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we analyzed postmortem tissues of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis sals for mrna C2 of two inflammatory proteins complement cqb and clusterin apoj by northern blot hybridization sals was associated with increased mrna for cqb and clusterin in the motor cortex brodmann area a but not in superior TC a relative to neurologically NCs by in situ hybridization sals spinal cords showed increased cqb and clusterin mrna in Az undergoing neurodegeneration this evidence implicates inflammatory mechanisms during neurodegenerative processes in sals
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perioperative blood salvage is associated with PR of inflammatory mediators depending on type of processing the complement system is activated to some extent in the final blood product the aim of the present study was to evaluate a haemofiltration technique concerning complement system activation and whether the volume of added saline will have an influence on the elimination of G1 complement during processing
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the purpose of this T0 was to investigate the prognostic importance of clinical and histopathologic AF including malignancy grading systems mgs partial index pi invasive front grading ifg and microvessel density a CR geographic series of early stage figo iii C2 carcinomas treated by wertheimmeigs surgery during the period was studied the patients were followed up for at least years significant prognostic factors for diseasefree survival were CL node status p radical surgical margins p and tumor size p in a multivariate cox analysis it was shown that lymph node status was the single most important prognostic factor with regard to diseasefree survival the total mgs and the pi scores were highly significantly p associated with pelvic lymph node metastases and diseasefree survival rate in squamous cell carcinomas the mgs and the pi systems were superior to the ifg system in predicting lymph node metastases the total ifg score was also a statistically highly significant p prognostic factor with regard to diseasefree survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses microvessel density was a NS prognostic factor there was a highly significant p association between V1 space invasion of RT cells and the presence of CL node metastases in conclusion histopathologic malignancy grading systems provide valuable prognostic information in patients with early stage squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix
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taskbased neuroimaging studies face the challenge of developing tasks capable of equivalently probing reading networks across different age groups restingstate fmri which requires no specific task circumvents these difficulties here in children years and adults years we examined the extent to which individual differences in reading competence can be related to restingstate functional connectivity rsfc of regions implicated in reading in both age CG reading standard scores correlated positively with rsfc between the left precentral gyrus and other motor regions and between brocas and wernickes areas this suggests that regardless of age group stronger coupling among motor regions as well as between languagespeech regions subserves better reading presumably reflecting automatized articulation we also observed divergent rsfcbehavior relationships in children and adults particularly those anchored in the left fusiform gyrus ffg the visual word form area in adults but not children better reading performance was associated with stronger positive correlations between ffg and phonologyrelated regions brocas area and the left VPI parietal lobule and with stronger negative relationships between ffg and regions of the tasknegative default network these results suggest that both positive rsfc PET coupling between reading regions and negative rsfc functional segregation between a reading region and default network regions are important for automatized reading characteristic of adult readers together our taskindependent rsfc findings highlight the importance of appreciating developmental changes in the neural correlates of reading competence and suggest that rsfc may serve to facilitate the identification of reading disorders in different age CG
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MDM2 chromosomes are cytogenetic manifestations of gene amplification frequently seen in CA cells genes amplified on double minute chromosomes include oncogenes and multidrug resistant genes these genes encode proteins which contribute to cancer formation CA progression and OD of resistance to drugs used in CA treatment beta of double minute chromosomes and therefore genes amplified on them is an effective way to decrease the malignancy of cancer cells we investigated the effectiveness of a CA drug gemcitabine on the loss of double minute chromosomes from the OC cell L1 uacc gemcitabine is able to decrease the number of double minute chromosomes in cells at a x lower concentration than the commonly used CA drug HU amplified genes present on the double minute chromosomes are decreased at the dna level upon gemcitabine treatment gemcitabine even at a low nanomolar concentration is able to cause dna damage the selective incorporation of double T2 chromatin and γhax signals into micronuclei provides a strong link between dna damage and the loss of double minute chromosomes from gemcitabine treated cells cells treated with gemcitabine also showed decreased cell growth colony formation and invasion together our results suggest that gemcitabine is ERP in decreasing double minute chromosomes and this affects the biology of OC cells
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the use of poorly treated water in hemodialysis centers may lead to fungal contamination which poses a serious threat to immunologically debilitated hemodialysis patients this study aimed to isolate and identify yeast species in the water of a brazilian hemodialysis center by using classic microbiological techniques and raman spectroscopy for months a total of water samples were collected from different points of the hemodialysis treatment distribution center one hundred and fortysix yeast species were isolated and identified in the samples that tested positive for the presence of yeasts such as candida parapsilosis isolates or c guilliermondii isolates or rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolates or r glutinis three isolates or and trichosporon inkin three isolates or yeast susceptibility to the antifungal fluconazole was also assayed only two c guilliermondii isolates were resistant to fluconazole the minimal GABA concentrations were higher than μgml the different yeast species present in the water of a brazilian hemodialysis center call for more ERP water disinfection procedures in this unit RS is an excellent tool to identify yeast species and is potentially applicable in routine water monitoring in hemodialysis units
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cholera enterotoxin inhibits the antigeninduced igemediated PR of histamine from human leukocytes and the lysis of allogeneic mastocytoma cells by splenic lymphocytes from specifically immunized mice this effect requires a prolonged preincubation time of the toxin with the lymphocyteleukocyte S9 a demonstrable inhibition requires about min of preincubation and the toxin activity is still increasing at min cholera enterotoxin also stimulates adenyl cyclase and leads to increased C2 of cyclic amp in the lymphocyteleukocyte S9 the concentration of toxin required for both cyclic amp accumulation and inhibition of the biologic responses is about the same ca ngml and the time course of cyclic amp accumulation parallels the development of LIA both activities inhibition of the in vitro HSRs and cAMP accumulation are blocked by cholera antitoxin and by a toxoid prepared from the toxin choleragenoid these are specific antagonists in that they do not block the inhibiting activity or rise in cyclic amp C2 caused by other cya stimulators because cholera enterotoxin has no known activity other than the stimulation of cya and because of its unusual time course and the availability of TPS antagonists this data considerably strengthens the hypothesis that the cAMP system influences the expression of these two forms of hypersensitivity phenomena
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primary skin adnexal tumors can be challenging to classify and must be discerned from cutaneous adenocarcinoma metastases from various sites we evaluated expression of sox and dog in normal cutaneous adnexa and in primary skin adnexal tumors and compared their performance in discriminating primary skin adnexal PT from cutaneous M1 adenocarcinomas with that of p and p in NS adnexa we noted sox expression in both the secretory and myoepithelial cells in eccrine glands but only in myoepithelial cells in apocrine PG dog demonstrated cLPM expression in eccrine glands and weak expression in myoepithelial cells of apocrine glands germinative cells of sebaceous glands and outer root sheath of follicular infundibulum sox was expressed in of cylindromas and spiradenomas and in variable frequency in other benign and malignant PT of sweat glands dog was positive in most cylindromas in only of spiradenomas and was variably expressed in other benign and malignant tumors of sweat glands all syringomas n were negative for sox and dog one out of the follicular neoplasms was positive for sox and dog all sebaceous neoplasms were negative for sox and of them were positive for dog sox was TPS but not CS for primary skin origin and was far less accurate than p or p accuracy combining sox with p or p showed only very minimal gain in accuracy dog expression in tumors showed low sensitivity and specificity for skin adnexal origin
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tailed bacteriophages have a common origin and constitute an order with three families named caudovirales their structured tail is unique tailed phages share a series of highlevel taxonomic properties and show many facultative features that are unique or rare in viruses for example tail appendages and unusual bases they share with other viruses especially herpesviruses elements of morphogenesis and lifestyle that are attributed to convergent evolution tailed phages present three types of lysogeny exemplified by phages lambda mu and p lysogeny appears as a AA property acquired by horizontal gene transfer CAA sequence alignments notably of dna polymerases integrases and PGN hydrolases indicate frequent events of horizontal gene transfer in tailed phages common CA and tail proteins have not been detected tailed phages possibly evolved from small protein shells with a few genes sufficient for some basal level of productive infection this early stage can no longer be traced at one point this F0 phage became perfected some of its features were perfect enough to be transmitted until today it is tempting showed right lateral temporal lobe hypoperfusion and right mesial hyperperfusion suggesting a postictal RA temporal spect DP interpretation of the periictal spect should take into account eeg changes at the time or in the T2 immediately T3 injection of mtchmpao
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the biochemistry and sec characteristics of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma have been esis which was believed to exist also in b subtilis because of the stringent response observed after amino acid starvation coupled with ppgpp accumulation antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis differently than by affecting the ribosomes puromycin or which inhibit rna rifampicin or dna nalidixic acid synthesis do not cause ppgpp accumulation the accumulation of ppgpp and pppgpp in the presence of charged trna provided by chloramphenicol treatment suggests that the signal for the synthesis of unusual nucleotides is an inhibition of the IB of trna charged or uncharged to the acceptor site of the ribosome this activates the rel gene product which forms ppgpp and pppgpp from gtp and atp sporulating cells of b subtilis without chloramphenicol treatment produce besides ppgpp and pppgpp other unusual substances which are likely to be highly phosphorylated nucleotides contained adenine as base moiety
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BG despite the positive effects of physical activity the risk of sudden cardiac arrest is transiently increased during and immediately T3 exercise the purpose of this T0 was to assess the incidence of exerciserelated outofhospital cardiac arrest in the GA population and to compare characteristics and prognosis of these cardiac arrests with nonexerciserelated outofhospital cardiac arrests methods data from all cases of treated outofhospital cardiac arrest outside of home reported to the swedish register of CPR from in three counties of sweden were investigated population m this registry captures almost of all outofhospital cardiac arrests in sweden results of outof hospital cardiac arrests were exerciserelated resulting in an incidence of per personyears the day survival rate was significantly higher among exerciserelated outof hospital cardiac arrests compared to nonexerciserelated outofhospital cardiac arrests vs p patients suffering an exerciserelated outofhospital cardiac arrest were on average years younger than those who had a nonexerciserelated outofhospital CA years compared to years exerciserelated outofhospital cardiac arrests were more often witnessed vs p had higher rates of bystander CP resuscitation vs p and were more frequently connected to an automated external defibrillator vs p conclusions cardiac arrests that occur in relation to exercise have a significantly better prognosis and outcome than nonexerciserelated cardiac arrests this may be explained by favourable circumstances but may also reflect that these persons experience a SCA at a lower degree of PD disease due to their younger age and to exercise being a trigger
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participation of the reninangiotensin system in the potentiation of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation in the pumpperfused dog paw was studied during suprarenal aortic constriction vasoconstrictor responses in the paw were elicited by norepinephrine i.a. and by sympathetic nerve stimulation in a control session and during suprarenal aortic constriction cephalad to the origin of one or two renal arteries AC decreased renal blood flow by approximately and increased systemic blood pressure and plasma renin activity the vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine and nerve stimulation were not significantly affected when the constriction was cephalad to only one renal artery but there was a increase in the response to stimulation at hz during aortic constriction above two renal arteries there was an approximate fold greater increase in plasma renin activity during the latter than in the former case saralasin po intraarterially to the paw reversed the adrenergic potentiating effect of AC these results indicate that when the reninangiotensin system is G1 by restricting RBF sufficient circulating endogenous angiotensin is formed to cause a moderate adrenergic potentiating effect in the canine cutaneous circulation of the paw
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the objective of this T0 was to elucidate the antioxidative roles of coenzyme q coq and alphatocopherol in mitochondrial CM by determining whether coq directly scavenges peroxyl and alkoxylradicals or indirectly regenerates alphatocopherol during autooxidation of mitochondrial CM a comparison of the interaction between alphatocopherol and coq during autooxidation was made between bovine and rat heart mitochondria which differ approximately fold in their alphatocopherol content autooxidation of both bovine and rat HR mitochondria resulted in the formation of thiobarbituricacidreactive substances and protein carbonyls however the differences in the autooxidizability of mitochondria between rat and bovine heart mitochondrial membranes were relatively minor supplementation of rat HR mitochondria with succinate caused reduction of coq to ubiquinol while alphatocopherol concentration remained unaffected during autooxidation in contrast in the absence of succinate coq was present in the oxidized form ubiquinone and the mitochondrial membranes were depleted of alphatocopherol coq concentrations remained unchanged over time irrespective of the presence or absence of succinate in the absence of succinate autooxidation of bovine smps supplemented with different amounts of alphatocopherol was inversely related to the amount of alphatocopherol whereas in the presence of succinate autooxidation was greatly reduced results of this study indicate that during autooxidation of mitochondria alphatocopherol acts as the direct radical scavenger whereas ubiquinol reive in modulating basal binding at microm diamine than analogues which were mostly diprotonated or unprotonated finally the internuclear distance between the amino nitrogens and the extent of modulation of basal hmk binding were correlated similar but more modest effects were seen for spermineenhanced hmk IB these results are consistent with the existence of two polyamine IB sites associated with the nmda receptor complex one of the sites appears to preferentially recognize lipophilic substances while the other favors hydrophilic materials both sites appear to recognize PAs with at least one charged protonated amino group and one uncharged amino group the distance between amino CG is a determining factor as well
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direction repulsion is a perceptual illusion in which the directions of two superimposed surfaces are repulsed away from the real directions of motion the repulsion is reduced when the surftor consisted of the inclusion egp or absence egp of an exogenous growth promoting program steers in the egp treatments were implanted initially with component es reimplanted with component teis and fed mg · d · steer of RAC hydrochloride for the final d before harvest steers were harvested on d of feeding and strip loin was removed from carcasses selected at random from each pen for transport to kansas state university after d of aging loins were fabricated into cm thick steaks for objective and trained sensory panel measurement of cooked meat characteristics and objective color measurements during d retail display there were no interactions p between feeding strategy and exogenous growth promotants for all objective measures of color and cooked meat characteristics throughout the display period pn steaks were darker p than con steaks but surface percentages of oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin and metmyoglobin reducing ability were unaffected by feeding strategy p loins and steaks from pn cattle possessed decreased moisture loss during aging and cooking p trained sensory panel evaluation of cooked meat revealed a dietary program à growth promotant interaction for myofibrillar tenderness connective tissue amount and overall tenderness p compared to the conegp and pnegp treatments steaks from the conegp and pnegp treatments were evaluated by panelists as being less myofibrillar and overall tender p the alternative feeding strategies presented in this study can favorably impact waterholding capacity without negatively compromising retail display discoloration
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the intrarenal distribution of citrate was evaluated in the dog during antidiuresis and osmotic diuresis by using the TPS citrate assay method of moellering and gruber the measurements were made on tissue samples taken from four different regions throughout the kidney cortex outer and IM and papilla during antidiuresis a characteristic CSD of citrate was observed with highest C2 in the papilla and lowest ones in the outer medulla a medullary concentration gradient for citrate was found mannitol greatly decreased PTC citrate and sodium but no changes in outer and IM citrate occured the results could not be explained by the citrate contained either in the trapped urine or blood in the tissue it is suggested that citrate accumulation in the inner regions of renal medulla may be accounted for by countercurrent mechanisms or regional differences in renal citrate metabolism
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we report the production of human MPI mpi by the filamentous fungus aspergillus niger to test the ability of this host organism to secrete low molecular weight highly disulfidebonded proteins in biologically AS conformation fungal transformants have been obtained with an expression cassette consisting of a chimeric gene founded on a mpi cdna encoding mature mpi fused in frame to sequences encoding a niger glucoamylase glaa separated by a kexlike processing sequence expression of the glucoamylase F0 gene in these transformants resulted in secretion of mpi into the growth medium with yields up to mg nterminal CS analysis of the purified inhibitor confirmed that the glucoamylasempi FP was correctly processed to mature mpi by a kextype endopeptidase present in a niger furthermore recombinant mpi retains full LIA against chymotrypsin and leukocyte elastase indicating that the protein was folded properly
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a new cell group composed of a C1 number of SN immunoreactive to IMT hydroxylase th was demonstrated in the PVH nucleus and midline nuclei of the cat thalamus using four different antith sera after colchicine treatment however in these regions we did not detect any cell HB containing other catecholamine synthesizing enzymes nor dopamine
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this study compared the contractile performance of a canine RA atrial trabecula with that of a macroscopically indistinguishable trabecula isolated from the RA VVI apex the HR was removed from nine mongrel puppies weighing kg and placed in krebsringers bicarbonate solution the bathing solution contained only mmoles of ca and was bubbled with a o co gas mixture each atrial trabecula was specially selected from the RA atrial appendage histologically these trabeculae showed a remarkable longitudinal orientation of the fibers at lmax the length of the muscle at which developed tension was maximum under identical conditions of temperature rate of stimulation ionic milieu ph and o and co supply RA atrial trabeculae achieved the same developed and total tensions but in a much shorter time than did ventricular trabeculae in both muscle CG the maximum developed tension averaged about gmm since lo expressed as a fraction of lmax was less in atrial muscle than it was in ventribular muscle we concluded that atrial muscle can be stretched considerably more than can ventricular muscle before optimum length is reached at any given initial ML the maximum of tension rise for atrial trabeculae amounted to at least twice that for VVI trabeculae at any given load up to gmm the maximum velocity of shortening of an atrial trabecula was about three to four times that of a ventricular trabecula these results collectively indicate that the contractile performance of the right atrial muscle is in many respects superior to that of the RA ventricle at least under the conditions of these experiments
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a method for the immunoblot analysis of the typespecific capsular polysaccharides of streptococci was developed the CPSs were extracted by sonication and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of SDS sds T3 electrophoresis the polysaccharides were transferred to charged pvdfn CM and probed with the type TPS antibodies a characteristic ladderlike DP of polysaccharide bands specific for the serotype was observed for capsular extracts of streptococcus suis human immune sera against typespecific GBS PSs reacted most strongly with the immunizing polysaccharide type ia ii iii the previously observed crossreactions between the group b streptococcal typespecific capsular preparations were shown to be due to binding to the isomeric polysaccharide molecules thus gel PACE combined with immunoblot analysis seems to provide a novel method for the molecular and immunochemical characterization of bacterial polysaccharides and for the study of the specificity and properties of antibodies to capsular PSs
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a healthy sodium depleted subject received on separate occasions intravenous infusions of the renin inhibitor h at doses of and mgkgh the two lower doses of h produced dosedependent reduction of both systolic and diastolic pressure associated with an increase in HR rate the highest dose of h produced profound SH and bradycardia both during drug infusion in the supine position and again later on return to standing after h was stopped an increase in plasma adrenaline but not noradrenaline was associated with this dose of h the subject differed from others studied in a randomised controlled trial of h at doses of and mgkgh in having the highest basal circulating plasma angiotensin ii concentrations during sodium depletion and in developing a clear reduction in systolic as well as Pd the profound hypotensive response at the highest dose of h may represent an idiosyncratic response to the drug alternatively and perhaps more likely it may be a result of a reduction of angiotensin ii concentrations in plasma or other tissues with loss of arteriolar constriction loss of facilitation of sympathetic activity withdrawal of vagal inhibition dilatation of capacitance vessels or a combination of these events subsequent activation of the bezoldjarisch reflex is a possibility the late fall in blood pressure T3 h was stopped and when circulating plasma angiotensin ii concentrations had returned to normal suggests that this response may have involved an effect of the inhibitor on renin in a site other than blood
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we investigated the effectiveness of commercially available silane coupling agents on the adhesion between the CR and the porcelain as silane coupling agents we used cosmotech primer clearfil porcelain bond porcelain liner m and scotchprime as porcelain we used cosmotech porcelain da which was etched either with hydrofluoric acid or with phosphoric acid gel the tensile bond strengths between CR and the porcelain treated with silane coupling agents were measured T3 one day immersion in degrees c water among the silane coupling agents clearfil porcelain bond gave the highest bond strength of about kgfcm when any of these silane coupling agents were used the bond strengths were increased more by HF etching than by phosphoric acid etching especially in the case of scotchprime treatment hydrofluoric acid etching was remarkably effective on the increase in the bond strengths the value in hydrofluoric acid etching was times higher than that in phosphoric acid etching from sem observation HF etching gave greater roughness to the porcelain surface which resulted in greater mechanical interlocking of the resin in the case of cosmotech primer treatment the combination with gc bonding agent did not increase the bond strengths while combination with clearfil new bond did the phosphoric acid ester monomer in clearfil new bond which is known as strong acid was supposed to catalyze the activation of silane coupling agent
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the lumpy skin disease lsd virus belongs to the genus capripoxvirus and causes a disease in cattle with economic impacts in november the disease was first reported in europe in cyprus it was then reported in greece in august and has spread through different balkan countries since although vector transmission is predominant in atrisk Az longdistance transmission usually occurs through movements of INF cattle in order to estimate the threat for france a quantitative import risk analysis qira MM was developed to assess the risk of lsd being introduced into france by imports of cattle based on available information and using a stochastic model the probability of a first outbreak of lsd in france following the import of batches of INF live cattle for breeding or fattening was estimated to be Ã
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femtosecond stimulated raman scattering fsrs is a spectroscopic technique that probes the structural dynamics of molecules the technique typically relies on an electronic resonance condition to increase signal strength or enhance species selectivity giving a raman enhancement that is vibrationalmodespecific and depends on the character of the resonant electronic state the resonance condition is complicated for molecules already in an excited electronic state and also for systems where multiple electronic states are resonant or nearly resonant with the raman excitation energy both of which are often the case for fsrs this paper examines the excitation wavelength dependence of the fsrs spectrum for the lowest triplet state of phenylthiophene pt except for an overall increase of the signal strength due to the resonance condition the relative intensities of most raman bands are relatively insensitive to the excitation wavelength and the spectrum is remarkably similar to the calculated offresonance spectrum obtained by neglecting the resonance condition on the other hand calculated resonance raman spectra using a gradient approximation to simulate the resonance condition correctly predict the excitation wavelength dependence for a few modes but overestimate the relative enhancement of others the weak wavelength dependence of the triplet spectrum of pt contrasts the case of the singlet fsrs spectrum for the same molecule we attribute this discrepancy to a combination of homogeneous broadening overlapping t
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of patients seen with pancreatitis at the sunnybrook AMC toronto in the past years had pancreas divisum demonstrated by pancreatography clinical presentations included recurrent acute pancreatitis CP and recurrent subcutaneous fat CN with steatorrhea pancreatography demonstrated dorsal pancreatic drainage through the duct of santorini in all cases the luminal diameter at the orifice of the duct of santorini assessed at T0 was inadequate to provide normal drainage from the gland sphincterotomy of the duct of santorini CT without surgery to the duct of wirsung or sphincter of oddi was performed in four patients this relieved the pain of chronic pancreatitis eliminated recurrent attacks of AP and curtailed recurrence of subcutaneous fat necrosis and steatorrhea during followup periods of and months respectively one patient who refused operation continued to have recurrent one months after diagnosis
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low molecular weight hyaluronan enhances or induces inflammation through tolllike receptor tlr however the effects of high molecular weight hyaluronan ha on tlr are unknown in this T0 ha kda was administered orally to mrllprlpr mice a thtype autoimmune disease model lymphoaccumulation of doublenegative t cells which is enhanced by proinflammatory cytokines was suppressed by ha treatment cytokine array analysis showed that ha treatment enhanced production of interleukin an antiinflammatory cytokine and downregulated chemokine production ha colocalized with tlr on the luminal surface of epithelial cells in the large intestine these cells are parts of the IS and express cytokines dna array analysis of the tissue from the large intestine showed that ha treatment upregulated suppressor of cytokine signaling socs expression and downregulated pleiotrophin expression treatment of cultured doublenegative t cells from mrllprlpr mice with PTN rescued these cells socs which is known to suppress inflammation was enhanced by ha treatment in tlr knockdown ht cells a cell line derived from large intestinal cells ha did not bind to ht cells and did not upregulate socs expression our results suggest that p.o. of ha modulates thtype autoimmune disease and inflammation by upregulating socs expression and downregulating pleiotrophin expression via tlr in intestinal epithelial cells
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the solidphase synthesis structural characterization and biological evaluation of a small library of cancertargeting peptides have been determined in hepg hepatoblastoma cells these MMP are based on the highly specific pep motif which has been shown to target the glucoseregulated protein receptors overexpressed and exclusively localized on the cell surface of tumors in this study pep was designed to contain varying lengths of polyarginine sequences to assess their influence on peptide structure and biology peptides were effectively synthesized by fluorenylmethoxycarbonylbased solidphase peptide synthesis in which the use of a PE glycol resin provided good yields and crude purities as analyzed by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry peptide structure and biophysical properties were investigated using CD interestingly MMP displayed secondary structures that were contingent on solvent and length of the polyarginine sequences peptides exhibited helical and turn conformations while retaining significant thermal stability structureactivity relationship studies conducted by FC and confocal microscopy revealed that the polyarginine derived pep sequences maintained glucoseregulated protein IB on hepg cells while exhibiting cell translocation activity that was contingent on the length of the polyarginine strand in single dose mm and doseresponse mm cell viability assays MMP were found to be nontoxic in human hepg CL cancer cells illustrating their potential as safe cancertargeting delivery agents
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a new nonionic detergent heptylthioglucoside was synthesized and found to be more soluble than octylthioglucoside in water at low temperatures use of this detergent for solubilization and reconstitution of membrane proteins of escherichia coli was examined heptylthioglucoside was as ERP as octylthioglucoside and octylglucoside in solubilizing membrane proteins and by the heptylthioglucosidedilution procedure the htranslocating atpase ff and melibiose carrier could easily be reconstituted into liposomes it is concluded that heptylthioglucoside is very useful in studies on membrane proteins
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spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage ich accounts for of all strokes and has a high mortality rate of during the first month management of large hematomas is controversial with some advocating medical management while others favoring surgical evacuation
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adolescents with a chronic illness or PCS disability have a more difficult time separating from parents achieving a sense of mastery developing social skills among peers and achieving a positive bodyimage than do ablebodied adolescents to promote attainment of these developmental tasks adventure etc was created as a wildernessurban outward bound experience for chronically ill physically disabled and AB teens pre and posttesting and interviewing assessed locus of control selfimage family environment and family dynamics over a twoyear period teens completed the program and were tested were chronically ill or disabled the chronically illdisabled group showed a significant increase in internal locus of control no NC was found in the AB group both the ablebodied and the disabledchronically ill CG showed a significant improvement in body image reported family conflict declined as did family recreational involvement while individual recreational activities among these adolescents increased based on these results new followup MICs for the parents and adolescents were initiated to further the gains of program participants
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an yearold man was admitted with an L3 exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease he also had clinical and radiological features suggestive of ileus on day T3 admission he developed generalised ABD pain urgent computed tomography of the abdomen showed presence of portovenous gas and dilated SB with pneumatosis intestinalis and whirl sign emergency LAP was performed which showed a mm perforated ulcer over the first part of the duodenum and SB volvulus omental patch repair and reduction of small bowel volvulus were performed no bowel resection was required the patient had a favourable outcome clinicians should suspect small bowel volvulus as a cause of ischaemic bowel presence of portovenous gas and pneumatosis intestinalis are normally considered to be signs of frank ischaemic bowel the absence of bowel ischaemia at LAP in this patient shows that this is not necessarily the case and prompt surgical treatment could potentially save the bowels and lives of these patients
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we report the clinical electroencephalographic neurophysiologic and neuroimaging findings in eight children with infantonset progressive myoclonus epilepsy all of whom had muscle biopsies performed as as part of the diagnostic evaluation each child had myoclonic seizures generalized tonicclonic seizures and neurologic regression or marked developmental delay four children died before years of age electroencephalograms in seven children showed an abnormally slow BG with bilateral multifocal paroxysmal discharges but no burst suppression DP or photoparoxysmal response muscle biopsy specimens were submitted for histopathology and respiratorychain enzyme studies nonspecific abnormalities on CS microscopy or electron microscopy were found in seven samples including increased subsarcolemmal deposits of mitochondria or morphologic mitochondrial changes but no raggedred SF were seen respiratorychain enzyme studies were performed on five samples and in three children all of whom had a PH of elevated lactate in SS or cerebrospinal fluid there were low levels of rotenonesensitive reduced nicotinamide adenine CpG nadh cytochrome c reductase characteristic of a defect in the complex i part of the respiratorychain pathway this study has shown that infantonset progressive myoclonus epilepsy can be distinguished from other myoclonic epilepsy syndromes of infancy by clinical and electrographic features furthermore respiratorychain enzyme defects are a relatively common cause of infantonset progressive myoclonus epilepsy the absence of raggedred SF on muscle histopathology does not preclude a mitochondrial enzyme abnormality
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for most laboratories methotrexate mtx concentrations are routinely monitored by fluorescence polarization immunoassay fpia in anticipation of an announced withdrawal of the fpia reagent on the abbott tdxflx abbott diagnostics abbott park il we have evaluated a new reagent kit developed by abbott on the architect i based on CL microparticle immunoassay cmia
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we investigated the frequency and pattern of PCD of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies tmabs daratumumab and elotuzumab by routine serum protein electrophoresis spe and immunofixation if in treated patients with myeloma
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experiments were performed on the model chinese hamster cell culture sindbis virus in which there develops an acute infection accompanied by AS virus reproduction cell rounding and detachment from the glass for h addition in the cultural medium of a IS to the sindbis virus T3 its adsorption by the ML culture fully prevents the development of cp changes and favours obtaining chronically INF cultures that produce the infection virus the decreased production of intracellular and surface viral antigens in the infected cells seems likely to be accounted for by blocking the function of viral genome by homologous antibodies that join virusinduced antigens in the cellular plasmalemma
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highresolution imaging of autophagy has been used intensively in cell culture studies but so far it has been difficult to visualize this process in detail in whole animal models in this study we present a versatile method for highresolution imaging of microbial infection in zebrafish larvae by injecting pathogens into the tail fin this allows visualization of autophagic compartments by CS and electron microscopy which makes it possible to correlate images acquired by the techniques using this method we have studied the autophagy response against mycobacterium marinum infection we show that mycobacteria during the progress of infection are frequently associated with gfplcpositive LDV and that types of gfplcpositive LDV were observed the majority of these vesicles were approximately μm in size and in close vicinity of bacteria and a smaller number of gfplcpositive LDV was larger in size and were observed to contain bacteria quantitative data showed that these larger vesicles occurred significantly more in WBCs than in other cell types and that approximately of these LDV were positive for a lysosomal marker using electron microscopy it was found that approximately of intracellular bacteria were present in autophagic vacuoles and that the remaining intracellular bacteria were present in phagosomes lysosomes free inside the cytoplasm or occurred as large aggregates based on rho of CS and electron microscopy images it was shown that gfplcpositive vesion on overall healthcare expenditure of households in bangladesh a total of populations who spent for receiving any type of healthcare services were analyzed from bangladesh household income and expenditure survey data sex and age group were considered as childhood young adult MA adult senior aged and old senior aged for the entire analysis total healthcare expenditure was derived by considering direct cost such as physicians fee cost of medicine diagnostic transportation tips and informal payment etc indirect and intangible cost was not considered in the analysis the T0 found that overall health care expenditure of male us is higher than female us while this is higher for female us than male us in the reproductive age the highest health expenditure was observed in male us of age years and in female us of age years the cost for hospitalization was significantly higher us for female than male us overall health expenditure was observed to be significantly higher in elderly than younger people these findings provide an exp FR for the continuing inquiry of equity in the allocation of health care expenditure between male and female at different age which suggest current health care system in bangladesh place a significant financial strain on the elderly population
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dendritic cells dcs are professional antigen presenting cells displaying the unique capability to activate naïve TA dcs react to pathogen encounter also by the production of mediators of inflammation including Th1 cytokines because of this complex role any imbalance in dc CF reflects into defective or exaggerated immune response and tissue damage dcs comprise two main subsets namely conventional or classical dcs cdcs that are dedicated antigen presenting cells and plasmacytoid dcs pdcs that respond to nucleic acids by releasing high amounts of type i interferons ifns since the formal demonstration that dc can prime autoreactive naïve t cells a full body of evidence has implicated dcs in virtually all manifestations of autoimmunity although their exact pathogenic role often remains poorly characterized the recent availability of progressively more refined strategies of constitutive and inducible dc ablation is contributing in defining the precise role of dcs at least in some autoimmune disease models this review aims at critically summarizing the current literature concerning selected aspects of dc biology that when altered facilitate autoimmunity these aspects include i mechanisms of tissue entry and accumulation ii mechanisms of activation and iii orchestration of the immune balance by cytokine production a special focus will be on inappropriate dc activation by signals released by damaged tissues via innate immune receptors such as tolllike receptors these signals are responsible in pdcs for exaggerated type i ifn production the hallmark of a set of apparently distant autoimmune conditions such as SLE erythematosus and type diabetes whereas in cdcs they trigger dc rapid maturation and thth cytokine secretion tissuederived molecules also contribute to further promote tissue damage and autoantigen spreading possibly through pdcderived granzyme b secretion finally the therapeutic possibilities based on dc targeting in human AD will be briefly summarized
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the importance of various inflammatory cytokines in maintaining RT cell growth and viability is well established increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor mif has previously been associated with various types of adenocarcinoma
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the southern house mosquito culex quinquefasciatus has the largest repertoire of odorant receptors ors of all mosquitoes and dipteran species whose genomes have been sequenced to date previously we have identified and deorphanized two ors expressed in female antennae cquior and cquior which are sensitive to oviposition attractants in view of a new nomenclature for the culex genome vectorbase we renamed these ors as cquior formerly cquior and cquior cquior in addition we selected ors from six different phylogenetic CG for deorphanization we cloned four of them by using cdna from female antennae as a template attempts to clone cquior and cquior were unsuccessful either because they are pseudogenes or are not expressed in adult female antennae the main olfactory tissue by contrast cquior cquior cquior and cquior were highly expressed in female antennae to deorphanize these ors we employed the xenopus oocyte recording system cquiorxcquiorcoexpressed oocytes were challenged with a panel of EDC including known oviposition attractants human and vertebrate host odorants plant kairomones and naturally occurring repellents while cquior did not respond to any test compound in two different laboratories cquior showed the features of a generic or with strong responses to octenol and other ligands cquior and cquior showed preference to plantderived terpenoids and phenolic compounds respectively while fenchone was the best ligand for the former dimethylphenol elicited the strongest responses in the latter the newly deorphanized ors may be involved in reception of plant kairomones andor natural repellents
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in the AB raymond j e shapiro k l arnell k m temporary suppression of visual processing in an rsvp task an AB journal of experimental psychology human perception and performance the second of two targets in a rapid serial visual presentation rsvp stream is difficult to detect and identify when it is presented soon but not immediately after the first target we varied the SOA soa of the items in the stream and the color of the targets red from gray or vice versa and looked at the responses to the second target exact responses to the second target zero positional error showed a typical AB profile with a drop in performance for an interval of ms T3 the first target approximate responses positional error no greater than frames showed no such drop in performance although results were still dependent on color better for red and increased with increasing soa these findings are consistent with a twostage model of visual WM where encoding of the first target disrupts attention to and temporal IB of the T2 we suggest that this disruption occurs within a certain time approximately s after the first target during which period salient distractors are as likely as the second target to enter working memory
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major improvements in medical therapy and percutaneous coronary MI for PD disease cad have emerged during the previous decades but no randomized trial in patients with stable cad has been powered to compare these strategies for the hard clinical end points of death or myocardial infarction mi and previous studies have not evaluated the effect of coronary stents and intensive medical therapy on cardiac events during LT followup between and patients with documented MI and angiographically confirmed cad were randomized to the clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation courage trial with a principal hypothesis that a strategy of percutaneous coronary MI plus intensive guidelinedriven medical therapy would be superior to a strategy of intensive medical therapy alone the primary end point was a composite of allcause mortality or acute mi time to first event during a to year median followup baseline characteristics were a mean age of years men and caucasian mean duration of angina before randomization was months average episodesweek and of patients were smokers had hypertension had previous mi had dyslipidemia had diabetes had previous revascularization and had multivessel cad approximately of patients met established criteria for the metabolic syndrome in conclusion baseline characteristics of the courage trial study population indicate a highly symptomatic group of patients with cad who have a significant duration and frequency of antecedent AP and a high prevalence of cardiac risk AF
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autoimmune myelofibrosis is a rare distinct clinicopathological entity that can occur in isolation primary or in association with SVR autoimmune disorders secondary such as SLE erythematosus and sjogrens syndrome this disease is characterized by isolated or combined chronic cytopenias associated with autoimmune phenomena and bonemarrow fibrosis due to the rarity of this disease patients are frequently misdiagnosed as having primary myelofibrosis the most common form of bonemarrow fibrosis distinguishing between both disease entities is essential given the drastic therapeutic and prognostic differences between both disorders we report a case of primary autoimmune myelofibrosis presenting with severe isolated anemia refractory to multiple lines of therapy this patient was initially misdiagnosed as primary myelofibrosis the absence of the characteristic features of primary myelofibrosis and the lack of a clonal abnormality on cytogenetic and molecular studies particularly jak calr and mpl mutation analyses confirmed the absence of an aberrant neoplastic process furthermore the presence of monoclonal tcell receptor gamma gene rearrangements delineated the presence of an autoimmune disorder supporting our diagnosis of primary autoimmune myelofibrosis
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even though up to of premature infants less than weeks gestation develop persistent patent ductus arteriosus pda there remains controversy regarding if when and how to close the pda failure to close the pda has been associated with significant morbidity but no causeandeffect has been proven for shortterm or longterm outcomes in modern times surgical closure has the advantage of eliminating the pda but ST complications and longterm adverse outcomes are worrisome intravenous indomethacin has been the gold standard for pharmacologic treatment over the past years with high closure rates and decreased incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage ivh and PH with early treatment but without improvement in longterm outcomes and with risk of renal toxicity intravenous ibuprofen has less vasoconstrictive toxicity than indomethacin with comparable closure rates but without improvement in ivh and with hyperbilirubinemia risks earlier this decade acetaminophen PAR was discovered to effectively close the pda with good ST safety profile although promising acetaminophen treatment requires further studies regarding LT safety as well as ideal dosing and route of administration
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one pathway leading to the bioactive auxin indoleacetic acid iaa is known as the TA pathway which is suggested to proceed in the CS tryptophan trp TA nhydroxytryptamine indoleacetaldoxime indoleacetaldehyde iaald iaa recently this pathway has been characterized by the yucca genes in arabidopsis arabidopsis thaliana and their homologs in other species yucca is thought to be responsible for the conversion of tryptamine to nhydroxytryptamine here we complement the genetic findings with a compoundbased RPA in pea PSA detecting potential precursors by gas chromatographytandemmass spectrometry in addition we have synthesized deuterated forms of many of the intermediates involved and have used them to quantify the endogenous compounds and to investigate their metabolic fates trp TA iaald indoleethanol and iaa were detected as endogenous constituents whereas indoleacetaldoxime and one of its products indoleacetonitrile were ND metabolism experiments indicated that the TA pathway to iaa in pea roots proceeds in the sequence trp tryptamine iaald iaa with indoleethanol as a sidebranch product of iaald nhydroxytryptamine was not detected but we cannot exclude that it is an intermediate between TA and iaald nor can we rule out the possibility of a trpindependent pathway operating in pea roots
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in a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients with the guillainbarré syndrome gbs we related the use and outcome of assisted ventilation to TPS quantitative details of the neurologic illness two patients had an unusually prolonged course they were ventilated for and days before successful weaning the other patients were similar in most respects to those in previously reported series sixteen ventilated patients were hospitalized mean sem days were ventilated days and had primarily pulmonary complications there were deaths during ventilation and of survivors had a shortterm excellent PET neurologic outcome attention to the neurologic details of the course of illness may spare some patients from tracheostomy twentytwo patients not requiring respirator support suffered distinctly less severe neuromuscular impairment with minimal cranial neuropathy had no occurrence of pneumonia and were discharged after days eightyone percent had an excellent functional outcome the wide range of manifestations and severity of patients with gbs requires the attending physician to be flexible in dealing with each case and not make management decisions arbitrarily by REF to a hypothetical typical case
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endoglucanases egi endobetadglucanglucanohydrolase ec ceb of trichoderma reesei are industrially important enzymes thus there is a great need for OD of a primary REC method suitable for largescale utilization in this T0 we present a concept applicable for largescale purification of an egi fusion protein by onestep extraction in a PE glycol pegsodiumpotassium phosphate aqueous twophase system egi is a twomodule enzyme composed of an NT catalytic module and a cterminal cellulose IB module cbm separated by a glycosylated linker region partitioning of six different egi constructs containing the cterminal extensions wp wp or the amphiphilic protein hydrophobin i hfb of t reesei instead of the cbm were studied to evaluate if any of the fusions could improve the partition coefficient sufficiently to be suitable for largescale production all constructs showed improved partitioning in comparison to full length egi the wp extensions resulted in to fold improvement of partition coefficient consequently a relative minor change in CAA CS on the twomodule protein egi improved the partition coefficient significantly in the peg sodiumpotassium phosphate system the addition of hfbi to egi clearly enhanced the partition coefficient k in comparison to FL egi k partitioning of the construct with wp fused to the catalytic module and a short sequence of the linker egicorepwp resulted in the highest partition coefficient k and a yield of in the peg phase gel electrophoresis showed liminates the risk of catheterrelated infections however the patient benefits from leaving the catheter in place if dialysis is necessary posttransplantation there is currently no consensus on the proper timing of pd catheter removal T3 kidney transplantation in children
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a structured definition of amniotic fluid embolism afe based on criteria was recently proposed for use in research by the society for MFM smfm and the amniotic fluid embolism foundation the main objective of this study was to review all aferelated maternal deaths in france during according to the presence or not of all these diagnostic criteria
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the effect of increased IAP upon the activation of the erector spinae muscles during back lifting was studied in healthy volunteers the IAP was increased by voluntary prelifting coactivation of the diaphragm and the ABD muscles emg was recorded with surface electrodes over the diaphragm and the erector spinae ABD and IC muscles the emg signals were rectified and averaged from lifts of kg with and without pressurization to give mean level of activity during s before lifting and during successive angular positions of the trunk during lifting in of the subjects the prelifting coactivation of diaps compared with similar cultures from normal subjects using three different techniques metaphase CA ma flow cytometry of stationary cell cultures fcms and FC of proliferating dividing cell cultures fcmd in vitro hyperdiploidy was considered to be present ivh by ma if more than of metaphases were altered excluding tetraploidy by fcms if more than of cells in stationary cultures were hyperdiploid ie DI greater than and by fcmd if more than of cells in logarithmic cultures were hypertetraploid ie dna index greater than there was excellent concordance between the three assays which assigned cell cultures from of the patients with aerodigestive squamous carcinoma to the in vitro hyperdiploidy positive ivh category cell cultures from all normal individuals were hyperdiploidy negative ivh these data suggest that some substantial proportion of patients with aerodigestive squamous carcinoma may have a genetic predisposition for the disease which can be identified by these assays the flow cytometry methods were easier to carry out and may be substituted for the metaphase analyses
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using a paraffin impregnated PGE pige and mercurymodifiedpyrolytic graphite electrode with basal orientation hgpgeb copperii and cuiidnapurine base solutions have been studied by cyclic cv and linear sweep voltammetrylsv in connection with beta voltammetry with linear scan evls in chlorideand bromide solutions ph the redox process of cuii proceeded on pige with twocathodic and two anodic potentially separated signals according to the eliminationfunction e the first cathodic peak corresponds to the reduction cuii eâ» â cui withthe possibility of fast disproportionation cui â cuii cu the e of the secondcathodic peak signalized an electrode process controlled by a surface reaction theelectrode system of cuii on hgpgeb in borate buffer ph was characterized by onecathodic and one anodic peak anodic stripping voltammetry asv on pige and cathodicstripping voltammetry csv on hgpgeb were carried out at potentials where thereduction of copper ions took place and cuipurine complexes were formed by usingasv and csv in combination with evls the sensitivity of cuipurine complexdetection was enhanced relative to either asv or csv alone resulting in higher peakcurrents of more than one order of magnitude the statistical treatment of ce data wasused to determine the reproducibility of measurements our results show that evls inconnection with the stripping procedure is useful for both qualitative and quantitativemicroanalysis of purine derivatives and can also reveal details of studied electrodeprocesses
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the adaptation of protein synthesis to environmental and physiological challenges is essential for cell viability here we show that translation is tightly linked to the proteinfolding environment of the cell through the functional properties of the ribosome bound chaperone nac nascent polypeptideassociated complex under nonstress conditions nac associates with ribosomes to promote translation and protein folding when proteostasis is imbalanced nac relocalizes from a ribosomeassociated state to protein aggregates in its role as a chaperone this results in a PET depletion of nac from the ribosome that diminishes translational capacity and the flux of nascent proteins SD of nac from polysomes and relocalisation to protein aggregates is observed during ageing in response to heat shock and upon expression of the highly aggregationprone polyglutamineexpansion proteins and aβpeptide these results demonstrate that nac has a central role as a proteostasis sensor to provide the cell with a regulatory FB mechanism in which translational activity is also controlled by the folding state of the cellular proteome and the cellular response to stress
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intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy icp a pregnancyrelated liver disease leads to complications for both mother and fetus circulating micrornas mirnas have emerged as candidate biomarkers for many diseases so far the circulating mirnas profiling of icp has not been investigated to assess the urinary mirnas as noninvasive biomarkers for icp a differential mirna profiling was initially analyzed by individual quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction qrtpcr CA in urinary samples from a screening set including icp and healthy pregnancies the selected candidate mirnas were then validated by a validation set with icp and healthy pregnancies using individual qrtpcr assay compared with the expression in urine of healthy pregnant women the expression levels of hsamirp and hsamir were significantly downregulated whereas hsamirp and hsamirp were significantly upregulated in urine from icp patients p and false discovery rate a binary LR MM was constructed using the four mirnas the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was confidence interval to sensitivity specificity therefore urinary microrna profiling PCD in icp is feasible and maternal urinary mirnas have the potential to be noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of icp
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febrile and HPA responses to central lateral ventricle injections of prostaglandin e pge and eseries prostanoid receptor agonists ep ep ep subtypes were investigated in prepubertal pigs in experiment administration of pge nmol produced doserelated increases in core temperature and plasma cortisol concentrations in experiment approximately equimolar to nmol amounts of ep ep and epep agonists were compared the ep and epep prostanoids raised core temperature whereas the increase induced by the ep agonist was not significant similarly although all of the agonists appeared to stimulate cortisol release these results were also not significant in experiment pigs treated with an ep agonist nmol showed marked febrile and adrenocortical responses the results of these experiments are compared with data from the rat using the same agonists and route of administration the findings are also discussed in relation to the distribution of receptor populations in V1 and synaptosomal compartments of the porcine brain
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abrupt changes in cycle length cl occur frequently in the clinical setting of atrial fibrillation however the effects of such changes on the HPS hps have not previously been considered during aberrant ventricular conduction vab in patients who manifested vab with atrial premature stimulation a during SR the relative refractory period rrp of the hps was evaluated during a constant atrial cl method i and during abrupt changes in the cl method ii wherein the a was coupled to an atrial cl last aa comparable to method i this last aa during method ii was preceded by a series of constant atrial cls msec longer method iia in of patients or msec shorter method iib in all patients although abrupt changes in the atrial cl using method iia resulted in a longer hh interval by msec mean msec preceding the a the rrphps was msec shorter mean msec compared with method i in eight patients the effect of abrupt changes was further evaluated in nine patients using method iii with a constant atrial cl with a duration equal to the last hh interval of method iia the vab that occurred with method iii was not manifested with method iia in seven of nine patients and in two patients the rrphps was the same or less conversely method iib resulted in a shorter hh interval by msec mean msec preceding a but in patients rrphps was msec longer mean msec than that of method i and in two vab was only manifested using method iib further scanning with method iii derived from the hh interval immediately preceding a of method iib was performed in seven patients and compared with method iib prolongation in the rrphps was shown using the latter method the results indicate that abrupt changes in cl influence the functional SMB of the hps in a manner not anticipated such changes may have important implications in determining the occurrence of vab during atrial fibrillation
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KSHV kshv or hhv sequences are present in primary effusion lymphomas pel kshv cell lines have been established from such lymphomas here we report the first description of the establishment of a kshv ebv cell L1 bcp from the peripheral blood of a patient with pel using this cell L1 and a kshv ebv pel cell line hbl previously established from ascitic fluid we investigated whether in nonobese diabeticsevere combined immunodeficiency disease nodscid mice tumors representing pel can be established when injected intravenously iv into nodscid mice bcp and hbl infiltrated organs with only occasional macroscopic tumor formation intraperitoneal i.v. ip led to the OD of ascites and diffuse infiltration of organs without obviously solid lymphoma formation resembling the diffuse nature of human pel to investigate a possible mechanism for the peculiar phenotype of pel we examine the presence of adhesion molecules and homing markers on pel cells before and T3 growing in mice both bcp and hbl cells lack expression of important cytoadhesion molecules including cda and cd lfa alpha and beta chains cd cd cd cd icam and cdl and e l and e selectins
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combining lowtemperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy with highresolution ultraviolet photoem the cret and mitf enhancers and the different mechanisms by which pax binds to these enhancers these observations explain the phenotype in the mild form of yemenite deafblind syndrome caused by specific sox mutations in the hmg box that abrogate dna binding without disrupting association with pax
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epidemiological studies suggest that mediterranean diets rich in resveratrol are associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease however the mechanisms by which resveratrol exerts its cardioprotective effects are not CR understood because tnfalphainduced EC activation and V1 inflammation play a critical role in V1 aging and atherogenesis we evaluated whether RES inhibits tnfalphainduced signal transduction in human coronary arterial EC cells hcaecs we found that tnfalpha significantly increased adhesiveness of the monocytic thp cells to hcaecs an effect that could be inhibited by pretreatment with resveratrol and the nfkappab inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate previously we found that tnfalpha activates nadph oxidases and our recent data showed that tnfalphainduced EC activation was prevented by the NOX inhibitor apocynin or catalase plus sod resveratrol also inhibited hoinduced monocyte adhesiveness using a reporter gene assay we found that in hcaecs TNF significantly increased nfkappab activity which could be inhibited by resveratrol inhibition at moll and PDTC resveratrol also inhibited tnfalphainduced nsince we clinically found va stenosis the procedures of vaivt nonthrombosed cases thrombosed cases involved native fistulas nonthrombosed thrombosed and graft fistulas nonthrombosed thrombosed prevalence of thrombosed cases was significantly higher in graft fistula than in native fistula p the primary patency rate in patients at and months was and respectively while the secondary patency rate was and respectively the highest primary patency rate was found in the nonthrombosed group with native fistula and the lowest secondary patency rate was found in the thrombosed group with VG fistula by comparing the results of this T0 with the events for the previous years the total vaivt number was almost the same the number of nonthrombosed cases increased significantly from to and those of thrombosed cases decreased from to p the number of fistula reconstructions significantly decreased from to p early vaivt for va stenosis could decrease acute va obstruction and fistula reconstruction without increasing the total number of vaivt
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the mechanism of intestinal absorption of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in an oil medium was studied with dihlinoleoylsnglycerophosphonchcholine clinoleoylhlinoleoyl and hlinoleoylclinoleoylsnglycerophosphocholine especially with regard to the stability of the ester bonds in position and of the phospholipid molecule the absorption rate as measured by the disappearance from the gastrointestinal tract was comparatively rapid in the first h but then became considerably slower after h more than of the applied radioactivity was absorbed from the intestinal tract respiratory co from the degradation of the unsaturated acyl moiety in position is produced much more rapidly than that from the acyl group attached to the position of the glycerophosphocholine backbone analyses of the liver phosphatidylcholine by specific enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase a h after the application showed that in the isolated pc times more labelled fatty acids from the original position were present than from the corresponding position in rats with lymph fistula it was shown that more than of the acyl moieties of the administered dihlinoleoylnch GPC was transported by the CMs about one half of the c choline radioactivity of the glycerophosphocholine backbone was found in the CMs and the other half in the CL the h radioactivity distribution in the chylomicrons amounted to in the phosphatidylcholine fraction and in the neutral lipids positional specific analyses of the phosphatidylcholine present in chylomicrons confirmed the fact that the position remained practically intact while the position underwent considerable exchange with unlabelled fatty acids analysis of the CL of the animals with lymph fistula indicated that it was practically free of the h radioactivity derived from the acyl moieties but contained a high percentage of the c radioactivity of the choline group the methyl CG of choline were Ox only to a very small extent these results demonstrate that during the absorption process about one half of the absorbed PUFA phosphatidylcholine is hydrolyzed to acyllysophosphatidylcholine and reacylated again to phosphatidylcholine upon entering the mucosa cell while the other half is CR hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine or its hydrolysis products the fatty acids released are utilized for the reassembly of triacylglycerides and phosphatidylcholine found in the CMs
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the authors initial experience with awake videothoracoscopic lung resection suggests that these procedures can be easily and safely performed under sole thoracic epidural anesthesia with no mortality and negligible morbidity one L1 concern was that operating on a ventilating lung would render surgical maneuvers more difficult because of the lung movements and lack of a sufficient operating space instead the open PTX created after trocar insertion produces a satisfactory lung collapse that does not hamper surgical maneuvers these results contradict the accepted assumption that the main prerequisite for allowing successful thoracoscopic lung surgery is GA with onelung ventilation no particular training is necessary to accomplish an awake pulmonary resection for teams experienced in thoracoscopic surgery and conversions to general anesthesia are mainly caused by the presence of extensive fibrous pleural adhesions or the development of intractable panic attacks overall awake pulmonary resection is easily accepted and well tolerated by patients as confirmed by the high anesthesia satisfaction score which was better than in nonawake CP nonetheless thoracic EA has potential complications including EDH spinal cord injury and PN palsy caused by inadvertently high anesthetic level but these never occurred in the authors experience further concerns relate to patient participation in operating room conversations or risk for OD of perioperative PA however the authors have found that reassuring the patient during the procedure explaining stepbystep what is being performed and even showing the ongoing procedure on the operating video can greatly improve the perioperative wellness and expectations of patients particularly if the procedure is performed for oncologic diseases panic attacks occurred in few patients and could be usually managed through moderately increasing the depth of sedation while maintaining SB finally as long as the physiologic impact of awake metastasectomy is definitively elucidated the authors believe this modality should be used for unilateral procedures while deserving a staged bilateral approach for BL lung metastasectomy avoidance of GA results in a faster recovery with immediate return to many daily life activities including drinking eating and walking and a reduction in hospital stay and procedurerelated costs if confirmed with future studies these results could advocate earlier resection of peripheral solitary pulmonary nodules reducing the risk for delaying a diagnosis of unexpected pulmonary malignancy furthermore potential new frontiers of awake thoracoscopic surgery might include assessment of feasibility and safety of anatomic resections in properly selected instances ethical and economical concerns push remorselessly for less frequent and lessinvasive surgery administrators advocate minimal hospitalization and costsaving treatments whereas patients ultimately ask for appropriate health care thoracic surgeons of the third millennium must accept the challenge of this dynamic and rapidly evolving scenario without loosing the right root which probably lays just between wellestablished conventional surgery techniques and newly available advanced technology tools awake thoracic surgery will benefit from evidencebased data that are progressively accumulating findings will stimulate experts to continue an active clinical investigation in this unpredictably evolving surgical field which might ultimately lead to a better understanding of cardiorespiratory physiology and effects of the surgical pneumothorax and thoracic EPI anesthesia on perioperative respiratory CF in awake patients as the italian architect renzo piano recently stated recovering in the past can be reassuring but the future is the only place where we can go
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density functional calculations were performed on a series of mohsubstituted m tiv cyclopolyenes as simple models is metal carbides we studied the oligomerization of the metal acetylide complexes mln muc as a possible F0 of these ohmcn n hypothetical species special emphasis was placed on the comparison of the main properties of these metal substituted cyclopolyenes with those of the corresponding cyclopolyenes in an attempt to study the effects of the metal substituents on the organic c and c cyclic moieties whereas for the titanium species the pi system of the polyene moiety is slightly perturbed the electronic structures and molecular geometries found for the vanadium species suggest a metalla radialene nature for these EDC with the endocyclic conjugation of carboncarbon double bonds replaced by an exocyclic arrangement of carbonmetal double bonds
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several studies have examined the association between childhood PCS abuse cpa and anxiety disorders with inconsistent results in order to help clarify this relationship we investigated the association between cpa and current anxiety disorders while controlling for the following groups of AF demographics family background current SES status ses current stressors and current mood disorders data from the canadian community health survey were analyzed the sample included respondents from the canadian provinces of manitoba and saskatchewan the regionallevel response rate was fully n of respondents reported they had been physically abused as a child or adolescent by someone close to them and n reported they had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder by a health professional a significant association between cpa and anxiety disorders was found when controlling for demographic factors family background current ses and stressors or ci the odds of anxiety disorders declined to nonsignificance when further statistical adjustments were made for current mood disorders the findings of this research suggest that the relationship between cpa and anxiety may be largely explained by comorbid mood disorders
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to stem the rising incidence of toxic exposure as well as the associated morbidity and mortality the past century has seen the establishment and evolution of PCCs pccs worldwide depending on the location pccs vary in terms of staffing model services offered and funding sources in this article we discuss a survey of poison control centers worldwide
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the purposes of this study are to assess pig farmers preference for HP porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome prrs vaccine and estimate the cost and benefit of prrs vaccination in vietnam this T0 employed an integrated epidemiological and economic analysis which combined susceptibleinfectiousrecovered sir model choice experiment ce and costbenefit analysis cba together the result of sir model showed the basic reproduction number r of prrs transmission in this T0 is consequently the optimal vaccination percentage is the results of ce in this T0 indicate that vietnam pig farmers are showing a high preference for the prrs vaccine however their mean willingness to pay is lower than the potential cost of prrs vaccine it can be considered to be one of the reasons that the prrs vaccination ratio is still low in vietnam the results of cba specified from the whole societys point of view social perspective the benefits of prrs vaccination are to times larger than the costs to support policy making for increasing the prrs vaccination proportion this study indicates two ways to increase the vaccination proportion i decrease vaccine price by providing a subsidy ii provide compensation of culling only for prrs vaccinated pigs
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cardiovascular and IS abnormalities have been reported in females with estrogen deficiency to control these disorders in postmenopausal women hormone replacement therapy hrt has been used tibolone has been used as a hrt but the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system have not been determined we investigated the effects of tibolone on the natriuretic peptide system and proinflammatory cytokines in ovariectomized ovx rats female rats were divided into four groups sham ovx ovx treated with βestradiol ovxe days and ovx treated with tibolone ovxt days beginning days T3 ovariectomy on day blood was collected to determine atrial natriuretic peptide anp interleukin il and RT CN factoralpha tnfα levels in addition tissues were collected for determining anp NPR-A typea npra and npr typec nprc mRNA levels by rtpcr the cytokine levels of both il and tnfα were increased in ovx animals in comparison il and tnfα C2 were reduced in ovxe animals tnfα C2 were reduced similarly in ovxt animals but il levels remained elevated in this group the concentrations of anp in the LA tissue and plasma were decreased after ovariectomy as were anp mrna levels in the LA and npra mrna C2 in kidney no variation in nprc mRNA in the kidney tissue was observed among the groups tibolone and βestradiol effectively increased plasma anp and anp mrna C2 in the LA but did not normalize renal npra levels since hrt with tibolone normalizes plasma anp and SS tnfalpha C2 our results suggest that treatment with tibolone has antiinflammatory effects and could prevent cardiovascular disease in the longterm
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afterimages induced by incoherent light sources have been studied as complex visual perceptions for over years however individuals who have viewed a coherent source a laser onaxis have reported visual experiences unlike those observed for fullfield flashes from incoherent sources in the present study volunteers viewed all combinations of blue green and red laser CS and BG colors that matched the wavelengths of the laser sources a total of conditions the bright focal microm retinal irradiance diameter sec exposures approximately log trolands of the maximum permissible exposure level given to the volunteers were administered as they performed a simulator tracking task a mirror a mirror which reflected of the laser beam into the optical pathway while allowing the of the CS from the visual scene to pass through the mirror permitted simultaneous intrabeam viewing of the laser source and the scene the volunteers were asked to report what they saw immediately after the laser was turned off and min postexposure the immediate reports indicated that the image they observed was the same color as the laser source and not the complementary color also the images were of ten surrounded by welldefined borders and regardless of lasers or backgrounds col or were generally red one minute following presentation of the laser light the images seen were predominantly purple dark or no longer present however the edge color when present generally appeared red the immediate appearance of the images was inferred to be neural in nature and not photochemical these results suggest the properties of the laser source ie coherency monochromaticity and the lasers capacity to place an intense beam of CS in a small retinal area all contributed to the unique appearance of the postflash images
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project access pa funded by the maternal and child health bureau mchb of the health resources and services administration hrsa provided grants to state and local agencies to improve awareness provide education design test pilot and evaluate system changes and improve quality of services and access to early diagnosis and comprehensive coordinated health care and related services for children and youth with epilepsy residing in rural and medically underserved areas in the institute of medicine of the national academies iom published a series of recommendations addressing unmet psychosocial medical and public health needs of individuals with epilepsy including children and youth this paper examines the synergy between these two projects showing how the strategies utilized in the pa demonstration projects can address the iom recommendations and how these recommendations can inform future initiatives for improving care for children and youth with epilepsy
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the prognostic significance of histopathological grade for postoperative outcome is not yet known for ependymomas data on proliferation kinetics of these tumors are few in our T0 the growth fraction was IHC determined by labelling cell nuclei with the monoclonal antibody ki in PT of the ependymoma group malignant ependymomas WHO ependymomas grade ii spinal ependymomas and subependymomas the results were compared with the mitotic index in the same tumor areas both growth parameters are related to the grade of malignancy the differences between the results of spinal ependymomas grade i and of intracranial tumors grade ii were statistically significant malignant ependymomas had the highest values variable growth potentials could be demonstrated in a few PT a nonlinear relationship between growth fraction and mitotic index was found indicating a VL generation time in ependymomas as in astrocytomas thus with rising grade of malignancy the growth fraction increases and the generation time decreases
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acute renal failure was induced in rats by clamping the renal i.a. for min T3 reestablishing renal blood flow tubular heterogeneity was observed with seemingly normal tubules dilated tubules and collapsed tubules micropuncture techniques were used to examine the hydrostatic pressures in the different nephrons and superficial vessels and also to determine single nephron glomerular filtration rate the dilated tubules showed minimal filtration due to an elevated intratubular pressure probably caused by obstructions in these nephrons filtration could be induced by lowering the intratubular pressure in the normal nephrons there was some filtration as the PT tubular pressure was only moderately increased no filtration took place in the collapsed type probably as a result of glomerular ischemia and consequently decreased glomerular Pc the kidneys also exhibited isosthenuric polyuria with a reduced potassium secretion it is suggesteded probands with undetectable rbc enzyme activity were also compatible with the autosomal codominant inheritance of rbc tpmt for example in eight matings between subjects with intermediate activity presumed genotype tpmtltpmth and subjects with high activity presumed TT tpmthtpmth of the F1 had intermediate activity this value is very similar to the figure expected on the basis of autosomal codominant inheritance chi further experiments are required to determine whether this genetic polymorphism for an important drug metabolizing enzyme may represent one factor in individual variations in sensitivity to thiopurines
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in the present T0 we investigate the effects of a specific glutamate reuptake blocker ltranspyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid pdc on extracellular concentrations of glutamine and glutamate in the striatum of the freely moving rat intracerebral infusions of pdc and mm produced a doserelated increase in extracellular concentrations of glu and a doserelated decrease in extracellular concentrations of glutamine these increases in extracellular glu and decreases in extracellular glutamine were significantly correlated to investigate the involvement of ionotropic glu receptors in the decreases of extracellular glutamine produced by pdc nmethyldaspartate nmda receptor antagonist and AMPA ampakainate receptor antagonist were used perfusion of the nmda receptor antagonist blocked the decrease of extracellular glutamine but had no effect on the increase of extracellular glu both produced by pdc perfusion of the ampakainate receptor antagonist attenuated the increase of extracellular glu and not only blocked the decrease of extracellular glutamine but also produced a significant increase of extracellular glutamine the results reported in this study suggest that both nmda and ampakainate glutamatergic receptors are involved in the regulation of extracellular glutamine
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to determine whether there are differences in the anthropometric measures of the perineum for women with symptomatic POP who are candidates for surgery with or without UI and for patients without pelvic floor dysfunction the main objective was to measure the AGD in its variants anoclitoral and anofourchette the anogenital distance appears to be determined prenatally and is influenced by the intrauterine hormonal environment the AA objective was to measure the length of the genital hiatus the perineal body and the distance between the ischial tuberosities
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galanin concentrationdependently blocked HLA histamine release triggered by the calcium ionophores a and ionomycin almost CR inhibition of PR was recorded at nm whereas nm galanin mediated close to inhibition of responses pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin did not influence the inhibitory effects of galanin leukocyte responses triggered by antiige the chemotactic peptide formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine fmlp or betaphorbol myristate acetate pma were not affected by galanin ionophoreinduced basophil histamine PR but not responses triggered by antiige fmlp or pma was inhibited when cells were challenged in medium containing high potassium mm we conclude that galanin and a ON medium selectively inhibit ionophoreinduced basophil HR
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the dynamics of charge separation and CR in synthetic dna hairpins possessing diphenylacetylenedicarboxamide linkers have been investigated by means of fs TR transient absorption spectroscopy the lowest excited singlet state of the linker is capable of oxidizing nearest neighbor adenine as well as guanine a C1 wavelength shift in the TA spectrum accompanies the conversion of the singlet linker to its anion radical facilitating the investigation of electrontransfer dynamics the rate constants for charge separation are dependent upon the oxidation potentials of the neighboring nucleobase donors but not upon the identity of nonnearest neighbors thus the charge separation processes yield a contact radical ion pair in which the positive charge is localized on the neighboring nucleobase rate constants for CR are dependent upon the identity of the first and second nearestneighbor nucleobases but not more remote bases this dependence is attributed to stabilization of the contact radical ion pair by interaction with its nearest neighbor the absence of charge migration to form a basepair separated radical ion pair is a consequence of coulombic attraction in the contact radical ion pair and the low effective dielectric constant epsilon experienced by the contact radical ion pair photoinduced charge i.t. to form a basepair separated radical ion pair is necessary in order to observe charge migration
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preferential IB of an enzyme to the transition state relative to the ground state is a key strategy for enzyme catalysis when there is a difference between the ground and transition state charge distributions enzymes maximize electrostatic interactions to achieve this enhanced TS IB although the transition state is difficult to observe directly by structural methods the chemical details of this transient species can be characterized by studies of substituent effects brønsted hammett swainscott etc and isotope effects brønsted analysis can provide an estimate of TS charges for the nucleophile and leaving group of a reaction this account will discuss the theoretical basis of brønsted analysis and describe its practical application to the T0 of transacylase enzyme systems including the peptidyl GOT reaction of the ribosome the brønsted coefficient is derived from the linear free SE relationship lfer that correlates the acidity pka of a reactive atom to the log of its rate constant the brønsted coefficient establishes the change in atomic charge as the reaction proceeds from the ground state to the TS bonding events alter the electrostatics of atoms and the extent of bonding can be extrapolated from transition state charges therefore welldefined nucleophile and leaving group transition state charges limit the number of mechanisms that are consistent with a particular TS brønsted results are most informative when interpreted in the context of other mechanistic data especially for enzymatic studies where an active site may promote a transition state that differs significantly from a prediction based on uncatalyzed solution reactions here we review brønsted analyses performed on transacylases to illustrate how these data enhanced the enzymatic mechanistic studies through a systematic comparison of five enzymes we reveal a wide spectrum of brønsted values that are possible for what otherwise appear to be similar chemical reactions the variations in the brønsted coefficients predict different transition states for the various enzymes this account explores an overriding theme in the enzymatic mechanisms that catalysis enhances commensurate bond formation and proton abstraction events the extent of the two bonding events in relationship to each other can be inferred from the brønsted coefficient when viewed in the context of recent ribosomal studies this interpretation provides mechanistic insights into peptide bond formation
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microcalorimetric titrations have been used to T0 the binding of ca to cTnC measurements were made both in the presence and in the absence of mg and at temperatures of degrees degrees and degrees c changes in enthalpy entropy and heat capacity of troponin c associated with ca binding have been determined cardiac troponin c exhibited a decrease in enthalpy and an increase in entropy associated with ca IB enthalpy changes increased linearly with temperature indicating that the ca binding causes negative changes in the heat capacity of troponin c these results show that the ca IB causes a strong hydrophobic effect and a tightening of the molecular structure of cardiac troponin c
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respiratory effects of positive and negative pressure breathing were studied in and dayold rabbit pups anesthetized with ketamine mgkg im and acepromazine mgkg im we recorded tidal volume vt tracheal pressure ptr and integrated EMGdi diemg inspiratory ti and expiratory time te were measured from the records of diemg during breathing with increased ptr by or cmho vt minute ventilation ve and respiratory rate f decreased changes in f relied on a te prolongation neither diemg nor its rate of rise diemgt were affected except for vt decrease during positive ptr all other effects disappeared after vagotomy our results indicate that an increase in tonic vagal activity interacts with the mechanisms controlling te and has no effect on depth and Ti when ptr decreased by and cmho ve increased due to an increase in f increase in f relied on shortening of both ti and te the te effect being more pronounced diemg and diemgt also increased adverse effects of lung deflation and vagotomy strongly suggest that the respiratory reflex stimulation due to decrease in ptr does not rely on inhibition of the slowly adapting stretch receptor activity therefore other excitatory vagal inputs must be responsible for this response we propose two vagally mediated inputs the irritant andor the cardiac receptors
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it is now well recognized that autonomic dysfunction may occur in disorders affecting the various body systems over the past year important observations have been reported in congestive cardiac failure reflex sympathetic dystrophy rsd acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids and diabetes mellitus
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primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or pachydermoperiostosis pdp is an infrequent genetic condition characterized by digital clubbing periostosis and pachydermia and is distinct from a more common form AA hypertrophic osteoarthropathy which always associates with an underlying cause frequently pulmonary or cardiac disease the diagnosis of this disorder as well as its clinical DUE can be difficult we report a yearold boy presenting with intermittent arthralgias and clubbing of fingers and toes for the previous years the ankles and knees were enlarged and xrays showed periosteal apposition the search for a AA cause was negative the skin appearance was normal but a skin biopsy was indicative of pachydermia further confirming the diagnosis of pdp bone turnover markers were increased at diagnosis and progressively decreased during followup prostaglandin e a recently implicated mediator of this disorder was markedly elevated in the present case carrying out a skin biopsy helped us to diagnose this condition in addition bone turnover markers were useful for monitoring the disease activity whereas increased prostaglandin e C2 seems to confirm the role of this mediator in the etiopathogenesis of this disorder
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a chimeric plasmid pytadh containing the yeast killer toxinimmunity cdna was transformed into a leucinehistidine mutant ah and into four industrial toxinsensitive yeasts the chimeric plasmid was very SD and expressed toxin production killer cells in two of the transformed yeasts that contained the mu plasmid but was lost within generations from two other transformed pickle yeasts that did not contain the mu plasmid it suggested that plasmid stability was dependent on the presence of the mu plasmid which is naturally present in some yeasts the plasmid was extremely stable killer cells and expressed more toxin in the mutant strain ah the effects of dilution rate dh on plasmid stability and toxin expression were studied in transformed ah aht and montrachet t wine yeast grown in glucoselimited chemostat cultures the results show that killer toxin production by aht cells increased as a CF of dh and that plasmid stability reached at d h however with montrachet t transformed cells plasmid stability was seen at d h we also challenged the aht in chemostat culture d h with an equal number of untransformed cells ah transformed cells dominated the population within h of growth a time equivalent to two mean residence time
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cytochrome c of the photosystem ii complex of cyanobacteria is an unusual member of the large protein family of monoheme ctype cytochromes despite the fact that it shares considerable amino acid CS similarity and has a protein fold similar to the other members of the family cytc has a midpoint potential em mv that is much lower than the positive Em characteristic em mv of this cytochrome family an e coli rat expression system involving secretion of the recombinant protein from synechocystis pcc to the periplasm was utilized to allow production of wildtype and mutant forms of the cytochrome for most of the SCV studied the yield of protein was significantly enhanced by growth at degrees c and inclusion of SU and betaine in addition to isopropylbetadthiogalactoside iptg to the growth medium of the e coli expression host analysis of the protein products revealed that the wildtype protein maintained the redox and visible spectroscopic characteristics of the authentic protein mutations in the residues engaging in hydrogen bond interactions with the heme propionate asn and the axial th ligand his pro resulted in small mv but reproducible upshifts in midpoint redox potential substitution of the axial ligand his with met produced no discernible changes in the optical spectrum relative to the wildtype despite the fact that in this mutant unlike the others studied here the thioether linkage either was not formed or was highly labile as evidenced by loss of the heme during sdspage on the other hand the Tm potential of the chm mutant was upshifted by approximately mv this value is significantly less of a perturbation than that observed in a similar mutant that is natively exr activation which occurred at nmoll dexamethasone was inhibited by the gr antagonist ru and was enhanced by coactivators supporting gr mediation of the dexamethasone effect the dexamethasone response of the fralpha promoter PD even T3 dexamethasone was withdrawn but this delayed effect required prior de novo protein synthesis indicating an indirect regulation the dexamethasone effect was mediated by the gcrich sp IB element in the core p promoter and was optimal in the proper Inr context without associated changes in the complement of major sp family proteins histone deacetylase hdac inhibitors potentiated dexamethasone induction of fralpha independent of changes in gr C2 dexamethasonehdac inhibitor treatment did not cause de novo fralpha expression in a variety of receptornegative cells in a mu hela cell tumor xenograft model dexamethasone treatment increased both tumorassociated and serum fralpha the results support the concept of increasing fralpha expression selectively in the receptorpositive tumors by brief treatment with a nontoxic dose of a gr agonist alone or in combination with a welltolerated hdac inhibitor to increase the efficacy of various fralphadependent therapeutic and diagnostic applications they also offer a new paradigm for CA diagnosis and combination therapy that includes altering a marker or a target protein expression using GA transcription modulators
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recent reports of SH a virus hav infection in haemophiliacs receiving highpurity solvent detergent hpsd treated factor viii concentrates have brought into question the tau of this virucidal method for inactivating hav to assess whether hav may have been transmitted by hpsd concentrates we compared seroprevalence in haemophiliacs with different disease severity sought evidence of seroconversion to hav since introduction of hpsd products and directly examined concentrates for hav rna by pcr our data suggest that scottish haemophiliacs are not being infected with hav by hpsd concentrates produced initially by crts lille and presently by pfc edinburgh and supplied by the scottish national blood transfusion service snbts
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architectural distortion is a commonly missed sign of breast CA this paper investigates the PCD of architectural distortion in mammograms of intervalcancer cases taken prior to the diagnosis of breast CA using gabor filters phase portrait analysis fractal dimension and texture analysis the methods were used to detect initial candidates for CS of architectural distortion in prior mammograms of intervalcancer and also normal cases a total of regions of interest rois were automatically obtained from prior mammograms of intervalcancer cases including rois related to architectural distortion and from prior mammograms of normal cases for each roi the fractal dimension and haralicks texture features were computed feature selection was performed using stepwise LR and in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristics roc curve auc the best results achieved in terms of auc are with the bayesian classifier with fisher linear DA and with an artificial neural network ann based on radial basis functions rbf analysis of the performance of the methods with freeresponse ROCs indicated a sensitivity of at false positives per image
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HECs ec are typically resistant to the AI effects of stimuli associated with lung disease the determinants of this resistance remain incompletely understood macrophage migration GABA factor mif is a Th1 cytokine produced by human pulmonary artery ec hpaec its expression increases in response to various deathinducing stimuli including lipopolysaccharide lps we show here that silencing mif expression by rna interference mif sirna dramatically reduces mif mrna expression and the lpsinduced increase in mif protein levels thereby sensitizing hpaecs to lpsinduced cell death addition of recombinant human mif rhmif protein prevents the deathsensitizing effect of mif sirna a common mediator of apoptosis resistance in ecs is the death effector domain dedcontaining protein flip flicelike GABA protein we show that lps induces a transcriptionindependent increase in the short isoform of flip flips this increase is blocked by mif sirna but restored with the addition of recombinant mif protein rhmif while flips sirna also sensitizes hpaecs to lpsinduced death the addition of rhmif does not affect this sensitization placing mif upstream of flips in preventing hpaec death these studies demonstrate that mif is an endogenous prosurvival factor in hpaecs and identify a novel mechanism for its role in apoptosis resistance through the regulation of flips these results show that mif can protect vascular EC cells from inflammationassociated cell damage
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this T0 examined the role of four dimensions of collective selfesteem cse as a moderator and mediator in the relationship between racismrelated stress and psychological adjustment among asian american college students cse was not found to moderate the effects of racismrelated AS on SE problems interpersonal problems or career problems however the results of mediator analyses indicated that public cse is a mechanism that explains the relationship between racismrelated stress and selfesteem problems and interpersonal problems but not career problems no other dimensions of cse were found to be significant mediators the implications for these findings for research and practice are discussed
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national genetic evaluations for cow fertility were introduced by the usda in february these evaluations reported as daughter pregnancy rate are based on DO one requirement of the evaluation system is that lactations be at least d in milk dim to be included for analysis the objective of this research was to develop a predictor of days open usable in genetic DUE to allow for earlier predicted transmitting abilities pta especially for young bulls the final prediction equation included an overall intercept the effects of lactation and calving ease score the linear and quadratic effects of age at calving and a regression on DO based on last breeding data used for estimation were breeding records from dairy records processing centers for the years through genetic correlations were or by d and phenotypic means of predicted days open were in PA with means for final DO indicating that the predictions were phenotypically unbiased comparison of mean pta based on actual and predicted DO indicated no bias in pta and correlations between pta were or by d the earlier use of data increased reliability by about for sires between the ages of and yr the usda began using predicted DO for records that are at least dim in national evaluations starting november
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gaza beach is the only recreational area available for the local inhabitants it is heavily polluted with treated partially treated and UT sewage from point and nonpoint sources the majority of the population is below the age of years this age group is vulnerable to gastrointestinal diseases and usually restricts their MICs to beach sand at the swash zone five sampling points along the gaza beach were selected and monitored for year fortnightly microbial sand content was evaluated for fecal coliforms fc fecal streptococci fs salmonella shigella and vibrio seawater samples were subjected to similar evaluation pseudomonas yeast and mold counts were performed for all sand samples as possible sand pollution indicators higher fecal indicators both fc and fs were obtained in sand than in water in most locations the frequency of salmonella and vibrio isolation was also higher in sand than in water despite the fact that only g of sand were used while l of seawater was collected statistically significant correlations between fc and streptococci and between salmonella and vibrio were found similar correlation was also detected between pseudomonas and salmonella in sand samples
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we constructed a genetic linkage map between two divergent populations of mimulus guttatus we genotyped an f mapping population n at aflp microsatellite and genebased markers a framework map was constructed consisting of marker loci on linkage groups with a total map length of cm kosambi nearly half of all markers exhibited significant TRD alpha by using a bayesian multipoint mapping method and visual inspection of significantly distorted markers we detected transmission ratio distorting loci trdl throughout the genome the high degree of segregation distortion detected in this intraspecific map indicates substantial genomic divergence that perhaps suggests genomic incompatibilities between these two populations we compare the pattern of transmission ratio distortion in this map to an interspecific map constructed between m guttatus and m nasutus a similar level of segregation distortion is detected in both maps collinear regions between maps are compared to determine if there are shared genetic patterns of nonmendelian segregation distortion within and among mimulus species
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etiology of convulsions starting prior to two years of age was discussed in cases neonatal seizures before days old appeared in cases boys and girls three hundred and thirtytwo patients boys and girls had convulsions in infancy twelve patients boys and girls suffered from convulsions both in neonatal and infantile period etiology of convulsions was prenatal in cases natal in cases PN in cases and unknown in cases prenatal AF consisted of cerebral malformation cases associated physical minor anomaly such as cataracta or finger abomaly cases abnormal pernatal history cases congenital HR disease cases tuberose scleorsis cases and positive family history cases postnatal causes included hypocalcemia or hypoglycemia cases BT cases breathholding spells cases febrile convulsion cases bathing cases afebrile colds cases purulent meningitis cases dpt immunization cases vaccination cases and acute hemiplegia cases the group of unknown etiology were as fns cases epilepsy associated with interictal signs cases benign infantile convulsions cases neonatal convulsion of unknown etiology cases and miscellaneous categories pregnancy was abnormal in of cases with CBF malformation asphyxia at birth was noted in of patients with tuberose sclerosis and in of congenital cerebral abomaly pneumoencephalographic examinations revealed midline anomaly in of cerebral malformation it was abnormal in all cases with tuberose sclerosis HI and epilepsy with interseizure neurological signs there were no correlations between the seizure pattern and the etiology in neonatal convulsion in infancy focalunilateral convulsions and IS were frequently associated with organic damages generalized seizures were seen in organic lesions as well as functional ones although approximately half of the cases were febrile convulsion benign infantile convulsion or breathholding spell eeg features of CBF malformation were asymmetrical or multifocal dischages in neonatal period and hypsarhythmia or focalunilateral spike discharges in infancy tuberose sclerosis showed hypsarhythmia in infancy in birth injury or CBF anoxia eeg mostly revealed focalunilateral abnormality or suppressionburst activity in newborns and hypsarhythmia or focal features in infants the occurrence rate of neonatal seizures in autopsy cases with intracranial pathology was demonstrated eeg with intravenous diazepam was useful to know pathophysiology of infantile spasms
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the pathogenesis of secondary failure to hypoglycemic agents is heterogeneous some patients are true insulin dependent diabetics with a slow autoimmune disease suggested by their positive ICAs others have an increased insulin resistance
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worldwide more than million people are chronically infected with the HC virus hcv and every year die more than people from hcvrelated CL diseases recently hcv was reclassified into seven L1 genotypes and subtypes some subtypes as a b and a have become epidemic as a result of the new parenteral transmission routes and are responsible for most hcv infections in western countries hcv a subtype have been subcategorized into two separate sub clades recent studies based on the analysis of nsb genome region reveal that hcv epidemics in argentina and brazil are characterized by multiple introductions events of subtypes a b and a followed by subsequent local dispersion there is no data about hcv genotypes circulating in uruguay and their evolutionary and demographic history to this end a total of hcv nsb gene sequences were obtained from uruguayan patients between and sequences grouped with subtype a with subtype a and with subtype b furthermore subtype a sequences were distributed among both clades n and n four local hcv clades were found uyai uyaii uyaiii and uya comprising a of all hcv viruses analyzed in this T0 hcv epidemic in uruguay has been driving by multiple introductions of subtypes a b and a and by local dissemination of a few countryspecific strains the evolutionary and demographic history of the L1 uruguayan hcv clade uyai was reconstructed under two different molecular clock rate models and displayed an epidemic PH characterized by an initial phase of rapid expansion followed by a more recent reduction of growth rate since this is the first comprehensive study about the molecular epidemiology and epidemic PH of hcv in uruguay
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NRH of the CL developed in five patients who had the toxic oil syndrome caused by ingestion of adulterated cooking oil this hepatic complication was detected from to months mean years after the ON of the toxic oil syndrome NRH was asymptomatic although all patients had persistently abnormal liver function hepatomegaly was present in four cases mild jaundice in three and signs of portal hypertension in two pathogenesis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia in toxic oil syndrome is unknown but probably microcirculatory disturbances within the CL might have played a role fibrosis in zone sinusoidal dilatation and occasionally intralobular hemorrhage were seen in three cases in one of them characteristic lesions of VOD were also present in another case endarteritis changes of hepatic arterioles were evident
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the effects of cirrhosis on mesenteric vascular CR were assessed in constantly perfused mesenteric arterial beds isolated from cirrhotic rats carbon tetrachloride with PB n and from phenobarbitonetreated and untreated agematched controls n at a constant flow rate of ml min there was no difference in basal perfusion pressure between the CG electrical FS efs hz v ms s of perivascular SN caused frequencydependent increases in perfusion pressure which were not different between the CG dosedependent vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous noradrenaline na methoxamine an alpha AR agonist adenosine triphosphate atp and vasopressin were also similar between the CG the nitric oxide no synthesis inhibitor ngnitrolarginine methyl ester lname microm augmented constrictor responses to na efs methoxamine and vasopressin in all CG and as shown for efs and na this was reversed by larginine microm however the maximum constrictor responses of cirrhotic S9 in the presence of lname were significantly lower than those of both groups of control animals at the highest frequency of efs hz and highest doses of na and mumol and compared to phenobarbitonetreated controls methoxamine mumol responses to atp were significantly augmented by lname only in the cirrhotic group a stepwise increase in perfusate flow to and ml min produced a broadly similar increase in perfusion pressure within each group at increased flow rates cirrhotic S9 were hyporesponsive to na nmol compared to the phenobarbitonetreated animals but not the untreated controls glibenclamide microm or lname microm had no significant effect on the relationship between flow and perfusion pressure or on responses to na at the different flow rates we conclude that sympathetic neurotransmission is unchanged in cirrhosis endogenous no is important in modulation of constriction in both normal and cirrhotic states changes in no may occur in cirrhosis althoughp in adults are not clear the aim of this T0 was to evaluate serum ghbp C2 in adults with gh deficiency and to assess whether ghbp measurement may contribute to the diagnosis of adult gh deficiency based on a twostep MM we measured insulinlike growth factor i igfi igf binding protein igfbp and ghbp levels in SS samples of patients with AO GHD the ghbp levels were measured by fplc sizeexclusion chromatography igfi and igfbp C2 were measured by ria SS ghbp C2 were elevated above the upper limit of the confidence interval in patients whereas igfi and igfbp C2 were low in patients and in patients respectively the combination of low serum igfi and low igfbp levels was found in patients in nine patients serum igfi levels were low with elevated ghbp C2 low serum igfi low igfbp and elevated ghbp C2 were found in five patients only four out of patients had serum igfi igfbp and ghbp C2 that were within the confidence interval of the control values we conclude that adults with acquired GHD have elevated ghbp C2 in comparison to healthy subjects we suggest that measurement of ghbp C2 might contribute to the diagnosis of adult gh deficiency though further research is required to T0 the additional value of ghbp measurements
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biliary tract cancers are a rare subgroup of malignancies that include gall bladder carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma they generally carry a poor prognosis based on the advanced nature of disease at presentation and overall treatment refractoriness surgical resection remains the optimal treatment for LTS with consideration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies in this review we summarize the role of adjuvant treatments including radiation therapy chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation with the existing clinical evidence for each treatment decision given the rarity of these PT the evidence provided is based largely on retrospective studies surveillance epidemiological and end results seer DB inquiries single or multiinstitutional prospective studies and a metaanalysis of adjuvant therapy studies currently there is no adjuvant therapy that has been agreed upon as a standard of care results from prospective multiinstitutional phase ii and iii trials are awaited along with advances in molecular targeted therapies and radiation techniques which will better define treatment standards and improve outcomes in this group of diseases
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the pharmacokinetics of the histamine hantagonist cetirizine and the effects of pretreatment with the antiparasitic macrocyclic lactone ivermectin on the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine were studied in horses after oral administration of cetirizine at mgkg bw the mean terminal halflife was h range h and the maximal plasma concentration ngml ngml the time to reach maximal plasma concentration was h h ivermectin mgkg bw given orally h before cetirizine did not affect its pharmacokinetics however ivermectin i.c.v. h before cetirizine increased the area under the plasma concentrationtime curve by the maximal plasma concentration terminal halflife and mean residence time also increased significantly following the h pretreatment ivermectin is an inhibitor of pglycoprotein which is a major drug efflux transporter in cellular CM at various sites the elevated plasma C2 of cetirizine following the i.c.v. with ivermectin may mainly be due to decreased renal secretion related to inhibition of the pglycoprotein in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney the pharmacokinetic properties of cetirizine have characteristics which are suitable for an antihistamine and this substance may be a useful drug in horses
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disruption of neuronal morphology contributes to the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimers disease ad however the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown here we show that postnatal deletion of cdh a cofactor of the anaphasepromoting complexcyclosome apcc ubiquitin ligase in SN cdh conditional knockout cko disrupts dendrite arborization and causes dendritic spine and synapse loss in the cortex and hippocampus concomitant with memory impairment and neurodegeneration in AD mice we found that the dendrite destabilizer rho protein kinase rock which accumulates in the BB of ad patients is an apcc
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mechanical ventilation is often required in the extremely small PT infant because of transient failure of the immature control of breathing system chest wall instability weakness of the respiratory pump and CLD to better address some of these issues computer algorithms have been developed for continuous automated control of the arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation by changing the fraction of inspired oxygen of the tidal volume by varying peak inspiratory pressure and of minute ventilation by changing respirator rate feasibility studies have shown that closedloop computer control of physiologic target variables may stabilize oxygenation decrease the transpulmonary pressure cost of ventilation and expedite weaning from mechanical ventilation in addition to synchronizing the upstroke in ventilator pressure with the onset of the spontaneous respiratory effort computer technology may render the changeover from inspiration to expiration patientcycled in a mode called pressure support ventilation proportional assist ventilation enhances ventilation in near perfect synchrony with the patients spontaneous respiratory efforts with this mode the clinician selects gains for elastic andor resistive unloading to tailor the ventilator pressure contour to the TPS derangement in pulmonary mechanics restrictive andor obstructive most of these newer ventilatory strategies are as yet unproven and require randomized controlled clinical study similarly although online pulmonary mechanics monitoring during mechanical ventilation has become available with the adent of computer technology its clinical utility is still not well established
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HR hr plays an important role in the maintenance of genome integrity hr repairs broken dna during s and g phases of the Tc but its RII mechanisms remain elusive here we report that pololike kinase plk which is vital for cell proliferation and is frequently upregulated in CA cells phosphorylates the essential rad recombinase at serine s during the Tc and in response to dna damage strikingly s phosphorylation licenses subsequent rad phosphorylation at threonine t by CS kinase ck which in turn triggers direct binding to the nijmegen breakage syndrome gene product nbs this mechanism facilitates rad recruitment to damage sites thus enhancing cellular resistance to genotoxic stresses our results uncover a role of plk in linking dna damage recognition with hr repair and suggest a molecular mechanism for cancer development associated with elevated activity of plk
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how does the cortical circuitry analyze the visual scene here we explore the earliest levels of striate cortical processing the first stage where orientation sensitivity emerges and the second stage where stimulus selectivity is further refined the approach is whole cell recording from cat in vivo neurons in the lateral geniculate VPM have circular receptive fields whose subregions center and surround are concentrically arranged and have the reverse sign on or off these SN supply cortical simple cells whose receptive fields have on and off subregions that are elongated and lie side by side feedforward models hold that orientation sensitivity depends on this thalamocortical NC in receptive field structure and an arrangement within subregions such that stimuli of the reverse contrast evoke synaptic responses of the opposite polaritypushpull our work provides support for feedforward models and emphasizes that pushpull is key in the geniculostriate pathway preserved from retina by thalamic relay cells and reiterated point by point by cortical simple cells also we help define the cortical pushpull circuit by identifying GABA simple cells lastly separate experiments that compare the first and second C2 of cortical processing suggest that differences in the synaptic physiology of connections at the two thalamocortical versus intracortical stages underlie differential selectivity for properties such as motion
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the authors prepared at low temperatures degrees c a novel inorganic bioprobe it consisted of mineral NPs of apatitic tricalcium phosphate doped with europium of size structure and composition close to those of the mineral part of calcified tissues in contrast to organic probes which degrade rapidly photobleaching the red luminescence of the new probe is photostable moreover this luminescence can be obtained under visible irradiation which makes it suitable for prolonged examination of live cells human pancreatic epithelial cells in culture were incubated with these particles and their internalization was observed by LSCM transmission electron microscopy and electron microdiffraction analysis confirmed that the particles were internalized retaining their original apatitic structure this probe may thus be of value for biovectorization
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a yearold woman with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was admitted to the ER with hematemesis with use of esophagoscopy chest computed tomographic scanning and aortography we found a C1 descending aortic aneurysm and a penetrating ulcer of the proximal descending aorta we determined that the patient had an AEF and PA that had originated from a ruptured penetrating ulcer of the middescending aorta we deployed two mm stent grafts to seal the ruptured TA six months later the pseudoaneurysm was almost CR resolved with no infection or endoleak we advocate the use of endoluminal aortic stenting for aortoesophageal fistulas of aortic origin particularly in patients with severe concomitant disease
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this article has summarized research and policy MICs undertaken in washington state over the past several years to identify the key problems that result in poor SQ and excessive disability among injured workers and the types of system and delivery changes that could best address these problems in order to improve the SQ of OH care provided through the workers compensation system our investigations have consistently pointed to the lack of coordination and integration of occupational CHS as having L1 adverse effects on SQ and health outcomes for workers compensation the managed care pilot project a delivery system intervention focused on making changes in how care is organized and delivered to injured workers that project demonstrated robust improvements in disability reduction however worker satisfaction suffered our current QI initiative developed through the occupational CHS project synthesizes what was learned from the mcp and other pilot studies to make delivery system improvements this initiative seeks to develop provider incentives and clinical management processes that will improve outcomes and reduce the burden of disability on injured workers fundamental to this RPA are simultaneously preserving workers right to choose their own physician and maintaining flexibility in the provision of individualized care based on clinical need and progress the ohs project then will be a real world test to determine if aligning provider incentives and giving physicians the tools they need to optimize OH delivery can demonstrate sustainable reduction in disability and improvements in patient and employer satisfaction critical to the success of this initiative will be our ability to enhance the occupational health care management skills and expertise of physicians who treat injured workers by establishing communitybased centers of OH and education design feasible methods of monitoring patient outcomes and satisfaction with the centers and with the providers working with them in order to assess their effectiveness and value establish incentives for improved outcomes and worker and employer satisfaction through formal agreements with the centers and providers and develop quality indicators for the three targeted conditions low back sprain carpal tunnel syndrome and fractures that serve as the basis for both QI processes and performancebased contracting what lessons or insights does our experience offer thus far the primary lesson is the importance of making ERP partnerships and collaborations our policy and research MICs have benefited significantly from the positive relationship the dli established with the practice community through the washington state medical and chiropractic associations and from the dlis close association with the healthcare subcommittee of the WC advisory committee this EC is established by state regulation and serves as a forum for dialogue between the EC and the employer and labor communities our experience thus underscores the importance of establishing broadbased support for delivery system innovations our research activities have also benefited from the close collaboration between dli program staff and uw health services researchers the dli staff brought important program and policy experience along with an appreciation of the context and environment within which the research policy and rd activities were conducted the uw research team brought scientific rigor and methodological expertise to the design and implementation of the research and policy MICs in washington state the dli represents a single payer for the purposes of workers compensation as discussed earlier washington state along with five other states has a statefund system that requires all employers that are not selfinsured to purchase WC insurance through the state fund no matter what one feels about the merits or drawbacks of a singlepayer system of health care financing the fact is that such a system creates important opportunities for policy initiatives and for research and DUE our ability to access populationbased data on injured workers and to develop policy initiatives through innovation and pilot testing to assess whether proposed changes are really improvements has been critical understanding what works within the constraints and complexities of the system on a small scale is critical in order to bring forth policy and processes that will be of value systemwide finally we note that GA medical care faces many of the same qualityrelated problems and challenges as OH care medical care for chronic diseases such as diabetes is often fragmented and uncoordinated abstract truncated
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MEDAL
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this study was undertaken to investigate whether target cell class i hla antigen expression induced by phorbol ester and interferonalpha ifnalpha was associated with resistance to natural killer nk cells and lymphokineactivated killer lak cellmediated cytotoxicity class i antigen expression on the surface of the k erythroleukemia cell L1 was enhanced by either ifnalpha or phorbol ester pdbu addition of pdbu together with ifnalpha had a synergistic effect on class i antigen expression on the cells furthermore synergism between ifnalpha and pdbu was also found in class i antigen expression by molt cells this synergistic effect on class i antigen expression was blocked by the CHX pretreatment of k cells with pdbu and ifnalpha made them more resistant to lysis by nk and lak cells than did either pdbu or ifnalpha in contrast to pdbu alpha pdd a biologically inactive phorbol analogue alone or combination with ifnalpha had no effect on class i antigen expression and susceptibility to lysis by nk and lak cells kinetic experiments showed an inverse relationship between the expression of class i antigens and susceptibility to nk cellmediated cytolysis using cold target competition analysis target cells pretreated with pdbu and ifnalpha clearly competed less effectively than did untreated cells for lysis of untreated target cells these results demonstrate that target cells pretreated with pdbu and ifnalpha decrease their sensitivity to A-NK and lymphokineactivated killer cells inversely with target cell class i hla antigen expression
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MEDAL
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macromolecules are present in lung preservation solutions to limit liquid filtration out of the pulmonary circulation and minimize pulmonary edema we tested the effectiveness of these molecules by measuring interstitial edema in rat lungs perfused with macromolecular solutions university of wisconsin uw solution and eurocollins solution supplemented with modified pentastarch pentafraction pen or with solutions that lacked macromolecules uw solution with pen and EC solution the lungs were inflated with air and perfused with one of the test solutions then rapidly frozen and prepared for histological analysis from tissue sections we measured crosssectional areas of pulmonary arteries and veins and also measured crosssectional Az of the interstitial spaces surrounding arteries and veins we then calculated the interstitiumtovessel crosssectional area ratio in lungs perfused with macromolecular solutions these ratios were and mean sd for uw solution and eurocollins solutions solution with pen respectively p in lungs perfused with solutions that lacked macromolecules area ratios were and for uw solution without pen and EC solution respectively p solutions containing pen caused less interstitial expansion than their counterparts that lacked it but uw solution without pen caused interstitial expansion equal to that of EC solution with pen we conclude that macromolecules limit edema formation but other constituents of uw solution limit edema formation also
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MEDAL
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