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It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan , as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran . | It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan , Uzbekistan , Azerbaijan , immigrants from Central Asia in Russia , and in other neighbouring countries . | [] |
There are also several local dialects from Iran , Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian . | Persian has many dialects . | [] |
Officially , the official language of Iran is designated simply as " Persian " . | The Persian language is officially called Farsi in Iran , Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan , and Tajiki in Tajikistan . | [] |
Neither role should be confused with that of an agent — one who acts on behalf of a principal party in a deal . | A broker is different than an agent : one who acts on behalf of a principal . | [] |
Wyatt was portrayed as an evil cult leader who believed himself to be more monster than human . | The stable is portrayed as a backwoods cult with Bray Wyatt as their leader . | [] |
The character drew comparisons to Max Cady of the 1991 film " Cape Fear " and Waylon Mercy . | He debuted his character in " NXT " and it was drew comparisons to Max Cady of the 1991 movie Cape Fear and Waylon Mercy ( a character portrayed by WWF alumni Dan Spivey ) . | [] |
Despite the injury , Wyatt continued to appear on " NXT " by founding a faction known as The Wyatt Family in November , with Luke Harper and Erick Rowan as his " sons " . | He formed The Wyatt Family in November and introduced Luke Harper as his first " son " and Erick Rowan as his second " son " . | [] |
Harper and Rowan entered the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the inaugural champions and they defeated Percy Watson and Yoshi Tatsu in the first round on the January 23 , 2013 , episode of " NXT " . | Harper and Rowan competed in the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the first champions . | [] |
Following a win over Bo Dallas and Michael McGillicutty in the semi-finals with Wyatt 's interference , Luke Harper and Erick Rowan were defeated in the finals of the tournament by Adrian Neville and Oliver Grey . | They defeated Percy Watson and Yoshi Tatsu in the first round and Bo Dallas and Michael McGillicutty in the semi-finals . <SEP> They lost to Adrian Neville and Oliver Grey in the finals . | [] |
Wyatt had his first match back from injury on the February 21 episode of " NXT " , defeating Yoshi Tatsu . | Wyatt returned from a torn pectoral muscle and had a match on the February 21 episode of " NXT " where he defeated Yoshi Tatsu . | [] |
On the May 2 episode of " NXT " , while Wyatt was defeated by six-time world champion Chris Jericho , Luke Harper and Erick Rowan won a triple threat elimination tag team match by last pinning Neville to earn a shot at the championship . | Harper and Rowan won a triple threat elimination tag match on the May 2 episode of " NXT " to earn a shot at the championships . | [] |
On the May 8 episode of " NXT " ( which was taped on May 2 ) , Harper and Rowan defeated Neville and Bo Dallas ( filling in for the injured Grey ) to win the NXT Tag Team Championship . | Harper and Rowan won the NXT Tag Team Championships after they defeated Neville and Bo Dallas ( who was filling in for an injured Grey ) on the May 8 episode of " NXT " ( taped on May 2 ) . | [] |
The Wyatt Family continued their attacks on wrestlers like R-Truth , Justin Gabriel and 3MB ( Drew McIntyre , Heath Slater and Jinder Mahal ) , while sending cryptic messages to Kane telling him to " follow the buzzards " . | The Wyatt Family would then send cryptic messages to Kane asking him to " follow the buzzards " . | [] |
Following another assault , Kane challenged Wyatt to a Ring of Fire match at SummerSlam , which he accepted . | Kane challenged Wyatt to a Ring of Fire match at SummerSlam and Wyatt accepted his challenge . | [] |
On August 18 at SummerSlam , Wyatt defeated Kane following interference from Harper and Rowan , after which Harper and Rowan attacked Kane again and ended the segment by carrying him away . | They made their pay-per-view debut at SummerSlam where they defeated Kane in the Ring of Fire match , following interference from Harper and Rowan . | [] |
At Battleground on October 6 , Wyatt 's momentum continued with a win over Kofi Kingston . | On October 6 , 2013 at Battleground , Wyatt defeated Kofi Kingston in a match . | [] |
Over the next few months , Rowan and Harper competed as a tag team and went on a winning streak over many teams until the October 11 episode of " SmackDown " , when Harper and Rowan suffered their first loss against Cody Rhodes and Goldust . | Their winning streak came to an end when they were defeated by Cody Rhodes and Goldust on the October 11 episode of " SmackDown " . | [] |
At Survivor Series on November 24 , Harper and Rowan lost a tag team match against Bryan and Punk . | They then feuded with Daniel Bryan and CM Punk and faced them at Survivor Series but were defeated . | [] |
The Wyatt Family then defeated Bryan in a 3-on-1 handicap match at on December 15 , with Wyatt attempting to recruit Bryan in the previous weeks . | The Wyatt Family faced Daniel Bryan in a 3-on-1 handicap match at where they defeated him . | [] |
At the Royal Rumble on January 26 , Wyatt defeated Bryan in a singles match to end their feud while both Harper and Rowan entered the Royal Rumble match and managed two and zero eliminations respectively , before they were eliminated . | Bryan defeated Harper and Rowan by pinfall and Wyatt by disqualification . | [] |
This caused Wyatt to punish Bryan , who attacked all the other members of The Wyatt Family on the January 13 , 2014 episode of " Raw " to signal him breaking free of the group . | Two weeks later , on the January 13 , 2014 " Raw " , Bryan turned against the Family , attacking the other three members in the ring . | [] |
Arthur Anoaʻi Sr. ( born November 21 , 1942 ) is a Samoan-American retired professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager . | Arthur " Afa " Anoa 'i , Sr. ( born November 21 , 1942 ) is a Samoan American retired professional wrestler and manager . | [] |
He then trained his brother Sika , and the siblings formed a tag team known best as The Wild Samoans . | He was best known as one-half of the tag team The Wild Samoans with his brother Sika . | [] |
After leaving the WWF , he began training wrestlers at his Wild Samoan Training Facility , along with Sika . | After retiring , he started the Wild Samoan Training Facility with Sika . | [] |
In 1999 , Afa and Lynn Anoaʻi started the Usos Foundation , a non-profit organization aiming to turn youth away from drugs , gangs and poverty by providing scholarships to the Wild Samoans Training Center . | In 1999 , along with Lynn Anoa 'i , Afa started the Usos Foundation , which is a non-profit organization that aims towards turning young people away from drugs , gangs and poverty by giving scholarships to the Wild Samoans Training Center . | [] |
The fifteenth tropical or subtropical cyclone and fourteenth named storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season , Nicole developed on October 10 near Bermuda from a broad surface low that developed as a result of the interaction between an upper level trough and a decaying cold front . | Subtropical Storm Nicole was the fourteenth named storm and first subtropical cyclone to form during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . | [] |
Subtropical Storm Nicole was the first subtropical storm to receive a name using the standard hurricane name list that did not become a tropical cyclone . | It was the first subtropical storm to be given a name from the standard hurricane naming list and be considered a subtropical cyclone in real-time . | [] |
Since 2002 , subtropical storms have been assigned names from the predetermined list of names used for tropical cyclones . | Since 2002 , subtropical storms have been given names from the same naming sequence as tropical storms . | [] |
Nicole was the first named subtropical storm since the policy change that did not become a fully tropical cyclone . | As such , Nicole was the first named subtropical storm to get a name under this rule . | [] |
In 1972 and 1973 , four subtropical storms were named using the Phonetic alphabet . | Initially , however , the phonetic alphabet was used to name subtropical cyclones . | [] |
Melanoma has one of the higher survival rates among cancers , with over 86 % of people in the UK and more than 90 % in the United States surviving more than 5 years . | Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer , although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage , treatment is easier and more people survive . | [] |
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer , globally accounting for at least 40 % of cases . | Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer . | [] |
Greater than 90 % of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun . | Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds . | [] |
Basal-cell carcinomas are present on sun-exposed areas of the skin , especially the face . | The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas . | [] |
George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , which opened in 1830 . | He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives . | [] |
Renowned as the " Father of Railways " , Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement . | He is known as the " Father of Railways " . | [] |
George Stephenson was born on 9 June 1781 in Wylam , Northumberland , which is 9 miles ( 15 km ) west of Newcastle upon Tyne . | George was born in Wylam , which is in Northumberland . | [] |
The terms substituent and functional group , as well as other ones ( e.g. side chain , pendant group ) are used almost interchangeably to describe branches from a parent structure , though certain distinctions are made in the context of polymer chemistry . | The terms substituent , side chain , group , branch , or pendant group are used in the same way to describe branches from a parent structure . <SEP> These terms have different meanings in polymer chemistry . | [] |
In polymers , side chains extend from a backbone structure . | In polymers , side chains extend from a backbone structure , while they are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone in proteins . | [] |
The suffix " -yl " is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen ; " -ylidene " and " -ylidyne " are used with double bonds and triple bonds , respectively . | The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen . <SEP> -ylidene and -ylidyne are used for double bonds and triple bonds respectively . | [] |
In addition , when naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent , positional numbers are used to indicate which carbon atom the substituent attaches to when such information is needed to distinguish between isomers . | When naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent , position numbers may be used . <SEP> These number will indicate which carbon atom the substituent is attached to . | [] |
British Columbia ( BC ; ) is the westernmost province of Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . | British Columbia " ( fr : Colombie-Britannique ) " is the westernmost province in Canada . | [] |
In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . | British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation In 1871 . <SEP> On July 20 , 1871 , British Columbia joined Canada . | [] |
British Columbia 's capital is Victoria , located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island . | The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , but the city with the most people is Vancouver . <SEP> Vancouver Island would undertake the debt , and British Columbia 's capital would be in Victoria . | [] |
Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 – 1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . | The first major gold rush in British Columbia started in 1858 , after gold was discovered , on the upper reaches of the Fraser River . | [] |
Smilja Avramov ( 15 February 1918 – 2 October 2018 ) was a Serbian academician , legal scholar , social activist and educator in international law . | Smilja Avramov ( 15 February 1918 – 2 October 2018 ) was a Serbian academic , authority and educator . | [] |
Before she retired she was a Professor of International law at the Law Faculty at Belgrade University . | Avramov was a professor of international law at the Law Faculty at Belgrade University . | [] |
Avramov died in Belgrade on 2 October 2018 at the age of 100 . | She turned 100 in February 2018 . <SEP> Avramov died at her apartment in Belgrade on 2 October 2018 from congestive heart failure at the age of 100 . | [] |
A poseur ( or poser ) is someone who poses for effect , or behaves affectedly , who affects a particular attitude , character or manner to impress others , or who pretends to belong to a particular group . | Poseur ( or poser ) is a negative term used by some subcultures . | [] |
" Poseur " is often a pejorative term , as used in the punk , heavy metal , hip hop , and goth subcultures , or the skateboarding , surfing and jazz communities , when it is used to refer to a person who copies the dress , speech , and / or mannerisms of a group or subculture , generally for attaining acceptability within the group or for popularity among various other groups , yet who is deemed not to share or understand the values or philosophy of the subculture . | It describes a person who copies the style or mannerisms of a subculture , but who is not considered to belong to it . <SEP> The term is often used in the punk , heavy metal , hip hop , and goth subcultures , or the skateboarding and surfing communities . | [] |
Rajaram Piraji Dhale ( 30 September 1940 – 16 July 2019 ) , commonly referred to as Raja Dhale , was an Indian writer , artist and activist for Dalit rights . | Raja Dhale ( 30 September 1940 – 16 July 2019 ) was an Indian writer , poet , Ambedkarite thinker , social activist , and political activist . | [] |
Dhale was a member of the Republican Party of India and led the Raja Dhale faction , after a split in the party.Dhale was a candidate in the 1999 parliament election from the Mumbai North Central constituency on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha party ticket , and 2004 parliament elections from Mumbai North East constituency , again on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha ticket . | He was a member of the Republican Party of India and led the Raja Dhale faction , after it split . <SEP> Dhale was a candidate in the 1999 parliament election for the Mumbai North Central constituency and 2004 parliament elections from Mumbai North East constituency , again on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha ticket . | [] |
She died on August 30 , 2014 , just 20 days prior to her 66th birthday . | Her mother died on August 5 , 2014 . <SEP> Mallory died from pancreatic cancer on August 30 , 2014 , aged 64 . | [] |
Mallory had been married to her " A Little Night Music " co-star Mark Lambert since 1975 . | She married actor Mark Lambert in 1975 . | [] |
The couple had a daughter named Ramona Mallory Lambert , also an actress . | They had a daughter . | [] |
Waters ' solo work includes the studio albums " The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking " ( 1984 ) , " Radio K.A.O.S. " ( 1987 ) " , " " Amused to Death " ( 1992 ) " , " and " Is This the Life We Really Want ? " | Following his legal and philosophical split with Pink Floyd in 1986 , Waters began a solo career , releasing three studio albums , " The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking " ( 1984 ) , " Radio K.A.O.S. " ( 1987 ) , and in 1992 , the highly acclaimed " Amused to Death " . | [] |
In 1990 , Waters staged one of the largest rock concerts in history , " The Wall – Live in Berlin " , with an attendance of 450,000 . | In 1990 , Roger staged one of the largest rock concerts ever , " The Wall Concert in Berlin " , on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate . | [] |
He has toured extensively as a solo act since 1999 ; he performed " The Dark Side of the Moon " in its entirety for his world tour of 2006 – 2008 , and the " Wall Live " tour of 2010 – 13 was the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist at the time . | Waters has toured extensively as a solo act since 2005 , performing " Dark Side " to sold out audiences and critical acclaim the world over . <SEP> Waters performed an extensive tour of " The Wall " between 2010 and 2013 . | [] |
Mark Edward McGhee ( born 25 May 1957 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach , who was most recently manager of National League South club Eastbourne Borough . | Mark Edward McGhee ( born 25 May , 1957 in Glasgow , Scotland ) is a former professional footballer and current manager of English club Bristol Rovers . | [] |
During his time at Aberdeen , he also won the Scottish PFA Players ' Player of the Year in 1982 . | He started his playing career at Greenock Morton before moving on to Newcastle United , Aberdeen , Hamburg , Celtic , IK Brage and Reading and won the Scottish PFA Players ' Player of the Year in 1982 as well as four caps and two goals for the Scotland national football team . | [] |
He was also part of the Aberdeen side that defeated Real Madrid 2-1 in the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1983 , with his cross from the left setting up John Hewitt to score the winning goal . | His greatest career moment came in 1983 when he was in the Aberdeen side that defeated Real Madrid 2-1 to lift the European Cup Winner 's Cup . | [] |
From " Elephunk " came " Where Is the Love ? " , | They first became popular with the single " Where Is the Love " and the album " Elephunk " and their next album , " Monkey Business " was also successful . | [] |
A flywheel is a spinning wheel , or disc , or rotor , rotating around its symmetry axis . | A flywheel is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft . | [] |
The way to change a flywheel 's stored energy without changing its mass is by increasing or decreasing its rotational speed . | The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily . | [] |
Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia . | Because the flywheel resists changes in speed , it decreases the effects of uneven torque . | [] |
A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy ( kinetic energy ) . | So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy . <SEP> A fly-wheel is not just any wheel , but specifically designed to store energy . | [] |
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and its mass . | The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy . | [] |
France ( ] ) , officially the French Republic ( , ] ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . | France ( or / ˈfrɑːns / ; ] ) , officially the French Republic ( , ] ) , is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various overseas islands and territories located in other continents . | [] |
The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . | Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . | [] |
France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . | France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its main ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . <SEP> The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . | [] |
Its land borders consist of Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast , Germany and Switzerland in the east , Italy and Monaco in the southeast , and Andorra and Spain in the south and southwest . | Metropolitan France is bordered ( clockwise from the north ) by Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany , Switzerland , Italy , Monaco , Andorra , and Spain . <SEP> France shares its borders with Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany , Switzerland , Italy , Monaco , Andorra , and Spain . | [] |
France has land borders with Brazil and Suriname via French Guiana and with the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the French portion of Saint Martin . | France 's overseas departments and collectivities also share land borders with Brazil and Suriname ( bordering French Guiana ) , and the Netherlands Antilles ( bordering Saint-Martin ) . | [] |
The vast majority of France 's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France , to distinguish it from the country 's various overseas polities . | France is located in Western Europe . | [] |
France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine , the Loire , the Garonne , the Rho ̂ ne and their tributaries , whose combined catchment includes over 62 % of the metropolitan territory . | There are many rivers in France , including the Seine and the Loire . | [] |
France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP , and tenth-largest by purchasing power parity . | France is a developed country and possesses the fifth largest economy in the world , according to nominal GDP figures . | [] |
It hosts the world 's fourth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination , receiving around 83 million foreign visitors annually . | It is the most visited country in the world , receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually . | [] |
France is considered a great power in global affairs , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . | It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and owns the largest number of nuclear weapons with active warheads and nuclear power plants in the European Union . | [] |
The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987 , when Hugh Capet , Duke of France and Count of Paris , was crowned King of the Franks . | The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987 , when Hugh Capet became King of France . | [] |
His descendantsthe Capetians , the House of Valois , and the House of Bourbonprogressively unified the country through wars and dynastic inheritance into the Kingdom of France , which was fully declared in 1190 by Philip II Augustus . | His descendants , the Direct Capetians , the House of Valois and the House of Bourbon , unified the country with many wars and dynastic inheritance . | [] |
France became the most populous country in Europe and had tremendous influence over European politics , economy , and culture . | At that time , France had the largest population in Europe . <SEP> The country had a big influence over European politics , economy , and culture . | [] |
French became the most-used language in diplomacy , science , literature and international affairs , and remained so until the 20th century . | French became the common language of diplomacy in international affairs . | [] |
Much of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles , and major scientific breakthroughs and inventions , such as the discovery of oxygen ( 1778 ) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers ( 1783 ) , were achieved by French scientists . | Much of the Enlightenment happened in France . | [] |
France obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas , Africa and Asia . | France also conquered many overseas possessions in the Americas and Asia . | [] |
Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799 becoming First Consul and later Emperor of the French Empire ( 1804 – 1814 ; 1815 ) . | Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the Republic in 1799 . <SEP> He later made himself Emperor of the First Empire ( 1804 – 1814 ) . | [] |
His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt or Austerlitz . | His armies conquered most of continental Europe . | [] |
After his brief return from exile , Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , the monarchy was re-established ( 1815 – 1830 ) , with new constitutional limitations . | After Napoleon 's final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , another monarchy arose . | [] |
In 1852 , the president of the French Republic , Louis-Napole ́ on Bonaparte , Napoleon I 's nephew , was proclaimed emperor of the second Empire , as Napoleon III . | Later Louis-Napole ́ on Bonaparte created the Second Empire in 1852 . | [] |
Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic . | Louis-Napole ́ on was removed after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 . <SEP> The Third Republic replaced his regime . | [] |
France had colonial possessions , in various forms , since the beginning of the 17th century , but in the 19th and 20th centuries , its global overseas colonial empire extended greatly and became the second largest in the world behind the British Empire . | The large French colonial empire in the 19th century included parts of West Africa and Southeast Asia . | [] |
France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto rights . | France is a member of the United Nations . <SEP> It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and has veto rights . | [] |
France is a member of the G8 , World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) and the Indian Ocean Commission ( COI ) . | It is also a member of the World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) . | [] |
As a significant hub for international relations , France hosts the second largest assembly of diplomatic missions in the world and the headquarters of international organisations including the OECD , UNESCO , Interpol , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , and " la Francophonie " . | It hosts the headquarters of the OECD , UNESCO and Interpol . | [] |
Postwar French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership of the European Union , of which it was a founding member . | France was a founding member of the European Union . | [] |
In the 1960s , France sought to exclude the British from the European unification process , seeking to build its own standing in continental Europe . | In the 1960s , France wanted to exclude the United Kingdom from the organisation . <SEP> It wanted to build its own economic power in continental Europe . | [] |
Since the 1960s , France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the most influential driving force of the EU . | This was to try to become the most influential country in the EU . | [] |
France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) , but under President de Gaulle , it excluded itself from the joint military command to protest the special relationship between the United States and Britain and to preserve the independence of French foreign and security policies . | France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) . <SEP> However , under President de Gaulle , it left the joint military command . | [] |
In the early 1990s , the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia . | In the early 1990s , France received criticism for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia . | [] |
France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq , straining bilateral relations with the United States and the United Kingdom . | France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq . | [] |
France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies ( " Franc ̧ afrique " ) and has supplied economic aid and troops for peacekeeping missions in Ivory Coast and Chad . | France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies . <SEP> For instance it has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad . | [] |
France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro in 1999 , with euro coins and banknotes completely replacing the French franc ( ₣ ) in 2002 . | France and 11 other European Union members jointly launched the euro on 1 January 1999 and started using it in 2002 . | [] |
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