.06686840206384659,
-0.23750443756580353,
-0.5606002807617188,
-0.014284300617873669,
0.3216133117675781,
0.207698255777359,
0.5768954753875732,
-0.49152398109436035,
0.4387032091617584,
-0.20545841753482819,
0.2542053759098053,
0.6114441156387329,
-0.4437672793865204,
-0.14572390913963318,
0.04565458372235298,
-0.22230762243270874,
0.5747418999671936,
0.6077724695205688,
-0.48181435465812683,
0.014791406691074371,
0.25494635105133057,
-0.01238070335239172,
-0.03697605058550835,
-0.2606061100959778,
0.5926592350006104,
-0.23720838129520416,
-0.08916720002889633,
-0.4259950816631317,
-0.019403673708438873,
0.36330005526542664,
-0.13078054785728455,
0.031154600903391838,
0.33108291029930115,
0.20275156199932098,
0.3888798952102661,
0.0347677543759346,
-0.4038463532924652,
0.39588844776153564,
-0.004777442663908005,
0.1978512853384018,
0.38550251722335815,
0.266550749540329,
0.2699795663356781,
-0.0579134039580822,
-0.35332775115966797,
0.3073911964893341,
0.049982763826847076,
-0.19087715446949005,
0.33136919140815735,
-0.35007405281066895,
0.2529692053794861,
-0.4798533618450165,
-0.1633012592792511,
0.2211603820323944,
0.2925964295864105,
0.16953076422214508,
0.5850902199745178,
0.4931836724281311,
-0.1103176698088646,
-0.1191941574215889,
0.23513907194137573,
-0.3596629202365875,
0.0052918619476258755,
-3.395650863647461,
-0.015842905268073082,
-0.4591783881187439,
-0.4904608726501465,
0.32016029953956604,
0.10127881169319153,
0.477214515209198,
-0.4155103266239166,
0.2875458300113678,
-0.2836610972881317,
0.28101569414138794,
-0.06630200892686844,
0.3219372034072876,
-0.40733852982521057,
-0.14097478985786438,
0.43843063712120056
] |
236578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%20%28river%29 | Lek (river) | The Lek () is a river in the western Netherlands of some in length. It is the continuation of the Nederrijn after the Kromme Rijn branches off at the town of Wijk bij Duurstede. The main westbound waterway is hereafter called the Lek River. The Nederrijn is, itself, a distributary branch of the river Rhine.
Portions of the river form the boundary between the provinces of Utrecht and Gelderland, and between Utrecht and South Holland.
In Roman times, the Nederrijn flowed into the Kromme Rijn and these streams were the main outflow of the river Rhine. When the Kromme Rijn began to silt up in the Middle Ages, the Lek became the primary branch. A short distance past Wijk bij Duurstede, the river intersects with the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, which continues south towards the Waal. A branch of this canal, the Lekkanaal (Lek Canal) is connected to the river at the city of Nieuwegein.
Other major towns on its banks are Culemborg, Vianen, Schoonhoven, Nieuw-Lekkerland, Lekkerkerk and Krimpen aan de Lek. The bed of the river lies slightly higher than the surrounding lands and dikes are therefore essential to contain the Lek. At the village of Kinderdijk the Lek meets the Noord River and the combined stream is thereafter known as the Nieuwe Maas as it flows down towards the North Sea.
References
Distributaries of Europe
Rivers of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of South Holland
Rivers of Utrecht (province)
Alblasserwaard
Wijk bij Duurstede | [
0.06181613728404045,
-0.13727034628391266,
0.05306004360318184,
-0.13222888112068176,
0.4129464626312256,
0.8603138327598572,
0.28040462732315063,
0.4678458869457245,
-0.5841035842895508,
-0.19857469201087952,
0.44011586904525757,
0.1852087825536728,
-0.08828071504831314,
0.13786964118480682,
-0.6809377670288086,
0.10037028044462204,
0.29904210567474365,
0.0007524511311203241,
0.6311740875244141,
-0.7445524334907532,
0.29142507910728455,
-0.022744422778487206,
0.36192062497138977,
0.26108816266059875,
-0.32685160636901855,
-0.010668479837477207,
-0.47637271881103516,
0.6920412182807922,
0.44298598170280457,
-0.19715045392513275,
0.11332176625728607,
0.7393255829811096,
0.193490669131279,
-0.386965811252594,
0.17518365383148193,
0.15996985137462616,
0.5061935782432556,
-0.45236116647720337,
0.01362560037523508,
0.09593506157398224,
0.26084762811660767,
0.20980551838874817,
-0.5651817321777344,
0.42702022194862366,
-0.39938652515411377,
-0.12272512167692184,
-1.1906204223632812,
-0.46511146426200867,
-0.9352470636367798,
0.4142424166202545,
-0.32127439975738525,
0.4012256860733032,
0.07433995604515076,
0.058955270797014236,
0.5135573148727417,
0.3589133620262146,
-1.1614718437194824,
0.08450889587402344,
0.19989070296287537,
0.9272774457931519,
0.33784976601600647,
-0.4767511785030365,
-0.0833742544054985,
0.18857035040855408,
-0.20485465228557587,
0.25128450989723206,
0.09886038303375244,
0.45779842138290405,
-0.4030117392539978,
-0.5432453155517578,
0.05908340588212013,
-0.4212018847465515,
-0.4380611479282379,
-0.05666428431868553,
-0.3905496895313263,
0.05066138878464699,
-0.3654121160507202,
-0.05533478781580925,
-0.09546621143817902,
0.15390831232070923,
0.4149230420589447,
0.2894626557826996,
1.1977602243423462,
0.19961248338222504,
0.3337061107158661,
1.0140504837036133,
-0.015883438289165497,
0.12863293290138245,
-0.31023040413856506,
0.2722928822040558,
-0.07379656285047531,
-0.5820865035057068,
-0.1411910355091095,
-0.06204429268836975,
0.2984546720981598,
0.1139235869050026,
-0.06645502895116806,
0.3553856611251831,
0.035480353981256485,
0.41017138957977295,
0.37359240651130676,
0.6444981098175049,
0.5538746118545532,
0.3644348680973053,
-0.8793309926986694,
-0.5744559168815613,
0.18284383416175842,
-0.5877078771591187,
-0.22330166399478912,
-1.0070607662200928,
-0.36477601528167725,
0.7265403270721436,
-0.07814281433820724,
0.046528324484825134,
-0.017207704484462738,
1.0424768924713135,
0.15732190012931824,
0.02750605158507824,
-0.4508598744869232,
0.310535192489624,
0.24150611460208893,
0.5914304852485657,
0.45531511306762695,
0.016581131145358086,
0.3333037495613098,
0.30973827838897705,
-0.001355344895273447,
0.5402428507804871,
-0.19536729156970978,
0.2863069176673889,
0.6595261693000793,
0.9933983087539673,
0.21737904846668243,
-0.7388604283332825,
-0.30059173703193665,
0.020625099539756775,
0.6454984545707703,
0.742861807346344,
-0.22053249180316925,
0.6437388062477112,
-0.8341606855392456,
0.05368657410144806,
-0.5739319920539856,
0.03953864425420761,
0.2576881945133209,
0.4512749910354614,
-0.5884382724761963,
-0.7410471439361572,
-0.08525609225034714,
0.03791377320885658,
0.14083771407604218,
0.569878876209259,
0.07986002415418625,
0.47789350152015686,
-0.878268837928772,
0.425849586725235,
0.5136170983314514,
-0.19008854031562805,
-0.11715815961360931,
0.11664696782827377,
0.14808189868927002,
0.2247542291879654,
0.7764409780502319,
0.172685906291008,
0.16979041695594788,
-0.30932343006134033,
0.05290433391928673,
-0.5192914009094238,
0.3183916509151459,
0.8690792322158813,
0.16588376462459564,
0.3038254976272583,
0.42008477449417114,
-0.21991170942783356,
0.13450507819652557,
-0.4338485598564148,
0.5998900532722473,
0.06543166935443878,
-0.0456419363617897,
-0.16230709850788116,
-0.9190272688865662,
0.8638623356819153,
-0.2261795550584793,
-0.23995092511177063,
0.01353638805449009,
0.6693375706672668,
-0.04719953611493111,
0.339893102645874,
-0.33821672201156616,
0.14306144416332245,
0.36791256070137024,
-0.28684163093566895,
0.06309390068054199,
0.21075482666492462,
0.31804192066192627,
-0.3151003420352936,
-0.19231100380420685,
-0.028184743598103523,
0.04709410294890404,
0.4601356089115143,
-0.6943086981773376,
-0.5853744745254517,
0.6796308159828186,
-0.47699958086013794,
-1.176047921180725,
0.6495434045791626,
-0.316712886095047,
0.05252819508314133,
0.32184940576553345,
0.9917314052581787,
0.30650410056114197,
0.08302605897188187,
-0.09192290902137756,
0.1334424763917923,
0.4467945396900177,
-0.395140141248703,
0.2944883108139038,
-0.4965679347515106,
0.49007299542427063,
0.3243795335292816,
0.3974812924861908,
0.20632615685462952,
-0.2193908840417862,
0.6571157574653625,
-0.07320775091648102,
0.27436599135398865,
0.7012174129486084,
0.3247610032558441,
0.2838357090950012,
-0.5027410387992859,
-0.15348491072654724,
0.08669726550579071,
-0.10449927300214767,
-0.6650365591049194,
-0.579765260219574,
-0.3857526481151581,
-0.2392750233411789,
-0.505220353603363,
1.0936362743377686,
0.002013977849856019,
0.5044722557067871,
0.4703425168991089,
-0.4943530261516571,
-0.014803057536482811,
-0.07147714495658875,
0.8476226925849915,
0.19063939154148102,
0.18108266592025757,
-0.32659536600112915,
-0.16293467581272125,
-0.08386332541704178,
0.35534197092056274,
0.18584798276424408,
-0.2296396642923355,
-0.0670185387134552,
-0.5984193086624146,
-0.46143245697021484,
0.026998495683073997,
0.647837221622467,
0.3122020959854126,
-0.04096698760986328,
-0.6173636317253113,
0.21140271425247192,
-0.03173233941197395,
0.05869254469871521,
0.013905901461839676,
-0.47256752848625183,
-0.4040648639202118,
0.04891690984368324,
0.15649190545082092,
0.03580658882856369,
-0.10435800999403,
0.5662137269973755,
-1.07700777053833,
0.36108043789863586,
-0.5181479454040527,
0.0048583196476101875,
-0.12173748016357422,
-0.8706140518188477,
-0.8675583600997925,
0.3293791115283966,
1.2174214124679565,
-0.09388262033462524,
-0.5303563475608826,
0.7393264174461365,
0.10340338945388794,
0.4134971797466278,
0.39662331342697144,
0.7747942209243774,
-0.02829526737332344,
0.16500543057918549,
-1.048667550086975,
-0.7135491967201233,
-0.029989896342158318,
0.23490189015865326,
-0.4300829768180847,
0.46825528144836426,
-0.24044650793075562,
0.15535151958465576,
-0.9033001065254211,
-0.5340813398361206,
0.3312632739543915,
-0.04900584742426872,
0.022312205284833908,
-0.29783934354782104,
-0.605535626411438,
-0.2960874140262604,
0.6153272986412048,
-5.135426998138428,
0.2279621660709381,
-0.3744123876094818,
-0.02139657363295555,
-0.22471106052398682,
-0.9089647531509399,
0.2664790749549866,
-0.16443514823913574,
0.03215256333351135,
-0.29993298649787903,
-0.26743900775909424,
-0.21731190383434296,
-0.09204070270061493,
0.6495697498321533,
0.3365898132324219,
-0.2088170349597931,
-0.029491594061255455,
0.21491016447544098,
0.1224108412861824,
-0.35319221019744873,
0.0013454381842166185,
0.08930649608373642,
-0.2757955491542816,
0.17787927389144897,
0.14210312068462372,
0.44418710470199585,
0.36892521381378174,
-0.4210372269153595,
-1.1287857294082642,
-0.11522011458873749,
-0.12282537668943405,
-0.3764438331127167,
-0.3019900918006897,
-0.11600178480148315,
-0.4376305043697357,
-0.04700460284948349,
0.6772898435592651,
0.777485191822052,
0.3504394292831421,
-0.46646904945373535,
-0.18689598143100739,
0.5131943821907043,
-0.028952937573194504,
-0.6012212038040161,
0.01261700689792633,
-0.7585253119468689,
-1.126198172569275,
-0.49656450748443604,
-0.11076691001653671,
0.959262490272522,
0.0305891465395689,
0.04265619069337845,
0.576625645160675,
-0.17148292064666748,
0.290130078792572,
-0.48443150520324707,
-0.3189148008823395,
-0.14174382388591766,
-0.06123265251517296,
0.9771279692649841,
0.4240798056125641,
-0.14537470042705536,
0.05390605330467224,
-0.34889543056488037,
-0.13097330927848816,
-0.7109401226043701,
0.23115098476409912,
0.10806120187044144,
0.5177916884422302,
-0.2580031156539917,
0.01733272708952427,
-0.03446740657091141,
-0.4501393139362335,
-0.49997687339782715,
0.14203143119812012,
-0.18247468769550323,
-0.21485121548175812,
0.07365422695875168,
0.46367010474205017,
0.18551532924175262,
-0.25664788484573364,
0.13020820915699005,
0.43345367908477783,
0.8453563451766968,
0.23550938069820404,
-0.4157479703426361,
-0.2905021011829376,
-0.1026836484670639,
-0.051346030086278915,
-0.7403483986854553,
0.27052485942840576,
-0.5857720971107483,
0.4370571970939636,
0.37127959728240967,
-0.6765018105506897,
0.549304187297821,
-0.2563628852367401,
-0.31964656710624695,
0.20171242952346802,
-0.6629279255867004,
0.7656466960906982,
-0.2667301595211029,
0.4299089312553406,
-0.3124770224094391,
0.1304226666688919,
-0.33009758591651917,
-0.259608656167984,
0.4660804569721222,
0.19113628566265106,
0.11041978746652603,
0.03994601219892502,
-0.218808114528656,
0.24578708410263062,
-1.279214859008789,
0.3242968022823334,
-0.3039005994796753,
-0.6139947772026062,
0.9785717129707336,
0.1220511719584465,
0.2954694628715515,
0.09572421759366989,
0.7843949198722839,
0.2438477724790573,
-0.7792887091636658,
0.19878007471561432,
0.07083196938037872,
-0.22055593132972717,
0.18350166082382202,
-0.8200687170028687,
0.4951654374599457,
-0.1516091674566269,
-0.029967281967401505,
0.14565445482730865,
-0.6103900671005249,
0.6746094822883606,
-1.018371820449829,
-0.44017985463142395,
-0.5159743428230286,
0.3591245114803314,
-0.4005356729030609,
0.38480955362319946,
-0.24431581795215607,
-0.36364448070526123,
-0.06128089129924774,
0.21536321938037872,
0.09552261978387833,
0.030612602829933167,
-0.3291647434234619,
-0.5182017683982849,
0.3873339295387268,
0.24033862352371216,
0.1521739363670349,
-0.12007643282413483,
-0.3634246289730072,
-0.06796541064977646,
-0.1967807561159134,
-0.18539397418498993,
0.4638679027557373,
0.16223867237567902,
-0.1541469395160675,
-0.2118261158466339,
0.1689576804637909,
-1.276874303817749,
0.5866902470588684,
0.13021588325500488,
-0.12420878559350967,
-0.015939097851514816,
-0.3082861304283142,
-0.7295634150505066,
0.4504204988479614,
0.4942605495452881,
-0.2919589877128601,
-0.6320654153823853,
-0.20231087505817413,
-0.24015799164772034,
-0.2758437693119049,
0.26400226354599,
0.39498645067214966,
-0.6411333680152893,
-0.19315069913864136,
-0.015402445569634438,
0.2101767510175705,
0.005824332591146231,
0.6380418539047241,
0.4691847860813141,
-0.3842487037181854,
0.012780798599123955,
-0.05682365968823433,
-0.9460355043411255,
-0.20564185082912445,
0.8057672381401062,
0.08447980135679245,
-0.07681060582399368,
0.8469200134277344,
-0.5194817781448364,
-0.790888786315918,
-0.2137456089258194,
0.5189515352249146,
0.07016236335039139,
-0.1865113526582718,
0.25128185749053955,
0.4618802070617676,
-0.3103841543197632,
0.6165525317192078,
-0.25670957565307617,
-1.3164982795715332,
0.46094977855682373,
0.27618494629859924,
-0.7722545862197876,
0.1434321105480194,
-0.5924188494682312,
-1.1064374446868896,
0.14682358503341675,
-0.10028697550296783,
-0.9599756002426147,
0.25196659564971924,
0.5428774356842041,
0.16690094769001007,
-0.422549307346344,
-0.399300217628479,
-0.48115941882133484,
-0.3788621723651886,
-0.8820390701293945,
-0.46151769161224365,
-0.05596199631690979,
0.37453213334083557,
0.3736500144004822,
-0.19622276723384857,
0.5892948508262634,
0.021091734990477562,
-0.07851014286279678,
-0.28371375799179077,
0.21745271980762482,
0.001727971830405295,
0.07265415042638779,
0.23423098027706146,
0.29141780734062195,
0.4060118794441223,
0.3565004765987396,
-0.06971453875303268,
0.2881200611591339,
0.912659227848053,
0.2057405412197113,
-0.6110925674438477,
0.15149924159049988,
0.7980902791023254,
-0.1715470403432846,
-0.8428848385810852,
-0.7309583425521851,
0.013749567791819572,
0.5505014061927795,
0.1578744351863861,
-0.8714203238487244,
-0.24533599615097046,
1.7866019010543823,
0.35346344113349915,
0.042523227632045746,
0.566815972328186,
0.42292484641075134,
0.4740511178970337,
-0.12191131711006165,
-0.6537408828735352,
-0.6821586489677429,
0.6118587255477905,
0.7753434181213379,
-0.6940789818763733,
-0.5419611930847168,
0.021882936358451843,
0.20193935930728912,
-0.10529124736785889,
-0.6830762028694153,
-0.5370177626609802,
-0.03442783281207085,
-0.19438670575618744,
-0.00014800156350247562,
-0.3898763060569763,
-0.16573013365268707,
-1.0156430006027222,
0.2424476444721222,
-0.02679152600467205,
-0.3389219343662262,
-0.11208928376436234,
-0.19198748469352722,
0.14637981355190277,
0.11531811952590942,
0.2755882143974304,
0.09577951580286026,
0.056899599730968475,
-0.5119016170501709,
0.30552780628204346,
0.006560206413269043,
-0.45884397625923157,
-0.5191837549209595,
0.19730731844902039,
0.41407474875450134,
0.31037020683288574,
0.07329786568880081,
0.4800398051738739,
0.31899356842041016,
0.4749421775341034,
-0.7812100648880005,
0.5369740128517151,
0.12693098187446594,
-0.4701044261455536,
0.019729848951101303,
-0.025525666773319244,
-0.12933166325092316,
0.050202012062072754,
0.12311289459466934,
0.8231444358825684,
0.2874036133289337,
0.34261953830718994,
-0.4864497780799866,
0.9550526738166809,
-0.371091365814209,
0.3724074363708496,
0.8936815857887268,
-0.7596830725669861,
0.6997047662734985,
0.07177811115980148,
0.022641099989414215,
-0.27888643741607666,
0.4083268642425537,
0.5701456665992737,
-0.4095582067966461,
1.2569767236709595,
-0.42006415128707886,
-0.3131159543991089,
0.25350838899612427,
-0.046751055866479874,
-0.01978515088558197,
0.43348702788352966,
-0.5109795331954956,
0.35718244314193726,
-0.43732839822769165,
-0.12949565052986145,
-0.2622500956058502,
-0.28570106625556946,
-0.2147684246301651,
0.09261515736579895,
0.15211661159992218,
0.9178285002708435,
-0.24145016074180603,
0.4152217507362366,
0.06860370188951492,
0.10253149271011353,
0.26446905732154846,
-0.09221909940242767,
0.5171349048614502,
0.10383247584104538,
0.41078242659568787,
-0.30900275707244873,
0.35883742570877075,
-0.8167199492454529,
0.2981007695198059,
0.08656658232212067,
0.43667611479759216,
-0.09848270565271378,
-0.17732290923595428,
-0.29476550221443176,
0.456207275390625,
0.04438605159521103,
-0.15639998018741608,
0.1190379336476326,
-0.5217245817184448,
-0.5676553249359131,
0.280366986989975,
-0.9378334879875183,
-0.20654712617397308,
0.16348713636398315,
0.16960850358009338,
-0.07878097146749496,
-0.157871276140213,
-0.1621873378753662,
0.011096186935901642,
0.027279673144221306,
-0.21449752151966095,
-0.07499848306179047,
-0.14483404159545898,
0.2900004982948303,
0.04280111566185951,
0.7987475991249084,
0.5643805265426636,
0.17637215554714203,
-0.7663076519966125,
-0.08037006855010986,
0.40488335490226746,
-0.5836626291275024,
-0.5366795063018799,
-0.05035743862390518,
-0.06301584094762802,
-0.47266238927841187,
0.11931632459163666,
0.16810092329978943,
-0.3881493806838989,
-0.1008400171995163,
-0.39655616879463196,
0.8821476697921753,
0.027952291071414948,
0.037471480667591095,
-0.1516457349061966,
0.5271396636962891,
-0.015642600134015083,
0.357257604598999,
-0.06180674582719803,
0.3067605793476105,
-1.0198508501052856,
0.42635229229927063,
-0.21229343116283417,
0.682661235332489,
0.9028635621070862,
-0.04631867632269859,
0.078038290143013,
0.8514697551727295,
0.5267761945724487,
0.28833550214767456,
0.422282338142395,
-0.4909485876560211,
-0.44323888421058655,
-0.024385318160057068,
-0.044550586491823196,
-0.5214154720306396,
-0.4029015898704529,
0.20565222203731537,
0.25267887115478516,
-0.31889787316322327,
0.10477035492658615,
-0.5148947834968567,
-0.3571496307849884,
-0.4770418703556061,
-0.19341520965099335,
0.10241971164941788,
-0.3816232681274414,
-0.08832164108753204,
-0.6124126315116882,
-0.590323269367218,
0.9928289651870728,
0.4374277889728546,
0.3879257142543793,
-0.2431955635547638,
0.01624562032520771,
-0.40932855010032654,
0.2556207776069641,
0.16719496250152588,
-1.749118447303772,
-0.5013600587844849,
-0.19372348487377167,
-0.11581379920244217,
-0.7988280057907104,
0.19494175910949707,
0.2572517693042755,
-0.7002418041229248,
0.3840468227863312,
-0.34870287775993347,
-0.4222851097583771,
0.05792877450585365,
-0.22469979524612427,
-0.43388617038726807,
-0.05742151290178299,
0.010050528682768345
] |
236580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20meteorology | Timeline of meteorology | The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences. The most notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics are listed chronologically. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change.
Antiquity
3000 BC – Meteorology in India can be traced back to around 3000 BC, with writings such as the Upanishads, containing discussions about the processes of cloud formation and rain and the seasonal cycles caused by the movement of earth round the sun.
600 BC – Thales may qualify as the first Greek meteorologist. He reputedly issues the first seasonal crop forecast.
400 BC – There is some evidence that Democritus predicted changes in the weather, and that he used this ability to convince people that he could predict other future events.
400 BC – Hippocrates writes a treatise called Airs, Waters and Places, the earliest known work to include a discussion of weather. More generally, he wrote about common diseases that occur in particular locations, seasons, winds and air.
350 BC – The Greek philosopher Aristotle writes Meteorology, a work which represents the sum of knowledge of the time about earth sciences, including weather and climate. It is the first known work that attempts to treat a broad range of meteorological topics. For the first time, precipitation and the clouds from which precipitation falls are called meteors, which originate from the Greek word meteoros, meaning 'high in the sky'. From that word comes the modern term meteorology, the study of clouds and weather.
Although the term meteorology is used today to describe a subdiscipline of the atmospheric sciences, Aristotle's work is more general. Meteorologica is based on intuition and simple observation, but not on what is now considered the scientific method. In his own words:
...all the affections we may call common to air and water, and the kinds and parts of the earth and the affections of its parts.
The magazine De Mundo (attributed to Pseudo-Aristotle) notes:
Cloud is a vaporous mass, concentrated and producing water. Rain is produced from the compression of a closely condensed cloud, varying according to the pressure exerted on the cloud; when the pressure is slight it scatters gentle drops; when it is great it produces a more violent fall, and we call this a shower, being heavier than ordinary rain, and forming continuous masses of water falling over earth. Snow is produced by the breaking up of condensed clouds, the cleavage taking place before the change into water; it is the process of cleavage which causes its resemblance to foam and its intense whiteness, while the cause of its coldness is the congelation of the moisture in it before it is dispersed or rarefied. When snow is violent and falls heavily we call it a blizzard. Hail is produced when snow becomes densified and acquires impetus for a swifter fall from its close mass; the weight becomes greater and the fall more violent in proportion to the size of the broken fragments of cloud. Such then are the phenomena which occur as the result of moist exhalation.
One of the most impressive achievements in Meteorology is his description of what is now known as the hydrologic cycle:
Now the sun, moving as it does, sets up processes of change and becoming and decay, and by its agency the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up and is dissolved into vapour and rises to the upper region, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth.
Several years after Aristotle's book, his pupil Theophrastus puts together a book on weather forecasting called The Book of Signs. Various indicators such as solar and lunar halos formed by high clouds are presented as ways to forecast the weather. The combined works of Aristotle and Theophrastus have such authority they become the main influence in the study of clouds, weather and weather forecasting for nearly 2000 years.
250 BC – Archimedes studies the concepts of buoyancy and the hydrostatic principle. Positive buoyancy is necessary for the formation of convective clouds (cumulus, cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus).
25 AD – Pomponius Mela, a geographer for the Roman empire, formalizes the climatic zone system.
c. 80 AD – In his Lunheng (論衡; Critical Essays), the Han dynasty Chinese philosopher Wang Chong (27–97 AD) dispels the Chinese myth of rain coming from the heavens, and states that rain is evaporated from water on the earth into the air and forms clouds, stating that clouds condense into rain and also form dew, and says when the clothes of people in high mountains are moistened, this is because of the air-suspended rain water. However, Wang Chong supports his theory by quoting a similar one of Gongyang Gao's, the latter's commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Gongyang Zhuan, compiled in the 2nd century BC, showing that the Chinese conception of rain evaporating and rising to form clouds goes back much farther than Wang Chong. Wang Chong wrote:
As to this coming of rain from the mountains, some hold that the clouds carry the rain with them, dispersing as it is precipitated (and they are right). Clouds and rain are really the same thing. Water evaporating upwards becomes clouds, which condense into rain, or still further into dew.
Middle Ages
500 AD – In around 500 AD, the Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer: Varāhamihira published his work Brihat-Samhita's, which provides clear evidence that a deep knowledge of atmospheric processes existed in the Indian region.
7th century – The poet Kalidasa in his epic Meghaduta, mentions the date of onset of the south-west Monsoon over central India and traces the path of the monsoon clouds.
7th century – St. Isidore of Seville,in his work De Rerum Natura, writes about astronomy, cosmology and meteorology. In the chapter dedicated to Meteorology, he discusses the thunder, clouds, rainbows and wind.
9th century – Al-Kindi (Alkindus), an Arab naturalist, writes a treatise on meteorology entitled Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr (Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb), in which he presents an argument on tides which "depends on the changes which take place in bodies owing to the rise and fall of temperature."
9th century – Al-Dinawari, a Kurdish naturalist, writes the Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), in which he deals with the application of meteorology to agriculture during the Muslim Agricultural Revolution. He describes the meteorological character of the sky, the planets and constellations, the Sun and Moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa (heavenly bodies of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes, wells and other sources of water.
10th century – Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture discusses the weather forecasting of atmospheric changes and signs from the planetary astral alterations; signs of rain based on observation of the lunar phases, nature of thunder and lightning, direction of sunrise, behaviour of certain plants and animals, and weather forecasts based on the movement of winds; pollenized air and winds; and formation of winds and vapours.
1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) writes on the atmospheric refraction of light, the cause of morning and evening twilight. He endeavored by use of hyperbola and geometric optics to chart and formulate basic laws on atmospheric refraction. He provides the first correct definition of the twilight, discusses atmospheric refraction, shows that the twilight is due to atmospheric refraction and only begins when the Sun is 19 degrees below the horizon, and uses a complex geometric demonstration to measure the height of the Earth's atmosphere as 52,000 passuum (49 miles), which is very close to the modern measurement of 50 miles.
1020s – Ibn al-Haytham publishes his Risala fi l-Daw’ (Treatise on Light) as a supplement to his Book of Optics. He discusses the meteorology of the rainbow, the density of the atmosphere, and various celestial phenomena, including the eclipse, twilight and moonlight.
1027 – Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing, in which Part 2, Section 5, contains his essay on mineralogy and meteorology in six chapters: formation of mountains; the advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; sources of water; origin of earthquakes; formation of minerals; and the diversity of earth's terrain. He also describes the structure of a meteor, and his theory on the formation of metals combined the alchemical sulfur-mercury theory of metals (although he was critical of alchemy) with the mineralogical theories of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His scientific methodology of field observation was also original in the Earth sciences.
Late 11th century – Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ma'udh, who lived in Al-Andalus, wrote a work on optics later translated into Latin as Liber de crepisculis, which was mistakenly attributed to Alhazen. This was a short work containing an estimation of the angle of depression of the sun at the beginning of the morning twilight and at the end of the evening twilight, and an attempt to calculate on the basis of this and other data the height of the atmospheric moisture responsible for the refraction of the sun's rays. Through his experiments, he obtained the accurate value of 18°, which comes close to the modern value.
1088 – In his Dream Pool Essays (夢溪筆談), the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo wrote vivid descriptions of tornadoes, that rainbows were formed by the shadow of the sun in rain, occurring when the sun would shine upon it, and the curious common phenomena of the effect of lightning that, when striking a house, would merely scorch the walls a bit but completely melt to liquid all metal objects inside.
1121 – Al-Khazini, a Muslim scientist of Byzantine Greek descent, publishes The Book of the Balance of Wisdom, the first study on the hydrostatic balance.
13th century-St. Albert the Great is the first to propose that each drop of falling rain had the form of a small sphere, and that this form meant that the rainbow was produced by light interacting with each raindrop.
1267 – Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42 degrees above the horizon.
1337 – William Merle, rector of Driby, starts recording his weather diary, the oldest existing in print. The endeavour ended 1344.
Late 13th century – Theoderic of Freiburg and Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī give the first accurate explanations of the primary rainbow, simultaneously but independently. Theoderic also gives the explanation for the secondary rainbow.
1441 – King Sejongs son, Prince Munjong, invented the first standardized rain gauge. These were sent throughout the Joseon Dynasty of Korea as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest.
1450 – Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometer, and is known as the first anemometer.
– Nicolas Cryfts, (Nicolas of Cusa), described the first hair hygrometer to measure humidity. The design was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci, referencing Cryfts design in da Vinci's Codex Atlanticus.
1483 − Yuriy Drohobych publishes Prognostic Estimation of the year 1483 in Rome, where he reflects upon weather forecasting and that climatic conditions depended on the latitude.
1488 – Johannes Lichtenberger publishes the first version of his Prognosticatio linking weather forecasting with astrology. The paradigm was only challenged centuries later.
1494 – During his second voyage Christopher Columbus experiences a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, which leads to the first written European account of a hurricane.
1510 – Leonhard Reynmann, astronomer of Nuremberg, publishes ″Wetterbüchlein Von warer erkanntnus des wetters″, a collection of weather lore.
1547 − Antonio Mizauld publishes "Le miroueer du temps, autrement dit, éphémérides perpétuelles de l'air par lesquelles sont tous les jours donez vrais signes de touts changements de temps, seulement par choses qui à tous apparoissent au cien, en l'air, sur terre & en l'eau. Le tout par petits aphorismes, & breves sentences diligemment compris" in Paris, with detail on forecasting weather, comets and earthquakes.
17th century
1607 – Galileo Galilei constructs a thermoscope. Not only did this device measure temperature, but it represented a paradigm shift. Up to this point, heat and cold were believed to be qualities of Aristotle's elements (fire, water, air, and earth). Note: There is some controversy about who actually built this first thermoscope. There is some evidence for this device being independently built at several different times. This is the era of the first recorded meteorological observations. As there was no standard measurement, they were of little use until the work of Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius in the 18th century.
1611 – Johannes Kepler writes the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)".
1620 – Francis Bacon (philosopher) analyzes the scientific method in his philosophical work; Novum Organum.
1643 – Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
1648 – Blaise Pascal rediscovers that atmospheric pressure decreases with height, and deduces that there is a vacuum above the atmosphere.
1654 – Ferdinando II de Medici sponsors the first weather observing network, that consisted of meteorological stations in Florence, Cutigliano, Vallombrosa, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Innsbruck, Osnabrück, Paris and Warsaw. Collected data was centrally sent to Accademia del Cimento in Florence at regular time intervals.
1662 – Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge.
1667 – Robert Hooke builds another type of anemometer, called a pressure-plate anemometer.
1686 – Edmund Halley presents a systematic study of the trade winds and monsoons and identifies solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions.
– Edmund Halley establishes the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.
18th century
1716 – Edmund Halley suggests that aurorae are caused by "magnetic effluvia" moving along the Earth's magnetic field lines.
1724 – Gabriel Fahrenheit creates reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer.
1735 – The first ideal explanation of global circulation was the study of the Trade winds by George Hadley.
1738 – Daniel Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamics, initiating the kinetic theory of gases. He gave a poorly detailed equation of state, but also the basic laws for the theory of gases.
1742 – Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the Celsius temperature scale which led to the current Celsius scale.
1743 – Benjamin Franklin is prevented from seeing a lunar eclipse by a hurricane, he decides that cyclones move in a contrary manner to the winds at their periphery.
1761 – Joseph Black discovers that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting.
1772 – Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen, which he calls phlogisticated air, and together they explain the results in terms of the phlogiston theory.
1774 – Louis Cotte is put in charge of a "medico-meteorological" network of French veterinarians and country doctors to investigate the relationship between plague and weather. The project continued until 1794.
- Royal Society begins twice daily observations compiled by Samuel Horsley testing for the influence of winds and of the moon on the barometer readings.
1777 – Antoine Lavoisier discovers oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion.
1780 – Charles Theodor charters the first international network of meteorological observers known as "Societas Meteorologica Palatina". The project collapses in 1795.
1780 – James Six invents the Six's thermometer, a thermometer that records minimum and maximum temperatures. See (Six's thermometer)
1783 – In Lavoisier's article "Reflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory of heat.
– First hair hygrometer demonstrated. The inventor was Horace-Bénédict de Saussure.
19th century
1800 – The Voltaic pile was the first modern electric battery, invented by Alessandro Volta, which led to later inventions like the telegraph.
1802–1803 – Luke Howard writes On the Modification of Clouds in which he assigns cloud types Latin names. Howard's system establishes three physical categories or forms based on appearance and process of formation: cirriform (mainly detached and wispy), cumuliform or convective (mostly detached and heaped, rolled, or rippled), and non-convective stratiform (mainly continuous layers in sheets). These are cross-classified into lower and upper levels or étages. Cumuliform clouds forming in the lower level are given the genus name cumulus from the Latin word for heap, while low stratiform clouds are given the genus name stratus from the Latin word for a flattened or spread out sheet. Cirriform clouds are identified as always upper level and given the genus name cirrus from the Latin for hair. From this genus name, the prefix cirro- is derived and attached to the names of upper level cumulus and stratus, yielding the names cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. In addition to these individual cloud types; Howard adds two names to designate cloud systems consisting of more than one form joined together or located in very close proximity. Cumulostratus describes large cumulus clouds blended with stratiform layers in the lower or upper levels. The term nimbus, taken from the Latin word for rain cloud, is given to complex systems of cirriform, cumuliform, and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation, and it comes to be identified as a distinct nimbiform physical category.
1804 – Sir John Leslie observes that a matte black surface radiates heat more effectively than a polished surface, suggesting the importance of black-body radiation.
1806 – Francis Beaufort introduces his system for classifying wind speeds.
1808 – John Dalton defends caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and describes how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposes that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight.
1810 – Sir John Leslie freezes water to ice artificially.
1817 – Alexander von Humboldt publishes a global map of average temperature, the first global climate analysis.
1819 – Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit give the Dulong-Petit law for the specific heat capacity of a crystal.
1820 – Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes publishes the first synoptic weather maps.
– John Herapath develops some ideas in the kinetic theory of gases but mistakenly associates temperature with molecular momentum rather than kinetic energy; his work receives little attention other than from Joule.
1822 – Joseph Fourier formally introduces the use of dimensions for physical quantities in his Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur.
1824 – Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he develops the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, lays the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.
1827 – Robert Brown discovers the Brownian motion of pollen and dye particles in water.
1832 – An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling.
1834 – Émile Clapeyron popularises Carnot's work through a graphical and analytic formulation.
1835 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis publishes theoretical discussions of machines with revolving parts and their efficiency, for example the efficiency of waterwheels. At the end of the 19th century, meteorologists recognized that the way the Earth's rotation is taken into account in meteorology is analogous to what Coriolis discussed: an example of Coriolis Effect.
1836 – An American scientist, Dr. David Alter, invented the first known American electric telegraph in Elderton, Pennsylvania, one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented.
1837 – Samuel Morse independently developed an electrical telegraph, an alternative design that was capable of transmitting over long distances using poor quality wire. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. The first electric telegram using this device was sent by Morse on May 24, 1844 from the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. to the B&O Railroad "outer depot" in Baltimore and sent the message:
What hath God wrought
1839 – The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and entered use on the Great Western Railway. Cooke and Wheatstone patented it in May 1837 as an alarm system.
1840 – Elias Loomis becomes the first person known to attempt to devise a theory on frontal zones. The idea of fronts do not catch on until expanded upon by the Norwegians in the years following World War I.
– German meteorologist Ludwig Kaemtz adds stratocumulus to Howard's canon as a mostly detached low-étage genus of limited convection. It is defined as having cumuliform and stratiform characteristics integrated into a single layer (in contrast to cumulostratus which is deemed to be composite in nature and can be structured into more than one layer). This eventually leads to the formal recognition of a stratocumuliform physical category that includes rolled and rippled clouds classified separately from the more freely convective heaped cumuliform clouds.
1843 – John James Waterston fully expounds the kinetic theory of gases, but is ridiculed and ignored.
– James Prescott Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.
1844 – Lucien Vidi invented the aneroid, from Greek meaning without liquid, barometer.
1845 – Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera for continuous recording of the variations in meteorological parameters over time
1845 – Francis Ronalds invented and named the storm clock, used to monitor rapid changes in meteorological parameters during extreme events
1846 – Cup anemometer invented by Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson.
1847 – Francis Ronalds and William Radcliffe Birt described a stable kite to make observations at altitude using self-recording instruments
1847 – Hermann von Helmholtz publishes a definitive statement of the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics.
– The Manchester Examiner newspaper organises the first weather reports collected by electrical means.
1848 – William Thomson extends the concept of absolute zero from gases to all substances.
1849 – Smithsonian Institution begins to establish an observation network across the United States, with 150 observers via telegraph, under the leadership of Joseph Henry.
– William John Macquorn Rankine calculates the correct relationship between saturated vapour pressure and temperature using his hypothesis of molecular vortices.
1850 – Rankine uses his vortex theory to establish accurate relationships between the temperature, pressure, and density of gases, and expressions for the latent heat of evaporation of a liquid; he accurately predicts the surprising fact that the apparent specific heat of saturated steam will be negative.
– Rudolf Clausius gives the first clear joint statement of the first and second law of thermodynamics, abandoning the caloric theory, but preserving Carnot's principle.
1852 – Joule and Thomson demonstrate that a rapidly expanding gas cools, later named the Joule-Thomson effect.
1853 – The first International Meteorological Conference was held in Brussels at the initiative of Matthew Fontaine Maury, U.S. Navy, recommending standard observing times, methods of observation and logging format for weather reports from ships at sea.
1854 – The French astronomer Leverrier showed that a storm in the Black Sea could be followed across Europe and would have been predictable if the telegraph had been used. A service of storm forecasts was established a year later by the Paris Observatory.
– Rankine introduces his thermodynamic function, later identified as entropy.
Mid 1850s – Emilien Renou, director of the Parc Saint-Maur and Montsouris observatories, begins work on an elaboration of Howard's classifications that would lead to the introduction during the 1870s of a newly defined middle étage . Clouds in this altitude range are given the prefix alto- derived from the Latin word altum pertaining to height above the low-level clouds. This resultes in the genus name altocumulus for mid-level cumuliform and stratocumuliform types and altostratus for stratiform types in the same altitude range.
1856 – William Ferrel publishes his essay on the winds and the currents of the oceans.
1859 – James Clerk Maxwell discovers the distribution law of molecular velocities.
1860 – Robert FitzRoy uses the new telegraph system to gather daily observations from across England and produces the first synoptic charts. He also coined the term "weather forecast" and his were the first ever daily weather forecasts to be published in this year.
– After establishment in 1849, 500 U.S. telegraph stations are now making weather observations and submitting them back to the Smithsonian Institution. The observations are later interrupted by the American Civil War.
1865 – Josef Loschmidt applies Maxwell's theory to estimate the number-density of molecules in gases, given observed gas viscosities.
– Manila Observatory founded in the Philippines.
1869 – Joseph Lockyer starts the scientific journal Nature.
1869 – The New York Meteorological Observatory opens, and begins to record wind, precipitation and temperature data.
1870 – The US Weather Bureau is founded. Data recorded in several Midwestern cities such as Chicago begins.
1870 – Benito Viñes becomes the head of the Meteorological Observatory at Belen in Havana, Cuba. He develops the first observing network in Cuba and creates some of the first hurricane-related forecasts.
1872 – The "Oficina Meteorológica Argentina" (today "Argentinean National Weather Service") is founded.
1872 – Ludwig Boltzmann states the Boltzmann equation for the temporal development of distribution functions in phase space, and publishes his H-theorem.
1873 – International Meteorological Organization formed in Vienna.
– United States Army Signal Corp, forerunner of the National Weather Service, issues its first hurricane warning.
1875 – The India Meteorological Department is established, after a tropical cyclone struck Calcutta in 1864 and monsoon failures during 1866 and 1871.
1876 – Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes the first of two papers (the second appears in 1878) which discuss phase equilibria, statistical ensembles, the free energy as the driving force behind chemical reactions, and chemical thermodynamics in general.
1880 – Philip Weilbach, secretary and librarian at the Art Academy in Copenhagen proposes and has accepted by the permanent committee of the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), a forerunner of the present-day World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the designation of a new free-convective vertical or multi-étage genus type, cumulonimbus (heaped rain cloud). It would be distinct from cumulus and nimbus and identifiable by its often very complex structure (frequently including a cirriform top and what are now recognized as multiple accessory clouds), and its ability to produce thunder. With this addition, a canon of ten tropospheric cloud genera is established that comes to be officially and universally accepted. Howard's cumulostratus is not included as a distinct type, having effectively been reclassified into its component cumuliform and stratiform genus types already included in the new canon.
1881 – Finnish Meteorological Central Office was formed from part of Magnetic Observatory of Helsinki University.
1890 – US Weather Bureau is created as a civilian operation under the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
– Otto Jesse reveals the discovery and identification of the first clouds known to form above the troposphere. He proposes the name noctilucent which is Latin for night shining. Because of the extremely high altitudes of these clouds in what is now known to be the mesosphere, they can become illuminated by the sun's rays when the sky is nearly dark after sunset and before sunrise.
1892 – William Henry Dines invented another kind of anemometer, called the pressure-tube (Dines) anemometer. His device measured the difference in pressure arising from wind blowing in a tube versus that blowing across the tube.
– The first mention of the term "El Niño" to refer to climate occurs when Captain Camilo Carrilo told the Geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm northerly current "El Niño" because it was most noticeable around Christmas.
1893 – Henrik Mohn reveals a discovery of nacreous clouds in what is now considered the stratosphere.
1896 – IMO publishes the first International cloud atlas.
– Svante Arrhenius proposes carbon dioxide as a key factor to explain the ice ages.
– H.H. Clayton proposes formalizing the division of clouds by their physical structures into cirriform, stratiform, "flocciform" (stratocumuliform) and cumuliform. With the later addition of cumulonimbiform, the idea eventually finds favor as an aid in the analysis of satellite cloud images.
1898 – US Weather Bureau established a hurricane warning network at Kingston, Jamaica.
20th century
1902 – Richard Assmann and Léon Teisserenc de Bort, two European scientists, independently discovered the stratosphere.
- The Marconi Company issues the first routine weather forecast by means of radio to ships on sea. Weather reports from ships started 1905.
1903 – Max Margules publishes „Über die Energie der Stürme", an essay on the atmosphere as a three-dimensional thermodynamical machine.
1904 – Vilhelm Bjerknes presents the vision that forecasting the weather is feasible based on mathematical methods.
1905 – Australian Bureau of Meteorology established by a Meteorology Act to unify existing state meteorological services.
1919 – Norwegian cyclone model introduced for the first time in meteorological literature. Marks a revolution in the way the atmosphere is conceived and immediately starts leading to improved forecasts.
- Sakuhei Fujiwhara is the first to note that hurricanes move with the larger scale flow, and later publishes a paper on the Fujiwhara effect in 1921.
1920 – Milutin Milanković proposes that long term climatic cycles may be due to changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and changes in the Earth's obliquity.
1922 – Lewis Fry Richardson organises the first numerical weather prediction experiment.
1923 – The oscillation effects of ENSO were first erroneously described by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker from whom the Walker circulation takes its name; now an important aspect of the Pacific ENSO phenomenon.
1924 – Gilbert Walker first coined the term "Southern Oscillation".
1930, January 30 – Pavel Molchanov invents and launches the first radiosonde. Named "271120", it was released 13:44 Moscow Time in Pavlovsk, USSR from the Main Geophysical Observatory, reached a height of 7.8 kilometers measuring temperature there (−40.7 °C) and sent the first aerological message to the Leningrad Weather Bureau and Moscow Central Forecast Institute.
1932 – A further modification of Luke Howard's cloud classification system comes when an IMC commission for the study of clouds puts forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus which is effectively reclassified as a stratiform cloud type. It is renamed nimbostratus (flattened or spread out rain cloud) and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky. This leaves cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root-name.
1933 – Victor Schauberger publishes his theories on the carbon cycle and its relationship to the weather in Our Senseless Toil
1935 – IMO decides on the 30 years normal period (1900–1930) to describe the climate.
1937 – The U.S. Army Air Forces Weather Service was established (redesignated in 1946 as AWS-Air Weather Service).
1938 – Guy Stewart Callendar first to propose global warming from carbon dioxide emissions.
1939 – Rossby waves were first identified in the atmosphere by Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby who explained their motion. Rossby waves are a subset of inertial waves.
1941 – Pulsed radar network is implemented in England during World War II. Generally during the war, operators started noticing echoes from weather elements such as rain and snow.
1943 – 10 years after flying into the Washington Hoover Airport on mainly instruments during the August 1933 Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane, J. B. Duckworth flies his airplane into a Gulf hurricane off the coast of Texas, proving to the military and meteorological community the utility of weather reconnaissance.
1944 – The Great Atlantic Hurricane is caught on radar near the Mid-Atlantic coast, the first such picture noted from the United States.
1947 – The Soviet Union launched its first Long Range Ballistic Rocket October 18, based on the German rocket A4 (V-2). The photographs demonstrated the immense potential of observing weather from space.
1948 – First correct tornado prediction by Robert C. Miller and E. J. Fawbush for tornado in Oklahoma.
– Erik Palmén publishes his findings that hurricanes require surface water temperatures of at least 26°C (80°F) in order to form.
1950 – First successful numerical weather prediction experiment. Princeton University, group of Jule Gregory Charney on ENIAC.
– Hurricanes begin to be named alphabetically with the radio alphabet.
– WMO World Meteorological Organization replaces IMO under the auspice of the United Nations.
1953 – National Hurricane Center (NOAA) creates a system for naming hurricanes using alphabetical lists of women's names.
1954 – First routine real-time numerical weather forecasting. The Royal Swedish Air Force Weather Service.
– A United States Navy rocket captures a picture of an inland tropical depression near the Texas/Mexico border, which leads to a surprise flood event in New Mexico. This convinces the government to set up a weather satellite program.
1955 – Norman Phillips at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, runs first Atmospheric General Circulation Model.
– NSSP National Severe Storms Project and NHRP National Hurricane Research Projects established. The Miami office of the United States Weather Bureau is designated the main hurricane warning center for the Atlantic Basin.
1957–1958 – International Geophysical Year coordinated research efforts in eleven sciences, focused on polar areas during the solar maximum.
1959 – The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17. It was designed to measure cloud cover, but a poor axis of rotation kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data.
1960 – The first successful weather satellite, TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellite), is launched on April 1 from Cape Canaveral, Florida by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with the participation of The US Army Signal Research and Development Lab, RCA, the US Weather Bureau, and the US Naval Photographic Center. During its 78-day mission, it relays thousands of pictures showing the structure of large-scale cloud regimes, and proves that satellites can provide useful surveillance of global weather conditions from space. TIROS paves the way for the Nimbus program, whose technology and findings are the heritage of most of the Earth-observing satellites NASA and NOAA have launched since then.
1961 – Edward Lorenz accidentally discovers Chaos theory when working on numerical weather prediction.
1962 – Keith Browning and Frank Ludlam publish first detailed study of a supercell storm (over Wokingham, UK). Project STORMFURY begins its 10-year project of seeding hurricanes with silver iodide, attempting to weaken the cyclones.
1968 – A hurricane database for Atlantic hurricanes is created for NASA by Charlie Newmann and John Hope, named HURDAT.
1969 – Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale created, used to describe hurricane strength on a category range of 1 to 5. Popularized during Hurricane Gloria of 1985 by media.
– Jacob Bjerknes described ENSO by suggesting that an anomalously warm spot in the eastern Pacific can weaken the east-west temperature difference, causing weakening in the Walker circulation and trade wind flows, which push warm water to the west.
1970s Weather radars are becoming more standardized and organized into networks. The number of scanned angles was increased to get a three-dimensional view of the precipitation, which allowed studies of thunderstorms. Experiments with the Doppler effect begin.
1970 – NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration established. Weather Bureau is renamed the National Weather Service.
1971 – Ted Fujita introduces the Fujita scale for rating tornadoes.
1974 – AMeDAS network, developed by Japan Meteorological Agency used for gathering regional weather data and verifying forecast performance, begun operation on November 1, the system consists of about 1,300 stations with automatic observation equipment. These stations, of which more than 1,100 are unmanned, are located at an average interval of 17 km throughout Japan.
1975 – The first Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, GOES, was launched into orbit. Their role and design is to aid in hurricane tracking. Also this year, Vern Dvorak develops a scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from satellite imagery.
– The first use of a General Circulation Model to study the effects of carbon dioxide doubling. Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald at Princeton University.
1976 – The United Kingdom Department of Industry publishes a modification of the international cloud classification system adapted for satellite cloud observations. It is co-sponsored by NASA and showes a division of clouds into stratiform, cirriform, stratocumuliform, cumuliform, and cumulonimbiform. The last of these constitutes a change in name of the earlier nimbiform type, although this earlier name and original meaning pertaining to all rain clouds can still be found in some classifications.
Major types shown here include the ten tropospheric genera that are detectable (but not always identifiable) by satellite, and several additional major types above the troposphere that were not included with the original modification. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size and structure.
1980s onwards, networks of weather radars are further expanded in the developed world. Doppler weather radar is becoming gradually more common, adds velocity information.
1982 – The first Synoptic Flow experiment is flown around Hurricane Debby to help define the large scale atmospheric winds that steer the storm.
1988 – WSR-88D type weather radar implemented in the United States. Weather surveillance radar that uses several modes to detect severe weather conditions.
1992 – Computers first used in the United States to draw surface analyses.
1997 – The Pacific Decadal Oscillation was discovered by a team studying salmon production patterns at the University of Washington.
1998 – Improving technology and software finally allows for the digital underlying of satellite imagery, radar imagery, model data, and surface observations improving the quality of United States Surface Analyses.
– CAMEX3, a NASA experiment run in conjunction with NOAA's Hurricane Field Program collects detailed data sets on Hurricanes Bonnie, Danielle, and Georges.
1999 – Hurricane Floyd induces fright factor in some coastal States and causes a massive evacuation from coastal zones from northern Florida to the Carolinas. It comes ashore in North Carolina and results in nearly 80 dead and $4.5 billion in damages mostly due to extensive flooding.
21st century
2001 – National Weather Service begins to produce a Unified Surface Analysis, ending duplication of effort at the Tropical Prediction Center, Ocean Prediction Center, Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, as well as the National Weather Service offices in Anchorage, AK and Honolulu, HI.
2003 – NOAA hurricane experts issue first experimental Eastern Pacific Hurricane Outlook.
2004 – A record number of hurricanes strike Florida in one year, Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne.
2005 – A record 27 named storms occur in the Atlantic. National Hurricane Center runs out of names from its standard list and uses Greek alphabet for the first time.
2006 – Weather radar improved by adding common precipitation to it such as freezing rain, rain and snow mixed, and snow for the first time.
2007 – The Fujita scale is replaced with the Enhanced Fujita Scale for National Weather Service tornado assessments.
2010s – Weather radar dramatically advances with more detailed options.
See also
Meteorology
Glossary of meteorology
Outline of meteorology
Atlantic hurricane season
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
Pacific hurricane
Pacific typhoon climatology
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
References and notes
External links
Shaw, Napier. Manual of meteorology, vol. 1: "Meteorology in history" (1926)
An Outline of the History of meteorology
Meteorology in history
Meteorology | [
0.26266568899154663,
0.6685582995414734,
-0.23542600870132446,
0.09973125904798508,
-0.14190512895584106,
0.5039864778518677,
0.5070940256118774,
0.6089604496955872,
-0.8766049742698669,
-1.019560694694519,
-0.5740404725074768,
-0.05817893147468567,
-0.2382410764694214,
0.7894420027732849,
-0.014563311822712421,
0.2184637486934662,
-0.12938185036182404,
0.3333813548088074,
0.050482846796512604,
-0.2580263912677765,
-0.13362690806388855,
0.019745830446481705,
0.27570492029190063,
-0.17230936884880066,
0.34736406803131104,
-0.46722328662872314,
-0.36095091700553894,
-0.07890216261148453,
0.022452590987086296,
0.2744506299495697,
-0.6294479966163635,
0.8215450644493103,
-0.24494203925132751,
0.09884677082300186,
-0.23105303943157196,
-0.21867430210113525,
-0.07177672535181046,
-0.022031202912330627,
-0.25186026096343994,
-0.3410387337207794,
0.039185911417007446,
-0.30469653010368347,
0.1595752239227295,
-0.21466228365898132,
-0.35207971930503845,
-0.20325376093387604,
-1.1144038438796997,
0.3781733512878418,
-0.7365082502365112,
-0.19323037564754486,
-0.02244064025580883,
-0.22145463526248932,
0.40016624331474304,
0.4788099229335785,
-0.41736504435539246,
0.36681967973709106,
-0.4569636881351471,
0.1713005155324936,
-0.1629408299922943,
0.659746527671814,
0.11160890012979507,
0.05040177330374718,
-0.17965738475322723,
-0.03934575989842415,
0.488634318113327,
-0.12459272146224976,
0.24990811944007874,
0.1428602635860443,
-0.19778203964233398,
-0.062200941145420074,
-0.14763137698173523,
-0.4372032880783081,
0.041694965213537216,
0.28766027092933655,
-0.5604428648948669,
-0.7368485331535339,
0.28790730237960815,
0.20041529834270477,
-0.1591876894235611,
-0.22694121301174164,
-0.15973570942878723,
0.20232653617858887,
0.21197406947612762,
-0.21830713748931885,
0.18278858065605164,
0.3801816403865814,
-0.5608911514282227,
-0.34859001636505127,
-0.3895287811756134,
0.47923600673675537,
0.3716459274291992,
-0.2026970237493515,
0.4625745415687561,
0.044781215488910675,
0.2731950581073761,
0.10817565768957138,
-0.22960124909877777,
-0.018939128145575523,
0.03167496249079704,
-0.07885292917490005,
-0.12630702555179596,
0.06715398281812668,
0.6164542436599731,
0.18599380552768707,
0.31881996989250183,
-0.4552365839481354,
-0.03604334220290184,
-0.3101181983947754,
-0.14957545697689056,
-0.3092137575149536,
-0.2145405113697052,
0.1288350224494934,
-0.2246311753988266,
0.5187895894050598,
-0.7012494802474976,
0.20673052966594696,
0.6036425232887268,
-0.5026257634162903,
0.3282022178173065,
-0.1937616616487503,
-0.5040258169174194,
0.3546570837497711,
0.19656845927238464,
-0.4267907738685608,
-0.5915153622627258,
0.6110692024230957,
0.8768336772918701,
0.4720434546470642,
-0.27128520607948303,
-0.06615513563156128,
-0.27393248677253723,
0.9349986910820007,
-0.2785171866416931,
-0.11262565851211548,
0.5339967608451843,
-0.2639791965484619,
0.23595471680164337,
0.4157780408859253,
-0.03569956496357918,
0.27517467737197876,
-0.4764935374259949,
-0.8679179549217224,
-0.5522804260253906,
-0.2855176627635956,
-0.060118578374385834,
-0.08293049037456512,
0.00044345922651700675,
-0.5959858298301697,
-0.0181582048535347,
0.18475687503814697,
0.02448624186217785,
-0.007153274957090616,
-0.5130500793457031,
0.3991870880126953,
-0.1043686717748642,
-0.01833912916481495,
0.09534360468387604,
0.6011953949928284,
0.18037240207195282,
0.34643927216529846,
0.40631353855133057,
0.217572882771492,
0.0665753036737442,
-0.07636281102895737,
0.2820014953613281,
-0.2294003963470459,
0.7752490043640137,
0.23838797211647034,
0.013224830850958824,
0.07939135283231735,
-0.6152157187461853,
-0.014246691018342972,
0.060928285121917725,
0.05177431181073189,
-0.15578114986419678,
0.05649031326174736,
0.7921640276908875,
0.08356587588787079,
0.49185389280319214,
0.2659158408641815,
-0.2904643714427948,
-0.09289886802434921,
0.12458394467830658,
-0.5600452423095703,
0.8045952916145325,
0.04601430520415306,
0.40825483202934265,
0.3757989704608917,
0.3550262749195099,
0.01640971563756466,
-0.2993259131908417,
-0.02119194157421589,
-0.07014825940132141,
-0.9961128830909729,
0.2689295709133148,
-0.12928223609924316,
-0.2737887501716614,
0.7574872970581055,
-0.32291239500045776,
0.43479496240615845,
-0.38681361079216003,
-0.32858380675315857,
0.3375876545906067,
-0.016017785295844078,
-0.3298322260379791,
0.45999011397361755,
0.27630773186683655,
-0.041857849806547165,
0.1288878321647644,
0.058048125356435776,
0.4163833260536194,
-0.2629525065422058,
0.16643910109996796,
-0.40061625838279724,
-0.13589276373386383,
0.1607385277748108,
-0.6447466015815735,
0.07775463908910751,
-0.5723664164543152,
-0.20729485154151917,
0.2874161899089813,
0.03455904498696327,
0.680948793888092,
0.04749567061662674,
0.30861103534698486,
0.24868060648441315,
0.2940845489501953,
0.06092340126633644,
0.4305049479007721,
-0.7738074660301208,
0.8013694286346436,
-0.33033305406570435,
0.14423498511314392,
-0.011316414922475815,
-0.32778486609458923,
-0.17828775942325592,
-0.1109289824962616,
-0.23664867877960205,
-0.05929109454154968,
-0.23507355153560638,
0.39244458079338074,
0.1945333182811737,
-0.30160337686538696,
0.7727435827255249,
-0.06663955748081207,
-0.038748882710933685,
0.15985654294490814,
-0.2705572247505188,
-0.522961437702179,
-0.18047042191028595,
-0.017361480742692947,
0.5968237519264221,
0.40632113814353943,
-0.1263514906167984,
-0.4149249196052551,
-0.17857471108436584,
0.026589665561914444,
0.2405056655406952,
0.3674064874649048,
0.24702194333076477,
-0.02893158420920372,
-0.5869504809379578,
0.7145740389823914,
0.021253427490592003,
-0.2181459367275238,
-0.9442710280418396,
-0.20090237259864807,
-0.5987647175788879,
-0.11959702521562576,
0.4751804769039154,
0.7483996748924255,
0.0029179612174630165,
0.2463427186012268,
-0.20573948323726654,
0.1479564905166626,
-0.9308739900588989,
0.2764441668987274,
0.28138792514801025,
-0.9312297701835632,
-0.28365808725357056,
0.030212227255105972,
0.5356201529502869,
0.14907027781009674,
-0.4058684706687927,
-0.34009334444999695,
-0.21063293516635895,
0.5973140001296997,
-0.2787567377090454,
0.034296657890081406,
0.2311888039112091,
-0.4521927833557129,
0.059532810002565384,
-0.49121713638305664,
-0.12451249361038208,
0.6299730539321899,
0.44303131103515625,
0.17258045077323914,
0.21825271844863892,
0.07564976811408997,
-0.4517509341239929,
-0.3093118369579315,
0.1822866052389145,
-0.22547538578510284,
-0.054889239370822906,
0.08666988462209702,
-0.03153092786669731,
-0.061354100704193115,
0.3589026927947998,
-5.963350296020508,
-0.2803897559642792,
0.056517284363508224,
-0.6093385219573975,
-0.34490975737571716,
0.6449159383773804,
1.2937878370285034,
0.2983960807323456,
0.15158167481422424,
0.02917971834540367,
0.1080043613910675,
-0.09974664449691772,
0.16371825337409973,
0.7641659379005432,
0.3871043622493744,
0.2906501591205597,
0.149461567401886,
-0.1475805789232254,
-0.1708289384841919,
0.10416358709335327,
0.35615774989128113,
-0.04355643689632416,
-0.026801401749253273,
0.4521518647670746,
-0.047464028000831604,
-0.47852644324302673,
-0.4620708227157593,
0.5027085542678833,
-0.22485986351966858,
0.30485260486602783,
0.5218785405158997,
-0.24226787686347961,
-0.13224266469478607,
-0.3303511440753937,
-0.03842790424823761,
0.10067762434482574,
0.3295733332633972,
0.6858569979667664,
0.329407274723053,
0.017758920788764954,
-0.3428632616996765,
0.09707719832658768,
-0.2967570424079895,
0.29543232917785645,
0.02877793461084366,
-0.07549590617418289,
-0.022665301337838173,
0.3510368764400482,
-0.15198259055614471,
0.755181074142456,
-0.06256243586540222,
0.37517300248146057,
0.19357524812221527,
-0.27213254570961,
-0.13549059629440308,
0.20701152086257935,
0.5993278622627258,
0.011799353174865246,
-0.4794527590274811,
-0.09383829683065414,
0.41540437936782837,
-0.23141026496887207,
0.49383142590522766,
-0.39996644854545593,
-0.08117478340864182,
-0.33693474531173706,
-1.322870135307312,
-0.27109411358833313,
0.08426114171743393,
0.08071102201938629,
-0.006753317546099424,
0.4299364686012268,
-0.12779656052589417,
-0.9402079582214355,
0.3519172966480255,
-0.6930686235427856,
0.49686115980148315,
0.41539180278778076,
0.10762092471122742,
0.09349821507930756,
-0.32773590087890625,
-0.3921026289463043,
-0.42173805832862854,
0.14776939153671265,
0.16733355820178986,
0.38158103823661804,
-0.3712689280509949,
-0.5854259729385376,
-0.6273011565208435,
-0.18993131816387177,
0.5896205902099609,
-0.5502582788467407,
0.5114069581031799,
0.35639065504074097,
0.1408398151397705,
0.5846012830734253,
0.0532248392701149,
-0.019205035641789436,
0.8665595650672913,
-0.37872812151908875,
0.17840924859046936,
-0.26297909021377563,
0.2563324570655823,
-0.41170674562454224,
-0.252274751663208,
-0.43888965249061584,
-0.11831487715244293,
0.5697585344314575,
0.4919951856136322,
-0.2920134663581848,
0.10085859149694443,
0.13896222412586212,
-0.4058896601200104,
-0.27856072783470154,
0.16110749542713165,
0.19267578423023224,
-0.26455581188201904,
0.28324267268180847,
0.31841617822647095,
0.23523831367492676,
0.09307088702917099,
-0.03937136381864548,
-0.30967944860458374,
0.016883647069334984,
-0.06331098824739456,
-0.3694804906845093,
-0.17466890811920166,
0.29839450120925903,
-0.22092697024345398,
0.05123460292816162,
-0.04617910087108612,
0.3880308270454407,
0.24452359974384308,
0.22807559370994568,
0.30151674151420593,
0.10162895917892456,
0.29186493158340454,
-0.018542455509305,
0.2328248918056488,
-0.5611046552658081,
0.1778765767812729,
0.08490084111690521,
-0.4562269449234009,
-0.020398559048771858,
0.3575904369354248,
0.4284968078136444,
-0.2937503457069397,
0.04650020971894264,
-0.01470610499382019,
0.4941130578517914,
0.10620059818029404,
-0.0746673196554184,
0.04717234894633293,
-0.24466553330421448,
-0.51087486743927,
0.32862037420272827,
0.47536590695381165,
-0.09380919486284256,
-0.044434934854507446,
-0.5879287719726562,
0.22081875801086426,
-0.6047254204750061,
-0.801082193851471,
-0.20664739608764648,
-0.3662868142127991,
-0.033160630613565445,
-0.7303563952445984,
0.19117692112922668,
0.10739774256944656,
0.2838131785392761,
0.2025824338197708,
-0.5858926773071289,
-0.6578066349029541,
-0.18769027292728424,
0.5311487913131714,
0.03546729311347008,
0.22895246744155884,
0.2593209147453308,
-0.36462751030921936,
-0.48156920075416565,
0.28506290912628174,
-0.4379899799823761,
-0.3971230387687683,
0.5558188557624817,
-0.3145655393600464,
0.2278228998184204,
0.17005009949207306,
0.003566572442650795,
-0.4766756594181061,
-0.14126905798912048,
0.1420232355594635,
0.3666147291660309,
-0.12945936620235443,
0.00901745818555355,
0.2638956904411316,
-0.4433881342411041,
-0.14634564518928528,
-0.02195657603442669,
-0.2080039232969284,
-0.06948799639940262,
0.30191943049430847,
0.3641110956668854,
0.3476780652999878,
0.1613796204328537,
0.024979250505566597,
-0.5113372206687927,
-0.0003139218606520444,
0.2288276106119156,
-0.6485946178436279,
-0.1174459382891655,
-0.09803633391857147,
-0.0310722254216671,
-0.05383700132369995,
0.7845621109008789,
-0.42889896035194397,
0.047014739364385605,
0.5201156139373779,
0.2092670053243637,
-0.23012010753154755,
-0.12487401813268661,
0.2701736390590668,
0.3285596966743469,
-0.1480894535779953,
-0.2115619033575058,
0.14155980944633484,
0.41348955035209656,
0.40839165449142456,
-0.4645843505859375,
0.7274651527404785,
-0.1626240760087967,
-0.3403739035129547,
0.1822504848241806,
-0.46218279004096985,
-0.14389760792255402,
-0.08875440061092377,
-0.37887945771217346,
-0.4705936014652252,
0.0902184545993805,
-0.12188710272312164,
0.3091908097267151,
0.3420405685901642,
0.39522022008895874,
0.3409227430820465,
-0.6495262384414673,
-0.2598768472671509,
0.30008941888809204,
0.8890303373336792,
-0.24937723577022552,
-0.49018770456314087,
-0.3069290220737457,
-0.09196482598781586,
-0.5504266023635864,
-0.6169321537017822,
-0.013893166556954384,
0.27480417490005493,
-0.04807077348232269,
-0.5370370745658875,
-0.1012163907289505,
0.01788252964615822,
-0.04629393294453621,
0.05002683028578758,
-0.17671935260295868,
-0.8479174375534058,
-0.06614318490028381,
0.33597174286842346,
0.18797028064727783,
-0.45991936326026917,
0.3616209328174591,
0.19858108460903168,
-0.20949484407901764,
0.08993881195783615,
-0.23633503913879395,
-0.004251245874911547,
0.38714852929115295,
0.8645786643028259,
0.13188724219799042,
0.23382094502449036,
0.10658542066812515,
0.04473451152443886,
-0.633979320526123,
-0.4014342129230499,
-0.22341080009937286,
0.1237662211060524,
-0.2556454837322235,
0.507900595664978,
-0.6451473832130432,
0.19638077914714813,
0.03860895335674286,
-0.2483014315366745,
-0.24093852937221527,
-0.09293167293071747,
0.02011135034263134,
-0.826088547706604,
0.17078305780887604,
0.20949319005012512,
0.41061049699783325,
0.08548789471387863,
0.14464999735355377,
0.34321731328964233,
-0.35072821378707886,
-0.5788673162460327,
0.5330750942230225,
0.1258568912744522,
-0.6688034534454346,
0.1894305944442749,
-0.012714969925582409,
0.6530908942222595,
0.224802628159523,
-0.07806286215782166,
0.21776293218135834,
0.4807452857494354,
0.12702250480651855,
-0.049846988171339035,
0.7286242842674255,
-0.24793091416358948,
0.14485269784927368,
0.3148115873336792,
-0.4835730791091919,
0.741779625415802,
0.23127701878547668,
-0.2714765965938568,
-0.1092865839600563,
0.4913416802883148,
-0.4675738513469696,
-0.6334865689277649,
0.16801926493644714,
-0.22471246123313904,
0.22227734327316284,
-0.6687653660774231,
-0.21347109973430634,
0.7893555164337158,
0.54310142993927,
-0.07225251942873001,
0.4792669117450714,
-0.5359824895858765,
0.08603674918413162,
-0.014307916164398193,
-0.32432785630226135,
-0.39984366297721863,
0.6088372468948364,
0.3266230821609497,
0.8968229293823242,
0.5802297592163086,
0.3663002550601959,
-0.11108177900314331,
0.006014369893819094,
-0.6081724166870117,
0.4139706492424011,
-0.0993460863828659,
-0.48954832553863525,
-0.01810511387884617,
0.20027115941047668,
0.3850807845592499,
-0.3730669617652893,
0.4279264211654663,
-0.33718010783195496,
0.5701249837875366,
-0.26407191157341003,
0.028688931837677956,
-0.4453411400318146,
-0.10407673567533493,
0.6235952377319336,
0.29559585452079773,
0.09500934183597565,
0.19582785665988922,
-0.03194762021303177,
-0.019771015271544456,
-0.38545095920562744,
0.00023799185873940587,
-0.002213984029367566,
-0.1058294028043747,
0.0857444778084755,
-0.698895275592804,
0.5419028401374817,
-0.17000079154968262,
0.16915692389011383,
0.2913967967033386,
-0.038854487240314484,
0.43744927644729614,
-0.6398109197616577,
-0.30822575092315674,
0.12767814099788666,
-0.24076974391937256,
-0.787697970867157,
-0.05342648923397064,
0.15780434012413025,
-0.3228732645511627,
0.2820172905921936,
0.6024166345596313,
0.021777480840682983,
0.2273232787847519,
-0.5858651399612427,
0.37225332856178284,
-0.0447336845099926,
-0.5940483212471008,
-0.2929341793060303,
0.14517350494861603,
0.3973388075828552,
0.11246959865093231,
-0.36852747201919556,
-0.07446429878473282,
-0.05655248463153839,
-0.46045979857444763,
-0.2613123059272766,
-0.3793829679489136,
0.23372815549373627,
0.03659221902489662,
0.2614704668521881,
-0.0896252989768982,
0.8645792603492737,
0.04764494672417641,
-1.0331870317459106,
-0.0728653222322464,
-0.0076724388636648655,
-0.12017560005187988,
-0.7556628584861755,
0.2826261520385742,
-0.23801936209201813,
0.08899276703596115,
-0.5005325078964233,
0.09053552895784378,
-0.30645662546157837,
0.1307232826948166,
0.07263553142547607,
-0.4460034966468811,
-0.6398449540138245,
-0.08562332391738892,
0.4999421238899231,
0.06654827296733856,
0.3330138623714447,
-0.21891331672668457,
0.23209288716316223,
-1.0973552465438843,
0.24294668436050415,
-0.09963808953762054,
-0.12281027436256409,
0.14210660755634308,
0.757771372795105,
0.6797358393669128,
-0.46728673577308655,
-0.4177810251712799,
-0.045163992792367935,
0.3601991534233093,
0.3031623065471649,
-0.5633455514907837,
-0.052213091403245926,
0.11245575547218323,
0.028768273070454597,
-0.5785825848579407,
0.8687883019447327,
-0.14671215415000916,
0.30928340554237366,
0.13867947459220886,
-0.008516463451087475,
-0.3418968915939331,
-0.9222263693809509,
0.3472193479537964,
-0.7011884450912476,
0.48450344800949097,
0.32986611127853394
] |
236581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiria%20gens | Rabiria gens | The gens Rabiria was a minor plebeian family at Ancient Rome. Although of senatorial rank, few members of this gens appear in history, and the only one known to have held any of the higher offices of the Roman state was Gaius Rabirius Postumus, who was praetor circa 48 or 47 BC.
Origin
The great majority of Rabirii known from inscriptions lived in Italy, and a large family of this name seems to have lived at Tusculum, an ancient city of Latium not far from Rome. Another of the Rabirii bears the cognomen Tiburtinus, indicating that he or his ancestors probably came from Tibur, another city of northern Latium, not far from Rome and Tusculum, and strongly suggesting that the Rabirii were Latins.
Praenomina
The chief praenomina of the Rabirii are Gaius and Publius, both of which were among the most common names throughout Roman history. Other praenomina appear sporadically, including Gnaeus, Lucius, Marcus, Numerius, Quintus, and Sextus.
Members
Gaius Rabirius, an elderly senator brought to trial in 63 BC on a charge of perduellio, based on his association with the mob that killed the tribune of the plebs Lucius Appuleius Saturninus nearly forty years earlier. Rabirius was defended by Cicero to no avail, but escaped death when the trial was interrupted by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer.
Rabiria, sister of the senator Rabirius, married Gaius Curius, a publican, and was the mother of Gaius Rabirius Postumus.
Gaius Rabirius C. f. Postumus, born Gaius Curius, was adopted by his uncle, the senator Gaius Rabirius. He earned his fortune as a money-lender, and his chief client was Ptolemy Auletes, the exiled King of Egypt. He was subsequently tried and banished for repetundae, or extortion, despite Cicero's defense in 54 BC, but was recalled by Caesar, under whom he served during the Civil War.
Rabirius, an Epicurean philosopher.
Gaius Rabirius, an epic poet of the early first century. He seems to have written about the civil wars that attended the end of the Republic.
Rabirius, a physician and author on medical topics, mentioned by Pliny.
Rabirius, an architect active during the reign of Domitian, whose palace has been attributed to Rabirius. His artistic skill and virtuous life are described by Martial.
Rabiria, apparently the wife of a certain Cossus, presumably one of the Cornelii Lentuli, although which is uncertain.
Rabirii from inscriptions
Rabiria, possibly the wife of Cornelius, named in a funerary inscription from Venusia in Apulia belonging to Rabiria Modesta, perhaps her daughter, dating between AD 71 and 130.
Rabirius, named in an inscription from Tusculum in Latium.
Rabirius, named in an inscription from Pompeii in Campania.
Rabirius, named in an inscription from Rome.
Gaius Rabirius, named together with Sextus Rabirius in an inscription from Fermum in Picenum.
Gaius Rabirius M. f., named in n inscription from Tusculum.
Gaius Rabirius, named in an inscription from Salernum in Campania, dating from the early or middle first century AD.
Gnaeus Rabirius Cn. f., named in an inscription from Tusculum.
Lucius Rabirius N. f., named in an inscription from Tusculum.
Publius Rabirius, buried at Casilinum in Campania.
Publius Rabirius, the former master of Rabiria Aucta, Rabiria Prima, Publius Rabirius Apollonius, and Publius Rabirius Dama.
Publius Rabirius, the former master of Publius Rabirius Isio, Publius Rabirius Nicias, and Publius Rabirius Philargurus.
Quintus Rabirius, the former master of Rabiria Demetria.
Sextus Rabirius, named together with Gaius Rabirius in an inscription from Fermo.
Gaius Rabirius Alexander, named in an inscription from Odessus in Moesia Inferior.
Publius Rabirius P. l. Apollonius, a freedman buried at Rome.
Rabiria P. Ɔ. l. Aucta, a freedwoman named in a funerary inscription from Rome.
Rabiria Chrysa, buried at Rome with Rabiria Verna in a tomb built by their patron, Italus.
Publius Rabirius P. l. Dama, a freedman buried at Rome.
Rabiria Demaris, named in an inscription from Rome.
Rabiria Q. l. Demetria, a freedwoman buried at Rome.
Rabiria Donata, wife of Marcus Numisius Hilarus, named in an inscription from Casilinum.
Gaius Rabirius Eniochus, a soldier in the century of Decimus Roetius Secundus, stationed at Rome in AD 70.
Gaius Rabirius C. l. Faustus, a freedman named in an inscription from Rome, dating to between AD 6 and 10.
Gaius Rabirius Postumi l. Hermodorus, a freedman, probably of Gaius Rabirius Postumus, named in an inscription from Rome.
Gaius Rabirius C. l. Hilarius, a freedman and courier, buried at Narbo in Gallia Narbonensis.
Publius Rabirius P. l. Hilarus, a freedman named in a funerary inscription from Rome.
Publius Rabirius Hymnus, infant son of Rabiria Phoebe, buried at Puteoli in Campania, aged eight months and five days.
Publius Rabirius P. Ɔ. l. Isio, a freedman buried at Rome.
Rabiria Modesta, possibly the daughter of Cornelius and Rabiria, buried at Venusia, aged five?
Publius Rabirius P. l. Nicias, a freedman buried at Rome.
Rabiria Oecumene, buried at Rome in a tomb built by Lucius Marcius Antiochus, dating to the first century AD; perhaps the same Rabiria Eucumene mentioned in an inscription dating to AD 9.
Publius Rabirius P. l. Philargurus, a freedman buried at Rome.
Rabiria Phoebe, buried her infant son, Publius Rabirius Hymnus, at Puteoli.
Rabiria Postuma, buried at Simitthus in Africa Proconsularis, aged nineteen.
Rabiria P. Ɔ. l. Prima, a freedwoman named in a funerary inscription from Rome.
Gaius Rabirius Primus, buried at Simitthus.
Rabiria Spes, the wife of Nicolaus, buried at Carthage in Africa Proconsularis, aged thirty-seven.
Publia Rabiria Ɔ. l. Sympha, a freedwoman buried at Rome.
Gaius Rabirius Tiburtinus, named in an inscription from Ostia in Latium.
Rabiria Verna, buried at Rome with Rabiria Chryse, in a tomb built by their patron, Italus.
Rabiria Zabulia, buried at Simitthus, aged twenty-two.
See also
List of Roman gentes
References
Bibliography
Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Oratore, In Pisonem, Pro Gaio Rabirio Perduellionis Reo, Pro Gaio Rabirio Postumo.
Aulus Hirtius (attributed), De Bello Africo (On the African War).
Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from Pontus).
Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger), De Beneficiis (On Kindness).
Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (Quintilian), Institutio Oratoria (Institutes of Oratory).
Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), Epigrammata (Epigrams).
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
Karl Otfried Müller, Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst (Handbook of Ancient Art, or Ancient Art and its Remains), 3rd ed., J. Leitch, trans., London (1847).
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità (News of Excavations from Antiquity, abbreviated NSA), Accademia dei Lincei (1876–present).
René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
Inscriptiones Italiae (Inscriptions from Italy, abbreviated InscrIt), Rome (1931-present).
Herbert Bloch, "The Roman Brick-stamps Not Published in Volume XV 1 of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum" in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vols. LVI, LVII (1947).
T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
Elizabeth Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic, Johns Hopkins University Press (1985).
Roman gentes | [
0.04419238865375519,
-0.12196459621191025,
-1.0294212102890015,
0.053069572895765305,
-0.4701320230960846,
0.9630147218704224,
0.7952501773834229,
0.18574915826320648,
-0.12311281263828278,
-0.17328457534313202,
0.29644298553466797,
0.21214105188846588,
-0.6725444197654724,
0.793255090713501,
-0.06227225065231323,
0.039255302399396896,
-0.6050715446472168,
0.5296988487243652,
0.8824050426483154,
-0.0601077638566494,
0.008732263930141926,
-0.2865074872970581,
0.41930150985717773,
0.22981546819210052,
-0.2675023078918457,
0.2009466141462326,
0.4953765571117401,
0.7475782632827759,
-0.4247777760028839,
-0.8604117631912231,
-0.029751278460025787,
0.5463804006576538,
0.12520812451839447,
-0.3625078499317169,
-0.16557595133781433,
0.3962869644165039,
0.28229957818984985,
-0.19064581394195557,
0.2688238322734833,
-0.39293089509010315,
0.083480104804039,
-0.06406563520431519,
0.2751785218715668,
0.24569812417030334,
-0.8245578408241272,
-0.4622770845890045,
-2.231825113296509,
0.5587325096130371,
-0.9882131218910217,
-0.7504960298538208,
0.036515653133392334,
0.6027271747589111,
0.5835671424865723,
0.3838433027267456,
-0.08663993328809738,
1.5264123678207397,
-1.1045916080474854,
-0.32207098603248596,
0.38724851608276367,
-0.5286129117012024,
0.5290181636810303,
0.06811939179897308,
0.7586661577224731,
0.198004350066185,
0.5852968096733093,
0.6101503372192383,
-0.3124392330646515,
0.5274769067764282,
-0.6783096790313721,
0.41803526878356934,
-0.3714677393436432,
0.1260850429534912,
-0.0691855177283287,
0.5647844672203064,
-0.1742577850818634,
-0.3709009289741516,
-0.4751357138156891,
0.006286687683314085,
0.6719629764556885,
0.1671387404203415,
0.5854967832565308,
0.1631678342819214,
0.5886771082878113,
-0.1895248293876648,
0.507038414478302,
0.3421965539455414,
-0.3913721740245819,
-0.3896675705909729,
-0.25715646147727966,
-0.18513286113739014,
-0.5877229571342468,
0.04813672602176666,
0.03647417947649956,
0.6558337211608887,
-0.1754879206418991,
0.01405748724937439,
-0.6436126232147217,
-0.3956882655620575,
-0.35524052381515503,
-0.14003589749336243,
-0.41573718190193176,
0.2652411162853241,
0.19141653180122375,
-0.41826584935188293,
-0.9831045866012573,
-0.0808374434709549,
-0.516668438911438,
-0.3857778310775757,
-0.6474456191062927,
0.5594425201416016,
0.1436445116996765,
0.8348859548568726,
-0.3995225429534912,
-0.40192940831184387,
-0.5783436894416809,
0.03748755529522896,
-0.25515633821487427,
-0.45712023973464966,
-0.45535486936569214,
0.10748351365327835,
0.3676658570766449,
0.02580776996910572,
0.23112261295318604,
0.08062200993299484,
-0.6155329346656799,
0.5486671328544617,
0.45746058225631714,
-0.09177233278751373,
-0.07506246864795685,
0.6591610908508301,
0.8113682270050049,
1.0834978818893433,
-0.37978222966194153,
0.24003413319587708,
0.058642152696847916,
0.12467365711927414,
-0.11223692446947098,
0.2803914248943329,
0.3366551697254181,
-0.0890304446220398,
-0.880925714969635,
-0.02696850895881653,
-0.6602180600166321,
-0.4519369602203369,
0.6916431784629822,
-0.76299649477005,
0.4506838023662567,
-0.5020132064819336,
-0.4344572424888611,
-1.1342780590057373,
0.043017029762268066,
-0.38845157623291016,
0.16984769701957703,
-0.15787403285503387,
-0.45285192131996155,
0.18328826129436493,
0.4572594165802002,
-0.26923510432243347,
0.5418221950531006,
0.36684316396713257,
0.0030266300309449434,
0.17807401716709137,
-0.4165275990962982,
0.10730297863483429,
0.23496389389038086,
0.3875434994697571,
0.05532198026776314,
-0.22358563542366028,
-0.15975624322891235,
0.1020810529589653,
-0.582436203956604,
-0.060502853244543076,
0.4513472616672516,
-0.15944579243659973,
-0.4071114957332611,
0.4620654284954071,
0.41759413480758667,
0.007545247208327055,
0.17356108129024506,
-0.8973417282104492,
-0.5712485313415527,
0.5371807813644409,
-0.005250659771263599,
0.3485913872718811,
0.1213672086596489,
0.32405468821525574,
0.6297685503959656,
-0.2140905112028122,
-0.4837648868560791,
-0.5287551879882812,
-0.8027217984199524,
-0.11005603522062302,
0.16254648566246033,
-0.3903460204601288,
1.5610960721969604,
0.22509899735450745,
-0.48888757824897766,
0.4078916609287262,
-0.22438117861747742,
0.6424916386604309,
-0.33371326327323914,
-0.21713179349899292,
-0.13687664270401,
-0.5244455337524414,
-0.39909523725509644,
0.17981670796871185,
-0.04886467382311821,
0.4595348536968231,
0.6674220561981201,
0.8246530294418335,
0.527110755443573,
-0.10173594951629639,
0.4134192168712616,
0.1755034625530243,
0.21939913928508759,
-0.1006457731127739,
-0.8256793022155762,
0.5948578715324402,
0.0757690891623497,
-0.6261637210845947,
0.6898080706596375,
-0.7672126889228821,
0.060563597828149796,
-0.07680975645780563,
-0.09442745894193649,
0.4402298331260681,
0.6121290922164917,
-0.014577649533748627,
0.18493427336215973,
-0.7267665863037109,
0.5030199289321899,
0.5575664639472961,
0.557510256767273,
-0.5423679351806641,
-0.47911128401756287,
-0.3123123049736023,
-0.030120225623250008,
-0.6125422716140747,
0.41534721851348877,
-0.5769764184951782,
-0.34800347685813904,
0.5950601696968079,
-0.6961913704872131,
0.03599875792860985,
0.336647093296051,
-0.4403004050254822,
-0.06493522226810455,
0.05950070917606354,
0.1369307041168213,
-0.642924427986145,
0.4945165812969208,
0.37352845072746277,
0.011472835205495358,
-0.10389705002307892,
0.5348519682884216,
-0.19389104843139648,
0.25916150212287903,
0.4378596842288971,
0.6155989170074463,
-0.4289799928665161,
-0.6441227793693542,
0.5944697856903076,
0.8028466701507568,
0.49771371483802795,
0.317343145608902,
0.6225911974906921,
-0.010447531938552856,
-0.4694315493106842,
0.34529027342796326,
0.24237142503261566,
0.4038994014263153,
-0.004212863277643919,
-0.14115697145462036,
0.33493444323539734,
0.5331280827522278,
-0.36509793996810913,
-0.7640634179115295,
0.2805142104625702,
-0.9860040545463562,
0.05431613326072693,
-0.00726394634693861,
0.2847103774547577,
-0.14645881950855255,
-0.46247610449790955,
-1.1085095405578613,
-0.19700868427753448,
0.38553670048713684,
-0.052678968757390976,
0.5725764632225037,
-0.005055967718362808,
0.19925251603126526,
-0.5325661897659302,
-1.0873138904571533,
0.8704745173454285,
-0.39533743262290955,
0.5110521912574768,
-0.01885373704135418,
0.13593153655529022,
0.12931331992149353,
-0.5500281453132629,
-1.097294569015503,
0.6120320558547974,
-0.8470693826675415,
-0.055698130279779434,
0.12671972811222076,
-0.17496755719184875,
0.2822516858577728,
-0.08541019260883331,
-4.835158348083496,
-0.04237978905439377,
-0.04847091808915138,
-0.11444644629955292,
0.4575263559818268,
0.09899024665355682,
0.09824231266975403,
-0.024857765063643456,
-0.16617901623249054,
0.11318245530128479,
0.492592990398407,
-0.07023677974939346,
-0.2891179919242859,
0.6791861057281494,
0.8175278902053833,
0.272781103849411,
0.7638271450996399,
0.61191326379776,
-0.2586371898651123,
0.3864685595035553,
0.08990253508090973,
0.5224950313568115,
-0.5914725661277771,
0.12053829431533813,
0.25108036398887634,
0.04122953861951828,
0.293425053358078,
-0.4759351909160614,
-1.4714674949645996,
-0.6985631585121155,
0.20569966733455658,
-0.024907507002353668,
0.2724631130695343,
-0.6589662432670593,
0.04550432413816452,
0.11075379699468613,
0.8736194968223572,
0.10673528164625168,
1.090988278388977,
-0.2620009481906891,
-0.6395024657249451,
0.20227818191051483,
0.014939313754439354,
0.514734148979187,
0.12503309547901154,
-0.06725825369358063,
-1.314681053161621,
0.06578356772661209,
0.3328584134578705,
0.6197443008422852,
-0.21734485030174255,
-0.2105913609266281,
0.32502180337905884,
1.323262333869934,
0.12526361644268036,
0.32231077551841736,
0.03997093811631203,
0.309694766998291,
0.028427092358469963,
0.6411518454551697,
0.5569908022880554,
-0.7980638146400452,
-0.20075945556163788,
-0.4425031244754791,
0.3225681185722351,
-0.4067647159099579,
-0.09371499717235565,
-0.4546439051628113,
-0.5463440418243408,
0.4007221460342407,
0.10102018713951111,
0.3657406270503998,
-0.05030644312500954,
-0.9114339351654053,
0.20636382699012756,
-0.6021524667739868,
-0.9782138466835022,
0.0722135677933693,
-0.15728068351745605,
-0.1049913763999939,
0.39765113592147827,
-0.4846374988555908,
-0.19098015129566193,
0.5228145122528076,
0.4061380922794342,
-0.21150435507297516,
0.19340921938419342,
-0.17888547480106354,
-0.6764664649963379,
-0.40953007340431213,
0.14868691563606262,
-0.3686429560184479,
0.5960361361503601,
0.7287107706069946,
-0.1547202616930008,
0.8324301242828369,
-0.2645695209503174,
-0.400468647480011,
0.637002170085907,
-0.11637663841247559,
0.08529935777187347,
0.014586733654141426,
-0.09018701314926147,
0.506254255771637,
0.06434319913387299,
-0.45097723603248596,
-0.3699991703033447,
0.038444146513938904,
0.2866412103176117,
-0.88582843542099,
0.03468935564160347,
-0.2670445442199707,
-0.41980066895484924,
0.0846947580575943,
0.5315570831298828,
0.08050757646560669,
-0.10269375890493393,
0.8316718339920044,
0.7177848815917969,
0.2534034848213196,
0.4491981267929077,
0.3362584114074707,
-0.30738165974617004,
-0.5685924291610718,
-0.19962629675865173,
0.06334098428487778,
0.012184662744402885,
-0.11463537812232971,
-0.6622503995895386,
-0.04476809874176979,
-0.10296270251274109,
-0.7485120892524719,
-0.929677426815033,
0.20722001791000366,
0.06255944818258286,
-0.8565027713775635,
-0.4990645945072174,
-0.07048018276691437,
0.19145475327968597,
-0.10042880475521088,
-0.3531862795352936,
-0.19417378306388855,
-0.6056705713272095,
0.30192258954048157,
0.007145898882299662,
0.9240217804908752,
0.5508072376251221,
-0.3527100086212158,
-0.7766550779342651,
0.4620153605937958,
-0.022994382306933403,
-0.6155148148536682,
0.44131121039390564,
-0.924222469329834,
-0.3990899622440338,
-0.16133561730384827,
0.9105703234672546,
0.5244789123535156,
0.03382083773612976,
-0.4466562271118164,
-0.14442375302314758,
-0.2332122027873993,
-0.8948588967323303,
0.6587722897529602,
-0.24998551607131958,
-0.1933881789445877,
0.052603378891944885,
-0.5883010029792786,
-0.37827256321907043,
0.6197364926338196,
-0.2654438018798828,
0.44107750058174133,
0.026292791590094566,
-0.41278597712516785,
0.24833853542804718,
0.33272531628608704,
0.0632919892668724,
0.4943302273750305,
0.220196932554245,
0.14739957451820374,
-0.6026892066001892,
0.49329325556755066,
0.04944157600402832,
-0.0013835232239216566,
0.2220434695482254,
0.005324669647961855,
0.09113158285617828,
-0.7589724063873291,
-0.8276872038841248,
-0.5681613087654114,
-0.01434120163321495,
0.40712791681289673,
0.18344983458518982,
0.12129895389080048,
-0.6552462577819824,
-0.8213376998901367,
0.0599324107170105,
0.3217565715312958,
-0.08455687761306763,
-0.5781686305999756,
-0.25842076539993286,
0.6876586675643921,
-0.642066240310669,
0.05618823319673538,
-0.40882375836372375,
-0.6447190046310425,
0.35256367921829224,
0.24475115537643433,
-0.9150433540344238,
0.9059799909591675,
-0.22427980601787567,
-1.0189005136489868,
0.09471774846315384,
0.3483850657939911,
-0.4377746284008026,
-0.17189088463783264,
-0.01594775728881359,
0.2318917214870453,
-0.6466439962387085,
-0.3513202369213104,
-0.9413624405860901,
-0.5268225073814392,
-0.0715261772274971,
-1.0277528762817383,
-0.27018460631370544,
0.31778910756111145,
-0.045302435755729675,
0.24702014029026031,
-0.15539415180683136,
0.02606118470430374,
-0.15780718624591827,
-0.046766314655542374,
1.082710862159729,
-1.1467881202697754,
-0.2581445574760437,
0.39301782846450806,
0.36078330874443054,
0.1512523591518402,
0.2635856568813324,
-0.03308941796422005,
0.822411298751831,
0.7704887390136719,
0.3250831663608551,
-0.5625865459442139,
0.7575082182884216,
-0.08972146362066269,
-0.16911914944648743,
0.009573807939887047,
-0.41186633706092834,
0.3866190016269684,
0.37874871492385864,
-0.4622383415699005,
-0.8778002858161926,
-0.08596187829971313,
0.7020487785339355,
-0.34725403785705566,
0.5005120635032654,
0.21727967262268066,
-0.30325937271118164,
0.4584343731403351,
0.4997986853122711,
0.6598888635635376,
-0.32227838039398193,
-0.11922041326761246,
-0.09508892893791199,
0.21890099346637726,
-0.09799136221408844,
-0.6464736461639404,
1.078455924987793,
-0.47876304388046265,
0.12090089172124863,
-0.21610669791698456,
-0.4050522446632385,
0.14975504577159882,
-0.27096909284591675,
0.10304702818393707,
0.39596980810165405,
-0.7286274433135986,
1.2245844602584839,
-0.5071902871131897,
-0.9939656257629395,
0.1297246664762497,
-0.160142183303833,
0.1802338808774948,
0.21342973411083221,
-0.21938611567020416,
-0.5436801314353943,
0.23566919565200806,
-0.09636031836271286,
0.6600880026817322,
-0.5296767950057983,
-0.04615660756826401,
0.2501634359359741,
0.5716420412063599,
0.15475723147392273,
-0.0885436162352562,
-0.7770096063613892,
0.21274666488170624,
-0.2477007657289505,
-0.15598978102207184,
-0.431581974029541,
0.5338585376739502,
0.30705875158309937,
-0.15372872352600098,
-0.026637472212314606,
0.3296583294868469,
0.5871549844741821,
0.41872796416282654,
-0.35978513956069946,
-0.595320999622345,
-0.19445641338825226,
-0.9339274764060974,
0.40125590562820435,
0.05079404264688492,
-0.15699917078018188,
-0.3564857542514801,
0.509726881980896,
-0.13541743159294128,
0.007070906460285187,
0.24274462461471558,
0.7829316854476929,
-0.11516562849283218,
0.2858721911907196,
0.06604184955358505,
0.0230772215873003,
0.8360061645507812,
-0.628835916519165,
0.029276680201292038,
0.03909981623291969,
0.5487809181213379,
0.4495629072189331,
-0.1717376857995987,
-0.803589940071106,
0.23696957528591156,
-0.17514526844024658,
-0.713279128074646,
0.1062856912612915,
-0.27270492911338806,
-0.39839035272598267,
0.6635599732398987,
0.7251107096672058,
0.9891303181648254,
0.08320396393537521,
-0.2160983830690384,
-0.31493815779685974,
0.9157965183258057,
-0.062362588942050934,
0.13244235515594482,
0.2721204459667206,
0.0009426063625141978,
0.04964879900217056,
0.46264997124671936,
0.2858799695968628,
0.031628143042325974,
0.27243176102638245,
0.3910621404647827,
0.7502225637435913,
-0.27565017342567444,
-0.32437026500701904,
-0.017711590975522995,
0.09530982375144958,
-0.2840413451194763,
0.3878365755081177,
-0.5129621624946594,
-0.9635525345802307,
-0.08291754126548767,
-0.260318398475647,
-0.5164394378662109,
-0.3291047215461731,
-0.01738765276968479,
0.1294376254081726,
-0.2548454701900482,
0.12206410616636276,
0.05264914035797119,
0.6781129837036133,
0.2907361090183258,
0.8106058835983276,
0.22555425763130188,
-0.059611231088638306,
0.08145121484994888,
-0.22416573762893677,
0.5222823619842529,
-0.0489351786673069,
-0.3116600215435028,
0.3363572955131531,
-0.2710588574409485,
-0.2569011449813843,
-0.38967445492744446,
0.17616154253482819,
-0.13276512920856476,
0.25474464893341064,
-0.43429696559906006,
-0.41530805826187134,
0.2765950560569763,
-0.595208466053009,
-0.07802833616733551,
-0.31614869832992554,
0.35294219851493835,
0.4649328589439392,
-0.42775318026542664,
0.001518711564131081,
0.3312101364135742,
-0.280337929725647,
0.45405280590057373,
-0.4038940668106079,
0.4302578568458557,
-0.17888934910297394,
0.5070867538452148,
-0.9986552000045776,
0.1985924243927002,
0.049320023506879807,
0.07433286309242249,
0.2607693076133728,
0.5937196612358093,
0.008932952769100666,
-0.43547743558883667,
0.3555520474910736,
-0.3496844172477722,
-0.4719809591770172,
0.0936945229768753,
0.3825313448905945,
0.34663084149360657,
0.01953449659049511,
0.016784925013780594,
-0.5200466513633728,
0.2679162919521332,
-0.07040725648403168,
-0.03952809423208237,
-0.7412764430046082,
0.4772654175758362,
0.13714028894901276,
0.3932700455188751,
0.1913112998008728,
-0.46501708030700684,
0.046423714607954025,
-0.1065373420715332,
0.4480088949203491,
0.36890217661857605,
0.5452754497528076,
-0.000890391122084111,
0.5506005883216858,
-0.4986498951911926,
0.6939494013786316,
-0.21649739146232605,
0.1641550064086914,
0.26805850863456726,
-0.7291433215141296,
-0.6647970676422119,
-0.20467005670070648,
0.28267890214920044,
-0.2806588113307953,
0.37240564823150635,
0.5085737705230713,
-0.35909366607666016,
-0.3629777729511261,
-0.4067225158214569,
0.03010343573987484,
-1.316418170928955,
0.4094027578830719,
0.2772374153137207
] |
236582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Echegaray | José Echegaray | José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (19 April 183214 September 1916) was a Spanish civil engineer, mathematician, statesman, and one of the leading Spanish dramatists of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama".
Early life
He was born in Madrid on 19 April 1832. His father, a doctor and institute professor of Greek, was from Aragon and his mother was from Navarra. He spent his childhood in Murcia, where he finished his elementary school education. It was there, at the Murcia Institute, where he first gained his love for mathematics. While still a child he read Goethe, Homer, and Balzac, readings that alternated with those of mathematicians like Gauss, Legendre, and Lagrange.
In order to earn enough money to attend the (Engineering School of Roads, Channels and Ports), he moved at the age of fourteen to Madrid. At the age of twenty, he left the Madrid School with a Civil Engineering degree, which he had obtained as first in his class, and he had to move to Almeria and Granada to begin working at his first job.
Professor and scientist
In 1854 he began teaching a class at the Engineering School, working as a secretary there also. He taught mathematics, stereotomy, hydraulics, descriptive geometry, and differential and physical calculus from that year until 1868. From 1858 to 1860 he was also a professor at the Assistants' School of Public Works.
His (1865) and (1867) were held in some regard. He became a member of the Society of Political Economy, helped to found the magazine , and took a prominent part in propagating free trade doctrines in the press and on the platform.
He was clearly marked out for office, and when the revolution of 1868 overthrew the monarchy, he resigned his post for a place in the revolutionary cabinet.
Government service
Echegaray also entered politics later in his life. He enjoyed a career in the government sector, being appointed Minister of Education, of Public Works and Finance Minister successively between 1867 and 1874. He retired from politics after the Bourbon restoration in 1874.
Literary career
Theater had always been the love of José Echegaray's life. Although he had written earlier plays (La Hija natural and La Última Noche, both in 1867), he truly became a dramatist in 1874. His plays reflected his sense of duty, which had made him famous during his time in the governmental offices. Dilemmas centered on duty and morality are the motif of his plays. He replicated the achievements of his predecessors of the Spanish Golden Age, remaining a prolific playwright.
His most famous play is El gran Galeoto, a drama written in the grand nineteenth century manner of melodrama. It is about the poisonous effect that unfounded gossip has on a middle-aged man's happiness. Echegaray filled it with elaborate stage instructions that illuminate what we would now consider a hammy style of acting popular in the 19th century. Paramount Pictures filmed it as a silent with the title changed to The World and His Wife, and it was the basis for a later film The Great Galeoto. His most remarkable plays are O locura o santidad (Saint or Madman?, 1877); Mariana (1892); El estigma (1895); La duda, 1898; and El loco Dios (God, the fool, 1900).
Among his other famous plays are La esposa del vengador (1874) (The Avenger's Wife); En el puño de la espada (1875) (In the Sword's Handle); En el pilar y en la cruz (1878) (On the Stake and on the Cross); and Conflicto entre dos deberes (1882) (Conflict of Two Duties).
Along with the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904, after having been nominated that year by a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, making him the first Spaniard to win the prize.
José Echegaray maintained constant activity until his death on 14 September 1916 in Madrid. His extensive work did not stop growing in his old age: in the final stage of his life he wrote 25 or 30 mathematical physics volumes. At the age of 83 he commented: I cannot die, because if I am going to write my mathematical physics encyclopedia, I need at least 25 more years.
References
External links
with the prize motivation
Elsevier Publishing Co. biography
List of works
1832 births
1916 deaths
People from Madrid
Spanish dramatists and playwrights
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
Nobel laureates in Literature
Spanish Nobel laureates
Economy and finance ministers of Spain
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Spanish mathematicians
19th-century Spanish mathematicians
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
19th-century male writers
Government ministers during the First Spanish Republic | [
-0.33589276671409607,
0.29913681745529175,
-0.1408775895833969,
0.2236480861902237,
-0.16156147420406342,
0.746080756187439,
0.05571213364601135,
0.18050965666770935,
0.06723655760288239,
-0.5220106244087219,
0.08106524497270584,
0.6746118068695068,
-0.12205816060304642,
0.14863625168800354,
-0.27122244238853455,
0.20304590463638306,
0.10969549417495728,
-0.20195414125919342,
-0.559553325176239,
-0.22441831231117249,
-0.5851473808288574,
0.1142050102353096,
0.3653509020805359,
0.47041186690330505,
-0.3916237950325012,
-0.2304445058107376,
-0.19419799745082855,
-0.06606129556894302,
0.22228418290615082,
0.12696313858032227,
0.19835326075553894,
0.32368797063827515,
0.2132357358932495,
-0.24815480411052704,
-1.0757896900177002,
0.4174804389476776,
-0.34044575691223145,
-0.3230171203613281,
0.3125203847885132,
0.16602903604507446,
0.01248962339013815,
0.21149343252182007,
-0.02316191792488098,
-0.0957363024353981,
-0.06844477355480194,
0.08996034413576126,
-1.347432017326355,
0.2809981107711792,
-0.9437199234962463,
-0.15533286333084106,
-0.6770270466804504,
0.5150114893913269,
0.4949572682380676,
0.3237508237361908,
-0.7913870811462402,
0.3247044086456299,
-0.7558300495147705,
-0.25180765986442566,
0.043042052537202835,
-0.2033948302268982,
0.5199140906333923,
0.779557466506958,
0.533969521522522,
-0.10203437507152557,
0.595618486404419,
-0.19767948985099792,
-0.09484640508890152,
-0.46110910177230835,
-0.054355036467313766,
0.29390949010849,
0.042839836329221725,
0.6975173354148865,
-0.09398875385522842,
-0.5944614410400391,
0.1912783831357956,
-0.8949353694915771,
0.05063174292445183,
0.5072154998779297,
-0.3249916434288025,
0.4564468562602997,
0.12326508015394211,
-0.38058003783226013,
0.659379780292511,
0.028292955830693245,
0.07379823178052902,
0.18154411017894745,
-0.384305864572525,
0.5027172565460205,
-1.0271753072738647,
-0.3015584349632263,
-0.9497373700141907,
-0.3884149491786957,
0.23725397884845734,
0.26160728931427,
0.0802568569779396,
0.7737573385238647,
0.18847692012786865,
0.4514695703983307,
-0.7097734212875366,
0.06224866956472397,
-0.0022574716713279486,
0.13149647414684296,
0.060187000781297684,
-0.3855593204498291,
-0.05816137418150902,
0.12477045506238937,
-0.5856905579566956,
0.05707142874598503,
-0.46537378430366516,
-0.09627686440944672,
-0.563686728477478,
0.09420246630907059,
0.07016515731811523,
0.31905797123908997,
0.46122199296951294,
0.15290555357933044,
0.2257840633392334,
-0.41094255447387695,
-0.1509459912776947,
0.14921385049819946,
-0.4171861708164215,
0.32070112228393555,
-0.3601657450199127,
0.21890637278556824,
-0.7165335416793823,
0.22646476328372955,
0.17500700056552887,
-0.3143244683742523,
-0.056807991117239,
0.10023923218250275,
0.9213182330131531,
0.6505317091941833,
-0.10661876201629639,
-0.5665985941886902,
-0.18837928771972656,
-0.3388817310333252,
0.07284662127494812,
0.37436443567276,
-0.1825675368309021,
0.33223021030426025,
-0.4915165901184082,
-0.6257714629173279,
-0.31207141280174255,
0.04992201179265976,
0.5972189903259277,
-0.04494871199131012,
0.2617141902446747,
-0.07486062496900558,
0.10784580558538437,
-0.10151233524084091,
-0.3551965057849884,
0.05167093873023987,
-0.3062964975833893,
-0.27745944261550903,
-0.15894736349582672,
0.22258947789669037,
0.2177450954914093,
-0.3660699725151062,
0.2425021380186081,
0.1353142410516739,
0.620061993598938,
-0.39644160866737366,
-0.29693377017974854,
0.24756531417369843,
0.15148614346981049,
-0.5350169539451599,
0.29098352789878845,
0.5257412195205688,
-0.07070693373680115,
0.13588501513004303,
-0.07317909598350525,
-0.26186609268188477,
0.09805627912282944,
-0.8654706478118896,
-0.3111813962459564,
-0.052608419209718704,
0.431804358959198,
-0.0015223341761156917,
0.3373815417289734,
0.1477818638086319,
-0.7475333213806152,
0.09009284526109695,
-0.1165064126253128,
0.10131630301475525,
0.00967006292194128,
0.3684192895889282,
0.5440104007720947,
-0.04235392436385155,
0.42949235439300537,
-0.6591095924377441,
-0.6606888771057129,
-0.38136228919029236,
-0.4692920744419098,
-0.5147294998168945,
0.7427888512611389,
0.4480860233306885,
-0.41289228200912476,
0.8454094529151917,
0.023016437888145447,
0.38921982049942017,
-0.32299962639808655,
0.12732066214084625,
0.2582974433898926,
0.4719390571117401,
0.4873166084289551,
0.34598323702812195,
0.3587322533130646,
0.47311925888061523,
-0.09492035210132599,
0.6205016374588013,
0.03460158407688141,
-0.22618375718593597,
0.1153169497847557,
0.09236013889312744,
-0.5023530125617981,
-0.6293955445289612,
-0.23956573009490967,
-0.4901784062385559,
0.19402435421943665,
0.024815862998366356,
0.6455581188201904,
-0.25276756286621094,
-0.041742049157619476,
0.8306919932365417,
-0.048253003507852554,
0.8959742188453674,
0.36073610186576843,
0.015738053247332573,
0.6166147589683533,
-0.821079671382904,
-0.43445995450019836,
0.2025931179523468,
0.3166196644306183,
-0.34190741181373596,
0.32595252990722656,
0.2848905026912689,
-0.22791440784931183,
-0.2733493745326996,
-0.17443926632404327,
-0.3211577534675598,
0.17399229109287262,
0.5459610223770142,
-0.20963945984840393,
0.3568726181983948,
0.3223055303096771,
0.19613976776599884,
-0.535342812538147,
-0.08544281125068665,
-0.017492517828941345,
0.11343836039304733,
0.26072946190834045,
0.6997805833816528,
-0.14628030359745026,
-0.2179509997367859,
-0.0916203185915947,
-0.23863598704338074,
0.5862054824829102,
-0.5210673213005066,
-0.05226583406329155,
-0.07550691813230515,
0.04962339624762535,
-0.048715271055698395,
0.475493848323822,
0.2647973597049713,
0.34336206316947937,
-0.4690587520599365,
0.11411409080028534,
-0.9219585657119751,
-0.2402227371931076,
-0.569945752620697,
0.42252349853515625,
-0.5577151775360107,
0.22366444766521454,
0.23892036080360413,
0.25064989924430847,
-0.10292861610651016,
-0.1637190729379654,
0.09207199513912201,
-1.168278694152832,
-0.6123780608177185,
0.08264544606208801,
0.7505488991737366,
-0.8225780725479126,
-0.26871737837791443,
0.01423658523708582,
0.08664073050022125,
-0.0326722078025341,
-0.8483362793922424,
-0.012534543871879578,
-0.11330892890691757,
-0.07836810499429703,
0.46834829449653625,
-0.25438278913497925,
0.14427709579467773,
-0.46096575260162354,
0.28236836194992065,
-0.40245431661605835,
-0.5061767101287842,
0.11973785609006882,
-0.26447248458862305,
-0.6520947813987732,
0.3838651180267334,
0.19579793512821198,
0.5719682574272156,
0.5878303647041321,
0.13899096846580505,
-0.025543589144945145,
0.5068995356559753,
-5.710573196411133,
0.41094714403152466,
-0.09791285544633865,
-0.3644835650920868,
0.09215036034584045,
0.052928660064935684,
0.4681816101074219,
0.28811511397361755,
0.2483358532190323,
-0.5827615261077881,
0.05601625144481659,
0.08535916358232498,
-0.02303663268685341,
1.244400978088379,
0.2540925145149231,
0.6015045642852783,
0.07483536005020142,
-0.3137635886669159,
0.31660890579223633,
0.059160854667425156,
-0.05455558001995087,
-0.2505917251110077,
0.13876847922801971,
0.5528411865234375,
0.5086914896965027,
-0.33059167861938477,
-0.5073308944702148,
0.21579989790916443,
-1.195373773574829,
0.013361994177103043,
-0.038178760558366776,
0.03145931288599968,
-0.04514014348387718,
0.17768988013267517,
0.20133817195892334,
-0.12231229990720749,
0.2777864634990692,
0.0999453067779541,
-0.21614834666252136,
0.17667639255523682,
-0.2886993885040283,
0.18898257613182068,
-0.7441635727882385,
0.4570726156234741,
-0.6835436224937439,
-0.21303576231002808,
-0.30586206912994385,
0.10603471100330353,
0.06890570372343063,
0.47224777936935425,
0.04813360422849655,
-0.1091243103146553,
0.3848665952682495,
0.314849853515625,
0.25655630230903625,
0.3694102168083191,
0.4905198812484741,
-0.35186120867729187,
-0.8252639174461365,
0.9335124492645264,
0.29289549589157104,
-0.12313235551118851,
0.14011743664741516,
-0.8716997504234314,
0.28798678517341614,
-0.10868045687675476,
0.19906185567378998,
-0.237755686044693,
0.3911696672439575,
-0.5336488485336304,
0.09917326271533966,
0.948005735874176,
-0.03028453141450882,
-1.1985037326812744,
-0.08653691411018372,
0.11387152224779129,
-0.14253371953964233,
0.013264363631606102,
-0.19747669994831085,
-0.15154124796390533,
0.060840535908937454,
-0.4700801372528076,
-0.1437484472990036,
0.14173287153244019,
0.5487330555915833,
0.3864000737667084,
0.0944499596953392,
0.0665743499994278,
-0.3215809762477875,
0.41283032298088074,
0.4061598777770996,
-0.16208869218826294,
0.6077893376350403,
0.016639411449432373,
-0.024902166798710823,
0.5352709889411926,
-0.6648907661437988,
0.463102787733078,
0.3439893126487732,
0.34869617223739624,
-0.3201692998409271,
-0.05692435801029205,
0.2967435121536255,
0.22889278829097748,
0.6620001792907715,
0.052103761583566666,
0.01043515745550394,
0.3368070125579834,
0.6647710204124451,
0.40463146567344666,
0.004316241014748812,
0.673943281173706,
-0.5920904874801636,
-0.3868829011917114,
-0.030958613380789757,
-0.4912264049053192,
0.06449373066425323,
-0.15226712822914124,
0.5187393426895142,
0.19610339403152466,
-0.2714223563671112,
0.562333345413208,
0.04932349920272827,
-0.039493296295404434,
0.04124413803219795,
-0.03380143642425537,
0.2745799422264099,
0.5908867716789246,
0.1738547831773758,
-0.9527320265769958,
-0.14689990878105164,
0.4595271348953247,
0.005494365468621254,
0.09782439470291138,
0.09910979121923447,
-0.49121132493019104,
-0.5045315623283386,
-0.46132224798202515,
0.2820090651512146,
-0.4255845844745636,
-0.1070685163140297,
-0.5463727712631226,
-0.4077974557876587,
-0.26508691906929016,
0.5511311292648315,
-0.3190533518791199,
-0.037664465606212616,
-0.35484474897384644,
-0.8448244333267212,
0.713895857334137,
0.30935773253440857,
-0.09951754659414291,
-0.0458042174577713,
-0.29032960534095764,
-0.638137698173523,
-0.06609047949314117,
-0.6482551693916321,
0.20526225864887238,
-0.12889645993709564,
0.07928435504436493,
0.3128123879432678,
0.15252794325351715,
-0.883216917514801,
0.27433982491493225,
0.47610750794410706,
0.3514578640460968,
-0.5470095276832581,
-0.33123284578323364,
-0.536202609539032,
0.6161549091339111,
-0.026544854044914246,
-0.6418380737304688,
-0.33318454027175903,
-0.32414039969444275,
0.35118240118026733,
-0.46051084995269775,
-0.07948260754346848,
0.24046552181243896,
0.16298575699329376,
0.46579238772392273,
0.11667852103710175,
-0.0934876799583435,
-0.44306325912475586,
-0.08195645362138748,
0.39083415269851685,
-0.25595200061798096,
-0.4443134069442749,
-0.5473503470420837,
-0.15215060114860535,
-0.4221626818180084,
-0.10026723891496658,
0.06516565382480621,
0.41241157054901123,
0.05069759115576744,
-0.21028448641300201,
-0.22989490628242493,
-0.06168699637055397,
-0.36105117201805115,
-0.03938629850745201,
-0.7528679966926575,
-0.12864699959754944,
0.1951896846294403,
-0.27315643429756165,
0.26618123054504395,
0.1830415427684784,
-0.9298207759857178,
-0.002117823576554656,
-0.11875825375318527,
-0.2556219696998596,
0.5280854105949402,
-0.5278941988945007,
-0.7945581078529358,
0.03127332776784897,
0.5068275332450867,
-0.17442332208156586,
-0.2232707440853119,
0.24015432596206665,
-0.17098626494407654,
-1.0777678489685059,
-0.24165137112140656,
0.08521932363510132,
-0.10956486314535141,
-0.39164695143699646,
0.0542648546397686,
-0.6300891637802124,
0.17147265374660492,
0.10690975189208984,
-0.2154817283153534,
1.0554800033569336,
-0.27457788586616516,
0.26027652621269226,
0.222671240568161,
0.05416744947433472,
0.344435453414917,
-0.6742067337036133,
-0.2740309536457062,
0.37844258546829224,
-0.09805730730295181,
-0.2619478106498718,
0.29897335171699524,
0.3121967911720276,
0.774001955986023,
0.3064478635787964,
-0.08150981366634369,
0.15882618725299835,
0.4909103810787201,
0.053154222667217255,
-0.34018805623054504,
-0.2763575315475464,
-0.15219740569591522,
0.12890346348285675,
-0.2402285933494568,
-0.562633752822876,
0.24836422502994537,
0.43871966004371643,
-0.25881558656692505,
-0.022311385720968246,
0.39748597145080566,
0.35886961221694946,
0.2341323345899582,
0.18859905004501343,
-0.034874457865953445,
0.1394805908203125,
-0.18283143639564514,
-0.08144790679216385,
0.38072600960731506,
0.1960417926311493,
-0.18304045498371124,
0.813808262348175,
-0.2484278827905655,
0.05653378367424011,
-0.5063850283622742,
-0.529003918170929,
0.5362576246261597,
-0.36225107312202454,
0.04571296647191048,
0.118754543364048,
0.08096733689308167,
0.5460330247879028,
-0.29088953137397766,
-1.2585773468017578,
0.01882960833609104,
-0.2583233416080475,
-0.22467041015625,
-0.45075392723083496,
-0.1654873937368393,
-0.5860936641693115,
0.09410016238689423,
-0.1283082813024521,
0.27665695548057556,
-0.7743276953697205,
-0.04712372645735741,
0.18152715265750885,
0.28563109040260315,
0.1472473293542862,
0.0795254111289978,
-0.7830021381378174,
0.6665799617767334,
-0.1113830953836441,
-0.4369440972805023,
-0.26099151372909546,
0.3013122081756592,
0.4131498336791992,
0.06044771149754524,
0.1941445916891098,
-0.0720728412270546,
0.352754682302475,
-0.16207195818424225,
-0.6812477111816406,
-0.041287653148174286,
0.05026808753609657,
0.018979433923959732,
0.26028311252593994,
0.44314947724342346,
-0.5819254517555237,
0.002627966459840536,
0.40555331110954285,
-0.15148012340068817,
-0.2404249608516693,
0.21563522517681122,
0.07648030668497086,
-0.22886177897453308,
0.4729616940021515,
-0.4273321330547333,
0.496304988861084,
0.5986073613166809,
-0.021552840247750282,
-0.4357388913631439,
-0.5392860770225525,
0.14935632050037384,
0.2715931236743927,
0.13863828778266907,
-0.6389432549476624,
0.5420826077461243,
-0.2151477336883545,
-0.083835169672966,
0.04771101102232933,
-0.8095343112945557,
-0.07194378226995468,
0.05432543531060219,
0.6866846680641174,
0.7421432733535767,
-0.5420901775360107,
0.4705672264099121,
0.22394682466983795,
0.15546338260173798,
-0.036363642662763596,
0.8046056628227234,
-0.6055600047111511,
-0.1637910157442093,
0.5038856267929077,
0.24979828298091888,
0.5677416324615479,
-0.5139444470405579,
-0.29135435819625854,
0.4184558093547821,
0.5208432078361511,
0.4069530963897705,
-0.4015809893608093,
0.47858309745788574,
-0.28214728832244873,
-0.16455858945846558,
0.7257761359214783,
-0.826480507850647,
-0.22788770496845245,
0.29581931233406067,
-0.08389332890510559,
-0.1188911646604538,
0.2679685652256012,
0.17517223954200745,
-0.1632891446352005,
-0.36201784014701843,
-0.5262672305107117,
0.6797060966491699,
0.27751901745796204,
0.2240816205739975,
0.7145444750785828,
0.5427648425102234,
0.22660666704177856,
0.22498366236686707,
-0.1470607966184616,
0.11489826440811157,
-0.03184838220477104,
-0.0699438825249672,
-0.3475179374217987,
-0.07078468799591064,
0.11159985512495041,
0.32296958565711975,
0.16361446678638458,
-0.09847426414489746,
-0.22935302555561066,
-0.3718108832836151,
-0.01816706545650959,
0.35440266132354736,
-0.11987980455160141,
0.21098953485488892,
-0.48730719089508057,
1.030873417854309,
0.4073983132839203,
-0.9281302690505981,
0.34573519229888916,
0.1910325139760971,
-0.3974013924598694,
-0.31835395097732544,
-0.32916316390037537,
-0.09199681133031845,
-0.10094572603702545,
0.20939762890338898,
-0.4534783661365509,
0.1895652562379837,
0.5926276445388794,
0.27850380539894104,
-0.4429258406162262,
0.3967802822589874,
-0.5434967875480652,
-0.1158764511346817,
0.07873442023992538,
-0.14264260232448578,
-0.23933054506778717,
-0.36644038558006287,
0.16527113318443298,
-0.01906571350991726,
0.010696986690163612,
-0.18262891471385956,
-0.2043093591928482,
0.259890615940094,
0.6151518821716309,
0.34622853994369507,
0.0307027418166399,
0.6489250063896179,
-0.047798097133636475,
-0.05627987161278725,
-0.47922855615615845,
0.07315368950366974,
0.2240714281797409,
-0.4921635091304779,
0.5524018406867981,
0.1569320112466812,
0.6354666948318481,
-0.06985753774642944,
0.5357984304428101,
0.32788559794425964,
0.26402440667152405,
-0.16524480283260345,
0.12592031061649323,
-0.7646687626838684,
-0.3041911721229553,
-0.280753493309021,
0.12057103216648102,
0.39142516255378723,
0.3512236773967743,
-0.22796225547790527,
0.44296735525131226,
-0.32173773646354675,
0.16543258726596832,
-0.18981748819351196,
0.14973297715187073,
-0.9036378264427185,
0.44516998529434204,
-0.07616284489631653
] |
236584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal | Paralegal | A paralegal is a professional in legal sciences that performs procedures autonomously or semi autonomously. They also work in support or assist professionals related to the legal area of a consultative or judicial litigation nature. Its labor market is broad, including consultancies, companies that have legal departments or that perform legislation compliance activities such as: environmental, labor, controlled products, product registration, trademarks and patents, tax, bidding, among others. Legal offices and public bodies also have many paralegals in support activities although they do not yet use the correct name of the profession .
In United States in 1967, the American Bar Association (ABA) endorsed the concept of the paralegal and, in 1968, established its first committee on legal assistants.
The exact nature of their work and limitations that the law places on the tasks they are allowed to undertake vary between nations and jurisdictions. Paralegals generally are not allowed to offer legal services independently in most jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, paralegals can conduct their own business and are called paralegals, providing services such as settlements, court filings, legal research and other auxiliary legal services; these tasks often have instructions from a solicitor attached.
In the United States, a paralegal is protected from some forms of professional liability under the theory that paralegals are working as an enhancement of an attorney, who takes ultimate responsibility for the supervision of the paralegal's work and work product. Paralegals often have taken a prescribed series of courses in law and legal processes. Paralegals may analyze and summarize depositions, prepare and answer interrogatories, draft procedural motions and other routine briefs, perform legal research and analysis, draft research memos, and perform case and project management. Paralegals often handle drafting much of the paperwork in probate cases, divorce actions, bankruptcies, and investigations. Consumers of legal services are typically billed for the time paralegals spend on their cases. In the United States, they are not authorized by the government or other agency to offer legal services (including legal advice) except in Washington State in the same way as lawyers, nor are they officers of the court, nor are they usually subject to government-sanctioned or court-sanctioned rules of conduct. In some jurisdictions (Ontario, Canada, for example) paralegals are licensed and regulated the same way that lawyers are and these licensed professionals may be permitted to provide legal services to the public and appear before certain lower courts and administrative tribunals.
Official definitions
Various professional organizations offer varying definitions of a paralegal.
From the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) [US]: "A paralegal is a person, qualified through education, training or work experience to perform substantive legal work that requires knowledge of legal concepts and is customarily, but not exclusively, performed by a lawyer. This person may be retained or employed by a lawyer, law office, governmental agency or other entity or may be authorized by administrative, statutory or court authority to perform this work. Substantive shall mean work requiring recognition, evaluation, organization, analysis, and communication of relevant facts and legal concepts."
From the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) [US]: "Legal Assistants (also known as paralegals) are a distinguishable group of persons who assist attorneys in the delivery of legal services. Through formal education, training and experience, Legal Assistants have knowledge and expertise regarding the legal system and substantive and procedural law which qualify them to do work of a legal nature under the supervision of an attorney." This is the NALA's former 1984 definition. In 2001, the organization adopted the American Bar Association's (ABA) definition of a paralegal/Legal Assistant.
From National Association of Legal Secretaries (NALS) [US]: "A Legal Assistant/, qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible."
From the American Association for Paralegal Education (AAfPE) [USA]: "Paralegals perform substantive and procedural legal work as authorized by law, which work, in the absence of the paralegal, would be performed by an attorney. Paralegals have knowledge of the law gained through education, or education and work experience, which qualifies them to perform legal work. Paralegals adhere to recognized ethical standards and rules of professional responsibility."
From the Institute of Paralegals [United Kingdom]: "A paralegal is a non-lawyer who does legal work that previously would have been done by a lawyer, or if done by a lawyer, would be charged for."
From the Paralegal Society of Ontario [Canada]: "A paralegal is an individual qualified through education or experience licensed to provide legal services to the general public in areas authorized by the Law Society of Upper Canada."
From the National Association of Licensed Paralegals [United Kingdom]: "A person who is educated and trained to perform legal tasks but who is not a qualified solicitor or barrister."
Difference from legal secretaries
A legal secretary is generally a secretary who has a basic understanding of legal terminology and the specific formatting required by a particular court or government agency. Legal secretaries are also typically responsible for keeping case files organized and indexed, often taking on the duties of a file clerk. Although legal secretaries may be trained to prepare some basic legal papers and letters, they generally have little or no knowledge of particular legal doctrines, statutes or regulations, and typically have no training or experience in conducting legal research or drafting legal documents, pleadings, motions, briefs or other court papers. On the other hand, a typical paralegal in the United States can perform all of these tasks under an attorney or law office. Paralegals bill for their time at a higher rate than legal secretaries.
Education, training, and certification
Many paralegals have completed a formal paralegal education program. Others have only on-the-job paralegal training. Formal paralegal education programs may result in a certificate, diploma, higher diploma, advanced diploma, associate degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree, or paralegal certificate. Many paralegals have completed all of their training before entering the profession, while others have completed their education while working their way up from the mail-room in a law firm. Many paralegals take Continuing Legal Education (CLE) courses to fulfill the requirements of their firm, state, or association. It only takes 2 to 4 years to become a paralegal.
Economics
Paralegals exist precisely because they are not lawyers and thus can do the work more cheaply. Other than expertise, the main constraint on what work a paralegal can or cannot do tends to be local rules that reserve particular activities to lawyers. Some jurisdictions have a reserved activities list.
According to United States law, there are five specific acts which only a licensed attorney can perform:
Establish the attorney–client relationship
Give legal advice
Sign legal papers and pleadings on behalf of a party
Appear in court on behalf of another (i.e. the client)
Set and collect fees for legal services
Beyond the five acts above, the paralegal can perform practically any other task, including legal research, legal writing, factual investigation, preparation of exhibits, and the day-to-day tasks of case management. The key is that attorneys are entirely responsible for the actions of their paralegals and, by signing and filing court documents drafted by paralegals (or law clerks), attorneys make those documents their own.
Trends in use
In the United States, the need for accredited qualifications and bar licensure limits the number of licensed attorneys. There are some tasks for which a bar license is unnecessary but some amount of legal training is helpful. To lower costs, businesses may choose to employ paralegals to undertake such tasks. Paralegal time is typically billed at only a fraction of what a lawyer charges, and thus to the paralegal has fallen those substantive and procedural tasks which are too complex for legal secretaries (whose time is not billed) but for which lawyers can no longer bill. This in turn makes lawyers more efficient by allowing them to concentrate solely on the substantive legal issues of the case, while paralegals have become the "case managers".
The growing demand of paralegal professionals at a very rapid rate has resulted in schools and colleges catering to such education popping up everywhere. It has been found through a survey that currently 50,000 students are enrolled in paralegal education courses. The American Association for Paralegal Education (AAPE) itself has more than 450 members; 260 of them are ABA-approved. Seminars and events are being held by various institutes to help broaden the knowledge base of the paralegal service providers and the importance associated with it. Although the nation is experiencing a recession, the paralegal profession continues to grow. Law firms and legal departments are cutting costs and increasing access to legal services by hiring paralegals.
The United Kingdom has gone one step further. Much legal work by lawyers for the poorer elements of society is legally aided, or paid for by the state. As overall costs have risen due to more people than ever engaging with the law, the government has reduced such legal aid. As a result, the work has become uneconomic for many and they have ceased doing it. Paralegal advisory firms are stepping in to fill the gap.
The increased use of paralegals has slowed the rising cost of legal services and serves in some small measure (in combination with contingency fees and insurance) to keep the cost of legal services within the reach of the regular population. However, one commentator has warned that "our profession makes a serious error if it uses legal assistants only as economic tools."
Paralegal medical consultants
Some attorneys who practice in fields involving medical care have only a limited knowledge of healthcare and medical concepts and terminology. Therefore, legal medical consultants which are professional physicians, physician assistants, paramedics, nurses and respiratory therapists, have become fully trained as paralegals in the manner described above and assist behind the scenes on these cases, in addition to serving as expert witnesses from time to time.
By country
Australia
Australia has a distinct regime for the utilization of paralegals. According to one paralegal studies scholar:
Furthermore, Australian paralegals have "little formal recognition of, or status accorded" them, yet they "require specialist education."
Canada
In Canada, paralegals (except in Ontario) are generally trained assistants who assist lawyers, and work under the supervision of lawyers. Paralegals are not regulated by legislation (except in Ontario) and are not professionals in their own right. Some provinces (such as British Columbia) allow lawyers to designate certain paralegals to provide additional services to clients. However, lawyers remain fully responsible for all action or omission of the designated paralegals.
Ontario
In Ontario, paralegals are licensed by the Law Society of Ontario. Ontario is with Washington State the only jurisdiction in the western hemisphere where paralegals are licensed and the profession is regulated as officers of the court. Licensed paralegals operate within a defined scope of practice, representing clients in matters such as provincial offenses (traffic tickets, etc.), immigration, landlord and tenant disputes, labor law, small claims court (up to $35,000), and specific criminal matters. They are currently not permitted to represent clients in family court or wills and estates. By virtue of their office, licensed paralegals are commissioners for taking affidavits (swearing oaths).
In the province of Ontario paralegals are a regulated body within the legal system. Paralegals become commissioners upon licensing, and may become non-lawyer notaries, Crown prosecutor, municipal prosecutor or a justice of the peace if appointed.
Ontario recently became the first jurisdiction in North America to provide for the licensing of independent paralegals. This task will be the responsibility of the Law Society of Ontario (founded in 1797), which already regulates Ontario's 40,000 or so lawyers. Aspiring paralegals must complete an accredited educational program and complete a licensing exam. The Society will also be responsible for disciplining paralegals who do not conform to rules of professional conduct, known as the Paralegal Rules of Conduct.
In Ontario, as of December 2017, licensed paralegals are now endorsed and recognized as officers of the court.
The Law Society began issuing the first paralegal licenses to grandparent applicants who fulfilled all the necessary licensing requirements (including insurance) in April 2008. Paralegals who provide legal services to the public must carry professional liability insurance in accordance with By-Law 6, Part II, section 12 (1). Licensees must provide written proof of their compliance with this requirement to carry mandatory insurance before they begin providing legal services, as well as on an annual basis. Paralegal services may be provided via a sole proprietorship, partnership or professional corporation. Licensees are strongly encouraged to seek professional advice on the best business structure for their particular situations. A paralegal license allows a paralegal to independently represent clients in provincial offences court, summary conviction criminal court, small claims court and administrative tribunals such as the Financial Services Commission of Ontario or the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. The role that a paralegal has in the United States is similar to the role of a law clerk or legal assistant in Ontario. Many paralegals in Ontario work in the areas of permitted practice for paralegals and also work alongside lawyers in areas of practice that are only permitted to be practiced by lawyers. It is illegal for paralegals in Ontario to independently practice in an area of law that is permitted only for lawyers. An example of this is family law, or an indictable offence in criminal law.
All lawyers and paralegals who practice law and provide legal services in Ontario, are required to complete the CPD program. Continuing professional development (CPD) is the maintenance and enhancement of a lawyer or paralegal's professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and professionalism throughout the individual's career. It is a positive tool that benefits lawyers and paralegals and is an essential component of the commitment they make to the public to practice law or provide legal services competently and ethically.
Japan
In Japan, the institution of exists, and functions similarly to paralegals. Scriveners perform legal work, above the level of secretary but below the level of attorney, and may be attached to an attorney's office or operate independently. Scriveners may represent clients in some low-level matters, but not in more advanced stages of litigation. As with lawyers in Japan, scriveners are regulated and must pass an exam.
South Africa
In South Africa, legal assistants or paralegals must have extensive knowledge of the law and the administration of justice. Their duties may include: liaising with clients of their employers to assist in solving legal problems, legal research, preparing cases for court and liaising with the public. This programme is uniquely designed to impart a comprehensive overview of all aspects of paralegal specialisation and an understanding of individual rights and the rights of others. Paralegal offers the use and application of skills and competencies related to Criminal Law and Procedure, Civil Litigation, Wills and Estates, Dispute Resolution, Legal Advise, Property Law and Conveyancing as well as Legal Office Practice Management and Debt Collecting/Counselling.
Paralegals in South Africa are hired mostly by Legal Aid South Africa, big corporations, Patent law firms, legal firms, Estate agents, Government Departments etc. to provide legal support to those corporate world. Legal support may be by legal research, investigation/inspectors, legal advice or legal assistance. Certification may be acquired at: Tshwane University of Technology National Diploma in Legal Assistance/Paralegal, University of Johannesburg Diploma in Paralegal, UNISA National Diploma in Law, South African School of Paralegals, Intec College Diploma in Paralegal, South African Law School Qualification in Paralegal, Damelin College Paralegal, Boston City Campus Paralegal certificate. Salaries range from R60,000 to R450,000 per year depending on experience.
Newly established law firms in South Africa are likely to hire qualified Paralegals with 3 year qualification in Legal Studies to provide Legal assistance. Though the South African Law Society and The Minister of Justice do want to come with regulation to guide paralegals in South Africa just like Canada and the US, many practicing attorneys and Advocates did disprove in many instances however the new legislation is pending.
South Korea
In South Korea a similar system to the Japanese exists, and is known as beopmusa (Hangul: , Hanja: ).
United Kingdom
England and Wales
The original concept of paralegals in the UK started with the Paralegal Association in the mid-1980s (now the National Association of Licensed Paralegals). However the oldest incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK who set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries, issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals is the Institute Of Paralegals.
Both the Association and Institute have similar roles in recognizing and registering Paralegals but do not always agree on all the principles of practice.
However, it is only recently that paralegals have begun to be seen as more than merely assistants to qualified lawyers. They are now a newly emergent, and increasingly distinct, group of legal professionals.
Due to a lack of metrics it is unclear exactly how many paralegals there are in the United Kingdom. The Office of National Statistics and the register of Standard Occupational Classification estimate that there are currently 76,000 mid-skilled "legal associate professionals". Research published in 2014 by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) predicts that this figure is set to grow by 17% within the next decade. Moreover, it is estimated that there are now almost 4,000 government registered/regulated paralegal advisory firms offering services that would previously have been offered only by lawyers.This is because most legal work in the United Kingdom is deregulated and therefore there is nothing to stop anyone from opening their own paralegal law firm.
As the term 'paralegal' is not protected like the term 'solicitor' anyone may call himself/herself a paralegal without any qualification or registrations. Professional bodies are lobbying for this to change and the term 'paralegal' to become a protected title.
Paralegals in England and Wales may only offer limited legal advice, as may any person, with the following exceptions strictly forbidden:
Undertaking the activities reserved to solicitors under the Solicitors Act 1974;
Undertaking immigration work if not registered with the Office of the Immigrations Services Commissioner;
Undertaking certain types of claims/compensation related work if not registered with the Ministry of Justice.
In the United Kingdom, the Solicitors Act 1974 reserves certain activities for solicitors. Broadly, these include:
Preparing and lodging documents concerning the conveying or charging of land. Since repealed and now also conducted by Licensed Conveyancers
Undertaking probate law.
Undertaking litigation (except in the small claims court).
Paralegals technically have very limited rights to conduct litigation/rights of audience before courts/tribunals. In practice though many appear in courts and particularly tribunals at all levels as assistants.
Paralegals also act as Police Station Representatives if they are accredited, giving general advice to clients held in police custody.
Scotland
Scotland has separate legal jurisdiction from the rest of the United Kingdom. The term "paralegal" came into use from the 1980s. There have always been individuals undertaking legal work but not qualified as a solicitor but they would have had other titles such as 'legal assistant'. From the early 1990s the term "paralegal" became more common. In 1993 Scottish Paralegals Association was founded. It is a voluntary body whose remit is to promote the interests of paralegals in Scotland. From 1991 Scotland's colleges began to offer paralegal qualifications, awarded by the Scottish Qualification Authority, namely the Higher National Diploma and Certificate in Legal Services. They were offered by Central College of Commerce, Stevenson College and Dundee College. As a result of the efforts of the Scottish Paralegal Association and in particular its president Christine Lambie, in 2010 the Law Society of Scotland, the solicitors' professional body, instituted the Law Society of Scotland Registered Paralegal scheme. This was a voluntary scheme providing a professional status for high quality paralegals. Around 400 paralegals, mainly individuals who had come through the ranks in legal firms, joined the scheme. From 2010 Scottish Qualification Authority and Stirling University offered qualifications for individuals wishing to enter the Registered Paralegal profession. Paralegals qualify in particular legal domains, e.g., Domestic Conveyancing; and Wills & Executries. In 2017 the name of the scheme was changed to Law Society of Scotland Accredited Paralegal scheme.
Professional societies
The largest number of paralegals in the UK are represented by the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEx). Unlike other paralegal bodies CILEx is an Approved Regulator, meaning all its members are independently regulated in the public interest and must comply with a code of conduct, including all its paralegal members. CILEx is also the only body that provides paralegals with a limited progression route to lawyer status.
CILEx provides a non-University route to qualification as lawyer, with the majority of its members learning on-the-job and working as paralegals. It is open to those with or without law degrees, and allows paralegals to progress through to ultimately become fully qualified lawyers, partners, advocates, coroners and judges, subject to achieving the correct level of qualifications, skills, and experience.
Since 1994 City and Guilds, in association with CILEx, has offered the UK's leading range of nationally and internationally approved qualifications for paralegals and legal secretaries, which have been taken by over 20,000 people. They offer a Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies qualification. This provides the underpinning knowledge which will help in day-to-day work and will also allows progression onto the CILEx route to becoming a lawyer. The qualification is divided into units and is assessed by way of assignments and a multiple-choice test. A Level 3 Diploma in Vocational Paralegal Studies qualification is also available, and this is equivalent to A-level standard. The qualification is divided into units and again, is assessed by way of assignments. The qualifications are also recognized by the CILEx as a route into their membership grades.
The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) administer a Route to Qualification: the nationally recognized career path for professional paralegals. They also set and administer Competency Standards for paralegals and legal secretaries.
The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) are:
an incorporated paralegal representative body in the United Kingdom whose application for institute status was supported by the Bar Council, Law Society, Crown Prosecution Service and Citizens Advice
the only body for professional paralegals to have relied on state funding to help develop the paralegal profession
an organisation which publishes a Paralegal Code of Conduct
a member of LawCare
an organisation which publishes Competency Standards for the paralegal profession (drafted with the assistance of law firms and (in part) by Her Majesty's Land Registry and vetted for professional conduct requirements by the Solicitors Regulation Authority)
an organisation which administers a paralegal career path – the Route to Qualification. The R2Q turns a job into a career, and an occupation into a profession. It is supported by scores of local law societies, university law schools, law firms and others
NALP (National Association of Licensed Paralegals) is an awarding body for paralegal qualifications, recognized as an awarding organisation by Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications in England and Wales. NALP offers self-regulation and Licensing for paralegals in England & Wales. NALP's objective is to raise the profile of paralegals in the UK and has dedicated itself to the promoting the status of paralegals and paralegal training in the United Kingdom and abroad. NALP offers affordable accessible training and qualifications at all levels. NALP is a not for profit company limited by guarantee.
There are various levels of certification and membership according to the level of training, qualification and experience. To become a Licensed Paralegal a person should have an acceptable qualification in law, e.g., the Association's Diploma in Paralegal Studies, ILEX, Law Degree or HND (plus a procedural law qualification) or any other qualification deemed suitable, and who can satisfy the other criteria laid down by the Association namely: knowledge, competence, dedication, character requirements and continuous professional development.
NALPs mission is to re-enforce and increase its position as the leading professional organisation catering for the career paralegal not only within the legal profession but also within commerce, industry and the private and public sectors and will strive to ensure the proper recognition of its members as an integral part of the legal profession by the quality of its qualifications, professional development and the standards of behavior and its regulatory powers laid down for its members. It will encourage, promote and develop the role and practice of the paralegal and represent the best interests of its members.
The Institute of Paralegals (IOD) is an incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK. A not-for-profit organisation, they set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries, issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals.
The National Association of Licensed Paralegals(NALP) was established in 1987 and is the professional self-regulatory governing body for accredited paralegals. Access into the profession can either be with a law degree or without. Those who are already graduates can take The Post Graduate Diploma in Paralegal Practice (PPC) (similar to the LPC for solicitors). Those that have no previous qualification can do the Diploma in Paralegal Studies. The NALP is an awarding body regulated by OFQUAL and is also a member of the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (based in the US).
As a not-for-profit professional body incorporated by guarantee, they were formed in 2003. They were granted institute status by the UK government in 2005, with the support of, among others, The Law Society of England & Wales, the Bar Council, Citizens Advice and the Crown Prosecution Service, all of whom recognized the need for the developing paralegal profession to have a representative body.
IOP offer: The Registered Paralegal, Certified Paralegal and Qualified Paralegal designations and believe these are not a 'licence to practice' as a paralegal. IOP state: "There is no such as a 'licensing scheme' operating in England and Wales. Anyone implying otherwise (i.e. that you need to do a particular course to qualify) is misrepresenting the position. You become a paralegal simply by getting a job as a paralegal. The majority of paralegals still do not have any formal legal qualifications. The only paralegals needing prior permission before practicing are paralegal law firms or paralegal sole practitioners who come under the remit of the Ministry of Justice Or Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner."
The National Association of Licensed Paralegals is working to improve recognition for paralegals and has done so for nearly 24 years, having introduced qualifications and standards and self-regulation to the profession and is recognized by The Law Society of England as the professional body for paralegals in England & Wales.
Salary
In the United Kingdom paralegal salaries in law firms can range from around £15,000 in some rural or suburban areas but may reach as high as £60,000 – £80,000 for the most senior in the larger city firms and some PLCs.
A paralegal can also work as a freelance offering their services to solicitors performing tasks such assisting Counsel at court and taking notes in court and presenting applications to District Judges in chambers. They can be paid on a daily or hourly rate earning up to £60 – £260 per day.
United States
In the United States, paralegals originated as assistants to lawyers at a time when only lawyers offered legal services. In those jurisdictions where the local legal profession/judiciary is involved in paralegal recognition/accreditation, the profession of paralegal still basically refers to those people working under the direct supervision of a lawyer. The profession of paralegal varies greatly between the states, because some states do require paralegals to be licensed. In other jurisdictions however, such as the United Kingdom, the lack of local legal profession/judiciary oversight means that the definition of paralegal encompasses non-lawyers doing legal work, regardless of whom they do it for. Although most jurisdictions recognize paralegals to a greater or lesser extent, there is no international consistency as to definition, job-role, status, terms and conditions of employment, training, regulation or anything else and so each jurisdiction must be looked at individually.
In the United States, there is no such thing as a paralegal licensed by a government body; rather, paralegals can be "registered," "certified," or certificated by private organizations.
There are two major national organizations that offer professional certification to paralegals who meet voluntary regulation standards: the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) established in 1976 and the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) established in 1996.
Both NALA and the NFPA offer professional certification exams that should not be confused with a paralegal certificate offered by an officially accredited college or university.
NALA offers its Certified Legal Assistant or Certified Paralegal examination, a comprehensive two-day examination that covers the following subjects: Communications, Ethics, Legal Research, Judgment and Analytical Ability, American Legal System and four sub-sections selected by the applicants from a list of nine substantive areas of the law. These sub-section tests cover general knowledge of the following practice areas: Administrative Law, Bankruptcy, Business Organizations, Civil Litigation, Contracts, Criminal Law and Procedure, Estate, Planning and Probate, Family Law and Real Estate. After successful completion of the examination, NALA awards the paralegal the "CLA" (Certified Legal Assistant) or "CP" (Certified Paralegal) designation. Both the "CLA" and "CP" designations are proprietary trademarks owned by NALA. Paralegals who have attained further education and received a paralegal certificate are referred to as "Certificated" unless they have passed the examination and have been awarded the "Certified" designation. Additionally, those paralegals who receive the "Certified Paralegal" designation then have the opportunity to earn the "Advanced Certified Paralegal" designation. There is a 45 to 50 percent pass rate for persons taking the NALA exams.
The NFPA offers its non-accredited Paralegal Advanced Competency Exam, which is a four-hour exam on a variety of legal topics; those who pass that exam can call themselves PACE-Registered Paralegals and display the "RP" designation. NFPA's core purpose is to advance the paralegal profession and is committed to the profession's Code of Ethics.
Some states have considered the licensure of paralegals. Whether paralegals should be licensed or certified is one of the most important issues for paralegals today.
Difference from lawyers
The greatest differences between lawyers and paralegals are that lawyers give legal advice, can set fees, appear as counsel of record in court, and sign pleadings (and other court documents) in a representative capacity. A paralegal who attempts to do any of these acts will be in violation of the unauthorized practice of law statutes in most U.S. states. Paralegals are responsible for handling tasks such as legal writing, research, and other forms of documentation for the lawyers for whom they work.
Penalties for unauthorized practice
Paralegals are restrained from exercising independence and prohibited from providing even basic legal advice to consumers of legal advice. In her book, Access to Justice, Stanford law professor Deborah Rhode states: "Over four-fifths of surveyed attorneys have supported prosecution of lay practitioners, and the profession has repeatedly blocked licensing proposals that would enable independent paralegals to offer routine services. Many local, state and national bar associations have recently launched initiatives to broaden the definition, raise the penalties, and increase the enforcement of unauthorized practice prohibitions."
In some areas, legal document assistants actually advertise themselves as paralegals. Many states, including Florida, have enacted laws or bar rules which require any person referring to himself or herself as a paralegal to work under the supervision of a licensed attorney. This rule would prohibit those individuals working as "independent paralegals" from using the title "paralegal".
Salary
In the United States, as of May 2012, the median annual salary for a paralegal was US$59,990. Paralegals working for the U.S. federal government average around $65,000 per year while state and local government paralegals earn around $45,000 to $50,000.
History
Paralegals have been used in the United States for almost 50 years.
Paralegal Day
Several state governments have designated a "Paralegal Day", which is not the same day everywhere, in particular New York's governor David Paterson, Michigan's governor Jennifer M. Granholm, South Carolina, Idaho's governor James E. Risch and the Texas Legislature have designated Paralegal Day in their respective states. California, Connecticut, Ohio, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Utah also have a Paralegal Day.
Paralegal service or document preparers
There are a variety of services available to the general public depending on the State of residence. These companies have been known as Paralegal Services until they were required to change their names. These companies are now typically known to the general public as Court Document Preparers or Court Forms Providers. The State of Florida has numerous companies that prepare court documents for a variety of issues, such as Divorce, Bankruptcy, Paternity, Custody, Modification of Child Support, Name Change, Wills, Power of Attorney, Quit Claim Deeds, etc. If you do not have the ability to remedy your situation because of the high cost fees of any attorney a Court Document Preparer can save thousands of dollars. Such document preparers, however, frequently come under the scrutiny of various state bar organizations by overstepping the basic document preparation and engaging in what could be considered "unauthorized practice of law." Such document preparation is indeed cost-saving for those who truly want to represent themselves in a legal matter, but want to pay someone to create the required documents. If problems arise in the legal case, however, the person who hired the paralegal service needs to understand that there is typically no legal liability on the part of the paralegal service and that such institutions cannot be sued for legal malpractice. Again, the philosophy is that the person utilizing such service is representing himself or herself in all legal matters and merely hiring a document preparer.
California
In California, under Business and Professions Code § 6450, a paralegal must have at least one of the following:
An ABA approved paralegal certificate.
A certificate of completion of a paralegal program at, or a degree from, a post-secondary institution that requires the successful completion of a minimum of 24 semester, or equivalent, units in law-related courses and that has been accredited by a national or regional accrediting organization or approved by the Bureau for Private Post-secondary and Vocational Education.
A bachelor's degree or advanced degree in any subject and at least one year of experience performing legal tasks under the supervision of an attorney that has at least three years' legal experience in California himself. The attorney must sign a written declaration stating the paralegal is qualified to perform legal tasks.
Before December 31, 2003, have completed a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma and a minimum of three years of law-related experience under the supervision of an attorney that has at least three years' legal experience in California himself. The attorney must sign a written declaration stating the paralegal is qualified to perform legal tasks.
Up until Business and Professions Code § 6450 was signed into law by Governor Gray Davis in 2000, there was little regulation of paralegals in California. One of the purposes of regulation under Business and Professions Code § 6450 was to shut down the paralegals who were providing self-help legal services to consumers. There had been relatively few consumer complaints against paralegals; instead most of the complaints were from lawyers who urged the California State Bar to police the unauthorized practice of law (UPL).
In response, the State Bar appointed a Public Protection Committee to look at the L.A. bar's claim. Then, "in 1988, the Public Protection Committee unanimously recommended that the California legislature completely abolish the state's UPL laws. It further concluded that independent paralegals should be allowed to provide all types of legal services as long as they are registered with a state agency and disclose their non-lawyer status to all customers." After many local bar associations reacted in dismay, "The California Bar then appointed a third group (The Commission on Legal Technicians) to restudy the issue. This commission largely agreed with the conclusions of its predecessors and recommended that non-lawyers be authorized by the California Supreme Court to deliver legal services in several major areas (bankruptcy, family, immigration, and landlord-tenant), under the terms of a licensing scheme that would be supervised by an independent state agency."
This development culminated in some paralegals being forced to give up the title paralegal for Legal Document Assistant (LDA) in order to administer legal services directly to the public in the allowed areas under California Bus & Prof. Code § 6400. Paralegals who are members of professional associations are also bound by those associations' codes of ethics many of which include sections prescribing that members not offer legal services directly to the public without the supervision of an attorney or law firm.
In popular culture
Paralegals have not caught the popular imagination and rarely are seen or mentioned in fictional or non-fiction legal television programs, or in legal fiction in print. There are however exceptions.
The most famous is probably Erin Brockovich, a real legal clerk whose participation in a toxic tort case became a major motion picture. In the movie Eagle Eye (2008) starring Shia LaBeouf and Michelle Monaghan, Monaghan plays a single mom who works as a paralegal.
Another notable exception is the character Della Street, from the Perry Mason novel, television and movie series. Although Mason identifies Della as "my confidential secretary", the projects he assigns her are entirely consistent with the law office work performed by experienced paralegals.
Allison DuBois, the lead character in Medium played by Patricia Arquette, was in training to become a paralegal in addition to her consultation work with the Phoenix, Arizona District Attorney's office.
Diamond Girl (1998), a Harlequin TV Movie features an unassuming paralegal as the main character who is in love with her playboy, tennis loving attorney boss. She is the sole reason for the law firm’s success. When his brother (also a lawyer) returns to save the family wine estate, a love triangle ensues with the paralegal being the object of both men’s affection.
John Grisham includes many paralegals in his novels; for example, Rudy Baylor (the main character in The Rainmaker) works briefly as a paralegal – and his associate Deck Shifflet subsequently becomes Rudy's paralegal when he starts his own firm.
(although he terms himself a 'paralawyer')
Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law, an esoteric cartoon comedy, features a paralegal in the form of Avenger, Harvey Birdman's eagle, who is usually seen managing files, preparing and presenting documents to the attorneys, and drafting letters to clients. Avenger will usually accompany the charismatic, yet often under-prepared, Birdman into court, and whisper case information and advice into his ear. Despite not knowing English, he is by far the most competent employee of Sebben & Sebben.
FX's The Riches in which Doug Rich, a con-artist played by Eddie Izzard, impersonates a lawyer at a cutthroat real estate development company. Rich's apparent lack of legal knowledge is often compensated by Aubrey McDonald, a highly skilled paralegal who manages to help guide the under-educated anti-hero through more than a few sticky situations.
USA Network's "Suits" features a young paralegal named Rachel, played by Meghan Markle, who greatly assists a young aspiring lawyer with various research and otherwise. She is a highly respected member of the firm and is considered to be of help to many of her co-workers. Rachel's desire one day to become a lawyer is one of the major stories of the series. As paralegal, she lives between a lot of appreciation for her hard work and a constant reminder (going both from herself and other people) that she's not a "real" lawyer at the end.
In Eoin Colfer's book The Supernaturalists, paralegals are lawyers that double as mercenaries to apprehend and then prosecute offenders for the person, or more common, company who hired them.
In the musical Dear Evan Hansen, Evan Hansen's mother, Heidi, is studying to become a paralegal.
In the TV series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, Rebecca’s first friend in West Covina is Paula Proctor, her new firm’s paralegal. Paula later goes back to school and becomes a lawyer in her own right.
A few current and former paralegals have also ventured into politics, including Amanda Reeve (Arizona State Legislature) and Michael Strautmanis (friend of 44th president of The United States Barack Obama and former member of White House Staff).
See also
Bullying in the legal profession
Community college
Contract attorney
Grey-collar
History of the legal profession
Individual rights advocate
Jurist
Legal profession
Proprietary colleges
References
External links
Current ABA Definition of Legal Assistant/Paralegal
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics government web site Occupational Outlook for Paralegals and Legal Assistants
Legal professions
Paralegals | [
0.4680500030517578,
0.6768350005149841,
-0.2518989145755768,
0.1947133094072342,
0.2282620519399643,
0.05463133752346039,
0.5290481448173523,
0.11430107057094574,
-0.5187881588935852,
-0.0968460962176323,
-0.6463609933853149,
0.5073944330215454,
0.15962180495262146,
-0.2029685080051422,
0.0297385361045599,
-0.04507039114832878,
0.23139533400535583,
0.37333813309669495,
0.25618964433670044,
-0.7594686150550842,
-0.2269786149263382,
0.03460802882909775,
0.012791279703378677,
-0.5536078810691833,
0.16243872046470642,
0.027427827939391136,
0.010890261270105839,
0.5855212211608887,
-0.6777985095977783,
-0.18016856908798218,
0.6226421594619751,
-0.0665682852268219,
0.1942186802625656,
0.09814702719449997,
0.3810226321220398,
0.6582551002502441,
0.15476706624031067,
-0.530464768409729,
0.017583640292286873,
-0.767936110496521,
0.09723539650440216,
0.4410789906978607,
-0.42348596453666687,
0.01661829650402069,
-0.5484489798545837,
-0.42103856801986694,
-1.4960684776306152,
-0.21242132782936096,
-0.41430598497390747,
0.11268726736307144,
-0.696386992931366,
0.44780269265174866,
-0.24102498590946198,
0.3881736397743225,
-0.24542362987995148,
0.6302880644798279,
-0.6487758159637451,
-0.46546781063079834,
-0.10230907797813416,
-0.010396699421107769,
0.6941879987716675,
0.21357837319374084,
-0.1561473309993744,
-0.11568202823400497,
0.83481365442276,
0.024445805698633194,
0.0759049654006958,
0.28092652559280396,
-0.6174376010894775,
-0.5253430008888245,
-0.18219853937625885,
-0.2086692452430725,
0.12128570675849915,
0.355778306722641,
-0.9623483419418335,
-0.22079817950725555,
0.5189634561538696,
0.06758897006511688,
-0.0706411749124527,
-0.2627846896648407,
0.24306535720825195,
1.096773386001587,
0.6573649048805237,
0.10225845873355865,
0.5248901844024658,
-0.06202555447816849,
-0.9332739114761353,
-0.272925466299057,
0.4996914863586426,
0.3492923378944397,
0.21689638495445251,
0.1487022340297699,
0.2145286649465561,
0.1146375983953476,
0.07581362128257751,
0.5956156849861145,
0.3221275210380554,
-0.0974356010556221,
-0.014008477330207825,
0.28185731172561646,
0.23172695934772491,
-0.24425101280212402,
0.602174699306488,
0.029383983463048935,
0.7163041830062866,
0.049491576850414276,
0.057376280426979065,
-0.039380963891744614,
-0.29570260643959045,
0.0703434869647026,
-0.22570399940013885,
0.0666268914937973,
-0.3564578890800476,
0.24879850447177887,
-0.7584621906280518,
0.7171227335929871,
0.4603622555732727,
0.3019375205039978,
-0.20584627985954285,
-0.1487901359796524,
0.3298760950565338,
-0.3405592441558838,
0.10783418267965317,
-0.27883198857307434,
-0.24922685325145721,
0.10485199093818665,
-0.13926781713962555,
0.07543821632862091,
-0.6219430565834045,
-0.11180639266967773,
0.09472543001174927,
0.6610723733901978,
0.1598687469959259,
0.29777005314826965,
0.0012847399339079857,
-0.05904174596071243,
0.5150122046470642,
0.05578074976801872,
0.4399787485599518,
0.1611960083246231,
-0.7500583529472351,
0.007987716235220432,
-0.7099199295043945,
-0.6601519584655762,
0.4080751836299896,
-0.6053862571716309,
0.5799686908721924,
-0.17205457389354706,
-0.5390315651893616,
0.2553665339946747,
-0.3992396891117096,
0.11062244325876236,
-0.12427429854869843,
-0.06602970510721207,
-0.23274236917495728,
0.11071692407131195,
0.7221464514732361,
-0.6003613471984863,
-0.029155820608139038,
0.041236504912376404,
0.1381502002477646,
-0.05144175514578819,
-0.5663341879844666,
0.14712312817573547,
-0.07842126488685608,
-0.035712435841560364,
-0.08919940143823624,
-0.32974356412887573,
0.38419777154922485,
0.7396210432052612,
-0.6316088438034058,
-0.2023898959159851,
0.19557829201221466,
-0.6776477694511414,
-0.2714168131351471,
0.5278920531272888,
0.19003494083881378,
-0.16146884858608246,
0.6980615854263306,
-0.35044586658477783,
-0.17112363874912262,
0.7308644652366638,
0.529905378818512,
-0.010236608795821667,
0.3595031499862671,
-0.5736209154129028,
0.609187662601471,
-0.3193994462490082,
-0.10412663966417313,
-0.39695900678634644,
-0.24252019822597504,
-0.31449463963508606,
0.09388823062181473,
-0.5448352098464966,
0.7134488224983215,
0.11896958202123642,
-0.28241899609565735,
0.7610405683517456,
-0.5622782707214355,
0.7225292325019836,
-0.20275862514972687,
0.38401317596435547,
0.06333445757627487,
-0.19593416154384613,
-0.5694430470466614,
1.0932997465133667,
0.7995879054069519,
-0.03200473263859749,
0.03034125082194805,
-0.11717844754457474,
0.6851189732551575,
-0.36927351355552673,
0.13967646658420563,
-0.4110093414783478,
-0.0038651071954518557,
0.28966012597084045,
-0.5968436598777771,
-0.33213719725608826,
0.010389905422925949,
-0.26489561796188354,
1.191825270652771,
-0.30782216787338257,
0.0810491293668747,
0.5057984590530396,
-0.15537004172801971,
0.2824014127254486,
0.08675457537174225,
0.14419187605381012,
0.16168570518493652,
-0.6585723757743835,
0.849951982498169,
0.2232242077589035,
0.24068179726600647,
-0.5083181262016296,
-0.7828701734542847,
-0.10828375816345215,
-0.22950515151023865,
-0.9240864515304565,
0.059813082218170166,
-0.006736717652529478,
-0.20310358703136444,
0.30884721875190735,
-0.22574980556964874,
0.16214148700237274,
0.06527402997016907,
-0.03476032242178917,
-0.08388229459524155,
0.56179279088974,
0.0760137140750885,
0.16760291159152985,
0.34531423449516296,
-0.25628241896629333,
-0.1501166969537735,
-0.555145263671875,
0.09733733534812927,
-0.17259694635868073,
-0.19875645637512207,
0.5407142043113708,
-0.22322244942188263,
-0.5947489738464355,
-0.10573778301477432,
0.29527777433395386,
0.5326351523399353,
0.05280410125851631,
-0.3438658118247986,
-0.024982649832963943,
-0.20283636450767517,
-0.02548159286379814,
-0.03921227902173996,
0.5937069058418274,
0.5968130826950073,
0.1916816532611847,
-0.4958969056606293,
-0.43572303652763367,
-0.39641696214675903,
0.0357426218688488,
0.2576306462287903,
-0.08097733557224274,
-0.4508932828903198,
-0.305313378572464,
0.3102857172489166,
0.34899210929870605,
0.23396740853786469,
-0.49324581027030945,
-0.622724175453186,
-0.34573468565940857,
0.1972530037164688,
0.005389112513512373,
-0.021841248497366905,
0.14057613909244537,
-0.37790095806121826,
0.31428754329681396,
0.001225335174240172,
0.2794663906097412,
0.46794962882995605,
-0.10695289075374603,
0.07977305352687836,
0.30155202746391296,
0.40693381428718567,
-0.17793957889080048,
-0.4695059061050415,
-0.13216839730739594,
-0.38581568002700806,
-0.2748958170413971,
0.5919782519340515,
-0.19410638511180878,
-0.1898106187582016,
-0.15613584220409393,
-5.657533645629883,
0.13256621360778809,
-0.7598574757575989,
-0.3125339448451996,
0.31591886281967163,
0.02089952491223812,
0.7806930541992188,
-0.030449243262410164,
-0.44818806648254395,
0.008653199300169945,
-0.43354421854019165,
0.12428031861782074,
0.16658350825309753,
0.6435449123382568,
0.3879363238811493,
0.03954602777957916,
-0.06239107623696327,
0.007002168335020542,
-0.05547911673784256,
0.1418505609035492,
-0.09103080630302429,
-0.23573224246501923,
0.1585596799850464,
0.13238312304019928,
0.4708058834075928,
-0.1975976973772049,
-0.608553409576416,
0.615556538105011,
-0.26594796776771545,
-0.2753065824508667,
0.29114022850990295,
0.24929265677928925,
-0.42118626832962036,
-0.2808631658554077,
-0.10597989708185196,
-0.035434599965810776,
0.7589686512947083,
-0.019275741651654243,
-0.20167216658592224,
-0.05743345990777016,
-0.42264658212661743,
-0.31098121404647827,
0.05319829285144806,
0.36599141359329224,
0.04625844955444336,
0.07545182853937149,
-0.38036802411079407,
-0.319823682308197,
-0.07925446331501007,
0.3778231739997864,
-0.4732666313648224,
0.45949938893318176,
0.08565138280391693,
0.15622249245643616,
-0.20062346756458282,
-0.2942509055137634,
0.7243083715438843,
-0.06387404352426529,
-0.39928457140922546,
0.12796057760715485,
0.254833459854126,
-0.9507247805595398,
0.1396685391664505,
-0.6091696619987488,
-0.09322451800107956,
-0.30693912506103516,
-0.21292027831077576,
-0.9218059778213501,
0.4780825972557068,
0.2988593280315399,
-0.3278213441371918,
0.9736384749412537,
0.10358340293169022,
-0.8591151237487793,
0.18309399485588074,
-0.6765214204788208,
-0.04422716423869133,
0.09044197201728821,
0.28946006298065186,
-0.22736969590187073,
0.3691729009151459,
0.10099095106124878,
-0.43740198016166687,
-0.1778174787759781,
0.3783189654350281,
-0.2870212495326996,
0.04297412559390068,
0.7569916844367981,
-0.494546115398407,
-0.2821757197380066,
0.9134150743484497,
0.22724293172359467,
0.5767043232917786,
0.3500806391239166,
-0.43562251329421997,
0.7626532316207886,
-0.10450635850429535,
-0.2668958306312561,
0.3065301477909088,
-0.44903209805488586,
0.23542064428329468,
-0.37776631116867065,
-0.44947266578674316,
-0.45755884051322937,
0.25432518124580383,
-0.516922116279602,
-0.48453179001808167,
0.2645249366760254,
0.3124878406524658,
0.22050683200359344,
0.045989956706762314,
0.1995883584022522,
0.06878826022148132,
0.2498546689748764,
-0.23633305728435516,
0.08898364752531052,
-0.34307044744491577,
0.061128534376621246,
0.15490251779556274,
-0.18744148313999176,
-0.34381943941116333,
-0.209909588098526,
0.2645781934261322,
-0.2009788453578949,
-0.4516967535018921,
-0.24112911522388458,
0.1685389131307602,
0.33037054538726807,
0.41436442732810974,
-0.049817848950624466,
0.11660806089639664,
0.5719759464263916,
-0.19076672196388245,
-0.30094611644744873,
-0.05751793086528778,
-0.6707255244255066,
-0.0723586454987526,
0.597377598285675,
0.3683149814605713,
-0.3318711817264557,
0.48524966835975647,
-0.3597894608974457,
0.40770673751831055,
-0.11621652543544769,
0.8181573748588562,
-0.1219356581568718,
-0.3211260735988617,
0.27914124727249146,
-0.39807629585266113,
0.4072079658508301,
-0.020704900845885277,
-0.7226415276527405,
0.09712187945842743,
-0.8164533972740173,
0.6749009490013123,
-0.592372715473175,
0.12368974834680557,
0.3487086892127991,
0.32092949748039246,
-0.8201057314872742,
0.20054781436920166,
-0.1343754529953003,
-0.7107862830162048,
-0.3166272044181824,
-0.03929666802287102,
-0.11836304515600204,
-0.5237863659858704,
-0.09528375416994095,
-0.4019244909286499,
0.9704194664955139,
-0.10250598192214966,
-0.4775652289390564,
-0.3667534291744232,
-0.7110356092453003,
0.4200645983219147,
-0.08921077847480774,
0.22691728174686432,
0.6764497756958008,
-0.5628761053085327,
-0.26233017444610596,
0.2310553789138794,
-0.4051739275455475,
-0.1959776133298874,
0.09382124990224838,
0.48871469497680664,
-0.26933735609054565,
0.1373431533575058,
-0.5499078631401062,
-0.6388092637062073,
-0.5560657382011414,
0.10510987043380737,
-0.06185424327850342,
0.4470365047454834,
-0.22835779190063477,
-0.10995462536811829,
-0.7568255662918091,
-0.2104758471250534,
0.478436142206192,
-0.26884230971336365,
-0.7376211881637573,
0.5304651856422424,
0.41822463274002075,
-0.30290254950523376,
0.17468954622745514,
0.6024438738822937,
-0.5424668192863464,
-0.31049829721450806,
-0.11380927264690399,
-0.6495053768157959,
0.6219304203987122,
-0.43620234727859497,
0.07843510061502457,
0.27587512135505676,
0.49280044436454773,
-0.8977706432342529,
-0.47288450598716736,
0.5360371470451355,
0.012523497454822063,
-0.5928165912628174,
-0.17325422167778015,
0.3045811355113983,
0.022745192050933838,
-0.2003256380558014,
-0.19853439927101135,
-0.37614789605140686,
0.30209246277809143,
0.1382628232240677,
-0.26543283462524414,
0.8842279314994812,
-0.250161737203598,
-0.48968759179115295,
-0.25247007608413696,
-0.11042935401201248,
-0.3998720049858093,
-0.04150259494781494,
-0.08669675141572952,
-0.3434924781322479,
0.3337444067001343,
0.13136102259159088,
-0.11289618909358978,
-0.22294408082962036,
1.0244003534317017,
0.3150665760040283,
-0.26156991720199585,
-0.19577544927597046,
0.664282500743866,
0.07822611182928085,
-0.793197751045227,
-0.8276692032814026,
0.5660034418106079,
0.6950766444206238,
0.03717905655503273,
-0.2814277410507202,
0.28286775946617126,
0.24678270518779755,
0.4288116693496704,
-0.08285252749919891,
0.2589428126811981,
0.2961175739765167,
0.6798715591430664,
0.010439050383865833,
-0.3975554406642914,
-0.13944514095783234,
-0.46707820892333984,
0.10907784849405289,
-0.28148820996284485,
-0.12137681990861893,
0.05118915066123009,
0.4461231231689453,
-0.3663117289543152,
-0.15499766170978546,
0.21832135319709778,
0.4855351448059082,
0.47711125016212463,
0.6187767386436462,
0.13340775668621063,
0.36626946926116943,
-0.4982130229473114,
0.2172795683145523,
-0.06564509868621826,
-0.030421020463109016,
-0.01323414035141468,
0.1588822305202484,
-0.7118313312530518,
0.5933882594108582,
-0.4189103841781616,
0.92631995677948,
0.6056714653968811,
-1.001646637916565,
-0.1510303020477295,
-0.1450815051794052,
0.018692849203944206,
0.10377536714076996,
1.0138229131698608,
-0.42320767045021057,
-0.1096736341714859,
0.2654886543750763,
0.5761281847953796,
0.2623157203197479,
0.04407068341970444,
-0.355245441198349,
0.5963518023490906,
-0.19833187758922577,
-1.0048127174377441,
0.20411042869091034,
0.03699338063597679,
-0.13662567734718323,
-0.7359360456466675,
0.24213102459907532,
-0.5612002015113831,
-0.17001058161258698,
-0.28288161754608154,
0.5084995031356812,
0.9770457148551941,
0.2854956388473511,
-0.6213767528533936,
-0.14059284329414368,
-0.6216855645179749,
-0.0610664002597332,
0.4754621684551239,
-0.07895828038454056,
-0.5471549034118652,
0.5873064994812012,
-0.5685099959373474,
0.04812684655189514,
0.30115601420402527,
0.07623722404241562,
0.030056823045015335,
0.1867024451494217,
0.3953154683113098,
0.8135176301002502,
0.050548624247312546,
0.2867991328239441,
0.15861544013023376,
-0.23474985361099243,
-0.47886472940444946,
0.3305966854095459,
-0.5156329274177551,
-0.0054145087487995625,
0.4164877235889435,
0.7401242256164551,
0.5382720232009888,
0.18473440408706665,
0.5726103186607361,
-0.03831353038549423,
0.3336260914802551,
0.6912725567817688,
0.30591729283332825,
-0.17928318679332733,
0.13776795566082,
0.1681511104106903,
0.10123857855796814,
0.4557635188102722,
-0.0763687938451767,
0.3796231150627136,
-0.8202125430107117,
0.37225961685180664,
0.07475154846906662,
-0.46131449937820435,
-0.5847536325454712,
-0.46983298659324646,
0.22355584800243378,
0.32428428530693054,
-0.21954067051410675,
-0.22541289031505585,
-0.8099359273910522,
0.8391774296760559,
-0.10370038449764252,
-0.07396040111780167,
0.018592599779367447,
-0.14416031539440155,
0.3695553243160248,
-0.32777413725852966,
0.5670552253723145,
0.6455705761909485,
-0.5968129634857178,
0.3032684028148651,
-0.15624530613422394,
0.2663668990135193,
-0.6735199093818665,
0.22597700357437134,
0.2882966995239258,
-0.4500471353530884,
-0.5117908716201782,
0.07985521852970123,
0.07718256115913391,
-0.017857065424323082,
0.2648751735687256,
-0.004090293776243925,
0.0961495116353035,
-0.41639983654022217,
-0.22627422213554382,
0.27692753076553345,
-0.04220642149448395,
-0.050160638988018036,
0.05508386716246605,
0.021765058860182762,
0.5689037442207336,
0.1787348836660385,
-0.598992109298706,
-0.16952960193157196,
0.30278852581977844,
-0.31645599007606506,
-0.4261305332183838,
-0.5774252414703369,
0.021475987508893013,
0.005344895180314779,
0.7274503111839294,
-0.04246186465024948,
0.4366922080516815,
0.19645915925502777,
-0.06809916347265244,
-0.15684349834918976,
0.7534363865852356,
1.0491749048233032,
0.6223182678222656,
0.28859445452690125,
-0.4525541663169861,
-0.0036553728859871626,
-0.4488893151283264,
0.41993796825408936,
0.03267012536525726,
0.3285241425037384,
0.15896202623844147,
-0.2726411521434784,
-0.19118951261043549,
-0.08023623377084732,
0.4416946470737457,
0.02755141817033291,
0.5138927102088928,
-0.4389176666736603,
0.3044776916503906,
-0.5619663000106812,
0.254803329706192,
0.3253115713596344,
-0.59623122215271,
0.0010191577021032572,
0.6351835131645203,
0.48070698976516724,
-0.49212002754211426,
-0.30209997296333313,
-0.25289109349250793,
-0.12910513579845428,
-0.2108413577079773,
-0.7671657800674438,
0.23473753035068512,
-0.6505817770957947,
-0.07143688946962357,
-0.24085628986358643,
-0.5061981678009033,
0.07043803483247757,
-0.4460305869579315,
0.5379513502120972,
-0.17824570834636688,
-0.28743505477905273,
-0.12528787553310394,
0.010395867750048637,
-0.5621445775032043,
-0.3946996033191681,
0.512961208820343
] |
236585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Thomas%20Howell | C. Thomas Howell | Christopher Thomas Howell (born December 7, 1966) is an American actor and director. He has starred in the films Soul Man, The Hitcher, Grandview U.S.A., Red Dawn, Secret Admirer and The Outsiders. He has also appeared in Gettysburg and Gods and Generals as Thomas Chamberlain, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Amazing Spider-Man, Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox and Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay.
Early life
Howell was born in Van Nuys, Los Angeles to Christopher N. and Candice Howell. He has two sisters, Stacy and Candy, and a brother, John.
His father worked as a stunt coordinator and rodeo performer. He played the role of the Red Knight in Terry Gilliam’s The Fisher King. As a young boy, Howell wanted to be a stuntman and was a child stunt performer. He was also a rodeo star. He began acting at the age of four, when he was cast in the Brian Keith Show episode, "The Little People".
When Howell was young, his parents divorced. Howell graduated from Saugus High School in 1984.
Career
Howell's showbiz debut was acting in The Brian Keith Show episode "The Little People" as a little boy whose ears are being checked out by a doctor. When he got older, he tried stunt acting like his father and worked on commercials for a while.
He tried rodeo riding for a few years. In 1982, he made his film debut as Tyler in Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Afterward, at 15, he was cast as the lead role Ponyboy Curtis in Francis Ford Coppola's The Outsiders, which earned him a Young Artist Award.
1980s
In 1984 he and Outsiders co-star, Patrick Swayze, reunited for Grandview, U.S.A., also with Jamie Lee Curtis, and Red Dawn, with Patrick Swayze, Charlie Sheen, and Lea Thompson. Howell also had a pivotal role in Tank, with James Garner and Jenilee Harrison. In 1985 he again starred in the lead role in Secret Admirer, opposite Lori Loughlin and Kelly Preston.
Howell was one of two final actors in the running to play Marty McFly in Back to the Future, the other being Eric Stoltz, although it was Michael J. Fox who was cast when Stoltz was deemed wrong for the role.
In 1986, he played a hitchhiker's target in the film The Hitcher. The sequel, in which he also starred, was released in 2003.
He starred as a white student who pretends to be black to receive a scholarship in Soul Man. The film was commercially successful, but was condemned by the NAACP, other African-American advocacy groups, and director Spike Lee. It received mostly negative reviews from professional critics, and holds an aggregated score of 14% at Rotten Tomatoes. Howell has since stated that he does not regret the role, and that Soul Man was "an important part of [his] life" and "an important film" for racial relations in the United States.
In 1988, Howell played the young Arturo Toscanini in the story of the world-renowned conductors debut in Franco Zeffirelli's Giovane Toscanini with Irma Capece Minutolo and Elizabeth Taylor. The film was never released domestically.
1990s
At the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, Howell appeared in The Return of the Musketeers and Side Out. In 1993, he starred with Linda Fiorentino and Nancy Allen in the campy thriller Acting on Impulse.
After several straight-to-video features and a starring role in That Night, he achieved success again in the film Gettysburg, which was popular with history buffs and history classrooms. He starred as Mike, a motorcycle courier in Mad Dogs and Englishmen (U.S. title: Shameless) with Elizabeth Hurley.
His made-for-television film credits include Suspect Device, Sealed with a Kiss and Dead Fire. He starred in Dads, an unsold pilot. He also appeared in the short-lived TV series Kindred: The Embraced.
He started an interest in crime-thrillers after starring in Payback and playing gangster Baby Face Nelson in a film of the same name. He went on to direct and star in the 1996 direct-to-video release, Pure Danger, featuring alongside Teri Ann Linn and prop comic, Carrot Top.
2000s
Howell returned to acting in the 2000s in films such as Asylum Days, the Gods and Generals prequel to Gettysburg, and The Hillside Strangler, in which he played serial killer Kenneth Bianchi.
In 2006, Howell starred in Hoboken Hollow. He also became a supporter of the production company The Asylum, which produced his straight-to-DVD films.
In 2005, he starred in H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds, one of three 2005 adaptations of the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells. Howell directed and starred in a straight-to-DVD sequel War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave in 2008.
In 2005, he reunited with his Secret Admirer co-star Lori Loughlin, when he had a recurring role on her television show Summerland as Zac Efron's father. After War of the Worlds, he spent time directing straight to-DVD films.
Also in 2008, he directed and starred in The Day the Earth Stopped, a mockbuster intended to capitalize on The Day the Earth Stood Still.
He appeared as a doctor in The Poseidon Adventure, an adaptation of the 1972 film of the same name. His father's first stunt co-ordination was for the original film, albeit uncredited. He briefly hosted a show on KLSX later that year.
2010s
Howell appeared in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man.
Television work
After filming The Outsiders, Howell co-starred in his own television series, Two Marriages, which ended after four episodes, but letters of support got it back on air. He later expressed disappointment in the series, but eventually found it more satisfying.
After Two Marriages, Howell made guest appearances in shows like Moonlighting and The Hitchhiker. In 2000, Howell played a doctor stranded on a deserted island after a plane crash in Amazon.
He initially turned down a guest role in ER after missing out on a role he wanted, but his wife signed him up after yet another offer. Following ER, he guest appeared in 24. He guest starred in five episodes of Criminal Minds on CBS as serial killer George Foyet (The Boston Reaper), a recurring villain based on the Zodiac Killer.
Howell played the role of Officer Bill 'Dewey' Dudek, a police officer recovering from alcoholism, in the L.A. police drama Southland. He appeared in Seasons 1, 2, 3, and 4 and was promoted to a series regular for Season 5, which began in February 2013. The series was cancelled on May 10, 2013.
In 2011, he guest starred as an inmate on The Glades and in Torchwood: Miracle Day.
Starting in 2015, Howell has had a recurring role as Dr. Daniel Stinger in the Freeform show Stitchers. In 2017, he had a recurring role as Ash Spenser, a retired Navy SEAL, in the CBS show SEAL Team, and appeared in 3 episodes of Marvel’s The Punisher on Netflix.
In 2016 and 2018, Howell had a recurring guest-star role as Paul Belmont, a United States Navy Lieutenant Commander at Camp Pendleton, in Seasons 1 and 3 of Animal Kingdom.
Off-screen
Howell has worked with Francis Ford Coppola many times and in other areas of making motion pictures including writing, producing, and directing. In 1995, he wrote and directed Hourglass, in which he starred with Sofia Shinas. The following year, he helped produce The Big Fall and Pure Danger.
Howell did not write or direct another film until 2004. He and his father co-wrote the made-for-television film Hope Ranch, which Howell produced. Howell went on to write and produce Blind Injustice the next year. Two years later he produced The Stolen Moments of September.
Personal life
In the 1980s he dated actress Kyle Richards. Howell married actress Rae Dawn Chong in 1989, whom he met while co-starring with her in the 1986 film Soul Man. They divorced the following year in 1990. Howell married his second wife Sylvie Anderson, in 1992. Together, the couple had three children. In 2016, Anderson filed for divorce.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
1966 births
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
People from Van Nuys, Los Angeles | [
-0.17895041406154633,
0.38181471824645996,
-0.8014364838600159,
-0.4156665802001953,
0.815342366695404,
0.7948065400123596,
0.15909776091575623,
0.2636473774909973,
-0.11454553157091141,
0.03273081034421921,
-0.2553768455982208,
0.9201317429542542,
-0.20523086190223694,
0.33465126156806946,
-0.24768975377082825,
0.5404052734375,
0.2468932420015335,
-0.18012678623199463,
-0.018141793087124825,
-0.29390090703964233,
-0.7432268857955933,
0.061058834195137024,
0.4143569767475128,
0.1583457589149475,
-0.8226516246795654,
1.1949875354766846,
-0.36332160234451294,
0.0445953905582428,
-0.15863238275051117,
-0.14995084702968597,
0.20646128058433533,
0.3700565695762634,
0.2919553518295288,
-0.8288463950157166,
-0.4113035500049591,
0.014403462409973145,
-0.7705268859863281,
-0.7520748376846313,
-0.33989083766937256,
0.11973126232624054,
-0.20077984035015106,
0.054705362766981125,
-0.06918370723724365,
-0.44101303815841675,
-0.1814969778060913,
0.16351929306983948,
-2.032679557800293,
-0.05454137176275253,
-0.8826758861541748,
-0.686594545841217,
-0.2464703917503357,
-0.2738229036331177,
0.26022377610206604,
-0.3215935230255127,
0.15946021676063538,
-0.3413282632827759,
-0.12357211112976074,
-0.4100593626499176,
0.27962207794189453,
0.12878310680389404,
0.05697308108210564,
-0.22548124194145203,
-0.040546972304582596,
-0.45873934030532837,
-0.035427242517471313,
-0.007512849289923906,
0.30909305810928345,
0.3871896266937256,
-0.08749444782733917,
-0.10902681946754456,
0.5101037621498108,
0.811301052570343,
0.24247948825359344,
0.09229060262441635,
0.12826117873191833,
0.20128783583641052,
0.34288647770881653,
0.06848437339067459,
-0.4264020025730133,
-0.24553117156028748,
0.014361613430082798,
0.2343239188194275,
0.7493941783905029,
0.5334641933441162,
-0.15757516026496887,
-0.10974985361099243,
-0.3461669981479645,
0.056222040206193924,
-0.36864063143730164,
0.4486480951309204,
-0.7287646532058716,
-0.12945108115673065,
-0.33385688066482544,
0.41525423526763916,
0.11764390766620636,
-0.5962823629379272,
-0.34447720646858215,
0.644767165184021,
-0.008422398008406162,
-0.08987759798765182,
-0.0531763881444931,
-0.06444741040468216,
0.28667059540748596,
-0.5321492552757263,
-0.4621422588825226,
0.1727340966463089,
0.49108168482780457,
0.07968063652515411,
-0.7809244990348816,
0.44702664017677307,
-0.22740796208381653,
0.5076487064361572,
-0.09874103963375092,
0.17670539021492004,
-0.02678741328418255,
0.37498554587364197,
0.3031018078327179,
0.03153800591826439,
-0.8411427736282349,
-0.10020945966243744,
0.23475386202335358,
0.6182549595832825,
-0.12774240970611572,
0.29061535000801086,
-0.45431870222091675,
0.0289438609033823,
-0.23221717774868011,
-0.2790617048740387,
-0.3155173659324646,
-0.36653223633766174,
0.2452804148197174,
0.9203203320503235,
-0.33312278985977173,
-0.4816853404045105,
-0.49071112275123596,
-0.1386730968952179,
-0.07508856058120728,
-0.4072464406490326,
-0.032103072851896286,
-0.0608866922557354,
-0.2953445017337799,
-0.050388239324092865,
-0.4425315856933594,
-0.056140705943107605,
0.3747006058692932,
-0.147264763712883,
0.05656849592924118,
0.044871583580970764,
-0.08319307118654251,
0.16911117732524872,
-0.2956109046936035,
0.4601553678512573,
-0.13109463453292847,
-0.8871809244155884,
-0.5463022589683533,
0.30528056621551514,
0.6042054891586304,
-0.288104385137558,
0.4401622414588928,
-0.12313593178987503,
0.46740394830703735,
-0.1874457746744156,
-0.2642298936843872,
-0.1595482975244522,
0.597445547580719,
-0.6192266941070557,
0.4534537196159363,
-0.7005704045295715,
0.0977625772356987,
-0.33034980297088623,
-0.08230821788311005,
0.29528987407684326,
0.4998423755168915,
-0.4422566294670105,
-0.27433452010154724,
-0.3842710256576538,
0.44696396589279175,
0.576965868473053,
0.03293910622596741,
-0.017554517835378647,
-0.5497065782546997,
-0.6095936298370361,
-0.08102473616600037,
-0.03319201618432999,
0.32182562351226807,
-0.14904554188251495,
0.22586935758590698,
-0.46380260586738586,
0.5506141185760498,
-0.05447208881378174,
-0.8773768544197083,
-0.6565791964530945,
0.42555001378059387,
0.2502478063106537,
0.09951768815517426,
0.19343037903308868,
-0.42809709906578064,
-0.0031233257614076138,
0.5698323845863342,
0.1988884061574936,
-0.5426936745643616,
-0.6318543553352356,
0.1206677034497261,
-0.1445772796869278,
-0.28340572118759155,
-0.040486063808202744,
0.8441826701164246,
-0.1220034509897232,
0.6077089309692383,
0.5553368330001831,
0.25087594985961914,
-0.45941412448883057,
0.18998590111732483,
0.902859091758728,
0.3639312982559204,
-0.8911733031272888,
-0.5574575066566467,
-0.5385288000106812,
0.048753898590803146,
-0.24048805236816406,
0.10051195323467255,
0.5936921834945679,
-0.10226688534021378,
0.9820112586021423,
-0.31329286098480225,
1.0358786582946777,
-0.35270199179649353,
-0.003412591991946101,
0.12416429072618484,
-0.29085612297058105,
0.12432921677827835,
0.20987185835838318,
-0.7779511213302612,
-0.8323045969009399,
0.10984043031930923,
0.19918909668922424,
0.3310185670852661,
-0.8496122360229492,
-0.46797335147857666,
-0.450261652469635,
0.5853181481361389,
0.13031303882598877,
-1.008215308189392,
0.24191637337207794,
0.40053433179855347,
-0.16461172699928284,
0.5217655897140503,
0.05627971887588501,
-0.4644635319709778,
-0.19894742965698242,
0.14649227261543274,
0.19727030396461487,
0.614373505115509,
-0.2528999447822571,
0.4246375262737274,
-0.02368774823844433,
0.2890375554561615,
-0.1956578493118286,
0.10309571772813797,
0.011412426829338074,
0.05686916410923004,
0.46468955278396606,
0.04680923745036125,
-0.043191008269786835,
-0.8429455757141113,
0.07846936583518982,
-0.10819515585899353,
-0.6222512722015381,
-0.24406979978084564,
-0.11977813392877579,
0.270856648683548,
-0.4534807503223419,
-0.11665147542953491,
0.3262941241264343,
0.22152461111545563,
0.5069260001182556,
0.0944172590970993,
-0.5552557110786438,
-0.2815534472465515,
-0.7766268253326416,
0.7161328792572021,
0.5522984266281128,
-0.19018161296844482,
-0.217279314994812,
-0.4282754361629486,
-0.49440860748291016,
-0.22982272505760193,
0.17584273219108582,
-0.12097472697496414,
-0.18247179687023163,
-0.35250845551490784,
0.7858117818832397,
0.38965824246406555,
0.9850216507911682,
-0.4168938398361206,
-0.1624186784029007,
-0.17431741952896118,
-0.5962486863136292,
-0.024252481758594513,
-0.33835864067077637,
-0.41311660408973694,
0.7432994842529297,
0.07149652391672134,
0.24708899855613708,
0.37916767597198486,
0.3010856807231903,
-0.22215309739112854,
-0.3735317587852478,
-5.509735107421875,
0.15981684625148773,
0.1801057606935501,
-0.1708073616027832,
0.9221024513244629,
-0.23686057329177856,
0.2588420510292053,
-0.44649386405944824,
0.6985554099082947,
0.15974189341068268,
-0.009270821698009968,
-0.11528024822473526,
-0.08245681971311569,
0.5368674993515015,
0.4388924241065979,
-0.06798829883337021,
0.27497127652168274,
-0.312796950340271,
0.03162670508027077,
0.8150447607040405,
0.38172009587287903,
-0.2995051443576813,
-0.12365885823965073,
-0.168158158659935,
-0.2754286825656891,
0.0010380033636465669,
-0.6025155186653137,
0.03596865385770798,
-0.474861741065979,
-0.35530510544776917,
-0.6336790323257446,
0.11367864906787872,
-0.6302754878997803,
0.43820786476135254,
-0.0942712128162384,
-0.054084423929452896,
0.49870824813842773,
0.008075439371168613,
0.5557824969291687,
-0.443694531917572,
0.25278806686401367,
-0.08793466538190842,
-1.1520017385482788,
0.3879461884498596,
0.364916056394577,
-0.17486485838890076,
-0.12090087682008743,
-0.5373362302780151,
0.025723731145262718,
0.6103558540344238,
0.6166839003562927,
-0.15287303924560547,
0.5125925540924072,
0.2661381661891937,
0.6117281317710876,
-0.4000762403011322,
0.4445149898529053,
0.1054682657122612,
-0.7701768279075623,
0.24855998158454895,
-0.059062421321868896,
-0.22623835504055023,
0.0009377842652611434,
0.06885925680398941,
-0.22164921462535858,
-0.28566837310791016,
0.15449048578739166,
0.1766199767589569,
0.135061576962471,
-0.3693031072616577,
-0.09748399257659912,
0.5711250305175781,
-0.05259235203266144,
-1.0526293516159058,
0.45815709233283997,
-0.2369840443134308,
0.008161600679159164,
-0.0025573757011443377,
-0.9982545971870422,
-0.5225567817687988,
-0.15665645897388458,
-0.6038334965705872,
0.5277308225631714,
0.4563814699649811,
0.5618233680725098,
0.03038601018488407,
-0.4099920094013214,
0.5335023403167725,
0.07874341309070587,
-0.5256873369216919,
-0.01992976665496826,
-0.28448715806007385,
0.08733932673931122,
0.5307790637016296,
-0.03993154689669609,
-0.10032033175230026,
0.8625633120536804,
1.021337866783142,
0.3494400978088379,
0.08793926239013672,
0.24912777543067932,
-0.5253137350082397,
-0.28657427430152893,
-0.5125400424003601,
0.34963691234588623,
0.05261846259236336,
0.5615324378013611,
0.04795874282717705,
0.592053234577179,
0.25184890627861023,
0.6593073606491089,
0.5231212377548218,
-0.17075514793395996,
-0.28675928711891174,
-0.09916351735591888,
-0.07542850822210312,
-0.12473655492067337,
0.3334868550300598,
0.3481457233428955,
0.19126783311367035,
-0.053819768130779266,
0.31328654289245605,
-0.2719820439815521,
0.20007823407649994,
0.14998622238636017,
-0.4569162130355835,
0.2583526372909546,
-0.3179986774921417,
-0.34889844059944153,
0.25787463784217834,
-0.3137998580932617,
0.656385600566864,
0.20056074857711792,
0.09542055428028107,
0.23448900878429413,
-0.554085910320282,
-0.4974139630794525,
-0.37864938378334045,
0.30506980419158936,
0.5507524013519287,
0.18702539801597595,
-0.3157384395599365,
0.20553210377693176,
0.020497823134064674,
0.08761872351169586,
-0.14098313450813293,
0.048668183386325836,
0.40422195196151733,
-0.23680157959461212,
0.37790995836257935,
0.06037072092294693,
-0.22159993648529053,
0.32091641426086426,
-0.5812509059906006,
-0.02009584568440914,
0.07106228917837143,
-0.9271438717842102,
-0.2860826849937439,
0.2766919732093811,
-0.2112349420785904,
0.3705484867095947,
0.0657540112733841,
-0.46667909622192383,
-0.06310194730758667,
-0.09827584028244019,
0.481135755777359,
-0.3041101396083832,
-0.03939850255846977,
-0.6379867196083069,
0.6378540396690369,
0.212210014462471,
-0.3645489811897278,
-0.2706322968006134,
-0.011049298569560051,
-0.1210063025355339,
0.06591694056987762,
-0.07341513782739639,
-0.10710005462169647,
-0.29662322998046875,
-0.03376653045415878,
0.15565070509910583,
0.1719440072774887,
-0.434318870306015,
-0.37187230587005615,
0.2834721803665161,
-0.3684964179992676,
-1.1264091730117798,
-0.4269084632396698,
-0.5167362093925476,
0.2853635251522064,
0.10428334027528763,
-0.1792300045490265,
0.17893318831920624,
0.5635533332824707,
-0.11526045948266983,
-0.07814980298280716,
0.13391879200935364,
-0.2663438618183136,
0.1863516867160797,
-0.32507506012916565,
-0.24184663593769073,
0.14269742369651794,
-0.5674031376838684,
0.08283884078264236,
0.24959412217140198,
-0.5632982850074768,
-0.022514348849654198,
0.43069934844970703,
-0.623498797416687,
0.6550639867782593,
-0.3354843854904175,
-0.26525208353996277,
0.061173949390649796,
-0.30818960070610046,
-0.2816178500652313,
0.33299121260643005,
0.6898008584976196,
0.167317196726799,
0.12931247055530548,
-0.37344369292259216,
-0.4572858512401581,
-0.7420033812522888,
-0.09051374346017838,
0.1605755239725113,
-0.49607592821121216,
-0.008836197666823864,
-0.09005296230316162,
-0.5327889919281006,
0.6088604927062988,
0.06537971645593643,
-0.5708081126213074,
-0.0846015065908432,
0.448273628950119,
0.6450461149215698,
0.008751298300921917,
-0.3559814393520355,
0.08479800820350647,
0.6803537607192993,
-0.3463457226753235,
0.4979966878890991,
0.5293861031532288,
1.296166181564331,
0.12257596850395203,
0.5976710319519043,
-0.03032156080007553,
0.41898810863494873,
0.026525411754846573,
-0.041122741997241974,
-0.19396688044071198,
0.13173742592334747,
0.6100720763206482,
0.2422669678926468,
0.019383108243346214,
0.22606806457042694,
0.4441148340702057,
-0.7299739718437195,
0.37953293323516846,
0.07120078802108765,
-0.08652885258197784,
0.04907951503992081,
0.06458911299705505,
-0.14233346283435822,
0.22903239727020264,
-0.04339810833334923,
-0.11071061342954636,
0.21985135972499847,
-0.3483310639858246,
-0.2885439693927765,
0.6827598214149475,
-0.3762263059616089,
-0.28875595331192017,
-0.16033603250980377,
0.015865709632635117,
1.0606361627578735,
-0.37617093324661255,
0.35450631380081177,
0.8388229012489319,
-0.4919365644454956,
0.07969656586647034,
-0.3453751802444458,
-0.15388698875904083,
0.5226957201957703,
-0.3656037449836731,
-0.9245760440826416,
0.2014201283454895,
-0.304095983505249,
0.13461290299892426,
-0.267732709646225,
-0.1424112617969513,
-0.2763773798942566,
0.04279639571905136,
0.3838687539100647,
-0.2231864333152771,
-0.1282963901758194,
-0.2616918683052063,
-0.49981746077537537,
-0.014218484051525593,
1.3283796310424805,
-0.44357961416244507,
0.20702312886714935,
-0.24211131036281586,
0.3209119737148285,
0.8063740134239197,
0.015230881050229073,
0.001403249567374587,
-0.1394329071044922,
-0.4083373248577118,
-0.7442187666893005,
-0.5193803906440735,
-0.16274873912334442,
0.37473198771476746,
-0.09226135909557343,
0.6221528649330139,
0.3696284294128418,
-0.45288482308387756,
-0.23980772495269775,
0.6098809838294983,
-0.023709788918495178,
-0.028634218499064445,
0.005180916748940945,
-0.40317845344543457,
-0.5249449014663696,
0.5278263688087463,
-0.5904723405838013,
0.5321230888366699,
1.1464372873306274,
0.34087878465652466,
0.049768805503845215,
-0.06701505184173584,
0.39272618293762207,
-0.26898491382598877,
-0.45165419578552246,
0.4013768434524536,
0.6705612540245056,
0.01759890839457512,
-0.5670486092567444,
0.6708358526229858,
-0.1378861963748932,
0.43169936537742615,
-0.1556757092475891,
-0.29806119203567505,
0.8599342107772827,
0.14523839950561523,
0.44093629717826843,
0.21581976115703583,
0.06386300176382065,
0.18887871503829956,
0.4950365126132965,
-0.7552530765533447,
0.13335487246513367,
0.1615452915430069,
-0.25319769978523254,
0.6987192630767822,
-0.018510917201638222,
0.7976979613304138,
-0.4129292070865631,
-0.04664378613233566,
0.42816802859306335,
-0.21970871090888977,
0.05791303887963295,
0.16278207302093506,
-0.22479523718357086,
1.132258653640747,
0.1945909559726715,
0.0040657841600477695,
-0.38050809502601624,
-0.3069137930870056,
-0.7045989632606506,
-0.06727603822946548,
0.7494694590568542,
-0.12780706584453583,
0.37753060460090637,
-0.22775176167488098,
0.19477280974388123,
0.6865785121917725,
0.14011119306087494,
0.3686433732509613,
-0.37771129608154297,
-0.46090415120124817,
-0.40894684195518494,
-1.0524518489837646,
0.02897457964718342,
-0.4586268663406372,
-0.28293195366859436,
-0.08650347590446472,
0.022408269345760345,
-0.2542262375354767,
0.19378651678562164,
-0.20261895656585693,
-0.5386042594909668,
0.6368760466575623,
-0.37819549441337585,
-0.4589429497718811,
0.10646531730890274,
-0.8115832805633545,
0.0405840165913105,
-0.33689942955970764,
0.7329381704330444,
0.6077938079833984,
0.35212719440460205,
0.3246116638183594,
0.5905793905258179,
0.30733177065849304,
0.061383750289678574,
-0.2640802264213562,
-0.10604014247655869,
-0.13802571594715118,
0.3192417025566101,
-0.4851641356945038,
0.054337434470653534,
0.07298804819583893,
0.01765318773686886,
-0.5949764847755432,
0.31642597913742065,
-0.22610099613666534,
0.13211724162101746,
0.8874984383583069,
0.29645368456840515,
0.4043430685997009,
-0.4369247555732727,
-0.2758444845676422,
0.26574987173080444,
-0.03648132085800171,
0.36787840723991394,
-0.27026650309562683,
0.7422720789909363,
-0.2562575936317444,
0.028300488367676735,
-0.3090139925479889,
0.35642412304878235,
-0.1626860350370407,
0.32509008049964905,
-0.5736191868782043,
0.03883921355009079,
-0.3463842570781708,
-1.0992496013641357,
0.6600406765937805,
0.4920935332775116,
0.6845801472663879,
-0.3912199139595032,
0.27391383051872253,
0.32140135765075684,
-0.14910131692886353,
-0.23764938116073608,
-0.26334601640701294,
-0.1599264293909073,
-0.06911943107843399,
-0.055431533604860306,
0.0288303941488266,
0.4409372806549072,
-0.13353651762008667,
-0.4804382026195526,
0.09141247719526291,
-0.37549108266830444,
-0.3036622703075409,
-0.1299900859594345,
0.11675034463405609,
0.14879707992076874,
0.6714770197868347,
-0.3046897053718567
] |
236590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain%20Rolland | Romain Rolland | Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings".
He was a leading supporter of Josef Stalin in France and is also noted for his correspondence with and influence on Sigmund Freud.
Biography
Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre into a family that had both wealthy townspeople and farmers in its lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur (1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in Colas Breugnon (1919).
Accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where his encounter with Malwida von Meysenbug–who had been a friend of Nietzsche and of Wagner–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his thesis Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. Histoire de l’opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti (The origins of modern lyric theatre. A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti). For the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing the newly established music school of the École des Hautes Études Sociales from 1902–11. In 1903 he was appointed to the first chair of music history at the Sorbonne, he also directed briefly in 1911 the musical section at the French Institute in Florence.
His first book was published in 1902, when he was 36 years old. Through his advocacy for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the democratization of the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India ("Conversations with Rabindranath Tagore" and Mohandas Gandhi). Rolland was strongly influenced by the Vedanta philosophy of India, primarily through the works of Swami Vivekananda.
A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationship. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.
Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He was one of the few major French writers to retain his pacifist internationalist values; he moved to Switzerland. He protested against the first World War in (1915), Above the Battle (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on Gandhi contributed to the Indian nonviolent leader's reputation and the two men met in 1931. Rolland was a vegetarian.
In May 1922 he attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".
In 1928 Rolland and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter Edmund Bordeaux Szekely founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit.
In 1932 Rolland was among the first members of the World Committee Against War and Fascism, organized by Willi Münzenberg. Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg assumed over the committee and was against it being based in Berlin.
Rolland moved to Villeneuve, on the shores of Lac Léman (Lake Geneva) to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His voyage to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet Joseph Stalin, whom he considered the greatest man of his time. Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the Soviet Union. Although he admired Stalin, he attempted to intervene against the persecution of his friends. He attempted to discuss his concerns with Stalin, and was involved in the campaign for the release of the Left Opposition activist and writer Victor Serge and wrote to Stalin begging clemency for Nikolai Bukharin. During Serge's imprisonment (1933–1936), Rolland had agreed to handle the publications of Serge's writings in France, despite their political disagreements.
In 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude. Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing touches on his musical research on the life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Shortly before his death, he wrote Péguy (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the context of his memories. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay.
In 1921, his close friend the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig published his biography (in English Romain Rolland: The Man and His Works). Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, whom he once described as "the moral consciousness of Europe" during the years of turmoil and War in Europe. Zweig wrote at length about his friendship with Rolland in his own autobiography (in English The World of Yesterday).
Victor Serge was appreciative of Rolland's interventions on his behalf but ultimately thoroughly disappointed by Rolland's refusal to break publicly with Stalin and the repressive Soviet regime. The entry for 4 May 1945, a few weeks after Rolland's death, in Serge's Notebooks: 1936-1947 notes acidly that "At age seventy the author of Jean-Christophe allowed himself to be covered with the blood spilled by a tyranny of which he was a faithful adulator."
Hermann Hesse dedicated Siddhartha to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".
People's theatre
Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a "popular theatre" in his essay The People's Theatre (Le Théâtre du peuple, 1902). "There is only one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and auditorium should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the actions of a people". The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents had appeared in the Revue d'Art Dramatique between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted to put his theory into practice with his melodramatic dramas about the French Revolution, Danton (1900) and The Fourteenth of July (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a major reference point for subsequent practitioners.
The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the democratization of the theatre. The Revue had held a competition and tried to organize a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened across Europe, including the Freie Volksbühne movement ('Free People's Theatre') in Germany and Maurice Pottecher's Théâtre du Peuple in France. Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated The People's Theatre to him.
Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indicts the bourgeoisie for its appropriation of the theatre, causing it to slide into decadence, and the deleterious effects of its ideological dominance. In proposing a suitable repertoire for his people's theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland). Rolland believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past. Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-festivity, an emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest spectacle".
Rolland's dramas have been staged by some of the most influential theatre directors of the twentieth century, including Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator. Piscator directed the world première of Rolland's pacifist drama The Time Will Come (Le Temps viendra, written in 1903) at Berlin's Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with music by K Pringsheim and scenic design by O Schmalhausen and M Meier. The play addresses the connections between imperialism and capitalism, the treatment of enemy civilians, and the use of concentration camps, all of which are dramatised via an episode in the Boer War. Piscator described his treatment of the play as "thoroughly naturalistic", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible realism in acting and decor". Despite the play's overly-rhetorical style, the production was reviewed positively.
Novels
Rolland's most famous novel is the 10-volume novel sequence Jean-Christophe (1904–1912), which brings "together his interests and ideals in the story of a German musical genius who makes France his second home and becomes a vehicle for Rolland's views on music, social matters and understanding between nations". His other novels are Colas Breugnon (1919), Clérambault (1920), Pierre et Luce (1920) and his second roman-fleuve, the 7-volume L'âme enchantée (1922–1933).
Academic career
He became a history teacher at Lycée Henri IV, then at the Lycée Louis le Grand, and member of the École française de Rome, then a professor of the History of Music at the Sorbonne, and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.
Correspondence with Freud
1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my days."). This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "oceanic feeling" that Rolland had developed through his study of Eastern mysticism. Freud opened his next book Civilization and its Discontents (1929) with a debate on the nature of this feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.
Bibliography
See also
List of peace activists
References
Further reading
Fisher, David James. Romain Rolland and the Politics of the Intellectual Engagement (2003)
David-Fox, Michael. "The 'Heroic Life' of a Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." Slavonica 11.1 (2005): 3-29. Online
Zweig, Stephan. Romain Rolland: The Man and His Work (1921) (online)
External links
List of Works
Romain Rolland at Goodreads
Sven Söderman on Rolland
Association Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland's thoughts on Vedanta
Electronic editions
1866 births
1944 deaths
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French novelists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French expatriates in the Soviet Union
French male novelists
French Nobel laureates
French pacifists
Gandhians
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Nobel laureates in Literature
Nonviolence advocates
People from Nièvre
Prix Femina winners
Spinozists
Writers about the Soviet Union
Writers from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | [
-0.32200413942337036,
0.459852933883667,
-0.8989887237548828,
0.13636291027069092,
0.042745769023895264,
0.9263068437576294,
0.7052295804023743,
0.32371434569358826,
0.18359875679016113,
-0.5147493481636047,
-0.6905658841133118,
0.28399503231048584,
0.028632331639528275,
0.37657710909843445,
0.3303142786026001,
-0.05247597396373749,
0.08384547382593155,
-0.2894194424152374,
-0.13493196666240692,
-0.2606646418571472,
-0.43918487429618835,
-0.05405764654278755,
0.11916489899158478,
-0.2762283980846405,
-0.038481734693050385,
-0.3891105353832245,
0.13695204257965088,
-0.09116270393133163,
-0.0840216800570488,
0.09752576798200607,
-0.13159844279289246,
0.1789972484111786,
-0.29633060097694397,
-0.35499054193496704,
-0.5002928972244263,
-0.1130300983786583,
-0.5853127241134644,
-0.05656057596206665,
0.12689951062202454,
-0.06476085633039474,
0.03565862402319908,
0.2722034752368927,
0.7080041170120239,
-0.2152717113494873,
-0.6177836060523987,
-0.018500294536352158,
-1.4891853332519531,
0.8815852403640747,
-0.47950083017349243,
-0.03178832679986954,
0.3548029661178589,
-0.004282980691641569,
0.8985501527786255,
0.23340970277786255,
-0.3426019549369812,
1.0156959295272827,
-1.0388299226760864,
0.06535720825195312,
-0.2226911336183548,
-0.8675745129585266,
0.3260646164417267,
0.13695964217185974,
0.729930579662323,
0.1645386815071106,
0.03863256424665451,
0.677948534488678,
0.058248911052942276,
-0.4371415376663208,
0.06117914989590645,
-0.003359468188136816,
0.5079265236854553,
0.1594848483800888,
0.144802525639534,
0.6802012920379639,
-0.21792927384376526,
-0.5313335061073303,
0.14643257856369019,
0.02902793698012829,
0.15540480613708496,
0.26392996311187744,
-0.2880805730819702,
0.11694536358118057,
0.8700708150863647,
0.7356103658676147,
-0.2215559482574463,
0.09965632110834122,
0.1265096515417099,
0.4515247046947479,
-0.41854262351989746,
-0.49861016869544983,
-0.7142550945281982,
-0.5735180377960205,
-0.04078938812017441,
-0.026214297860860825,
0.334249347448349,
0.37835657596588135,
0.3897183835506439,
0.5623419880867004,
-0.9311543107032776,
-0.7094374895095825,
-0.516708254814148,
0.08303314447402954,
0.38744691014289856,
-0.2508893311023712,
-0.6683781743049622,
-0.2854849696159363,
-0.1381159871816635,
-0.4258204996585846,
0.3462277054786682,
-0.006833550985902548,
-0.39658743143081665,
0.13133582472801208,
-0.32932376861572266,
0.3091231882572174,
-0.18578557670116425,
-0.08250053226947784,
0.056367963552474976,
-0.619960606098175,
-0.40217533707618713,
0.18804533779621124,
-0.017019467428326607,
-0.6556471586227417,
0.35601115226745605,
0.19156590104103088,
-0.5662752389907837,
-0.36543208360671997,
0.0030308656860142946,
-0.0755021944642067,
-0.3158295154571533,
0.2951955497264862,
0.7991187572479248,
0.957735538482666,
-0.24078847467899323,
-0.4585513770580292,
-0.27555105090141296,
-0.21521559357643127,
0.698612630367279,
-0.2393273115158081,
-0.2901313304901123,
0.861635684967041,
-0.49346923828125,
-0.22814422845840454,
-0.8093529939651489,
0.03235930576920509,
0.47883060574531555,
-0.6125404834747314,
0.4502985179424286,
0.13952182233333588,
0.4786853790283203,
-0.3994167745113373,
-0.4512437582015991,
-0.004483924247324467,
-0.14899736642837524,
-0.3360234498977661,
0.1358293741941452,
0.1740197390317917,
0.6916664838790894,
0.637437641620636,
0.28970277309417725,
-0.34253281354904175,
0.41387349367141724,
0.42748138308525085,
-0.19260159134864807,
0.06332232803106308,
-0.14679259061813354,
-0.6393630504608154,
0.42056992650032043,
0.4114017188549042,
-0.4388059079647064,
0.07763775438070297,
-0.017047397792339325,
-0.09063377231359482,
0.5462343096733093,
0.12092411518096924,
-0.6415016651153564,
0.26079151034355164,
0.41087210178375244,
0.3367489278316498,
0.4190836548805237,
-0.12234187871217728,
-1.0891145467758179,
0.59145188331604,
-0.2898021936416626,
0.2023947834968567,
0.6026155352592468,
0.07530353963375092,
0.4187713861465454,
0.0710308775305748,
0.2630603611469269,
-0.3444821238517761,
-1.0180929899215698,
-0.5219308733940125,
-0.07917726039886475,
-0.485196053981781,
0.8779241442680359,
-0.12011808902025223,
-0.5149566531181335,
1.6011263132095337,
0.20672249794006348,
0.060450974851846695,
-0.2035083919763565,
-0.4495844542980194,
-0.14329636096954346,
-0.26881590485572815,
-0.2359967827796936,
0.48246029019355774,
0.1421324461698532,
0.402572900056839,
0.018282605335116386,
0.4088817238807678,
0.722770094871521,
-0.21028481423854828,
0.2621106207370758,
0.3433954417705536,
-0.793542206287384,
-0.3670339584350586,
-0.33627498149871826,
-0.04383769631385803,
0.08121427148580551,
0.03750886768102646,
0.31661126017570496,
-0.23775862157344818,
0.435443639755249,
0.44598034024238586,
0.09998172521591187,
0.8090401291847229,
0.19879360496997833,
-0.0805957168340683,
0.05601636692881584,
-0.4441840350627899,
-0.5110827088356018,
0.008332441560924053,
0.1978728473186493,
-0.10787006467580795,
0.10929537564516068,
-0.06466932594776154,
0.6817227602005005,
-0.01102939248085022,
0.35050737857818604,
-0.2669518291950226,
0.5151567459106445,
0.23058119416236877,
0.511897087097168,
0.1863338053226471,
-0.2037150114774704,
0.3777790665626526,
-0.13424575328826904,
0.2212456911802292,
-0.24982963502407074,
0.24412871897220612,
-0.18444839119911194,
0.6408153176307678,
-0.3265911936759949,
0.3896351158618927,
-0.38136741518974304,
-0.4154524505138397,
0.15787342190742493,
0.28152817487716675,
0.36036181449890137,
-0.1723024845123291,
0.10685908049345016,
-0.5475814938545227,
-0.13936202228069305,
0.4070759117603302,
0.14029954373836517,
-0.5111931562423706,
0.0415828675031662,
-0.9408102035522461,
0.45757097005844116,
0.552956759929657,
0.4533086121082306,
0.07084989547729492,
-0.03910409286618233,
0.5868193507194519,
0.44087421894073486,
-0.13570302724838257,
-0.14205098152160645,
0.08211164176464081,
-0.8262200951576233,
-0.5858075022697449,
-0.15030965209007263,
0.8361054062843323,
-0.05697031691670418,
0.004479804541915655,
0.36871686577796936,
-0.5573983192443848,
0.30156272649765015,
-0.5644195675849915,
0.3597623109817505,
0.08455576002597809,
-0.27122601866722107,
0.5695402026176453,
-0.22374683618545532,
-0.9179158210754395,
-0.1121160164475441,
0.05223255604505539,
-0.24302184581756592,
-0.1993861198425293,
-0.08094243705272675,
0.0637139305472374,
-0.24556636810302734,
0.17284370958805084,
0.11463721096515656,
0.4351811707019806,
1.010037899017334,
0.4665873050689697,
0.03170109540224075,
0.5728873610496521,
-5.49354362487793,
0.2965114712715149,
0.7157496809959412,
0.06378941237926483,
-0.22088924050331116,
0.1244373768568039,
0.23433460295200348,
0.48742401599884033,
-0.43677818775177,
-0.9257000088691711,
-0.07509273290634155,
-0.2511272728443146,
-0.08775940537452698,
0.9040829539299011,
0.008638770319521427,
0.17842356860637665,
-0.2234605848789215,
-0.2740831971168518,
-0.3722938895225525,
0.45978492498397827,
-0.5376565456390381,
0.17612746357917786,
-0.108415886759758,
0.4793824553489685,
0.44218844175338745,
-0.1341712325811386,
-0.34522661566734314,
0.44059592485427856,
-0.4045160710811615,
0.05553713068366051,
0.4359974265098572,
0.07130365818738937,
0.58048015832901,
-0.30101075768470764,
0.6030081510543823,
-0.2614540159702301,
-0.0006985123618505895,
-0.13620218634605408,
-0.08187456429004669,
0.42034268379211426,
-0.477407306432724,
-0.02501531131565571,
-0.5601603984832764,
-0.06607945263385773,
-0.4152991473674774,
-0.19993412494659424,
-0.476738840341568,
0.5047513246536255,
0.2477445751428604,
0.19089636206626892,
0.08086194843053818,
-0.1770632416009903,
-0.05672164261341095,
0.014063538983464241,
0.25561273097991943,
0.23759368062019348,
-0.11402390152215958,
-0.4362107515335083,
-0.9945802688598633,
-0.14576032757759094,
0.3866709768772125,
0.2456618696451187,
0.31907111406326294,
-0.2421797215938568,
-0.0454409159719944,
-0.4017040431499481,
-0.3211681842803955,
-0.13373547792434692,
-0.29927486181259155,
-0.10522117465734482,
-0.49879342317581177,
0.7798140048980713,
-0.0532405748963356,
-1.0544990301132202,
-0.6715094447135925,
-0.32688891887664795,
-0.6607351303100586,
-0.21676470339298248,
-0.2254100888967514,
0.07793661952018738,
-0.18876391649246216,
-0.9250540137290955,
-0.3779785633087158,
0.286209374666214,
0.6731017231941223,
-0.12790296971797943,
-0.016438083723187447,
0.15173928439617157,
-0.6269698143005371,
-0.14693965017795563,
0.13555654883384705,
-0.15039868652820587,
-0.23520183563232422,
-0.26252061128616333,
0.313601553440094,
-0.21856358647346497,
-0.036184921860694885,
0.19334788620471954,
0.7132260799407959,
0.7336100339889526,
-0.48058897256851196,
-0.277175635099411,
0.6235926747322083,
0.15924271941184998,
0.5005007386207581,
-0.18596656620502472,
-0.42204949259757996,
0.25475215911865234,
0.8328046202659607,
-0.061594799160957336,
0.01101138349622488,
0.5479851365089417,
-0.29039448499679565,
-0.10504231601953506,
0.2140696495771408,
-0.15453512966632843,
0.43153977394104004,
-0.07987388968467712,
0.24320074915885925,
0.2109355628490448,
-0.2777183949947357,
0.5499131083488464,
-0.6613304018974304,
-0.08312401920557022,
0.9737697243690491,
0.04618776962161064,
0.15139880776405334,
-0.6495503187179565,
-0.08690390735864639,
-0.26237624883651733,
-0.44939592480659485,
0.4908028542995453,
0.1129576712846756,
-0.15324066579341888,
0.15728716552257538,
-0.27531898021698,
-0.6194455027580261,
-0.44260111451148987,
-0.012012006714940071,
-0.015907935798168182,
0.0099515151232481,
0.018373798578977585,
0.1122715100646019,
0.4640946388244629,
0.6176624298095703,
-0.47696125507354736,
-0.027698131278157234,
-0.0696784183382988,
0.04837324470281601,
0.5654067993164062,
0.36352410912513733,
0.459286093711853,
0.7414676547050476,
0.1676582396030426,
-0.6653799414634705,
-0.007885735481977463,
-0.3172546923160553,
0.6334003210067749,
-0.2567806839942932,
-0.18334689736366272,
-0.2780804932117462,
-0.37706059217453003,
-0.8061919212341309,
-0.5391520857810974,
0.15658985078334808,
-0.16365550458431244,
0.09105484187602997,
-0.45002347230911255,
-0.5013560056686401,
-0.035120073705911636,
0.10199068486690521,
-0.6913439631462097,
0.27025020122528076,
0.038078080862760544,
-0.4062306582927704,
-0.34790000319480896,
-0.3802984058856964,
-0.28857019543647766,
0.3585183918476105,
-0.12047632783651352,
-0.1290350705385208,
-0.1767478734254837,
-0.41312000155448914,
-0.00455269031226635,
0.4402838349342346,
0.026610445231199265,
0.060709916055202484,
-0.31105518341064453,
-0.5567436814308167,
-0.12823691964149475,
-0.2309473603963852,
0.21812614798545837,
0.05679908022284508,
0.6609693765640259,
-0.6522111892700195,
-0.1288585215806961,
-0.15741950273513794,
-0.08729065209627151,
0.01320445816963911,
-0.016469331458210945,
-0.28577542304992676,
0.2666521966457367,
-0.3172222971916199,
-0.5674554109573364,
0.3389555811882019,
-1.3258814811706543,
-0.13295786082744598,
-0.526905357837677,
-0.06770866364240646,
0.8685125112533569,
-0.7004281282424927,
-0.34248510003089905,
0.21396134793758392,
0.17203879356384277,
0.15185220539569855,
0.334145188331604,
0.4246180057525635,
-0.2004833072423935,
-0.5752729177474976,
-0.4115721583366394,
0.1324196308851242,
-0.1936020851135254,
-0.2827875018119812,
-0.08747303485870361,
-0.38260433077812195,
-0.03310585767030716,
0.5252172946929932,
0.06335319578647614,
0.656362771987915,
-0.1165526881814003,
-0.1490004062652588,
0.09396295249462128,
-0.31497514247894287,
0.31406205892562866,
-0.37333279848098755,
-0.3103676736354828,
0.9577913880348206,
0.11133256554603577,
-0.18152932822704315,
-0.37271711230278015,
0.8374255895614624,
0.6087401509284973,
-0.06216307729482651,
0.06154182180762291,
-0.02749943919479847,
0.5567924976348877,
0.09992094337940216,
-0.2753206193447113,
-0.2198093831539154,
-0.04906155914068222,
-0.08018019795417786,
0.0027246351819485426,
-0.31557080149650574,
-0.6053162813186646,
0.4845382571220398,
-0.10243448615074158,
-0.6736063361167908,
0.4555870294570923,
0.10960572212934494,
0.760242760181427,
0.5460488796234131,
-0.024690426886081696,
0.0739348903298378,
0.03739529103040695,
0.05941972881555557,
0.40325960516929626,
0.3516899049282074,
0.4320828318595886,
-0.17297258973121643,
-0.48896995186805725,
0.08061900734901428,
-0.22327327728271484,
-1.014233946800232,
0.34400486946105957,
-0.29606252908706665,
0.10594303905963898,
-0.17313797771930695,
0.16527952253818512,
0.27713653445243835,
-0.6999204754829407,
-0.3303634524345398,
0.4733025133609772,
-0.3403962552547455,
-0.557240903377533,
-0.5895034074783325,
-0.38597410917282104,
0.3711458444595337,
-0.2651304006576538,
-0.2833326458930969,
-0.021457765251398087,
-0.4199865162372589,
-0.035554103553295135,
0.6013156175613403,
-0.10297539830207825,
0.4046381413936615,
0.26714083552360535,
-0.6318008899688721,
0.7101320624351501,
-0.16403944790363312,
0.045526355504989624,
-0.29101431369781494,
0.1545490324497223,
0.8663457632064819,
-0.8204506635665894,
0.5302683711051941,
0.15589483082294464,
0.02810978889465332,
-0.14227637648582458,
-0.5317611694335938,
0.5762923955917358,
0.7106549143791199,
0.3372645676136017,
-0.30227112770080566,
0.3601156175136566,
-0.393659383058548,
0.16865354776382446,
0.10327178239822388,
-0.46612241864204407,
0.04307808727025986,
0.5893688201904297,
-0.39794084429740906,
0.25175052881240845,
0.6340397000312805,
-0.8047749996185303,
0.14454980194568634,
0.5127023458480835,
-0.1675938069820404,
0.2776853144168854,
-0.4494020342826843,
0.46050944924354553,
0.2344876229763031,
-0.18787866830825806,
-0.6177162528038025,
0.37506240606307983,
-0.06081385537981987,
-0.7405765652656555,
-0.027164384722709656,
-0.05562402680516243,
0.12189923971891403,
-0.1527690589427948,
0.41619402170181274,
0.2505091726779938,
-0.34786301851272583,
0.36484402418136597,
0.2032114416360855,
-0.12577667832374573,
-0.1627776175737381,
0.9126519560813904,
-0.17810040712356567,
0.5294045209884644,
1.1640957593917847,
0.3150339424610138,
0.32300519943237305,
-0.4172419011592865,
0.4263601005077362,
-0.1904672086238861,
0.27993905544281006,
0.20424853265285492,
-0.383608341217041,
0.5074194073677063,
-0.18167275190353394,
0.13050051033496857,
0.9503942728042603,
-0.4104664623737335,
0.4341469407081604,
0.18923698365688324,
0.07535161823034286,
-0.42232322692871094,
-0.056839942932128906,
-0.3697582185268402,
0.25772902369499207,
-0.15446409583091736,
-0.4438519775867462,
0.2819584906101227,
0.2340165674686432,
0.20598265528678894,
0.81637042760849,
-0.19465430080890656,
0.2156236171722412,
-0.40059980750083923,
-0.5880458950996399,
-0.29112449288368225,
0.13307441771030426,
0.24214181303977966,
0.21381157636642456,
-0.2733992040157318,
0.1875331699848175,
-0.0521850623190403,
0.16118726134300232,
-0.2781550884246826,
0.27676770091056824,
-0.40717363357543945,
-0.2198961079120636,
0.000019144428733852692,
-0.6595237255096436,
-0.06754342466592789,
-0.45502543449401855,
1.1322883367538452,
-0.38523223996162415,
-0.5550879240036011,
-0.0837201252579689,
-0.04936577379703522,
-0.26901763677597046,
-0.2531215250492096,
-0.035026662051677704,
0.15173673629760742,
-0.345635324716568,
-0.15475641191005707,
-1.23198401927948,
0.3132003843784332,
-0.27617689967155457,
-0.2600814998149872,
-0.3568307161331177,
0.3059740364551544,
-0.19123966991901398,
0.10320136696100235,
0.019144948571920395,
0.2745656371116638,
0.2599325478076935,
-0.3191821277141571,
0.4122586250305176,
0.45964446663856506,
0.007580940145999193,
0.049519430845975876,
-0.6081433296203613,
0.5003932118415833,
-0.0887591540813446,
0.054864514619112015,
-0.007032923400402069,
0.36332690715789795,
-0.21792997419834137,
0.38237473368644714,
-0.7323300242424011,
0.203477144241333,
-0.2409578561782837,
-0.49995073676109314,
0.6110492944717407,
0.4353909492492676,
-0.7295517921447754,
-0.7716584205627441,
0.3846355676651001,
0.1312701255083084,
0.10400273650884628,
-0.039529647678136826,
0.001333218882791698,
0.0709422156214714,
-0.5334172248840332,
0.358506977558136,
-0.23459801077842712,
0.08748507499694824,
0.5041062235832214,
0.3152602016925812,
0.05249879136681557,
-0.7587059736251831,
0.3600228428840637,
0.16946370899677277,
0.46024495363235474,
-0.7623734474182129,
1.2398687601089478,
0.0554206483066082
] |
236591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%20ratings | Nielsen ratings | Nielsen TV ratings (commonly referred to as Nielsen ratings) are the audience measurement systems operated by Nielsen Media Research that seek to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States using a rating system. Nielsen is no longer accredited by the Media Ratings Council (MRC).
Nielsen Media Research, founded by Arthur C. Nielsen, a market analyst who started his career in the 1920s with marketing research and performance analysis. The company subsequently expanded into radio market analysis in the late 1930s, culminating in the Nielsen Radio Index in 1942, which was meant to provide statistics as to the markets of radio shows. The first Nielsen ratings for radio programs were released the first week of December 1947. They measured the top 20 programs in four areas: total audience, average audience, cumulative audience, and homes per dollar spent for time and talent.
In 1950, Nielsen then moved to television, developing a rating system using the methods he and his company had developed for radio. That method became the primary source of audience measurement information in the US television industry. In September 2020, Nielsen started compiling a weekly Top 10 list of most-watched shows on streaming platforms.
Measuring ratings
The data collection methods used to generate Nielsen TV ratings included:
The Audimeter (audience meter) was used from 1950 during the early days of television broadcasting. It attached to a television and recorded the channels viewed, onto a 16mm film cartridge that was mailed weekly to company headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, and used to generate the Nielsen Television Index. It was based on an earlier Audimeter that had been developed for the 1942 Nielsen Radio Index. Randomly selected "Nielsen families" homes were enticed to accept the Audimeter by including free TV repair service provided by TV Index reps, which was a valuable commodity when vacuum tube televisions predominated.
Paper "viewer diaries", in which a household recruited by the company self-recorded its viewing or listening habits. This adjunct Nielsen Station Index Service offered since 1953 targeted various demographics, particularly for local programming. The resulting statistical models provided a report of the audiences of any given show, network, and programming hour. The company phased out this methodology as electronic data collection became more sophisticated. As of June 28, 2018 the Nielsen paper TV diary rating service was retired.
In 1971 the Storage Instantaneous Audimeter allowed electronically recorded program viewing history to be forwarded to Nielsen via a telephone line, making overnight ratings possible.
The upgraded People Meter, introduced in 1987, records individual viewing habits of the home and transmits the data nightly to Nielsen through a telephone line. This system is designed to allow market researchers to study television viewing on a minute-to-minute basis, recording when viewers change channels or turn off their television.
Nielsen replaced People Meters with Portable People Meters (PPM), which collects the data of individual household members through the use of separate login credentials and allows the company to separate household viewing information into various demographic groups.
Changing systems of viewing have impacted Nielsen's methods of market research. In 2005, Nielsen began measuring the usage of digital video recording devices (DVRs) such as TiVos. Initial results indicated that time-shifted viewing (i.e., programs that are watched after the networks have aired them) would significantly impact television ratings. A year later, the networks were not factoring these new results into their ad rates because of advertisers' resistance.
In July 2017, Nielsen announced that it would include select programs from subscription-based video on demand (vSVOD) services Hulu and YouTube TV in its Digital in TV Ratings system. Since about October 2017, Nielsen also began to track select programs from Netflix. Partnering distributors insert a "tag" into the program to be distributed on these services, which Nielsen then tracks through its meters system. Partnering distributors are able to determine if these ratings can be released publicly or not.
Ratings/share and total viewers
The most commonly cited Nielsen results are reported in two measurements: ratings points and share, usually reported as: "ratings points/share". There were 119.6 million TV homes in the U.S. for the 2017–18 TV season (Nielsen's National Television Household Universe, or Households Using Television - HUT). Nielsen re-estimates the number of television-equipped households each August for the upcoming television season.
The rating of a program is a fraction of the HUT. It is calculated as RTG = HUT x SHARE where HUT (or PUT when measuring demos) is Homes Using Television and SHARE is the percentage of TV sets in use which are tuned to a particular show.
Share is the percentage of television sets in use, Households Using Television (HUT) or Persons Using Television (PUT) who are tuned to a specific program, station or network in a specific area at a specific time. For example, Nielsen may report a show as receiving a 4.4/8 during its broadcast; this would mean that 4.4% of all television-equipped households (that is to say homes with a TV set, not total number of people) were tuned in to that program, while 8% of households that were watching TV at that time were watching the specific program.
Because ratings are based on samples, it is possible for shows to get a 0.0 rating, despite having an audience; the CNBC talk show McEnroe was one notable example. Another example is The CW show, CW Now, which received two 0.0 ratings in the same season. In 2014, Nielsen reported that American viewership of live television (totaling on average four hours and 32 minutes per day) had dropped 12 minutes per day compared to the year before. The CW got another 0.0 rating for its broadcast of the 1st Critics Choice Super Awards. Nielsen reported several reasons for the shift away from live television: increased viewership of time-shifted television (mainly through DVRs) and viewership of internet video (clips from video sharing websites and streams of full-length television shows).
Demographics
Nielsen Media Research also provides statistics on specific demographics as such factors influence advertising rates as age, gender, race, economic class, and area. Younger viewers are considered more attractive for many products, whereas older and wealthier audiences are desired, or female audiences are desired over males.
In general, the number of viewers within the 18–49 age range is more important than the total number of viewers. According to Advertising Age, during the 2007–08 season, ABC was able to charge $419,000 per commercial sold during its medical drama Grey's Anatomy, compared to only $248,000 for a commercial during CBS' CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, despite CSI having almost five million more viewers on average. Because of its strength in young "demos" (demographic groups), NBC was able to charge almost three times as much for a commercial during Friends as CBS charged for Murder, She Wrote, even though the two series had a similar amount of total viewership during the two seasons they were on the air concurrently. Glee (on Fox) and The Office (on NBC) drew fewer total viewers than NCIS (on CBS) during the 2009–10 season, but earned an average of $272,694 and $213,617 respectively, compared to $150,708 for NCIS.
Commercial ratings
Nielsen also provides viewership data calculated as the average viewership for only the commercial time within the program. These "Commercial Ratings" first became available on May 31, 2007. Additionally, Nielsen provides different "streams" of this data in order to take into consideration delayed viewing (DVR) data, at any interval up to seven days. C3 was the metric launched in 2007, and refers to the ratings for average commercial minutes in live programming plus total playback by digital video recorder up to three days after. By the end of 2012, some television executives wanted to see C7, ratings for live plus seven days, with CBS Corporation chief executive officer Les Moonves making the claim C7 made ratings increase by 30%.
Sweeps
The American television measurement by Nielsen is based on three different methodological approaches. In the 25 TV markets with the highest sales (e.g. New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Denver), the Local People Meter (LPM) is measured. Individuals register individually; the measurement is carried out on 365 days over 24 hours. The SET Meter (Diary & Electronic) is used in 31 smaller markets (such as Nashville, Salt Lake City). In four sweeps in February, May, July, and November, target group data are collected with the diary and validated with the data of the devices (TV set on/off) in the participating households. In the 154 TV markets with the lowest sales (e. g. Harrisburg, PA or Honolulu) the use of TV is only recorded using a diary survey.
Each year, Nielsen processes approximately two million paper diaries from households across the country, for November, February, May, and July—also known as the "sweeps" rating periods. The term "sweeps" dates from 1954, when Nielsen collected diaries from households in the Eastern United States first; from there they would "sweep" west. Seven-day diaries (or eight-day diaries in homes with DVRs) are mailed to homes to keep a tally of what is watched on each television set and by whom. Over the course of a sweeps period, diaries are mailed to a new panel of homes each week. At the end of the month, all of the viewing data from the individual weeks is aggregated. One exception to the normal sweeps periods occurred in 2008–09 when the February sweeps period was moved to March to accommodate the digital television transition, which was scheduled to take place on February 17, 2009. The transition date was moved to June 12, but Nielsen stayed with the March sweeps period.
This local viewing information provides a basis for program scheduling and advertising decisions for local television stations, cable systems, and advertisers. Typically, the November, February and May sweeps are considered more important; nevertheless, the July sweeps can have a local impact regarding personnel.
In some mid-size markets, diaries provide viewer information for up to two additional "sweeps" months (October and January).
Criticism of ratings systems
There is some public critique regarding accuracy and potential bias within Nielsen's rating system, including some concerns that the Nielsen ratings system is rapidly becoming outdated because of new technology like smartphones, DVRs, tablet computers and Internet streaming services as preferred or alternative methods for television viewing. In June 2006, however, Nielsen announced a plan to revamp its entire methodology to include all types of media viewing in its sample.
Since viewers are aware of being part of the Nielsen sample, it can lead to response bias in recording and viewing habits. Audience counts gathered by the self-reporting diary methodology are sometimes higher than those gathered by the electronic meters, eliminating any response bias.
Another criticism of the measuring system itself is that it fails the most important sample criterion: it is not random. A small fraction of the population is selected, and only those accepted are used as the sample size. In many local areas during the 1990s, the difference between a rating that kept a show on the air and one that would cancel it was so small as to be statistically insignificant. Yet, the show with the higher rating would survive. In addition, the Nielsen ratings encouraged a strong push for demographic measurements. This caused problems with households with multiple television sets or households where viewers would enter the simpler codes (usually their child's), raising serious questions about the demographic data quality. The situation further deteriorated as the popularity of cable television increased the number of viewable networks to the extent that the margin of error has increased because the sampling sizes are too small. Compounding matters is that of the sample data that is collected, advertisers will not pay for time shifted programs (those that are recorded for replay at a different time), rendering the "raw" numbers useless from a statistical point of view. Even in 2013, it was noted that Internet streams of television programs were still not counted because they had either no ads (such as Netflix) or totally different advertising (such as Hulu) than their television counterparts, effectively skewing the raw data on a show's popularity.
A related criticism of the Nielsen rating system is its lack of a system for measuring television audiences outside homes, such as college dormitories, transport terminals, bars, prisons and other public places where television is frequently viewed, often by large numbers of people in a common setting. In 2005, Nielsen announced plans to incorporate viewing by away-from-home college students into its sample. Internet television viewing is another rapidly growing market for which Nielsen ratings fail to account for viewers. iTunes, Hulu, YouTube, and some of the networks' own websites (such as ABC.com and CBS.com) provide full-length web-based programming, either subscription-based or ad-supported. Though websites can already track a site's popularity and the referring page, they cannot track viewer demographics. To both track this and expand their market research offerings, Nielsen purchased NetRatings in 2007. However, as noted in a February 2012 New York Times article, the computer and mobile streams of a program are counted separately from the standard television broadcasts, further degrading the overall quality of the sampling data. As a result, there was no way for NBC to tell if there was any overlap between the roughly 111.3 million traditional television viewers and 2.1 million live stream viewers of Super Bowl XLVII.
Responding to the criticism regarding accusations by several media executives (including Viacom CEO Phillippe Dauman and former Fox Entertainment Group chief operating officer Chase Carey) that it failed to count viewers watching television programs on digital platforms, Nielsen executive vice president of global product leadership Megan Clarken stated in an April 2015 summit by the Coalition for Innovative Media Measurement that the company can count digital viewers in audience and demographic reports, but unable to do so under the current set of rules devised by networks and advertising industries last revised in 2006. As such, Nielsen can only count viewership for television-originated broadcasts, and must exclude viewers who watch programs on digital platforms if the program does not have an identical advertising load or a linear watermark.
After Nielsen took over the contract for producing data on Irish advertising in 2009, agencies said that they were "disastrous" and claimed that the information produced by them is too inaccurate to be trusted by them or their clients.
In 2004, News Corporation retained the services of public relations firm Glover Park to launch a campaign aimed at delaying Nielsen's plan to replace its aging household electronic data collection methodology in larger local markets with its newer electronic People Meter system. The advocates in the public relations campaign claimed that data derived from the newer People Meter system represented a bias toward underreporting minority viewing, leading to a de facto discrimination in employment against minority actors and writers. However, Nielsen countered the campaign by revealing its sample composition counts. According to Nielsen Media Research's sample composition counts, , nationwide, African American households using People Meters represented 6.7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 6.0% in the general population. Latino households represent 5.7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 5.0% in the general population. By October 2006, News Corporation and Nielsen settled, with Nielsen agreeing to spend an additional $50 million to ensure that minority viewing was not being underreported by the new electronic people meter system.
In 2011, CBS and Nielsen proposed a model consisting of six viewer segments, which according to their empirical research, are more relevant for advertisers than older models based on gender and age. The segments are based on user behavior, motivations, and psychographics. It is argued that the model can increase reaching the desired audience and message recall and advertisement likeability.
Advent of streaming
Starting in September 2020, Nielsen releases a weekly list of top 10 television shows most watched on streaming platforms, or subscription video on demand (SVOD).
Top-rated programs in the U.S.
The table below lists television shows in the U.S. with the highest average household Nielsen rating for each television season.
Notes
Television network ratings by year
(Average primetime viewership)
See also
C. E. Hooper
Crossley ratings
Nielsen Audio
Top-rated United States television programs by season
List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States
List of most watched television broadcasts
Wikipedia:List of U.S. television ratings archives
References
Further reading
External links
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies
Lists of American television series
Market research organizations
Mass media rivalries
Promotion and marketing communications
Television terminology | [
0.3580529987812042,
0.12721659243106842,
0.7483255863189697,
0.4230988919734955,
-0.2801455557346344,
0.21752159297466278,
0.10705523937940598,
0.16742564737796783,
-0.1640380322933197,
-0.17718291282653809,
-0.30598634481430054,
0.24828897416591644,
0.2580285668373108,
0.5241128206253052,
-0.3884188234806061,
0.47436878085136414,
0.3160149157047272,
0.7040373682975769,
0.4486238956451416,
-0.3770274817943573,
-0.639441192150116,
-0.5543724298477173,
0.1013725996017456,
-0.6944877505302429,
0.04926867038011551,
-0.004962432663887739,
0.24854029715061188,
-0.3110819160938263,
-0.17649121582508087,
0.12513214349746704,
0.08157652616500854,
0.6936604976654053,
-0.1387125700712204,
0.12824662029743195,
-0.33084970712661743,
-0.07305426895618439,
0.12753063440322876,
-0.059541165828704834,
-0.022362593561410904,
-0.17414681613445282,
-0.29794958233833313,
-0.7009358406066895,
0.3929923474788666,
0.41019803285598755,
-0.2688114643096924,
-0.5030695796012878,
-1.7354477643966675,
0.041782550513744354,
-0.39940109848976135,
-0.0037363599985837936,
-0.3723655045032501,
0.6331841945648193,
0.04342542588710785,
0.7471521496772766,
0.16901588439941406,
0.47978705167770386,
0.342830091714859,
0.12135520577430725,
0.2281949818134308,
-0.07555162161588669,
0.6837068200111389,
-0.09725762903690338,
0.540351152420044,
-0.4219980835914612,
0.3093801736831665,
-0.18201808631420135,
0.10112675279378891,
-0.008069047704339027,
-0.5655302405357361,
-0.5541695952415466,
-0.5945903062820435,
-0.5072103142738342,
-0.021361712366342545,
0.16079959273338318,
-0.3529742658138275,
0.2578308582305908,
-0.04189376160502434,
0.37987029552459717,
0.010975326411426067,
-0.7609643936157227,
-0.08576127886772156,
0.4218217134475708,
-0.014400016516447067,
0.09552950412034988,
0.03240241855382919,
0.3201664984226227,
0.15737563371658325,
-0.007737067062407732,
-0.19407588243484497,
0.9327277541160583,
-0.001851154607720673,
-0.04812626168131828,
0.8634305596351624,
-0.011312790215015411,
0.2513006031513214,
-0.08201981335878372,
0.39986011385917664,
0.19241109490394592,
-0.387853741645813,
-0.05015050247311592,
-0.2853967845439911,
0.2018202543258667,
0.5643998980522156,
-0.03445972129702568,
-0.05283346027135849,
-0.5132712125778198,
0.06246573105454445,
-0.49011507630348206,
-0.26084333658218384,
-0.07850342243909836,
-0.6170414686203003,
0.3551928400993347,
0.10350710898637772,
0.38710370659828186,
-0.39388200640678406,
0.14831332862377167,
0.08578728884458542,
-0.4426153600215912,
-0.33217036724090576,
0.3541494905948639,
0.12814350426197052,
0.18899428844451904,
-0.6517515778541565,
-0.8369172215461731,
-0.21783065795898438,
0.7031465768814087,
0.7531245350837708,
0.3306727111339569,
-0.03884277492761612,
0.32562798261642456,
-0.3456254303455353,
0.5483227968215942,
-0.20748057961463928,
-0.09938795864582062,
-0.14509636163711548,
-0.015660002827644348,
0.27807116508483887,
-0.2381151020526886,
0.18128721415996552,
-0.12978537380695343,
-0.6331353187561035,
-0.7570559978485107,
-0.9575386047363281,
-0.6372475028038025,
0.1805948168039322,
-0.3836706876754761,
0.08818324655294418,
-0.43806004524230957,
-0.45809435844421387,
0.06505905836820602,
0.2629709243774414,
0.012229112908244133,
-0.12953528761863708,
0.28988802433013916,
0.4735995829105377,
-0.23546147346496582,
0.5657380223274231,
-0.21155323088169098,
0.21183153986930847,
0.3118168115615845,
0.10144109278917313,
-0.17940405011177063,
-0.11978257447481155,
-0.47236353158950806,
-0.17091679573059082,
-0.043884094804525375,
0.6082842946052551,
0.8243606686592102,
-0.08510645478963852,
0.2648724615573883,
0.01445088442414999,
0.35677480697631836,
0.2690660059452057,
0.052896495908498764,
-0.03260592371225357,
-0.04141322523355484,
0.3396416902542114,
0.635450005531311,
0.45487138628959656,
0.14501726627349854,
-0.5529983043670654,
0.3812360167503357,
0.42913302779197693,
-0.12095578759908676,
0.0974074974656105,
-0.19264590740203857,
0.5875755548477173,
0.15352047979831696,
0.3975335955619812,
-0.3820534646511078,
0.017425816506147385,
-0.6658738851547241,
-0.02625151351094246,
-0.28538933396339417,
0.4934251010417938,
-0.5677413940429688,
-0.22801995277404785,
0.631453275680542,
0.4684394896030426,
-0.40998682379722595,
0.12268038094043732,
-0.1596306562423706,
0.563225507736206,
-0.3497197926044464,
-0.09633567184209824,
0.2507556974887848,
0.21148274838924408,
-0.3007579743862152,
-0.14911139011383057,
-0.3043670654296875,
0.1694391965866089,
-0.7538478374481201,
0.31403788924217224,
-0.058757033199071884,
-0.009508405812084675,
-0.028493845835328102,
-0.19173859059810638,
0.44742444157600403,
0.0521371029317379,
-0.1261463314294815,
0.615953266620636,
-0.2662252187728882,
0.11665374785661697,
0.09319083392620087,
-0.46179908514022827,
0.20839838683605194,
-0.021162942051887512,
0.11869637668132782,
0.46813368797302246,
-0.2931043207645416,
0.17443400621414185,
0.3204931914806366,
0.12976281344890594,
-0.4234163165092468,
-0.6990742683410645,
-0.3940490484237671,
-0.009622952900826931,
-0.12296731024980545,
-0.1813279092311859,
-0.28416261076927185,
0.46595486998558044,
0.06697995960712433,
-0.2995593845844269,
0.04927555471658707,
0.18337179720401764,
-0.10241835564374924,
-0.3788835406303406,
0.30365315079689026,
-0.43123361468315125,
0.040439460426568985,
0.05319977179169655,
-0.09852493554353714,
0.21615353226661682,
-0.1554909348487854,
-0.16917411983013153,
0.16098617017269135,
0.1537899374961853,
-0.1431003361940384,
0.2675230801105499,
-0.13817206025123596,
0.29259127378463745,
-0.14162705838680267,
-0.0687166377902031,
-0.3149183392524719,
0.03992949053645134,
-1.0799241065979004,
-0.8542779088020325,
-0.3535790741443634,
-0.5857239961624146,
0.5795773267745972,
0.8328493237495422,
0.4181234836578369,
-0.08399081230163574,
-0.45050254464149475,
0.03880633786320686,
-0.45737454295158386,
0.9114924073219299,
0.24818609654903412,
-0.5959082245826721,
-0.46466246247291565,
0.07412848621606827,
-0.6057161688804626,
0.7829896211624146,
-0.37172889709472656,
-0.34285596013069153,
-0.5674582123756409,
0.1144319474697113,
-0.40846723318099976,
0.3671574890613556,
0.007432839367538691,
-0.21212632954120636,
0.5853931903839111,
0.32726213335990906,
0.09527154266834259,
0.3575725257396698,
0.30243590474128723,
0.47063717246055603,
0.31950289011001587,
-0.15395915508270264,
-0.1470220386981964,
-0.3191279172897339,
0.16964979469776154,
-0.08950509130954742,
-0.41055604815483093,
0.11512162536382675,
0.1891302466392517,
0.022138046100735664,
-0.25818583369255066,
-5.8264241218566895,
-0.1739244908094406,
-0.3489128351211548,
-0.3318462669849396,
0.11865492910146713,
-0.19655825197696686,
0.4320407211780548,
-0.28102850914001465,
-0.1558573991060257,
0.47182196378707886,
0.4336884617805481,
-0.10101082921028137,
-0.12400244921445847,
0.6775111556053162,
0.5040768384933472,
-0.12304157018661499,
0.43098077178001404,
0.1536335051059723,
0.49245816469192505,
0.40251609683036804,
0.2459680140018463,
-0.47898855805397034,
0.4336160123348236,
0.20484904944896698,
-0.13157516717910767,
0.26808562874794006,
-0.2487502098083496,
0.1718931347131729,
-0.17843565344810486,
0.18656547367572784,
0.27977254986763,
-0.4295901358127594,
-0.6263566017150879,
0.21214880049228668,
0.3414255380630493,
0.046739187091588974,
0.6176917552947998,
0.2416268289089203,
0.372432678937912,
-0.4820615351200104,
0.36786124110221863,
0.36174044013023376,
-0.020198745653033257,
0.022720709443092346,
0.16729974746704102,
0.028986988589167595,
-0.4178330600261688,
-0.0041796001605689526,
-0.7156237959861755,
0.17950567603111267,
-0.22128808498382568,
0.6688123345375061,
0.1895320862531662,
-0.029585428535938263,
-0.4907759130001068,
-0.01380774937570095,
0.4550936818122864,
-0.06567378342151642,
-0.2666992247104645,
0.3409532308578491,
0.14554637670516968,
0.4071832597255707,
0.18590210378170013,
-0.4882796108722687,
-0.4861617386341095,
-0.31614452600479126,
-0.78102707862854,
-0.00792619027197361,
0.41106119751930237,
0.17502465844154358,
-0.12035524100065231,
-0.18357540667057037,
0.599841296672821,
-0.8094574213027954,
-0.13836145401000977,
-0.6945397257804871,
0.4678601026535034,
0.32892200350761414,
0.14478391408920288,
0.3672088086605072,
-0.5545328855514526,
-0.4645054340362549,
-0.017180614173412323,
0.0762074664235115,
-0.0841560810804367,
-0.32445022463798523,
-0.2814934551715851,
0.42256370186805725,
0.1966814547777176,
-0.520710289478302,
0.2114620804786682,
-0.7419804930686951,
0.286607563495636,
0.2343122959136963,
0.17818377912044525,
0.46489301323890686,
0.5375884771347046,
0.6603235602378845,
0.352497398853302,
-0.381826788187027,
0.26871761679649353,
-0.18964068591594696,
0.14308598637580872,
-1.0835964679718018,
0.035700198262929916,
-0.47785186767578125,
-0.43028634786605835,
0.24130366742610931,
0.8846354484558105,
-0.5093958377838135,
-0.1319943070411682,
0.2644389569759369,
-0.7483409643173218,
-0.5918900966644287,
0.25286781787872314,
0.35223641991615295,
-0.5713531970977783,
0.8066052794456482,
0.0983320027589798,
0.27583932876586914,
0.18070054054260254,
0.1552024930715561,
-0.4176745116710663,
-0.574755847454071,
-0.3484974503517151,
-0.6515166163444519,
-0.4312088191509247,
0.1404729038476944,
-0.23784686625003815,
0.15393351018428802,
0.5369698405265808,
0.5553616881370544,
0.16994458436965942,
0.2065417766571045,
-0.04585525393486023,
0.09724894165992737,
0.19101816415786743,
0.13278934359550476,
0.19707325100898743,
-0.9144625663757324,
0.02024986408650875,
-0.047214556485414505,
0.09086894243955612,
0.504778265953064,
0.4178074300289154,
-0.18782804906368256,
-0.08802061527967453,
-0.16327078640460968,
-0.22758500277996063,
-0.13966436684131622,
0.03307274729013443,
-0.21377360820770264,
0.0699513629078865,
0.01288409624248743,
0.3390931785106659,
0.04570356011390686,
0.34427568316459656,
-0.07814007252454758,
-0.5364967584609985,
-0.8836629390716553,
-0.2453647404909134,
-0.21016426384449005,
-0.7706798911094666,
-0.23299932479858398,
0.19392810761928558,
-0.3198784291744232,
-1.008912205696106,
0.1473192423582077,
0.29144248366355896,
0.4349069595336914,
-0.1419992446899414,
-0.3744754195213318,
-0.3263842463493347,
-0.29965609312057495,
0.05863195285201073,
0.3771798014640808,
-0.07343270629644394,
-0.05934885889291763,
-0.33913007378578186,
0.23230554163455963,
-0.205292209982872,
-0.29211336374282837,
-1.344165563583374,
0.034788068383932114,
0.0379011370241642,
0.05616636574268341,
-0.22735470533370972,
0.48805585503578186,
-0.0422600582242012,
0.26964399218559265,
0.1909748613834381,
0.14501626789569855,
0.46444207429885864,
0.07523205131292343,
-0.24621620774269104,
-0.22596025466918945,
0.05809178203344345,
0.04127920791506767,
0.002683921717107296,
-0.4496137201786041,
-0.05935345217585564,
0.5101561546325684,
-0.7238430380821228,
-0.11639103293418884,
0.06090627610683441,
-0.5163586139678955,
0.18098938465118408,
0.6156960129737854,
-0.5366085767745972,
0.26659920811653137,
-0.4009879231452942,
-0.4815351963043213,
-0.4384256899356842,
0.28420373797416687,
-0.16621924936771393,
-0.051964957267045975,
-0.12848332524299622,
-0.46606627106666565,
0.3577302098274231,
-0.3089287579059601,
0.475827157497406,
0.0813618078827858,
-0.36353009939193726,
-0.20192880928516388,
-0.13432832062244415,
-0.16189804673194885,
0.10076509416103363,
-0.5466781854629517,
0.27380117774009705,
-0.20238584280014038,
0.2498357743024826,
-0.0920841246843338,
-0.10030703246593475,
0.5916884541511536,
-0.12733405828475952,
-0.3381189703941345,
-0.4412609338760376,
0.42946556210517883,
-0.2300148755311966,
0.2102537304162979,
0.3296496570110321,
0.7801910638809204,
0.2444954365491867,
-0.3979496359825134,
-0.11056973785161972,
0.7306347489356995,
1.073959469795227,
-0.28679588437080383,
0.055546339601278305,
0.10610194504261017,
0.14239440858364105,
-0.752875566482544,
-0.7484051585197449,
0.3980235457420349,
1.0661174058914185,
-0.24105103313922882,
0.32955417037010193,
-0.10038841515779495,
-0.26232612133026123,
0.06155901774764061,
-0.17758513987064362,
-0.4411373734474182,
-0.15001551806926727,
0.9166605472564697,
0.045353002846241,
0.3971095383167267,
-0.163667693734169,
0.5087655782699585,
0.02781587466597557,
-0.117218978703022,
0.20974476635456085,
0.0707976371049881,
0.31176236271858215,
0.9910843372344971,
0.5761228799819946,
-0.013581530191004276,
0.6952093839645386,
0.12600891292095184,
-0.1417713314294815,
0.14323635399341583,
-0.05323917046189308,
-0.2852073311805725,
0.18560828268527985,
-0.5691317319869995,
0.08501376211643219,
-0.5606494545936584,
0.017244581133127213,
0.18860986828804016,
-0.7082439064979553,
0.13589602708816528,
-0.17910782992839813,
-0.17527718842029572,
-0.13805261254310608,
0.20014415681362152,
-0.36745136976242065,
0.015487694181501865,
0.9030033349990845,
0.11726809293031693,
0.46091631054878235,
-0.3115874230861664,
-0.41607728600502014,
0.061764080077409744,
0.24429289996623993,
-0.5746895670890808,
0.6617239713668823,
-0.17924091219902039,
0.26595211029052734,
-0.3077008128166199,
0.25198379158973694,
-0.3970865309238434,
-0.15130209922790527,
-0.27088770270347595,
0.5050709247589111,
0.9088969826698303,
-0.7455981969833374,
-0.2602483928203583,
0.356395423412323,
-0.09434527903795242,
0.6001037955284119,
0.9080904722213745,
0.1820731908082962,
0.05011649802327156,
0.38108599185943604,
-0.039830319583415985,
0.1919439136981964,
0.5111448764801025,
-0.14392487704753876,
-0.009017772041261196,
0.32705870270729065,
-0.2757036089897156,
0.49581462144851685,
-0.03485441952943802,
-0.5048960447311401,
0.7087576985359192,
-0.8342755436897278,
-0.5138401389122009,
-0.34532588720321655,
-0.33157113194465637,
-0.32565099000930786,
0.21630503237247467,
0.31806352734565735,
-0.2998024523258209,
0.347006618976593,
0.02289506234228611,
-0.5343705415725708,
0.429067999124527,
-0.5489102602005005,
-0.1376798152923584,
-0.08488214761018753,
-0.2900019884109497,
-0.16842931509017944,
-0.16151198744773865,
0.3104875087738037,
0.3371046185493469,
0.480172723531723,
-0.6262193322181702,
0.45068395137786865,
-0.5760931372642517,
-0.13508042693138123,
-0.7013126611709595,
-0.06797124445438385,
0.11952325701713562,
0.14060528576374054,
0.3627892732620239,
0.11789317429065704,
-0.13269318640232086,
0.5801896452903748,
0.25601834058761597,
-0.24619093537330627,
0.41928935050964355,
0.018808258697390556,
0.43478837609291077,
-0.03893322870135307,
0.2849869728088379,
0.051765669137239456,
0.8843912482261658,
0.3954278528690338,
0.2539750039577484,
-0.013354419730603695,
-0.18954302370548248,
0.047345831990242004,
-0.26449477672576904,
0.07621734589338303,
-0.6570392847061157,
-0.566057562828064,
0.5618230700492859,
-0.5508204102516174,
0.1499587893486023,
0.02072211541235447,
0.4541289210319519,
0.3120795488357544,
-0.6925404667854309,
0.05214418098330498,
-0.3246661126613617,
-0.37871024012565613,
0.21907302737236023,
-0.10780838131904602,
0.5092748403549194,
0.19478724896907806,
-0.19238322973251343,
-0.5079171657562256,
0.05995615944266319,
-0.2550116777420044,
-0.36260873079299927,
-0.30491912364959717,
0.05137241631746292,
-0.12852360308170319,
-0.02439798228442669,
-0.331230491399765,
0.25536927580833435,
0.5001232028007507,
-0.6300539970397949,
0.19999395310878754,
0.23633766174316406,
-0.4234621524810791,
0.11458977311849594,
1.2846274375915527,
-0.29805025458335876,
0.32907554507255554,
-0.08880087733268738,
0.06336167454719543,
-0.029170190915465355,
-0.10581416636705399,
0.3977554738521576,
-0.022264758124947548,
0.518022894859314,
0.0577654205262661,
0.12681466341018677,
-0.5522987246513367,
0.6238458752632141,
-0.7627718448638916,
-0.13804316520690918,
-0.6995845437049866,
0.3108740448951721,
-0.42384299635887146,
-0.07751177996397018,
0.08749981224536896,
0.6024080514907837,
0.793056309223175,
-0.5395705699920654,
-0.12471020966768265,
-0.4039011597633362,
-0.29290908575057983,
-0.3779500424861908,
-0.7316157221794128,
0.07982093840837479,
0.37699663639068604,
-0.33116328716278076,
-0.27012673020362854,
0.1045621782541275,
-0.30296239256858826,
-0.6970911026000977,
0.2559070587158203,
0.27796632051467896,
0.003257992211729288,
0.13330985605716705,
0.5727148652076721,
-0.694983720779419,
0.8208625912666321,
0.38421887159347534
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.