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[ { "plaintext": "Year 1161 (MCLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25657, 168851, 15651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 16 ], [ 24, 54 ], [ 100, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 20 Takakura, emperor of Japan (d. 1181)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 28148, 229376, 15573, 38925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 23 ], [ 36, 41 ], [ 46, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, Spanish nobleman (d. 1230)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 36601535, 28978421, 40064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 36, 44 ], [ 49, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Baldwin IV (the Leper), king of Jerusalem (d. 1185)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 144682, 16822, 40094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 33, 42 ], [ 47, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beatrice of Albon, duchess of Burgundy (d. 1228)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 20861314, 441671, 36263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 31, 39 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Belgutei, half-brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1271)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 9621104, 17414699, 39989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 27, 39 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Börte, wife of Genghis Khan (approximate date)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 489477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Constance, duchess of Brittany (approximate date)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 404747, 286865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 23, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Da'ud Abu al-Fadl, Ayyubid physician (d. 1242)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 12765677, 42482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 42, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eleanor of England, queen of Castile (d. 1214)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 224859, 750274, 36396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 30, 37 ], [ 42, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guðmundur Arason, Icelandic bishop (d. 1237)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 4356256, 40068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 40, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Innocent III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1216)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 24455, 606848, 39991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 27, 42 ], [ 47, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sancho (or Sanche), Spanish nobleman (d. 1223)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 5110617, 36064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 42, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sasaki Yoshikiyo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1242)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 38541719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Satō Tadanobu, Japanese samurai (d. 1186)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 38019958, 28288, 40095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 25, 32 ], [ 37, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tsangpa Gyare, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1211)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 17530733, 30988, 39997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 24, 32 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " February 3 Inge I (the Hunchback), king of Norway (b. 1135)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 11323, 738434, 47392864, 34985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 19 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " April 18 Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1090)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1826, 153654, 1916875, 42468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 26 ], [ 42, 52 ], [ 57, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 12 Fergus of Galloway, Scottish nobleman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19497, 1747517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 9, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 14 Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1100)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15797, 1157685, 36300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 18 ], [ 40, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 10 Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, Fatimid vizier", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 28020, 57003533, 242409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 32 ], [ 42, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 11 Melisende, queen of Jerusalem (b. 1105)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 27935, 43620, 42474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 24 ], [ 49, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 12 Henry V, duke of Carinthia (House of Sponheim)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22530, 41655484, 74817, 11300309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 20 ], [ 30, 39 ], [ 41, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 28 Imar of Tusculum, French abbot and bishop", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22341, 19250646, 1143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 29 ], [ 38, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " November 21 William III, count of Nevers and Auxerre ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 21576, 16941896, 1392077, 1120237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 25 ], [ 36, 42 ], [ 47, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " November 23 Adam of Ebrach, German monk and abbot", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 21806, 982188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " December 15 Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (b. 1122)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 8145, 12355376, 36042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 26 ], [ 48, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Akarius Fitz Bardolph, English nobleman and knight", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 23367377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hu Hong, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. 1105)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 55143232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Magnus II (Henriksson), king of Sweden (b. 1130)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 2982040, 5058739, 35543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 33, 39 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rechung Dorje Drakpa, Tibetan Buddhist leader", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 2625615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roger IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria (b. 1152)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 4996576, 25241483, 36050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 19, 38 ], [ 43, 47 ] ] } ]

[ "1161" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Year 1181 (MCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25657, 321344, 15651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 26, 58 ], [ 104, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 22 Ibn al-Farid, Arab poet and writer (d. 1234)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 20211, 2467043, 36069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 23 ], [ 50, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 21 Huijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1237)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 15819, 877263, 188435, 40068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 17 ], [ 35, 41 ], [ 46, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Irene Angelina, queen of Germany and Sicily (d. 1208)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 4673561, 3190225, 641373, 39999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 26, 33 ], [ 38, 44 ], [ 49, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marino Morosini, doge of Venice (House of Morosini) (d. 1253)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 12384512, 613492, 3083210, 42489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 26, 32 ], [ 34, 51 ], [ 57, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathilde of Angoulême, French noblewoman (d. 1233)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 23159965, 28978421, 40065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 31, 41 ], [ 47, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Xian Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1226)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 3450375, 58495, 36066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 31, 42 ], [ 47, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " January 30 Takakura, emperor of Japan (b. 1161)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15813, 229376, 15573, 38924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 21 ], [ 34, 39 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 16 Henry I (the Liberal), French nobleman (b. 1127)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19818, 376222, 36276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 18 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 20 Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader (b. 1118)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 14563107, 180280, 36270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 28 ], [ 59, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 13 Simon III de Montfort, French nobleman (b. 1117)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22693343, 59718916, 36269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 32 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " April 1 Ulrich II von Treven, patriarch of Aquileia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1175, 41225319, 4566147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 30 ], [ 45, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " April 5 Ramon Berenguer III, count of Provence", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 2194, 5785706, 48503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 29 ], [ 40, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 30 Hugh de Kevelioc, English politician (b. 1147)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15843, 1300725, 36049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 26 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " August 30 Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Church ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1794, 23793, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 25 ], [ 39, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 27 Guichard of Pontigny, French archbishop ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 27934, 49538859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 4 Herman II, German nobleman (House of Sponheim) ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22454, 19454480, 11300309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 21 ], [ 40, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 23 Adela of Meissen, queen consort of Denmark", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22572, 21954818, 76972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 29 ], [ 48, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " November 26 Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Norman archbishop", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 21581, 3287232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " December 3 Galgano Guidotti, Italian nobleman (b. 1148)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 8355, 10657251, 40080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 29 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Adam the Welshman, Welsh theologian and bishop (b. 1130)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 40014313, 35543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, Zangid ruler of Damascus (b. 1163)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1329120, 8914, 34924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 43, 51 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lucas (or Luke), archbishop of Esztergom (b. 1120)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 43370116, 1704328, 36272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 32, 41 ], [ 46, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Serlo of Wilton, English poet and writer (b. 1105)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 7742683, 42474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 46, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zhang Shi, Chinese Confucian scholar (b. 1133)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 28407272, 5820, 40073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 20, 29 ], [ 42, 46 ] ] } ]

[ "1181" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Kronborg is a castle and stronghold in the town of Helsingør, Denmark. Immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Kronborg is one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe and was inscribed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2000.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 49557, 204118, 9421, 76972, 32897, 13554, 25532, 159865, 21786641, 44940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 20 ], [ 25, 35 ], [ 51, 60 ], [ 62, 69 ], [ 99, 118 ], [ 126, 132 ], [ 172, 183 ], [ 195, 210 ], [ 236, 242 ], [ 245, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle is situated on the extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand at the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between present Denmark and the provinces of present Sweden that were also Danish at the time the castle was built. In this part, the sound is only wide, hence the strategic importance of maintaining a coastal fortification at this location commanding one of the few outlets of the Baltic Sea.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 47914, 55268, 25242026, 3335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 79 ], [ 110, 117 ], [ 332, 353 ], [ 412, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle's story dates back to a stronghold, Krogen, built by King Eric VII in the 1420s. Along with the fortress Kärnan in Helsingborg on the opposite coast of Øresund, it controlled the entranceway to the Baltic Sea. From 1574 to 1585, King Frederick II had the medieval fortress radically transformed into a magnificent Renaissance castle. The main architects were the Flemings Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Anthonis van Obbergen, whereas the sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 168725, 3473671, 1019398, 57322, 10878, 710504, 25278310, 34567717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 77 ], [ 116, 122 ], [ 126, 137 ], [ 240, 257 ], [ 374, 381 ], [ 383, 409 ], [ 414, 435 ], [ 484, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1629, a fire destroyed much of the castle, but King Christian IV subsequently had it rebuilt. The castle also has a church within its walls. In 1658, Kronborg was besieged and captured by the Swedes who took many of its valuable art treasures as war booty. In 1785 the castle ceased to be a royal residence and was converted into barracks for the Army. The Army left the castle in 1923, and after a thorough renovation it was opened to the public.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 150876, 209811, 535840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 249, 258 ], [ 350, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle's story dates back to a fortress, Krogen (lit. \"the Hook\"), built in the early 1400s by the Danish king, Eric of Pomerania. The king insisted on the payment of sound dues by all ships wishing to enter or leave the Baltic Sea through the Øresund; to help enforce his demands, he built a powerful fortress at the narrowest point in the Sound. At the time, the Kingdom of Denmark extended across both sides of the Sound, and on the eastern shore the Helsingborg Castle had been in existence since the Middle Ages. With the two castles and guard ships it was possible to control all navigation through the Sound.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2234284, 55661, 168725, 3972465, 3335, 55268, 11746442, 3473671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 57 ], [ 103, 114 ], [ 116, 133 ], [ 171, 181 ], [ 225, 235 ], [ 248, 255 ], [ 369, 387 ], [ 458, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle was built on Ørekrog, a sandy tongue of land stretching into the sea from the coast of Zealand towards the coast of Scania. The castle consisted of a square curtain wall with a number of stone buildings inside. The stone building in the northeastern corner contained the king's residence. The building in the southwestern corner contained a large arched banquet hall. The building in the southeastern corner possibly served as the chapel. Large portions of the walls of Krogen are contained within the present-day Kronborg Castle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47914, 16749103, 20180633, 536987, 7860755, 172024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 105 ], [ 127, 133 ], [ 168, 180 ], [ 289, 298 ], [ 365, 377 ], [ 442, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Christian III had the corners of the curtain wall supplemented with bastions in 1558–1559.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 150871, 286560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 73, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a consequence of developments in the military technique of the era and the improved striking power of the artillery, it became clear that it was necessary to modernize the fortifications of Krogen. After the conclusion of the Northern Seven Years' War in 1570, King Frederick II initiated an extension of the advanced bastions to relieve the medieval curtain wall. The main architect was the Flemish architect Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and the fortification works were completed in 1577. After this, the castle acquired its current name of Kronborg ().", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2508, 1777515, 57322, 20180633, 10878, 710504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 118 ], [ 229, 254 ], [ 264, 281 ], [ 354, 366 ], [ 395, 402 ], [ 413, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle itself was rebuilt from 1574 to 1585, with the separated buildings of Krogen being extended to three coherent wings. The north wing was equipped with chambers for the king, queen and her ladies-in-waiting as well as for the chancellery. In the south wing, the medieval building in the southeast corner was refitted as a modern chapel with the vaulted windows facing the chapel being retained. Frederick was a keen patron of theatre and players performed at the castle when he held court there in 1579.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 841177, 214175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 215 ], [ 235, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, the castle was reconstructed only to a height of two storeys. In 1578, however, the Flemish architect Anthonis van Obbergen was engaged as new master builder and work was undertaken to make Kronborg even larger and more magnificent. The sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen. As a sign of the new ambitions, the south wing was heightened by one storey and a new, gigantic ball room placed over the chapel. Soon after the west and north wings were also heightened by one storey. Finally, the east wing was also heightened with a passageway, The Queen's Gallery, allowing the Queen comfortable passage from her chambers in the north wing to the ball room in the south wing. The exterior walls were clad with sandstone from Scania, and the new castle was given a roof with copper sheeting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25278310, 22591783, 34567717, 27772, 16749103, 125293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 134 ], [ 154, 168 ], [ 283, 301 ], [ 734, 743 ], [ 749, 755 ], [ 798, 804 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James VI of Scotland stayed in the castle in 1590 after his marriage to Anne of Denmark. King James gave 2,000 Danish dalers in gold coins to the officers and servants in the castle as a reward.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 269055, 57101, 2969515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 72, 87 ], [ 111, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1629, a moment's carelessness by two workmen caused much of the castle to go up in flames in the night between the 24 and 25 September. Only the chapel was spared by the strength of its arches. King Christian IV put great efforts into restoring the castle. Already in 1631, the work was underway, led by the architect Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger. By 1639, the exterior— which in keeping with the king's wish was reconstructed without major changes— was once again magnificent, but the interior never fully regained its former glory. Furthermore, certain modernizations were made, and portals, chimneypieces, ceiling paintings and other decorations were renewed in Baroque style.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 150876, 1170, 25519599, 3957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 214 ], [ 311, 320 ], [ 321, 354 ], [ 673, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Dano-Swedish War of 1658–60, Kronborg was besieged, attacked and conquered by a Swedish army commanded by Carl Gustaf Wrangel. During the Swedish occupation, the queen of Sweden, Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp and the Swedish king's sister Maria Eufrosyne of Pfalz lived at Kronborg, where they were visited by Charles X of Sweden during the campaign and entertained the foreign ambassadors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14447565, 33577270, 2002327, 17056427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 38 ], [ 117, 136 ], [ 190, 225 ], [ 256, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of the Swedish occupation, Kronborg was deprived of many of its most precious art works, including the richly decorated fountain in the castle courtyard, Frederick II's canopy and a number of the large ceiling paintings commissioned by Christian IV for the ballroom.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 384701, 1107326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 140 ], [ 181, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Swedish conquest of Kronborg in 1658 demonstrated that the castle was far from impregnable. Afterwards, the defences were strengthened significantly. From 1688 to 1690, an advanced line of defence was added called the Crownwork. Shortly afterwards, a new series of ramparts were built around it. After their completion, Kronborg was considered the strongest fortress in Europe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1739 until the 1900s, Kronborg was used as a prison. The inmates were guarded by the soldiers billeted in the castle. The convicts had been sentenced to work on the castle's fortifications. The convicts were divided into two categories: those with minor sentences were categorised as \"honest\" and were allowed to work outside the castle walls; those serving sentences for violence, murder, arson or the like were categorised as \"dishonest\" and had to serve the full sentence doing hard physical labour inside the castle ramparts. Otherwise, they served their time under the same conditions: they all had to wear chains and spend nights in cold and damp dungeons. From January 17, 1772, to April 30, 1772, Kronborg was the place of imprisonment of Queen Caroline Mathilde, sister of King George III, following the scandal of her affair with Johann Friedrich Struensee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19008450, 1997961, 42029, 43984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ], [ 752, 775 ], [ 787, 802 ], [ 845, 871 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Kronborg's importance as a royal castle diminished, the armed forces came to play a greater role. From 1785 to 1922, the castle was completely under military administration. During this period, a number of renovations were completed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The captain of every ship sailing through the strait had to state the value of ship's cargo. Money that had to be paid to the King of Denmark, called Sound Dues, was then calculated depending on the value of the cargo. The king had the right to buy the cargo for the price the ship's captain stated. This policy prevented captains from stating prices that were too low. The Royal Danish Army left the castle in 1923, and after a thorough renovation it was opened to the public in 1938.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3972465, 19538774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 160 ], [ 374, 391 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kronborg Castle is located on the extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand, to the northeast of the historic centre of the town of Helsingør. It is situated at an elevation of 12 metres, on a small foreland jutting out into the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between the Danish island of Zealand and the Swedish province of Scania, that was also Danish until 1658. The approach from the town is to the east, with a series of moats and gates protecting the route from the town to the castle itself.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [ 47914, 9421, 18859466, 55268, 144608, 16749103, 153861, 12821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 83 ], [ 140, 149 ], [ 207, 215 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 332, 340 ], [ 344, 350 ], [ 445, 449 ], [ 455, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The royal apartments are located on the first floor of the north wing. The apartments were originally furnished by Frederick II around 1576, but after the fire in 1629, Christian IV had the apartments refurnished and richly decorated with ceiling paintings, stone portals and chimneypieces. The original floors were tiled in black and white which were replaced with wooden floorboards in 1760–61, and the walls were clad in gilt-leather. Today the chambers are furnished with Netherlandish furniture from the 17th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [ 57322, 18622193, 5185317, 9348572, 383186, 197810, 41873483, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 127 ], [ 247, 255 ], [ 264, 270 ], [ 276, 288 ], [ 316, 320 ], [ 373, 384 ], [ 424, 436 ], [ 476, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The King's Chamber has a bay window, located right above the castle's main portal, from which the king could keep an eye on guests arriving at the castle, whereas the Queen's Chamber has access to a vaulted tower chamber overlooking the Flag Bastion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [ 1484885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Measuring 62 x 12 metres, the Ballroom was the largest hall in Northern Europe when it was completed in 1582. The walls are hung with a series of large paintings which were originally made from 1618 to 1631 for the Great Hall of Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen. The paintings in the Ballroom include: Children off to School by Francis Cleyn, Feminine Pursuits by Reinhold Timm, Riding at the Ring by Reinhold Timm, A Boys School by Francis Cleyn, A Wedding in a Church by Francis Cleyn, An Academy for Noblemen by Reinhold Timm, A Banquet (1622) by .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [ 159865, 597857, 5166, 23594895, 26575677, 26575677, 23594895, 23594895, 26575677 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 78 ], [ 229, 245 ], [ 249, 259 ], [ 326, 339 ], [ 362, 375 ], [ 399, 412 ], [ 431, 444 ], [ 471, 484 ], [ 513, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The present floor and the fireplaces are from the rebuilding in 1924–38.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The walls of the Little Hall are furnished with seven tapestries originally from a series of forty tapestries portraying one hundred Danish kings. The masterpieces include Tapestry depicting Oluf (1376-1387) and Tapestry depicting Knud VI (1182-1202). The tapestries were commissioned by Frederick II around 1580. Seven more tapestries are at the National Museum of Denmark, while the rest have been lost.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The chapel is located in the ground floor of the south wing and was inaugurated in 1582. In 1785, as the castle was being fitted for use as army barracks, the chapel was fitted out as a gymnasium and fencing hall and the furniture stored away. The chapel was refurnished with the original furniture in 1838 and reinaugurated in 1843.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Kronborg today", "target_page_ids": [ 172024, 1033489, 21463614, 10893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 140, 153 ], [ 186, 189 ], [ 200, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kronborg is known to many as \"Elsinore\", the setting of William Shakespeare's famous tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, though \"Elsinore\" is actually the anglicised name of the surrounding town of Helsingør. Hamlet was performed in the castle for the first time to mark the 200th anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare, with a cast consisting of soldiers from the castle garrison. The stage was in the telegraph tower in the southwest corner of the castle.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 32897, 13554, 9421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 75 ], [ 93, 118 ], [ 197, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The play has since been performed several times in the courtyard and at various locations on the fortifications. Later performers to play Hamlet at the castle included Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Christopher Plummer, Derek Jacobi, David Tennant, and in 2009 Jude Law. In 2017, Hamletscenen presented a production of William Shakespeare's Hamlet at Kronborg castle, directed by Lars Romann Engel; the role of Hamlet was played by Cyron Melville and Ophelia by Natalie Madueño; music for the production was composed by Mike Sheridan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 7431038, 43675, 167961, 343134, 168017, 1672146, 296256, 32897, 13554, 37822502, 19543624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 144 ], [ 168, 184 ], [ 186, 198 ], [ 200, 219 ], [ 221, 233 ], [ 235, 248 ], [ 262, 270 ], [ 320, 339 ], [ 342, 348 ], [ 433, 447 ], [ 521, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to a legend linked to Arthurian myth, a Danish king known as Ogier the Dane (Danish: Holger Danske), was taken to Avalon by the enchantress Morgan le Fay. Ogier returned to rescue France from danger, then travelled to Kronborg castle, where he sleeps until he is needed to save his homeland. His beard has grown to extend along the ground. A statue of the sleeping Ogier (right) has been placed in the castle casemates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 321887, 118571, 7689495, 352603, 1240217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 85 ], [ 124, 130 ], [ 138, 149 ], [ 150, 163 ], [ 419, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kulturhavn Kronborg is an initiative of 2013 to offer a variety of culture experiences to residents and visitors to Helsingør. Kulturhavn Kronborg is a joint initiative by Kronborg Castle, Danish Maritime Museum, Kulturværftet and Helsingør harbour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 39800738, 9421, 39800738, 37330922, 39818394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 116, 125 ], [ 127, 146 ], [ 189, 211 ], [ 213, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The castle was the setting of the televised holiday series Jul på Kronborg (), which featured both Hamlet and Holger the Dane. 'Elsinore Beer' is named for the castle and shown in the beer label logo in the 1983 comedy Strange Brew, starring Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 797330, 540690, 599838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 231 ], [ 242, 254 ], [ 259, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kronborg Glacier", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 61222122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of castles and palaces in Denmark", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2993796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tourism in Denmark", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 159609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kronborg Castle website ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "UNESCO's page on Kronborg Castle", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kronborg Castle picture gallery at Remains.se", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Infrastructure_completed_in_1585", "Castles_in_Denmark", "Forts_in_Denmark", "Helsingør", "World_Heritage_Sites_in_Denmark", "1420s_establishments_in_Europe", "15th-century_establishments_in_Denmark", "Coastal_fortifications", "Listed_buildings_and_structures_in_Helsingør_Municipality", "Star_forts", "Museums_in_the_Capital_Region_of_Denmark", "Historic_house_museums_in_Denmark" ]

[ "Kronborg" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22915, 26751, 594550, 44687845, 19048, 26903, 9228, 19331, 32745, 18994022, 40255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 27 ], [ 37, 40 ], [ 49, 76 ], [ 86, 95 ], [ 103, 107 ], [ 176, 188 ], [ 312, 317 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 349, 354 ], [ 387, 404 ], [ 429, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium constitutes one-quarter of its mass and one-tenth of its volume. It probably has a rocky core of heavier elements, but, like the other giant planets in the Solar System, it lacks a well-defined solid surface. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than it receives from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is an oblate spheroid: it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since at least 1831.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13255, 13256, 12733, 82365, 67405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ], [ 47, 53 ], [ 189, 201 ], [ 416, 431 ], [ 655, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter's magnetic tail is nearly long, covering nearly the entire distance to Saturn's orbit. Jupiter has 80 known moons and possibly many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Io and Europa are about the size of Earth's Moon; Callisto is almost the size of the planet Mercury, and Ganymede is larger.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24718, 20479, 20479, 44474, 575613, 12505, 29688374, 1051892, 43127, 54211, 43126, 19694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 70, 83 ], [ 95, 108 ], [ 165, 171 ], [ 193, 207 ], [ 246, 262 ], [ 277, 292 ], [ 302, 304 ], [ 306, 312 ], [ 314, 322 ], [ 328, 336 ], [ 430, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter, making its closest approach to the planet in December 1973. Jupiter has since been explored by multiple robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions from 1973 to 1979, and later with the Galileo orbiter in 1995. In 2007, the New Horizons visited Jupiter using its gravity to increase its speed, bending its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet, Juno, entered orbit around Jupiter in July 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of Europa.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38198, 9074462, 58957, 25040, 47795, 12903521, 66515110, 390905, 155758, 44469, 1978851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 137, 145 ], [ 158, 176 ], [ 197, 204 ], [ 209, 216 ], [ 217, 222 ], [ 270, 285 ], [ 308, 320 ], [ 337, 354 ], [ 413, 418 ], [ 458, 462 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In both the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Jupiter was named after the chief god of the divine pantheon: Zeus for the Greeks and Jupiter for the Romans. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally adopted the name Jupiter for the planet in 1976. The IAU names newly discovered satellites of Jupiter for the mythological lovers, favourites, and descendants of the god. The planetary symbol for Jupiter, , descends from a Greek zeta with a horizontal stroke, , as an abbreviation for Zeus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name and symbol", "target_page_ids": [ 2174623, 34398, 40255, 14878, 9082266, 166763, 1130951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 111 ], [ 113, 117 ], [ 137, 144 ], [ 165, 197 ], [ 388, 404 ], [ 442, 446 ], [ 454, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jove, the archaic name of Jupiter, came into use as a poetic name for the planet around the 14th century. The Romans named the fifth day of the week diēs Iovis (\"Jove's Day\") after the planet Jupiter. In Germanic mythology, Jupiter is equated to Thor, whence the English name Thursday for the Roman dies Jovis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name and symbol", "target_page_ids": [ 850864, 316348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 222 ], [ 246, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original Greek deity Zeus supplies the root zeno-, which is used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as zenographic. Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form jovial, employed by astrologers in the Middle Ages, has come to mean \"happy\" or \"merry\", moods ascribed to Jupiter's astrological influence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name and symbol", "target_page_ids": [ 37512, 18836, 30872816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 150 ], [ 233, 244 ], [ 301, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is believed to be the oldest planet in the Solar System. Current models of Solar System formation suggest that Jupiter formed at or beyond the snow line: a distance from the early Sun where the temperature is sufficiently cold for volatiles such as water to condense into solids. The planet began as a solid core, which then accumulated its gaseous atmosphere. As a consequence, the planet must have formed before the solar nebula was fully dispersed. During its formation, Jupiter's mass gradually increased until it had 20 times the mass of the Earth (about half of which in silicates, ices and other heavy-element constituents). While the orbiting mass increased beyond 50 Earth masses, it created a gap in the solar nebula. Thereafter, the growing planet reached its final masses in 3–4 million years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Formation and migration", "target_page_ids": [ 5235648, 9446968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 160 ], [ 239, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the \"grand tack hypothesis\", Jupiter began to form at a distance of roughly from the Sun. As the young planet accreted mass, interaction with the gas disk orbiting the Sun and orbital resonances with Saturn caused it to migrate inward. This upset the orbits of several super-Earths orbiting closer to the Sun, causing them to collide destructively. Saturn would later have begun to migrate inwards too, much faster than Jupiter, until the two planets became captured in a 3:2 mean motion resonance at approximately from the Sun. This changed the direction of migration, causing them to migrate away from the Sun and out of the inner system to their current locations. All of this happened over a period of 3–6 million years, with the final migration of Jupiter occurring over several hundred thousand years. Jupiter's departure from the inner solar system eventually allowed the inner planets—including Earth—to form from the rubble.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Formation and migration", "target_page_ids": [ 44815546, 1661177, 22444, 10883868, 22444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 39 ], [ 124, 132 ], [ 190, 207 ], [ 283, 294 ], [ 490, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several problems with the grand tack hypothesis. The resulting formation timescales of terrestrial planets appear to be inconsistent with the measured elemental composition. It is likely that Jupiter would have settled into an orbit much closer to the Sun if it had migrated through the solar nebula. Some competing models of Solar System formation predict the formation of Jupiter with orbital properties that are close to those of the present day planet. Other models predict Jupiter forming at distances much farther out, such as .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Formation and migration", "target_page_ids": [ 6139438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on Jupiter's composition, researchers have made the case for an initial formation outside the molecular nitrogen (N2) snowline, which is estimated at from the Sun, and possibly even outside the argon snowline, which may be as far as . Having formed at one of these extreme distances, Jupiter would then have migrated inwards to its current location. This inward migration would have occurred over a roughly 700,000-year time period, during an epoch approximately 2–3million years after the planet began to form. In this model, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune would have formed even further out than Jupiter, and Saturn would also have migrated inwards.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Formation and migration", "target_page_ids": [ 21175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is a gas giant, being primarily composed of gas and liquid rather than solid matter. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of at its equator. The average density of Jupiter, 1.326g/cm3, is about the same as simple syrup (syrup USP), and is lower than those of the four terrestrial planets.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 44687845, 20611356, 487943, 644263, 48510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 22 ], [ 166, 173 ], [ 240, 252 ], [ 260, 263 ], [ 302, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's upper atmosphere is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by volume. Since helium atoms are more massive than hydrogen molecules, Jupiter's atmosphere is approximately 24% helium by mass. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapour, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds. There are also fractional amounts of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found. The interior of Jupiter contains denser materials—by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 30873277, 18582230, 89547, 1365, 27114, 5299, 163106, 154738, 21273, 22303, 264583, 27127, 6015, 15022, 31990, 18582186, 13257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 156 ], [ 235, 242 ], [ 244, 256 ], [ 258, 265 ], [ 271, 278 ], [ 333, 339 ], [ 341, 347 ], [ 349, 365 ], [ 367, 371 ], [ 373, 379 ], [ 381, 390 ], [ 396, 402 ], [ 451, 458 ], [ 487, 495 ], [ 500, 511 ], [ 543, 550 ], [ 561, 572 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. Helium is also reduced to about 80% of the Sun's helium composition. This depletion is a result of precipitation of these elements as helium-rich droplets, a process that happens deep in the interior of the planet.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 6139438, 286260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 122 ], [ 349, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets Uranus and Neptune have relatively less hydrogen and helium and relatively more of the next most common elements, including oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. These planets are known as ice giants, because the majority of their volatile compounds are in solid form.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 27752, 44475, 19003265, 392828, 2535858, 2528589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 21 ], [ 110, 116 ], [ 121, 128 ], [ 202, 222 ], [ 299, 309 ], [ 341, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—so massive that its barycentre with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068solar radii from the Sun's centre. Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: it has 1,321 times the volume of the Earth, but only 318 times the mass. Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun, and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun, as the densities of the two bodies are similar. A \"Jupiter mass\" ( or ) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. For example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of , while Kappa Andromedae b has a mass of .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 200716, 38979, 528155, 172987, 10686210, 9763, 44401, 453959, 37693865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 117 ], [ 146, 159 ], [ 168, 179 ], [ 433, 448 ], [ 501, 513 ], [ 596, 613 ], [ 619, 631 ], [ 668, 679 ], [ 702, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had over 40% more mass, the interior would be so compressed that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. For smaller changes in its mass, the radius would not change appreciably. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved. Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times more massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, the smallest red dwarf may be only slightly larger in radius than Saturn.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 1780815, 43948, 21544, 26808, 56099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 219 ], [ 472, 488 ], [ 568, 581 ], [ 595, 599 ], [ 614, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter radiates more heat than it receives through solar radiation, due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism within its contracting interior. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about /yr. When it formed, Jupiter was hotter and was about twice its current diameter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 695523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the early 21st century, most scientists proposed one of two scenarios for the formation of Jupiter. If the planet accreted first as a solid body, it would consist of a dense core, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen (with some helium) extending outward to about 80% of the radius of the planet, and an outer atmosphere consisting primarily of molecular hydrogen. Alternatively, if the planet collapsed directly from the gaseous protoplanetary disk, it was expected to completely lack a core, consisting instead of denser and denser fluid (predominantly molecular and metallic hydrogen) all the way to the centre. Data from the Juno mission showed that Jupiter has a very diffuse core that mixes into its mantle. This mixing process could have arisen during formation, while the planet accreted solids and gases from the surrounding nebula. Alternatively, it could have been caused by an impact from a planet of about ten Earth masses a few million years after Jupiter's formation, which would have disrupted an originally solid Jovian core. It is estimated that the core takes up 30–50% of the planet's radius, and contains heavy elements with a combined mass 7–25 times the Earth.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 864017, 145197, 13255, 245432, 1978851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 185 ], [ 217, 234 ], [ 362, 380 ], [ 447, 466 ], [ 646, 658 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Outside the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above molecular hydrogen's critical pressure of 1.3 MPa and critical temperature of . In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a supercritical fluid state. The hydrogen and helium gas extending downward from the cloud layer gradually transitions to a liquid in deeper layers, possibly resembling something akin to an ocean of liquid hydrogen and other supercritical fluids. Physically, the gas gradually becomes hotter and denser as depth increases.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 1951419, 66014, 1951419, 762691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 183 ], [ 191, 194 ], [ 199, 219 ], [ 312, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rain-like droplets of helium and neon precipitate downward through the lower atmosphere, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere. Calculations suggest that helium drops separate from metallic hydrogen at a radius of ( below the cloudtops) and merge again at ( beneath the clouds). Rainfalls of diamonds have been suggested to occur, as well as on Saturn and the ice giants Uranus and Neptune.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 55118655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 322, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily inward because the heat of planetary formation can only escape by convection. At a surface depth where the atmospheric pressure level is , the temperature is around . The region of supercritical hydrogen changes gradually from a molecular fluid to a metallic fluid spans pressure ranges of with temperatures of , respectively. The temperature of Jupiter's diluted core is estimated to be with a pressure of around .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The atmosphere of Jupiter extends to a depth of below the cloud layers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds of ammonia crystals, which may contain ammonium hydrosulfide as well. The clouds are located in the tropopause layer of the atmosphere, forming bands at different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are subdivided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of are common in zonal jet streams. The zones have been observed to vary in width, colour and intensity from year to year, but they have remained stable enough for scientists to name them.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 2088217, 140615, 433085, 154664, 16472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 103 ], [ 143, 153 ], [ 345, 356 ], [ 383, 393 ], [ 425, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cloud layer is about deep, and consists of at least two decks of ammonia clouds: a thin clearer region on top with a thick lower deck. There may be a thin layer of water clouds underlying the ammonia clouds, as suggested by flashes of lightning detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth. The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior. The Juno mission revealed the presence of \"shallow lightning\" which originates from ammonia-water clouds relatively high in the atmosphere. These discharges carry \"mushballs\" of water-ammonia slushes covered in ice, which fall deep into the atmosphere. Upper-atmospheric lightning has been observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere, bright flashes of light that last around 1.4 milliseconds. These are known as \"elves\" or \"sprites\" and appear blue or pink due to the hydrogen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 24027000, 61344, 10813277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 174 ], [ 240, 249 ], [ 781, 808 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The orange and brown colours in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change colour when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be made up of phosphorus, sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons. These colourful compounds, known as chromophores, mix with the warmer clouds of the lower deck. The light-coloured zones are formed when rising convection cells form crystallising ammonia that hides the chromophores from view.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 2193362, 226498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 340 ], [ 437, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles always receive less solar radiation than the planet's equatorial region. Convection within the interior of the planet transports energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 91173, 1748563, 47526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 24 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 119, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm located 22° south of the equator. It is known to have existed since at least 1831, and possibly since 1665. Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two \"red spots\" adjacent to the Great Red Spot. The storm is visible through Earth-based telescopes with an aperture of 12cm or larger. The oval object rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six days. The maximum altitude of this storm is about above the surrounding cloudtops. The Spot's composition and the source of its red colour remain uncertain, although photodissociated ammonia reacting with acetylene is a likely explanation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 67405, 236717, 40203, 7070301, 47474, 10779, 1365, 1778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 55 ], [ 70, 82 ], [ 211, 233 ], [ 345, 354 ], [ 364, 372 ], [ 441, 447 ], [ 645, 652 ], [ 667, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Great Red Spot is larger than the Earth. Mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and will be a permanent feature of the planet. However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately across. By the time of the Voyager flybys in 1979, the storm had a length of and a width of approximately . Hubble observations in 1995 showed it had decreased in size to , and observations in 2009 showed the size to be . , the storm was measured at approximately , and was decreasing in length by about per year. In October 2021, a Juno flyby mission measured the depth of the Great Red Spot, putting it at around .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 20590, 47795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 63 ], [ 311, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Juno missions show that there are several polar cyclone groups at Jupiter's poles. The northern group contains nine cyclones, with a large one in the centre and eight others around it, while its southern counterpart also consists of a centre vortex but is surrounded by five large storms and a single smaller one. These polar structures are caused by the turbulence in Jupiter's atmosphere and can be compared with the hexagon at Saturn's north pole.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 37785528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 419, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were formed in 1939–1940. The merged feature was named Oval BA. It has since increased in intensity and changed from white to red, giving it the nickname \"Little Red Spot\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 30873277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 307, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2017, a \"Great Cold Spot\" was discovered in Jupiter's thermosphere at its north pole. This feature is across, wide, and cooler than surrounding material. While this spot changes form and intensity over the short term, it has maintained its general position in the atmosphere for more than 15 years. It may be a giant vortex similar to the Great Red Spot, and appears to be quasi-stable like the vortices in Earth's thermosphere. This feature may be formed by interactions between charged particles generated from Io and the strong magnetic field of Jupiter, resulting in a redistribution of heat flow.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 69263860, 154665, 19833, 166010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 93 ], [ 329, 335 ], [ 385, 397 ], [ 407, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's magnetic field is the strongest of any planet in the Solar System, with a dipole moment of that is tilted at an angle of 10.31° to the pole of rotation. The surface magnetic field strength varies from up to . This field is thought to be generated by eddy currents—swirling movements of conducting materials—within the liquid metallic hydrogen core. At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind generates a bow shock. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a magnetopause, located at the inner edge of a magnetosheath—a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's lee side and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from the solar wind.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 36563, 540979, 465008, 28538, 1020537, 20478, 1693080, 276852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ], [ 84, 97 ], [ 262, 274 ], [ 450, 460 ], [ 473, 482 ], [ 525, 537 ], [ 570, 583 ], [ 710, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The volcanoes on the moon Io emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide, forming a gas torus along the moon's orbit. The gas is ionized in Jupiter's magnetosphere, producing sulfur and oxygen ions. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a plasma sheet in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet, causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of a magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature, with short, superimposed bursts in the range of 0.6–30MHz that are detectable from Earth with consumer-grade shortwave radio receivers. As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates Alfvén waves that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a cyclotron maser mechanism, and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the radio emissions from Jupiter can exceed the radio output of the Sun.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 1051892, 50958, 74800, 59611, 20479, 18963787, 36447476, 14121, 55531065, 907108, 44585, 3618030, 98132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 28 ], [ 51, 65 ], [ 81, 86 ], [ 122, 129 ], [ 143, 156 ], [ 186, 189 ], [ 277, 289 ], [ 573, 576 ], [ 628, 652 ], [ 713, 724 ], [ 836, 845 ], [ 846, 861 ], [ 963, 977 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. These rings appear to be made of dust, while Saturn's rings are made of ice. The main ring is most likely made out of material ejected from the satellites Adrastea and Metis, which is drawn into Jupiter because of the planet's strong gravitational influence. New material is added by additional impacts. In a similar way, the moons Thebe and Amalthea are believed to produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring. There is evidence of a fourth ring that may consist of collisional debris from Amalthea that is strung along the same moon's orbit.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Physical characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 24718, 74800, 2577, 44654, 95225, 47242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 34 ], [ 84, 89 ], [ 336, 344 ], [ 349, 354 ], [ 513, 518 ], [ 523, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is the only planet whose barycentre with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778millionkm (5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near orbital resonance. The orbital plane of Jupiter is inclined 1.30° compared to Earth. Because the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.049, Jupiter is slightly over 75millionkm nearer the Sun at perihelion than aphelion.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Orbit and rotation", "target_page_ids": [ 200716, 1210, 22444, 3074135, 56440, 1099413, 88213, 88213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 43 ], [ 202, 204 ], [ 328, 345 ], [ 351, 364 ], [ 379, 387 ], [ 425, 437 ], [ 516, 526 ], [ 532, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The axial tilt of Jupiter is relatively small, only 3.13°, so its seasons are insignificant compared to those of Earth and Mars.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Orbit and rotation", "target_page_ids": [ 91173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is longer than the polar diameter.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Orbit and rotation", "target_page_ids": [ 39789, 81931, 143023, 191710, 20611356, 455696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 18 ], [ 98, 102 ], [ 152, 168 ], [ 279, 300 ], [ 481, 488 ], [ 538, 543 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three systems are used as frames of reference for tracking the planetary rotation, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies to latitudes from 7°N to 7°S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 50m 30.0s. System II applies at latitudes north and south of these; its period is 9h 55m 40.6s. System III was defined by radio astronomers and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Orbit and rotation", "target_page_ids": [ 82961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 358, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon, and Venus), although at opposition Mars can appear brighter than Jupiter. Depending on Jupiter's position with respect to the Earth, it can vary in visual magnitude from as bright as −2.94 at opposition down to −1.66 during conjunction with the Sun. The mean apparent magnitude is −2.20 with a standard deviation of 0.33. The angular diameter of Jupiter likewise varies from 50.1 to 30.5 arc seconds. Favourable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through the perihelion of its orbit, bringing it closer to Earth. Near opposition, Jupiter will appear to go into retrograde motion for a period of about 121 days, moving backward through an angle of 9.9° before returning to prograde movement.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Observation", "target_page_ids": [ 58959426, 19331, 32745, 39604433, 14640471, 39604433, 49434, 826723, 2431, 88213, 48908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 57 ], [ 78, 82 ], [ 88, 93 ], [ 108, 118 ], [ 119, 123 ], [ 276, 286 ], [ 308, 319 ], [ 410, 426 ], [ 472, 482 ], [ 550, 560 ], [ 652, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because the orbit of Jupiter is outside that of Earth, the phase angle of Jupiter as viewed from Earth is always less than 11.5°; thus, Jupiter always appears nearly fully illuminated when viewed through Earth-based telescopes. It was only during spacecraft missions to Jupiter that crescent views of the planet were obtained. A small telescope will usually show Jupiter's four Galilean moons and the prominent cloud belts across Jupiter's atmosphere. A larger telescope with an aperture of will show Jupiter's Great Red Spot when it faces Earth.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Observation", "target_page_ids": [ 3169278, 12505, 30873277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 70 ], [ 378, 392 ], [ 430, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC. The ancient Chinese knew Jupiter as the \"Suì Star\" ( ) and established their cycle of 12 earthly branches based on the approximate number of years it takes Jupiter to rotate around the Sun; the Chinese language still uses its name (simplified as ) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the Chinese zodiac, and each year became associated with a Tai Sui star and god controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky. These beliefs survive in some Taoist religious practices and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals. The Chinese historian Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De, an ancient Chinese astronomer, reported a small star \"in alliance\" with the planet, which may indicate a sighting of one of Jupiter's moons with the unaided eye. If true, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4536514, 317335, 5751, 261949, 21360689, 3953600, 1524517, 51132349, 30365, 1491156, 12821985, 1989270, 1524517, 575613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 72 ], [ 192, 208 ], [ 297, 313 ], [ 335, 345 ], [ 448, 462 ], [ 503, 510 ], [ 511, 515 ], [ 520, 523 ], [ 638, 644 ], [ 645, 664 ], [ 734, 743 ], [ 761, 767 ], [ 780, 798 ], [ 893, 908 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 2016 paper reports that trapezoidal rule was used by Babylonians before 50 BCE for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the ecliptic. In his 2nd century work the Almagest, the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38days, or 11.86years.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 573452, 20609622, 9264, 148060, 23979, 83754, 143608, 143608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 42 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 131, 139 ], [ 169, 177 ], [ 206, 225 ], [ 240, 250 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 290, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1610, Italian polymath Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the Galilean moons) using a telescope. This is thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. Just one day after Galileo, Simon Marius independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614. It was Marius's names for the major moons, however, that stuck: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The discovery was a major point in favour of Copernicus' heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory led to him being tried and condemned by the Inquisition.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 29688374, 12505, 191741, 43126, 323592, 244588, 15191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 41 ], [ 105, 118 ], [ 252, 264 ], [ 464, 472 ], [ 519, 530 ], [ 531, 543 ], [ 679, 690 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1660s, Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots and colourful bands in Jupiter's atmosphere, observe that the planet appeared oblate, and estimate its rotation period. In 1692, Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes differential rotation.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5215428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Great Red Spot may have been observed as early as 1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831. The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 49720, 427392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 74 ], [ 141, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both Giovanni Borelli and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, which allowed predictions of when the moons would pass before or behind the planet. By the 1670s, Cassini observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, these events would occur about 17minutes later than expected. Ole Rømer deduced that light does not travel instantaneously (a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected), and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the speed of light.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 475100, 22459, 28736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 21 ], [ 332, 341 ], [ 496, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1892, E. E. Barnard observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the refractor at Lick Observatory in California. This moon was later named Amalthea. It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by a visual observer through a telescope. An additional eight satellites were discovered before the flyby of the Voyager 1 probe in 1979.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 584436, 213521, 47242, 32781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ], [ 84, 100 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 322, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1932, Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter. Three long-lived anticyclonic features called \"white ovals\" were observed in 1938. For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998, then absorbed the third in 2000, becoming Oval BA.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2114044, 177320, 30873277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 21 ], [ 33, 49 ], [ 393, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 14, 2022, NASA presented images of Jupiter and related areas captured, for the first time, and including infrared views, by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 434221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955, Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin discovered that Jupiter emits bursts of radio waves at a frequency of 22.2MHz. The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they used this information to determine a more precise value for Jupiter's rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) lasting less than a hundredth of a second.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12062808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scientists have discovered three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Decimetric radio emission (with wavelengths measured in centimetres) was first observed by Frank Drake and Hein Hvatum in 1959. The origin of this signal is a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator, which generates cyclotron radiation from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 54360, 170757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 103 ], [ 220, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thermal radiation is produced by heat in the atmosphere of Jupiter.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter has been visited by automated spacecraft since 1973, when the space probe Pioneer 10 passed close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about its properties and phenomena. Missions to Jupiter are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or delta-v. Entering a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter from low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of 6.3km/s, which is comparable to the 9.7km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit. Gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38198, 194465, 155760, 47568, 155758, 155758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 92 ], [ 314, 321 ], [ 334, 356 ], [ 384, 399 ], [ 507, 522 ], [ 541, 547 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25040, 13108226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 146 ], [ 491, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47795, 12505, 87945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 28 ], [ 79, 92 ], [ 530, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the Ulysses solar probe. In February 1992, it performed a flyby manoeuvre to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft studied Jupiter's magnetosphere, although it had no cameras to photograph the planet. The spacecraft passed by Jupiter six years later, this time at a much greater distance.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 57539, 355155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 53 ], [ 128, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided higher-resolution images.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The New Horizons probe flew by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to Pluto. The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 390905, 44469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 80, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the Galileo mission, which reached the planet on December 7, 1995. It remained in orbit for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and Amalthea. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 when it collided with Jupiter in 1994. Some of the goals for the mission were thwarted due to a malfunction in Galileo'''s high-gain antenna.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 66515110, 47242, 6794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 53 ], [ 209, 217 ], [ 263, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 340-kilogram titanium atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7. It parachuted through of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575km/h (1600mph) and collected data for 57.6minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed. The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003. NASA destroyed the spacecraft in order to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa, which may harbour life.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 66515110, 43127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 575, 597 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere. The recorded temperature was more than 300°C (570°F) and the windspeed measured more than 644km/h (>400mph) before the probes vaporized.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NASA's Juno mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016 with the goal of studying the planet in detail from a polar orbit. The spacecraft was originally intended to orbit Jupiter thirty-seven times over a period of twenty months. During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere, which may cause future failure of certain instruments. On August 27, 2016, the spacecraft completed its first fly-by of Jupiter and sent back the first ever images of Jupiter's north pole.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1978851, 355155, 8482163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 11 ], [ 109, 120 ], [ 313, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Juno completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending July 2018. In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of Io. When Juno reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will avoid the risk of collision with Jupiter's moons.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is great interest in missions to study Jupiter's larger icy moons, which may have subsurface liquid oceans. Funding difficulties have delayed progress, causing NASA's JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) to be cancelled in 2005. A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint NASA/ESA mission called EJSM/Laplace, with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter and the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter. However, the ESA formally ended the partnership in April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 Cosmic Vision selection. These plans have been realized as the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), due to launch in 2023, followed by NASA's Europa Clipper mission, scheduled for launch in 2024.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 324183, 18426568, 10363, 21195733, 21301991, 21301989, 61222048, 10363, 32657610, 41356379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 177 ], [ 279, 283 ], [ 284, 287 ], [ 303, 315 ], [ 411, 433 ], [ 450, 474 ], [ 698, 711 ], [ 761, 782 ], [ 785, 810 ], [ 862, 876 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other proposed missions include the Chinese National Space Administration's Gan De mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly Callisto around 2035, and CNSA's Interstellar Express and NASA's Interstellar Probe, which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 344618, 67553576, 43126, 67528752, 69577648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 73 ], [ 76, 82 ], [ 157, 165 ], [ 190, 210 ], [ 222, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter has 80 known natural satellites. Of these, 60 are less than 10km in diameter. The four largest moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, collectively known as the \"Galilean moons\", and are visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Moons", "target_page_ids": [ 53306, 12505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 38 ], [ 176, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The moons discovered by Galileo—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are among the largest in the Solar System. The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede form a pattern known as a Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbours at the same point in every orbit it makes. The tidal force from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularise their orbits.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Moons", "target_page_ids": [ 22444, 30719, 40220705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 192 ], [ 538, 549 ], [ 592, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The eccentricity of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretching them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away. The friction created by this tidal flexing generates heat in the interior of the moons. This is seen most dramatically in the volcanic activity of Io (which is subject to the strongest tidal forces), and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of Europa's surface, which indicates recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Moons", "target_page_ids": [ 1099413, 11062, 30647, 1051892, 43127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 229, 237 ], [ 268, 282 ], [ 351, 368 ], [ 475, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter's moons were traditionally classified into four groups of four, based on their similar orbital elements. This picture has been complicated by the discovery of numerous small outer moons since 1999. Jupiter's moons are currently divided into several different groups, although there are several moons which are not part of any group.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Moons", "target_page_ids": [ 98663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The eight innermost regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, are thought to have formed alongside Jupiter, whilst the remainder are irregular moons and are thought to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. The irregular moons within each group may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Moons", "target_page_ids": [ 19855901, 6109428, 23758030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 32 ], [ 177, 192 ], [ 215, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the most massive of the eight planets, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. With the exception of Mercury, the orbits of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane. The Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment in the inner Solar System's history.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 19694, 3074135, 153681, 52839, 47264, 30864636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 145 ], [ 206, 219 ], [ 235, 251 ], [ 257, 269 ], [ 278, 291 ], [ 371, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous asteroids that have settled around the Lagrangian points that precede and follow the planet in its orbit around the Sun. These are known as the Trojan asteroids, and are divided into Greek and Trojan \"camps\" to honour the Iliad. The first of these, 588 Achilles, was discovered by Max Wolf in 1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered. The largest is 624 Hektor.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 791, 18285, 7108409, 1419416, 1419419, 19381951, 49181, 583762, 408003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 113, 129 ], [ 218, 233 ], [ 257, 262 ], [ 267, 273 ], [ 296, 301 ], [ 323, 335 ], [ 355, 363 ], [ 444, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Jupiter family is defined as comets that have a semi-major axis smaller than Jupiter's; most short-period comets belong to this group. Members of the Jupiter family are thought to form in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune. During close encounters with Jupiter, they are perturbed into orbits with a smaller period, which then becomes circularised by regular gravitational interaction with the Sun and Jupiter.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 23409699, 591058, 16796, 1490148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 67 ], [ 97, 116 ], [ 196, 207 ], [ 285, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner because of its immense gravity well and location near the inner Solar System. There are more impacts on Jupiter, such as comets, than on any other planet in the Solar System. For example, Jupiter experiences about 200 times more asteroid and comet impacts than Earth. In the past, scientists believed that Jupiter partially shielded the inner system from cometary bombardment. However, computer simulations in 2008 suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them. This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the Kuiper belt, while others believes that Jupiter protects Earth from the Oort cloud.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 6794, 579026, 37581924, 791, 5962, 1661177, 16796, 22385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 57 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 151, 169 ], [ 287, 295 ], [ 300, 305 ], [ 657, 665 ], [ 786, 797 ], [ 858, 868 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 1994, the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 comet collided with Jupiter. The impacts were closely observed by observatories around the world, including the Hubble Space Telescope and Galileo spacecraft. The event was widely covered by the media.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 6794, 40203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 40 ], [ 153, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Surveys of early astronomical records and drawings produced eight examples of potential impact observations between 1664 and 1839. However, a 1997 review determined that these observations had little or no possibility of being the results of impacts. Further investigation by this team revealed a dark surface feature discovered by astronomer Giovanni Cassini in 1690 may have been an impact scar.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Interaction with the Solar System", "target_page_ids": [ 5215428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 343, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low. To the Babylonians, this planet represented their god Marduk, chief of their pantheon from the Hammurabi period. They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 20609622, 85557, 14358, 9264, 5267, 34411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 182 ], [ 222, 228 ], [ 263, 272 ], [ 333, 341 ], [ 356, 369 ], [ 380, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mythical Greek name for this planet is Zeus (Ζεύς), also referred to as Dias (Δίας), the planetary name of which is retained in modern Greek. The ancient Greeks knew the planet as Phaethon (), meaning \"shining one\" or \"blazing star\". The Greek myths of Zeus from the Homeric period showed particular similarities to certain Near-Eastern gods, including the Semitic El and Baal, the Sumerian Enlil, and the Babylonian god Marduk. The association between the planet and the Greek deity Zeus was drawn from Near Eastern influences and was fully established by the fourth century BCE, as documented in the Epinomis of Plato and his contemporaries.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 23416994, 34398, 11887, 478276, 13633, 214632, 58593, 58204, 9628, 1697291, 22954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 43, 47 ], [ 139, 144 ], [ 184, 192 ], [ 271, 276 ], [ 328, 340 ], [ 369, 371 ], [ 376, 380 ], [ 395, 400 ], [ 606, 614 ], [ 618, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The god Jupiter is the Roman counterpart of Zeus, and he is the principal god of Roman mythology. The Romans originally called Jupiter the \"star of Jupiter\" (Iuppiter Stella),\" as they believed it to be sacred to its namesake god. This name comes from the Proto-Indo-European vocative compound *Dyēu-pəter (nominative: *Dyēus-pətēr, meaning \"Father Sky-God\", or \"Father Day-God\"). As the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, Jupiter was the god of thunder, lightning, and storms, and appropriately called the god of light and sky.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 9357769, 9357769, 28957716, 40255, 559297, 32559, 1110853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 74, 77 ], [ 81, 96 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 256, 275 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 320, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Vedic astrology, Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it \"Guru\", which means the \"Teacher\". In Central Asian Turkic myths, Jupiter is called Erendiz or Erentüz, from eren (of uncertain meaning) and yultuz (\"star\"). The Turks calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements on the sky. The Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese called it the \"wood star\" (), based on the Chinese Five Elements. In China it became known as the \"Year-star\" (Sui-sing) as Chinese astronomers noted that it jumped one zodiac constellation each year (with corrections). In some ancient Chinese writings the years were named, at least in principle, in correlation with the Jovian zodiacal signs.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 186462, 99764, 167936, 4168623, 6459, 21360689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 61, 71 ], [ 129, 133 ], [ 166, 192 ], [ 561, 574 ], [ 679, 685 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " – A simulation of the 62 moons of Jupiter.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jupiter in Motion, album of Juno'' imagery stitched into short videos", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " June 2010 impact video", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Jovian system ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Video (animation; 4:00): Flyby of Ganymede and Jupiter (NASA; 15 July 2021).", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 18426568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 61 ] ] } ]

[ "Jupiter", "Articles_containing_video_clips", "Astronomical_objects_known_since_antiquity", "Gas_giants", "Outer_planets" ]

[ "♃", "Planet Jupiter" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Phillis Wheatley Peters, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly ( – December 5, 1784) was an American author who is considered the first African-American author of a published book of poetry. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America, where she was bought by the Wheatley family of Boston. After she learned to read and write, they encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7650310, 67393, 24437894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 184 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 343, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On a 1773 trip to London with her master's son, seeking publication of her work, Wheatley met prominent people who became patrons. The publication in London of her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral on September 1, 1773, brought her fame both in England and the American colonies. Figures such as George Washington praised her work. A few years later, African-American poet Jupiter Hammon praised her work in a poem of his own.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17867, 27389713, 11968, 7631392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 156 ], [ 164, 210 ], [ 309, 326 ], [ 386, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheatley was emancipated by her masters shortly after the publication of her book. They soon died, and she married John Peters, a poor grocer. They lost three children who died young. Wheatley died in poverty and obscurity at the age of 31.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5575410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the date and place of her birth are not documented, scholars believe that Phillis Wheatley was born in 1753 in West Africa, most likely in present-day Gambia or Senegal. She was sold by a local chief to a visiting trader, who took her to Boston in the British Colony of Massachusetts, on July 11, 1761, on a slave ship called The Phillis. It was owned by Timothy Fitch and captained by Peter Gwinn.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 67393, 65656, 27278, 197490, 3198603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 131 ], [ 160, 166 ], [ 170, 177 ], [ 269, 292 ], [ 317, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On arrival in Boston, she was bought by the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley as a slave for his wife Susanna. John and Susanna Wheatley named her Phillis, after the ship that had transported her to America. She was given their last name of Wheatley, as was a common custom if any surname was used for enslaved people.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Wheatleys' 18-year-old daughter, Mary, was Phillis's first tutor in reading and writing. Their son, Nathaniel, also helped her. John Wheatley was known as a progressive throughout New England; his family afforded Phillis an unprecedented education for an enslaved person, and one unusual for a woman of any race. By the age of 12, she was reading Greek and Latin classics in their original languages, as well as difficult passages from the Bible. At the age of 14, she wrote her first poem, \"To the University of Cambridge [Harvard], in New England\". Recognizing her literary ability, the Wheatley family supported Phillis's education and left household labor to their other domestic enslaved workers. The Wheatleys often showed off her abilities to friends and family. Strongly influenced by her readings of the works of Alexander Pope, John Milton, Homer, Horace, and Virgil, Phillis began to write poetry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 48344, 16215, 13633, 13693, 32359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 826, 840 ], [ 842, 853 ], [ 855, 860 ], [ 862, 868 ], [ 874, 880 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1773, at the age of 20, Phillis accompanied Nathaniel Wheatley to London in part for her health (she suffered from chronic asthma), but largely because Susanna believed Phillis would have a better chance of publishing her book of poems there. She had an audience with Frederick Bull, who was the Lord Mayor of London, and other significant members of British society. (An audience with King George III was arranged, but Phillis returned to Boston before it could take place.) Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, became interested in the talented young African woman and subsidized the publication of Wheatley's volume of poems, which appeared in London in the summer of 1773. As Hastings was ill, she and Phillis never met.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 55661094, 40339, 42029, 10380572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 285 ], [ 299, 319 ], [ 394, 404 ], [ 479, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After her book was published, by November 1773, the Wheatleys emancipated Phillis. Her former enslaver Susanna died in the spring of 1774, and John in 1778. Shortly after, Wheatley met and married John Peters, a free black grocer. They lived in poor conditions and two of their babies died.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 618959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John was improvident and was imprisoned for debt in 1784. With a sickly infant son to provide for, Phillis became a scullery maid at a boarding house, work she had not done before. She died on December 5, 1784, at the age of 31. Her infant son died soon after.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 1578488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Phillis Wheatley wrote a letter to Reverend Samson Occom, commending him on his ideas and beliefs stating that enslaved people should be given their natural-born rights in America. Wheatley also exchanged letters with the British philanthropist John Thornton, who discussed Wheatley and her poetry in correspondence with John Newton. Along with her poetry, she was able to express her thoughts, comments and concerns to others.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 914171, 8053046, 15943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 245, 258 ], [ 321, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1775, she sent a copy of a poem entitled \"To His Excellency, George Washington\" to the then-military general. The following year, Washington invited Wheatley to visit him at his headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which she did in March 1776. Thomas Paine republished the poem in the Pennsylvania Gazette in April 1776.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 5685, 30795, 3482924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 221 ], [ 252, 264 ], [ 293, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1779 Wheatley issued a proposal for a second volume of poems but was unable to publish it because she had lost her patrons after her emancipation; publication of books was often based on gaining subscriptions for guaranteed sales beforehand. The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) was also a factor. However, some of her poems that were to be included in the second volume were later published in pamphlets and newspapers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later life", "target_page_ids": [ 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1768, Wheatley wrote \"To the King's Most Excellent Majesty\", in which she praised King George III for repealing the Stamp Act. As the American Revolution gained strength, Wheatley's writing turned to themes that expressed ideas of the rebellious colonists.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 978991, 1973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 128 ], [ 137, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1770 Wheatley wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield. Her poetry expressed Christian themes, and many poems were dedicated to famous figures. Over one-third consist of elegies, the remainder being on religious, classical, and abstract themes. She seldom referred to her own life in her poems. One example of a poem on slavery is \"On being brought from Africa to America\":", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 40405, 153459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 75 ], [ 191, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was writing \"excellent\" poetry. Wheatley had to defend her authorship of her poetry in court in 1772. She was examined by a group of Boston luminaries, including John Erving, Reverend Charles Chauncey, John Hancock, Thomas Hutchinson, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver. They concluded she had written the poems ascribed to her and signed an attestation, which was included in the preface of her book of collected works: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, published in London in 1773. Publishers in Boston had declined to publish it, but her work was of great interest to influential people in London.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 6584300, 16324, 223391, 1158569, 27389713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 267 ], [ 269, 281 ], [ 283, 300 ], [ 361, 374 ], [ 526, 572 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, and the Earl of Dartmouth acted as patrons to help Wheatley gain publication. Her poetry received comment in The London Magazine in 1773, which published as a \"specimen\" of her work her poem 'Hymn to the Morning', and said: \"these poems display no astonishing works of genius, but when we consider them as the productions of a young, untutored African, who wrote them after six months careful study of the English language, we cannot but suppress our admiration for talents so vigorous and lively.\" Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was printed in 11 editions until 1816.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 10380572, 446185, 2646305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 37 ], [ 47, 64 ], [ 148, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1778, the African-American poet Jupiter Hammon wrote an ode to Wheatley (\"An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley\"). His master Lloyd had temporarily moved with his slaves to Hartford, Connecticut, during the Revolutionary War. Hammon thought that Wheatley had succumbed to what he believed were pagan influences in her writing, and so his \"Address\" consisted of 21 rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse, that he thought would compel Wheatley to return to a Christian path in life.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 7631392, 22172, 53678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ], [ 59, 62 ], [ 174, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1838 Boston-based publisher and abolitionist Isaac Knapp published a collection of Wheatley's poetry, along with that of enslaved North Carolina poet George Moses Horton, under the title Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Also, Poems by a Slave. Wheatley's memoir was earlier published in 1834 by Geo W. Light but did not include poems by Horton.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 43246289, 3285690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 59 ], [ 153, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Jefferson, in his book Notes on the State of Virginia, was unwilling to acknowledge the value of her work or the work of any black poet. He wrote:Misery is often the parent of the most affecting touches in poetry. Among the blacks is misery enough, God knows, but no poetry. Love is the peculiar oestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, but it kindles the senses only, not the imagination. Religion indeed has produced a Phyllis Whately but it could not produce a poet. The compositions published under her name are below the dignity of criticism.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 4870167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheatley believed that the power of poetry was immeasurable. John C. Shields, noting that her poetry did not simply reflect the literature she read but was based on her personal ideas and beliefs, writes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Wheatley had more in mind than simple conformity. It will be shown later that her allusions to the sun god and to the goddess of the morn, always appearing as they do here in close association with her quest for poetic inspiration, are of central importance to her.\"This poem is arranged into three stanzas of four lines in iambic tetrameter, followed by a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is ABABCC. Shields sums up her writing as being \"contemplative and reflective rather than brilliant and shimmering.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 3705586, 1425527, 359104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 342 ], [ 380, 397 ], [ 403, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She repeated three primary elements: Christianity, classicism, and hierophantic solar worship. The hierophantic solar worship was part of what she brought with her from Africa; the worship of sun gods is expressed as part of her African culture, which may be why she used so many different words for the sun. For instance, she uses Aurora eight times, \"Apollo seven, Phoebus twelve, and Sol twice.\" Shields believes that the word \"light\" is significant to her as it marks her African history, a past that she has left physically behind. He notes that Sun is a homonym for Son, and that Wheatley intended a double reference to Christ. Wheatley also refers to \"heav'nly muse\" in two of her poems: \"To a Clergy Man on the Death of his Lady\" and \"Isaiah LXIII,\" signifying her idea of the Christian deity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Classical allusions are prominent in Wheatley's poetry, which Shields argues set her work apart from that of her contemporaries: \"Wheatley's use of classicism distinguishes her work as original and unique and deserves extended treatment.\" Particularly extended engagement with the Classics can be found in the poem \"To Maecenas\", where Wheatley uses references to Maecenas to depict the relationship between her and her own patrons, as well as making reference to Achilles and Patroclus, Homer and Virgil. At the same time, Wheatley indicates to the complexity of her relationship with Classical texts by pointing to the sole example of Terence as an ancestor for her works: ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 19813, 305, 81949, 13633, 32359, 30756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 364, 372 ], [ 464, 472 ], [ 477, 486 ], [ 488, 493 ], [ 498, 504 ], [ 637, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The happier Terence all the choir inspir'd,", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His soul replenish'd, and his bosom fir'd;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "But say, ye Muses, why this partial grace,", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To one alone of Afric's sable race;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While some scholars have argued that Wheatley's allusions to classical material are based on the reading of other neoclassical poetry (such as the works of Alexander Pope), Emily Greenwood has demonstrated that Wheatley's work demonstrates persistent linguistic engagement with Latin texts, suggesting good familiarity with the ancient works themselves. Both Shields and Greenwood have argued that Wheatley's use of classical imagery and ideas was designed to deliver \"subversive\" messages to her educated, majority white audience, and argue for the freedom of Wheatley herself and other enslaved people.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Style, structure, and influences on poetry", "target_page_ids": [ 183280, 48344, 58543892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 126 ], [ 156, 170 ], [ 173, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black literary scholars from the 1960s to the present in critiquing Wheatley's writing have noted the absence in it of her sense of identity as a black enslaved person. A number of black literary scholars have viewed her work—and its widespread admiration—as a barrier to the development of black people during her time and as a prime example of Uncle Tom syndrome, believing that Wheatley's lack of awareness of her condition of enslavement furthers this syndrome among descendants of Africans in the Americas.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Scholarly critique", "target_page_ids": [ 22505590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 346, 364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some scholars thought Wheatley's perspective came from her upbringing. Writing in 1974, Eleanor Smith argued that the Wheatley family took interest in her at a young age because of her timid and submissive nature. Using this to their advantage, the Wheatley family was able to mold and shape her into a person of their liking. The family separated her from other slaves in the home and she was prevented from doing anything other than very light housework. This shaping prevented Phillis from ever becoming a threat to the Wheatley family or other people from the white community. As a result, Phillis was allowed to attend white social events and this created a misconception of the relationship between black and white people for her.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Scholarly critique", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The matter of Wheatley's biography, \"a white woman's memoir\", has been a subject of investigation. In 2020, American poet Honorée Fanonne Jeffers published her The Age of Phillis, based on the understanding that Margaretta Matilda Odell's account of Wheatley's life portrayed Wheatley inaccurately, and as a character in a sentimental novel; the poems by Jeffers attempt to fill in the gaps and recreate a more realistic portrait of Wheatley.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Scholarly critique", "target_page_ids": [ 66706290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the 1773 publication of Wheatley's book Poems on Various Subjects, she \"became the most famous African on the face of the earth.\" Voltaire stated in a letter to a friend that Wheatley had proved that black people could write poetry. John Paul Jones asked a fellow officer to deliver some of his personal writings to \"Phillis the African favorite of the Nine (muses) and Apollo.\" She was honored by many of America's founding fathers, including George Washington, who wrote to her (after she wrote a poem in his honor) that \"the style and manner [of your poetry] exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 32375, 16341, 11968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 143 ], [ 238, 253 ], [ 449, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Critics consider her work fundamental to the genre of African-American literature, and she is honored as the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry and the first to make a living from her writing.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1642576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, the scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Phillis Wheatley as one of his 100 Greatest African Americans.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 2069450, 16595794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 39 ], [ 78, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheatley is featured, along with Abigail Adams and Lucy Stone, in the Boston Women's Memorial, a 2003 sculpture on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 102745, 161151, 49708745, 3066264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 51, 61 ], [ 70, 93 ], [ 115, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Robert Morris University named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1089523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheatley Hall at UMass Boston is named for Phillis Wheatley.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 99867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1892 a Phyllis Wheatley Circle was formed in Greenville, Mississippi. and in 1896 the Phyllis Wheatley Circle.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 122461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail. The Phyllis Wheatley YWCA in Washington, D.C., and the Phillis Wheatley High School in Houston, Texas, are named for her, as was the historic Phillis Wheatley School in Jensen Beach, Florida, now the oldest building on the campus of American Legion Post 126 (Jensen Beach, Florida). A branch of the Richland County Library in Columbia, South Carolina, which offered the first library services to black citizens, is named for her. Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans, opened in 1954 in Tremé, one of the oldest African-American neighborhoods in the US. The Phillis Wheatley Community Center opened in 1920 in Greenville, South Carolina, and in 1924 (spelled \"Phyllis\") in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 49072702, 27124754, 3984584, 13774, 109398, 57851, 16550323, 627632, 134497, 6097240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 56 ], [ 63, 84 ], [ 114, 142 ], [ 146, 160 ], [ 228, 249 ], [ 386, 410 ], [ 490, 537 ], [ 557, 562 ], [ 680, 706 ], [ 743, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 16, 2019, at the London site where A. Bell Booksellers published Wheatley's first book in September 1773 (8 Aldgate, now the location of the Dorsett City Hotel), the unveiling took place of a commemorative blue plaque honoring her, organized by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and Black History Walks.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 246137, 52098298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 123 ], [ 257, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheatley is the subject of a project and play by British-Nigerian writer Ade Solanke entitled Phillis in London, which was showcased at the Greenwich Book Festival in June 2018.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 49411767, 95840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 84 ], [ 140, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " African-American literature", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1642576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " AALBC.com", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8138202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elijah McCoy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 185223 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of 18th-century labouring-class writers (England, Wales, and Great Britain)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 71544695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Phillis Wheatley Club", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 60797883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Slave narrative", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Primary materials", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wheatley, Phillis (1988). John C. Shields, ed. The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley. New York: Oxford University Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wheatley, Phillis (2001). Vincent Carretta, ed. Complete Writings. New York: Penguin Books. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biographies", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Borland, (1968). Phillis Wheatley: Young Colonial Poet. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carretta, Vincent (2011). Phillis Wheatley: Biography of A Genius in Bondage Athens: University of Georgia Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2003). The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters With the Founding Fathers, New York: Basic Civitas Books. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Richmond, M. A. (1988). Phillis Wheatley. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Secondary materials", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. \"Phillis Wheatley,\" In Literature: The Human Experience, 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006: p.1606. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Barker-Benfield, Graham J. Phillis Wheatley Chooses Freedom: History, Poetry, and the Ideals of the American Revolution (NYU Press, 2018).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bassard, Katherine Clay (1999). Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chowdhury, Rowshan Jahan. \"Restriction, Resistance, and Humility: A Feminist Approach to Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley’s Literary Works.\" Crossings 10 (2019) 47–56 online", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Engberg, Kathrynn Seidler, The Right to Write: The Literary Politics of Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 2009. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Langley, April C. E. (2008). The Black Aesthetic Unbound: Theorizing the Dilemma of Eighteenth-century African American Literature. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ogude, S. E. (1983). Genius in Bondage: A Study of the Origins of African Literature in English. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reising, Russel J. (1996). Loose Ends: Closure and Crisis in the American Social Text. Durham: Duke University Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robinson, William Henry (1981). Phillis Wheatley: A Bio-bibliography. Boston: GK Hall. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robinson, William Henry (1982). Critical Essays on Phillis Wheatley. Boston: GK Hall. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robinson, William Henry (1984). Phillis Wheatley and Her Writings. New York: Garland. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shockley, Ann Allen (1988). Afro-American Women Writers, 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide. Boston: GK Hall. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waldstreicher, David. \"The Wheatleyan Moment.\" Early American Studies (2011): 522–551. online", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waldstreicher, David. \"Ancients, Moderns, and Africans: Phillis Wheatley and the Politics of Empire and Slavery in the American Revolution.\" Journal of the Early Republic 37.4 (2017): 701–733. online", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. \"Poetic Economics: Phillis Wheatley and the Production of the Black Artist in the Early Atlantic World.\" Ethnic Studies Review 33.2 (2010): 143–168 online.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Poetry (inspired by Wheatley)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Clarke, Alison (2020). Phillis. University of Calgary Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jeffers, Honorée Fanonne (2020). The Age of Phillis. Wesleyan University Press. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 66706290, 9934731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 54, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Phillis Wheatley\" National Women's History Museum", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Phillis Wheatley collection, 1757–1773", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Phillis_Wheatley", "1753_births", "1784_deaths", "Deaths_in_childbirth", "American_women_poets", "American_people_of_Senegalese_descent", "American_people_of_Gambian_descent", "American_Congregationalists", "Cultural_history_of_Boston", "Writers_from_Boston", "People_of_colonial_Massachusetts", "People_of_Massachusetts_in_the_American_Revolution", "African-American_women_writers", "African-American_poets", "Colonial_American_poets", "18th-century_American_poets", "People_from_colonial_Boston", "African-American_Christians", "18th-century_American_women_writers", "Free_Negroes", "Black_Patriots", "18th-century_African-American_women", "Literate_American_slaves", "Colonial_American_expatriates_in_Great_Britain" ]

[ "Phyllis Wheatley", "Phillis Wheatley Peters", "Phillis Peters" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Montanism (), known by its adherents as the New Prophecy, was an early Christian movement of the late 2nd century, later referred to by the name of its founder, Montanus. Montanism held views about the basic tenets of Christian theology similar to those of the wider Christian Church, but it was labelled a heresy for its belief in new prophetic revelations. The prophetic movement called for a reliance on the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit and a more conservative personal ethic. Parallels have been drawn between Montanism and modern-day movements such as Pentecostalism (including Oneness Pentecostals) and the Charismatic movement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14117, 22765761, 1755390, 27968837, 320768, 20611083, 87334, 31310995, 23555, 279580, 474670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 89 ], [ 97, 113 ], [ 161, 169 ], [ 218, 236 ], [ 267, 283 ], [ 307, 313 ], [ 336, 357 ], [ 430, 441 ], [ 559, 573 ], [ 585, 605 ], [ 615, 635 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montanism originated in Phrygia, a province of Anatolia, and flourished throughout the region, leading to the movement being referred to elsewhere as Cataphrygian (meaning it was \"from Phrygia\") or simply as Phrygian. They were sometimes also called Pepuzians after Pepuza, their new Jerusalem. Sometimes the Pepuzians were distinguished from other Montanists for despising those not living in the new Jerusalem. The Montanist movement spread rapidly to other regions in the Roman Empire before Christianity was generally tolerated or legal. It persisted in some isolated places into the 6th century.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491716, 854, 1575506, 25507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 47, 55 ], [ 266, 272 ], [ 475, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Montanists did not want to separate themselves from the wider Christian church, and Tertullian even recorded an event where a bishop almost declared Montanism as orthodox, however changing his mind later.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scholars debate as to when Montanus first began his prophetic activity, having chosen dates varying from c. AD 135 to as late as AD 177. Montanus was a recent convert when he first began prophesying, supposedly during the proconsulate of Gratus in a village in Mysia named Ardabau; no proconsul and village so named have been identified, however. Some accounts claim that before his conversion to Christianity, Montanus was a priest of Apollo or Cybele. He believed he was a prophet of God and that the Paraclete spoke through him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 85262, 1046450, 594, 78360, 417960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 266 ], [ 285, 294 ], [ 436, 442 ], [ 446, 452 ], [ 503, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montanus proclaimed the towns of Pepuza and Tymion in west-central Phrygia as the site of the New Jerusalem, making the larger—Pepuza—his headquarters. Phrygia as a source for this new movement was not arbitrary. Hellenization was slow to take root in Phrygia, unlike many of the surrounding eastern regions of the Roman Empire. This sense of difference, while simultaneously having easy access to the rest of the Mediterranean Christian world, encouraged the foundation of this separate sect of Christianity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1575506, 21623164, 860235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 39 ], [ 44, 50 ], [ 94, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montanus had two female colleagues, Prisca (sometimes called Priscilla, the diminutive form of her name) and Maximilla, who likewise claimed the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Their popularity even exceeded Montanus' own. \"The Three\" spoke in ecstatic visions and urged their followers to fast and to pray, so that they might share these revelations. Their followers claimed they received the prophetic gift from the prophets Quadratus and Ammia of Philadelphia, figures believed to have been part of a line of prophetic succession stretching all the way back to Agabus (1st century AD) and to the daughters of Philip the Evangelist. In time, the New Prophecy spread from Montanus's native Phrygia across the Christian world, to Africa and to Gaul.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 44666534, 2261474, 40648527, 2086219, 1781187, 68597, 412091, 292372, 36545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 42 ], [ 61, 70 ], [ 109, 118 ], [ 427, 436 ], [ 450, 462 ], [ 564, 570 ], [ 612, 633 ], [ 730, 736 ], [ 744, 748 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The response to the New Prophecy split the Christian communities, and the proto-orthodox clergy mostly fought to suppress it. Opponents believed that evil spirits possessed the Phrygian prophets, and both Maximilla and Priscilla were the targets of failed exorcisms. The churches of Asia Minor pronounced the prophecies profane, and excommunicated New Prophecy adherents. Around 177, Apollinarius, Bishop of Hierapolis, presided over a synod which condemned the New Prophecy. The leaders of the churches of Lyons and Vienne in Gaul responded to the New Prophecy in 177. Their decision was communicated to the churches in Asia and Pope Eleuterus, but it is not known what this consisted of, only that it was \"prudent and most orthodox\". It is likely they called for moderation in dealing with the movement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5032965, 3700127, 385729, 10338, 1955619, 4476918, 75792, 596593, 536695, 49302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 88 ], [ 256, 264 ], [ 320, 327 ], [ 333, 347 ], [ 384, 396 ], [ 408, 418 ], [ 436, 441 ], [ 507, 512 ], [ 517, 523 ], [ 630, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was real doubt at Rome, and its bishop (either Eleuterus or Victor I) even wrote letters in support of Montanism, although he was later persuaded by Praxeas to recall them. In 193, an anonymous writer found the church at Ancyra in Galatia torn in two, and opposed the \"false prophecy\" there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24382, 4291844, 802, 12744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 74 ], [ 155, 162 ], [ 227, 233 ], [ 237, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eventually, Montanist teachings came to be regarded as heresy by the orthodox Great Church for a number of reasons. The clash of basic beliefs between the movement's proponents and the greater Christian world was likely enough for such conflict to occur. Additionally, in the opinion of anti-Montanists, the movement's penchant for dramatic public displays by its adherents brought unwanted attention to the still fledgling religion. Thus, fears concerning the appearance of Montanist practices to their non-Christian rulers fueled anti-Montanist sentiment. The imperial government carried out sporadic executions of Christians under the reign of Marcus Aurelius, circa AD 161–180, which coincides with the spread of Montanism.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20611083, 39192385, 20155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 78, 90 ], [ 647, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was never a uniform excommunication of New Prophecy adherents, and in many places they maintained their standing within the orthodox community. This was the case at Carthage. While not without tension, the church there avoided schism over the issue. There were women prophesying at Carthage, and prophecy was considered a genuine charism. It was the responsibility of the council of elders to test all prophecy and to determine genuine revelation. Tertullian, undoubtedly the best-known defender of the New Prophecy, believed that the claims of Montanus were genuine beginning c. 207. He believed in the validity of the New Prophecy and admired the movement's discipline and ascetic standards. Debates continue as to whether Tertullian decisively left the orthodox Church and joined a separate Montanist sect or remained an early proto-orthodox Christian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6555, 6288753, 69201, 31204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 179 ], [ 233, 239 ], [ 336, 343 ], [ 454, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although what became the orthodox Christian Church prevailed against Montanism within a few generations, inscriptions in the Tembris valley of northern Phrygia, dated between 249 and 279, openly proclaim allegiance to the New Prophecy. Speros Vryonis considers these inscriptions remarkable in that they are the only set of inscriptions which openly reveal the religious affiliations of the deceased before the period of toleration, when Christians dared not to do so. In the 3rd century, a new prophetess appeared in Pepuza, Quintilla. Her followers, the Quintillians, were regarded as an important Montanist sect into the 5th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21491716, 63577649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 159 ], [ 526, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A letter of Jerome to Marcella, written in 385, refutes the claims of Montanists that had been troubling her. A group of \"Tertullianists\" may have continued at Carthage. The anonymous author of Praedestinatus records that a preacher came to Rome in 388 where he made many converts and obtained the use of a church for his congregation on the grounds that the martyrs to whom it was dedicated had been Montanists. He was obliged to flee after the victory of Theodosius I.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 16005, 1642285, 71140549, 31131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 18 ], [ 22, 30 ], [ 194, 208 ], [ 457, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his own time, Augustine (354–430) records that the Tertullianist group had dwindled to almost nothing and, finally, was reconciled to the church and handed over its basilica. It is not certain whether these Tertullianists were in all respects \"Montanist\" or not. In the 6th century, on the orders of the Emperor Justinian, John of Ephesus led an expedition to Pepuza to destroy the Montanist shrine there, which was based on the tombs of Montanus, Priscilla and Maximilla.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2030, 16209, 1575506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 26 ], [ 315, 324 ], [ 363, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Montanist sect in Galatia, the Tascodrugites, is attested around 600 by Timothy of Constantinople and in the 9th century by Theodore the Studite. A sect called \"Montanist\" existed in the 8th century; the Emperor Leo III ordered the conversion and baptism of its members. These Montanists refused, locked themselves in their houses of worship, set the buildings on fire and perished.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 63487804, 63367893, 42958, 18010, 1618662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 74, 99 ], [ 126, 146 ], [ 214, 221 ], [ 345, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because much of what is known about Montanism comes from anti-Montanist sources, it is difficult to know what they actually believed and how those beliefs differed from the Christian mainstream of the time. The New Prophecy was also a diverse movement, and what Montanists believed varied by location and time. Montanism was particularly influenced by Johannine literature, especially the Gospel of John and the Apocalypse of John (also known as the Book of Revelation).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 3137354, 12493, 4379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 352, 372 ], [ 389, 403 ], [ 412, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In John's Gospel, Jesus promised to send the Paraclete or Holy Spirit, from which Montanists believed their prophets derived inspiration. In the Apocalypse, John was taken by an angel to the top of a mountain where he sees the New Jerusalem descend to earth. Montanus identified this mountain as being located in Phrygia near Pepuza. Followers of the New Prophecy called themselves spiritales (\"spiritual people\") in contrast to their opponents whom they termed psychici (\"carnal, natural people\").", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 417960, 860235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 227, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the name \"New Prophecy\" implied, Montanism was a movement focused around prophecy, specifically the prophecies of the movement's founders which were believed to contain the Holy Spirit's revelation for the present age. Prophecy itself was not controversial within 2nd-century Christian communities. However, the New Prophecy, as described by Eusebius of Caesarea, departed from Church tradition:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 10172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 345, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to opponents, the Montanist prophets did not speak as messengers of God, but believed they became fully possessed by God and spoke as God. A prophetic utterance by Montanus described this possessed state: \"Lo, the man is as a lyre, and I fly over him as a pick. The man sleepeth, while I watch.\" Thus, the Phrygians were seen as false prophets because they acted irrationally and were not in control of their senses.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A criticism of Montanism was that its followers claimed their revelation received directly from the Holy Spirit could supersede the authority of Jesus or Paul the Apostle or anyone else. In some of his prophecies, Montanus apparently, and somewhat like the oracles of the Greco-Roman world, spoke in the first person as God: \"I am the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 1095706, 24140, 22589, 42076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 150 ], [ 154, 170 ], [ 257, 263 ], [ 304, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many early Christians understood this to be Montanus claiming himself to be God. However, scholars agree that these words of Montanus exemplify the general practice of religious prophets to speak as the passive mouthpieces of the divine, and to claim divine inspiration (similar to modern prophets stating \"Thus saith the Lord\"). That practice occurred in Christian as well as in pagan circles with some degree of frequency.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other beliefs and practices (or alleged beliefs and practices) of Montanism are as follows:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In On the Resurrection of the Flesh, Tertullian wrote that the Holy Spirit through the New Prophecy cleared up the ambiguities of scripture. The new prophecies did not contain new doctrinal content, but mandated strict ethical standards. To the mainstream Christian Church, Montanists appeared to believe that the new prophecies superseded and fulfilled the doctrines proclaimed by the Apostles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 31663216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 387, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Montanists were alleged to have believed in the power of apostles and prophets to forgive sins. Adherents also believed that martyrs and confessors also possessed this power. The mainstream Church believed that God forgave sins through bishops and presbyters (and those martyrs recognized by legitimate ecclesiastical authority).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 28307, 1009012, 17501477, 4092, 74222, 618254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 98 ], [ 130, 137 ], [ 142, 152 ], [ 241, 247 ], [ 253, 262 ], [ 308, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montanists recognized women as bishops and presbyters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Women and girls were forbidden to wear ornaments, and virgins were required to wear veils.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " There was a divide between Trinitarian Montanists and Monarchian Montanists, both beliefs existing inside Montanism.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 30511, 58655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 55, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " An emphasis on ethical rigorism and asceticism. These included prohibitions against remarriage following divorce or the death of a spouse. They also emphasized keeping fasts strictly and added new fasts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 83484, 187886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ], [ 169, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montanus provided salaries for those who preached his doctrine, which orthodox writers claimed was promoting gluttony.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 231059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Some of the Montanists were also \"Quartodeciman\" (\"fourteeners\"), preferring to celebrate Easter on the Hebrew calendar date of 14 Nisan, regardless of what day of the week it landed on. Mainstream Christians held that Easter should be commemorated on the Sunday following 14 Nisan. However, uniformity in this matter had not yet been fully achieved when the Montanist movement began; Polycarp, for example, was a quartodeciman, and St. Irenaeus convinced Victor, then Bishop of Rome, to refrain from making the issue of the date of Easter a divisive one. Later, the Catholic Church established a fixed way of calculating Easter according to the Julian (and later the Gregorian) calendar.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 584022, 46404, 24955, 15414, 24382, 9325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 48 ], [ 132, 137 ], [ 386, 394 ], [ 438, 446 ], [ 457, 463 ], [ 534, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montanists believed in premillenialism. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 349832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " That the Lapsi cannot be restored back into fellowship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 9924382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ecstatic form of worship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 630795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Limited distinction between the laity and the clergy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 353930, 50405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 38 ], [ 47, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Discouragement of infant baptism", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 24184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It appears that North African Montanism and the form of Montanism in Anatolia had many differences, the Montanists in North Africa believed that the New Testament was the supreme rule of Christian life and theology, bishops were successors of the apostles and held much similar theology as the Great church, while Montanus himself had different views.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 39192385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 294, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apostolic-Prophetic Movement", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4645870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Artotyrite", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3844875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ascitans", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2883803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charismatic Christianity", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 63847267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pentecostalism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Testament of Job", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 764637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thraseas", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23005620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Groh, Dennis E. 1985. \"Utterance and exegesis: Biblical interpretation in the Montanist crisis,\" in Groh and Jewett, The Living Text (New York) pp 73–95.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heine, R.E., 1987 \"The Role of the Gospel of John in the Montanist controversy,\" in Second Century v. 6, pp 1–18.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heine, R.E., 1989. \"The Gospel of John and the Montanist debate at Rome,\" in Studia Patristica 21, pp 95–100.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " . An extensive listing of references by 67 ancient and medieval writers to the Montanists.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " . Extensive bibliography and on-line articles.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Montanism", "Apocalypticism", "Charismatic_and_Pentecostal_Christianity", "Christian_denominations_established_in_the_2nd_century", "Christian_terminology", "Heresy_in_ancient_Christianity", "Prophets_in_Christianity", "Phrygia" ]

[ "New Prophecy", "Cataphrygians", "Cataphrygianism", "Phrygians", "Montanists" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his early death in 1002. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto III was the only son of the Emperor Otto II and his wife Theophanu.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50853, 22644, 40599, 31120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 65 ], [ 122, 138 ], [ 173, 188 ], [ 202, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III was crowned as King of Germany in 983 at the age of three, shortly after his father's death in Southern Italy while campaigning against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. Though the nominal ruler of Germany, Otto III's minor status ensured his various regents held power over the Empire. His cousin Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, initially claimed regency over the young king and attempted to seize the throne for himself in 984. When his rebellion failed to gain the support of Germany's aristocracy, Henry II was forced to abandon his claims to the throne and to allow Otto III's mother Theophanu to serve as regent until her death in 991. Otto III was then still a child, so his grandmother, Adelaide of Italy, served as regent until 994.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 302609, 897351, 16972981, 4025585, 35348624, 227817, 2519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ], [ 104, 118 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 174, 191 ], [ 274, 280 ], [ 321, 346 ], [ 713, 730 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 996, Otto III marched to Italy to claim the titles of King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, which had been left unclaimed since the death of Otto II in 983. Otto III also sought to reestablish Imperial control over the city of Rome, which had revolted under the leadership of Crescentius II, and through it the papacy. Crowned as emperor, Otto III put down the Roman rebellion and installed his cousin as Pope Gregory V, the first Pope of German descent. After the Emperor had pardoned him and left the city, Crescentius II again rebelled, deposing Gregory V and installing John XVI as Pope. Otto III returned to the city in 998, reinstalled Gregory V, and executed both Crescentius II and John XVI. When Gregory V died in 999, Otto III installed Sylvester II as the new pope. Otto III's actions throughout his life further strengthened imperial control over the Catholic Church.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 434937, 50853, 5274754, 23056, 24196, 774155, 24614, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ], [ 75, 93 ], [ 279, 293 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 408, 422 ], [ 577, 585 ], [ 750, 762 ], [ 866, 881 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the beginning of his reign, Otto III faced opposition from the Slavs along the eastern frontier. Following the death of his father in 983, the Slavs rebelled against imperial control, forcing the Empire to abandon its territories east of the Elbe river. Otto III fought to regain the Empire's lost territories throughout his reign with only limited success. While in the east, Otto III strengthened the Empire's relations with Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary. Through his affairs in Eastern Europe in 1000, he was able to extend the influence of Christianity by supporting mission work in Poland and through the crowning of Stephen I as the first Christian king of Hungary.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29440, 30948504, 50759, 23631024, 424966, 879716, 5211, 343248, 29594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 73 ], [ 148, 187 ], [ 247, 257 ], [ 434, 440 ], [ 442, 449 ], [ 455, 462 ], [ 551, 563 ], [ 567, 600 ], [ 629, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Returning to Rome in 1001, Otto faced a rebellion by the Roman aristocracy, which forced him to flee the city. While marching to reclaim the city in 1002, Otto suffered a sudden fever and died in Castle Paterno in Faleria at the age of 21. With no clear heir to succeed him, his early death threw the Empire into political crisis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6752750, 6752750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 211 ], [ 215, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto was a charismatic figure associated with several legends and notable figures of his time. Opinions on Otto III and his reign vary considerably. Recognized in his days as a brilliant, energetic, pious leader, Otto was portrayed as a whimsical, overidealistic dreamer who failed in his duty towards Germany by nineteenth century historians. Modern historians generally see him in a positive light, but several facets of the emperor remain enigmatic and debates on the true intentions behind his Imperial Renovation (renovatio imperii Romanoru) program continue.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 70699948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III was born in June or July 980 somewhere between Aachen and Nijmegen, in modern-day North Rhine-Westphalia. The only son of Emperor Otto II and Empress Theophanu, Otto III was the youngest of the couple's four children. Immediately prior to Otto III's birth, his father had completed military campaigns in France against King Lothar.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1520, 21713, 38414, 40599, 31120, 2687967, 638030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 62 ], [ 67, 75 ], [ 91, 113 ], [ 131, 146 ], [ 159, 168 ], [ 313, 319 ], [ 333, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 July 982, Otto II's army suffered a crushing defeat against the Muslim Emirate of Sicily at the Battle of Stilo. Otto II had been campaigning in southern Italy with hopes of annexing the whole of Italy into the Holy Roman Empire. Otto II himself escaped the battle unharmed but many important imperial officials were among the battle's casualties. Following the defeat and at the insistence of the Empire's nobles, Otto II called an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Verona at Pentecost, 983, where he proposed to the assembly to have the three-year-old Otto III elected as king of Germany and Italy, becoming Otto II's undoubted heir apparent. This was the first time a German ruler had been elected on Italian soil. After the assembly was concluded, Otto III traveled across the Alps in order to be crowned at Aachen, the traditional location of the coronation of the German kings. Otto II stayed behind to address military action against the Muslims. While still in central Italy, however, Otto II suddenly died on 7 November 983, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 19541, 4025585, 5435758, 13277, 37725135, 263991, 45971, 70449530, 213047, 73188, 25458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 77, 94 ], [ 102, 117 ], [ 217, 234 ], [ 455, 468 ], [ 472, 478 ], [ 482, 491 ], [ 568, 604 ], [ 635, 648 ], [ 1057, 1077 ], [ 1081, 1085 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III was crowned as king on Christmas Day 983, three weeks after his father's death, by Willigis, the Archbishop of Mainz, and by John X, the Archbishop of Ravenna. News of Otto II's death first reached Germany shortly after his son's coronation. The unresolved problems in southern Italy and the Slavic uprising on the Empire's eastern border made the Empire's political situation extremely unstable. With a minor on the throne, the Empire was thrown into confusion and Otto III's mother Theophanu assumed the role of regent for her young son.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1342867, 5436361, 70454258, 7820544, 30948504, 35348624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 100 ], [ 106, 125 ], [ 134, 140 ], [ 146, 167 ], [ 301, 316 ], [ 523, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III's cousin Henry II had been deposed as Duke of Bavaria by Otto II in 976 following his failed rebellion and imprisoned within the Bishopric of Utrecht. Following Otto II's death, Henry was released from prison. As Otto III's nearest male Ottonian relative, Henry II claimed the regency over his infant cousin. Archbishop of Cologne Warin granted Henry II the regency without substantial opposition. Only Otto III's mother Theophanu objected, along with his grandmother, the Dowager Empress Adelaide of Italy, and his aunt, Abbess Matilda of Quedlinburg. Adelaide and Matilda, however, were both in Italy and unable to press their objections.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 227817, 222076, 70839, 22644, 662592, 5919401, 31120, 299376, 2519, 23540725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 47, 62 ], [ 138, 158 ], [ 246, 254 ], [ 318, 339 ], [ 340, 345 ], [ 430, 439 ], [ 482, 497 ], [ 498, 515 ], [ 531, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As regent, Henry II took actions aimed less at guardianship of his infant cousin and more at claiming the throne for himself. According to Gerbert of Aurillac, Henry II adopted a Byzantine-style joint-kingship. Towards the end of 984, Henry II sought to form alliances between himself and other important figures in the Ottonian world, chief among them his cousin King Lothar of France. In exchange for Lothar's agreement to make Henry II king of Germany, Henry II agreed to relinquish Lotharingia to Lothar. The two agreed to join their armies on 1 February 985, in order to take the city of Breisach, but at the last minute, Henry's resolve weakened. Nevertheless, Lothair continued to campaign into German lands and succeeded in overrunning the Verdun by March 985.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 24614, 16972981, 638030, 183853, 1784099, 96646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 158 ], [ 179, 188 ], [ 369, 385 ], [ 486, 497 ], [ 593, 601 ], [ 748, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry II took the young Otto III and traveled to Saxony. There, Henry II invited all the great nobles of the kingdom to celebrate Palm Sunday at Magdeburg for 985. He then campaigned openly for his claim to the German throne, with limited success. Among those who supported his claims were Duke Mieszko I of Poland and Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia. Henry II was also supported by Archbishop Egbert of Trier, Archbishop Gisilher of Magdeburg, and Bishop Dietrich I of Metz.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 264007, 24178, 20804, 20597, 446165, 11778490, 11557524, 8885472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 55 ], [ 130, 141 ], [ 145, 154 ], [ 290, 314 ], [ 319, 347 ], [ 380, 406 ], [ 408, 440 ], [ 453, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Those who opposed Henry II's claims fled to Quedlinburg in Saxony to conspire against him. When he became aware of this conspiracy, he moved his army towards Quedlinburg in hopes of crushing his opposition. Henry II sent Folcmar, the Bishop of Utrecht, ahead of him in order to attempt a peace negotiation between him and the conspirators. The negotiations failed when the conspirators refused to swear allegiance to anyone other than Otto III, with Bernard I, Duke of Saxony, maintaining allegiance to the child king. In response to his failure to gain control over Saxony, Henry II promised to hold future peace negotiations and then headed for the Duchy of Bavaria. With his long-standing familial ties in the region, many bishops and counts recognized him as the rightful heir to the throne. Henry III, Duke of Bavaria, who had been installed as Duke by Otto II, refused to recognize Henry II and remained loyal to Otto III.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 25320, 24302722, 43248316, 4701473, 1463463, 4754671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ], [ 222, 229 ], [ 235, 252 ], [ 451, 476 ], [ 652, 668 ], [ 797, 823 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With his successes and failures in Saxony and Bavaria, Henry II's claims depended on gaining support in the Duchy of Franconia, which was a direct possession of the German kings. The Franconian nobles, led by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz (the Primate of Germany) and Conrad I, Duke of Swabia, refused to abandon Otto III. Fearing outright civil war, Henry II relinquished Otto III to the joint-regency of his mother and grandmother on 29 June 985. In return for his submission, Henry II was restored as the Duke of Bavaria, replacing Henry III who became the new Duke of Carinthia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 5871206, 1342867, 3721477, 4059798, 222076, 4754671, 74817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 126 ], [ 209, 237 ], [ 243, 261 ], [ 267, 291 ], [ 507, 522 ], [ 534, 543 ], [ 563, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The regency of Theophanu, from 984 until her death in 991, was largely spared internal revolt. She struggled throughout to reinstate the Diocese of Merseburg, which her husband Otto II had absorbed into the Archdiocese of Magdeburg in 981. Theophanu also retained Otto II's court chaplains, in particular Count Bernward of Hildesheim and Archbishop Willigis, who, as the Archbishop of Mainz, was ex officio the secular Archchancellor of Germany. Though Theophanu was regent, Willigis was given considerable leeway in administering the kingdom. One of the Empress's greatest achievements was her success in maintaining German supremacy over Bohemia, as Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, was forced to accept the authority of Otto III.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 31120, 8328501, 258684, 183232, 4051591, 5436361, 1485118, 4345, 446165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 24 ], [ 137, 157 ], [ 207, 231 ], [ 274, 289 ], [ 311, 333 ], [ 371, 390 ], [ 419, 444 ], [ 640, 647 ], [ 652, 681 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 986 the five-year-old Otto III celebrated Easter at Quedlinburg. The four major dukes of Germany (Henry II of Bavaria, Conrad I of Swabia, Henry III of Carinthia, and Bernard I of Saxony) also paid tribute to the child king. Imitating similar ceremonies carried out under Otto I in 936 and Otto II in 961, the dukes served Otto III as his ceremonial steward, chamberlain, cupbearer, and marshal, respectively. This service symbolized the loyalty of the dukes to Otto III and their willingness to serve him. Most significant was the submission of Henry II, who demonstrated his loyalty to his cousin despite his failed rebellion two years earlier. The next year, from the age of six onward, Otto III would receive education and training from Bernward of Hildesheim and Gerbert d'Aurillac.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 9325, 11307201, 10411674, 10197698, 262544, 4051591, 24614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 51 ], [ 353, 360 ], [ 362, 373 ], [ 375, 384 ], [ 390, 397 ], [ 744, 766 ], [ 771, 789 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the regency of Theophanu, the Great Gandersheim Conflict broke out, concerning control of Gandersheim Abbey and its estates. Both the Archbishop of Mainz and the Bishop of Hildesheim claimed authority over the abbey, including the authority to anoint the abbey's nuns. The conflict began in 989 when Otto III's older sister Sophia became a nun in the abbey. Sophia refused to accept the authority of the Bishop of Hildesheim, instead recognizing only that of the Archbishop of Mainz. The conflict escalated until it was brought before the royal court of Otto III and Theophanu. The royal intervention eased the tensions between the parties by providing that both bishops would anoint Sophia, while anointing the remaining nuns of the abbey would be left to the Bishop of Hildesheim alone.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 47076041, 14196570, 4821288, 62984, 23571688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 63 ], [ 97, 114 ], [ 169, 189 ], [ 270, 273 ], [ 331, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 989 Theophanu and Otto III made a royal expedition to Italy to visit the grave of Otto II in Rome. After crossing the Alps and reaching Pavia in northern Italy, the Empress had her longtime confidant John Philagathos appointed as Archbishop of Piacenza. After a year in Italy, the royal court returned to Germany, where Theophanu died in Nijmegen on 15 June 991, at the age of 31. She was buried in the Church of St. Pantaleon in Cologne.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 44934, 774155, 15176947, 21713, 26195233, 6187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 144 ], [ 203, 219 ], [ 233, 255 ], [ 341, 349 ], [ 406, 429 ], [ 433, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because Otto III was still a child (only eleven when his mother died), his grandmother, the Dowager Empress Adelaide of Italy, became regent, together with Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, until he became old enough to rule on his own in 994.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 2519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Otto III grew in age, the authority of his grandmother gradually waned until 994 when Otto III reached the age of 14. At an assembly of the Imperial Diet held in Solingen in September 994, Otto III was granted the ability to fully govern the kingdom without the need of a regent. With this, Adelaide retired to a nunnery she had founded at Selz in Alsace. Although she never became a nun, she spent the rest of her days there in the service of the Church and in acts of charity. As Otto III was still unmarried, from 995 until 997 his older sister Sophia accompanied him and acted as his consort.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 30599237, 181249, 5495373, 48129, 23571688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 156 ], [ 165, 173 ], [ 343, 347 ], [ 351, 357 ], [ 551, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of Otto III's first actions as an independent ruler was to appoint Heribert of Cologne as his chancellor over Italy, a position he would hold until Otto's death in 1002. Otto III followed in his grandfather Otto I's footsteps in the beginning of his reign, by appointing a new pope, Gregory V, and leaving Rome. Gregory V was expelled and Otto III returned to Rome in 998 where he stayed permanently until his death. In the summer of 995, Otto sent the Archbishop of Piacenza, John Philagathos, to Constantinople as his representative to arrange a marriage between himself and a Byzantine princess following the example of his father, Otto II, who solidified his claim to the throne by marrying the Byzantine Theophanu. For a while the discussions were about Zoe Porphyrogenita.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 3008832, 214175, 5646, 16972981, 215814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 90 ], [ 98, 108 ], [ 502, 516 ], [ 583, 592 ], [ 763, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lutici federation of West Slavic Polabian tribes had remained quiet during the early years of Otto III's reign, even during Henry II's failed rebellion. In 983, following Otto II's defeat at the battle of Stilo, the Slavs revolted against Imperial control, forcing the Empire to abandon its territories east of the Elbe River in the Northern March and the Billung March. With the process of Christianization halted, the Slavs left the Empire in peace, and with Henry II's rebellion put down, Theophanu launched multiple campaigns to re-conquer the lost eastern territories, beginning in 985. Even though he was only six at the time, Otto III personally participated in these campaigns. During the expedition of 986 against the Slavs, Otto III received the homage of Duke Mieszko I of Poland, who provided the Imperial army with military assistance and gave Otto III a camel. Although the Lutici were subdued for a time in 987, they continued to occupy the young king's attention.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 27497535, 3656757, 1298912, 5435758, 30948504, 50759, 496924, 11760910, 20597, 6598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 25, 36 ], [ 37, 45 ], [ 199, 214 ], [ 216, 259 ], [ 319, 329 ], [ 337, 351 ], [ 360, 373 ], [ 770, 794 ], [ 872, 877 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 991, when Otto III was eleven, Slavonic raiders captured the city of Brandenburg. In 992 this invasion, as well as an incursion of Viking raiders, forced Otto III to lead his army against the invaders, and he suffered a crushing defeat in this campaign. The next year, Germany suffered an outbreak of famine and pestilence. In 994 and 995, Otto III led fruitless campaigns against the northern Slavs and the Vikings, but he did successfully re-conquer Brandenburg in 993, and in 995 he subdued the Obotrite Slavs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 3765, 32610, 42235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 93 ], [ 144, 150 ], [ 511, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the fall of 995, after Otto III reached his majority, he again took to the field against the Lutici, this time aided by the Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave. Then in 997 he had to deal with a new Lutician attack on Arneburg on the Elbe, which they managed to retake for a short while.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Child King", "target_page_ids": [ 27497535, 38999, 5144151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 102 ], [ 139, 159 ], [ 218, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to his sudden death in December 983, Otto II had installed Pietro Canepanova as pope. Calling himself Pope John XIV, Canepanova was a non-Roman from Lombardy who had served as Otto II's chancellor in Italy. After Otto II's death, John XIV intervened in the dispute between Henry II of Bavaria and Theophanu over the regency, issuing an edict ordering Henry to turn Otto over to his mother.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 363828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During that turmoil, the Roman aristocracy saw an opportunity to remove the non-Roman John XIV and install a pope from among themselves. The Antipope Boniface VII, who had spent nine years in exile in the Byzantine Empire, joined forces with Byzantine nobles in southern Italy and marched on Rome in April 984 in order to claim the papal throne for himself. With the aid of the sons of Crescentius the Elder — Crescentius II and John Crescentius — Boniface VII was able to imprison John XIV in the Tomb of Hadrian. Four months later, on 20 August 984, John XIV died in his prison, either starved or poisoned, probably on the orders of Boniface.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 24059, 16972981, 5274749, 5274754, 5274771, 298009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 162 ], [ 205, 221 ], [ 386, 407 ], [ 410, 424 ], [ 429, 445 ], [ 498, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Otto's regency seated in Germany, Crescentius II took the title of Patricius Romanorum (Patrician of the Romans) and became the effective ruler of Rome, although he did not act entirely independently of central authority, presenting himself as a lieutenant of the king. When Boniface VII died in 985, Pope John XV was chosen to succeed him. Although the details of the election are unknown, it is likely that Crescentius II played a key role in the process. For a number of years, Crescentius II exercised authority over the city, severely limiting the autonomy of the pope in the process. When the Empress Theophanu was in Rome between 989 and 991, Crescentius II nominally subordinated himself to her, though he maintained his position as ruler of the city.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 181397, 363836, 18337294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 91 ], [ 306, 318 ], [ 323, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After taking the crown in 994, Otto III faced first a Slavic rebellion, which he put down, and then an attempt by Crescentius II to seize power in Italy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When Otto III turned his attention to Italy, he not only intended to be crowned Emperor but also to come to the aid of Pope John XV, who had been forced to flee Rome. Otto set out for Italy from Ratisbon in March 996. In Verona, he became the patron of Otto Orseolo, the son of Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo. He then pledged to support Otto Orseolo as the next Doge of Venice, leading to a period of good relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice after years of conflict under Otto II.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 50853, 363836, 49117, 263991, 504974, 10057858, 63340, 530191, 13277, 613492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 87 ], [ 119, 131 ], [ 195, 203 ], [ 221, 227 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 253, 265 ], [ 278, 291 ], [ 292, 309 ], [ 429, 446 ], [ 455, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reaching Pavia for Easter, 996, Otto III was declared King of Italy and crowned with the Iron Crown of the Lombards. The king failed, however, to reach Rome before Pope John XV died of fever. While Otto III was in Pavia, Crescentius II, fearing the king's march on Rome, reconciled with Otto III and agreed to accept his nominee as pope.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 44934, 9325, 11893386, 355409, 46253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 19, 25 ], [ 54, 67 ], [ 89, 115 ], [ 185, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While in Ravenna, Otto III nominated his cousin and court chaplain Bruno, who was then only twenty-three years old, and sent him to Rome with Archbishop Willigis to secure the city. In early May 996, Bruno was consecrated as Gregory V, the first pope of German nationality. Despite submitting to Otto III, Crescentius shut himself in his family's stronghold, the Tomb of Hadrian, out of fear of retribution.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 37409, 189821, 24196, 298009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 16 ], [ 210, 221 ], [ 225, 234 ], [ 363, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The new supreme pontiff crowned Otto III as emperor on 21 May 996, in Rome at St. Peter's Basilica. The Emperor and Pope then held a synod at St. Peter's on 25 May to serve as the Empire's highest judicial court. The Roman nobles who had rebelled against Pope John XV were summoned before the synod to give an account of their actions. A number of the rebels, including Crescentius II, were banished for their crimes. Pope Gregory V, however, wished to inaugurate his papal reign with acts of mercy and pleaded for clemency from the Emperor, who issued pardons to those he convicted. In particular, while Crescentius II was pardoned by Otto III, he was deprived of his title of Patricius but was permitted to live out his life in retirement at Rome.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 73188, 75792, 4913027, 9855, 288593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 98 ], [ 133, 138 ], [ 189, 211 ], [ 391, 399 ], [ 553, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the synod, Otto III appointed Gerbert of Aurillac, the Archbishop of Reims, to be his tutor. Counseled by Gerbert and Bishop Adalbert of Prague, Otto III set out to reorganize the Empire. Influenced by the ruin of ancient Rome and perhaps by his Byzantine mother, Otto III dreamed of restoring the glory and power of the Roman Empire, with himself at the head of a theocratic state. He also introduced some Byzantine court customs. To shore up his power in Italy, Otto III sought the support of existing Italian religious communities. For instance, he granted royal immunity to the Abbey of San Salvatore, a rich monastery along the shores of the Lago di Bientina in Tuscany.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 1788185, 2108, 521555, 25507, 30875, 21917269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 84 ], [ 135, 153 ], [ 224, 236 ], [ 331, 343 ], [ 375, 391 ], [ 657, 673 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Through the election of Gregory V, Otto III exercised greater control over the Church than his grandfather Otto I had decades earlier. The Emperor quickly demonstrated his intention to withdraw Imperial support for the privileges of the Holy See laid out by Otto I. Under the Diploma Ottonianum issued by Otto I, the Emperor could only veto papal candidates. Otto III, however, had nominated and successfully installed his own candidate. The Emperor also refused to acknowledge the Donation of Constantine, which Otto III declared a forgery. Under a decree supposedly issued by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, the Pope was granted secular authority over western Europe. These actions resulted in increased tensions between the Roman nobility and the Church, who had traditionally reserved the right to name the pope from among their own members.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 25605367, 13393, 3182425, 219119, 219117, 7236, 92913, 504379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 113 ], [ 237, 245 ], [ 276, 294 ], [ 482, 505 ], [ 578, 591 ], [ 592, 613 ], [ 636, 653 ], [ 659, 673 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After his coronation, Otto III returned to Germany in December 996, staying along the Lower Rhine (especially in Aachen) until April 997. His specific activities during this time are not known. In summer 997, Otto III campaigned against the Elbe Slavs in order to secure Saxony's eastern border.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 3864227, 1520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 97 ], [ 113, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Otto III left Italy for Germany, the situation in Rome remained uncertain. In September 996, a few months after receiving a pardon from Otto III, Crescentius II met with the Archbishop of Piacenza, John Philagathos, a former adviser to the late Empress Theophanu, to devise a plan to depose the newly installed Pope Gregory V. In 997, with the active support of Byzantine Emperor Basil II, Crescentius II led a revolt against Gregory V, deposed him, and installed John Philagathos as Pope John XVI, an antipope, in April 997. Gregory fled to Pavia in northern Italy, held a synod, and excommunicated John. The new bishop of Piacenza, Siegfried, came north to meet Otto at Eschwege in July. Otto detached the city from the county of Piacenza and granted it to the bishop in perpetuity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 46426, 774155, 1633, 10338, 69777047, 788758, 52251067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 385, 393 ], [ 489, 502 ], [ 507, 515 ], [ 590, 604 ], [ 639, 648 ], [ 677, 685 ], [ 727, 745 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Putting down the Slavic forces in eastern Saxony, Otto III began his second expedition into Italy in December 997. Accompanied by his sister Sophia into Italy, Otto III named his aunt Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg, as his regent in Germany, becoming the first non-duke or bishop to serve in that capacity. Otto III peacefully retook Rome in February 998 when the Roman aristocracy agreed to a peace settlement. With Otto III in control of the city, Gregory V was reinstated as pope. John XVI fled, but the Emperor's troops pursued and captured him, cut off his nose and ears, cut out his tongue, broke his fingers, blinded him, and then brought him before Otto III and Gregory V for judgement. At the intercession of Saint Nilus the Younger, one of his countrymen, Otto III spared John XVI's life and sent him to a monastery in Germany, where he would die in 1001.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 23540725, 3340274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 214 ], [ 718, 741 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Crescentius II retreated again to the Tomb of Hadrian, the traditional stronghold of the Crescentii, and was then besieged by Otto III's imperial army. Towards the end of April, the stronghold was breached, and Crescentius II was taken prisoner and executed by decapitation. His body was put on public display at Monte Mario.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 1326165, 70802, 5741765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 99 ], [ 261, 273 ], [ 313, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III made Rome the administrative capital of his Empire and revived elaborate Roman customs and Byzantine court ceremonies. During his time in Italy, the Emperor and the Pope attempted to reform the Church, and confiscated church property was returned to the respective religious institutions. Additionally, after the death of the Bishop of Halberstadt in November 996, who had been one of the masterminds behind the abolition of the bishopric of Merseburg, Otto III and Pope Gregory V began the process of reviving the Diocese. Otto I had established the Diocese in 968 following his victory over the Hungarians in order to Christianize the Polabian Slavs but it had been effectively destroyed in 983 with the Great Slav Rising following the death of Otto II that year.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 3391027, 8328501, 37086, 30948504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 356 ], [ 438, 460 ], [ 589, 616 ], [ 715, 732 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III arranged for his imperial palace to be built on the Palatine Hill and planned to restore the ancient Roman Senate to its position of prominence. He revived the city's ancient governmental system, including appointing a City Patrician, a City Prefect, and a body of judges whom he commanded to recognize only Roman law. In order to strengthen his title to the Roman Empire and to announce his position as the protector of Christendom, Otto III took for himself the titles \"the Servant of Jesus Christ,\" \"the Servant of the Apostles\", \"Consul of the Senate and People of Rome,\" and \"Emperor of the World\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 159890, 16685964, 181397, 7409150, 26364, 6704, 1095706, 31663216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 74 ], [ 110, 122 ], [ 228, 242 ], [ 246, 258 ], [ 317, 326 ], [ 430, 441 ], [ 496, 508 ], [ 531, 539 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 998 and 1000, Otto III made several pilgrimages. In 999, he made a pilgrimage from Gargano to Benevento, where he met with the hermit monk Romuald and the Abbot Nilus the Younger (at that time a highly venerated religious figure) in order to atone for executing Crescentius II after promising his safety. During this particular pilgrimage, his cousin Pope Gregory V died in Rome after a brief illness. Upon learning of Gregory V's death, Otto III installed his long-time tutor Gerbert of Aurillac as Pope Sylvester II. The use of this papal name was not without cause: it recalled the first pope of this name, who had allegedly created the \"Christian Empire\" together with Emperor Constantine the Great. This was part of Otto III's campaign to further link himself with both the Roman Empire and the Church.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 23763, 2453693, 73336, 353800, 3340274, 388133, 24614, 24310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ], [ 91, 98 ], [ 102, 111 ], [ 147, 154 ], [ 169, 186 ], [ 250, 255 ], [ 508, 525 ], [ 599, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like his grandfather before him, Otto III strongly aspired to be the successor of Charlemagne. In 1000, he visited Charlemagne's tomb in Aachen, removing relics from it and transporting them to Rome. Otto III also carried back parts of the body of Bishop Adalbert of Prague, which he placed in the church of San Bartolomeo all'Isola he had built on the Tiber Island in Rome. Otto III also added the skin of Saint Bartholomew to the relics housed there.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign as emperor", "target_page_ids": [ 5314, 1520, 226651, 5730624, 1725093, 64935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 93 ], [ 137, 143 ], [ 154, 159 ], [ 308, 332 ], [ 353, 365 ], [ 407, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around 960, the Polish Piast dynasty under Mieszko I had extended the Duchy of Poland beyond the Oder River in an effort to conquer the Polabian Slavs, who lived along the Elbe River. This brought the Polans into Germany's sphere of influence and into conflict with Otto I's Kingdom of Germany, who also desired to conquer the Polabian Slavs. Otto I sent his trusted lieutenant, the Saxon Margrave Gero, to address the Polan threat, while Otto I traveled to Italy to be crowned as emperor. Gero defeated Mieszko I in 963 and forced him to recognize Otto I as his overlord. In return for submitting tribute to the newly crowned Emperor, Otto I granted Mieszko I the title of amicus imperatoris (\"Friend of the Emperor\") and acknowledged his position as dux Poloniae (\"Duke of Poland\").", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 945395, 60738, 20597, 393229, 24319082, 1298912, 3190225, 196475, 2348949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 22 ], [ 23, 36 ], [ 43, 52 ], [ 70, 85 ], [ 97, 107 ], [ 136, 150 ], [ 275, 293 ], [ 389, 397 ], [ 398, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mieszko I remained a powerful ally of Otto I for the remainder of his life. He strengthened his alliance with the Empire by marrying Oda, the daughter of the Saxon Margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben, in 978 and by marrying his son Bolesław I to a daughter of Margrave Rikdag of Meissen. Mieszko I, then a pagan, would marry the Christian daughter of Boleslaus I, Dobrawa, in 965 and would convert to Christianity in 966, bringing Poland closer to the Christian states of Bohemia and the Empire. Following the death of Otto I in 973, Mieszko I sided with Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, against Otto II during Henry's failed revolt in 977. After the revolt was put down, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto II. When Otto II died suddenly in 983 and was succeeded by the three-year old Otto III, Mieszko I again supported Henry II in his bid for the German throne. When Henry's revolt failed, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto III.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 58988, 38999, 3744670, 23340, 80597, 8798, 2606596, 4588542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 136 ], [ 230, 240 ], [ 267, 273 ], [ 304, 309 ], [ 349, 360 ], [ 362, 369 ], [ 388, 411 ], [ 603, 624 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mieszko I's son Bolesław I succeeded him as Duke in 992, and Poland continued its alliance with the Empire. Polish forces joined the Empire's campaigns to put down the Great Slav Rising, led by the Polabian Lutici tribes during the 980s and 990s.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 30948504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Germany and the Duchy of Bohemia came into significant contact with one another in 929, when German King Henry I had invaded the Duchy to force Duke Wenceslaus I to pay regular tribute to Germany. When Wenceslaus I was assassinated in 935, his brother Boleslaus I succeeded him as Duke and refused to continue paying the annual tribute to Germany. This action caused Henry I's son and successor Otto I to launch an invasion of Bohemia. Following the initial invasion, the conflict deteriorated into a series of border raids that lasted until 950 when Otto I and Boleslaus I signed a peace treaty. Boleslaus I agreed to resume paying tribute and to recognize Otto I as his overlord. The Duchy was then incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire as a constituent state.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 424966, 13957, 33875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 32 ], [ 105, 112 ], [ 144, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bohemia would be a major factor in the many battles along the Empire's eastern border. Boleslaus I helped Otto I crush an uprising of Slavs along the Lower Elbe in 953, and they joined forces again to defeat the Hungarians at the battle of Lechfeld in 955. In 973 Otto I established the bishopric of Prague, subordinated to the archbishopric of Mainz, in order to Christianize the Czech territory. To strengthen the Bohemian-Polish alliance, Boleslaus I's daughter Dobrawa was married to the pagan Mieszko I of Poland in 965. The marriage helped bring Christianity to Poland. He died in 972 and was succeeded as Duke by his oldest son Boleslaus II.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 37086, 6929129, 621178, 446165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 248 ], [ 287, 306 ], [ 364, 376 ], [ 635, 647 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After initially siding with Henry II against Otto II during Henry's failed revolt in 977, Boleslaus II swore loyalty to Otto II. When Otto II died suddenly in 983 and was succeeded by the three-year old Otto III, Boleslaus II again supported Henry II in his bid for the German throne. As in 977, Henry's bid failed, and Boleslaus II swore loyalty to Otto III.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Otto I's defeat of the Hungarians at Lechfeld in 955 ended the decades-long Hungarian invasions of Europe. The Hungarian Grand Prince Fajsz was deposed following the defeat and was succeeded by Taksony, who adopted the policy of isolation from the West. He was succeeded by his son Géza in 972, who sent envoys to Otto I in 973. Géza was baptised in 972, and Christianity spread among the Hungarians during his reign.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 32845470, 14987556, 7604649, 310306, 13131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 105 ], [ 111, 133 ], [ 134, 139 ], [ 194, 201 ], [ 282, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Géza expanded his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam, but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders. In 997, Géza died and was succeeded by Stephen (originally called Vajk). Stephen was baptized by Bishop Adalbert of Prague and married Gisela, daughter of Henry II and distant niece of Otto III. Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Hungarian tradition of agnatic seniority. Stephen defeated Koppány using some Western tactics and a small number of Swabian knights.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 21209639, 349041, 1676371, 29594, 227797, 12755086, 1806147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 62 ], [ 71, 76 ], [ 107, 123 ], [ 218, 225 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 425, 432 ], [ 501, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Otto III traveled to Poland in 1000, he brought with him a crown from Pope Sylvester II. With Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian king of Hungary on Christmas Day, 1000.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 598066, 324235, 6237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 69 ], [ 163, 178 ], [ 182, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 996, Duke Bolesław I of Poland sent the longtime Bishop of Prague, Adalbert, to Christianize the Old Prussians. He was martyred by the Prussians for his efforts in 997. Bolesław I, who had bought Adalbert's body from the Old Prussians for its weight in gold, had Adalbert laid to rest in the cathedral at Gniezno, which eventually became the ecclesiastical center of Poland. Otto III and Bolesław I worked together to canonize Adalbert, making him the first Slavic bishop to become a saint. In December 999, Otto III left Italy to make a pilgrimage from Rome to Gniezno in Poland to pray at the grave of Adalbert.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 552819, 48588, 60628, 6097, 60628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 113 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 308, 315 ], [ 421, 429 ], [ 565, 572 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III's pilgrimage allowed the Emperor to extend the influence of Christianity in Eastern Europe and to strengthen relations with Poland and Hungary by naming them federati (\"allies\"). On the pilgrimage to Gniezno, the Emperor was received by Bolesław I at the Polish border on the Bobr River near Małomice. Between 7 and 15 March 1000, Otto III invested Bolesław I with the titles frater et cooperator Imperii (\"Brother and Partner of the Empire\") and populi Romani amicus et socius (\"Friend and ally of Rome\"). Otto III gave Bolesław a replica of his Holy Lance (part of the Imperial Regalia) and Bolesław presented the Emperor with a relic, an arm of Saint Adalbert in exchange.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 395179, 9558336, 163075, 1900593, 226651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 285, 295 ], [ 301, 309 ], [ 556, 566 ], [ 580, 596 ], [ 640, 645 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the same foreign visit, Otto III raised Gniezno to the rank of an archbishopric and installed Radzim Gaudenty, a brother of Saint Adalbert, as its first archbishop. Otto III also established three new subordinate dioceses under the Archbishop of Gniezno: the Bishopric of Kraków (assigned to Bishop Poppo), the Bishopric of Wrocław (assigned to Bishop Jan), and the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg in Pomerania (assigned to Bishop Reinbern).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 2274880, 2569810, 1864326, 5435379, 25699338, 15385878, 24261, 19483923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 82 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 262, 281 ], [ 314, 334 ], [ 348, 358 ], [ 369, 391 ], [ 395, 404 ], [ 418, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław I subsequently accompanied Otto III on his way back to Germany. Both proceeded to the grave of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral, where . Both arranged the betrothal of Bolesław's son Mieszko II Lambert with the Emperor's niece Richeza of Lotharingia.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Affairs in Eastern Europe", "target_page_ids": [ 214438, 20596, 47253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 135 ], [ 191, 209 ], [ 235, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Emperor spent the remainder of 1000 in Italy without any notable activities. In 1001, the people of the Italian city of Tibur revolted against Imperial authority. Otto III besieged the city and put down the revolt with ease, sparing its inhabitants. This action angered the people of Rome, who viewed Tibur as a rival and wanted the city destroyed. In a change of policy towards the papacy, Otto III bestowed the governance of the city upon Pope Sylvester II as part of the Papal States but under the overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire. Previously, Otto III had revoked the Pope's rights as secular ruler by denying the Donation of Constantine and by amending the Diploma Ottonianum.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 92884, 59534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 129 ], [ 478, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the weeks after Otto III's actions at Tibur, the Roman people rebelled against their Emperor, led by Count Gregory I of Tusculum. The rebellious citizens besieged Otto III in his palace on the Palatine Hill and drove him from the city. Accompanied by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim and the German chronicler Thangmar, Otto III returned to the city to conduct peace negotiations with the rebellious Romans. Though both sides agreed to a peaceful settlement, with the Romans respecting Otto III's rule over the city, feelings of mistrust remained. Otto III's advisors urged the Emperor to wait outside the city until military reinforcements could arrive to ensure his safety.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 9062943, 16876847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 131 ], [ 310, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III, accompanied by Pope Sylvester II, traveled to Ravenna to do penance in the monastery of Sant'Apollinare in Classe and to summon his army. While in Ravenna, Otto III received ambassadors from Duke Boleslaw I of Poland and approved the plans of King Stephen of Hungary to establish the Archdiocese of Esztergom in order to convert Hungary to Christianity. Otto III also strengthened relations with the Venetian Doge, Pietro II Orseolo. Since 996, the Emperor had been godfather to Pietro II's son, Otto Orseolo, and in 1001 the Emperor arranged for Pietro II's daughter to be baptized.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 217480, 2612826, 1704328, 530191, 376049, 4298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 77 ], [ 98, 123 ], [ 294, 318 ], [ 425, 442 ], [ 476, 485 ], [ 584, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After summoning his army in late 1001, Otto III headed south to Rome to ensure his rule over the city. During the travel south, however, Otto III suffered a sudden and severe fever. He died in a castle near Civita Castellana on 24 January 1002. He was 21 years old and had reigned as an independent ruler for just under six years, having nominally reigned for nearly 19 years. The Byzantine princess Zoe, second daughter of the Emperor Constantine VIII, had just disembarked in Apulia on her way to marry him. Otto III's death has been attributed to various causes. Medieval sources speak of malaria, which he had caught in the unhealthy marshes that surrounded Ravenna. Following his death, the Roman people suggested that Stefania, the widow of Crescentius II, had made Otto III fall in love with her and then poisoned him.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 30865623, 215814, 46670, 44783, 20423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 224 ], [ 400, 403 ], [ 436, 452 ], [ 478, 484 ], [ 592, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Emperor's body was carried back to Germany by his soldiers, as his route was lined with Italians who hurled abuses at his remains. He was buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III, having never married, died without issue, leaving the Empire without a clear successor. As the funeral procession moved through the Duchy of Bavaria in February 1002, Otto III's cousin duke Henry IV of Bavaria (son of Henry the Quarrelsome, representing the Bavarian-Liudolfing line) asked the bishops and nobles to elect him as the new king of Germany. With the exception of the Bishop of Augsburg and Willigis (Archbishop and Elector of Mainz), Henry II received no support for his claims. To emphasise Henry's claim to the throne the Bishop of Augsburg even buried Otto's intestines in the Cathedral of Augsburg in order to show that Henry cared for the well-being of Otto's body. At Otto III's funeral on Easter 1002, in Aachen, the German nobles repeated their opposition to Henry II. Several rival candidates for the throne – Count Ezzo of Lotharingia, Margrave Eckard I of Meissen, and Duke Herman II of Swabia (a Conradine) — strongly contested the succession of Henry II. On 6 or 7 June 1002 in Mainz, the duke of Bavaria was elected King of the Romans as Henry II by his Bavarian, Frankish and upper Lotharingian supporters, and anointed and crowned king by Willigis. In the meantime, Ekkehard had already been killed in a feud unconnected to the succession dispute. Henry then launched an indecisive campaign against Herman of Swabia, but was recognised by the Thuringians, Saxons and lower Lotharingians in subsequent months, either by homage or renewed election. On 1 October 1002 in Bruchsal, Herman finally submitted to Henry II, and the war of succession was over.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 21970180, 27485516, 227817, 4565737, 1342867, 5436361, 308485, 11550264, 4754670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 123 ], [ 200, 219 ], [ 228, 249 ], [ 390, 408 ], [ 413, 421 ], [ 438, 454 ], [ 842, 867 ], [ 869, 897 ], [ 903, 927 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Without an Emperor on the throne, Italy began to break away from German control. On 15 February 1002, the Lombard Margrave of Ivrea Arduin, an opponent of the Ottonian dynasty, was elected King of Italy in Pavia.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Final years", "target_page_ids": [ 144732, 18011, 6998628, 2187564, 22644, 434937, 44934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 59 ], [ 106, 113 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 132, 138 ], [ 159, 175 ], [ 189, 202 ], [ 206, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto's mental gifts were considerable, and were carefully cultivated by Bernward, later bishop of Hildesheim, and Gerbert of Aurillac, archbishop of Reims. He spoke three languages and was so learned that contemporaries called him mirabilia mundi or \"the wonder of the world\" (later, Frederick II would often be referred to as stupor mundi, also translated into English as \"the wonder of the world.\" The two emperors are often compared on account of their intellectual power, ambitions and connection to the Italian culture). Enamoured as he was of Greek and Roman culture, a speech was attributed to him in Thangmar's Vita Bernwardi saying he preferred Romans to his German subjects though the speech's authenticity is disputed. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Character", "target_page_ids": [ 68974, 16876847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 296 ], [ 608, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1012 and 1018 Thietmar of Merseburg wrote a Chronicon, or Chronicle, of eight books dealing with the period between 908 and 1018. For the earlier part he used Widukind's Res gestae Saxonicae, the Annales Quedlinburgenses and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent authority for the history of Saxony during the reigns of the emperors Otto III and Henry II. No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg and to the wars against the Wends and the Poles.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Accounts of his reign", "target_page_ids": [ 2953769, 59184, 3550974, 33644, 275297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 43 ], [ 167, 175 ], [ 178, 198 ], [ 561, 566 ], [ 575, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III was a member of the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors who ruled the Holy Roman Empire (previously Germany) from 919 to 1024. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Otto III was the great-grandson of Henry the Fowler, grandson of Otto I, son of Otto II, and a second-cousin to Henry II.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Family and children", "target_page_ids": [ 22644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Otto III never married and never fathered any children due to his early death. At the time of his death, the Byzantine princess Zoë Porphyrogenita, second daughter of Emperor Constantine VIII, was traveling to Italy to marry him.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Family and children", "target_page_ids": [ 215814, 46670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 146 ], [ 175, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Althoff, Gerd. Otto III. Penn State Press, 2002. ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Comyn, Robert. History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I. 1851", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Duckett, Eleanor (1968). Death and Life in the Tenth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reuter, Timothy, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. III: c. 900–c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, 2000.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "980_births", "1002_deaths", "10th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors", "11th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors", "10th-century_kings_of_Italy", "Medieval_child_rulers", "Ottonian_dynasty", "People_from_Kleve_(district)", "10th-century_Saxon_people", "People_of_Byzantine_descent" ]

[ "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor", "Otto III von Sachsen, Holy Roman Emperor" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The term Yankee and its contracted form Yank have several interrelated meanings, all referring to people from the United States. Its various senses depend on the context, and may refer to New Englanders, residents of the Northern United States, or Americans in general. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is \"a nickname for a native or inhabitant of New England, or, more widely, of the northern States generally\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 21531764, 509638, 19792942, 22641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 127 ], [ 188, 199 ], [ 221, 243 ], [ 248, 257 ], [ 287, 312 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Outside the United States, Yank is used informally to refer to an American person or thing. It has been especially popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, South Africa and Australia, where it may be used variously with uncomplimentary overtones or cordially. In the Southern United States, Yankee is a derisive term which refers to all Northerners, and during the American Civil War was applied by Confederates to soldiers of the Union army in general. Elsewhere in the United States, it largely refers to people from the Northeastern states, but especially those with New England cultural ties, such as descendants of colonial New England settlers, wherever they live. Its sense is sometimes more cultural than geographical, emphasizing the Calvinist Puritan Christian beliefs and traditions of the Congregationalists who brought their culture when they settled outside New England. The speech dialect of Eastern New England English is called \"Yankee\" or \"Yankee dialect\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19792942, 179553, 863, 7023, 431669, 21531764, 20047771, 6024, 24091, 54367073, 1389290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 74 ], [ 274, 296 ], [ 372, 390 ], [ 406, 418 ], [ 530, 549 ], [ 577, 588 ], [ 627, 647 ], [ 750, 759 ], [ 760, 767 ], [ 808, 826 ], [ 914, 941 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British General James Wolfe made the earliest recorded use of the word \"Yankee\" in 1758 when he referred to the New England soldiers under his command. \"I can afford you two companies of Yankees, and the more, because they are better for ranging and scouting than either work or vigilance\". Later British use of the word was in a derogatory manner, as seen in a cartoon published in 1775 ridiculing \"Yankee\" (American) soldiers. New Englanders themselves employed the word in a neutral sense; the \"Pennamite–Yankee War\", for example, was a series of clashes in 1769 over land titles in Pennsylvania between settlers from Connecticut Colony and \"Pennamite\" settlers from Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 180711, 2768773, 478841, 665460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ], [ 498, 518 ], [ 621, 639 ], [ 670, 682 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The meaning of Yankee has varied over time. In the 18th century, it referred to residents of New England descended from the original English settlers of the region. Mark Twain used the word in this sense the following century in his 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. As early as the 1770s, British people applied the term to any person from the United States. In the 19th century, Americans in the southern United States employed the word in reference to Americans from the northern United States, though not to recent immigrants from Europe. Thus, a visitor to Richmond, Virginia commented in 1818, \"The enterprising people are mostly strangers; Scots, Irish, and especially New England men, or Yankees, as they are called\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 154450, 407392, 53274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 175 ], [ 244, 287 ], [ 584, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, it has also been used to distinguish American-born Protestants from later immigrants, such as Catholics of Irish descent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Many etymologies have been suggested for the word Yankee, but modern linguists generally reject theories which suggest that it originated in any indigenous languages. This includes a theory purported by a British officer in 1789, who said that it was derived from the Cherokee word eankke (\"coward\")—despite the fact that no such word existed in the Cherokee language. Another theory surmised that the word was borrowed from the Wyandot pronunciation of the French l'anglais, meaning \"the Englishman\" or \"the English language\", which was sounded as Y'an-gee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 356371, 140832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 268, 276 ], [ 429, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American musicologist Oscar Sonneck debunked a romanticized false etymology in his 1909 work Report on \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", \"Hail Columbia\", \"America\", \"Yankee Doodle\". He cited a popular theory which claimed that the word came from a tribe who called themselves Yankoos, said to mean \"invincible\". The story claimed that New Englanders had defeated this tribe after a bloody battle, and the remaining Yankoo Indians transferred their name to the victors—who were \"agreeable to the Indian custom\". Sonneck notes that multiple American writers since 1775 had repeated this story as if it were fact, despite what he perceived to be holes in it. It had never been the tradition of any Indian tribe to transfer their name to other peoples, according to Sonneck, nor had any settlers ever adopted an Indian name to describe themselves. Sonneck concludes by pointing out that there was never a tribe called the Yankoos.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 6610320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most linguists look to Dutch language sources, noting the extensive interaction between the Dutch colonists in New Netherland (now largely New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and western Connecticut) and the English colonists in New England (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and eastern Connecticut). The exact application, however, is uncertain; some scholars suggest that it was a term used in derision of the Dutch colonists, others that it was derisive of the English colonists.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 19985174, 43451, 21531764, 197490, 489001, 478841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 37 ], [ 111, 125 ], [ 225, 236 ], [ 238, 251 ], [ 253, 265 ], [ 279, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch Janneke, a diminutive form of the given name Jan (John) which would be Anglicized by New Englanders as \"Yankee\" due to the Dutch pronunciation of J being the same as the English Y. Quinion and Hanks posit that it was \"used as a nickname for a Dutch-speaking American in colonial times\" and could have grown to include non-Dutch colonists, as well. The Oxford English Dictionary calls this theory \"perhaps the most plausible\". ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 3133456, 7093814, 22641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 20, 33 ], [ 427, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alternatively, two Dutch given names Jan () and Kees () have long been common, and the two are sometimes combined into a single name (Jan Kees). Its Anglicized spelling Yankee could, in this way, have been used to mock Dutch colonists. The chosen name Jan Kees may have been partly inspired by a dialectal rendition of Jan Kaas (\"John Cheese\"), the generic nickname that Southern Dutch (particularly Flemish) used for Dutch people living in the North.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Online Etymology Dictionary gives Yankee its origin as around 1683, attributing it to English colonists insultingly referring to Dutch colonists (especially freebooters). Linguist Jan de Vries notes that there was mention of a pirate named Dutch Yanky in the 17th century. The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1760) contains the passage, \"Haul forward thy chair again, take thy berth, and proceed with thy story in a direct course, without yawing like a Dutch yanky.\"<ref>The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, Tobias Smollett, chapter 3</ref> According to this theory, Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam started using the term against the English colonists of neighboring Connecticut.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin and history of the word", "target_page_ids": [ 1564700, 50715, 3322283, 17946286, 2046892, 224720, 21685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 161, 172 ], [ 184, 196 ], [ 244, 255 ], [ 277, 325 ], [ 539, 554 ], [ 616, 629 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An early use of the term outside the United States was in the creation of Sam Slick the \"Yankee Clockmaker\" in a newspaper column in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1835. The character was a plain-speaking American who becomes an example for Nova Scotians to follow in his industry and practicality; and his uncouth manners and vanity were the epitome of qualities that his creator detested. The character was developed by Thomas Chandler Haliburton, and it grew between 1836 and 1844 in a series of publications.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Historic uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1367424, 731832, 21184, 250839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 83 ], [ 133, 140 ], [ 142, 153 ], [ 415, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The damned Yankee usage dates from 1812. Confederates popularized it as a derogatory term for their Northern enemies during and after the American Civil War (1861–1865). Eventual Rhode Island Governor Bruce Sundlun had been a pilot in World War II, and he named his B-17F bomber Damn Yankee because a crewman from North Carolina nicknamed him with that epithet.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Historic uses", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 807610, 4997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 156 ], [ 201, 214 ], [ 266, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A pervasive influence on the use of the term throughout the years has been the song \"Yankee Doodle\" which was popular during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). The song originated among the British troops, creating a stereotype of the Yankee simpleton who stuck a feather in his cap and thought that he was stylish, but it was rapidly re-appropriated by American patriots after the battles of Lexington and Concord. Today, \"Yankee Doodle\" is the official state song of Connecticut.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Yankee Doodle", "target_page_ids": [ 79686, 771, 4321886, 56134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 99 ], [ 129, 155 ], [ 391, 423 ], [ 464, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term Yankee now may mean any resident of New England or of any of the Northeastern United States. The original Yankees diffused widely across the northern United States, leaving their imprints in New York, the Upper Midwest, and places as far away as Seattle, San Francisco, and Honolulu. Yankees typically lived in villages consisting of clusters of separate farms. Often they were merchants, bankers, teachers, or professionals. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 431669, 432549, 11388236, 49728, 13887 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 100 ], [ 214, 227 ], [ 255, 262 ], [ 264, 277 ], [ 283, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Village life fostered local democracy, best exemplified by the open town meeting form of government which still exists today in New England. Village life also stimulated mutual oversight of moral behavior and emphasized civic virtue. From the New England seaports of Boston, Salem, Providence, and New London, among others, the Yankees built international trade routes, stretching to China by 1800. Much of the profit from trading was reinvested in the textile and machine tools industries. In the book Dawn and the Dons; The Romance of Monterey, Tirey L. Ford, in 1926, talks about Yankees from Boston loading hides in Monterey, California.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 366312, 24437894, 116759, 19356538, 89514, 3700570, 40444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 80 ], [ 267, 273 ], [ 275, 280 ], [ 282, 292 ], [ 298, 308 ], [ 547, 560 ], [ 620, 640 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yankee ingenuity was a worldwide stereotype of inventiveness, technical solutions to practical problems, \"know-how,\" self-reliance, and individual enterprise. The stereotype first appeared in the 19th century. As Mitchell Wilson notes, \"Yankee ingenuity and Yankee git-up-and-go did not exist in colonial days.\" The great majority of Yankees gravitated toward the burgeoning cities of the northeast, while wealthy New Englanders also sent ambassadors to frontier communities where they became influential bankers and newspaper printers. They introduced the term \"Universal Yankee Nation\" to proselytize their hopes for national and global influence.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 1671913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In religion, New England Yankees originally followed the Puritan tradition, as expressed in Congregational churches. Beginning in the late colonial period, many became Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, or, later, Unitarians. Strait-laced 17th-century moralism as derided by novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne faded in the 18th century. The First Great Awakening (under Jonathan Edwards and others) in the mid-18th century and the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century (under Charles Grandison Finney, among others) emphasized personal piety, revivals, and devotion to civic duty. Theologically, Arminianism replaced the original Calvinism. Horace Bushnell introduced the idea of Christian nurture, through which children would be brought to religion without revivals.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 24091, 54367073, 19280748, 20119, 226921, 32164, 21787, 934177, 52057, 43268, 241758, 1306, 6024, 2338232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 64 ], [ 92, 115 ], [ 183, 196 ], [ 198, 208 ], [ 210, 218 ], [ 231, 241 ], [ 301, 320 ], [ 352, 373 ], [ 381, 397 ], [ 442, 464 ], [ 498, 522 ], [ 618, 629 ], [ 652, 661 ], [ 663, 678 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After 1800, Yankees spearheaded most reform movements, including those for abolition of slavery, temperance in use of alcohol, increase in women's political rights, and improvement in women's education. Emma Willard and Mary Lyon pioneered in the higher education of women, while Yankees comprised most of the reformers who went South during Reconstruction in the late 1860s to educate the Freedmen.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 370230, 392846, 55040, 13149886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 215 ], [ 220, 229 ], [ 342, 356 ], [ 390, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historian John Buenker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Midwest:Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, altered only by the conditions of frontier life. They established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic, the sanctity of private property, individual responsibility, faith in residential and social mobility, practicality, piety, public order and decorum, reverence for public education, activists, honest, and frugal government, town meeting democracy, and he believed that there was a public interest that transcends particular and stock ambitions. Regarding themselves as the elect and just in a world rife with sin and corruption, they felt a strong moral obligation to define and enforce standards of community and personal behavior…. This pietistic worldview was substantially shared by British, Scandinavian, Swiss, English-Canadian and Dutch Reformed immigrants, as well as by German Protestants and many of the Forty-Eighters.Yankees dominated New England, much of upstate New York, and much of the upper Midwest, and were the strongest supporters of the new Republican party in the 1860s. This was especially true for the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and (after 1860) the Methodists among them. A study of 65 predominantly Yankee counties showed that they voted only 40% for the Whigs in 1848 and 1852, but became 61–65% Republican in presidential elections of 1856 through 1864.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 447990, 251986, 24403, 32078, 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1127, 1143 ], [ 1285, 1303 ], [ 1305, 1317 ], [ 1448, 1453 ], [ 1490, 1500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ivy League universities remained bastions of old Yankee culture until well after World War II, particularly Harvard and Yale, as well as \"Little Ivy\" liberal arts colleges.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 14975, 32927, 4484508, 34273, 2197446, 18674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 108, 115 ], [ 120, 124 ], [ 138, 148 ], [ 150, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President Calvin Coolidge exemplified the modern Yankee stereotype. Coolidge moved from rural Vermont to urban Massachusetts and was educated at elite Amherst College. Yet his flint-faced, unprepossessing ways and terse rural speech proved politically attractive. \"That Yankee twang will be worth a hundred thousand votes\", explained one Republican leader. Coolidge's laconic ways and dry humor were characteristic of stereotypical rural \"Yankee humor\" at the turn of the 20th century.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultural history", "target_page_ids": [ 6195, 32578, 1645518, 60355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 25 ], [ 94, 101 ], [ 111, 124 ], [ 151, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term Yankee can have many different meanings within the United States that are contextually and geographically dependent. Traditionally, Yankee was most often used to refer to a New Englander descended from the original settlers of the region, thus often suggesting Puritanism and thrifty values. By the mid-20th century, some speakers applied the word to any American inhabiting the area north of the Mason–Dixon Line, though usually with a specific focus still on New England. New England Yankee might be used to differentiate. However, within New England itself, the term still refers more specifically to old-stock New Englanders of English descent. For example:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 82334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Southern United States, the term is used in derisive reference to any Northerner, especially one who has migrated to the South and maintains derisive attitudes towards Southerners and the Southern way of life. Alabama lawyer and author Daniel Robinson Hundley in his book Social Relations in Our Southern States describes the Yankee as such: Yankee with all these is looked upon usually as a term of reproach --signifying a shrewd, sharp, chaffering, oily-tongued, soft-sawdering, inquisitive, money-making, money-saving, and money-worshipping individual, who hails from Down East, and who is presumed to have no where else on the Globe a permanent local habitation, however ubiquitous he may be in his travels and pursuits.Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas pointed out as late as 1966, \"The very word 'Yankee' still wakens in Southern minds historical memories of defeat and humiliation, of the burning of Atlanta and Sherman's March to the Sea, or of an ancestral farmhouse burned by Quantrill's Raiders\". Ambrose Bierce defines the term in The Devil's Dictionary as: \"In Europe, an American. In the Northern States of our Union, a New Englander. In the Southern States the word is unknown. (See DAMNYANK.)\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 333951, 651663, 365093, 475563, 18951309, 659932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 739, 759 ], [ 910, 928 ], [ 933, 959 ], [ 1000, 1019 ], [ 1022, 1036 ], [ 1057, 1079 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "E. B. White humorously draws his own distinctions:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 9751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major League Baseball's New York Yankees acquired the name from journalists after the team moved from Baltimore in 1903, though they were officially known as the Highlanders until 1913. The regional Yankees–Red Sox rivalry can make the utterance of the term \"Yankee\" unwelcome to some fans in New England, especially to the most dedicated Red Sox fans living in the northeastern United States.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 4848143, 1141484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 40 ], [ 199, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term Swamp Yankee is sometimes used in rural Rhode Island, Connecticut, and southeastern Massachusetts to refer to Protestant farmers of moderate means and their descendants (in contrast to richer or urban Yankees); \"swamp Yankee\" is often regarded as a derogatory term. Scholars note that the famous Yankee \"twang\" survives mainly in the hill towns of interior New England, though it is disappearing even there.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 6488765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mark Twain's 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court popularized the word as a nickname for residents of Connecticut, and Connecticut Air National Guard unit 103d Airlift Wing is nicknamed \"The Flying Yankees.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 407392, 9558799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 67 ], [ 173, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yankee White is an administrative nickname for a background check undertaken in the United States of America for Department of Defense personnel and contractor employees working with the president and vice president.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 914191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The shortened form Yank is used as a derogatory, pejorative, playful, or colloquial term for Americans in Britain, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Ireland, and New Zealand. The full Yankee may be considered mildly derogatory, depending on the country. The Spanish variation yanqui is sometimes used in Latin American contexts. Venezuelan Spanish has the word derived c. 1940 around the oil industry from petty yankee or petit yanqui, a derogatory term for those who profess an exaggerated and often ridiculous admiration for anything from the United States.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Australia, the term seppo is sometimes used as a pejorative reference to Americans. It derives from traditional rhyming slang where yank is replaced with septic tank and shortened to seppo.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [ 7264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 19th century, the Japanese were called \"the Yankees of the East\" in praise of their industriousness and drive to modernization. In Japan, the term has been used since the late 1970s to refer to a type of delinquent youth. In Finland, the word jenkki (yank) is sometimes used to refer to any American citizen, and Jenkkilä (Yankeeland) refers to the United States itself. It is not considered offensive or anti-American, but rather a colloquial expression. In Sweden, the word jänkare is a derivative of yankee that is used to refer to both American citizens and classic American cars from the 1950s that are popular in rural Sweden. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Contemporary uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dixie, a term used to refer to the Southern United States", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26562716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brother Jonathan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 214734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carpetbagger, Northerners in the South during Reconstruction", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 491908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (Yankee Division)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 926944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jonkheer", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2152595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anti-Americanism", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 283205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yankee Doodle Dandy", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 76647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yankee ingenuity", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1671913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yanks Go Home, British sitcom", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22462856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brit", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19097669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Canuck", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 252770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aussie", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 177040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kiwi", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 509080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boer", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WASP", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 225474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beals, Carleton; Our Yankee Heritage: New England's Contribution to American Civilization (1955) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bushman, Richard L. From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690–1765 (1967)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniels, Bruce C. New England Nation: The Country the Puritans Built (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 237 pp. excerpt and text search", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ellis, David M. \"The Yankee Invasion of New York 1783–1850\". New York History (1951) 32:1–17.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fischer, David Hackett. Four British Folkways in America (1989), Yankees comprise one of the four", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 2403984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gjerde; Jon. The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917 (1999) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gray; Susan E. The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier (1996) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Handlin, Oscar. \"Yankees\", in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. by Stephan Thernstrom, (1980) pp 1028–1030.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hill, Ralph Nading. Yankee Kingdom: Vermont and New Hampshire. (1960).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holbrook, Stewart H. Yankee Exodus: An Account of Migration from New England (1950)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holbrook, Stewart H.; Yankee Loggers: A Recollection of Woodsmen, Cooks, and River Drivers (1961)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hudson, John C. \"Yankeeland in the Middle West\", Journal of Geography 85 (Sept 1986)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 67705195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jensen, Richard. \"Yankees\" in Encyclopedia of Chicago (2005).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kleppner; Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures University of North Carolina Press. 1979, on Yankee voting behavior", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Knights, Peter R.; Yankee Destinies: The Lives of Ordinary Nineteenth-Century Bostonians (1991) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mathews, Lois K. The Expansion of New England (1909).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Piersen, William Dillon. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (1988)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Power, Richard Lyle. Planting Corn Belt Culture (1953), on Indiana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rose, Gregory. \"Yankees/Yorkers\", in Richard Sisson ed, The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006) 193–95, 714–5, 1094, 1194,", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sedgwick, Ellery; The Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb (1994) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Bradford. Yankees in Paradise: The New England Impact on Hawaii (1956)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taylor, William R. Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character (1979)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " WPA. Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People. Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration of Massachusetts (1937).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Linguistic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Davis, Harold. \"On the Origin of Yankee Doodle\", American Speech, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1938), pp.93–96 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fleser, Arthur F. \"Coolidge's Delivery: Everybody Liked It.\" Southern Speech Journal 1966 32(2): 98–104. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kretzschmar, William A. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (1994)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lemay, J. A. Leo \"The American Origins of Yankee Doodle\", William and Mary Quarterly 33 (Jan 1976) 435–64 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Logemay, Butsee H. \"The Etymology of 'Yankee'\", Studies in English Philology in Honor of Frederick Klaeber, (1929) pp 403–13.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mathews, Mitford M. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles (1951) pp 1896 ff for elaborate detail", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mencken, H. L. The American Language (1919, 1921)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 54219, 1257147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 16, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories (1991)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oxford English Dictionary", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schell, Ruth. \"Swamp Yankee\", American Speech, 1963, Volume 38, No.2 pg. 121–123. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sonneck, Oscar G. Report on \"the Star-Spangled Banner\" \"Hail Columbia\" \"America\" \"Yankee Doodle\"'' (1909) pp 83ff online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stollznow, Karen. 2006. \"Key Words in the Discourse of Discrimination: A Semantic Analysis. PhD Dissertation: University of New England., Chapter 5.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 32373973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Online Etymology Dictionary", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wordorigins.org", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "American_culture", "American_regional_nicknames", "Anti-Americanism", "English-American_history", "Ethnic_and_religious_slurs", "New_England", "Regional_nicknames", "English_words" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "John the Apostle (; ) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His brother was James, who was another of the Twelve Apostles. The Church Fathers identify him as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder, and the Beloved Disciple, and testify that he outlived the remaining apostles and was the only one to die of natural causes, although modern scholars are divided on the veracity of these claims. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31663216, 1095706, 21433, 29417122, 757421, 171625, 33643361, 16555, 2023036, 1530586, 1760994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 79 ], [ 83, 88 ], [ 106, 119 ], [ 181, 188 ], [ 193, 199 ], [ 217, 222 ], [ 268, 282 ], [ 299, 318 ], [ 320, 334 ], [ 336, 350 ], [ 360, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John the Apostle is traditionally held to be the author of the Gospel of John, and many Christian denominations have also held that he was the author of several other books of the New Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Revelation, together with the Gospel of John called the Johannine works), depending on whether he is distinguished from or identified with John the Evangelist, John the Elder, and John of Patmos.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12493, 1517131, 4379, 3137354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 77 ], [ 205, 223 ], [ 232, 250 ], [ 296, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the authorship of the Johannine works has traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle, only a minority of contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel, and most conclude that he wrote none of them. Regardless of whether or not John the Apostle wrote any of the Johannine works, most scholars agree that all three epistles were written by the same author and that the epistles did not have the same author as the Book of Revelation, although there is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1056329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James the Great. According to church tradition, their mother was Salome. Also according to some traditions, Salome was the sister of Mary, Jesus' mother, making Salome Jesus' aunt, and her sons John the Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 171625, 757421, 73513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 82 ], [ 132, 138 ], [ 200, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John the Apostle is traditionally believed to be one of two disciples (the other being Andrew) recounted in , who upon hearing the Baptist point out Jesus as the \"Lamb of God,\" followed Jesus and spent the day with him. Thus, some traditions believe that he was first a disciple of John the Baptist, even though he is not named in this episode. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 16125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Lk 5:1–11), Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee. Jesus then called Peter, Andrew and the two sons of Zebedee to follow him. James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as \"Boanerges\" (translated \"sons of thunder\"). A Gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on an unhospitable Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them. John lived on for another generation after the martyrdom of James, who was the first Apostle to die a martyr's death.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 221962, 69310, 31665644, 31663669, 28179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 33 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 144, 149 ], [ 151, 157 ], [ 421, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of the Daughter of Jairus. All three also witnessed the Transfiguration, and these same three witnessed the Agony in Gethsemane more closely than the other Apostles did. John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is not against us is on our side'.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 31665644, 13408947, 303916, 372051, 3700127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ], [ 68, 86 ], [ 117, 132 ], [ 178, 188 ], [ 321, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper). ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 23059, 30667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 91 ], [ 102, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many traditions identify the \"beloved disciple\" in the Gospel of John as the Apostle John, but this identification is debated. At the meal itself, the \"disciple whom Jesus loved\" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to recline on couches at meals, and this disciple leaned on Jesus. Tradition identifies this disciple as John. After the arrest of Jesus, Peter and the \"other disciple\" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the palace of the high-priest. The \"beloved disciple\" alone, among the Apostles, remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women. Following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross, the beloved disciple took Mary, the mother of Jesus, into his care as the last legacy of Jesus. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 389504, 387583, 10842218, 73513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 451, 462 ], [ 562, 569 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 696, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Jesus' Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, John, together with Peter, took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He was with Peter at the healing of the lame man at Solomon's Porch in the Temple and he was also thrown into prison with Peter. He went with Peter to visit the newly converted believers in Samaria.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 59068, 14379, 45971, 8616810, 28333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 22 ], [ 46, 57 ], [ 61, 70 ], [ 217, 232 ], [ 355, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area, the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about AD 51). Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia, recalls that John explicitly, along with Peter and James the Just, were referred to as \"pillars of the church\" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 700777, 308174, 28901958, 25727573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 120 ], [ 229, 243 ], [ 353, 380 ], [ 461, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The phrase \"the disciple whom Jesus loved as a brother\" (, ), or in 2; \"whom Jesus loved as a friend\" (, ), is used six times in the Gospel of John, but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus. claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 12493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to, specifically, six times in the Gospel of John:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 30667, 31665644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 73 ], [ 112, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, \"Woman, here is your son\", and to the Beloved Disciple he says, \"Here is your mother.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 22852566, 73513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ], [ 43, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb, she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb. However, Peter is the first to enter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 20787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [ 1155143, 12493, 4945441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ], [ 37, 51 ], [ 116, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die, Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks, \"What about him?\" Jesus answers, \"If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow Me!\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Again in the Gospel's last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple. For example, in , Peter alone runs to the tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the crucifixion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are also two references to an unnamed \"other disciple\" in and , which may be to the same person based on the wording in 2.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References to John in the New Testament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament – the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the \"disciple whom Jesus loved\" (, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in . claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the \"Beloved Disciple\". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 12493, 1517131, 4379, 1760994, 3137354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 71 ], [ 126, 142 ], [ 151, 169 ], [ 228, 253 ], [ 409, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his 4th century Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the Book of Revelation. The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades earlier. The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist. Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that “two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder” and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was “later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus,” presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 16893191, 10172, 11388, 12493, 221962, 25727573, 145905, 16125, 1568024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 41 ], [ 43, 51 ], [ 66, 87 ], [ 96, 110 ], [ 554, 570 ], [ 619, 640 ], [ 717, 726 ], [ 937, 953 ], [ 976, 999 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have their doubts. Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85; John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul. Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages. Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD, and with the earliest possible date of AD 75–80: “...a date of AD 75–80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel.” Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 – 100), is applicable.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 595633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 231, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nonetheless, today many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early Church Fathers, “it is hard to pass by this conclusion, despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many, but by no means all, modern scholars.”", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert that the Gospel of John has been written by an anonymous author.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Regarding whether the author of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness, according to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel “contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions.” F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an “emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority.” The gospel nowhere claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 1484107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mainstream Bible scholars assert that all four gospels from the New Testament are fundamentally anonymous and most of mainstream scholars agree that these gospels have not been written by eyewitnesses. As The New Oxford Annotated Bible (2018) has put it, \"Scholars generally agree that the Gospels were written forty to sixty years after the death of Jesus.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Book of Revelation, its author was on the island of Patmos \"for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus\", when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 4379, 81824, 171428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 59, 75 ], [ 160, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as \"Ἰωάννης\" (\"John\" in standard English translation). The early 2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle. However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals since the text was written around 100 AD, after the death of John the Apostle, although many historians have defended the identification of the Author of the Gospel of John with that of the Book of Revelation based on the similarity of the two texts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 4379, 16403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 36 ], [ 141, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John the Presbyter, an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his Church History (Book III, 39) and Jerome.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 1530586, 10172, 16005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 143, 151 ], [ 193, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian. Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: “I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation, ... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.” Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School, writes:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [ 81824, 8592, 31769963, 3546955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 48 ], [ 88, 96 ], [ 322, 342 ], [ 366, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some modern critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals. These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. The author of Revelation identifies himself as “John” several times, but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that \"vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "New Testament author", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John's activity in Judea. According to tradition, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour. The persecution of Christians under Herod Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD) led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire's provinces.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 1914645, 25074, 68601, 25507, 314732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 88 ], [ 200, 225 ], [ 232, 247 ], [ 312, 324 ], [ 327, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labors there (cf. \"the brethren\"), in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original community was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla. According to tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. Irenaeus writes of \"the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of Trajan.\" From Ephesus he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 9843, 24140, 610373, 2686, 259335, 15414, 30570, 81824, 4379, 31204, 49603, 8592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 48, 54 ], [ 111, 131 ], [ 184, 191 ], [ 332, 350 ], [ 374, 382 ], [ 484, 490 ], [ 629, 635 ], [ 681, 699 ], [ 714, 724 ], [ 915, 924 ], [ 1074, 1082 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When John was aged, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him stories about John. Similarly, Ignatius of Antioch was a student of John. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 24955, 37588707, 15414, 15435, 10909779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 39 ], [ 57, 73 ], [ 183, 191 ], [ 242, 261 ], [ 288, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them. He is said to have lived to old age, dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98, during the reign of Trajan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An alternative account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the Jews. Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible. Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist. John's traditional tomb is thought to be located in the former basilica of Saint John at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 102354, 15536338, 4645657, 11661216, 16125, 22139958, 2011274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 131 ], [ 272, 282 ], [ 284, 297 ], [ 302, 321 ], [ 425, 441 ], [ 506, 528 ], [ 532, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John is also associated with the pseudepigraphal apocryphal text of the Acts of John, which is traditionally viewed as written by John himself or his disciple, Leucius Charinus. It was widely circulated by the second century CE but deemed heretical at the Second Council of Nicaea (787 CE). Varying fragments survived in Greek and Latin within monastic libraries. It contains strong docetic themes, but is not considered in modern scholarship to be Gnostic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Extrabiblical traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 503214, 1046923, 1823977, 632952, 29250, 8344, 12471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 49, 58 ], [ 68, 84 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 256, 280 ], [ 383, 390 ], [ 449, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him \"Saint John, Apostle and Evangelist\", and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him \"Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist\", is on 27 December. In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January, the Octave of the 27 December feast. This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955. The traditional liturgical color is white. John, Apostle and Evangelist is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 27 December.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Liturgical commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 180283, 606848, 909, 15698158, 4804361, 23808, 31663216, 803132, 4476440, 5955, 7164924, 8452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 35, 56 ], [ 123, 141 ], [ 248, 267 ], [ 358, 364 ], [ 420, 433 ], [ 492, 499 ], [ 504, 514 ], [ 518, 528 ], [ 536, 553 ], [ 561, 569 ], [ 573, 584 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of \"Saint John Before the Latin Gate\" on 6 May, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional site of this event.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Liturgical commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 8016602, 16614835 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 351, 378 ], [ 416, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the \"Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian\" on 26 September. On 8 May they celebrate the \"Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian\", on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Liturgical commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 10186, 214903, 588318, 180283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 27 ], [ 38, 63 ], [ 81, 95 ], [ 222, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as \"supporters for [the cause of] Allah\". The Sunnah did not mention their names either. However, some Muslim scholars mentioned their names, likely relying on the resources of Christians, who are considered \"People of the Book\" in Islamic tradition. Muslim exegesis more-or-less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot. Notably, narrations of People of the Book (Christians and Jews) are not to be believed or disbelieved by Muslims as long as there is nothing that supports or denies them in Quran or Sunnah.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Other views", "target_page_ids": [ 36922, 52874, 276930, 21433, 32139011, 147219, 31459, 64935, 20672, 31663669, 171625, 842854, 314682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ], [ 312, 330 ], [ 361, 369 ], [ 399, 412 ], [ 455, 460 ], [ 462, 468 ], [ 470, 476 ], [ 478, 489 ], [ 491, 498 ], [ 500, 506 ], [ 508, 513 ], [ 515, 519 ], [ 530, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that, \"John is mentioned frequently in latter-day revelation (1 Ne. 14:18–27; 3 Ne. 28:6; Ether 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). For Latter-day Saints these passages confirm the biblical record of John and also provide insight into his greatness and the importance of the work the Lord has given him to do on the earth in New Testament times and in the last days. The latter-day scriptures clarify that John did not die but was allowed to remain on the earth as a ministering servant until the time of the Lord’s Second Coming (John 21:20–23; 3 Ne. 28:6–7; D&C 7)\". It also teaches that in 1829, along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Apostolic succession to earth. John, along with the Three Nephites, will live to see the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Other views", "target_page_ids": [ 5935, 32387701, 412847, 365465, 2257, 2497042, 28554, 7534796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 47 ], [ 745, 757 ], [ 762, 776 ], [ 794, 804 ], [ 820, 840 ], [ 872, 886 ], [ 909, 932 ], [ 936, 953 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Other views", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As he was traditionally identified with the beloved apostle, the evangelist, and the author of the Revelation and several Epistles, John played an extremely prominent role in art from the early Christian period onward. He is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways: either as an aged man with a white or gray beard, or alternatively as a beardless youth. The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art, where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates; the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe, and can be dated back as far as 4th century Rome.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In art", "target_page_ids": [ 647630, 25664190, 340026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 416, 429 ], [ 489, 497 ], [ 540, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legends from the Acts of John, an apocryphal text attributed to John, contributed much to Medieval iconography; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age. One of John's familiar attributes is the chalice, often with a serpent emerging from it. This symbol is interpreted as a reference to a legend from the Acts of John, in which John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith (the poison being symbolized by the serpent). Other common attributes include a book or scroll, in reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him, and an eagle, which is argued to symbolize the high-soaring, inspirational quality of these writings.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In art", "target_page_ids": [ 1823977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Medieval and through to Renaissance works of painting, sculpture and literature, Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or feminized manner. Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended. For instance, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women. Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that because of his status as an androgynous saint, John could function as an \"image of a third or mixed gender\" and \"a crucial figure with whom to identify\" for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety, a highly emotional style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity. After the Middle Ages, feminizing portrayals of Saint John continued to be made; a case in point is an etching by Jacques Bellange, shown to the right, described by art critic Richard Dorment as depicting \"a softly androgynous creature with a corona of frizzy hair, small breasts like a teenage girl, and the round belly of a mature woman.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In art", "target_page_ids": [ 162688, 40233603, 8519191, 48744960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 483, 504 ], [ 609, 624 ], [ 863, 879 ], [ 925, 940 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the realm of popular media, this latter phenomenon was brought to notice in Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), where one of the book's characters suggests that the feminine-looking person to Jesus' right in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is actually Mary Magdalene rather than St. John.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In art", "target_page_ids": [ 444645, 5043452, 18079, 73190, 20787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 88 ], [ 97, 114 ], [ 219, 236 ], [ 239, 254 ], [ 267, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Basilica of St. John", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22139958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Four evangelists", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 803132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1829880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Names of John", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 406277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St. John the Evangelist on Patmos", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7343743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vision of St. John on Patmos, 1520–1522 frescos by Antonio da Correggio", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4941812, 102054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ], [ 52, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Acts of John, a pseudepigraphal account of John's miracle work", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1823977, 503214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 17, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint John the Apostle, patron saint archive", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eastern Orthodox icon and Synaxarion of Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist (May 8)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John the Apostle in Art", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John in Art", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion for September 26", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 14800, 1530122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 76 ], [ 81, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sankta Johano la Evangeliisto", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "John_the_Apostle", "AD_6_births", "Year_of_death_unknown", "Christian_saints_from_the_New_Testament", "1st-century_Christian_theologians", "1st-century_Christian_mystics", "2nd-century_Christian_theologians", "2nd-century_Christian_mystics", "Anglican_saints", "Angelic_visionaries", "Book_of_Revelation", "Burials_in_Turkey", "Jewish_Christian_mystics", "Ancient_letter_writers", "Family_of_Jesus", "Twelve_Apostles", "Saints_from_the_Holy_Land", "Ancient_Jewish_fishers", "People_from_Bethsaida", "Judean_people", "Last_living_survivors", "Miracle_workers" ]

[ "Johannes", "John", "Saint John the Apostle", "St. John the Apostle", "St John the Apostle", "St. John" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Michelangelo Antonioni (, ; 29 September 1912– 30 July 2007) was an Italian filmmaker. He is best known for directing his \"trilogy on modernity and its discontents\"—L'Avventura (1960), La Notte (1961), and L'Eclisse (1962)—as well as the English-language film Blow-up (1966), all considered masterpieces of world cinema.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 185130, 330874, 6816597, 3654231, 448385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 144 ], [ 166, 177 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 207, 216 ], [ 261, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His films have been described as \"enigmatic and intricate mood pieces\" that feature elusive plots, striking visual composition, and a preoccupation with modern landscapes. His work substantially influenced subsequent art cinema. Antonioni received numerous awards and nominations throughout his career, being the only director to have won the Palme d'Or, the Golden Lion, the Golden Bear and the Golden Leopard.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1822919, 540784, 612946, 2386128, 21547166, 27653161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 126 ], [ 217, 227 ], [ 343, 353 ], [ 359, 370 ], [ 376, 387 ], [ 396, 410 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antonioni was born into a prosperous family of landowners in Ferrara, Emilia Romagna, in northern Italy. He was the son of Elisabetta (née Roncagli) and Ismaele Antonioni. The director explained to Italian film critic Aldo Tassone:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 45846, 162715, 2037726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 135, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a child, Antonioni was fond of drawing and music. A precocious violinist, he gave his first concert at the age of nine. Although he abandoned the violin with the discovery of cinema in his teens, drawing would remain a lifelong passion. \"I have never drawn, even as a child, either puppets or silhouettes but rather facades of houses and gates. One of my favourite games consisted of organizing towns. Ignorant in architecture, I constructed buildings and streets crammed with little figures. I invented stories for them. These childhood happenings—I was eleven years old—were like little films.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Upon graduation from the University of Bologna with a degree in economics, he started writing for the local Ferrara newspaper Il Corriere Padano in 1935 as a film journalist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 263329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1940, Antonioni moved to Rome, where he worked for Cinema, the official Fascist film magazine edited by Vittorio Mussolini. However, Antonioni was fired a few months afterwards. Later that year he enrolled at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia to study film technique but left after three months. He was subsequently drafted into the army. During the war Antonioni survived being condemned to death as a member of the Italian resistance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 5142662, 12041086, 883438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 82 ], [ 107, 125 ], [ 428, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1942, Antonioni co-wrote A Pilot Returns with Roberto Rossellini and worked as assistant director on Enrico Fulchignoni's I due Foscari. In 1943, he travelled to France to assist Marcel Carné on Les visiteurs du soir and then began a series of short films with Gente del Po (1943), a story of poor fishermen of the Po valley. When Rome was liberated by the Allies, the film stock was transferred to the Fascist \"Republic of Salò\" and could not be recovered and edited until 1947 (the complete footage was never retrieved). These films were neorealist in style, being semi-documentary studies of the lives of ordinary people.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 42413428, 38953, 1102445, 3724539, 8320582, 315427, 50959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 43 ], [ 49, 67 ], [ 182, 194 ], [ 198, 219 ], [ 318, 327 ], [ 415, 431 ], [ 543, 553 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Antonioni's first full-length feature film Cronaca di un amore (1950) broke away from neorealism by depicting the middle classes. He continued to do so in a series of other films: I vinti (\"The Vanquished\", 1952), a trio of stories, each set in a different country (France, Italy and England), about juvenile delinquency; La signora senza camelie (The Lady Without Camellias, 1953) about a young film star and her fall from grace; and Le amiche (The Girlfriends, 1955) about middle-class women in Turin. Il grido (The Outcry, 1957) was a return to working class stories, depicting a factory worker and his daughter. Each of these stories is about social alienation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 10858701, 11797527, 12662789, 12710627, 11783565, 2943008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 71 ], [ 189, 196 ], [ 331, 355 ], [ 444, 453 ], [ 513, 521 ], [ 656, 673 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Le Amiche (1955), Antonioni experimented with a radical new style: instead of a conventional narrative, he presented a series of apparently disconnected events, and he used long takes as part of his film making style. Antonioni returned to their use in L'avventura (1960), which became his first international success. At the Cannes Film Festival it received a mixture of cheers and boos, but the film was popular in art house cinemas around the world. La notte (1961), starring Jeanne Moreau and Marcello Mastroianni, and L'Eclisse (1962), starring Alain Delon, followed L'avventura. These three films are commonly referred to as a trilogy because they are stylistically similar and all concerned with the alienation of man in the modern world.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 952407, 330874, 101460, 6816597, 800094, 161870, 3654231, 309161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 185 ], [ 256, 267 ], [ 329, 349 ], [ 456, 464 ], [ 482, 495 ], [ 500, 520 ], [ 526, 535 ], [ 553, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La notte won the Golden Bear award at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival, His first color film, Il deserto rosso (The Red Desert, 1964), deals with similar themes, and is sometimes considered the fourth film of the \"trilogy\". All of these films star Monica Vitti, his lover during that period.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 21547166, 25853991, 1833819, 2200266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 28 ], [ 42, 81 ], [ 105, 121 ], [ 259, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antonioni then signed a deal with producer Carlo Ponti that would allow artistic freedom on three films in English to be released by MGM. The first, Blowup (1966), set in Swinging London, was a major international success. The script was loosely based on the short story The Devil's Drool (otherwise known as Blow Up) by Argentinian writer Julio Cortázar. Although it dealt with the challenging theme of the impossibility of objective standards and the ever-doubtable truth of memory, it was a successful and popular hit with audiences, no doubt helped by its sex scenes, which were explicit for the time. It starred David Hemmings and Vanessa Redgrave. The second film was Zabriskie Point (1970), his first set in America and with a counterculture theme. The soundtrack featured music from Pink Floyd (who wrote new music specifically for the film), the Grateful Dead and the Rolling Stones. However, its release was a critical and commercial disaster. The third, The Passenger (1975), starring Jack Nicholson and Maria Schneider, received critical praise, but also did poorly at the box office. It was out of circulation for many years, but was re-released for a limited theatrical run in October 2005 and has subsequently been released on DVD.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1000035, 58819, 448385, 463284, 334671, 388034, 63741, 2194799, 8544676, 5079506, 12542, 31056, 2171853, 18617829, 871143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 54 ], [ 133, 136 ], [ 149, 155 ], [ 171, 186 ], [ 340, 354 ], [ 617, 631 ], [ 636, 652 ], [ 674, 689 ], [ 734, 748 ], [ 791, 801 ], [ 855, 868 ], [ 877, 891 ], [ 965, 978 ], [ 996, 1010 ], [ 1015, 1030 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1972, in between Zabriskie Point and The Passenger, Antonioni was invited by the Mao government of the People's Republic of China to visit the country. He made the documentary Chung Kuo, Cina, but it was severely denounced by the Chinese authorities as \"anti-Chinese\" and \"anti-communist\". The documentary had its first showing in China on 25 November 2004 in Beijing with a film festival hosted by the Beijing Film Academy to honour the works of Michelangelo Antonioni.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 19527, 5405, 22114856, 18603746, 2427111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 87 ], [ 106, 132 ], [ 179, 194 ], [ 363, 370 ], [ 406, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1980, Antonioni made Il mistero di Oberwald (The Mystery of Oberwald), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play L'Aigle à deux têtes (The Eagle With Two Heads). Identificazione di una donna (Identification of a Woman, 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed and unable to speak. However, he continued to make films, including Beyond the Clouds (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with Cyclo.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 14969461, 2200266, 15837, 18914878, 13573527, 17752771, 32902, 32497, 47710172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 46 ], [ 180, 192 ], [ 219, 231 ], [ 239, 259 ], [ 288, 316 ], [ 579, 596 ], [ 615, 626 ], [ 827, 847 ], [ 853, 858 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1994 he was given the Honorary Academy Award \"in recognition of his place as one of the cinema's master visual stylists.\" It was presented to him by Jack Nicholson. Months later, the statuette was stolen by burglars and had to be replaced. Previously, he had been nominated for Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Screenplay for Blowup. Antonioni's final film, made when he was in his 90s, was a segment of the anthology film Eros (2004), entitled Il filo pericoloso delle cose (The Dangerous Thread of Things). The short film's episodes are framed by dreamy paintings and the song \"Michelangelo Antonioni\", composed and sung by Caetano Veloso. However, it was not well-received internationally; in America, for example, Roger Ebert claimed that it was neither erotic nor about eroticism. The U.S. DVD release of the film includes another 2004 short film by Antonioni, Lo sguardo di Michelangelo (The Gaze of Michelangelo).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 324, 18617829, 324, 448385, 163897, 2657861, 177278, 50908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 47 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 281, 294 ], [ 338, 344 ], [ 420, 434 ], [ 435, 439 ], [ 638, 652 ], [ 730, 741 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antonioni died at age 94 on 30 July 2007 in Rome, the same day that another renowned film director, Ingmar Bergman, also died. Antonioni lay in state at City Hall in Rome where a large screen showed black-and-white footage of him among his film sets and behind-the-scenes. He was buried in his hometown of Ferrara on 2 August 2007.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 14626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Critic Richard Brody described Antonioni as \"the cinema's exemplary modernist\" and one of its \"great pictorialists—his images reflect, with a cold enticement, the abstractions that fascinated him.\" AllMovie stated that \"his films—a seminal body of enigmatic and intricate mood pieces—rejected action in favor of contemplation, championing image and design over character and story. Haunted by a sense of instability and impermanence, his work defined a cinema of possibilities.\" Stephen Dalton of the British Film Institute described Antonioni's influential visual hallmarks as \"extremely long takes, striking modern architecture, painterly use of colour, [and] tiny human figures adrift in empty landscapes,\" noting similarities to the \"empty urban dreamscapes\" of surrealist painter Giorgio de Chirico. Film historian Virginia Wright Wexman notes the slowness of his camera and the absence of frequent cuts, stating that \"he forces our full attention by continuing the shot long after others would cut away.\" Antonioni is also noted for exploiting colour as a significant expressive element in his later works, especially in Il deserto rosso, his first colour film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Style and themes", "target_page_ids": [ 45520205, 19547, 31710756, 669687, 952407, 28766, 241610, 1833819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 68, 77 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 501, 523 ], [ 589, 598 ], [ 766, 776 ], [ 785, 803 ], [ 1127, 1143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antonioni's plots were experimental, ambiguous, and elusive, often featuring middle-class characters who suffer from ennui, desperation, or joyless sex. Film historian David Bordwell writes that in Antonioni's films, \"Vacations, parties and artistic pursuits are vain efforts to conceal the characters' lack of purpose and emotion. Sexuality is reduced to casual seduction, enterprise to the pursuit of wealth at any cost.\" The New Yorker wrote that \"Antonioni captured a new bourgeois society that shifted from physical to intellectual creation, from matter to abstraction, from things to images, and the crisis of personal identity and self-recognition that resulted,\" calling his 1960s collaborations with Monica Vitti \"a crucial moment in the creation of cinematic modernism.\" Richard Brody stated that his films explore \"the way that new methods of communication—mainly the mass media, but also the abstractions of high-tech industry, architecture, music, politics, and even fashion—have a feedback effect on the educated, white-collar thinkers who create them,\" but noted that \"he wasn’t nostalgic about the premodern.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Style and themes", "target_page_ids": [ 3153683, 31365, 58031, 19547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 182 ], [ 424, 438 ], [ 476, 485 ], [ 769, 778 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wexman describes Antonioni's perspective on the world as that of a \"postreligious Marxist and existentialist intellectual.\" In a speech at Cannes about L'Avventura, Antonioni said that in the modern age of reason and science, mankind still lives by \"a rigid and stereotyped morality which all of us recognize as such and yet sustain out of cowardice and sheer laziness [...] We have examined those moral attitudes very carefully, we have dissected them and analyzed them to the point of exhaustion. We have been capable of all this, but we have not been capable of finding new ones.\" Nine years later he expressed a similar attitude in an interview, saying that he loathed the word 'morality': \"When man becomes reconciled to nature, when space becomes his true background, these words and concepts will have lost their meaning, and we will no longer have to use them.\" Critic Roland Barthes claimed that Antonioni's approach \"is not that of a historian, a politician or a moralist, but rather that of a utopian whose perception is seeking to pinpoint the new world, because he is eager for this world and already wants to be part of it.\" He added that his art \"consists in always leaving the road of meaning open and as if undecided.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Style and themes", "target_page_ids": [ 323777, 1904053, 9593, 174415, 31718, 4153402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 81 ], [ 82, 89 ], [ 94, 108 ], [ 877, 891 ], [ 1004, 1011 ], [ 1201, 1208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bordwell explains that Antonioni was extremely influential on subsequent art films: \"More than any other director, he encouraged filmmakers to explore elliptical and open-ended narrative.\" The Guardian described him as, \"in essence, a director of extraordinary sequences,\" and advised viewers to \"forget plotting, characters or dialogue, his import is conveyed in absolutely formal terms.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 540784, 19344515, 773685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 81 ], [ 189, 201 ], [ 375, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Film director Akira Kurosawa considered Antonioni one of the most interesting filmmakers. Stanley Kubrick listed La Notte as one of his ten favorite films in a 1963 Poll. Miklós Jancsó considers Antonioni as his master. American director Martin Scorsese paid tribute to Antonioni following his death in 2007, stating that his films \"posed mysteries—or rather the mystery, of who we are, what we are, to each other, to ourselves, to time. You could say that Antonioni was looking directly at the mysteries of the soul.\" American directors Francis Ford Coppola and Brian De Palma paid homage to Antonioni in their own films.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 872, 26683, 3917567, 18995, 10576, 4216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 90, 105 ], [ 171, 184 ], [ 238, 253 ], [ 538, 558 ], [ 563, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antonioni's spare style and purposeless characters, however, have not received universal acclaim. Ingmar Bergman stated in 2002 that while he considered the Antonioni films Blowup and La notte masterpieces, he found the other films boring and noted that he had never understood why Antonioni was held in such esteem. Orson Welles regretted the Italian director's use of the long take: \"I don't like to dwell on things. It's one of the reasons I'm so bored with Antonioni—the belief that, because a shot is good, it's going to get better if you keep looking at it. He gives you a full shot of somebody walking down a road. And you think, 'Well, he's not going to carry that woman all the way up that road.' But he does. And then she leaves and you go on looking at the road after she's gone.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 14626, 448385, 6816597, 22196, 952407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 112 ], [ 173, 179 ], [ 184, 192 ], [ 317, 329 ], [ 374, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American actor Peter Weller, whom Antonioni directed in Beyond the Clouds, explained in a 1996 interview: \"There is no director living except maybe Kurosawa, Bergman, or Antonioni that I would fall down and do anything for. I met Antonioni three years ago in Taormina at a film festival. I introduced myself and told him that I adored his movies, his contributions to film, because he was the first guy who really started making films about the reality of the vacuity between people, the difficulty in traversing this space between lovers in modern day... and he never gives you an answer, Antonioni—that's the beautiful thing.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1330338, 17752771, 872, 14626, 198115, 22624946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 56, 73 ], [ 148, 156 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 259, 267 ], [ 273, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gente del Po (People of the Po Valley, filmed in 1943, released in 1947) – 10 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " N.U. (Dustmen, 1948) – 11 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 13681909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oltre l'oblio (1948)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roma-Montevideo (1948)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lies of Love (L'amorosa menzogna, 1949) – 10 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 21022073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sette canne, un vestito (Seven Reeds, One Suit, 1949) – 10 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bomarzo (1949)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ragazze in bianco (Girls in White, 1949)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Superstizione (Superstition, 1949) – 9 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " La villa dei mostri (The House of Monsters, 1950) – 10 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " La funivia del Faloria (The Funicular of Mount Faloria, 1950) – 10 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 17183430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tentato suicido (When Love Fails, 1953) – episode in L'amore in città (Love in the City)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 3796367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Il provino (1965) – episode in I tre volti ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 23666731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inserto girato a Lisca Bianca (1983) – 8 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kumbha Mela (1989) – 18 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roma (Rome, 1989) – episode in 12 registi per 12 città, for the 1990 FIFA World Cup", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 157232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Noto, Mandorli, Vulcano, Stromboli, Carnevale (Volcanoes and Carnival, 1993) – 8 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sicilia (1997) – 9 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lo sguardo di Michelangelo (The Gaze of Michelangelo, 2004) – 15 minutes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Il filo pericoloso delle cose (The Dangerous Thread of Things, 2004) – episode in Eros", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 2657861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Academy Honorary Award (1995)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1553688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Berlin International Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1961)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 18948039, 2795898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ], [ 36, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear (1961), for La Notte", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 21547166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bodil Award for Best European Film (1976), for The Passenger", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 6347786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " British Film Institute Sutherland Trophy (1960), for L'Avventura", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 669687, 16568033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 24, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1960), for L'Avventura", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 101460, 12584054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 22, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1962), for Eclipse", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or (1967), for Blowup", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 612946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cannes Film Festival 35th Anniversary Prize (1982), for Identification of a Woman", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " David di Donatello Award for Best Director (1961), for La Notte", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 6356275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " David di Donatello Luchino Visconti Award (1976)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " European Film Awards Life Achievement Award (1993)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1254961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Flaiano Prize Career Award in Cinema (2000)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 22656731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Award for Best Foreign Film (1968), for Blowup", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 16868734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Giffoni Film Festival François Truffaut Award (1991)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 8462018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Giffoni Film Festival Golden Career Gryphon (1995)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International Istanbul Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award (1996)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 824833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Documentary (1948), for N.U.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 10571015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Documentary (1950), for Lies of Love", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Special Silver Ribbon (1951), for Story of a Love Affair", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Director (1956), for Le Amiche", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 10571147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Director (1962), for La Notte", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 10571147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best foreign film Director (1968), for Blow up", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon for Best Director (1976), for The Passenger", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 10571147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director (1968), for Blowup", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Locarno International Film Festival Prize (1957), for Il Grido", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 2705187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montreal World Film Festival Grand Prix Special des Amériques (1995)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 2516260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Society of Film Critics Special Citation Award (2001)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 3731249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director (2001), for Blowup", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Palm Springs International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award (1998)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 8806014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Valladolid International Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize for Short Film (2004), for Michelangelo Eye to Eye", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival Silver Lion (1955), for Le Amiche", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 32497, 16200382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 22, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1964), for Red Desert", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival Golden Lion (1964), for Red Desert", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 2386128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival Career Golden Lion (1983)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1995), for Beyond the Clouds (with Wim Wenders)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Venice Film Festival Pietro Bianchi Award (1998)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Michelangelo Antonioni Antonioni writings and interviews", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Michelangelo Antonioni Bibliography in the University of California, Berkeley Library", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1912_births", "2007_deaths", "Academy_Honorary_Award_recipients", "Centro_Sperimentale_di_Cinematografia_alumni", "University_of_Bologna_alumni", "David_di_Donatello_winners", "Directors_of_Palme_d'Or_winners", "Directors_of_Golden_Bear_winners", "European_Film_Awards_winners_(people)", "Italian_film_directors", "Italian-language_film_directors", "Italian_Marxists", "Italian_music_video_directors", "Nastro_d'Argento_winners", "People_from_Ferrara", "Italian_male_screenwriters", "20th-century_Italian_screenwriters" ]

[ "An-tung-ni-ao-ni" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called \"plantains\", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow upward in clusters near the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) bananas come from two wild species– Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M.balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old scientific name for this hybrid, Musa sapientum, is no longer used.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10843, 3991810, 234098, 18967, 38493, 2786535, 38945, 27711, 341918, 22688491, 21242393, 39736, 38220759, 12388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 38 ], [ 55, 60 ], [ 98, 108 ], [ 109, 124 ], [ 133, 138 ], [ 139, 143 ], [ 164, 188 ], [ 371, 377 ], [ 557, 569 ], [ 607, 621 ], [ 626, 641 ], [ 647, 663 ], [ 732, 750 ], [ 816, 823 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine, and banana beer and as ornamental plants. The world's largest producers of bananas in 2017 were India and China, which together accounted for approximately 38% of total production.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 201211, 20611325, 22943, 140558, 29324283, 22016321, 216428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 46 ], [ 51, 60 ], [ 112, 128 ], [ 221, 226 ], [ 228, 239 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 264, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between \"bananas\" and \"plantains\". Especially in the Americas and Europe, \"banana\" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the Cavendish, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. By contrast, Musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called \"plantains\". In other regions, such as Southeast Asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the binary distinction is not as useful and is not made in local languages.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 30419260, 28741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 294 ], [ 374, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term \"banana\" is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the fruit. This can extend to other members of the genus Musa, such as the scarlet banana (Musa coccinea), the pink banana (Musa velutina), and the Fe'i bananas. It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete, such as the snow banana (Ensete glaucum) and the economically important false banana (Ensete ventricosum). Both genera are in the banana family, Musaceae.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31979851, 23138943, 30414731, 152905, 33357604, 22798332, 152688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 167 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 226, 237 ], [ 282, 288 ], [ 302, 313 ], [ 362, 374 ], [ 435, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. All the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a \"corm\". Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy with a treelike appearance, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a \"false stem\" or pseudostem. Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils, as long as the soil is at least deep, has good drainage and is not compacted. The leaves of banana plants are composed of a \"stalk\" (petiole) and a blade (lamina). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart. Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around tall, with a range from 'Dwarf Cavendish' plants at around to 'Gros Michel' at or more. Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow long and wide. They are easily torn by the wind, resulting in the familiar frond look.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 234098, 334463, 18955875, 18952693, 8202648, 18973622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 42 ], [ 145, 149 ], [ 202, 206 ], [ 284, 294 ], [ 471, 478 ], [ 493, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When a banana plant is mature, the corm stops producing new leaves and begins to form a flower spike or inflorescence. A stem develops which grows up inside the pseudostem, carrying the immature inflorescence until eventually it emerges at the top. Each pseudostem normally produces a single inflorescence, also known as the \"banana heart\". (More are sometimes produced; an exceptional plant in the Philippines produced five.) After fruiting, the pseudostem dies, but offshoots will normally have developed from the base, so that the plant as a whole is perennial. In the plantation system of cultivation, only one of the offshoots will be allowed to develop in order to maintain spacing. The inflorescence contains many bracts (sometimes incorrectly referred to as petals) between rows of flowers. The female flowers (which can develop into fruit) appear in rows further up the stem (closer to the leaves) from the rows of male flowers. The ovary is inferior, meaning that the tiny petals and other flower parts appear at the tip of the ovary.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 63528, 733199, 612098, 3449340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 117 ], [ 554, 563 ], [ 721, 726 ], [ 951, 959 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The banana fruits develop from the banana heart, in a large hanging cluster, made up of tiers (called \"hands\"), with up to 20 fruit to a tier. The hanging cluster is known as a bunch, comprising 3–20 tiers, or commercially as a \"banana stem\", and can weigh . Individual banana fruits (commonly known as a banana or \"finger\") average , of which approximately 75% is water and 25% dry matter (nutrient table, lower right).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 33306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 365, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fruit has been described as a \"leathery berry\". There is a protective outer layer (a peel or skin) with numerous long, thin strings (the phloem bundles), which run lengthwise between the skin and the edible inner portion. The inner part of the common yellow dessert variety can be split lengthwise into three sections that correspond to the inner portions of the three carpels by manually deforming the unopened fruit. In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence; their remnants are tiny black specks in the interior of the fruit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 4740907, 61899, 2956278, 212818, 2394288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 93 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 204, 210 ], [ 373, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The end of the fruit opposite the stem contains a small tip distinct in texture, and often darker in color. Often misunderstood to be some type of seed or excretory vein, it is actually just the remnants from whence the banana fruit was a banana flower.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As with all living things on earth, potassium-containing bananas emit radioactivity at low levels occurring naturally from potassium-40 (40K or K-40), which is one of several isotopes of potassium. The banana equivalent dose of radiation was developed in 1995 as a simple teaching-tool to educate the public about the natural, small amount of K-40 radiation occurring in every human and in common foods. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 197767, 13677688, 2527061, 26845973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 83 ], [ 123, 135 ], [ 175, 196 ], [ 202, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The K-40 in a banana emits about 15 becquerels or 0.1 microsieverts (units of radioactivity exposure), an amount that does not add to the total body radiation dose when a banana is consumed. By comparison, the normal radiation exposure of an average person over one day is 10 microsieverts, a commercial flight across the United States exposes a person to 40 microsieverts, and the total yearly radiation exposure from the K-40 sources in a person's body is about 390 microsieverts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 155835, 155823, 51215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ], [ 59, 66 ], [ 293, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word \"banana\" is thought to be of West African origin, possibly from the Wolof word , and passed into English via Spanish or Portuguese.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 95357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The genus Musa was created by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The name may be derived from Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus, or Linnaeus may have adapted the Arabic word for banana, mauz. According to Roger Blench, the ultimate origin of musa is in the Trans–New Guinea languages, whence they were borrowed into the Austronesian languages and across Asia, via the Dravidian languages of India, into Arabic as a Wanderwort.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2786535, 5233, 11749465, 1273, 295640, 58800, 7922, 1575598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 14 ], [ 30, 43 ], [ 82, 95 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 260, 286 ], [ 323, 345 ], [ 371, 390 ], [ 418, 428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Musa is the type genus in the family Musaceae. The APG III system assigns Musaceae to the order Zingiberales, part of the commelinid clade of the monocotyledonous flowering plants. Some 70 species of Musa were recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ; several produce edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 152688, 24884679, 34416, 4091955, 55625, 38145616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 51, 65 ], [ 96, 108 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 146, 159 ], [ 228, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The classification of cultivated bananas has long been a problematic issue for taxonomists. Linnaeus originally placed bananas into two species based only on their uses as food: Musa sapientum for dessert bananas and Musa paradisiaca for plantains. More species names were added, but this approach proved to be inadequate for the number of cultivars in the primary center of diversity of the genus, Southeast Asia. Many of these cultivars were given names that were later discovered to be synonyms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 39019715, 167906, 8166296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 247 ], [ 340, 348 ], [ 489, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a series of papers published from 1947 onwards, Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus's Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca were cultivars and descendants of two wild seed-producing species, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, both first described by Luigi Aloysius Colla. Cheesman recommended the abolition of Linnaeus's species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars – those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa balbisiana, those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa acuminata, and those with characteristics of both. Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome-based nomenclature system in 1955. This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties. Despite this, the original names are still recognized by some authorities, leading to confusion.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 22688491, 21242393, 5860192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 207 ], [ 212, 227 ], [ 253, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The accepted scientific names for most groups of cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana for the ancestral species, and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid M. acuminata × M. balbisiana.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 1651329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Synonyms of M. × paradisiaca include", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 8166296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " many subspecific and varietal names of M. × paradisiaca, including M. p. subsp. sapientum ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Musa × dacca ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Musa × sapidisiaca ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Musa × sapientum , and many of its varietal names, including M. × sapientum var. paradisiaca ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Generally, modern classifications of banana cultivars follow Simmonds and Shepherd's system. Cultivars are placed in groups based on the number of chromosomes they have and which species they are derived from. Thus the Latundan banana is placed in the AAB Group, showing that it is a triploid derived from both M. acuminata (A) and M. balbisiana (B). For a list of the cultivars classified under this system, see \"List of banana cultivars\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 30436900, 30419260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 234 ], [ 414, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, a team of scientists announced they had achieved a draft sequence of the genome of Musa acuminata.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 22688491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In regions such as North America and Europe, Musa fruits offered for sale can be divided into \"bananas\" and \"plantains\" (cooking banana), based on their intended use as food. Thus the banana producer and distributor Chiquita produces publicity material for the American market which says that \"a plantain is not a banana\". The stated differences are that plantains are more starchy and less sweet; they are eaten cooked rather than raw; they have thicker skin, which may be green, yellow or black; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness. Linnaeus made the same distinction between plantains and bananas when first naming two \"species\" of Musa. Members of the \"plantain subgroup\" of banana cultivars, most important as food in West Africa and Latin America, correspond to the Chiquita description, having long pointed fruit. They are described by Ploetz et al. as \"true\" plantains, distinct from other cooking bananas. The cooking bananas of East Africa belong to a different group, the East African Highland bananas, so would not qualify as \"true\" plantains on this definition.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bananas and plantains", "target_page_ids": [ 38945, 771479, 27711, 39019715, 32104696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 135 ], [ 216, 224 ], [ 374, 380 ], [ 667, 684 ], [ 993, 1021 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An alternative approach divides bananas into dessert bananas and cooking bananas, with plantains being one of the subgroups of cooking bananas. Triploid cultivars derived solely from M.acuminata are examples of \"dessert bananas\", whereas triploid cultivars derived from the hybrid between M.acuminata and M.balbisiana (in particular the plantain subgroup of the AAB Group) are \"plantains\". Small farmers in Colombia grow a much wider range of cultivars than large commercial plantations. A study of these cultivars showed that they could be placed into at least three groups based on their characteristics: dessert bananas, non-plantain cooking bananas, and plantains, although there were overlaps between dessert and cooking bananas.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bananas and plantains", "target_page_ids": [ 62610, 30419260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 152 ], [ 362, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Southeast Asia—the center of diversity for bananas, both wild and cultivated—the distinction between \"bananas\" and \"plantains\" does not work, according to Valmayor et al. Many bananas are used both raw and cooked. There are starchy cooking bananas which are smaller than those eaten raw. The range of colors, sizes and shapes is far wider than in those grown or sold in Africa, Europe or the Americas. Southeast Asian languages do not make the distinction between \"bananas\" and \"plantains\" that is made in English (and Spanish). Thus both Cavendish, the classic yellow dessert bananas, and Saba cultivars, used mainly for cooking, are called pisang in Malaysia and Indonesia, kluai in Thailand and chuối in Vietnam. Fe'i bananas, grown and eaten in the islands of the Pacific, are derived from entirely different wild species than traditional bananas and plantains. Most Fe'i bananas are cooked, but Karat bananas, which are short and squat with bright red skins, very different from the usual yellow dessert bananas, are eaten raw.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bananas and plantains", "target_page_ids": [ 30413568, 30414731, 816410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 593, 607 ], [ 719, 730 ], [ 903, 915 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Spanish market, the distinction is among , applied to the Cavendish cultivars produced in the Spanish Canary Islands under the protected geographical indication , , applied to dessert imports from Africa and the Americas, and (literally, \"male banana\"), applied to imports that are to be cooked.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bananas and plantains", "target_page_ids": [ 5717, 350391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 123 ], [ 134, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In summary, in commerce in Europe and the Americas (although not in small-scale cultivation), it is possible to distinguish between \"bananas\", which are eaten raw, and \"plantains\", which are cooked. In other regions of the world, particularly India, Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific, there are many more kinds of banana and the two-fold distinction is not useful and not made in local languages. Plantains are one of many kinds of cooking bananas, which are not always distinct from dessert bananas.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bananas and plantains", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest domestication of bananas (Musa spp.) was from naturally occurring parthenocarpic (seedless) individuals of Musa banksii in New Guinea. These were cultivated by Papuans before the arrival of Austronesian-speakers. Numerous phytoliths of bananas have been recovered from the Kuk Swamp archaeological site and dated to around 10,000 to 6,500 BP. Foraging humans in this area began domestication in the late Pleistocene using transplantation and early cultivation methods. Various investigations including Denham et al., 2003 determine that by the early to middle of the Holocene the process was complete. From New Guinea, cultivated bananas spread westward into Island Southeast Asia through proximity (not migrations). They hybridized with other (possibly independently domesticated) subspecies of Musa acuminata as well as Musa balbisiana in the Philippines, northern New Guinea, and possibly Halmahera. These hybridization events produced the triploid cultivars of bananas commonly grown today. From Island Southeast Asia, they became part of the staple domesticated crops of Austronesian peoples and were spread during their voyages and ancient maritime trading routes into Oceania, East Africa, South Asia, and Indochina.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 2786535, 341918, 50039773, 20611456, 1031415, 6911444, 2225215, 7211274, 971107, 447986, 23310, 1251566, 46191, 13471, 759244, 41244, 185901, 22688491, 21242393, 555708, 30419260, 6911444, 583117, 260987, 21566765, 52052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 43 ], [ 79, 93 ], [ 120, 132 ], [ 136, 146 ], [ 173, 180 ], [ 203, 224 ], [ 235, 244 ], [ 286, 295 ], [ 352, 354 ], [ 356, 364 ], [ 417, 428 ], [ 435, 450 ], [ 461, 472 ], [ 582, 590 ], [ 674, 695 ], [ 737, 743 ], [ 797, 807 ], [ 811, 825 ], [ 837, 852 ], [ 907, 916 ], [ 967, 987 ], [ 1091, 1111 ], [ 1153, 1184 ], [ 1199, 1210 ], [ 1212, 1222 ], [ 1228, 1237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These ancient introductions resulted in the banana subgroup now known as the \"true\" plantains, which include the East African Highland bananas and the Pacific plantains (the Iholena and Maoli-Popo'ulu subgroups). East African Highland bananas originated from banana populations introduced to Madagascar probably from the region between Java, Borneo, and New Guinea; while Pacific plantains were introduced to the Pacific Islands from either eastern New Guinea or the Bismarck Archipelago.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 39019715, 32104696, 30419260, 30419260, 30419260, 69336, 4518, 20611456, 293888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 93 ], [ 113, 142 ], [ 151, 168 ], [ 174, 181 ], [ 186, 200 ], [ 336, 340 ], [ 342, 348 ], [ 354, 364 ], [ 467, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Phytolith discoveries in Cameroon dating to the first millennium BCE triggered an as yet unresolved debate about the date of first cultivation in Africa. There is linguistic evidence that bananas were known in Madagascar around that time. The earliest prior evidence indicates that cultivation dates to no earlier than late 6th century CE. It is likely, however, that bananas were brought at least to Madagascar if not to the East African coast during the phase of Malagasy colonization of the island from South East Asia c. 400 CE.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 2225215, 3486874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 465, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Glucanase and two other proteins specific to bananas were found in dental calculus from early Iron Age (12th century BCE) Philistines in Tel Erani in the southern Levant.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 33881656, 252812, 14711, 24204, 54444079, 18138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 67, 82 ], [ 94, 102 ], [ 122, 133 ], [ 137, 146 ], [ 163, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another wave of introductions later spread bananas to other parts of tropical Asia, particularly Indochina and the Indian subcontinent. However, there is evidence that bananas were known to the Indus Valley civilisation from phytoliths recovered from the Kot Diji archaeological site in Pakistan (although they are absent in other contemporary sites in South Asia). This may be a possible indication of very early dispersal of bananas by Austronesian traders by sea from as early as 2000 BCE. But this is still putative, as they may have come from local wild Musa species used for fiber or as ornamentals, not food.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 10042176, 52052, 20611562, 46853, 3985400, 21566765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 82 ], [ 97, 106 ], [ 115, 134 ], [ 194, 219 ], [ 255, 263 ], [ 353, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Southeast Asia remains the region of primary diversity of the banana. Areas of secondary diversity are found in Africa, indicating a long history of banana cultivation in these regions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 19854812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The banana may also have been present in isolated locations elsewhere in the Middle East on the eve of Islam. The spread of Islam was followed by far-reaching diffusion. There are numerous references to it in Islamic texts (such as poems and hadiths) beginning in the 9th century. By the 10th century the banana appears in texts from Palestine and Egypt. From there it diffused into North Africa and Muslim Iberia. An article on banana tree cultivation is included in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture. During the medieval ages, bananas from Granada were considered among the best in the Arab world. In 650, Islamic conquerors brought the banana to Palestine. Today, banana consumption increases significantly in Islamic countries during Ramadan, the month of daylight fasting.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 6037917, 47826238, 13749, 1114732, 355643, 12167141, 38264, 26173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 108 ], [ 114, 129 ], [ 242, 248 ], [ 334, 343 ], [ 400, 413 ], [ 468, 481 ], [ 576, 583 ], [ 772, 779 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas were certainly grown in the Christian Kingdom of Cyprus by the late medieval period. Writing in 1458, the Italian traveller and writer Gabriele Capodilista wrote favourably of the extensive farm produce of the estates at Episkopi, near modern-day Limassol, including the region's banana plantations.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 256586, 64700089, 57577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 63 ], [ 143, 163 ], [ 255, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas (as well as coconuts) were encountered by European explorers during the Magellan expedition in 1521, in both Guam and the Philippines. Lacking a name for the fruit, the ship's historian Antonio Pigafetta described them as \"figs more than one palm long.\" Bananas were introduced to South America by Portuguese sailors who brought the fruits from West Africa in the 16th century. Southeast Asian banana cultivars, as well as abaca grown for fibers, were also introduced to New Spain (North and Central America) by the Spanish from the Philippines, via the Manila galleons.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 51346, 12027162, 11974, 23440, 1128411, 1555695, 26769, 67393, 2473, 64485, 21139, 6121, 552927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 27 ], [ 80, 99 ], [ 117, 121 ], [ 130, 141 ], [ 194, 211 ], [ 250, 254 ], [ 289, 302 ], [ 353, 364 ], [ 431, 436 ], [ 479, 488 ], [ 490, 495 ], [ 500, 515 ], [ 562, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many wild banana species as well as cultivars exist in extraordinary diversity in India, China, and Southeast Asia.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 2786535, 28741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 24 ], [ 100, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese colonists started banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, Brazil, and western Africa. North Americans began consuming bananas on a small scale at very high prices shortly after the Civil War, though it was only in the 1880s that the food became more widespread. As late as the Victorian Era, bananas were not widely known in Europe, although they were available. Jules Verne introduces bananas to his readers with detailed descriptions in Around the World in Eighty Days (1872).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 32798, 15770, 42609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 324, 337 ], [ 410, 421 ], [ 486, 517 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related Western Caribbean Zone, including most of Central America. It involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed more time between harvesting and ripening. North American shippers like Lorenzo Dow Baker and Andrew Preston, the founders of the Boston Fruit Company started this process in the 1870s, but railroad builders like Minor C. Keith also participated, eventually culminating in the multi-national giant corporations like today's Chiquita Brands International and Dole. These companies were monopolistic, vertically integrated (meaning they controlled growing, processing, shipping and marketing) and usually used political manipulation to build enclave economies (economies that were internally self-sufficient, virtually tax exempt, and export-oriented that contribute very little to the host economy). Their political maneuvers, which gave rise to the term Banana republic for states like Honduras and Guatemala, included working with local elites and their rivalries to influence politics or playing the international interests of the United States, especially during the Cold War, to keep the political climate favorable to their interests.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 27889670, 6121, 31524251, 4200612, 28914810, 4302211, 771479, 790825, 18878, 206269, 31862355, 11768709, 325329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 92 ], [ 112, 127 ], [ 342, 359 ], [ 364, 378 ], [ 400, 420 ], [ 483, 497 ], [ 594, 623 ], [ 628, 632 ], [ 655, 667 ], [ 669, 690 ], [ 810, 827 ], [ 1024, 1039 ], [ 1240, 1248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The vast majority of the world's bananas today are cultivated for family consumption or for sale on local markets. India is the world leader in this sort of production, but many other Asian and African countries where climate and soil conditions allow cultivation also host large populations of banana growers who sell at least some of their crop.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peasant sector banana growers produce for the world market in the Caribbean, however. The Windward Islands are notable for the growing, largely of Cavendish bananas, for an international market, generally in Europe but also in North America. In the Caribbean, and especially in Dominica where this sort of cultivation is widespread, holdings are in the 1–2 acre range. In many cases the farmer earns additional money from other crops, from engaging in labor outside the farm, and from a share of the earnings of relatives living overseas.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 276897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana crops are vulnerable to destruction by high winds, such as tropical storms or cyclones.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 42806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All widely cultivated bananas today descend from the two wild bananas Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. While the original wild bananas contained large seeds, diploid or polyploid cultivars (some being hybrids) with tiny seeds or triploid hybrids without seeds are preferred for human raw fruit consumption, as banana seeds are large and hard and spiky and liable to crack teeth. These are propagated asexually from offshoots. The plant is allowed to produce two shoots at a time; a larger one for immediate fruiting and a smaller \"sucker\" or \"follower\" to produce fruit in 6–8 months.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 23219, 62610, 41244, 62610, 2756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 168 ], [ 172, 181 ], [ 204, 211 ], [ 232, 240 ], [ 403, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a non-seasonal crop, bananas are available fresh year-round.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid AAA group of Musa acuminata, commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas. They accounted for the majority of banana exports, despite only coming into existence in 1836. The cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain (Chiquita Banana) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass-produced cultivar, Gros Michel (also an AAA group cultivar), became commercially unviable due to Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum which attacks the roots of the banana plant. Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama disease, but in 2013 there were fears that the black sigatoka fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 30419260, 2792484, 7990178, 21939957, 5845425, 770096, 312937, 769420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 92 ], [ 93, 98 ], [ 276, 291 ], [ 296, 306 ], [ 399, 410 ], [ 477, 491 ], [ 514, 532 ], [ 673, 687 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even though it is no longer viable for large scale cultivation, Gros Michel is not extinct and is still grown in areas where Panama disease is not found. Likewise, Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain are in no danger of extinction, but they may leave supermarket shelves if disease makes it impossible to supply the global market. It is unclear if any existing cultivar can replace Cavendish bananas, so various hybridisation and genetic engineering programs are attempting to create a disease-resistant, mass-market banana. One such strain that has emerged is the Taiwanese Cavendish, also known as the Formosana.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 41244, 12383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 407, 420 ], [ 425, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Export bananas are picked green, and ripen in special rooms upon arrival in the destination country. These rooms are air-tight and filled with ethylene gas to induce ripening. The vivid yellow color consumers normally associate with supermarket bananas is, in fact, caused by the artificial ripening process. Flavor and texture are also affected by ripening temperature. Bananas are refrigerated to between during transport. At lower temperatures, ripening permanently stalls, and the bananas turn gray as cell walls break down. The skin of ripe bananas quickly blackens in the environment of a domestic refrigerator, although the fruit inside remains unaffected.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 63943822, 1036259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 155 ], [ 606, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas can be ordered by the retailer \"ungassed\" (i.e. not treated with ethylene), and may show up at the supermarket fully green. (green bananas) that have not been gassed will never fully ripen before becoming rotten. Instead of fresh eating, these bananas can be used for cooking, as seen in Jamaican cuisine.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 2008 study reported that ripe bananas fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light. This property is attributed to the degradation of chlorophyll leading to the accumulation of a fluorescent product in the skin of the fruit. The chlorophyll breakdown product is stabilized by a propionate ester group. Banana-plant leaves also fluoresce in the same way. Green (under-ripe) bananas do not fluoresce. That paper suggested that this fluorescence could be put to use \"for optical in vivo monitoring of ripening and over-ripening of bananas and other fruit\". ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 11555, 31990, 6985, 477493, 316076, 9675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 49 ], [ 66, 77 ], [ 135, 146 ], [ 242, 259 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 290, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas must be transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets. To obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before the fruit is mature. The fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport to ports, cooling, and refrigerated shipping. The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent, ethylene. This technology allows storage and transport for 3–4 weeks at . On arrival, bananas are held at about and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit begins to ripen and is distributed for final sale. Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home. If bananas are too green, they can be put in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carbon dioxide (which bananas produce) and ethylene absorbents extend fruit life even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing banana in a polyethylene bag and including an ethylene absorbent, e.g., potassium permanganate, on an inert carrier. The bag is then sealed with a band or string. This treatment has been shown to more than double lifespans up to 3–4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 77385, 483010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 172 ], [ 220, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The excessive use of fertilizers often left in abandoned plantations contributes greatly to eutrophication in local streams and lakes, and harms aquatic life after algal blooms deprive fish of oxygen. It has been theorized that destruction of 60% of coral reefs along the coasts of Costa Rica is partially from sediments from banana plantations. Another issue is the deforestation associated with expanding banana production. As monocultures rapidly deplete soil nutrients plantations expand to areas with rich soils and cut down forests, which also affects soil erosion and degradation, and increases frequency of flooding. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) stated that banana production produced more waste than any other agricultural sector, mostly from discarded banana plants, bags used to cover the bananas, strings to tie them, and containers for transport.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 54840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Voluntary sustainability standards such as Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade are increasingly being used to address some of these issues. Bananas production certified by such sustainability standards experienced a 43% compound annual growth rate from 2008 to 2016, to represent 36% of banana exports.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Modern cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 30715017, 3024793, 1308336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ], [ 43, 62 ], [ 67, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, world production of bananas and plantains combined was 153 million tonnes, led by India and China with a combined total of 27% of global production. Other major producers were the Philippines, Colombia, Indonesia, Ecuador, and Brazil.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Production and export", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As reported for 2013, total world exports were 20 million tonnes of bananas and 859,000 tonnes of plantains. Ecuador and the Philippines were the leading exporters with 5.4 and 3.3 million tonnes, respectively, and the Dominican Republic was the leading exporter of plantains with 210,350 tonnes.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Production and export", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple food crop for millions of people in developing countries. In many tropical countries, green (unripe) bananas used for cooking represent the main cultivars. Most producers are small-scale farmers either for home consumption or local markets. Because bananas and plantains produce fruit year-round, they provide a valuable food source during the hunger season (when the food from one annual/semi-annual harvest has been consumed, and the next is still to come). Bananas and plantains are important for global food security.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Production and export", "target_page_ids": [ 627, 78449, 5355, 58688, 216361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 57 ], [ 84, 104 ], [ 166, 173 ], [ 235, 241 ], [ 555, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although in no danger of outright extinction, the most common edible banana cultivar Cavendish (extremely popular in Europe and the Americas) could become unviable for large-scale cultivation in the next 10–20 years. Its predecessor 'Gros Michel', discovered in the 1820s, suffered this fate. Like almost all bananas, Cavendish lacks genetic diversity, which makes it vulnerable to diseases, threatening both commercial cultivation and small-scale subsistence farming. Some commentators remarked that those variants which could replace what much of the world considers a \"typical banana\" are so different that most people would not consider them the same fruit, and blame the decline of the banana on monogenetic cultivation driven by short-term commercial motives. Overall, fungal diseases are disproportionately important to small island developing states.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 5845425, 19595, 9013183, 3439212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 245 ], [ 701, 712 ], [ 775, 790 ], [ 827, 857 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Panama disease is caused by a fusarium soil fungus (Race 1), which enters the plants through the roots and travels with water into the trunk and leaves, producing gels and gums that cut off the flow of water and nutrients, causing the plant to wilt, and exposing the rest of the plant to lethal amounts of sunlight. Prior to 1960, almost all commercial banana production centered on \"Gros Michel\", which was highly susceptible. Cavendish was chosen as the replacement for Gros Michel because, among resistant cultivars, it produces the highest quality fruit. However, more care is required for shipping the Cavendish, and its quality compared to Gros Michel is debated.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 770096, 935302, 19178965, 41207, 1618993, 10843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 30, 38 ], [ 44, 50 ], [ 163, 166 ], [ 244, 248 ], [ 552, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to current sources, a deadly form of Panama disease is infecting Cavendish. All plants are genetically identical, which prevents evolution of disease resistance. Researchers are examining hundreds of wild varieties for resistance.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tropical race 4 (TR4), a reinvigorated strain of Panama disease, was first discovered in 1993. This virulent form of fusarium wilt destroyed Cavendish in several southeast Asian countries and spread to Australia and India. As the soil-based fungi can easily be carried on boots, clothing, or tools, the wilt spread to the Americas despite years of preventive efforts. Cavendish is highly susceptible to TR4, and over time, Cavendish is endangered for commercial production by this disease. The only known defense to TR4 is genetic resistance. This is conferred either by RGA2, a gene isolated from a TR4-resistant diploid banana, or by the nematode-derived Ced9. Experts state the need to enrich banana biodiversity by producing diverse new banana varieties, not just having a focus on the Cavendish.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 30268766, 30268766, 23219, 19827803, 45086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 571, 575 ], [ 614, 621 ], [ 640, 648 ], [ 703, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black sigatoka is a fungal leaf spot disease first observed in Fiji in 1963 or 1964. Black Sigatoka (also known as black leaf streak) has spread to banana plantations throughout the tropics from infected banana leaves that were used as packing material. It affects all main cultivars of bananas and plantains (including the Cavendish cultivars), impeding photosynthesis by blackening parts of the leaves, eventually killing the entire leaf. Starved for energy, fruit production falls by 50% or more, and the bananas that do grow ripen prematurely, making them unsuitable for export. The fungus has shown ever-increasing resistance to treatment, with the current expense for treating exceeding US$1,000 per year. In addition to the expense, there is the question of how long intensive spraying can be environmentally justified.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 769420, 24544, 361993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 355, 369 ], [ 529, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a plant virus of the genus Babuvirus, family Nanonviridae affecting Musa spp. (including banana, abaca, plantain and ornamental bananas) and Ensete spp. in the family Musaceae. Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) symptoms include dark green streaks of variable length in leaf veins, midribs and petioles. Leaves become short and stunted as the disease progresses, becoming 'bunched' at the apex of the plant. Infected plants may produce no fruit or the bunch may not emerge from the pseudostem. The virus is transmitted by the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa and is widespread in SE Asia, Asia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Oceania and parts of Africa. There is no cure for BBTD, but it can be effectively controlled by the eradication of diseased plants and the use of virus-free planting material. No resistant cultivars have been found, but varietal differences in susceptibility have been reported. The commercially important Cavendish subgroup is severely affected.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 12264210, 45505154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 571, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana bacterial wilt (BBW) is a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. After being originally identified on a close relative of bananas, Ensete ventricosum, in Ethiopia in the 1960s, BBW occurred in Uganda in 2001 affecting all banana cultivars. Since then BBW has been diagnosed in Central and East Africa including the banana growing regions of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, and Uganda.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "target_page_ids": [ 32390935, 9600913, 22798332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 61, 83 ], [ 166, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given the narrow range of genetic diversity present in bananas and the many threats via biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (such as drought) stress, conservation of the full spectrum of banana genetic resources is ongoing. Banana germplasm is conserved in many national and regional gene banks, and at the world's largest banana collection, the International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre (ITC), managed by Bioversity International and hosted at KU Leuven in Belgium. Musa cultivars are usually seedless, and options for their long-term conservation are constrained by the vegetative nature of the plant's reproductive system. Consequently, they are conserved by three main methods: in vivo (planted in field collections), in vitro (as plantlets in test tubes within a controlled environment), and by cryopreservation (meristems conserved in liquid nitrogen at −196°C). Genes from wild banana species are conserved as DNA and as cryopreserved pollen and banana seeds from wild species are also conserved, although less commonly, as they are difficult to regenerate. In addition, bananas and their crop wild relatives are conserved in situ (in wild natural habitats where they evolved and continue to do so). Diversity is also conserved in farmers' fields where continuous cultivation, adaptation and improvement of cultivars is often carried out by small-scale farmers growing traditional local cultivars.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 403627, 9632, 1665285, 37335, 216216, 56956663, 1512214, 4387917, 13755028, 29975400, 15187, 15188, 19349845, 227682, 306364, 7955, 46980, 19030263, 379978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ], [ 88, 94 ], [ 120, 127 ], [ 137, 144 ], [ 154, 166 ], [ 198, 215 ], [ 235, 244 ], [ 288, 298 ], [ 412, 436 ], [ 451, 460 ], [ 688, 695 ], [ 728, 736 ], [ 806, 822 ], [ 824, 832 ], [ 847, 862 ], [ 923, 926 ], [ 948, 954 ], [ 1102, 1121 ], [ 1136, 1143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Raw bananas (not including the peel) are 75% water, 23% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contain negligible fat. A 100-gram reference serving supplies 89 Calories, 31% of the US recommended Daily Value (DV) of vitamin B6, and moderate amounts of vitamin C, manganese and dietary fiber, with no other micronutrients in significant content (see table).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 5932, 23634, 11042, 6423, 267488, 54110, 32509, 19051, 66554, 1148672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 69 ], [ 74, 81 ], [ 106, 109 ], [ 152, 160 ], [ 188, 199 ], [ 208, 218 ], [ 244, 253 ], [ 255, 264 ], [ 269, 282 ], [ 298, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although bananas are commonly thought to contain exceptional potassium content, their actual potassium content is not high per typical food serving, having only 8% of the US recommended Daily Value for potassium (considered a low level of the DV, see nutrition table), and their potassium-content ranking among fruits, vegetables, legumes, and many other foods is relatively moderate. Vegetables with higher potassium content than raw dessert bananas (358mg per 100g) include raw spinach (558mg per 100g), baked potatoes without skin (391mg per 100g), cooked soybeans (539mg per 100g), grilled portabella mushrooms (437mg per 100g), and processed tomato sauces (413–439mg per 100g). Raw plantains contain 499mg potassium per 100g. Dehydrated dessert bananas or banana powder contain 1491mg potassium per 100g.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 23055, 169734, 23501, 62784, 20264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ], [ 480, 487 ], [ 512, 518 ], [ 559, 566 ], [ 605, 613 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Individuals with a latex allergy may experience a reaction to bananas.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 722360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations. Depending upon cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet, and texture from firm to mushy. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked. The primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is isoamyl acetate (also known as banana oil), which, along with several other compounds such as butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, is a significant contributor to banana flavor.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 27711, 4164654, 2989225, 2997801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 27 ], [ 292, 307 ], [ 386, 399 ], [ 404, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the ripening process, bananas produce the gas ethylene, which acts as a plant hormone and indirectly affects the flavor. Among other things, ethylene stimulates the formation of amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar, influencing the taste of bananas. The greener, less ripe bananas contain higher levels of starch and, consequently, have a \"starchier\" taste. On the other hand, yellow bananas taste sweeter due to higher sugar concentrations. Furthermore, ethylene signals the production of pectinase, an enzyme which breaks down the pectin between the cells of the banana, causing the banana to soften as it ripens.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 63943822, 256641, 63552, 9257, 2144268, 159750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 61 ], [ 79, 92 ], [ 185, 192 ], [ 197, 203 ], [ 514, 523 ], [ 557, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to being eaten raw, bananas are eaten deep fried, baked in their skin in a split bamboo, or steamed in glutinous rice wrapped in a banana leaf. Bananas can be made into fruit preserves. Banana pancakes are popular among travelers in South Asia and Southeast Asia. This has elicited the expression Banana Pancake Trail for those places in Asia that cater to these travelers. Banana chips are a snack produced from sliced dehydrated or fried banana or plantain, which have a dark brown color and an intense banana taste. Dried bananas are also ground to make banana flour. Extracting juice is difficult, because when a banana is compressed, it simply turns to pulp. Bananas feature prominently in Philippine cuisine, being part of traditional dishes and desserts like maruya, turón, and halo-halo or saba con yelo. Most of these dishes use the Saba Banana or Cardaba banana cultivar. Bananas are also commonly used in cuisine in the South-Indian state of Kerala, where they are steamed (puzhungiyathu), made into curries, fried into chips, (upperi) or fried in batter (pazhampori). Pisang goreng, bananas fried with batter similar to the Filipino maruya or Kerala pazhampori, is a popular dessert in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. A similar dish is known in the United Kingdom and United States as banana fritters.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 39029, 210015, 12143913, 210472, 21566765, 28741, 17596130, 372557, 44049776, 2047222, 30205711, 5565306, 2089946, 30413568, 4349459, 11880512, 1091408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 99 ], [ 115, 129 ], [ 181, 196 ], [ 205, 212 ], [ 245, 255 ], [ 260, 274 ], [ 309, 329 ], [ 386, 398 ], [ 569, 581 ], [ 707, 725 ], [ 778, 784 ], [ 786, 791 ], [ 797, 806 ], [ 854, 865 ], [ 965, 971 ], [ 1092, 1105 ], [ 1320, 1327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantains are used in various stews and curries or cooked, baked or mashed in much the same way as potatoes, such as the pazham pachadi dish prepared in Kerala.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 23501, 4349459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 107 ], [ 153, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana flowers (also called \"banana hearts\" or \"banana blossoms\") are used as a vegetable in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, either raw or steamed with dips or cooked in soups, curries and fried foods. The flavor resembles that of artichoke. As with artichokes, both the fleshy part of the bracts and the heart are edible.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5791492, 2687330, 39488410, 1120742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 89 ], [ 93, 104 ], [ 109, 132 ], [ 240, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana leaves are large, flexible, and waterproof. While generally too tough to actually be eaten, they are often used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as \"plates\" in South Asia and several Southeast Asian countries. In Indonesian cuisine, banana leaf is employed in cooking methods like pepes and botok; banana leaf packages containing food ingredients and spices are cooked in steam or in boiled water, or are grilled on charcoal. When used so for steaming or grilling, the banana leaves protect the food ingredients from burning and add a subtle sweet flavor. In South India, it is customary to serve traditional food on a banana leaf. In Tamil Nadu (India), dried banana leaves are used as to pack food and to make cups to hold liquid food items.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 21566765, 28741, 406363, 24334787, 24335022, 678583, 29918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 199 ], [ 212, 226 ], [ 242, 260 ], [ 310, 315 ], [ 320, 325 ], [ 588, 599 ], [ 664, 674 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tender core of the banana plant's trunk is also used in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine. Examples include the Burmese dish mohinga, and the Filipino dishes inubaran and kadyos, manok, kag ubad.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2687330, 39488410, 2581657, 2047222, 60972024, 66669502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ], [ 76, 99 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 152, 160 ], [ 168, 176 ], [ 181, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banana fiber harvested from the pseudostems and leaves of the plant has been used for textiles in Asia since at least the 13th century. Both fruit-bearing and fibrous varieties of the banana plant have been used. In the Japanese system Kijōka-bashōfu, leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness. Harvested shoots are first boiled in lye to prepare fibers for yarn-making. These banana shoots produce fibers of varying degrees of softness, yielding yarns and textiles with differing qualities for specific uses. For example, the outermost fibers of the shoots are the coarsest, and are suitable for tablecloths, while the softest innermost fibers are desirable for kimono and kamishimo. This traditional Japanese cloth-making process requires many steps, all performed by hand.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 51892, 31634837, 212330, 51971, 1500407, 16873, 224079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 93 ], [ 236, 250 ], [ 363, 366 ], [ 389, 393 ], [ 628, 638 ], [ 694, 700 ], [ 705, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In India, a banana fiber separator machine has been developed, which takes the agricultural waste of local banana harvests and extracts strands of the fiber.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Banana fiber is used in the production of banana paper. Banana paper is made from two different parts: the bark of the banana plant, mainly used for artistic purposes, or from the fibers of the stem and non-usable fruits. The paper is either hand-made or by industrial process.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 170396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The song \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\" was written by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn and originally released in 1923; for many decades, it was the best-selling sheet music in history. Since then the song has been rerecorded several times and has been particularly popular during banana shortages.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 6820918, 17622343, 7353123, 95261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 34 ], [ 51, 63 ], [ 68, 79 ], [ 155, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A person slipping on a banana peel has been a staple of physical comedy for generations. An American comedy recording from 1910 features a popular character of the time, \"Uncle Josh\", claiming to describe his own such incident:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 11979055, 410978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ], [ 57, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The poet Bashō is named after the Japanese word for a banana plant. The \"bashō\" planted in his garden by a grateful student became a source of inspiration to his poetry, as well as a symbol of his life and home.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 90625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The cover artwork for the debut album of The Velvet Underground features a banana made by Andy Warhol. On the original vinyl LP version, the design allowed the listener to \"peel\" this banana to find a pink, peeled phallic banana on the inside.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 78385, 19760229, 864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 38 ], [ 42, 64 ], [ 91, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan created a concept art piece titled Comedian involving taping a banana to a wall using silver duct tape. The piece was exhibited briefly at the Art Basel in Miami before being removed from the exhibition and eaten sans permission in another artistic stunt titled Hungry Artist by New York artist David Datuna.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1053641, 34924819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 33 ], [ 329, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In India, bananas serve a prominent part in many festivals and occasions of Hindus. In South Indian weddings, particularly Tamil weddings, banana trees are tied in pairs to form an arch as a blessing to the couple for a long-lasting, useful life.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 13677, 22216145, 52070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 81 ], [ 123, 137 ], [ 181, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Thailand, it is believed that a certain type of banana plant may be inhabited by a spirit, Nang Tani, a type of ghost related to trees and similar plants that manifests itself as a young woman. Often people tie a length of colored satin cloth around the pseudostem of the banana plants.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 21242393, 37080040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 94, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Malay folklore, the ghost known as Pontianak is associated with banana plants (pokok pisang), and its spirit is said to reside in them during the day.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 279720, 384028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 17 ], [ 38, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a long racist history of describing people of African descent as being more like monkeys than humans, and due to the assumption in popular culture that monkeys like bananas, bananas have been used in symbolic acts of hate speech.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 14233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Particularly in Europe, bananas have long been commonly thrown at black footballers by racist spectators. In April 2014, during a match at Villarreal's stadium, El Madrigal, Dani Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo, who threw a banana at him. Alves picked up the banana, peeled it and took a bite, and the meme went viral on social media in support of him. Racist taunts are an ongoing problem in football. Bananas were hung from nooses around the campus of American University in May 2017 after the student body elected its first black woman student government president.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 958154, 3961382, 3508785, 483673, 80734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 149 ], [ 161, 172 ], [ 174, 184 ], [ 458, 463 ], [ 486, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Banana\" is also a slur aimed at some Asian people, that are said to be \"yellow on the outside, white on the inside\". Used primarily by East or Southeast Asians for other East/Southeast Asians or Asian Americans who are perceived as assimilated into mainstream American culture.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 64022844, 23658801, 148898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 19, 23 ], [ 196, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Unicode standard includes the emoji character .", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 31742, 513844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ], [ 34, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In internet culture, bananas are sometimes included in images as a reference for the size of other objects in the image. This use, often accompanied with the text \"banana for scale\", became an internet meme.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 429909, 43537463, 1616492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ], [ 86, 90 ], [ 194, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The large leaves may be used as umbrellas.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 67028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Banana peel may have capability to extract heavy metal contamination from river water, similar to other purification materials. In 2007, banana peel powder was tested as a means of filtration for heavy metals and radionuclides occurring in water produced by the nuclear and fertilizer industries (cadmium contaminant is present in phosphates). When added and thoroughly mixed for 40 minutes, the powder can remove roughly 65% of heavy metals, and this can be repeated.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 11979055, 46659847, 382958, 214701, 37245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 44, 55 ], [ 56, 69 ], [ 105, 117 ], [ 215, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Waste bananas can be used to feed livestock.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 25160767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59659927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of banana dishes", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42637231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United Brands Company v Commission of the European Communities", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59223091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harriet Lamb, Fighting the Banana Wars and Other Fairtrade Battles, ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 24042466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kew plant profile: Musa acuminata (banana)", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bananas", "Fiber_plants", "Staple_foods", "Tropical_agriculture", "Edible_fruits" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding, hence the name reception: the couple receive society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple. Hosts provide their choice of food and drink, although a wedding cake is popular.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23995, 19728, 32893, 390827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 30 ], [ 70, 78 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 330, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies, and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days. Most wedding receptions are made in the evening for dinner; however, the couple may opt for a luncheon, brunch, or even afternoon tea. Ultimately the married couple chooses the details and location of the reception.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In some cultures, separate wedding celebrations are held for the bride's and groom's families.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Before receptions – a social event that is structured around a receiving line, and usually held in the afternoon, with only light refreshments – became popular, weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding breakfasts (for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings) and wedding balls (for those who were married in the evening). The popularity of receptions, rather than breakfasts, dinners, and balls, during the 20th century led to the name reception being applied to any social event after a wedding, whether it is brunch, tea, dinner, or a dance.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 52906, 1738568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 224 ], [ 304, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until after World War II, wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride's home, in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family. This might be a grand ball for a wealthy family, a luncheon for middle-class families, or an afternoon tea, featuring cake and lemonade, for working-class families.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1738568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The choice depended primarily on the family's economic situation, and in some cases, mass weddings were favored as a way to share costs. At the beginning of the 20th century, dance halls became common, and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 29932464, 1203937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 97 ], [ 176, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms, banquet halls, wedding venues, community halls, social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place, and, particularly for smaller weddings, restaurants and garden parties at home. There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1171503, 23995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 85 ], [ 264, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Technically, to be a reception, instead of some other form of entertainment, guests must be greeted with a receiving line. In a receiving line, newly wedded couple, the hosts, and often their parents and any honour attendants, stand in order of precedence and greet every guest in turn.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 214436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Each guest greets the first (lowest precedence) person in the line and, if necessary, introduces him/herself. The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line, and turns to the next guest. As each guest properly speaks little more than his/her name (if necessary) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn, the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple, as the guests of honor, to welcome and greet the guests, but the other members of the wedding party, parents who are not hosting the party, siblings, etc., are not required to stand in the receiving line. It is increasingly common to feature only the couple, since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After formally receiving each guest in this fashion, the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty-bound to stand in it can mingle with guests, eat, and enjoy more extended conversations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another option, especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States, is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line. The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party, the parents, and/or the bride and groom.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The wedding party is usually introduced by a master of ceremonies, toastmaster, disc jockey, or band leader. It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony. This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party. In addition, it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished. Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests. However, unlike a reception line, it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1217327, 1225116, 8683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 65 ], [ 67, 78 ], [ 80, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs. Food may range from a non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate, multi-course dinners. The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion and budget of the hosts as costs for catering weddings have soared.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 390827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some receptions, especially if the wedding party's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing, focus on dessert. Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs, such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France, or featuring a cookie table as is celebrated in Pittsburgh and some surrounding areas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 288042, 10558321, 25101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 250 ], [ 277, 289 ], [ 310, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting. Some couples have a smaller display cake, which is supplemented by sheet cake.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1720902, 13769016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 171, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The groom's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States. In the Colonial and Victorian eras, the white-iced bride's cake was considered \"too light\" for male tastes, and a second cake choice—usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake—was also offered. Today, chocolate is popular, although the groom's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom, such as a favorite hobby or sport.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 12529443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If a full meal is served, the wedding cake is usually served after the meal. Otherwise, the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Commonly, the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake, and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite, may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms. Then the cake is served to the guests. Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party, being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1723052, 1244397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 112 ], [ 292, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In most Western countries, either before or after food is served, toasts are made by members of the wedding party, wishing the couple well. Commonly, toasts are proposed by the bride's father, the groom, the best man, and/or the maid of honor, although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts, or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 21208262, 86111, 29421264, 1069895, 276398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 15 ], [ 177, 182 ], [ 197, 202 ], [ 208, 216 ], [ 229, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or photo montage video, featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting. These are created using home movies and photos taken over the couple's life, edited and set to music. The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an LCD projector.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 40182, 8136685, 425447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 69 ], [ 163, 174 ], [ 305, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If there is dancing, the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their first dance. When waltzing was popular, it was sometimes called a \"bridal waltz\" to a love song, although other dance styles are more commonly used now. The bride and groom might decide to choose a choreographed dance routine or other forms of dancing, like club, disco or hip hop.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7103648, 32895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 95 ], [ 103, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Top 40 chart hits becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance - the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2020 is You Got Me Thinking, a soft rock ballad by Joshua Radin. Now couples are increasingly booking DJs for their weddings. Before the wedding, the newlyweds choose a DJ and agree on a playlist with them. As a rule, the performance of the DJ takes place after the official traditional part.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2341552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, shortly after the dance begins, guests would promptly join in the dancing, in order of precedence, exactly like at any other ball. In very recent times, some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of \"special\" dances. For example, after the first dance, the newly married couple might dance with their parents and/or in-laws. However, there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all, much less with any particular person, and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple, their families, or the bridal party to begin dancing in.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 214436, 1738568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 112 ], [ 140, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained, and a variety of options such as disc jockeys, live bands, professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers, magicians, fire artists, electric violinists, comedians and more unusual entertainers are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 33942364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Typically, including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury. Wedding DJ's have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures as has hiring a live band. As of 2020, wedding entertainment is extremely varied.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds' departure. Rice or birdseed, signifying abundance, may be thrown at the departing couple, with birdseed preferred by facility managers, since it requires less clean up work than rice, and new, mess-free substitutes, such as blowing soap bubbles or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 370648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the newlyweds are the guests of honor, the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them, and consequently, it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party. On occasion, the newlyweds will stage an official leave-taking, so that guests feel free to leave, and then quietly return through another door.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The median cost of a wedding, including both the ceremony and reception, in the United States, as of 2016, the average price is $35,329, steadily rising year over year, as it also has in the UK where the average cost was £25,090, rising roughly 7000 pounds from two years prior. In Australia, the cost is $36,200 (AUD). Approximately 50% of a couple's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone. This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol. The wedding industry is a huge industry grossing $161 billion annually, according to Rebecca Mead, author of One Perfect Day.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wedding traditions vary between countries, and between regions of the same country. Some shared traditions include:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The money dance, or \"dollar dance\". Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom. In some cultures, the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom. In others, the money is collected by friends. This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples, although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it. There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English-speaking countries, where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable, greedy, or distasteful. It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5152779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tossing of the bride's bouquet and garter. The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present. Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married. Similarly, the groom tosses the bride's garter to the single men after removing it from her leg. On occasion, the bride will \"rig\" the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged. The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet-toss winner to receive the bride's garter. Sometimes, the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet, or the garter is sold in a raffle instead of being tossed. This tradition is now slightly less common in Western cultures, where some have argued it is old fashioned.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2511314, 10383135, 1047873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 36, 42 ], [ 632, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clinking glasses. Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss. Some couples pass out wedding favor bells for guests to ring instead of clinking glasses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5502955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Favors. The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest. Favors may include chocolates, candles, picture frames, or other small gifts. Such favors are not required.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Western culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry, it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates. For Chinese weddings, a check is always the best gift. This tradition is the same in traditional Italian weddings. In addition to the check, in Chinese weddings some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry. The check should be in a red envelope or red pocket with the givers' names on it, and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant. In choosing the amount of money to give, givers scrupulously avoid unlucky numbers, such as 4 and favor combinations of lucky numbers, such as 8 and 9. Also, white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event, as the color white is associated with death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 147089, 2191357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 338, 350 ], [ 520, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are two times listed on the invitation: 恭候 (gōnghòu/greeting) and 入席 (rùxí/reception). Typically, they are at least two hours apart (some may be four hours). The first one is the time the groom and bride, along with their family, will be ready to receive guests and greet them; the second one is the time the reception/banquet will start. The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time. Very often, the restaurant will provide poker and mahjong (麻將) for gambling; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride/groom and their families. Nowadays, for Chinese couples' weddings in the U.S., you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet; it is often replaced by a cocktail party. However, if the wedding reception takes place in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, and even parts of Canada (where there is a large Cantonese population), mahjong might still be played before the dinner.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 19496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 461, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two people will be at the sign-in tables (one from the bride's family and one from the groom's) to register guests and receive gifts/red envelopes. Often, they will have two separate guest lists, one from the groom's side and one from the bride's. Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Typically, the banquet will include a speech from the parents, the best man, the maid of honor, and the guest speaker. There will be cake cutting, toasts, a tea ceremony, and dancing. The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom's and bride's families.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 183046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses. Expensive dishes such as shark fin, abalone, lobster, jumbo shrimp, squab, sea bass, or sea cucumber are common on a wedding banquet menu.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 879354, 240616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 97 ], [ 151, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A whole fish, chicken, or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, after the fifth dish of the dinner, the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests. Very often, the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress (鳳褂, or qípáo) at that time, if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Chinese traditions", "target_page_ids": [ 232384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The decorations vary by culture and budget.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Gallery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "White wedding", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "Wedding", "Parties", "Wedding_industry" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. They may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. Many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains (/ˈplæntɪn/, /plænˈteɪn/, /ˈplɑːntɪn/) or green bananas. In botanical usage, the term \"plantain\" is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called \"cooking bananas\". True plantains are cultivars belonging to the AAB Group, while cooking bananas are any cultivars belonging to AAB, AAA, ABB, or BBB groups. The currently accepted scientific name for all such cultivars in these groups is Musa × paradisiaca. Fe'i bananas (Musa × troglodytarum) from the Pacific Islands are often eaten roasted or boiled, and are thus informally referred to as \"mountain plantains,\" but they do not belong to any of the species from which all modern banana cultivars are descended.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38940, 167906, 38493, 2786535, 5355, 27711, 39019715, 30419260, 38220759, 30414731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 26 ], [ 27, 35 ], [ 44, 49 ], [ 50, 54 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 150, 156 ], [ 324, 338 ], [ 527, 555 ], [ 638, 656 ], [ 658, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cooking bananas are a major food staple in West and Central Africa, the Caribbean islands, Central America, and northern South America. Members of the genus Musa are indigenous to the tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Bananas fruit all year round, making them a reliable all-season staple food.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cooking bananas are treated as a starchy fruit with a relatively neutral flavor and soft texture when cooked. Cooking bananas may be eaten raw, however they are most commonly prepared either fried, boiled, or processed into flour or dough.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Plantains contain more starch and less sugar than dessert bananas, therefore they are usually cooked or otherwise processed before being eaten. They are typically boiled or fried when eaten green, and when processed, they can be made into flour and turned into baked products such as cakes, bread and pancakes. Green plantains can also be boiled and pureed and then used as thickeners for soups. The pulp of green plantain is typically hard with the peel often so stiff that it has to be cut with a knife to be removed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 27711, 27712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 29 ], [ 39, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mature, yellow plantains can be peeled like typical dessert bananas; the pulp is softer than in immature, green fruit and some of the starch has been converted to sugar. They can be eaten raw, but are not as flavourful as dessert bananas, so are usually cooked. When yellow plantains are fried, they tend to caramelize, turning a golden-brown color. They can also be boiled, baked, microwaved, or grilled over charcoal, either peeled or unpeeled.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Plantains are a staple food in the tropical regions of the world, ranking as the tenth most important staple food in the world. As a staple, plantains are treated in much the same way as potatoes and with a similar neutral flavour and texture when the unripe fruit is cooked by steaming, boiling, or frying.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 47850038 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since they fruit all year round, plantains are a reliable, all-season staple food, particularly in developing countries with inadequate food storage, preservation, and transportation technologies. In Africa, plantains and bananas provide more than 25 percent of the caloric requirements for over 70 million people. Plantain plantations are vulnerable to destruction by hurricanes, because Musa spp. do not withstand high winds well.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 78449, 396054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 119 ], [ 266, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An average plantain provides about of food energy and is a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. The sap from the fruit peel, as well as the entire plant, can stain clothing and hands, and can be difficult to remove.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 182303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Linnaeus originally classified bananas into two species based only on their uses as food: Musa paradisiaca for plantains and Musa sapientum for dessert bananas. Both are now known to be hybrids between the species Musa acuminata (A genome) and Musa balbisiana (B genome). The earlier published name, Musa × paradisiaca, is now used as the scientific name for all such hybrids. Most modern plantains are sterile triploids belonging to the AAB Group, sometimes known as the \"Plantain group\". Other economically important cooking banana groups include the East African Highland bananas (Mutika/Lujugira subgroup) of the AAA Group and the Pacific plantains (including the Popoulo, Maoli, and Iholena subgroups), also of the AAB Group.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 41244, 22688491, 21242393, 62610, 30419260, 32104696, 30419260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 194 ], [ 215, 229 ], [ 245, 260 ], [ 412, 420 ], [ 439, 448 ], [ 554, 583 ], [ 618, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pisang goreng (\"fried banana\" in Indonesian and Malay) is a plantain snack deep-fried in coconut oil. Pisang goreng can be coated in batter flour or fried without batter. It is a snack food mostly found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 11880512, 239915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 89, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ethakka appam, pazham (banana) boli or pazham pori are terms used for fried plantain in the state of Kerala, India. The plantain is usually dipped in sweetened rice and white flour batter and then fried in coconut or vegetable oil, similar to pisang goreng. It is also known as bajji in Southern Indian states, where it is typically served as a savory fast food.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 4349459, 4709850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 107 ], [ 278, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Philippines, fried bananas are also served with Arroz a la Cubana and is frequently referred to as one of its defining ingredients.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 23440, 1268494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 55, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantains are used in the Ivory Coast dish aloco as the main ingredient. Fried plantains are covered in an onion-tomato sauce, often with a grilled fish between the plantains and sauce.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 57744, 10295792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 43, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boli or Bole is the term used for roasted plantain in Nigeria. The plantain is usually grilled and served with roasted fish, ground peanuts and a hot palm oil sauce. It is a dish native to the Yoruba people of Western Nigeria. It is popular among the working class as an inexpensive midday meal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 42466339, 21383, 57561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 54, 61 ], [ 150, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantain is popular in West Africa, especially Cameroon, Bénin, Ghana and Nigeria; when ripe plantain is fried, it is generally called dodo (\"dough-dough\"). The ripe plantain is usually sliced diagonally for a large oval shape, then fried in oil to a golden brown color. The diagonal slice maximizes the surface area, allowing the plantain to cook evenly. Fried plantain can be eaten as such, or served with stew or sauce. In Ikire, a town in Osun State in southwestern Nigeria, there is a special way of preparing fried plantain known as Dodo Ikire. This variation of Dodo (Fried Plantain) is made from overripe plantain, chopped into small pieces, sprinkled with chili pepper and then fried in boiling point palm oil until the pieces turn blackish. The fried plantains are then stuffed carefully into a plastic funnel and then pressed using a wooden pestle to compress and acquire a conical shape when removed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 5447, 3459, 12067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 55 ], [ 57, 62 ], [ 64, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Western hemisphere, tostones (also known as banann peze in Haiti, tachinos or chatinos in Cuba, platanos verdes fritos or fritos verdes in the Dominican Republic and patacones in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru and Venezuela) are twice-fried plantain fritters, often served as a side dish, appetizer or snack. Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil. The segments are then removed and individually smashed down to about half their original height. Finally, the pieces are fried again and then seasoned, often with salt. In some countries, such as Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, the tostones are dipped in creole sauce from chicken, pork, beef, or shrimp before eating. In Haiti, bannann peze is commonly served with pikliz, a slaw-like condiment made with cabbage, onions, carrots and scotch bonnet peppers. In Nicaragua, tostones are typically served with fried cheese (Tostones con queso) and sometimes with refried beans. While the name tostones is used to describe this food when prepared at home, in some South American countries the word also describes plantain chips, which are typically purchased from a store.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 30865549, 40538356, 53727791, 208145, 10295792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 35 ], [ 663, 675 ], [ 774, 780 ], [ 843, 864 ], [ 1117, 1131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In western Venezuela, much of Colombia and the Peruvian Amazon, patacones are a frequently seen variation of tostones. Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil, then used to make sandwiches with pork, beef, chicken, vegetables and ketchup. They can be made with unripe patacon verde or ripe patacon amarillo plantains. Tostones in the Dominican Republic are only fried once and are thicker than chips. Although there are local names for tostones in almost every Latin country, they are still commonly called tostones in all of Latin America.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chifles is the Spanish term used in Peru and Ecuador for fried green plantains sliced ( thick); it is also used to describe plantain chips which are sliced thinner.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Honduras, Venezuela and Central Colombia, fried ripened plantain slices are known as tajadas. They are customary in most typical meals, such as the Venezuelan pabellón criollo. The host or waiter may also offer them as barandas (guard rails), in common slang, as the long slices are typically placed on the sides of a full dish, and therefore look as such. Some variations include adding honey or sugar and frying the slices in butter, to obtain a golden caramel; the result has a sweeter taste and a characteristic pleasant smell. The same slices are known as amarillos and fritos maduros in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic respectively. In Panama, tajadas are eaten daily together with steamed rice, meat and beans, thus making up an essential part of the Panamanian diet, as with Honduras. By contrast, in Nicaragua, tajadas are fried unripened plantain slices, and are traditionally served at a fritanga, with fried pork or carne asada, or on their own on green banana leaves, either with a cabbage salad or fresh or fried cheese.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Colombia's Caribbean coast, tajadas of fried green plantain are consumed along with grilled meats, and are the dietary equivalent of the French-fried potatoes/chips of Europe and North America.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After removing the skin, maduro can be sliced (between thick) and pan-fried in oil until golden brown or according to preference. In the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Colombia, Honduras (where they are usually eaten with the native sour cream) and Venezuela, they are also eaten baked in the oven (sometimes with cinnamon). In Puerto Rico baked plátanos maduros are usually eaten for breakfast and served with eggs (mainly an omelet with cheese), chorizo or bacon. Only salt is added to green plantains.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tacacho is a roasted plantain Amazonian cuisine dish from Peru. It is usually served con cecina, with bits of pork.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Venezuela, a yo-yo is a traditional dish made of two short slices of fried ripened plantain (see Tajadas) placed on top of each other, with local soft white cheese in the middle (in a sandwich-like fashion) and held together with toothpicks. The arrangement is dipped in beaten eggs and fried again until the cheese melts and the yo-yo acquires a deep golden hue. They are served as sides or entrees.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eto is a Ghanaian traditional dish made from boiled and mashed yam or plantain and typically savored with boiled eggs, groundnut (peanuts) and sliced avocado. For the plantain option called 'Boodie eto', the plantain can be used unripe, slightly ripe or fully ripe. Culturally, eto was fed to a bride on the day of her marriage, but is now a popular dish enjoyed outside of special occasions as well.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A traditional mangú from the Dominican Republic consists of peeled and boiled green plantains, mashed with hot water to reach a consistency slightly stiffer than mashed potatoes. It is traditionally eaten at breakfast, topped with sautéed red onions in apple cider vinegar and accompanied by fried eggs, fried cheese or fried bologna sausage, known as Dominican salami.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 24765309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantain porridge is also a common dish throughout the Caribbean, in which cooking bananas are boiled with milk, cinnamon, and nutmeg to form a thick porridge typically served at breakfast.In Uganda, cooking bananas are referred to as matooke or matoke, which is also the name of a cooking banana stew that is widely prepared in Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and eastern Congo. The cooking bananas (specifically East African Highland bananas) are peeled, wrapped in the plant's leaves and set in a cooking pot (a sufuria) on the stalks that have been removed from the leaves. The pot is then placed on a charcoal fire and the matoke is steamed for a few hours. While uncooked, the matoke is white and fairly hard, but cooking turns it soft and yellow. The matoke is then mashed while still wrapped in the leaves and is served with a sauce made of vegetables, ground peanuts, or some type of meat such as goat or beef.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 32104696, 32104696, 26451391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 252 ], [ 407, 436 ], [ 508, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cayeye, also called Mote de Guineo, is a traditional Colombian dish from the Caribbean Coast of the country. Cayeye is made by cooking small green bananas or plantains in water, then mashing and mixing them with refrito, made with onions, garlic, red bell pepper, tomato and achiote. Cayeye are usually served for breakfast with fresh grated Colombian cheese (Queso Costeño) and fried fish, shrimp, crab, or beef. Most popular is Cayeye with fresh cheese, avocado and fried egg on top.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Puerto Rico, mofongo is made by mashing fried plantains in a mortar with chicharrón or bacon, garlic, olive oil and stock. Any meat, fish, shellfish, vegetables, spices, or herbs can also be added. The resulting mixture is formed into cylinders the size of about two fists and eaten warm, usually with chicken broth. Mofongo relleno is topped with creole sauce rather than served with chicken broth. Creole sauce may contain stewed beef, chicken or seafood; it is poured into a center crater, formed with the serving spoon, in the mofongo. Grated green bananas and yautias are also used to form masa, a common ingredient for dishes such as alcapurria, which is a type of savory fritter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fufu de platano is a traditional and very popular lunch dish in Cuba, and essentially akin to the Puerto Rican mofongo. It is a fufu made by boiling the plantains in water and mashing with a fork. The fufu is then mixed with chicken stock and sofrito, a sauce made from lard, garlic, onions, pepper, tomato sauce, a touch of vinegar and cumin. The texture of Cuban fufu is similar to the mofongo consumed in Puerto Rico, but it is not formed into a ball or fried. Fufu is also a common centuries-old traditional dish made in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and other West & Central African countries. It is made in a similar fashion as the Cuban fufu, but is pounded, and has a thick paste, putty-like texture which is then formed into a ball. West African fufu is sometimes separately made with cassava, yams or made with plantains combined with cassava.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While cooking bananas are starchier and often used in savory dishes as a result, many Philippine desserts also use cooking bananas as a primary ingredient, such as:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Banana cue - fried ripe saba bananas coated with caramelized sugar.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 29446087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Binignit - a dessert soup of glutinous rice in coconut milk with ripe saba bananas as one of the main ingredients.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 21621563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ginanggang - grilled saba bananas coated with margarine and sugar.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 30205386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maruya - banana fritters made from saba bananas and batter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 30205711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minatamis na saging - saba bananas simmered in a sweet syrup. It is rarely eaten alone, but is instead used as an ingredient in other desserts, notably halo halo.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 60281921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pritong saging - fried ripe saba bananas.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 36436599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pinasugbo - thinly sliced bananas coated with caramelized sugar and sesame seeds and fried until crunchy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 61233313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saba con hielo - a shaved ice dessert which primarily uses minatamis na saging and milk.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 60281921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Turon - a type of dessert lumpia (spring rolls) made from ripe saba bananas wrapped in thin crepe and fried.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [ 5565306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Ecuador, plantain is boiled, crushed, scrambled, and fried into majado. This dish is typically served with a cup of coffee and bistek, fish, or grated cheese. It is a popular breakfast dish. Majado is also used as a base to prepare tigrillo and bolones. To prepare tigrillo, majado is scrambled with pork rind, egg, cheese, green onions, parsley, and cilantro. To prepare bolones, majado is scrambled with cheese, pork rind, or a mixture of both. The resulting mixture is then shaped into a sphere which is later deep-fried. Both tigrillo and bolones are typically served with a cup of coffee.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Dishes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After removing the skin, the unripe fruit can be sliced thin and deep fried in hot oil to produce chips. This thin preparation of plantain is known as tostones, patacones or plataninas in some of Central American and South American countries, platanutres in Puerto Rico, mariquitas or chicharritas in Cuba and chifles in Ecuador and Peru. In Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, tostones instead refers to thicker twice-fried patties (see below). In Cuba, plantain chips are called mariquitas. They are sliced thinly, and fried in oil until golden colored. They are popular appetizers served with a main dish. In Colombia they are known as platanitos and are eaten with suero atollabuey as a snack. Tostada refers to a green, unripe plantain which has been cut into sections, fried, flattened, fried again, and salted. These tostadas are often served as a side dish or a snack. They are also known as tostones or patacones in many Latin American countries. In Honduras, banana chips are called tajadas, which may be sliced vertically to create a variation known as plantain strips.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 52982, 23041, 5042481, 9334, 170691, 8060, 23041, 32374, 5042481, 3971816, 37074954, 13394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 75 ], [ 258, 269 ], [ 301, 305 ], [ 321, 328 ], [ 333, 337 ], [ 352, 370 ], [ 383, 394 ], [ 399, 408 ], [ 481, 485 ], [ 644, 652 ], [ 701, 717 ], [ 991, 999 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chips fried in coconut oil and sprinkled with salt, called upperi or kaya varuthathu, are a snack in South India in Kerala. They are an important item in sadya, a vegetarian feast prepared during festive occasions in Kerala. The chips are typically labeled \"plantain chips\" when they are made of green plantains that taste starchy, like potato chips. In Tamil Nadu, a thin variety made from green plantains is used to make chips seasoned with salt, chili powder and asafoetida. In the western/central Indian language Marathi, the plantain is called rajeli kela (figuratively meaning \"king-sized\" banana), and is often used to make fried chips.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 239915, 678583, 1777552, 24851, 29918, 193366, 20617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 26 ], [ 101, 112 ], [ 154, 159 ], [ 337, 349 ], [ 354, 364 ], [ 466, 476 ], [ 517, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantains are also dried and ground into flour; \"banana meal\" forms an important foodstuff.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In southern India, dried plantain powder is mixed with a little bit of fennel seed powder and boiled in milk or water to make baby food to feed babies until they are one year old.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Peru, plantains are boiled and blended with water, spices, and sugar to make chapo. In Kerala , ripe plantains are boiled with sago, coconut milk, sugar and spices to make a pudding.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 18077587, 4349459, 57455, 743327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 85 ], [ 90, 96 ], [ 130, 134 ], [ 136, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Philippines uniquely processes saba bananas into banana ketchup. It was originally invented in World War II as a substitute for tomato ketchup.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 23440, 30413568, 5775715, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ], [ 35, 46 ], [ 53, 67 ], [ 99, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantain is 32% carbohydrates with 2% dietary fiber and 15% sugars, 1% protein, 0.4% fat, and 65% water, and supplying of food energy in a reference serving (table). Raw plantain is an excellent source (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 (23% DV) and vitamin C (22% DV), and a good source (10–19% DV) of magnesium and potassium (table).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 5932, 66554, 27712, 23634, 11042, 182303, 267488, 54110, 32509, 18909, 23055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 29 ], [ 38, 51 ], [ 60, 65 ], [ 71, 78 ], [ 85, 88 ], [ 123, 134 ], [ 226, 237 ], [ 246, 256 ], [ 270, 279 ], [ 323, 332 ], [ 337, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Containing little beta-carotene (457 micrograms per 100 grams), plantain is not a good source of vitamin A (table).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 579219, 54114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 31 ], [ 97, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following table shows the nutrient content of raw plantain and other major staple foods in a raw form on a dry weight basis to account for their different water contents.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Nutrition", "target_page_ids": [ 10197275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plantain and banana allergies occur with typical characteristics of food allergy or latex fruit syndrome, including itching and mild swelling of the lips, tongue, palate or throat, skin rash, stomach complaints or anaphylactic shock. Among more than 1000 proteins identified in Musa species were numerous previously described protein allergens.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Allergies", "target_page_ids": [ 679350, 722360, 74240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 80 ], [ 84, 104 ], [ 214, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of banana cultivars", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30419260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of banana dishes", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42637231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cavendish banana subgroup", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2823401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gros Michel banana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5845425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matoke", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32104696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Musa balbisiana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21242393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rhino Horn banana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22326975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saba banana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30413568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Musapedia: \"The banana knowledge compendium\", maintained by ProMusa", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " CGIAR's RTB Research Program Banana Page", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Banana and Plantain at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bananas", "Plantain_dishes", "Fruit_vegetables", "Tropical_fruit", "Staple_foods", "Hybrid_plants", "Tropical_agriculture", "Asian_cuisine", "Cuban_cuisine", "Haitian_cuisine", "Jamaican_cuisine", "Honduran_cuisine", "Nigerian_cuisine", "Puerto_Rican_cuisine", "Yoruba_cuisine", "Oceanian_cuisine", "Musaceae", "Guatemalan_cuisine", "Dominican_Republic_cuisine", "Mexican_cuisine", "Salvadoran_cuisine" ]

[ "banán főzése" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Clifford Joseph Price MBE (born 19 September 1965), better known as Goldie, is a British music producer and DJ.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 212182, 8683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 25 ], [ 108, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially gaining exposure for his work as a graffiti artist, Goldie became well known for his pioneering role as a musician in the 1990s UK jungle, drum and bass and breakbeat hardcore scenes. He released a variety of singles under the pseudonym Rufige Kru and co-founded the label Metalheadz. He later released several albums under his own name, including the 1995 album Timeless, which entered the UK charts at number 7.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11985, 213670, 8092, 43119, 1683292, 1836262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 53 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 149, 162 ], [ 167, 185 ], [ 283, 293 ], [ 373, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Goldie's acting credits include the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, Guy Ritchie's Snatch (2000) and the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2001–2002). He has also appeared in a number of celebrity reality television shows, including Celebrity Big Brother 2 (UK), Strictly Come Dancing, Come Dine with Me and Maestro.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15604, 166121, 91084, 707808, 19344654, 9995, 6506041, 975325, 6232668, 17594353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 82, 93 ], [ 96, 102 ], [ 118, 121 ], [ 133, 143 ], [ 239, 262 ], [ 269, 290 ], [ 292, 309 ], [ 314, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Walsall, but raised in Wolverhampton England, Price is of Jamaican and Scottish heritage. He was put up for adoption and raised in childcare homes and by several foster parents. According to his 2002 autobiography, he was physically and sexually abused during this time. Price was a member of the breakdance crew Westside, based in the Whitmore Reans and Heath Town areas of Wolverhampton, in the 1980s. He later joined a breakdance crew called the Birmingham Bboys, and made his name as a graffiti artist in the West Midlands.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 258943, 11539407, 38534, 387721, 2528975, 2164138, 1573001, 11539407, 2528975, 11985, 53112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 15 ], [ 31, 44 ], [ 116, 124 ], [ 170, 184 ], [ 305, 315 ], [ 344, 358 ], [ 363, 373 ], [ 383, 396 ], [ 468, 472 ], [ 498, 506 ], [ 521, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His artwork around Birmingham and Wolverhampton was featured heavily in Dick Fontaine's documentary Bombin. He is mentioned for his graffiti in the book Spraycan Art by Henry Chalfant and James Prigoff, which contains several examples of his art.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 13882056, 11539407, 9853328, 41026812, 1581664, 41125161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ], [ 34, 47 ], [ 72, 85 ], [ 153, 165 ], [ 169, 183 ], [ 188, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He moved to the United States owing to graffiti projects, and also started selling grills (gold teeth jewellery) in New York and Miami; he continued this business after his return to the UK in 1988. His nickname stems from \"Goldielocks\", an earlier nickname given to him during his Bboys days and subsequently shortened when he no longer wore dreadlocks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 3420779, 185438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 89 ], [ 343, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1991, Price had become fascinated by the British breakbeat music scene when his girlfriend, DJ Kemistry, introduced him to the pioneering jungle and drum and bass producers Dennis \"Dego\" McFarlane and Mark \"Marc Mac\" Clair, known as 4hero. He went on to execute some design and A&R work for 4hero's Reinforced Records label.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 66038, 761184, 213670, 8092, 53207, 405581, 1252237, 405581, 58434639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 61 ], [ 98, 106 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 152, 165 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 236, 241 ], [ 281, 284 ], [ 294, 299 ], [ 302, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1992, Price made his first record appearance by contributing to an EP by Icelandic group Ajax Project that included the track Ruffige. For many years, the track was repeatedly misattributed to Price himself, perhaps because of his subsequent use of \"Rufige\" as moniker for his own releases.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His releases Killa Muffin b/w Krisp Biscuit and the Dark Rider EP were released under the alias \"Rufige Cru\" on Reinforced. His track \"Terminator\", released under the name \"Metalheads\" in 1992, was a hit in the jungle scene and is noted for pioneering the use of time stretching. In 1993, he released Angel, another 12\" on the Synthetic Hardcore Phonography label. 1994 saw him setting up his own record label, Metalheadz.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 156702, 46943, 295828, 1683292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 65 ], [ 263, 278 ], [ 316, 319 ], [ 411, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His first studio album, Timeless, followed in 1995. Timeless entered the UK Albums Chart at number seven. The album fused the breakbeats and basslines common in jungle with orchestral textures and soul vocals by Diane Charlemagne. The album's title track was a 21-minute symphonic piece. \"Inner City Life\", a track from the album, reached number 39 in the UK Singles Chart. Timeless helped to popularise drum and bass as a form of musical expression. The music critic Simon Reynolds noted that Price's credentials as a musical innovator – and particularly as one of the key driving forces of innovation in the jungle/breakbeat scene – were exceptional. \"Goldie revolutionised jungle not once but thrice\", he noted in The Wire magazine, continuing, \"First there was 'Terminator' (pioneering the use of time stretching), then 'Angel' (fusing Diane Charlemagne's live vocal with David Byrne/Brian Eno samples to prove that hardcore could be more 'conventionally' musical), now there's 'Timeless', a 22-minute hardcore symphony.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1836262, 2465857, 66038, 62808, 16976402, 44114, 53477220, 3349146, 17023672, 11145134, 1102461, 16976402, 81795, 21222062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 32 ], [ 73, 88 ], [ 126, 135 ], [ 197, 201 ], [ 212, 229 ], [ 271, 280 ], [ 289, 304 ], [ 356, 372 ], [ 431, 449 ], [ 468, 482 ], [ 717, 725 ], [ 840, 857 ], [ 876, 887 ], [ 888, 897 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996, he released the Toasted Both Sides Please remix of the Bush song \"Swallowed\", which topped charts in the US and Canada.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 171768, 12063739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 68 ], [ 75, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Price released his second album, Saturnz Return, in 1998. The album's opening track, \"Mother\", is an hour-long orchestral drum and bass piece. The album featured appearances by David Bowie, Noel Gallagher and KRS-One. The album met with mixed reviews. David Brown of Entertainment Weekly called the album \"ambitious but monotonous and overlong — Pink Floyd with a gold tooth\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 37995027, 8786, 194961, 23369739, 541239, 5079506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 177, 188 ], [ 190, 204 ], [ 209, 216 ], [ 267, 287 ], [ 346, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, Price said that he had been working for three years on a film called Sine Tempus, described as a coming-of-age story of a young paintbrush artist. In 2006, he announced the soundtrack as his new album. The album was released via the Metalheadz website in 2008, but the film has not been released.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Price is known for his work as the leader of Rufige Kru. The group has no fixed members and has included drum and bass producers such as Technical Itch, Heist, Cujo, Agzilla Da Ice, Danny J, Doc Scott and Rob Playford.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 41256946, 971657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 200 ], [ 205, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "March 2013 saw the release of The Alchemist: The Best of Goldie 1992–2012, featuring prominent tracks from throughout Price's musical career. A subsequent compilation, the three-CD Masterpiece set released by Ministry of Sound in 2014, brought together tracks that influenced him (Soul II Soul's \"Back To Life\", Roy Ayers' \"Everybody Loves The Sunshine\") with cuts that soundtracked his entry into the rave scene and key moments from the drum'n'bass scene.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 977323, 588775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 293 ], [ 312, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, the Goldie album The Journey Man was released, which Price described as his \"magnum opus\" and \"the most important thing that I've ever made.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 58726390, 285554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 41 ], [ 86, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, Goldie launched his new record label, Fallen Tree 1Hundred.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Price has appeared in Guy Ritchie's Snatch and several other films, most notably the James Bond film, The World Is Not Enough. He also played gangster Angel Hudson in the British soap opera EastEnders (2001–2002). Price starred in Everybody Loves Sunshine (1999) (aka B.U.S.T.E.D. – United States title) with David Bowie.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 91084, 707808, 15604, 166121, 12811303, 9995, 14734284, 8786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 33 ], [ 36, 42 ], [ 85, 95 ], [ 102, 125 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 190, 200 ], [ 231, 255 ], [ 309, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1980s, Price appeared on Central Weekend, a Friday evening topical debate show on Central TV, promoting graffiti as an art form. He had a small documentary made about his own art on Central TV's Here and Now programme featuring Pogus Caesar's photographs of New York. He has appeared on various young people's TV shows as part of a breakdance crew, the Bboys from Wolverhampton. In 1995, he appeared on Passengers, and in a Channel 4 documentary about himself in 1998.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 222186, 11985, 1241356, 2528975, 2528975, 22752339, 6321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 104 ], [ 116, 124 ], [ 240, 252 ], [ 344, 354 ], [ 365, 369 ], [ 415, 425 ], [ 436, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His next TV appearance was hosting Crime Business on the digital TV channels Bravo and Ftn. He presented the documentary series The World's Deadliest Gangs on Bravo in 2002.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1019101, 706710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 82 ], [ 87, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Price appeared on the second series of Celebrity Big Brother in 2002. He was the first celebrity to be \"evicted\". In 2006, he was scheduled to appear in The Games, a UK reality TV show on Channel 4, but during training for the water-ski jump event he fractured his femur and was unable to take part in the show. He was replaced by Adam Rickitt. In 2009, he was reported to be suing the producers of the show for damages as a result of the injury.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6506041, 3629149, 1402013, 839943, 188497, 840846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ], [ 39, 60 ], [ 153, 162 ], [ 251, 260 ], [ 265, 270 ], [ 331, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During August and September 2008, the BBC broadcast Maestro, a reality television show in which eight celebrities, including Price, learned to conduct a concert orchestra. Price was placed second, behind Sue Perkins.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 19344654, 17594353, 858876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 41 ], [ 52, 59 ], [ 204, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 31 July 2009, the first of a two-part television programme Classic Goldie was broadcast, showing how in the wake of his success in the Maestro programme he learns to write a score for a large orchestra and choir. The resulting composition, commissioned by the BBC and entitled Sine Tempore (Timeless), was performed at two children's Promenade concerts in the Royal Albert Hall on 1 and 2 August 2009, which featured music connected with Charles Darwin and the creation and evolution of the world.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 23919483, 159359, 179238, 8145410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 76 ], [ 337, 355 ], [ 363, 380 ], [ 441, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He appeared on Celebrity Mastermind on 27 December 2009 and came fourth behind Paul O'Grady, Gail Emms and Loyd Grossman. On 11 September 2010, he was announced as part of the line-up in Strictly Come Dancing, staying in the competition for two weeks.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 20880755, 514446, 910094, 558017, 27650244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 79, 91 ], [ 93, 102 ], [ 107, 120 ], [ 187, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 22 December 2010, he appeared in a Celebrity Come Dine with Me Christmas special.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6232668, 1276990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 65 ], [ 66, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 26 March 2011, he appeared in a three-part reality television series, By Royal Appointment in which he led a group of music experts as they conducted a nationwide search for young talented musicians and then selected and coached 12 of them, who collaborated to create some musical pieces for a performance at Buckingham Palace.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 314, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 24 August 2012, he appeared in the Channel 4 documentary Idris Elba's How Clubbing Changed the World (hosted by Idris Elba) to explain how he invented the revolutionary technique of time stretching by misusing an HF ultra-harmoniser, which is usually used for guitars. He then went on to say that when he crossed this with digital breakbeat, the sound evolved from jungle into drum and bass.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1342890, 46943, 178937, 66038, 213670, 8092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 125 ], [ 185, 200 ], [ 216, 218 ], [ 334, 343 ], [ 368, 374 ], [ 380, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, he appeared on the telethon BBC Children in Need.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 301917, 1073488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 36 ], [ 37, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Price returned to the art world with an art exhibition, \"Love Over Gold\", which was held at the Leonard Street Gallery, London. In 2008, he teamed up with Pete Tong to provide much of the artwork for Tong's new Wonderland club night at Eden nightclub in San Antonio, Ibiza.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1355483, 26706536, 310163, 63624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 173 ], [ 220, 230 ], [ 263, 274 ], [ 276, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was an exhibition of Price's art in Berlin from the 13th to 26 June 2008. In April 2009, a retrospective exhibition titled \"Kids Are All Riot\" took place in Shoreditch, London, coinciding with the release of his screenprint \"Apocalypse Angel\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3354, 94278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 48 ], [ 163, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around 2008, Price's art work was displayed on the London Underground by the arts company Art Below.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 17839, 41829709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 69 ], [ 90, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, he modeled for Louis Vuitton Menswear Spring/Summer and contributed a song.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 1990s, Price had a relationship with drum and bass artist Kemistry, who died in a car accident in 1999. He was romantically involved with singer Björk in 1996.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 8092, 761184, 18933360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 63 ], [ 71, 79 ], [ 158, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1998, he bought a country house in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire. In 2002, Hodder & Stoughton published his autobiography, Nine Lives, which he wrote with Paul Gorman.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 519591, 7805319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ], [ 153, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Price married model Sonjia Ashby in 2002. They divorced in 2005. As of 2003, he had five children, including social content creator Danny Price. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Price began a relationship with Mika Wassenaar, a Canadian. The couple appeared in the 20 June 2009 episode of ITV's All Star Mr and Mrs with Phillip Schofield and Fern Britton. Mika and Price married in 2010.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 32758398, 1140024, 1423334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 145 ], [ 151, 168 ], [ 173, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 29 April 2010, Price opened the William Tyndale Primary School Sports Pitch in Islington, London.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2010, Price received an honorary doctorate in Social Sciences from Brunel University, Uxbridge. On 3 September 2010, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Design from the University of Wolverhampton.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 155199, 658422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 92 ], [ 185, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 7 September 2010, Price's 23-year-old son Jamie Price was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum sentence of 21 years, for murder. He was convicted of stabbing a rival gang member to death in Wolverhampton town centre on 24 August 2008.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 148681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2017, Price and his wife were living in Thailand, having moved there in 2015.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Price was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours awards, for services to music and young people.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 212182, 48908613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 63 ], [ 77, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Price was accused of assaulting a security guard at the 2017 Glastonbury festival after the guard had refused to let Price's daughter, Chance, backstage; Price later emailed a response which read, \"Yep, guilty as charged\", but in March 2018, district judge Lynn Matthews at Bristol Magistrates' Court rejected Price's emailed response and in a video call Price later admitted to assault by beating. On 30 May Bristol Magistrates' Court ordered Goldie to pay almost £2,500 as a fine.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, Price appeared to reveal the first name of pseudonymous graffiti artist Banksy as \"Rob\" on Scroobius Pip's weekly Distraction Pieces podcast. When discussing the rise of commercialism in street art, Price said, \"Give me a bubble letter and put it on a T-shirt and write Banksy on it and we're sorted. We can sell it now... No disrespect to Rob, I think he is a brilliant artist. I think he has flipped the world of art over.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 396241, 11521469, 56921328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 87 ], [ 100, 113 ], [ 123, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studio albums", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Timeless (1995)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1836262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saturnz Return (1998)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 37995027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Journey Man (2017)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 58726390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "as Rufige Kru", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Malice in Wonderland (2007)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Memoirs of an Afterlife (2009)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Soundtrack albums", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sine Tempus – The Soundtrack (2008)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Collaboration albums", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Subject One - Music for Inanimate Objects (2019) with James Davidsen as Subjective", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Start of No Regret (2022) with James Davidsen as Subjective", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Kris Biscuit / Killer Muffin\" (as Rufige Cru) (Reinforced Records, 1992)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 58434639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Darkrider EP (as Rufige Cru) (Reinforced Records, 1992)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Terminator EP (as Metal Heads) (Synthetic Hardcore Phonography, 1992)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Ghosts of My Life / Terminator 2\" (as Rufige Kru) (Reinforced Records, 1993)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Angel / You and Me\" (as Metal Heads) (Synthetic Hardcore Phonography, 1993)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Internal Affairs EP (as Internal Affairs with 4hero) (Reinforced Records, 1993)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 405581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"VIP Riders Ghost\" (as Rufige Kru) (Metalheadz, 1993)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1683292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Inner City Life\" (as Goldie presents Metalheadz) (FFRR, 1994) – UK No. 39 (UK Singles Chart)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 53477220, 1683292, 1410550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 17 ], [ 39, 49 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Angel\" (FFRR, 1995) – UK No. 41", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 58132823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Jah / Deadly Deep Subs\" (Remixes) (Razors Edge, 1996)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"State of Mind\" (FFRR, 1996)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Digital\" (featuring KRS-One) (FFRR, 1997) – UK No. 13", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 57333324, 23369739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ], [ 22, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Shadow\" (as Rob & Goldie) (Moving Shadow, 1997) – UK No. 82", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 971657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Kemistry V.I.P. / Your Sound\" (Remixes) (Razors Edge, 1997)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ring of Saturn (FFRR, 1998)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Temper Temper\" (feat. Noel Gallagher) (FFRR, 1998) – UK No. 13", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 57251397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Believe\" (FFRR, 1998) – UK No. 36", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 57338655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Beachdrifta / Stormtrooper VIP\" (Metalheadz, 2001)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Say You Love Me\" (Metalheadz, 2005)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Monkey Boy / Special Request\" (Metalheadz, 2007)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Vanilla\" (Metalheadz, 2007)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Freedom\" (featuring Natalie Duncan) (Metalheadz, 2012)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 34286538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"I Adore You\" (2017)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " INCredible Sound of Drum'n'Bass (1999)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Goldie.co.uk (2001)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MDZ.04 (2004)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Drum & Bass Arena: The Classics (2006)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Watch the Ride (2008)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " FabricLive.58 (2011)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 31945528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Everybody Loves Sunshine (1999) – Terry", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 14734284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The World Is Not Enough (1999) – Mr. Bullion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 166121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snatch (2000) – Bad Boy Lincoln", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 707808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Price of Air (2000) – The Greaser", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Case (2002) – DJ Gabriel", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nine Lives, Goldie with Paul Gorman, Hodder & Stoughton, 2002. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Goldie – biting through– Interview by Jan Goodey, November 2002", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The War is Over– Mixmag Interview by Tony Marcus, 1995", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1700455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saturnz Return– Mixmag Interview by Matthew Collin about the release of his album Saturnz Return, 1997", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1700455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Goldie – Headz Will Roll Interview by Tim Colman", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Goldie– 2008 art exhibition", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Living_people", "Black_British_artists", "Black_British_male_actors", "Black_British_musicians", "English_DJs", "English_drum_and_bass_musicians", "English_electronic_musicians", "English_people_of_Jamaican_descent", "English_people_of_Scottish_descent", "English_record_producers", "Labour_Party_(UK)_people", "Members_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire", "Musicians_from_the_West_Midlands_(county)", "People_from_Walsall", "1965_births", "FFRR_Records_artists", "Reinforced_Records_artists" ]

[ "Clifford Price" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Winter sports or winter activities are competitive sports or non-competitive recreational activities which are played on snow or ice. Most are variations of skiing, ice skating and sledding. Traditionally, such games were only played in cold areas during winter, but artificial snow and artificial ice allow more flexibility. Playing areas and fields consist of either snow or ice. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25778403, 28191, 14946, 28478, 15146, 466301, 34061, 2502462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 56 ], [ 121, 125 ], [ 129, 132 ], [ 157, 163 ], [ 165, 176 ], [ 181, 189 ], [ 255, 261 ], [ 267, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Artificial ice can be used to provide ice rinks for ice skating, ice hockey, para ice hockey, ringette, broomball, bandy, rink bandy, rinkball, and spongee in a milder climate. The sport of speed skating uses a frozen circular track of ice, but in some facilities the track is combined in an enclosed area used for sports requiring an ice rink or the rink itself is used. Alternatively, ice cross downhill uses a track with various levels of elevation and a combination of bends. Long distance skating ( \"marathon skating\") such as tour skating is only performed outdoors and uses the available natural ice from frozen lakes, ponds, and marshes. Tour skating at times includes speed skaters, though tour skates are more common.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19667140, 979488, 15146, 14790, 3620550, 8484065, 692163, 4444, 7470975, 26858880, 7471079, 28028, 41875851, 1363260, 64120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 38, 46 ], [ 52, 63 ], [ 65, 75 ], [ 77, 92 ], [ 94, 102 ], [ 104, 113 ], [ 115, 120 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 190, 203 ], [ 387, 405 ], [ 532, 544 ], [ 699, 710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Common individual sports include cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping, speed skating, figure skating, luge, skeleton, bobsleigh, ski orienteering and snowmobiling. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 44298710, 39576, 38957, 40056, 28028, 11152, 37779, 159776, 39693, 17880813, 332769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 53 ], [ 55, 68 ], [ 70, 82 ], [ 84, 95 ], [ 97, 110 ], [ 112, 126 ], [ 128, 132 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 144, 153 ], [ 155, 171 ], [ 176, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Common team sports include ice hockey, ringette, broomball (on either an indoor ice rink, or an outdoor ice rink or field of snow), curling, rinkball, and bandy. Based on the number of participants, ice hockey is the world's most popular winter team sport, followed by bandy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14790, 8484065, 692163, 6644, 26858880, 4444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 39, 47 ], [ 49, 58 ], [ 132, 139 ], [ 141, 149 ], [ 155, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Winter sports at times have their own multi-sport events, such as the Winter Olympic Games and the Winter Universiade.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 34069, 1377362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 90 ], [ 99, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snow and ice during the winter time has enabled sliding as a means of transportation, using sledges, skis and skates. This also led to different pastimes and sports being developed in the winter season as compared to other times of the year. Naturally, winter sports are more popular in countries with longer winter seasons.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the European Alps, St. Moritz became a popular winter resort in 1864.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 981, 305193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 22, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While most winter sports are played outside, ice hockey, speed skating and to some extent bandy have moved indoors starting in the mid-20th century. 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[ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barrel jumping - (discipline of speed skating)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 58247157, 28028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 33, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice canoeing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 30484039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice climbing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 375734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice cricket", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 12661653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice cross downhill", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 41875851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice racing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1521112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice speedway", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 11451453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Snowbiking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 48828961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tour skating", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1363260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Snow drifting", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1390192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Snow golf (not to be confused with Crackgar, indigenous Kalash snow golf)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 6549723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some sports are competed in (or simply enjoyed) on a more casual basis, often by children:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Crackgar (indigenous Kalash snow golf)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ice boating or ice sailing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1001599, 1001599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 16, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice fishing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 332761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SheenAab Jung (Jammu and Kashmir Snow Fighting)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1725304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tobogganing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [ 679828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Snow bowling", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "List of winter sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Winter Olympic Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 34069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nordic Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 880412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Cup", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 16842834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arctic Winter Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 1127416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Asian Winter Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 6511088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter Paralympic Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 18670284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter Universiade", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 1377362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter Dew Tour", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 37403704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter X Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 207642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter X Games Europe", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Notable winter sporting events", "target_page_ids": [ 26584130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bandy World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 3968898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biathlon World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 447991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bobsleigh World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 16339018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Alpine Ski World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 183628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Cross-Country World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 25172259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 25450443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Nordic Combined World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 6040214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Ski Jumping World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 3730010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Snowboard World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 25189611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Luge World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 16516295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Short Track Speed Skating World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 21787741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Skeleton World Cup (toboggan)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 16569471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Speed Skating World Cup", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 4364061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Cup in Ski Orienteering", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World Cup", "target_page_ids": [ 18032661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice Hockey World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 224637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Curling World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 30873882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bandy World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 3946426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biathlon World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 5039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bobsleigh World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 10982957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Alpine World Ski Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 3226813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 9960467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and nordic combined)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 1280856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Snowboarding World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 21219884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIL World Luge Artificial Track Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 5127885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 10910853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FIS Ski Flying World Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 3720435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Figure Skating Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 229356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Ringette Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 41547641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Long Track Speed Skating Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 454537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Short Track Speed Skating Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 10165924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Skeleton World Championships (toboggan)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 10982957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Ski Orienteering Championships", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World championships", "target_page_ids": [ 17881191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winter carnival", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 49633641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Outline of sports", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3405245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Outdoor activity", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20896975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (eds.) (1908) The Book of Winter Sports London: Edward Arnold ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 7894679, 566108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dier, J. C. (ed.) (1912) The Book of Winter Sports, an attempt to catch the spirit of the keen joys of the winter season The Macmillan Company", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jessup, Elon Huntington (1923) Snow and ice sports: a winter manual E. P. Dutton & Co.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cereghini, Mario (1955) Five Thousand Years of Winter Sports Edizioni del Milione", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Liebers, Arthur (1971) The Complete Book of Winter Sports NY: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Winter_sports", "Sports_by_type" ]

[ "winter sports", "wintersport", "wintersports" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977) was an Italian film director, producer, and screenwriter. He was one of the most prominent directors of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the movement with films such as Rome, Open City (1945), Paisan (1946), and Germany, Year Zero (1948).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50959, 2012056, 9635156, 5064191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 188 ], [ 245, 260 ], [ 269, 275 ], [ 288, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rossellini was born in Rome. His mother, Elettra (née Bellan), was a housewife born in Rovigo, Veneto, and his father, Angiolo Giuseppe \"Peppino\" Rossellini, who owned a construction firm, was born in Rome from a family originally from Pisa, Tuscany. His mother was of partial French descent, from immigrants who had arrived in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. He lived on the Via Ludovisi, where Benito Mussolini had his first Roman hotel in 1922 when Fascism obtained power in Italy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2037726, 925342, 43780, 24636, 21967242, 45420, 19283178, 11054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 53 ], [ 87, 93 ], [ 95, 101 ], [ 236, 240 ], [ 242, 249 ], [ 345, 360 ], [ 398, 414 ], [ 454, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rossellini's father built the first cinema in Rome, the \"Barberini\", a theatre where movies could be projected, granting his son an unlimited free pass; the young Rossellini started frequenting the cinema at an early age. When his father died, he worked in film sound-making and for a certain time, he experienced all the ancillary jobs related to the creation of a film, gaining competence in each field. Rossellini had a younger brother, Renzo, who later scored many of his films.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 15064103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 440, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although he wasn't personally religious, he had a strong interest in Christian values in the contemporary world; he appreciated Catholic ethics and religious sentiment—things which he saw as being neglected in the materialist world.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2528090, 10998460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 85 ], [ 128, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937, Rossellini shot his first film, \"Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune\", which was possibly unreleased and later lost. After this essay, he was called to work as assistant director on Goffredo Alessandrini's in making Luciano Serra pilota, one of the most successful Italian films of the first half of the 20th century, and later worked on Francesco De Robertis's 1940 film Uomini sul Fondo. His close friendship with Vittorio Mussolini, son of Il Duce, has been interpreted as a possible reason for having been preferred to other apprentices.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 10640903, 42352061, 47647678, 12041086, 19283178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 212 ], [ 223, 243 ], [ 345, 368 ], [ 423, 441 ], [ 450, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some authors describe the first part of his career as a sequence of trilogies. His first feature film, The White Ship (1941) was sponsored by the audiovisual propaganda centre of Navy Department and is the first work in Rossellini's \"Fascist Trilogy\", together with A Pilot Returns (1942) and The Man with a Cross (1943). To this period belongs his friendship and cooperation with Federico Fellini and Aldo Fabrizi. The Fascist regime collapsed in 1943, and just two months after the liberation of Rome (4 June 1944), Rossellini was preparing the anti-fascist Roma città aperta (Rome, Open City 1945). Fellini assisted on the script and Fabrizi played the role of the priest, while Rossellini self-produced. Most of the money came from credits and loans, and film had to be found on the black market. This dramatic film was an immediate success. Rossellini had started now his so-called Neorealistic Trilogy, the second title of which was Paisà (1946), produced with non-professional actors, and the third, Germany, Year Zero (1948), sponsored by a French producer and filmed in Berlin's French sector. In Berlin also, Rossellini preferred non-actors, but he was unable to find a face he found \"interesting\"; he placed his camera in the center of a town square, as he did for Paisà, but was surprised when nobody came to watch.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 42412446, 42413428, 42416164, 11786, 10541767, 2012056, 9635156, 5064191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 117 ], [ 266, 281 ], [ 293, 313 ], [ 381, 397 ], [ 402, 414 ], [ 560, 577 ], [ 939, 944 ], [ 1007, 1025 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As he declared in an interview \"in order to really create the character that one has in mind, it is necessary for the director to engage in a battle with his actor which usually ends with submitting to the actor's wish. Since I do not have the desire to waste my energy in a battle like this, I only use professional actors occasionally\". One of the reasons for success is supposed to be Rossellini's rewriting of the scripts according to the non-professional actors' feelings and histories. Regional accent, dialect, and costumes were shown in the film as they were in real life.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After his Neorealist Trilogy, Rossellini produced two films now classified as the 'Transitional films': L'Amore (1948) (with Anna Magnani) and La macchina ammazzacattivi (1952), on the capability of cinema to portray reality and truth (with recalls of commedia dell'arte). In 1948, Rossellini received a letter from a famous foreign actress proposing a collaboration:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 20996147, 190388, 24527985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 111 ], [ 125, 137 ], [ 252, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dear Mr. Rossellini,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "I saw your films Open City and Paisan, and enjoyed them very much. If you need a Swedish actress who speaks English very well, who has not forgotten her German, who is not very understandable in French, and who in Italian knows only \"ti amo,\" I am ready to come and make a film with you.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ingrid Bergman", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 41562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With this letter began one of the best-known love stories in film history, with Bergman and Rossellini both at the peak of their careers. Their first collaboration was Stromboli terra di Dio (1950) (in the island of Stromboli, and its volcano quite conveniently erupted during filming). This affair caused a great scandal in some countries (Bergman and Rossellini were married to other people); the scandal intensified when Bergman became pregnant with Renato Roberto Ranaldo Giusto Giuseppe (\"Robin\") Rossellini. Rossellini and Bergman had two more children, Isabella Rossellini (actress & model) and her twin, Ingrid Isotta. Europa '51 (1952), Siamo Donne (1953), Journey to Italy (1954), La paura (1954) and Giovanna d'Arco al rogo (1954) were the other films on which they worked together.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3955571, 304564, 67992, 3342111, 11546411, 11784534, 11789507, 11789222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 190 ], [ 216, 225 ], [ 560, 579 ], [ 627, 637 ], [ 646, 657 ], [ 666, 682 ], [ 691, 699 ], [ 711, 734 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1957, Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India at the time, invited him to India to make the documentary India and put some life into the floundering Indian Films Division. Though married to Bergman, he had an affair with Sonali Senroy Dasgupta, a screenwriter, herself married to local filmmaker Harisadhan Dasgupta, who was helping develop vignettes for the film. Given the climate of the 1950s, this led to a huge scandal in India as well as in Hollywood. Nehru had to ask Rossellini to leave. Soon after, Bergman and Rossellini separated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 16243, 54301031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ], [ 305, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1971, Rice University in Houston, Texas, invited Rossellini to help establish a Media Center, where in 1970 he had begun planning a film on science with Rice professor Donald D. Clayton. They worked daily for two weeks in Rome in summer 1970, but financing was insufficient for filming to begin. In 1973, he was invited to teach at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he taught a one-semester course titled \"The Essential Image.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 36061850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rossellini's final project was the documentary Beaubourg, filmed in 1977 and first premiered in 1983.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1934, Rossellini married Assia Noris, a Russian actress who worked in Italian films; the marriage was annulled in 1936. On 26 September 1936, he married Marcella De Marchis (17 January 1916, Rome – 25 February 2009, Sarteano), a costume designer with whom he collaborated even after their marriage was over. De Marchis and Rossellini had two sons: Marco Romano (born 3 July 1937 and died of appendicitis in 1946), and Renzo (born 24 August 1941). Rossellini and De Marchis divorced in 1950.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 16358972, 26091058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 421, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While filming Stromboli, Rossellini had an affair with Ingrid Bergman (who was at the time married to Petter Lindström) in 1949. In the same month the film was released, Bergman gave birth to a boy, Renato Roberto Ranaldo Giusto Giuseppe (\"Robin\") Rossellini (born 2 February 1950). A week after their son was born, Bergman divorced Lindström and married Rossellini in Mexico. On 18 June 1952, she gave birth to their twin daughters Isotta Ingrid Rossellini and Isabella Rossellini.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 41562, 67992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 69 ], [ 462, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1957, Rossellini had an affair with Bengali screenwriter Sonali Dasgupta (née Senroy), and soon after, Bergman and Rossellini separated. Rossellini eloped with Dasgupta in 1957 when she was 27 years old. He adopted her young son Arjun, renamed Gil Rossellini (23 October 1956 – 3 October 2010), who became a New York-based film producer. Rossellini and Dasgupta had a daughter together, Raffaella Rossellini (born 1958), who is an actress and model.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 4198908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1973, Rossellini left Dasgupta for producer Silvia D'Amico Bendicò, but he remained married to Dasgupta until his death of a heart attack at age 71 in 1977.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rossellini's films after his early Neo-Realist films—particularly his films with Ingrid Bergman—were commercially unsuccessful, though Journey to Italy is well regarded in some quarters. He was an acknowledged master for the critics of Cahiers du Cinéma in general and André Bazin, François Truffaut, and Jean-Luc Godard in particular. Truffaut noted in his 1963 essay, Roberto Rossellini Prefers Real Life (available in The Films In My Life) that Rossellini's influence in France particularly among the directors who became part of the nouvelle vague was so great that he was in every sense \"the father of the French New Wave\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3314577, 11784534, 7765, 243671, 10770, 60368, 450526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 135, 151 ], [ 236, 253 ], [ 269, 280 ], [ 282, 299 ], [ 305, 320 ], [ 537, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His posthumous ex-son-in-law Martin Scorsese has acknowledged Rossellini's seminal influence in his documentary My Voyage to Italy (the title itself a take on Rossellini's Voyage to Italy). An important point to note is that out of Scorsese's selection of Italian films from a select group of directors (Federico Fellini, Luchino Visconti, Vittorio De Sica, Michelangelo Antonioni) Rossellini's films form at least half of the films discussed and analyzed, highlighting Rossellini's monumental role in Italian and world cinema. The films covered include his Neo-Realist films to his films with Ingrid Bergman as well as The Flowers of St. Francis, a film about St. Francis of Assisi. Scorsese notes in his documentary that in contrast to directors who often become more restrained and more conservative stylistically as their careers advance, Rossellini became more and more unconventional and was constantly experimenting with new styles and technical challenges. Scorsese particularly highlights the series of biographies Rossellini made in the 60s of historical figures and, although he does not discuss it in detail, singles out La Prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV for praise. Certain of Rossellini's film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives to which scholars and media experts from around the world may have full access. Rossellini's son Renzo is producing the Audiovisual Encyclopedia of History by Roberto Rossellini, a multi-media support containing all of Rossellini's works, interviews, and other material from the Rossellini archive. The Encyclopedia for now exists in prototype form.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 18995, 2332386, 11784534, 11786, 44822, 32428, 38939, 3341998, 11638, 19809332, 26091058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 44 ], [ 112, 130 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 304, 320 ], [ 322, 338 ], [ 340, 356 ], [ 358, 380 ], [ 620, 646 ], [ 661, 682 ], [ 1133, 1166 ], [ 1399, 1404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune\" (1937) (lost)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 2247290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"La Vispa Teresa\" (1939)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 24465575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Il Tacchino prepotente\" (1939)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Fantasia sottomarina\" (1940)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Il Ruscello di Ripasottile\" (1941)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The White Ship (1941)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 42412446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Pilot Returns (1942)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 42413428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Man with a Cross (1943)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 42416164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rome, Open City (1945)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 2012056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Desire (1946)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 67693137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paisà (1946)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 9635156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "L'Amore (segments: \"Il Miracolo\" and \"Una voce umana\") (1948)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 20996147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Germany, Year Zero (1948)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 5064191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "L'Invasore (1949)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stromboli terra di Dio (1950)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 3955571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Francesco, giullare di Dio (1950)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 3341998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Ways of Love (1950)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 49592981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Les Sept péchés capitaux (segment: \"Envie, L'Envy\") (1952)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Machine to Kill Bad People (1952)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 23687940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Europa '51 (1952)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 3342111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Siamo donne (segment: \"Ingrid Bergman\") (1953)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 11546411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Amori di mezzo secolo (segment: \"Napoli 1943\") (1954)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dov'è la libertà ... ? (1954)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 41428020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Viaggio in Italia (1954)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 11784534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La Paura (1954)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 11789507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Giovanna d'Arco al rogo (1954)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 11789222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matri Bhumi (1959)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Il generale Della Rovere (1959)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 10370838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Era Notte a Roma (1960)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 10796990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Viva l'Italia! (1961)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 12662464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vanina Vanini (1961)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 11105092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Uno sguardo dal ponte (1961)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anima nera (1962)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 41424554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benito Mussolini (1962)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ro.Go.Pa.G. (segment: \"Illibatezza\") (1963)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 14748669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Les Carabiniers (1963)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Da Gerusalemme a Damasco (1970)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rice University (1971)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Intervista a Salvador Allende: La forza e la ragione (1971)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Agostino d'Ippona (1972)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Concerto per Michelangelo (1974)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The World Population (1974)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anno uno (1974)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 34773675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Il messia (1975)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 57493923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beaubourg, centre d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou (1983)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "L'India vista da Rossellini (miniseries) (1959)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Torino nei cent'anni (1961)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "L'Età del ferro (1964)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "La Prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV (1966)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [ 19809332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Idea di un'isola (1967)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Atti degli apostoli (miniseries) (1969)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "La lotta dell'uomo per la sua sopravvivenza (series) (1970)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Socrates (1971)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [ 28872439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blaise Pascal (1972)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "L'Età di Cosimo de' Medici (1973)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [ 22486254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cartesius (1974)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Concerto per Michelangelo (1977)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Television credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " New York Times: The Elusive Realism of Rossellini", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " An Interview with Roberto Rossellini", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rossellini's India at Indian Auteur", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Geographical coordinates and pictures of his grave", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Roberto_Rossellini", "1906_births", "1977_deaths", "People_of_Tuscan_descent", "People_of_Venetian_descent", "English-language_film_directors", "German-language_film_directors", "Italian-language_film_directors", "Nastro_d'Argento_winners", "Rice_University_people", "Film_directors_from_Rome", "Directors_of_Palme_d'Or_winners", "Directors_of_Golden_Lion_winners" ]

[ "Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini" ]

[ { "plaintext": "An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes are used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles. Examples vary from a ramp used to load goods into a truck, to a person walking up a pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or railroad train climbing a grade.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moving an object up an inclined plane requires less force than lifting it straight up, at a cost of an increase in the distance moved. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane, the factor by which the force is reduced, is equal to the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans. Owing to conservation of energy, the same amount of mechanical energy (work) is required to lift a given object by a given vertical distance, disregarding losses from friction, but the inclined plane allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater distance.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10902, 20616, 67088, 859234, 149861, 11062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 57 ], [ 139, 159 ], [ 315, 337 ], [ 358, 375 ], [ 377, 381 ], [ 473, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The angle of friction, also sometimes called the angle of repose, is the maximum angle at which a load can rest motionless on an inclined plane due to friction without sliding down. This angle is equal to the arctangent of the coefficient of static friction μs between the surfaces.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11062, 518397, 11062, 374220, 11062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 49, 64 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 209, 219 ], [ 227, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two other simple machines are often considered to be derived from the inclined plane. The wedge can be considered a moving inclined plane or two inclined planes connected at the base. The screw consists of a narrow inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1952367, 5564486, 859283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 95 ], [ 188, 193 ], [ 247, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term may also refer to a specific implementation; a straight ramp cut into a steep hillside for transporting goods up and down the hill. This may include cars on rails or pulled up by a cable system; a funicular or cable railway, such as the Johnstown Inclined Plane.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50680, 1678224, 1054296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 215 ], [ 219, 232 ], [ 246, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inclined planes are widely used in the form of loading ramps to load and unload goods on trucks, ships and planes. Wheelchair ramps are used to allow people in wheelchairs to get over vertical obstacles without exceeding their strength. Escalators and slanted conveyor belts are also forms of an inclined plane.In a funicular or cable railway a railroad car is pulled up a steep inclined plane using cables. Inclined planes also allow heavy fragile objects, including humans, to be safely lowered down a vertical distance by using the normal force of the plane to reduce the gravitational force. Aircraft evacuation slides allow people to rapidly and safely reach the ground from the height of a passenger airliner.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1579924, 21481546, 20647902, 51734, 50680, 1678224, 1063435, 38579, 6467468, 51215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 130 ], [ 160, 170 ], [ 237, 246 ], [ 260, 273 ], [ 316, 325 ], [ 329, 342 ], [ 535, 547 ], [ 575, 594 ], [ 605, 622 ], [ 706, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other inclined planes are built into permanent structures. Roads for vehicles and railroads have inclined planes in the form of gradual slopes, ramps, and causeways to allow vehicles to surmount vertical obstacles such as hills without losing traction on the road surface. Similarly, pedestrian paths and sidewalks have gentle ramps to limit their slope, to ensure that pedestrians can keep traction. Inclined planes are also used as entertainment for people to slide down in a controlled way, in playground slides, water slides, ski slopes and skateboard parks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 320323, 51852, 7396194, 233793, 39576, 223431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 164 ], [ 308, 316 ], [ 500, 516 ], [ 519, 530 ], [ 533, 542 ], [ 548, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inclined planes have been used by people since prehistoric times to move heavy objects. The sloping roads and causeways built by ancient civilizations such as the Romans are examples of early inclined planes that have survived, and show that they understood the value of this device for moving things uphill. The heavy stones used in ancient stone structures such as Stonehenge are believed to have been moved and set in place using inclined planes made of earth, although it is hard to find evidence of such temporary building ramps. The Egyptian pyramids were constructed using inclined planes, Siege ramps enabled ancient armies to surmount fortress walls. The ancient Greeks constructed a paved ramp 6km (3.7 miles) long, the Diolkos, to drag ships overland across the Isthmus of Corinth.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 320323, 27633, 864667, 26905, 3002416, 623776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 118 ], [ 367, 377 ], [ 540, 557 ], [ 598, 603 ], [ 733, 740 ], [ 776, 794 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However the inclined plane was the last of the six classic simple machines to be recognised as a machine. This is probably because it is a passive and motionless device (the load is the moving part), and also because it is found in nature in the form of slopes and hills. Although they understood its use in lifting heavy objects, the ancient Greek philosophers who defined the other five simple machines did not include the inclined plane as a machine. This view persisted among a few later scientists; as late as 1826 Karl von Langsdorf wrote that an inclined plane \"...is no more a machine than is the slope of a mountain\". The problem of calculating the force required to push a weight up an inclined plane (its mechanical advantage) was attempted by Greek philosophers Heron of Alexandria (c. 10 - 60 CE) and Pappus of Alexandria (c. 290 - 350 CE), but their solutions were incorrect.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28002, 66540, 15083433, 68274, 509300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 73 ], [ 335, 348 ], [ 520, 538 ], [ 774, 793 ], [ 814, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It wasn't until the Renaissance that the inclined plane was solved mathematically and classed with the other simple machines. The first correct analysis of the inclined plane appeared in the work of 13th century author Jordanus de Nemore, however his solution was apparently not communicated to other philosophers of the time. Girolamo Cardano (1570) proposed the incorrect solution that the input force is proportional to the angle of the plane. Then at the end of the 16th century, three correct solutions were published within ten years, by Michael Varro (1584), Simon Stevin (1586), and Galileo Galilei (1592). Although it was not the first, the derivation of Flemish engineer Simon Stevin is the most well-known, because of its originality and use of a string of beads (see box). In 1600, Italian scientist Galileo Galilei included the inclined plane in his analysis of simple machines in Le Meccaniche (\"On Mechanics\"), showing its underlying similarity to the other machines as a force amplifier.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25532, 4763255, 13145, 72586, 29688374, 72586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 31 ], [ 219, 237 ], [ 327, 343 ], [ 566, 578 ], [ 591, 606 ], [ 681, 693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first elementary rules of sliding friction on an inclined plane were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785). Leonhard Euler (1750) showed that the tangent of the angle of repose on an inclined plane is equal to the coefficient of friction.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11062, 18079, 555468, 211439, 17902, 30367, 518397, 11062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 87, 104 ], [ 187, 205 ], [ 243, 270 ], [ 279, 293 ], [ 317, 324 ], [ 332, 347 ], [ 385, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane depends on its slope, meaning its gradient or steepness. The smaller the slope, the larger the mechanical advantage, and the smaller the force needed to raise a given weight. A plane's slope s is equal to the difference in height between its two ends, or \"rise\", divided by its horizontal length, or \"run\". It can also be expressed by the angle the plane makes with the horizontal, θ.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Terminology", "target_page_ids": [ 20616, 29368, 259162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 61, 66 ], [ 80, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage MA of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of the output force exerted on the load to the input force applied. For the inclined plane the output load force is just the gravitational force of the load object on the plane, its weight Fw. The input force is the force Fi exerted on the object, parallel to the plane, to move it up the plane. The mechanical advantage is", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Terminology", "target_page_ids": [ 20616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The MA of an ideal inclined plane without friction is sometimes called ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) while the MA when friction is included is called the actual mechanical advantage (AMA).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Terminology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If there is no friction between the object being moved and the plane, the device is called an ideal inclined plane. This condition might be approached if the object is rolling like a barrel, or supported on wheels or casters. Due to conservation of energy, for a frictionless inclined plane the work done on the load lifting it, Wout, is equal to the work done by the input force, Win", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [ 11062, 640764, 827791, 67088, 149861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ], [ 184, 190 ], [ 218, 224 ], [ 234, 256 ], [ 296, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Work is defined as the force multiplied by the displacement an object moves. The work done on the load is equal to its weight multiplied by the vertical displacement it rises, which is the \"rise\" of the inclined plane", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The input work is equal to the force Fi on the object times the diagonal length of the inclined plane. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Substituting these values into the conservation of energy equation above and rearranging", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To express the mechanical advantage by the angle θ of the plane, it can be seen from the diagram (above) that", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So the mechanical advantage of a frictionless inclined plane is equal to the reciprocal of the sine of the slope angle. The input force Fi from this equation is the force needed to hold the load motionless on the inclined plane, or push it up at a constant velocity. If the input force is greater than this, the load will accelerate up the plane. If the force is less, it will accelerate down the plane.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Frictionless inclined plane", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Where there is friction between the plane and the load, as for example with a heavy box being slid up a ramp, some of the work applied by the input force is dissipated as heat by friction, Wfric, so less work is done on the load. Due to conservation of energy, the sum of the output work and the frictional energy losses is equal to the input work ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 11062, 67088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ], [ 238, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Therefore, more input force is required, and the mechanical advantage is lower, than if friction were not present.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With friction, the load will only move if the net force parallel to the surface is greater than the frictional force Ff opposing it. The maximum friction force is given by ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where Fn is the normal force between the load and the plane, directed normal to the surface, and μ is the coefficient of static friction between the two surfaces, which varies with the material. When no input force is applied, if the inclination angle θ of the plane is less than some maximum value φ the component of gravitational force parallel to the plane will be too small to overcome friction, and the load will remain motionless. This angle is called the angle of repose and depends on the composition of the surfaces, but is independent of the load weight. It is shown below that the tangent of the angle of repose φ is equal to μ ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 1063435, 11062, 518397, 30367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 28 ], [ 106, 136 ], [ 465, 480 ], [ 595, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With friction, there is always some range of input force Fi for which the load is stationary, neither sliding up or down the plane, whereas with a frictionless inclined plane there is only one particular value of input force for which the load is stationary.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A load resting on an inclined plane, when considered as a free body has three forces acting on it:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 452577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The applied force, Fi exerted on the load to move it, which acts parallel to the inclined plane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The weight of the load, Fw, which acts vertically downwards", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The force of the plane on the load. This can be resolved into two components:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The normal force Fn of the inclined plane on the load, supporting it. This is directed perpendicular (normal) to the surface.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 173224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The frictional force, Ff of the plane on the load acts parallel to the surface, and is always in a direction opposite to the motion of the object. It is equal to the normal force multiplied by the coefficient of static friction μ between the two surfaces.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 11062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Using Newton's second law of motion the load will be stationary or in steady motion if the sum of the forces on it is zero. Since the direction of the frictional force is opposite for the case of uphill and downhill motion, these two cases must be considered separately: ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 55212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Uphill motion: The total force on the load is toward the uphill side, so the frictional force is directed down the plane, opposing the input force.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage is", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where . This is the condition for impending motion up the inclined plane. If the applied force Fi is greater than given by this equation, the load will move up the plane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Downhill motion: The total force on the load is toward the downhill side, so the frictional force is directed up the plane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage is", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is the condition for impending motion down the plane; if the applied force Fi is less than given in this equation, the load will slide down the plane. There are three cases:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": The mechanical advantage is negative. In the absence of applied force the load will remain motionless, and requires some negative (downhill) applied force to slide down.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": The 'angle of repose'. The mechanical advantage is infinite. With no applied force, load will not slide, but the slightest negative (downhill) force will cause it to slide.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [ 518397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": The mechanical advantage is positive. In the absence of applied force the load will slide down the plane, and requires some positive (uphill) force to hold it motionless", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Inclined plane with friction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is the ratio of the weight of the load on the ramp to the force required to pull it up the ramp. If energy is not dissipated or stored in the movement of the load, then this mechanical advantage can be computed from the dimensions of the ramp.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [ 20616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In order to show this, let the position r of a rail car on along the ramp with an angle, θ, above the horizontal be given by", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where R is the distance along the ramp. The velocity of the car up the ramp is now", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Because there are no losses, the power used by force F to move the load up the ramp equals the power out, which is the vertical lift of the weight W of the load.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The input power pulling the car up the ramp is given by", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and the power out is", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Equate the power in to the power out to obtain the mechanical advantage as", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane can also be calculated from the ratio of length of the ramp L to its height H, because the sine of the angle of the ramp is given by", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "therefore,", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Example: If the height of a ramp is H = 1 meter and its length is L = 5 meters, then the mechanical advantage is", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "which means that a 20lb force will lift a 100lb load.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Liverpool Minard inclined plane has the dimensions 1804 meters by 37.50 meters, which provides a mechanical advantage of", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "so a 100lb tension force on the cable will lift a 4810lb load. The grade of this incline is 2%, which means the angle θ is small enough that sinθ=tanθ.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Mechanical advantage using power", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canal inclined plane", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 716888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Grade (slope)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 259162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inclined plane railroad", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1678224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ramp function", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5092636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Schiefe Ebene", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19075535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stairs", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 256015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An interactive simulation of Physics inclined plane", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Simple_machines" ]

[ "ramp" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is almost always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28262, 34069, 18670284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 133 ], [ 203, 223 ], [ 228, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, sledding, surfing, and skiing. It was developed in the United States in the 1960s, became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. , its popularity (as measured by equipment sales) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28027, 466301, 28198, 28478, 34069, 6792932, 113189, 18670284, 88314, 2311504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 61 ], [ 63, 71 ], [ 73, 80 ], [ 86, 92 ], [ 155, 175 ], [ 179, 185 ], [ 189, 193 ], [ 214, 232 ], [ 236, 241 ], [ 245, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern snowboarding began in 1965 when Sherman Poppen, an engineer in Muskegon, Michigan, invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the \"snurfer\" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer, Brunswick Corporation, that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade. And, in 1966 alone, over half a million snurfers were sold.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 118271, 3971307, 668090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 88 ], [ 276, 283 ], [ 436, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1968, Poppen organized the first snurfing competition at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country. One of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). In the 1960s, as an eighth grader in Haddonfield, New Jersey, Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6114298, 28027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 185 ], [ 200, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The pioneers were not all from the United States; in 1976, Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed their own snowboards to use at their local dry ski slope.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 48531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also during this same period, in 1977, Jake Burton Carpenter, a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont. The \"snowboards\" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38 and were not allowed on many ski hills, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business. Burton's early designs for boards with bindings became the dominant features in snowboarding.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1727416, 2382902, 137435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 60 ], [ 270, 287 ], [ 291, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what became competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41; and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 118271, 1727416, 24109126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 134 ], [ 146, 167 ], [ 881, 903 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 1980s, Aleksey Ostatnigrosh and Alexei Melnikov, two Snurfers from the Soviet Union, patented design changes to the Snurfer to allow jumping by attaching a bungee cord, a single footed binding to the Snurfer tail, and a two-foot binding design for improved control.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As snowboarding became more popular in the 1970s and 1980s, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich (founder of Winterstick out of Salt Lake City, UT), Jake Burton Carpenter (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), Tom Sims (founder of Sims Snowboards), David Kemper (founder of Kemper Snowboards) and Mike Olson (founder of Gnu Snowboards) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment. From these developments, modern snowboarding equipment usually consists of a snowboard with specialized bindings and boots.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1727416, 6114298, 6114298, 64079457, 3578817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 169 ], [ 228, 236 ], [ 249, 264 ], [ 292, 309 ], [ 338, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 1981, the \"King of the Mountain\" Snowboard competition was held at Ski Cooper in Colorado. Tom Sims along with an assortment of other snowboarders of the time were present. One entrant showed up on a homemade snowboard with a formica bottom that turned out to not slide so well on the snow.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11648870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont, at Suicide Six. The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 260279, 185880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 79 ], [ 84, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1983, the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs, California. Tom Sims, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 297972, 22984992, 6114298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 71, 83 ], [ 97, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs, Austria, further cementing snowboarding's recognition as an official international competitive sport.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2112679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1990, the International Snowboard Federation (ISF) was founded to provide universal contest regulations. In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the Winter X Games, Air & Style, US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have terrain parks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4170732, 207642, 11011325, 473681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 47 ], [ 305, 319 ], [ 321, 332 ], [ 424, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event. France's Karine Ruby was the first ever to win an Olympic gold medal for Woman's Snowboarding at the 1998 Olympics, while Canadian Ross Rebagliati was the first ever to win an Olympic gold medal for Men's Snowboarding.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 113189, 16120335, 12989652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 32 ], [ 108, 119 ], [ 230, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud. Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding, with a similar proportion in Europe. As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, snowboarding had 6.6 million active participants. An industry spokesman said that \"twelve year-olds are out-riding adults.\" The same article said that most snowboarders are 18–24 years old and that women constitute 25% of participants.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were 8.2 million snowboarders in the US and Canada for the 2009–2010 season. There was a 10% increase over the previous season, accounting for more than 30% of all snow sports participants.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 2 May 2012, the International Paralympic Committee announced that adaptive snowboarding (dubbed \"para-snowboarding\") would debut as a men's and women's medal event in the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games taking place in Sochi, Russia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Jibbing\" is the term for technical riding on non-standard surfaces. The word \"jib\" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word. As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs. As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding, or riding on top of objects other than snow. It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard. Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Freeriding is a style without a set of governing rules or set course, typically on natural, un-groomed terrain. The basic allows for various snowboarding styles in a fluid motion and spontaneity through naturally rugged terrain. It can be similar to freestyle with the exception that no man-made features are utilized. See also Backcountry snowboarding.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [ 13006860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 328, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alpine snowboarding is a discipline within the sport of snowboarding. It is practiced on groomed pistes. It has been an Olympic event since 1998.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [ 3874974, 2249459, 1158944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 96 ], [ 97, 102 ], [ 140, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sometimes called freecarving or hardbooting(due to the equipment used), this discipline usually takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs(although it can be practiced in any and all conditions) and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding, and is seen as superior to other disciplines in many Europeans countries. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers, most situated in Europe. Alpine Snowboard equipment includes a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed. Shaped skis can thank these \"freecarve\" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation. A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motocross turn or waterski carve. Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alpine snowboarding shares more visual similarities with skiing equipment than it does with snowboarding equipment. Compared to freestyle snowboarding gear:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " boards are narrower, longer, and stiffer to improve carving performance", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [ 3015388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " boots are made from a hard plastic shell, making it flex differently from a regular snowboard boot and is designed differently to ski boots although they look similar.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [ 335207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " bindings have a bail or step-in design and are sometimes placed on suspension plates to provide a layer of isolation between an alpine snowboarder and the board, to decrease the level of vibrations felt by the rider, creating a better overall experience when carving, and to give extra weight to the board among other uses. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [ 197655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs, or anything else the board or rider can slide across. Slopestyle is a judged event and winning a slopestyle contest usually comes from successfully executing the most difficult line in the terrain park while having a smooth flowing line of difficult, mistake-free tricks performed on the obstacles. However, overall impression and style can play factor in winning a slopestyle contest and the rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easier tricks on more difficult paths.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Big air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man made jump built specifically for the event. Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a complex trick. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder. Some competitions also require the rider to do a specific trick to win the major prize. One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a \"double back flip backside 180\" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch dug into the mountain or purpose-built ramp made up of snow, with walls between 8 and . Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboard Cross, also known as \"Boardercross\", \"Boarder X\", or \"Snowboard X\", and commonly abbreviated as \"SBX\", or just \"BX\", is a snowboarding discipline consisting of several (typically 4 to 6) riders racing head-to-head down a course with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow. Snowboard cross began in the 1980s, earning its place as an official Winter Olympic event in the 2006 Turin games. Unlike other snowboard racing disciplines such as parallel giant slalom, competitors race on a single course together.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In snowboard racing, riders must complete a downhill course constructed of a series of turning color indicators (gates) placed in the snow at prescribed distances apart. A gate consists of a tall pole and a short pole, connected by a triangular panel. The racer must pass around the short side of the gate, passing the long side of the gate doesn't count. There are 3 main formats used in snowboard racing including; single person, parallel courses or multiple people on the course at the same time (SBX).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Styles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding contests are held throughout the world and range from grassroots competitions to professional events contested worldwide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the larger snowboarding contests include: the European Air & Style, the Japanese X-Trail Jam, Burton Global Open Series, Shakedown, FIS World Championships, the annual FIS World Cup, the Winter X Games, Freeride World Tour and the Winter Dew Tour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 11011325, 13753456, 33714956, 21219884, 25189611, 207642, 28794949, 37403704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 74 ], [ 89, 100 ], [ 129, 138 ], [ 140, 163 ], [ 176, 189 ], [ 195, 209 ], [ 211, 230 ], [ 239, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1998 Winter Olympics. Since its inauguration, Olympic snowboarding has seen many additions and removals of events. During the 2018 Winter Olympics, snowboarding events contested included big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle and snowboard cross.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 4060201, 113189, 961505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ], [ 51, 71 ], [ 177, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarder Magazine's Superpark event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 45453109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Part of the snowboarding approach is to ensure maximum fun, friendship and event quality. Reflecting this perspective of snowboarding, you can find \"Anti Contests\" including are an important part of its identity including The Holy Oly Revival at The Summit at Snoqualmie, The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contest, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 6098530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The United States of America Snowboarding and Freeski Association (USASA) features grassroots-level competitions designed to be a stepping stone for aspiring athletes looking to progress up the competition pipeline. The USASA consists of 36 regional series in which anyone can compete against athletes in a multitude of classes. For snowboarding, USASA contests regional events in six primary disciplines (Slalom, Giant Slalom, Slopestyle, Halfpipe, Boardercross, and Rail Jam), where competitors earn points towards a national ranking and qualify to compete at the USASA National Championships.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Competitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The snowboarding way of life came about as a natural response to the culture from which it emerged. Early on, there was a rebellion against skiing culture and the view that snowboarders were inferior. Skiers did not easily accept this new culture on their slopes. The two cultures contrasted each other in several ways including how they spoke, acted, and their entire style of clothing. Snowboarders first embraced the punk and later the hip-hop look into their style. Words such as \"dude\", \"gnarly\", and \"Shred the Gnar\" are some examples of words used in the snowboarding culture. Snowboarding subculture became a crossover between the urban and suburban styles on snow, which made an easy transition from surfing and skateboarding culture over to snowboarding culture. In fact many skateboarders and surfers in the winter months snowboarded, and were the early snowboarders. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subculture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The early stereotypes of snowboarding included \"lazy\", \"grungy\", \"punk\", \"stoners\", \"troublemakers\", and numerous others, many of which are associated with skateboarding and surfing as well. However, these stereotypes may be considered \"out of style\". Snowboarding has become a sport that encompasses a very diverse international based crowd and fanbase of many millions, so much so that it is no longer possible to stereotype such a large community. Reasons for these dying stereotypes include how mainstream and popular the sport has become, with the shock factor of snowboarding's quick take off on the slopes wearing off. Skiers and snowboarders are becoming used to each other, showing more respect to each other on the mountain. \"The typical stereotype of the sport is changing as the demographics change\". While these two subcultures are now becoming accustomed to each other, there are still three resorts, in the United States, which do not allow snowboarding. Alta, Deer Valley, and Mad River Glen are the last skiing only resorts in North America and have become a focal point over time for the remaining animosity between snowboarding and skiing.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subculture", "target_page_ids": [ 913998, 748238, 1420966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 970, 974 ], [ 976, 987 ], [ 993, 1007 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, which is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing. Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing where two thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common types of injuries are sprains, which account for around 40% of injuries. The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures. There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year. For this reason the use of wrist guards, either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half. In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to \"push\" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90 degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms stretched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor by a training partner.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both as a consequence of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on his or her back and slamming the back of his or her head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury. For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eyewear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and snow blindness can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [ 240096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 573, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike ski bindings, snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare. Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the talus bone are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called \"snowboarder's ankle\" by medical staff. This particular injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle. The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [ 2953573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 488, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Four to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs. Snowboard binding rotating devices are designed to minimize the torque force, Quick Stance being the first developed in 1995. They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [ 27634755, 27634755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 421, 454 ], [ 499, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is best to learn the different kinds of avalanches, how to prevent causing one and how to react when one is going to happen. Also when going out onto the snow, all who practice an activity with increased chances of injury should have a basic First Aid knowledge and know how to deal with injuries that may occur.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot when standing upright and slightly away from the end when in the snowboarding position. Padding or \"armor\" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid tree wells, a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [ 6925359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 520, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some care is also required when waxing a board as fluorocarbon waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a study conducted to examine the types of snowboarding injuries and changes in injury patterns over time, data was collected on injured snowboarders and skiers in a base-lodge clinic of a ski resort in Vermont over 18 seasons (1988–2006) and included extensive information about injury patterns, demographics, and experience. In conclusion of the study, the highest rate of injury was among young, inexperienced, female snowboarders. Injury rates in snowboarders have fluctuated over time but still remain higher than skiers. No evidence was found that those who spend more time in terrain parks are over represented in the injury population.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Safety and precautions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport. Each season, many films are released, usually in autumn. These are made by many snowboard-specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement. Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies. An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be The White Album, a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards. Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport. In addition, the 2011 movie The Art of Flight showcased snowboarders such as Travis Rice attempting to attain greater feats in the sport of snowboarding.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 1218122, 1218122, 87474, 13392949, 51974, 2382902, 34180535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 439, 454 ], [ 518, 529 ], [ 555, 564 ], [ 586, 597 ], [ 599, 611 ], [ 616, 633 ], [ 787, 804 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, sometimes the snowboarding industry is not supportive of all snowboarding-themed films. In 2013, The Crash Reel, a feature-length documentary by filmmaker Lucy Walker about former Shaun White rival Kevin Pearce, premiered on the film festival circuit to critical acclaim and was subsequently broadcast on HBO. Using Pearce's career-ending traumatic brain injury and subsequent recovery as a backdrop, the film examines the physical dangers inherent to pro snowboarders and other extreme sports professional athletes under pressure by sponsors and the media to perform increasingly spectacular feats. Although there are significant references to various brands in the film, Walker is \"adamant\" that the snowboarding industry did not sponsor the film in any way and in fact has been unsupportive, despite the film's mainstream media success.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 38386650, 6252347, 1218122, 15933561, 4765530, 1057414, 9933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 120 ], [ 164, 175 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 207, 219 ], [ 314, 317 ], [ 348, 370 ], [ 488, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboard magazines are integral in promoting the sport, although less so with the advent of the internet age. Photo incentives are written into many professional riders' sponsorship contracts giving professionals not only a publicity but a financial incentive to have a photo published in a magazine. Snowboard magazine staff travel with professional riders throughout the winter season and cover travel, contests, lifestyle, rider and company profiles, and product reviews. Snowboard magazines have recently made a push to expand their brands to the online market, and there has also been a growth in online-only publications. Popular magazines include Transworld Snowboarding (USA), Snowboarder Magazine (USA), Snowboard Magazine (USA), and Whitelines (UK).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 2607885, 45453109, 7422829, 28990228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 655, 678 ], [ 686, 706 ], [ 714, 732 ], [ 744, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding video games provide interactive entertainment on and off season. Most games for this genre have been made for consoles, such as the Xbox and PlayStation. A plethora of online casual snowboarding games also exist along with games for mobile phone.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 387562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American Association of Snowboard Instructors", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1020161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59770514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sandboarding", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 930074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Skiboarding", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lazboard", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 70374545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " PSIA-AASI Website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Snowboarding", "Sports_originating_in_the_United_States", "Winter_Olympic_sports", "Winter_sports", "Articles_containing_video_clips", "Racing", "Individual_sports", "Boardsports", "Acrobatic_sports" ]

[ "snowboard" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to , or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2053693, 4739, 26764, 2053693, 462433, 26764, 18947, 26872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ], [ 53, 97 ], [ 99, 101 ], [ 128, 145 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 174, 203 ], [ 245, 250 ], [ 265, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The picometre is one thousand femtometres, one thousandth of a nanometre (nm), one millionth of a micrometre (also known as a micron), one billionth of a millimetre, and one trillionth of a metre. The symbol μμ was once used for it. It is also one hundredth of an ångström, an internationally known (but non-SI) unit of length.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 265730, 21837, 20627, 72949, 25739045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 41 ], [ 63, 72 ], [ 98, 108 ], [ 154, 164 ], [ 264, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The picometre's length is of an order so small that its application is almost entirely confined to particle physics, quantum physics, chemistry and acoustics. Atoms are between 62 and 520pm in diameter, and the typical length of a carbon–carbon single bond is 154 pm. Smaller units still may be used to describe smaller particles (some of which are the components of atoms themselves), such as hadrons and the upper limits of possible size for fermion point particles.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Use", "target_page_ids": [ 23259, 25202, 5180, 1198, 902, 2423723, 6246, 13821, 11529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 115 ], [ 117, 132 ], [ 134, 143 ], [ 148, 157 ], [ 159, 163 ], [ 219, 225 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 395, 401 ], [ 445, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) probe is planned for launch in 2034 to directly detect gravitational waves and will measure relative displacements with a resolution of 20 picometres over a distance of 2.5 gigametres, yielding a strain sensitivity of better than 1 part in 1020.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Use", "target_page_ids": [ 364369, 8111079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 38 ], [ 101, 119 ] ] } ]

[ "Metre", "Orders_of_magnitude_(length)" ]

[ "pm", "picometer" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Cary Grant (born Archibald Alec Leach; January 18, 1904November 29, 1986) was an English-American actor. Known for his mid-atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing, he was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 767248, 505966, 2539634, 1126719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 138 ], [ 206, 218 ], [ 234, 251 ], [ 265, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was born and brought up in Bristol, England. He became attracted to theater at a young age when he visited the Bristol Hippodrome. At the age of 16, he went as a stage performer with the Pender Troupe for a tour of the US. After a series of successful performances in New York City, he decided to stay there. He established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36741, 2357067, 48235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 117, 135 ], [ 352, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant initially appeared in crime films or dramas such as Blonde Venus (1932) with Marlene Dietrich and She Done Him Wrong (1933) with Mae West, but later gained renown for his performances in romantic screwball comedies such as The Awful Truth (1937) with Irene Dunne, Bringing Up Baby (1938) with Katharine Hepburn, His Girl Friday (1940) with Rosalind Russell, and The Philadelphia Story (1940) with Hepburn and James Stewart. These pictures are frequently cited among the greatest comedy films of all time. Other well-known films in which he starred in this period were the adventure Gunga Din (1939) and the dark comedy Arsenic and Old Lace (1944). He also began to move into dramas such as Only Angels Have Wings (1939) with Jean Arthur, Penny Serenade (1941) again with Dunne, and None but the Lonely Heart (1944) with Ethel Barrymore; he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the latter two.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8030277, 145325, 60155, 173082, 27037, 61522, 177745, 73376, 43337, 74018, 180997, 62592, 16273, 6504325, 787704, 1903318, 181316, 145631, 145652, 383248, 23245410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 83, 99 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 135, 143 ], [ 202, 211 ], [ 229, 244 ], [ 257, 268 ], [ 270, 286 ], [ 299, 316 ], [ 318, 333 ], [ 346, 362 ], [ 368, 390 ], [ 415, 428 ], [ 588, 597 ], [ 625, 645 ], [ 696, 718 ], [ 731, 742 ], [ 744, 758 ], [ 788, 813 ], [ 826, 841 ], [ 868, 896 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1940s and 50s, Grant developed a close working relationship with director Alfred Hitchcock, who cast him in four films: Suspicion (1941) opposite Joan Fontaine, Notorious (1946) opposite Ingrid Bergman, To Catch a Thief (1955) with Grace Kelly, and North by Northwest (1959) opposite James Mason and Eva Marie Saint, with Notorious and North by Northwest becoming particularly critically acclaimed. The suspense-dramas Suspicion and Notorious both involved Grant playing darker, more morally ambiguous characters. Toward the end of his career, Grant was praised by critics as a romantic leading man, and he received five nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor, including for Indiscreet (1958) again with Bergman, That Touch of Mink (1962) with Doris Day, and Charade (1963) with Audrey Hepburn. He is remembered by critics for his unusually broad appeal as a handsome, suave actor who did not take himself too seriously, able to play with his own dignity in comedies without sacrificing it entirely.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 808, 74984, 180982, 255198, 41562, 239009, 42620, 73412, 74388, 216314, 1970527, 2313158, 8300, 899442, 52139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 101 ], [ 131, 140 ], [ 157, 170 ], [ 172, 181 ], [ 198, 212 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 243, 254 ], [ 260, 278 ], [ 295, 306 ], [ 311, 326 ], [ 701, 711 ], [ 739, 757 ], [ 770, 779 ], [ 785, 792 ], [ 805, 819 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was married five times, three of them elopements with actresses: Virginia Cherrill (1934–1935), Betsy Drake (1949–1962), and Dyan Cannon (1965–1968). He had a daughter, Jennifer Grant, with Cannon. He retired from film acting in 1966 and pursued numerous business interests, representing cosmetics firm Fabergé and sitting on the board of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1970, he was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards, and he was accorded the Kennedy Center Honors in 1981. He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986, in Davenport, Iowa, aged 82. In 1999, the American Film Institute named him the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema, trailing only Humphrey Bogart.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3854253, 2594782, 217685, 1944431, 6261316, 58819, 11181, 4361957, 414306, 625404, 8599, 869, 2093824, 14045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 88 ], [ 102, 113 ], [ 131, 142 ], [ 175, 189 ], [ 309, 316 ], [ 345, 364 ], [ 429, 442 ], [ 450, 469 ], [ 495, 516 ], [ 539, 545 ], [ 571, 586 ], [ 610, 633 ], [ 644, 673 ], [ 720, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was born Archibald Alec Leach on January 18, 1904, at 15 Hughenden Road in the northern Bristol suburb of Horfield. He was the second child of Elias James Leach (1872–1935) and Elsie Maria Leach (née Kingdon; 1877–1973). His father worked as a tailor's presser at a clothes factory, while his mother worked as a seamstress. His older brother John William Elias Leach (1899−1900) died of tuberculous meningitis a day before his first birthday. Grant may have considered himself partly Jewish. He had an unhappy upbringing; his father was an alcoholic and his mother had clinical depression.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 36741, 1666708, 4781088, 25955086, 8389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 101 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 393, 415 ], [ 490, 496 ], [ 575, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's mother taught him song and dance when he was four, and she was keen on him having piano lessons. She occasionally took him to the cinema, where he enjoyed the performances of Charlie Chaplin, Chester Conklin, Fatty Arbuckle, Ford Sterling, Mack Swain, and Broncho Billy Anderson. He was sent to Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol, when he was .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 5142, 2737490, 76560, 2689993, 2562749, 935134, 30554057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 198 ], [ 200, 215 ], [ 217, 231 ], [ 233, 246 ], [ 248, 258 ], [ 264, 286 ], [ 303, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's biographer Graham McCann claimed that his mother \"did not know how to give affection and did not know how to receive it either\". Biographer Geoffrey Wansell notes that his mother blamed herself bitterly for the death of Grant's brother John, and never recovered from it. Grant acknowledged that his negative experiences with his mother affected his relationships with women later in life. She frowned on alcohol and tobacco, and would reduce pocket money for minor mishaps. Grant attributed her behavior to overprotectiveness, fearing that she would lose him as she did John.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 50713266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Grant was nine years old, his father placed his mother in Glenside Hospital, a mental institution, and told him that she had gone away on a \"long holiday\"; he later declared that she had died. Grant grew up resenting his mother, particularly after she left the family. After she was gone, Grant and his father moved into his grandmother's home in Bristol. When Grant was ten, his father remarried and started a new family, and Grant did not learn that his mother was still alive until he was 31; his father confessed to the lie shortly before his own death. Grant made arrangements for his mother to leave the institution in June 1935, shortly after he learned of her whereabouts. He visited her in October 1938 after filming was completed for Gunga Din.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 1953491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant enjoyed the theater, particularly pantomimes at Christmas, which he attended with his father. He befriended a troupe of acrobatic dancers known as \"The Penders\" or the \"Bob Pender Stage Troupe\". He subsequently trained as a stilt walker and began touring with them. Jesse Lasky was a Broadway producer at the time and saw Grant performing at the Wintergarten theater in Berlin around 1914.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 1623940, 32137263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 283 ], [ 352, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1915, Grant won a scholarship to attend Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol, although his father could barely afford to pay for the uniform. He was quite capable in most academic subjects, but he excelled at sports, particularly fives, and his good looks and acrobatic talents made him a popular figure. He developed a reputation for mischief, and frequently refused to do his homework. A former classmate referred to him as a \"scruffy little boy\", while an old teacher remembered \"the naughty little boy who was always making a noise in the back row and would never do his homework\". He spent his evenings working backstage in Bristol theaters, and was responsible for the lighting for magician David Devant at the Bristol Empire in 1917 at the age of 13. He began hanging around backstage at the theater at every opportunity, and volunteered for work in the summer as a messenger boy and guide at the military docks in Southampton, to escape the unhappiness of his home life. The time spent at Southampton strengthened his desire to travel; he was eager to leave Bristol and tried to sign on as a ship's cabin boy, but he was too young.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 20394848, 234593, 5246651, 7920751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 67 ], [ 232, 237 ], [ 699, 711 ], [ 924, 935 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 13, 1918, the 14-year-old Grant was expelled from Fairfield. Several explanations were given, including being discovered in the girls' lavatory and assisting two other classmates with theft in the nearby town of Almondsbury. Wansell claims that Grant had set out intentionally to get himself expelled from school to pursue a career in entertainment with the troupe, and he did rejoin Pender's troupe three days after being expelled. His father had a better-paying job in Southampton, and Grant's expulsion brought local authorities to his door with questions about why his son was living in Bristol and not with his father in Southampton. His father then co-signed a three-year contract between Grant and Pender that stipulated Grant's weekly salary, along with room and board, dancing lessons, and other training for his profession until age 18. There was also a provision in the contract for salary raises based on job performance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 567889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Pender Troupe began touring the country, and Grant developed the ability in pantomime to broaden his physical acting skills. They traveled on the to conduct a tour of the United States on July 21, 1920, when he was 16, arriving a week later. Biographer Richard Schickel writes that Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford were aboard the same ship, returning from their honeymoon, and that Grant played shuffleboard with him. He was so impressed with Fairbanks that he became an important role model. After arriving in New York, the group performed at the New York Hippodrome, which was the largest theater in the world at the time with a capacity of 5,697. They performed there for nine months, putting on 12 shows a week, and they had a successful production of Good Times.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [ 3743362, 29818009, 18823, 6083500, 49900643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 274 ], [ 287, 304 ], [ 309, 322 ], [ 557, 576 ], [ 765, 775 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant became a part of the vaudeville circuit and began touring, performing in places such as St. Louis, Missouri, Cleveland, and Milwaukee, and he decided to stay in the US with several of the other members when the rest of the troupe returned to Britain. He became fond of the Marx Brothers during this period, and Zeppo Marx was an early role model for him. In July 1922, he performed in a group called the \"Knockabout Comedians\" at the Palace Theater on Broadway. He formed another group that summer called \"The Walking Stanleys\" with several of the former members of the Pender Troupe, and he starred in a variety show named \"Better Times\" at the Hippodrome towards the end of the year. While serving as a paid escort for the opera singer Lucrezia Bori at a Park Avenue party, he met George C. Tilyou Jr., whose family owned Steeplechase Park. Learning of his acrobatic experience, Tilyou hired him to work as a stilt-walker and attract large crowds on the newly opened Coney Island Boardwalk, wearing a bright-great coat and a sandwich board which advertised the amusement park.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [ 48235, 27687, 5951, 53117, 19669, 177729, 1756737, 3400408, 68191792, 1114981, 20096148, 1985512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 94, 113 ], [ 115, 124 ], [ 130, 139 ], [ 279, 292 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 440, 454 ], [ 744, 757 ], [ 789, 809 ], [ 830, 847 ], [ 975, 997 ], [ 1033, 1047 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant spent the next couple of years touring the United States with \"The Walking Stanleys\". He visited Los Angeles for the first time in 1924, which made a lasting impression on him. The group split up and he returned to New York, where he began performing at the National Vaudeville Artists Club on West 46th Street, juggling, performing acrobatics and comic sketches, and having a short spell as a unicycle rider known as \"Rubber Legs\". The experience was a particularly demanding one, but it gave Grant the opportunity to improve his comic technique and to develop skills which benefitted him later in Hollywood.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant became a leading man alongside Jean Dalrymple and decided to form the \"Jack Janis Company\", which began touring vaudeville. He was sometimes mistaken for an Australian during this period and was nicknamed \"Kangaroo\" or \"Boomerang\". His accent seemed to have changed as a result of moving to London with the Pender troupe and working in many music halls in the UK and the US, and eventually became what some term a transatlantic or mid-Atlantic accent. In 1927, he was cast as an Australian in Reggie Hammerstein's musical Golden Dawn, for which he earned $75 a week. The show was not well received, but it lasted for 184 performances and several critics started to notice Grant as the \"pleasant new juvenile\" or \"competent young newcomer\". The following year, he joined the William Morris Agency and was offered another juvenile part by Hammerstein in his play Polly, an unsuccessful production. One critic wrote that Grant \"has a strong masculine manner, but unfortunately fails to bring out the beauty of the score\". Wansell notes that the pressure of a failing production began to make him fret, and he was eventually dropped from the run after six weeks of poor reviews. Despite the setback, Hammerstein's rival Florenz Ziegfeld made an attempt to buy Grant's contract, but Hammerstein sold it to the Shubert Brothers instead. J. J. Shubert cast him in a small role as a Spaniard opposite Jeanette MacDonald in the French risqué comedy Boom-Boom at the Casino Theater on Broadway, which premiered on January 28, 1929, ten days after his 25th birthday. MacDonald later admitted that Grant was \"absolutely terrible in the role\", but he exhibited a charm which endeared him to people and effectively saved the show from failure. The play ran for 72 shows, and Grant earned $350 a week before moving to Detroit, then to Chicago.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [ 19549139, 767248, 23746411, 487694, 1881890, 1885626, 499380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ], [ 420, 456 ], [ 780, 801 ], [ 1222, 1238 ], [ 1311, 1327 ], [ 1337, 1350 ], [ 1399, 1417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To console himself, Grant bought a 1927 Packard sport phaeton. He visited his half-brother Eric in England, and he returned to New York to play the role of Max Grunewald in a Shubert production of A Wonderful Night. It premiered at the Majestic Theatre on October 31, 1929, two days after the Wall Street Crash, and lasted until February 1930 with 125 shows. The play received mixed reviews; one critic criticized his acting, likening it to a \"mixture of John Barrymore and cockney\", while another announced that he had brought a \"breath of elfin Broadway\" to the role. Grant still found it difficult forming relationships with women, remarking that he \"never seemed able to fully communicate with them\" even after many years \"surrounded by all sorts of attractive girls\" in the theater, on the road, and in New York.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [ 177354, 157649, 68065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 47 ], [ 293, 310 ], [ 455, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1930, Grant toured for nine months in a production of the musical The Street Singer. It ended in early 1931, and the Shuberts invited him to spend the summer performing on the stage at The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri; he appeared in 12 different productions, putting on 87 shows. He received praise from local newspapers for these performances, gaining a reputation as a romantic leading man. Significant influences on his acting in this period were Gerald du Maurier, A. E. Matthews, Jack Buchanan, and Ronald Squire. He admitted that he was drawn to acting because of a \"great need to be liked and admired\". He was eventually fired by the Shuberts at the end of the summer season when he refused to accept a pay cut because of financial difficulties caused by the Depression. His unemployment was short-lived, however; impresario William B. Friedlander offered him the lead romantic part in his musical Nikki, and Grant starred opposite Fay Wray as a soldier in post-World War I France. The production opened on September 29, 1931, in New York, but was stopped after just 39 performances due to the effects of the Depression.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Vaudeville and performing career", "target_page_ids": [ 2338296, 27687, 1746664, 5393115, 893552, 9079788, 42870215, 10965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 196 ], [ 200, 219 ], [ 453, 470 ], [ 472, 486 ], [ 488, 501 ], [ 507, 520 ], [ 835, 857 ], [ 942, 950 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's role in Nikki was praised by Ed Sullivan of The New York Daily News, who noted that the \"young lad from England\" had \"a big future in the movies\". The review led to another screen test by Paramount Publix, resulting in an appearance as a sailor in Singapore Sue (1931), a ten-minute short film by Casey Robinson. Grant delivered his lines \"without any conviction\" according to McCann. Through Robinson, Grant met with Jesse L. Lasky and B. P. Schulberg, the co-founder and general manager of Paramount Pictures respectively. After a successful screen-test directed by Marion Gering, Schulberg signed a contract with the 27-year-old Grant on December 7, 1931, for five years, at a starting salary of $450 a week. Schulberg demanded that he change his name to \"something that sounded more all-American like Gary Cooper\", and they eventually agreed on Cary Grant.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 9946, 504790, 32852805, 14346446, 1623940, 2738928, 22918, 43006586, 44359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 48 ], [ 52, 75 ], [ 256, 269 ], [ 305, 319 ], [ 426, 440 ], [ 445, 460 ], [ 500, 518 ], [ 576, 589 ], [ 813, 824 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant set out to establish himself as what McCann calls the \"epitome of masculine glamour\", and made Douglas Fairbanks his first role model. McCann notes that Grant's career in Hollywood immediately took off because he exhibited a \"genuine charm\", which made him stand out among the other good looking actors at the time, making it \"remarkably easy to find people who were willing to support his embryonic career\". He made his feature film debut with the Frank Tuttle-directed comedy This is the Night (1932), playing an Olympic javelin thrower opposite Thelma Todd and Lili Damita. Grant disliked his role and threatened to leave Hollywood, but to his surprise a critic from Variety praised his performance, and thought that he looked like a \"potential femme rave\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 2553760, 2553711, 453864, 670076, 22101487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 455, 467 ], [ 484, 501 ], [ 554, 565 ], [ 570, 581 ], [ 676, 683 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1932, Grant played a wealthy playboy opposite Marlene Dietrich in Blonde Venus, directed by Josef von Sternberg. Grant's role is described by William Rothman as projecting the \"distinctive kind of nonmacho masculinity that was to enable him to incarnate a man capable of being a romantic hero\". Grant found that he conflicted with the director during the filming and the two often argued in German. He played a suave playboy type in a number of films: Merrily We Go to Hell opposite Fredric March and Sylvia Sidney, Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead, Gary Cooper and Charles Laughton (Cooper and Grant had no scenes together), Hot Saturday opposite Nancy Carroll and Randolph Scott, and Madame Butterfly with Sidney. According to biographer Marc Eliot, while these films did not make Grant a star, they did well enough to establish him as one of Hollywood's \"new crop of fast-rising actors\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 145325, 8030277, 690481, 67885147, 29163959, 63556, 1046971, 22189918, 229818, 44359, 61641, 9088038, 175020, 158802, 24658454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 65 ], [ 69, 81 ], [ 95, 114 ], [ 145, 160 ], [ 455, 476 ], [ 486, 499 ], [ 504, 517 ], [ 519, 537 ], [ 543, 560 ], [ 562, 573 ], [ 578, 594 ], [ 638, 650 ], [ 660, 673 ], [ 678, 692 ], [ 698, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1933, Grant gained attention for appearing in the pre-Code films She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel opposite Mae West. West would later claim that she had discovered Cary Grant. Of course Grant had already made Blonde Venus the previous year in which he was Marlene Dietrich's leading man. Pauline Kael noted that Grant did not appear confident in his role as a Salvation Army director in She Done Him Wrong, which made it all the more charming. The film was a box office hit, earning more than $2million in the United States, and has since won much acclaim. For I'm No Angel, Grant's salary was increased from $450 to $750 a week. The film was even more successful than She Done Him Wrong, and saved Paramount from bankruptcy; Vermilye cites it as one of the best comedy films of the 1930s.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 2863180, 60155, 3471403, 173082, 1126719, 313107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 67 ], [ 68, 86 ], [ 91, 103 ], [ 113, 121 ], [ 281, 292 ], [ 294, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After a string of financially unsuccessful films, which included roles as a president of a company who is sued for knocking down a boy in an accident in Born to Be Bad (1934) for 20th Century Fox, a cosmetic surgeon in Kiss and Make-Up (1934), and a blinded pilot opposite Myrna Loy in Wings in the Dark (1935), and press reports of problems in his marriage to Cherrill, Paramount concluded that Grant was expendable.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 17764658, 25380572, 147369, 32768063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 167 ], [ 219, 235 ], [ 273, 282 ], [ 286, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's prospects picked up in the latter half of 1935 when he was loaned out to RKO Pictures. Producer Pandro Berman agreed to take him on in the face of failure because \"I'd seen him do things which were excellent, and [Katharine] Hepburn wanted him too.\" His first venture with RKO, playing a raffish cockney swindler in George Cukor's Sylvia Scarlett (1935), was the first of four collaborations with Hepburn. Though a commercial failure, his dominating performance was praised by critics, and Grant always considered the film to have been the breakthrough for his career. When his contract with Paramount ended in 1936 with the release of Wedding Present, Grant decided not to renew it and wished to work freelance. Grant claimed to be the first freelance actor in Hollywood. His first venture as a freelance actor was The Amazing Quest of Ernest Bliss (1936), which was shot in England. The film was a box office bomb and prompted Grant to reconsider his decision. Critical and commercial success with Suzy later that year in which he played a French airman opposite Jean Harlow and Franchot Tone, led to him signing joint contracts with RKO and Columbia Pictures, enabling him to choose the stories that he felt suited his acting style. His Columbia contract was a four-film deal over two years, guaranteeing him $50,000 each for the first two and $75,000 each for the others.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 36437899, 4148394, 43337, 12754, 1971256, 18585909, 484030, 22765689, 524502, 9706751, 294006, 145061, 175634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 93 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 221, 240 ], [ 324, 336 ], [ 339, 354 ], [ 644, 659 ], [ 710, 719 ], [ 824, 857 ], [ 908, 923 ], [ 1008, 1012 ], [ 1073, 1084 ], [ 1089, 1102 ], [ 1152, 1169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937, Grant began the first film under his contract with Columbia Pictures, When You're in Love, portraying a wealthy American artist who eventually woos a famous opera singer (Grace Moore). His performance received positive feedback from critics, with Mae Tinee of The Chicago Daily Tribune describing it as the \"best thing he's done in a long time\". After a commercial failure in his second RKO venture The Toast of New York, Grant was loaned to Hal Roach's studio for Topper, a screwball comedy film distributed by MGM, which became his first major comedy success. Grant played one half of a wealthy, freewheeling married couple with Constance Bennett, who wreak havoc on the world as ghosts after dying in a car accident. Topper became one of the most popular movies of the year, with a critic from Variety noting that both Grant and Bennett \"do their assignments with great skill\". Vermilye described the film's success as \"a logical springboard\" for Grant to star in The Awful Truth that year, his first film made with Irene Dunne and Ralph Bellamy. Though director Leo McCarey reportedly disliked Grant, who had mocked the director by enacting his mannerisms in the film, he recognized Grant's comic talents and encouraged him to improvise his lines and draw upon his skills developed in vaudeville. The film was a critical and commercial success and made Grant a top Hollywood star, establishing a screen persona for him as a sophisticated light comedy leading man in screwball comedies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 14871143, 177818, 60961, 4678118, 310161, 1224344, 27037, 58819, 569370, 61522, 177745, 520975, 82791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 269, 294 ], [ 408, 429 ], [ 451, 460 ], [ 474, 480 ], [ 484, 500 ], [ 521, 524 ], [ 640, 657 ], [ 976, 991 ], [ 1028, 1039 ], [ 1044, 1057 ], [ 1075, 1086 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Awful Truth began what film critic Benjamin Schwarz of The Atlantic later called \"the most spectacular run ever for an actor in American pictures\" for Grant. In 1938, he starred opposite Katharine Hepburn in the screwball comedy Bringing Up Baby, featuring a leopard and frequent bickering and verbal jousting between Grant and Hepburn. He was initially uncertain how to play his character, but was told by director Howard Hawks to think of Harold Lloyd. Grant was given more leeway in the comic scenes, the editing of the film and in educating Hepburn in the art of comedy. Despite losing over $350,000 for RKO, the film earned rave reviews from critics. He again appeared with Hepburn in the romantic comedy Holiday later that year, which did not fare well commercially, to the point that Hepburn was considered to be \"box office poison\" at the time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 31237608, 149743, 43337, 73376, 44303, 13219, 172671, 4070671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 55 ], [ 59, 71 ], [ 191, 208 ], [ 233, 249 ], [ 263, 270 ], [ 420, 432 ], [ 445, 457 ], [ 714, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite a series of commercial failures, Grant was now more popular than ever and in high demand. According to Vermilye, in 1939, Grant played roles that were more dramatic, albeit with comical undertones. He played a British army sergeant opposite Douglas Fairbanks Jr. in the George Stevens-directed adventure film Gunga Din, set at a military station in India. Roles as a pilot opposite Jean Arthur and Rita Hayworth in Hawks' Only Angels Have Wings, and a wealthy landowner alongside Carole Lombard in In Name Only followed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 229504, 147362, 6504325, 3574003, 181316, 277952, 1903318, 44354, 6034681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 270 ], [ 278, 292 ], [ 317, 326 ], [ 357, 362 ], [ 390, 401 ], [ 406, 419 ], [ 430, 452 ], [ 488, 502 ], [ 506, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1940, Grant played a callous newspaper editor who learns that his ex-wife and former journalist, played by Rosalind Russell, is to marry insurance officer Ralph Bellamy in Hawks' comedy His Girl Friday, which was praised for its strong chemistry and \"great verbal athleticism\" between Grant and Russell. Grant reunited with Irene Dunne in My Favorite Wife, a \"first rate comedy\" according to Life magazine, which became RKO's second biggest picture of the year, with profits of $505,000. After playing a Virginian backwoodsman in the American Revolution-set The Howards of Virginia, which McCann considers to have been Grant's worst film and performance, his last film of the year was in the critically lauded romantic comedy The Philadelphia Story, in which he played the ex-husband of Hepburn's character. Grant felt his performance was so strong that he was bitterly disappointed not to have received an Oscar nomination, especially since both his lead co-stars, Hepburn and James Stewart, received them, with Stewart winning for Best Actor. Grant joked \"I'd have to blacken my teeth first before the Academy will take me seriously\". Film historian David Thomson wrote that \"the wrong man got the Oscar\" for The Philadelphia Story and that \"Grant got better performances out of Hepburn than her (long-time companion) Spencer Tracy ever managed.\" Stewart's winning the Oscar \"was considered a gold-plated apology for his being robbed of the award\" for the previous year's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Grant's not being nominated for His Girl Friday the same year is also a \"sin of omission\" for the Oscars.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 180997, 74018, 2920744, 187479, 1973, 4907371, 62592, 16273, 45782, 62117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 126 ], [ 189, 204 ], [ 342, 358 ], [ 395, 399 ], [ 537, 556 ], [ 561, 584 ], [ 729, 751 ], [ 981, 994 ], [ 1323, 1336 ], [ 1477, 1505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following year Grant was considered for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Penny Serenade—his first nomination from the academy. Wansell claims that Grant found the film to be an emotional experience, because he and wife-to-be Barbara Hutton had started to discuss having their own children. Later that year he appeared in the romantic psychological thriller Suspicion, the first of Grant's four collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock. Grant did not warm to co-star Joan Fontaine, finding her to be temperamental and unprofessional. Film critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times considered that Grant was \"provokingly irresponsible, boyishly gay and also oddly mysterious, as the role properly demands\". Hitchcock later stated that he thought the ending of the film in which Grant is sent to jail instead of committing suicide \"a complete mistake because of making that story with Cary Grant. Unless you have a cynical ending it makes the story too simple\". Geoff Andrew of Time Out believes Suspicion served as \"a supreme example of Grant's ability to be simultaneously charming and sinister\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 23245410, 145631, 797584, 74984, 808, 180982, 2112160, 26391751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 76 ], [ 81, 95 ], [ 233, 247 ], [ 365, 374 ], [ 431, 447 ], [ 479, 492 ], [ 558, 573 ], [ 991, 999 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1942, Grant participated in a three-week tour of the United States as part of a group to help the war effort and was photographed visiting wounded marines in hospital. He appeared in several routines of his own during these shows and often played the straight-man opposite Bert Lahr. In May 1942, when he was 38, the ten-minute propaganda short Road to Victory was released, in which he appeared alongside Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Charles Ruggles. On film, Grant played Leopold Dilg, a convict on the run in The Talk of the Town (1942), who escapes after being wrongly convicted of arson and murder. He hides in a house with characters played by Jean Arthur and Ronald Colman, and gradually plots to secure his freedom. Crowther praised the script, and noted that Grant played Dilg with a \"casualness which is slightly disturbing\". After a role as a foreign correspondent opposite Ginger Rogers and Walter Slezak in the off-beat comedy Once Upon a Honeymoon, in which he was praised for his scenes with Rogers, he appeared in Mr. Lucky the following year, playing a gambler in a casino aboard a ship. The commercially successful submarine war film Destination Tokyo (1943) was shot in just six weeks in the September and October, which left him exhausted; the reviewer from Newsweek thought it was one of the finest performances of his career.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 412193, 34061177, 4010, 11181, 692461, 77643, 142841, 64612, 900168, 12603681, 5984762, 957871, 214169 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 285 ], [ 348, 363 ], [ 409, 420 ], [ 422, 435 ], [ 440, 455 ], [ 517, 537 ], [ 671, 684 ], [ 890, 903 ], [ 908, 921 ], [ 945, 966 ], [ 1035, 1044 ], [ 1157, 1174 ], [ 1283, 1291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1944, Grant starred alongside Priscilla Lane, Raymond Massey and Peter Lorre, in Frank Capra's dark comedy Arsenic and Old Lace, playing the manic Mortimer Brewster, who belongs to a bizarre family which includes two murderous aunts and an uncle claiming to be President Teddy Roosevelt. Grant took up the role after it was originally offered to Bob Hope, who turned it down owing to schedule conflicts. Grant found the macabre subject matter of the film difficult to contend with and believed that it was the worst performance of his career. That year he received his second Oscar nomination for a role, opposite Ethel Barrymore and Barry Fitzgerald in the Clifford Odets-directed film None but the Lonely Heart, set in London during the Depression. Late in the year he featured in the CBS Radio series Suspense, playing a tormented character who hysterically discovers that his amnesia has affected masculine order in society in The Black Curtain.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 35028792, 145626, 63740, 11369, 787704, 161292, 383248, 145649, 545848, 145652, 86215, 14752728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 49, 63 ], [ 68, 79 ], [ 84, 95 ], [ 110, 130 ], [ 349, 357 ], [ 617, 632 ], [ 637, 653 ], [ 661, 675 ], [ 690, 715 ], [ 807, 815 ], [ 934, 951 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After making a brief cameo appearance opposite Claudette Colbert in Without Reservations (1946), Grant portrayed Cole Porter in the musical Night and Day (1946). The production proved to be problematic, with scenes often requiring multiple takes, frustrating the cast and crew. Grant next appeared with Ingrid Bergman and Claude Rains in the Hitchcock-directed film Notorious (1946), playing a government agent who recruits the American daughter of a convicted Nazi spy (Bergman) to infiltrate a Nazi organization in Brazil after World War II. During the course of the film Grant and Bergman's characters fall in love and share one of the longest kisses in film history at around two-and-a-half minutes. Wansell notes how Grant's performance \"underlined how far his unique qualities as a screen actor had matured in the years since The Awful Truth\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 61350, 10387052, 53360, 6321252, 41562, 63527, 255198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 64 ], [ 68, 88 ], [ 113, 124 ], [ 140, 153 ], [ 303, 317 ], [ 322, 334 ], [ 366, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1947, Grant played an artist who becomes involved in a court case when charged with assault in the comedy The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (released in the U.K. as \"Bachelor Knight\"), opposite Myrna Loy and Shirley Temple. The film was praised by the critics, who admired the picture's slapstick qualities and chemistry between Grant and Loy; it became one of the biggest-selling films at the box office that year. Later that year he starred opposite David Niven and Loretta Young in the comedy The Bishop's Wife, playing an angel who is sent down from heaven to straighten out the relationship between the bishop (Niven) and his wife (Loretta Young). The film was a major commercial and critical success, and was nominated for five Academy Awards. Life magazine called it \"intelligently written and competently acted\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 3518352, 147369, 804602, 53762, 183759, 80510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 141 ], [ 196, 205 ], [ 210, 224 ], [ 454, 465 ], [ 470, 483 ], [ 498, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following year, Grant played neurotic Jim Blandings, the title-sake in the comedy Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, again with Loy. Though the film lost money for RKO, Philip T. Hartung of Commonweal thought that Grant's role as the \"frustrated advertising man\" was one of his best screen portrayals. In Every Girl Should Be Married, an \"airy comedy\", he appeared with Betsy Drake and Franchot Tone, playing a bachelor who is trapped into marriage by Drake's conniving character. He finished the year as the fourth most popular film star at the box office. In 1949, Grant starred alongside Ann Sheridan in the comedy I Was a Male War Bride in which he appeared in scenes dressed as a woman, wearing a skirt and a wig. During the filming he was taken ill with infectious hepatitis and lost weight, affecting the way he looked in the picture. The film, based on the autobiography of Belgian resistance fighter Roger Charlier, proved to be successful, becoming the highest-grossing film for 20th Century Fox that year with over $4.5million in takings and being likened to Hawks's screwball comedies of the late 1930s. By this point he was one of the highest paid Hollywood stars, commanding $300,000 per picture.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 616554, 61153730, 14025685, 145061, 520789, 5570152, 38238, 3343, 4447609, 67107993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 122 ], [ 176, 193 ], [ 312, 340 ], [ 393, 406 ], [ 598, 610 ], [ 625, 647 ], [ 778, 787 ], [ 889, 896 ], [ 897, 915 ], [ 916, 930 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The early 1950s marked the beginning of a slump in Grant's career. His roles as a top brain surgeon who is caught in the middle of a bitter revolution in a Latin American country in Crisis, and as a medical-school professor and orchestra conductor opposite Jeanne Crain in People Will Talk were poorly received. Grant had become tired of being Cary Grant after twenty years, being successful, wealthy and popular, and remarked: \"To play yourself, your true self, is the hardest thing in the world\". In 1952, Grant starred in the comedy Room for One More, playing an engineer husband who with his wife (Betsy Drake) adopt two children from an orphanage. He reunited with Howard Hawks to film the off-beat comedy Monkey Business, co-starring Ginger Rogers and Marilyn Monroe. Though the critic from Motion Picture Herald wrote gushingly that Grant had given a career's best with an \"extraordinary and agile performance\", which was matched by Rogers, it received a mixed reception overall. Grant had hoped that starring opposite Deborah Kerr in the romantic comedy Dream Wife would salvage his career, but it was a critical and financial failure upon release in July 1953, when Grant was 49. Though he was offered the leading part in A Star is Born, Grant decided against playing that character. He believed that his film career was over, and briefly left the industry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 18793770, 183832, 1875611, 14281865, 2594782, 1858682, 19318, 29672074, 63105, 9376918, 3450570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 188 ], [ 257, 269 ], [ 273, 289 ], [ 536, 553 ], [ 602, 613 ], [ 711, 726 ], [ 758, 772 ], [ 797, 818 ], [ 1026, 1038 ], [ 1062, 1072 ], [ 1231, 1245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955, Grant agreed to star opposite Grace Kelly in To Catch a Thief, playing a retired jewel thief named John Robie, nicknamed \"The Cat\", living in the French Riviera. Grant and Kelly worked well together during the production, which was one of the most enjoyable experiences of Grant's career. He found Hitchcock and Kelly to be very professional, and later stated that Kelly was \"possibly the finest actress I've ever worked with\". Grant was one of the first actors to go independent by not renewing his studio contract, effectively leaving the studio system, which almost completely controlled all aspects of an actor's life. He decided which films he was going to appear in, often had personal choice of directors and co-stars, and at times negotiated a share of the gross revenue, something uncommon at the time. Grant received more than $700,000 for his 10% of the gross of the successful To Catch a Thief, while Hitchcock received less than $50,000 for directing and producing it. Though critical reception to the overall film was mixed, Grant received high praise for his performance, with critics commenting on his suave, handsome appearance in the film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 42620, 239009, 266388, 2551242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ], [ 54, 70 ], [ 155, 169 ], [ 550, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1957, Grant starred opposite Kerr in the romance An Affair to Remember, playing an international playboy who becomes the object of her affections. Schickel sees the film as one of the definitive romantic pictures of the period, but remarks that Grant was not entirely successful in trying to supersede the film's \"gushing sentimentality\". That year, Grant also appeared opposite Sophia Loren in The Pride and the Passion. He had expressed an interest in playing William Holden's character in The Bridge on the River Kwai at the time, but found that it was not possible because of his commitment to The Pride and the Passion. The film was shot on location in Spain and was problematic, with co-star Frank Sinatra irritating his colleagues and leaving the production after just a few weeks. Although Grant had an affair with Loren during filming, Grant's attempts to woo Loren to marry him during the production proved fruitless, which led to him expressing anger when Paramount cast her opposite him in Houseboat (1958) as part of her contract. The sexual tension between the two was so great during the making of Houseboat that the producers found it almost impossible to make. Later in 1958, Grant starred opposite Bergman in the romantic comedy Indiscreet, playing a successful financier who has an affair with a famous actress (Bergman) while pretending to be a married man. During the filming he formed a closer friendship and gained new respect for her as an actress. Schickel stated that he thought the film was possibly the finest romantic comedy film of the era, and that Grant himself had professed that it was one of his personal favorites. Grant received his first of five Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nominations for his performance and finished the year as the most popular film star at the box office.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 884742, 44463, 7023676, 147352, 42856, 11181, 2258378, 1970527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 73 ], [ 382, 394 ], [ 398, 423 ], [ 465, 479 ], [ 495, 523 ], [ 701, 714 ], [ 1005, 1014 ], [ 1250, 1260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1959, Grant starred in the Hitchcock-directed film North by Northwest, playing an advertising executive who becomes embroiled in a case of mistaken identity. Like Indiscreet, it was warmly received by the critics and was a major commercial success,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 73412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and is now often listed as one of the greatest films of all time. Weiler, writing in The New York Times, praised Grant's performance, remarking that the actor \"was never more at home than in this role of the advertising-man-on-the-lam\" and handled the role \"with professional aplomb and grace\". Grant wore one of his most iconic suits in the film which became very popular, a fourteen-gauge, mid-gray, subtly plaid, worsted wool one custom-made on Savile Row. Grant finished the year playing a U.S. Navy submarine skipper opposite Tony Curtis in the comedy Operation Petticoat. The reviewer from Daily Variety saw Grant's comic portrayal as a classic example of how to attract the laughter of the audience without lines, remarking that \"In this film, most of the gags play off him. It is his reaction, blank, startled, etc., always underplayed, that creates or releases the humor\". The film was major box office success, and in 1973, Deschner ranked the film as the highest earning film of Grant's career at the US box office, with takings of $9.5million.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 830156, 68375, 934809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 448, 458 ], [ 531, 542 ], [ 557, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1960, Grant appeared opposite Deborah Kerr, Robert Mitchum, and Jean Simmons in The Grass Is Greener, which was shot in England at Osterley Park and Shepperton Studios. McCann notes that Grant took great relish in \"mocking his aristocratic character's over-refined tastes and mannerisms\", though the film was panned and was seen as his worst since Dream Wife. In 1962, Grant starred in the romantic comedy That Touch of Mink, playing suave, wealthy businessman Philip Shayne romantically involved with an office worker, played by Doris Day. He invites her to his apartment in Bermuda, but her guilty conscience begins to take hold. The picture was praised by critics, and it received three Academy Award nominations, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Comedy Picture, in addition to landing Grant another Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor. Deschner ranked the film as the second highest grossing of Grant's career.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 63105, 87603, 193611, 3503363, 1047786, 21621392, 2313158, 8300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 45 ], [ 47, 61 ], [ 67, 79 ], [ 83, 103 ], [ 134, 147 ], [ 152, 170 ], [ 409, 427 ], [ 533, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman originally sought Grant for the role of James Bond in Dr. No (1962) but discarded the idea as Grant would be committed to only one feature film; therefore, the producers decided to go after someone who could be part of a franchise after James Mason would only agree to commit to three films. In 1963, Grant appeared in his last typically suave, romantic role opposite Audrey Hepburn in Charade. Grant found the experience of working with Hepburn \"wonderful\" and believed that their close relationship was clear on camera, though according to Hepburn, he was particularly worried during the filming that he would be criticized for being far too old for her and seen as a \"cradle snatcher\". Author Chris Barsanti writes: \"It's the film's canny flirtatiousness that makes it such ingenious entertainment. Grant and Hepburn play off each other like the pros that they are\". The film, well received by the critics, is often called \"the best Hitchcock film Hitchcock never made\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 541497, 1060363, 21013954, 6446053, 74388, 52139, 899442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 28 ], [ 33, 47 ], [ 88, 98 ], [ 102, 108 ], [ 285, 296 ], [ 416, 430 ], [ 434, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1964, Grant changed from his typically suave, distinguished screen persona to play a grizzled beachcomber who is coerced into serving as a coastwatcher on an uninhabited island in the World War II romantic comedy Father Goose. The film was a major commercial success, and upon its release at Radio City at Christmas 1964 it took over $210,000 at the box-office in the first week, breaking the record set by Charade the previous year. Grant's final film, Walk, Don't Run (1966), a comedy co-starring Jim Hutton and Samantha Eggar, was shot on location in Tokyo, and is set amid the backdrop of the housing shortage of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Newsweek concluded: \"Though Grant's personal presence is indispensable, the character he plays is almost wholly superfluous. Perhaps the inference to be taken is that a man in his 50s or 60s has no place in romantic comedy except as a catalyst. If so, the chemistry is wrong for everyone\". Hitchcock had asked Grant to star in Torn Curtain that year, only to learn that he had decided to retire.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Film career", "target_page_ids": [ 3212105, 2001498, 2570318, 1906293, 214300, 83238, 1556135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 154 ], [ 216, 228 ], [ 457, 472 ], [ 502, 512 ], [ 517, 531 ], [ 624, 643 ], [ 972, 984 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant retired from the screen in 1966 at the age of 62 when his daughter Jennifer Grant was born to focus on bringing her up and to provide a sense of permanence and stability in her life. He had become increasingly disillusioned with cinema in the 1960s, rarely finding a script of which he approved. He remarked: \"I could have gone on acting and playing a grandfather or a bum, but I discovered more important things in life\". He knew after he had made Charade that the \"Golden Age\" of Hollywood was over. He expressed little interest in making a career comeback, and would respond to the suggestion with \"fat chance\". He did, however, briefly appear in the audience of the video documentary for Elvis's 1970 Las Vegas concert That's the Way It Is. In the 1970s, he was given the negatives from a number of his films, and he sold them to television for a sum of over two million dollars in 1975.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 1944431, 9288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 87 ], [ 698, 703 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Morecambe and Stirling argue that Grant's absence from film after 1966 was not because he had \"irrevocably turned his back on the film industry\", but because he was \"caught between a decision made and the temptation to eat a bit of humble pie and re-announce himself to the cinema-going public\". In the 1970s, MGM was keen on remaking Grand Hotel (1932) and hoped to lure Grant out of retirement. Hitchcock had long wanted to make a film based on the idea of Hamlet, with Grant in the lead role. Grant stated that Warren Beatty had made a big effort to get him to play the role of Mr. Jordan in Heaven Can Wait (1978), which eventually went to James Mason. Morecambe and Stirling claim that Grant had also expressed an interest in appearing in A Touch of Class (1973), The Verdict (1982), and a film adaptation of William Goldman's 1983 book about screenwriting, Adventures in the Screen Trade.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 44752, 62809, 103018, 101907, 106359, 33904, 2704939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 346 ], [ 514, 527 ], [ 595, 610 ], [ 744, 760 ], [ 769, 780 ], [ 814, 829 ], [ 863, 893 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Grant became troubled by the deaths of many close friends, including Howard Hughes in 1976, Howard Hawks in 1977, Lord Mountbatten and Barbara Hutton in 1979, Alfred Hitchcock in 1980, Grace Kelly and Ingrid Bergman in 1982, and David Niven in 1983. At the funeral of Mountbatten, he was quoted as remarking to a friend: \"I'm absolutely pooped, and I'm so goddamned old…. I'm going to quit all next year. I'm going to lie in bed... I shall just close all doors, turn off the telephone, and enjoy my life\". Grace Kelly's death was the hardest on him, as it was unexpected and the two had remained close friends after filming To Catch a Thief. Grant visited Monaco three or four times each year during his retirement, and showed his support for Kelly by joining the board of the Princess Grace Foundation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 14059, 13219, 10292, 53762, 19953211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 117 ], [ 127, 139 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 264, 275 ], [ 812, 837 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1980, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art put on a two-month retrospective of more than 40 of Grant's films. In 1982, he was honored with the \"Man of the Year\" award by the New York Friars Club at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He turned 80 on January 18, 1984, and Peter Bogdanovich noticed that a \"serenity\" had come over him. Grant was in good health until he had a mild stroke in October that year. In the last few years of his life, he undertook tours of the United States in the one-man show A Conversation with Cary Grant, in which he would show clips from his films and answer audience questions. He made some 36 public appearances in his last four years, from New Jersey to Texas, and his audiences ranged from elderly film buffs to enthusiastic college students discovering his films for the first time. Grant admitted that the appearances were \"ego-fodder\", remarking that \"I know who I am inside and outside, but it's nice to have the outside, at least, substantiated\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 373615, 12585628, 492132, 43855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 45 ], [ 177, 197 ], [ 205, 226 ], [ 266, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stirling refers to Grant as \"one of the shrewdest businessmen ever to operate in Hollywood\". His long-term friendship with Howard Hughes from the 1930s onward saw him invited into the most glamorous circles in Hollywood and their lavish parties. Biographers Morecambe and Stirling state that Hughes played a major role in the development of Grant's business interests so that by 1939, he was \"already an astute operator with various commercial interests\". Scott also played a role, encouraging Grant to invest his money in shares, making him a wealthy man by the end of the 1930s. In the 1940s, Grant and Barbara Hutton invested heavily in real estate development in Acapulco at a time when it was little more than a fishing village, and teamed up with Richard Widmark, Roy Rogers, and Red Skelton to buy a hotel there. Behind his business interests was a particularly intelligent mind, to the point that his friend David Niven once said: \"Before computers went into general release, Cary had one in his brain\". Film critic David Thomson believes that Grant's intelligence came across on screen, and stated that \"no one else looked so good and so intelligent at the same time\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Business interests", "target_page_ids": [ 1446, 616774, 186477, 248708, 1747005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 667, 675 ], [ 753, 768 ], [ 770, 780 ], [ 786, 797 ], [ 1024, 1037 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Grant retired from the screen, he became more active in business. He accepted a position on the board of directors at Fabergé. This position was not honorary, as some had assumed; Grant regularly attended meetings and traveled internationally to support them. His pay was modest in comparison to the millions of his film career, a salary of a reported $15,000 a year. Such was Grant's influence on the company that George Barrie once claimed that Grant had played a role in the growth of the firm to annual revenues of about $50million in 1968, a growth of nearly 80% since the inaugural year in 1964. The position also permitted the use of a private plane, which Grant could use to fly to see his daughter wherever her mother, Dyan Cannon, was working.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Business interests", "target_page_ids": [ 6261316, 5902375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 131 ], [ 421, 434 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1975, Grant was an appointed director of MGM. In 1980, he sat on the board of MGM Films and MGM Grand Hotels following the division of the parent company. He played an active role in the promotion of MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas when opened in 1973, and he continued to promote the city throughout the 1970s. When Allan Warren met Grant for a photo shoot that year he noticed how tired Grant looked, and his \"slightly melancholic air\". Grant later joined the boards of Hollywood Park, the Academy of Magical Arts (The Magic Castle, Hollywood, California), and Western Airlines (acquired by Delta Air Lines in 1987).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Business interests", "target_page_ids": [ 699781, 22983171, 1879105, 30872476, 77549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 218 ], [ 317, 329 ], [ 472, 486 ], [ 517, 533 ], [ 593, 608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant became a naturalized United States citizen on June 26, 1942, aged 38, at which time he also legally changed his name to \"Cary Grant\". At the time of his naturalization, he listed his middle name as \"Alexander\" rather than \"Alec\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 25151566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the wealthiest stars in Hollywood, Grant owned houses in Beverly Hills, Malibu, and Palm Springs. He was immaculate in his personal grooming, and Edith Head, the renowned Hollywood costume designer, appreciated his \"meticulous\" attention to detail and considered him to have had the greatest fashion sense of any actor she had worked with. McCann attributed his \"almost obsessive maintenance\" with tanning, which deepened the older he got, to Douglas Fairbanks, who also had a major influence on his refined sense of dress. McCann notes that because Grant came from a working-class background and was not well educated, he made a particular effort over the course of his career to mix with high society and absorb their knowledge, manners and etiquette to compensate and cover it up. His image was meticulously crafted from the early days in Hollywood, where he would frequently sunbathe and avoid being photographed smoking, despite smoking two packs a day at the time. Grant quit smoking in the early 1950s through hypnotherapy. He remained health conscious, staying very trim and athletic even into his late career, though Grant admitted he \"never crook[ed] a finger to keep fit\". He claimed that he did \"everything in moderation. Except making love.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 75346, 107655, 10311463, 464587, 14459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 77 ], [ 79, 85 ], [ 91, 103 ], [ 153, 163 ], [ 1024, 1036 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's daughter Jennifer stated that her father made hundreds of friends from all walks of life, and that their house was frequently visited by the likes of Frank and Barbara Sinatra, Quincy Jones, Gregory Peck and his wife Veronique, Johnny Carson and his wife, Kirk Kerkorian and Merv Griffin. She said that Grant and Sinatra were the closest of friends and that the two men had a similar radiance and \"indefinable incandescence of charm\", and were eternally \"high on life\". While raising Jennifer, Grant archived artifacts of her childhood and adolescence in a bank-quality, room-sized vault he had installed in the house. Jennifer attributed this meticulous collection to the fact that artifacts of his own childhood had been destroyed during the Luftwaffe's bombing of Bristol in World War II (an event that also claimed the lives of his uncle, aunt, cousin, and the cousin's husband and grandson), and he may have wanted to prevent her from experiencing a similar loss.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1916929, 205508, 77491, 36903848, 99959, 494773, 599212, 7422372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 183 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 199, 211 ], [ 225, 234 ], [ 236, 249 ], [ 264, 278 ], [ 283, 295 ], [ 752, 782 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant lived with actor Randolph Scott off and on for 12 years, which some claimed was a homosexual relationship. The two met early on in Grant's career in 1932 at the Paramount studio when Scott was filming Sky Bride while Grant was shooting Sinners in the Sun, and moved in together soon afterwards. Scott's biographer Robert Nott states that there is no evidence that Grant and Scott were homosexual, and blames rumors on material written about them in other books. Grant's daughter, Jennifer, also denied the claims. When Chevy Chase joked on television in 1980 that Grant was a \"homo. What a gal!\", Grant sued him for slander, and Chase was forced to retract his words. Grant became a fan of the comedians Morecambe and Wise in the 1960s, and remained friends with Eric Morecambe until his death in 1984.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 158802, 44173070, 32852698, 102973, 224274, 86253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 37 ], [ 207, 216 ], [ 242, 260 ], [ 525, 536 ], [ 710, 728 ], [ 769, 783 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant began experimenting with the drug LSD in the late 1950s, before it became popular. His wife at the time, Betsy Drake, displayed a keen interest in psychotherapy, and through her Grant developed a considerable knowledge of the field of psychoanalysis. Radiologist Mortimer Hartman began treating him with LSD in the late 1950s, with Grant optimistic that the treatment could make him feel better about himself and rid of all of his inner turmoil stemming from his childhood and his failed relationships. He had an estimated 100 sessions over several years. For a long time, Grant viewed the drug positively, and stated that it was the solution after many years of \"searching for his peace of mind\", and that for the first time in his life he was \"truly, deeply and honestly happy\". Dyan Cannon claimed during a court hearing that he was an \"apostle of LSD\", and that he was still taking the drug in 1967 as part of a remedy to save their relationship. Grant later remarked that \"taking LSD was an utterly foolish thing to do but I was a self-opinionated boor, hiding all kinds of layers and defences, hypocrisy and vanity. I had to get rid of them and wipe the slate clean.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 17537, 23585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 43 ], [ 241, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was married five times. He wed Virginia Cherrill on February 9, 1934, at the Caxton Hall registry office in London. She divorced him on March 26, 1935, following charges that he had hit her. The two were involved in a bitter divorce case which was widely reported in the press, with Cherrill demanding $1,000 a week from him in benefits from his Paramount earnings. After the demise of the marriage, he dated actress Phyllis Brooks from 1937. They considered marriage and vacationed together in Europe in mid-1939, visiting the Roman villa of Dorothy Taylor Dentice di Frasso in Italy, but the relationship ended later that year.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 3854253, 32526837, 11863952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 54 ], [ 83, 94 ], [ 423, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He married Barbara Hutton in 1942, one of the wealthiest women in the world, following a $50million inheritance from her grandfather Frank Winfield Woolworth. They were derisively nicknamed \"Cash and Cary\", although Grant refused any financial settlement in a prenuptial agreement to avoid the accusation that he married for money. Towards the end of their marriage they lived in a white mansion at 10615 Bellagio Road in Bel Air. They divorced in 1945, although they remained the \"fondest of friends\". He dated Betty Hensel for a period, then married Betsy Drake on December 25, 1949, the co-star of two of his films. This proved to be his longest marriage, ending on August 14, 1962.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 797584, 190932, 2594782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ], [ 133, 157 ], [ 552, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant married Dyan Cannon on July 22, 1965, at Howard Hughes' Desert Inn in Las Vegas, and their daughter Jennifer was born on February 26, 1966, his only child; he frequently called her his \"best production\". He said of fatherhood:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 217685, 1513620, 1944431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ], [ 62, 72 ], [ 106, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "My life changed the day Jennifer was born. I've come to think that the reason we're put on this earth is to procreate. To leave something behind. Not films, because you know that I don't think my films will last very long once I'm gone. But another human being. That's what's important.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant and Cannon separated in August 1967.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On March 12, 1968, Grant was involved in a car accident in Queens, New York, en route to JFK Airport, when a truck hit the side of his limousine. Grant was hospitalized for 17 days with three broken ribs and bruising. A female companion, Baroness Gratia von Furstenberg, was also injured in the accident. Nine days later, Grant and Cannon divorced.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 97218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant had a brief affair with actress Cynthia Bouron in the late 1960s. He had been at odds with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1958, but he was named as the recipient of an Academy Honorary Award in 1970. Grant announced that he would attend the awards ceremony to accept his award, thus ending his 12-year boycott of the ceremony. Two days after this announcement, Bouron filed a paternity suit against him and publicly stated that he was the father of her seven-week-old daughter, and she named him as the father on the child's birth certificate. Grant challenged her to a blood test and Bouron failed to provide one, and the court ordered her to remove his name from the certificate. Between 1973 and 1977, he dated British photojournalist Maureen Donaldson, followed by the much younger Victoria Morgan.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 50687749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 11, 1981, Grant married Barbara Harris, a British hotel public relations agent who was 47 years his junior. The two had met in 1976 at the Royal Lancaster Hotel in London where Harris was working at the time and Grant was attending a Fabergé conference. They became friends, but it was not until 1979 that she moved to live with him in California. Grant's friends felt that she had a positive impact on him, and Prince Rainier of Monaco remarked that Grant had \"never been happier\" than he was in his last years with her.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 154987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 421, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biographer Nancy Nelson noted that Grant did not openly align himself to political causes but did occasionally comment on current events. Grant spoke out against the blacklisting of his friend Charlie Chaplin during the period of McCarthyism, arguing that Chaplin was not a communist and that his status as an entertainer was more important than his political beliefs. In 1950, he told a reporter that he would like to see a female president of the United States but asserted a reluctance to comment on political affairs, believing it was not the place of actors to do so.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 221697, 5142, 43805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 178 ], [ 193, 208 ], [ 230, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, Grant made a public appearance at the Republican Party National Convention in Kansas City during which he gave a speech in support of Gerald Ford's reelection and for female equality before introducing Betty Ford onto the stage. A 1977 interview with Grant in The New York Times noted his political beliefs to be conservative but observed Grant did not actively campaign for candidates.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 32070, 17454, 5030380, 290192, 30680, 6675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 63 ], [ 87, 98 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 211, 221 ], [ 269, 287 ], [ 322, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was at the Adler Theater in Davenport, Iowa, on the afternoon of Saturday, November 29, 1986, preparing for his performance in A Conversation with Cary Grant when he was taken ill; he had been feeling unwell as he arrived at the theater. Basil Williams photographed him there and thought that he still looked his usual suave self, but he noticed that he seemed very tired and that he stumbled once in the auditorium. Williams recalls that Grant rehearsed for half an hour before \"something seemed wrong\" all of a sudden, and he disappeared backstage. Grant was taken back to the Blackhawk Hotel where he and his wife had checked in, and a doctor was called and discovered that Grant was having a massive stroke, with a blood pressure reading of 210 over 130. Grant refused to be taken to the hospital. The doctor recalled: \"The stroke was getting worse. In only fifteen minutes he deteriorated rapidly. It was terrible watching him die and not being able to help. But he wouldn't let us.\" By 8:45p.m., Grant had slipped into a coma and was taken to St. Luke's Hospital in Davenport, Iowa. He spent 45 minutes in the emergency room before being transferred to intensive care. He died at 11:22p.m., aged 82.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 8599, 28971787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 49 ], [ 1055, 1074 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An editorial in The New York Times stated: \"Cary Grant was not supposed to die. ... Cary Grant was supposed to stick around, our perpetual touchstone of charm and elegance and romance and youth.\" His body was taken back to California, where it was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean. No funeral was conducted for him following his request, which Roderick Mann remarked was appropriate for \"the private man who didn't want the nonsense of a funeral\". His estate was worth in the region of 60 to 80million dollars; the bulk of it went to Barbara Harris and Jennifer.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "McCann wrote that one of the reasons why Grant's film career was so successful is that he was not conscious of how handsome he was on screen, acting in a fashion which was most unexpected and unusual from a Hollywood star of that period. George Cukor once stated: \"You see, he didn't depend on his looks. He wasn't a narcissist, he acted as though he were just an ordinary young man. And that made it all the more appealing, that a handsome young man was funny; that was especially unexpected and good because we think, 'Well, if he's a Beau Brummel, he can't be either funny or intelligent', but he proved otherwise\". Jennifer Grant acknowledged that her father neither relied on his looks nor was a character actor, and said that he was just the opposite of that, playing the \"basic man\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Screen persona", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's appeal was unusually broad among both men and women. Pauline Kael remarked that men wanted to be him and women dreamed of dating him. She noticed that Grant treated his female co-stars differently than many of the leading men at the time, regarding them as subjects with multiple qualities rather than \"treating them as sex objects\". Leslie Caron said that he was the most talented leading man she worked with. David Shipman writes that \"more than most stars, he belonged to the public\". A number of critics have argued that Grant had the rare star ability to turn a mediocre picture into a good one. Philip T. Hartung of The Commonweal stated in his review for Mr. Lucky (1943) that, if it \"weren't for Cary Grant's persuasive personality, the whole thing would melt away to nothing at all\". Political theorist C. L. R. James saw Grant as a \"new and very important symbol\", a new type of Englishman who differed from Leslie Howard and Ronald Colman, who represented the \"freedom, natural grace, simplicity, and directness which characterise such different American types as Jimmy Stewart and Ronald Reagan\", which ultimately symbolized the growing relationship between Britain and America.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Screen persona", "target_page_ids": [ 17505, 36517694, 42034669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 342, 354 ], [ 419, 432 ], [ 820, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McCann notes that Grant typically played \"wealthy privileged characters who never seemed to have any need to work in order to maintain their glamorous and hedonistic lifestyle\". Martin Stirling thought that Grant had an acting range which was \"greater than any of his contemporaries\", but felt that a number of critics underrated him as an actor. He believes that Grant was always at his \"physical and verbal best in situations that bordered on farce\". Charles Champlin identifies a paradox in Grant's screen persona, in his unusual ability to \"mix polish and pratfalls in successive scenes\". He remarks that Grant was \"refreshingly able to play the near-fool, the fey idiot, without compromising his masculinity or surrendering to camp for its own sake\". Wansell further notes that Grant could, \"with the arch of an eyebrow or the merest hint of a smile, question his own image\". Stanley Donen stated that his real \"magic\" came from his attention to minute details and always seeming real, which came from \"enormous amounts of work\" rather than being God-given. Grant remarked of his career: \"I guess to a certain extent I did eventually become the characters I was playing. I played at being someone I wanted to be until I became that person, or he became me\". He professed that the real Cary Grant was more like his scruffy, unshaven fisherman in Father Goose than the \"well-tailored charmer\" of Charade.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Screen persona", "target_page_ids": [ 46771342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant often poked fun at himself with statements such as, \"Everyone wants to be Cary Grant—even I want to be Cary Grant\", and in ad-lib lines such as in His Girl Friday (1940): \"Listen, the last man who said that to me was Archie Leach, just a week before he cut his throat.\" In Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), a gravestone is seen bearing the name Archie Leach. Alfred Hitchcock thought that Grant was very effective in darker roles, with a mysterious, dangerous quality, remarking that \"there is a frightening side to Cary that no one can quite put their finger on\". Wansell notes that this darker, mysterious side extended to his personal life, which he took great lengths to cover up in order to retain his debonair image.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Screen persona", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biographers Morecambe and Stirling believe that Cary Grant was the \"greatest leading man Hollywood had ever known\". Schickel stated that there are \"very few stars who achieve the magnitude of Cary Grant, art of a very high and subtle order\" and thought that he was the \"best star actor there ever was in the movies\". David Thomson and directors Stanley Donen and Howard Hawks concurred that Grant was the greatest and most important actor in the history of the cinema. He was a favorite of Hitchcock, who admired him and called him \"the only actor I ever loved in my whole life\", and remained one of Hollywood's top box-office attractions for almost 30 years. Pauline Kael stated that the world still thinks of him affectionately because he \"embodies what seems a happier time−a time when we had a simpler relationship to a performer\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was nominated for Academy Awards for Penny Serenade (1941) and None But the Lonely Heart (1944), but he never won a competitive Oscar; he received a special Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1970. The inscription on his statuette read \"To Cary Grant, for his unique mastery of the art of screen acting with respect and affection of his colleagues\". Presenting the award to Grant, Frank Sinatra announced: \"No one has brought more pleasure to more people for so many years than Cary has, and nobody has done so many things so well\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 145631, 145652, 181774, 11181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 57 ], [ 69, 94 ], [ 163, 201 ], [ 394, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was awarded a special plaque at the Straw Hat Awards in New York in May 1975 which recognized him as a \"star and superstar in entertainment\". The following August, Betty Ford invited him to give a speech at the Republican National Convention in Kansas City and to attend the Bicentennial dinner for Queen Elizabeth II at the White House that same year. He was invited to a royal charity gala in 1978 at the London Palladium. In 1979, he hosted the American Film Institute's tribute to Alfred Hitchcock, and presented Laurence Olivier with his honorary Oscar. In 1981, Grant was accorded the Kennedy Center Honors. Three years later, a theater on the MGM lot was renamed the \"Cary Grant Theatre\". In 1995, more than 100 leading film directors were asked to reveal their favorite actor of all time in a Time Out poll, and Grant came second only to Marlon Brando. On December 7, 2001, a statue of Grant by Graham Ibbeson was unveiled in Millennium Square, a regenerated area next to Bristol Harbour, Bristol, the city where he was born. In November 2005, Grant again came first in Premiere magazine's list of \"The 50 Greatest Movie Stars of All Time\". The biennial Cary Comes Home Festival was established in 2014 in his hometown Bristol. McCann declared that Grant was \"quite simply, the funniest actor cinema has ever produced\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 290192, 509001, 17454, 12153654, 243023, 43675, 414306, 19903, 8988059, 18774794, 1015269, 36741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 180 ], [ 217, 247 ], [ 251, 262 ], [ 311, 323 ], [ 413, 429 ], [ 523, 539 ], [ 597, 618 ], [ 852, 865 ], [ 909, 923 ], [ 940, 957 ], [ 986, 1001 ], [ 1233, 1240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was portrayed by John Gavin in the 1980 made-for-television biographical film Her Own Story.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1346501, 164342, 781998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ], [ 46, 65 ], [ 66, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1932 to 1966, Grant starred in over seventy films. In 1999, the American Film Institute named him the second-greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema (after Humphrey Bogart). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Penny Serenade (1941) and None but the Lonely Heart (1944).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Filmography and stage work", "target_page_ids": [ 869, 2539634, 14045, 23245410, 145631, 145652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 92 ], [ 136, 156 ], [ 171, 186 ], [ 214, 242 ], [ 247, 261 ], [ 273, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "]", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Filmography and stage work", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Widely recognized for comedic and dramatic roles, among his best-known films are Blonde Venus (1932), She Done Him Wrong (1933), Sylvia Scarlett (1935), The Awful Truth (1937), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Gunga Din (1939), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His Girl Friday (1940), The Philadelphia Story (1940), Suspicion (1941), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), Notorious (1946), An Affair to Remember (1957), North by Northwest (1959), and Charade (1963).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Filmography and stage work", "target_page_ids": [ 8030277, 60155, 1971256, 61522, 73376, 6504325, 1903318, 74018, 62592, 74984, 787704, 255198, 884742, 73412, 899442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 93 ], [ 102, 120 ], [ 129, 144 ], [ 153, 168 ], [ 177, 193 ], [ 202, 211 ], [ 220, 242 ], [ 251, 266 ], [ 275, 297 ], [ 306, 315 ], [ 324, 344 ], [ 353, 362 ], [ 371, 392 ], [ 401, 419 ], [ 432, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Also published by Columbia University Press, 1998; preview available online.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (a probable mirror/plagiarism of Wikipedia case)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1904_births", "1986_deaths", "20th-century_American_male_actors", "20th-century_English_male_actors", "Academy_Honorary_Award_recipients", "American_autobiographers", "American_male_film_actors", "American_male_stage_actors", "American_male_radio_actors", "British_expatriate_male_actors_in_the_United_States", "David_di_Donatello_winners", "English_autobiographers", "British_emigrants_to_the_United_States", "English_male_film_actors", "English_male_stage_actors", "English_male_radio_actors", "Kennedy_Center_honorees", "Male_actors_from_Bristol", "Columbia_Pictures_contract_players", "Paramount_Pictures_contract_players", "People_educated_at_Fairfield_Grammar_School", "People_with_acquired_American_citizenship", "RKO_Pictures_contract_players", "Vaudeville_performers" ]

[ "Archibald Alec Leach", "Cary Grant" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A Chinatown () is an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as \"Chinatown\" exist throughout the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australasia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 768309, 372983, 55079, 13404, 19068, 25734, 21492915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 35 ], [ 39, 53 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 86, 95 ], [ 97, 102 ], [ 106, 112 ], [ 266, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The development of most Chinatowns typically resulted from mass migration to an area without any or with very few Chinese residents. Binondo in Manila, established in 1594, is recognized as the world's oldest Chinatown. Notable early examples outside Asia include San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States and Melbourne's Chinatown in Australia, which were founded in the mid-19th century during the California and Victoria gold rushes, respectively. A more modern example, in Montville, Connecticut, was caused by the displacement of Chinese workers in the Manhattan Chinatown following the September 11th attacks in 2001.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1268771, 184334, 49728, 445363, 17306237, 6689833, 58296, 469488, 108825, 100935, 5058690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 140 ], [ 144, 150 ], [ 264, 277 ], [ 280, 289 ], [ 315, 324 ], [ 327, 336 ], [ 405, 415 ], [ 420, 428 ], [ 482, 504 ], [ 563, 582 ], [ 597, 619 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oxford Dictionaries defines \"Chinatown\" as \"...a district of any non-Asian town, especially a city or seaport, in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin\". However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China. Some \"Vietnamese\" enclaves are in fact a city's \"second Chinatown\", and some Chinatowns are in fact pan-Asian, meaning they could also be counted as a Koreatown or Little India. One example includes Asiatown in Cleveland, Ohio. It was initially referred to as a Chinatown but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-Chinese Asian Americans who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a unifying factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese and Thai communities of Cleveland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 3749524, 97169, 622111, 1544482, 38960658, 5951, 22199, 38960658, 148898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 383, 392 ], [ 396, 408 ], [ 431, 439 ], [ 443, 452 ], [ 454, 458 ], [ 494, 503 ], [ 566, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Further ambiguities with the term can include Chinese ethnoburbs which by definition are \"...suburban ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas where the intended purpose is to be \"...as isolated from the white population as Hispanics\". An article in The New York Times blurs the line further by categorizing very different Chinatowns such as Chinatown, Manhattan, which exists in an urban setting as \"traditional\"; Monterey Park's Chinatown, which exists in a \"suburban\" setting (and labeled as such); and Austin, Texas's Chinatown, which is in essence a \"fabricated\" Chinese-themed mall. This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the term only described Chinatown in a city setting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 11048691, 28908, 30680, 100935, 2278102, 11288301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 63 ], [ 93, 101 ], [ 298, 316 ], [ 390, 410 ], [ 463, 488 ], [ 554, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In some cities in Spain, the term barrio chino ('Chinese quarter') denotes an area, neighborhood or district where prostitution or other businesses are concentrated; i.e. a red-light district. Some examples of this are the Chinatown of Salamanca and Barri Xinès, the Chinatown of Barcelona a part of El Raval, although in Barcelona there was a small Chinese community in the 1930s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 205998, 4443, 3127425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 191 ], [ 280, 289 ], [ 300, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Trading centers populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout Southeast Asia. Emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the Treaty of Peking (1860), which opened China's borders to free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal provinces of Guangdong (Canton, Kwangtung) and Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien) in southeastern China – where the people generally speak Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew (Chiuchow) and Hokkien. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount of Chinese emigration to North America originated from four counties called Sze Yup, located west of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province, making Toishanese a dominant variety of the Chinese language spoken in Chinatowns in Canada and the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1191426, 28741, 5878977, 232876, 254234, 65109, 88585, 4846157, 357787, 1092292, 52980, 1095005, 18978679, 5878977, 3379361, 322932, 65109, 253645, 5751, 771593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 109, 123 ], [ 125, 135 ], [ 224, 240 ], [ 344, 353 ], [ 357, 366 ], [ 391, 397 ], [ 419, 437 ], [ 473, 483 ], [ 485, 494 ], [ 496, 501 ], [ 503, 510 ], [ 526, 533 ], [ 609, 627 ], [ 682, 689 ], [ 711, 728 ], [ 732, 741 ], [ 781, 788 ], [ 796, 812 ], [ 823, 865 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed into them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as ethnic enclaves.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 768309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 324, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Along the coastal areas of Southeast Asia, several Chinese settlements existed as early as the 16th century according to Zheng He and Tomé Pires' travel accounts. Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period, for instance, had a large Chinese population in Campo China. They settled down at port towns under the authority's approval for trading. After the European colonial powers seized and ruled the port towns in the 16th century, Chinese supported European traders and colonists, and created autonomous settlements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28741, 34494, 9685209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ], [ 121, 129 ], [ 134, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama, Japan, Binondo in Manila, Hoi An and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam all existed in 1600. Glodok, the Chinese quarter of Jakarta, Indonesia, dates to 1740.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21790, 59056, 80313, 1268771, 2016839, 2332121, 16275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 102 ], [ 104, 108 ], [ 114, 122 ], [ 131, 138 ], [ 150, 156 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 241, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century CE, with the first recorded Chinese settler in Calcutta named Young Atchew around 1780. Chinatowns first appeared in the Indian cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai. There is also a huge presence of Chinese in Pakistan numbering around 60,000 but they are mostly recent immigrated workers, Architects and professionals who came to Pakistan after China Pakistan Economic Corridor was launched. Large investments in Pakistan by the Chinese government have led to a mass immigration of Chinese citizens to Pakistan because of shortage of a skilled workers. But there is also a large number of Chinese who came to Pakistan in 1949 due to fears of Communist persecution. They are mostly situated in Karachi and represent the oldest Chinese in Pakistan after independence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4772574, 4772574, 905007, 45139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 111 ], [ 194, 201 ], [ 203, 209 ], [ 215, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chinatown centered on Yaowarat Road in Bangkok, Thailand, was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38956297, 2441206, 56615, 30128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 26, 39 ], [ 43, 50 ], [ 52, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the Blue Funnel Shipping Line, a cargo transport company established by Alfred Holt. The commercial shipping line created strong trade links between the cities of Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, and tea. They settled near the docks, but the area was heavily bombed during World War II, with the Chinese community moving a few blocks to the current Liverpool Chinatown on Nelson Street.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4030214, 786056, 37182155, 39208, 5925943, 21478413, 27643, 13404, 29969, 15522528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 110 ], [ 114, 129 ], [ 153, 164 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 181, 194 ], [ 210, 215 ], [ 244, 252 ], [ 254, 263 ], [ 327, 330 ], [ 476, 495 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chinatown in San Francisco is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s. The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the Central Pacific on the Transcontinental Railroad. Since it started in Omaha, that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century. Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from San Diego to Victoria. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 Gold Rush.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 445363, 7734, 36541, 46159, 28504, 32388, 140672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 30 ], [ 476, 491 ], [ 499, 524 ], [ 546, 551 ], [ 763, 772 ], [ 776, 784 ], [ 900, 909 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the Western United States in states such as California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Arizona. As the transcontinental railroad was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh and Butte, Montana. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in many East Coast cities, including New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Providence and Baltimore. With the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation, many southern states such as Arkansas, Louisiana and Georgia began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 179578, 5407, 26811621, 13015878, 14607, 31716, 5399, 21883824, 51916, 27687, 6886, 18522615, 25101, 257453, 89126, 100935, 2593807, 2360391, 19356538, 26997138, 9515, 179553, 1930, 18130, 48830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 146 ], [ 165, 175 ], [ 177, 183 ], [ 185, 195 ], [ 197, 202 ], [ 204, 208 ], [ 210, 218 ], [ 223, 230 ], [ 239, 264 ], [ 336, 345 ], [ 347, 354 ], [ 356, 366 ], [ 368, 378 ], [ 383, 397 ], [ 444, 461 ], [ 473, 486 ], [ 488, 494 ], [ 496, 508 ], [ 510, 520 ], [ 525, 534 ], [ 560, 585 ], [ 592, 607 ], [ 616, 624 ], [ 626, 635 ], [ 640, 647 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when labor disputes arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the Rock Springs Massacre. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28943333, 6966587, 55668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 80 ], [ 228, 249 ], [ 334, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Australia, the Victorian gold rush, which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from the Guangdong area. A community began to form in the eastern end of Little Bourke Street, Melbourne by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of the Melbourne Chinatown, making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent 'Little Lon' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. The Australian gold rushes also saw the development of a Chinatown in Sydney, at first around The Rocks, near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side. Nowadays, Sydney's Chinatown is centered on Dixon Street.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 469488, 65109, 3045669, 17306237, 6689833, 31563349, 30865472, 27862, 559785, 759490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 99, 108 ], [ 163, 183 ], [ 185, 194 ], [ 249, 268 ], [ 587, 598 ], [ 946, 968 ], [ 1012, 1018 ], [ 1036, 1045 ], [ 1228, 1246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including Paris and London, were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the Limehouse area of the East End of London at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the Docklands. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of opium dens and slum housing.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 42291927, 310623, 94161, 21221606, 8839, 6114936, 198813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 54 ], [ 59, 65 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 188, 206 ], [ 340, 349 ], [ 414, 423 ], [ 429, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of Wenzhou, in the Zhejiang province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in Belleville and the 13th arrondissement of Paris.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 481447, 96602, 2294138, 295543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 97 ], [ 106, 114 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 189, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the Vietnam War played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, the events of September 11 resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from Manhattan's Chinatown to Montville, Connecticut, due to the fall of the garment industry. Chinese workers transitioned to casino jobs fueled by the development of the Mohegan Sun casino.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5058690, 100935, 108825, 2267715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 35 ], [ 102, 123 ], [ 127, 149 ], [ 269, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Tijuana's Chinatown formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. The La Mesa District of Tijuana was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights to Shanghai. It has an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtaking Mexicali's Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31643204, 31643204, 27643, 265066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 28 ], [ 97, 124 ], [ 212, 220 ], [ 320, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The New York metropolitan area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and nearby areas within the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, is home to the largest Chinese-American population of any metropolitan area within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017, and including at least 12 Chinatowns, including nine in New York City proper alone. Steady immigration from Mainland China, both legal and illegal, has fueled Chinese-American population growth in the New York metropolitan area. New York's status as an alpha global city, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace are among the many reasons it remains a major international immigration hub. The Manhattan Chinatown contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the Western hemisphere, and the Flushing Chinatown in Queens has become the world's largest Chinatown, though it has also emerged as the epicenter of organized prostitution in the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 309890, 645042, 18315, 8210131, 21648, 6466, 23332, 75799, 5878977, 100935, 73162, 267693, 45579, 15157915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 30 ], [ 46, 59 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 134, 145 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 223, 240 ], [ 452, 483 ], [ 816, 835 ], [ 896, 914 ], [ 924, 942 ], [ 946, 952 ], [ 1042, 1064 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected tourism and business in Chinatown, San Francisco and Chinatown, Chicago, as well as others worldwide.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62750956, 514837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 98, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "People of Fujian province used to move over the South China Sea from the 14th century to look for more stable jobs, in most cases of trading and fishery, and settled down near the port/jetty under approval of the local authority such as Magong (Penghu), Hoian (Vietnam), Songkla (Thailand), Malacca (Malaysia), Banten, Semarang, Tuban (Indonesia), Manila (the Philippines), etc. A large number of this kind of settlements was developed along the coastal areal of the South China Sea, and was called \"Campon China\" by Portuguese account and \"China Town\" by English account.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chinese Settlements", "target_page_ids": [ 88585, 74209, 322445, 206519, 2016839, 202354, 752812, 30128, 33588423, 3607937, 82290, 1134311, 5086697, 14579, 184334, 23440, 74209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 16 ], [ 48, 63 ], [ 237, 243 ], [ 245, 251 ], [ 254, 259 ], [ 261, 268 ], [ 271, 278 ], [ 280, 288 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 300, 308 ], [ 311, 317 ], [ 319, 327 ], [ 329, 334 ], [ 336, 345 ], [ 348, 354 ], [ 360, 371 ], [ 467, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The settlement was developed along a jetty and protected by Mazu temple, which was dedicated for the Goddess of Sea for safe sailing. Market place was open in front of Mazu temple, and shophouses were built along the street leading from west side of the Mazu temple. At the end of the street, Tudigong (Land God) temple was placed. As the settlement prospered as commercial town, Kuan Ti temple would be added for commercial success, especially by people from Hong Kong and Guangdong province. This core pattern was maintained even the settlement got expanded as a city, and forms historical urban center of the Southeast Asia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chinese Settlements", "target_page_ids": [ 254847, 254847, 1499523, 254847, 2230859, 240648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 64 ], [ 168, 172 ], [ 185, 195 ], [ 254, 258 ], [ 293, 301 ], [ 380, 387 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The early Chinatowns such as those in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the United States were naturally destinations for people of Chinese descent as migration were the result of opportunities such as the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental Railroad drawing the population in, creating natural Chinese enclaves that were almost always 100% exclusively Han Chinese, which included both people born in China and in the enclave, in this case American-born Chinese. In some free countries such as the United States and Canada, housing laws that prevent discrimination also allows neighborhoods that may have been characterized as \"All Chinese\" to also allow non-Chinese to reside in these communities. For example, the Chinatown in Philadelphia has a sizeable non-Chinese population residing within the community. A recent study also suggests that the demographic change is also driven by gentrification of what were previously Chinatown neighborhoods. The influx of luxury housing is speeding up the gentrification of such neighborhoods. The trend for emergence of these types of natural enclaves is on the decline (with the exceptions being the continued growth and emergence of newer Chinatowns in Queens and Brooklyn in New York City), only to be replaced by newer \"Disneyland-like\" attractions, such as a new Chinatown that will be built in the Catskills region of New York. This includes the endangerment of existing historical Chinatowns that will eventually stop serving the needs of Chinese immigrants. Newer developments like those in Norwich, Connecticut, and the San Gabriel Valley, which are not necessarily considered \"Chinatowns\" in the sense that they do not necessarily contain the Chinese architectures or Chinese language signs as signatures of an officially sanctioned area that was designated either in law or signage stating so, differentiate areas that are called \"Chinatowns\" versus locations that have \"significant\" populations of people of Chinese descent. For example, San Jose, California in the United States has 63,434 people (2010 U.S. Census) of Chinese descent, and yet \"does not have a Chinatown\". Some \"official\" Chinatowns have Chinese populations much lower than that.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 49728, 18110, 5878977, 273682, 29930118, 2360391, 41940, 47707435, 44016016, 23697973, 468224, 8210131, 256970, 2278102, 53446, 38952134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 150, 159 ], [ 449, 470 ], [ 560, 574 ], [ 740, 752 ], [ 898, 912 ], [ 977, 991 ], [ 1211, 1217 ], [ 1222, 1230 ], [ 1360, 1369 ], [ 1380, 1388 ], [ 1557, 1577 ], [ 1587, 1605 ], [ 2009, 2029 ], [ 2133, 2142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as Paifang (sometimes accompanied by imperial guardian lion statues on either side of the structure, to greet visitors). Other Chinese architectural styles such as the Chinese Garden of Friendship in Sydney Chinatown and the Chinese stone lions at the gate to the Victoria, British Columbia Chinatown are present in some Chinatowns. Mahale Chiniha, the Chinatown in Iran, contains many buildings that were constructed in the Chinese architectural style.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 1364408, 740205, 759490, 740205, 32388, 27086577, 14653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 144 ], [ 171, 193 ], [ 335, 351 ], [ 360, 379 ], [ 399, 425 ], [ 468, 482 ], [ 501, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the Republic of China and People's Republic of China, or local governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown in Havana, Cuba, received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of the Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches is often financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some of these structures span an entire intersection, and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made of wood, masonry or steel and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 25734, 5405, 49719, 5042481, 33550, 20857, 27058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 154 ], [ 159, 185 ], [ 303, 309 ], [ 311, 315 ], [ 674, 678 ], [ 680, 687 ], [ 691, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common Chinese surname or belonging to a common clan, spoken Chinese dialect, specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Benevolent and business associations", "target_page_ids": [ 54761, 253645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 464, 479 ], [ 518, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some examples include San Francisco's prominent Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華總會館 Zhōnghuá Zǒng Huìguǎn), aka Chinese Six Companies and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the Kuomintang and the Republic of China.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Benevolent and business associations", "target_page_ids": [ 6588738, 6588738, 16903, 25734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 91 ], [ 127, 148 ], [ 441, 451 ], [ 460, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in Chinatown, London. Chinatown, Paris has an institution in the Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former French Indochina.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Benevolent and business associations", "target_page_ids": [ 310623, 42291927, 52053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 71 ], [ 73, 89 ], [ 257, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Benevolent and business associations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although the term \"Chinatown\" was first used in Asia, it is not derived from a Chinese language. Its earliest appearance seems to have been in connection with the Chinese quarter of Singapore, which by 1844 was already being called \"China Town\" or \"Chinatown\" by the British colonial government. This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably \"Kampong China\" or possibly \"Kota China\" or \"Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 1144302, 27318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 179 ], [ 183, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first appearance of a Chinatown outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island of St. Helena. The island was a regular way-station on the voyage to Europe and North America from Indian Ocean ports, including Singapore.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 26945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaper The Daily Alta California described a \"pitched battle on the streets of [SF's] Chinatown\". Other Alta articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called \"Chinatown\" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres. By 1869, \"Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada. For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: \"From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 8389599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In British publications before the 1890s, \"Chinatown\" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia and 1873 in New Zealand. In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities \"Chinatowns\" is not older than the twentieth century.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several alternate English names for Chinatown include China Town (generally used in British and Australian English), The Chinese District, Chinese Quarter and China Alley (an antiquated term used primarily in several rural towns in the western United States for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of adobe construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 4179, 1897, 64351054, 212614, 179578, 682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 91 ], [ 96, 114 ], [ 159, 170 ], [ 217, 222 ], [ 236, 257 ], [ 578, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Chinese, Chinatown is usually called , in Cantonese Tong jan gai, in Mandarin Tángrénjiē, in Hakka Tong ngin gai, and in Toisan Hong ngin gai, literally meaning \"Tang people's street(s)\". The Tang Dynasty was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short Fisgard Street in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 5751, 1092292, 24657, 52980, 357787, 43455, 5412689, 32388, 3392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ], [ 45, 54 ], [ 72, 80 ], [ 96, 101 ], [ 124, 130 ], [ 195, 207 ], [ 372, 386 ], [ 390, 398 ], [ 400, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A more modern Chinese name is (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning \"Chinese City\", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. Bù, pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as fù, usually means seaport; but in this sense, it means city or town. Tong jan fau ( \"Tang people's town\") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of Chinatown—Zhōngguó Chéng () is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chinatowns in Southeast Asia have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese, as there are large populations of people who are Overseas Chinese, living within the various major cities of Southeast Asia. As the population of Overseas Chinese, is widely dispersed in various enclaves, across each major Southeast Asian city, specific Chinese names are used instead.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 48997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, in Singapore, where 2.8 million ethnic Chinese constitute a majority 74% of the resident population, the Chinese name for Chinatown is Niúchēshǔi (, Hokkien POJ: Gû-chia-chúi), which literally means \"ox-cart water\" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (where 2 million ethnic Chinese comprise 30% of the population of Greater Kuala Lumpur) while officially known as Petaling Street (Malay: Jalan Petaling), is referred to by Malaysian Chinese by its Cantonese name ci4 cong2 gaai1 (, pinyin: Cíchǎng Jiē), literally \"tapioca factory street\", after a tapioca starch factory that once stood in the area. In Manila, Philippines, the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū , literally meaning the \"Mín and Luò Rivers confluence district\" but is actually a transliteration of the local term Binondo and an allusion to its proximity to the Pasig River.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 27318, 1144302, 18978679, 2225122, 16854, 3607937, 29343059, 1825254, 57448, 184334, 23440, 30342, 256448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 25 ], [ 135, 144 ], [ 162, 169 ], [ 170, 173 ], [ 332, 344 ], [ 346, 354 ], [ 422, 442 ], [ 470, 485 ], [ 654, 661 ], [ 709, 715 ], [ 717, 728 ], [ 845, 860 ], [ 927, 938 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Francophone regions (such as France and Quebec), Chinatown is often referred to as le quartier chinois (the Chinese Quarter; plural: les quartiers chinois). The most prominent Francophone Chinatowns are located in Paris and Montreal.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 46251870, 7954867, 42291927, 1955851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ], [ 43, 49 ], [ 218, 223 ], [ 228, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Spanish-language term is usually barrio chino (Chinese neighborhood; plural: barrios chinos), used in Spain and Latin America. (However, barrio chino or its Catalan cognate barri xinès do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 18524, 5282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 129 ], [ 161, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is Khu người Hoa (Chinese district) or phố Tàu (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Japanese, the term \"chūkagai\" (中華街, literally \"Chinese Street\") is the translation used for Yokohama and Nagasaki Chinatown.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 4087954, 18365473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 103 ], [ 108, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Indonesia, chinatown is known as Pecinan, a shortened term of pe-cina-an, means everything related to the Chinese people. Most of these pecinans usually located in Java.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 14579, 69336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 167, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as Dutch and German.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Names", "target_page_ids": [ 19985174, 11884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 68 ], [ 73, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of Madagascar, Mauritius and South Africa. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. Derrick Avenue in Cyrildene, Johannesburg, hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 18964, 19201, 17416221, 9588637, 58893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 100 ], [ 102, 111 ], [ 116, 128 ], [ 322, 331 ], [ 333, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Americas, which includes North America, Central America and South America, Chinatowns have been around since the 1800s. The most prominent ones exist in the United States and Canada in New York, Boston, San Francisco, Toronto and Vancouver. The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017, including at least 12 Chinatowns six (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in Corona and Whitestone, Queens, and East Harlem, Manhattan) in New York City proper, and one each in Nassau County, Long Island; Edison, New Jersey; and Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. San Francisco, a Pacific port city, has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere. In Canada, Vancouver's Chinatown is the country's largest.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 29833, 645042, 24437894, 49728, 64646, 32706, 309890, 41847184, 288655, 1609886, 45579, 466538, 645042, 48369, 18315, 125414, 21648, 125576, 445363, 678337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 193, 201 ], [ 203, 209 ], [ 211, 224 ], [ 226, 233 ], [ 238, 247 ], [ 253, 284 ], [ 308, 349 ], [ 502, 508 ], [ 513, 523 ], [ 525, 531 ], [ 537, 559 ], [ 564, 577 ], [ 602, 615 ], [ 617, 628 ], [ 630, 636 ], [ 638, 648 ], [ 654, 687 ], [ 795, 808 ], [ 925, 946 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The oldest Chinatown in the Americas is in Mexico City and dates back to at least the early 17th century. Since the 1970s, new arrivals have typically hailed from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese and Latin parentage – and more recent immigrants from East Asia. Most Asian Latin Americans are of Cantonese and Hakka origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America. Notable Chinatowns also exist in Chinatown, Lima, Peru.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 18987, 13404, 19068, 17730, 19605700, 1429526, 2437588, 147448, 10951011, 170691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 54 ], [ 163, 172 ], [ 174, 179 ], [ 297, 302 ], [ 347, 356 ], [ 363, 383 ], [ 392, 401 ], [ 406, 411 ], [ 530, 545 ], [ 547, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of overseas Chinese in East Asia and Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China – particularly the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan – and settled in countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam centuries ago—starting as early as the Tang Dynasty, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the Qing Dynasty), and well into the 20th century. Today the Chinese diaspora in Asia is largely concentrated in Southeast Asia however the legacy of the once widespread overseas Chinese communities in Asia is evident in the many Chinatowns that are found across East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 48997, 19605700, 28741, 43124222, 65109, 88585, 166411, 3466, 334751, 14579, 17752, 3607937, 19457, 27318, 23440, 30128, 202354, 43455, 25310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 80 ], [ 84, 93 ], [ 98, 112 ], [ 158, 172 ], [ 205, 214 ], [ 216, 222 ], [ 228, 234 ], [ 270, 276 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 288, 297 ], [ 299, 303 ], [ 305, 313 ], [ 315, 322 ], [ 324, 333 ], [ 339, 350 ], [ 352, 360 ], [ 366, 373 ], [ 413, 425 ], [ 510, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vietnam houses the largest Chinatown by size in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 716139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chinatown of Melbourne lies within the Melbourne central business district and centers on the eastern end of Little Bourke Street. It extends between the corners of Swanston and Exhibition Streets. Melbourne's Chinatown originated during the Victorian gold rush in 1851, and is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It has also been claimed to be the longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, but only because the 1906 San Francisco earthquake all but destroyed the Chinatown in San Francisco in California.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 6689833, 17306237, 7467700, 3045669, 724494, 2358552, 469488, 20110714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 17, 26 ], [ 43, 78 ], [ 113, 133 ], [ 169, 177 ], [ 182, 199 ], [ 247, 266 ], [ 449, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sydney's main Chinatown centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east to Darling Harbour in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 759490, 65563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 122, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chinatown of Adelaide was originally built in the 1960s and was renovated in the 1980s. It is located near Adelaide Central Market and the Adelaide Central bus station.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 4269694, 1148, 56743329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 17, 25 ], [ 143, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinatown Gold Coast is a precinct in the Central Business District of Southport, Queensland, that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 39688791, 1646469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 71, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are additional Chinatowns in Brisbane, Perth, and Broome in Australia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 27597668, 15532769, 146682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 43 ], [ 45, 50 ], [ 56, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is Chinatown, London, England as well as major Chinatowns in Birmingham, Liverpool, Newcastle, and Manchester. Antwerp, Belgium has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has been recognized by the local authorities since 2011. The city council of Cardiff has plans to recognize the Chinese Diaspora in the city.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 310623, 13882056, 18081, 70348, 20206, 32149462, 5882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 91 ], [ 132, 142 ], [ 144, 153 ], [ 155, 164 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 183, 190 ], [ 326, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chinatown in Paris, located in the 13th arrondissement, is the largest in Europe, where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled and in Belleville in the northeast of Paris as well as in Lyon. In Italy, there is a Chinatown in Milan between Via Luigi Canonica and Via Paolo Sarpi and others in Rome and Prato. In the Netherlands, Chinatowns exist in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the Hague.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 42291927, 295543, 2294138, 8638634, 36511, 26672853, 25458, 1821975, 844, 26049, 30269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 39, 58 ], [ 182, 192 ], [ 233, 237 ], [ 273, 278 ], [ 310, 325 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 349, 354 ], [ 396, 405 ], [ 407, 416 ], [ 421, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. The Chinatown in Liverpool is the oldest Chinese community in Europe. The Chinatown in London was established in the Limehouse district in the late 19th century. The Chinatown in Manchester is located in central Manchester.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Locations", "target_page_ids": [ 15522528, 310623, 94161, 14499655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 133 ], [ 182, 201 ], [ 225, 234 ], [ 274, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinatowns have been portrayed in various films including The Joy Luck Club, Big Trouble in Little China, Year of the Dragon, Flower Drum Song, The Lady from Shanghai and Chinatown. Within the context of the last film \"Chinatown\" is used primarily as an extended metaphor for any situation in which an outside entity seeks to intervene without having the local knowledge required to understand the consequences of that intervention. The neighborhood or district is often associated with being outside the normal rule of law or isolated from the social norms of the larger society.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5527808, 697113, 1625624, 11275640, 1919203, 68092, 583165, 25166191, 43851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 75 ], [ 77, 104 ], [ 106, 124 ], [ 126, 142 ], [ 144, 166 ], [ 171, 180 ], [ 254, 271 ], [ 512, 523 ], [ 545, 556 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the song \"Kung Fu Fighting\" by Carl Douglas whose song lyrics says \"...There was funky China men from funky Chinatown...\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2055269, 762840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 65 ], [ 70, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The martial arts actor Bruce Lee is well known as a person who was born in the Chinatown of San Francisco. Other notable Chinese Americans such as politician Gary Locke and NBA player Jeremy Lin grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 19501, 37313, 445363, 48999, 21684126, 25390847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 23, 32 ], [ 79, 105 ], [ 121, 138 ], [ 158, 168 ], [ 184, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " San Francisco's Chinatown – Tin How Temple (天后古廟), Ma-Tsu Temple (美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 445363, 44112530, 44114237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 29, 43 ], [ 52, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Los Angeles Chinatown – Thien Hau Temple (天后宮)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 458076, 12686149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 25, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yokohama Chinatown – Yokohama Ma Zhu Miao (横濱媽祖廟)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 4087954, 46222170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 22, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bangkok Chinatown – Leng Buai Ia Shrine (龍尾古廟), Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (永福寺) & Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (龍蓮寺)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 38956297, 26003514, 60656458, 26001675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 21, 40 ], [ 49, 71 ], [ 80, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yangon Chinatown – Kheng Hock Keong (慶福宮) & Guanyin Gumiao Temple (觀音古廟)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 14990373, 8669270, 28237818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 20, 36 ], [ 45, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jakarta Chinatown – Kim Tek Ie Temple (金德院)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 2332121, 52264486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 21, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kuala Lumpur Chinatown – Sin Sze Si Ya Temple (仙四師爺廟)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 1825254, 6700052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 26, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Malacca Chinatown – Cheng Hoon Teng Temple (青云亭)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 45355461, 1789084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 21, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Terengganu Chinatown – Ho Ann Kiong Temple (护安宫) & Tian Hou Gong Temple (天后宮)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 43135142, 60261301, 60269567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 24, 43 ], [ 52, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Davao Chinatown – Lon Wa Buddhist Temple (龙华寺)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 47749225, 33589703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 19, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatown and Malaytown in Kedah", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 49994462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatown, Kuching", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Some notable temples in Chinatowns worldwide", "target_page_ids": [ 48342885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese folk religion", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1491156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese ancestral worship", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20113632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kongsi & Chinese lineage associations", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1553507, 682573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 10, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6588738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kapitan Cina & Kong Koan", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22404436, 61186734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 16, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese Overseas", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 48997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatowns in Asia", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 771600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatowns in Europe", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 771605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatowns in Oceania", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 771607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatowns in the United States", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33680003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinatown bus lines", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 518150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 851512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5665972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese Exclusion Act in United States", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 55668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 in Canada", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 986940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 in Canada", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2821092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese head tax in Canada", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 858288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " New Zealand head tax", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5230353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ethnic enclave", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 768309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " White Australia Policy", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Legislation on Chinese Indonesians", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2853353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1740 Batavia massacre & 1918 Kudus riot", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25752436, 64350745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 25, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Internment of Chinese-Indians (1962)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 41094911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chew, James R. \"Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910.\" Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese president Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ki Longfellow, China Blues, Eio Books 2012, , San Francisco's Chinatown during the 1906 earthquake and in the early 1920s. (Eio Books)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 9718423, 30951383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 29, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain\", K. Scott Wong, Melus (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pan, Lynn. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994). Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Williams, Daniel. \"Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy\", The Washington Post Foreign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 102226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 75 ] ] } ]

[ "Chinatowns", "Chinese_culture", "Chinese_diaspora" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A skateboarding trick, or simply a trick, is a maneuver performed by manipulating a skateboard, usually with one's feet, in a specific way to achieve the desired outcome – the trick. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13712130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though skateboards emerged in the 1900s, skateboarding tricks like the ones done today did not appear until decades later. In the 1970s and earlier, the most common tricks were \"2D\" freestyle types such as manuals and pivots. Only later in the 1980s and early 1990s were common modern-day tricks like the ollie and heel-flip invented by Alan Gelfand and Rodney Mullen, setting the stage for other aerial tricks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1623506, 4725575, 705942, 147944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 305, 310 ], [ 315, 324 ], [ 337, 349 ], [ 354, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An ollie is a jump where the front wheels leave the ground first. This motion is attained with a snap of the tail (from the back foot) and sliding one's front foot forward to reach any altitude. A lot of technical tricks transpire from this element (e.g. the kickflip, heelflip, 360-flip). A nollie is when the back wheels leave the ground first by snapping the nose of the board, with the back foot sliding towards the tail. There is also a switch ollie, which is simply an ollie in switch stance position. The switch stance position is the opposite position of how the rider would normally ride.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 13712130, 65201, 5245002, 1630997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 259, 267 ], [ 292, 298 ], [ 484, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A grab involves floating in the air, while using either hand to hold the board against the feet or keeping constant and careful pressure on the board with the feet to keep it from floating away. The Indy grab usually combines rotation with different grabs. This class of tricks was first popularized when Tony Hawk became famous for his frontside airs in empty swimming pools in the late 1970s and has expanded to include the bulk of skateboarding tricks to this day, including the ollie and all of its variations. The 900 and 1080 fall under the class of aerials, though these are commonly confused with aerial grabs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 82370, 87474, 3398906, 35299732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 208 ], [ 305, 314 ], [ 519, 522 ], [ 527, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Flip tricks are a subset of aerials which are all based on the ollie. An example is the kickflip, the most widely known and performed flip trick. The board can be spun around many different axes as part of a flip trick, thus combining several rotations into one trick. These tricks are undoubtedly most popular among street skateboarding purists, although skaters with other styles perform them as well. The famous placing of the board on the feet and then jumping was created in 1987 by Nathan Lipor. Combining spins and flips is extremely popular in today's culture. A common trick in skateboarding lines is a 360 flip, or tre flip. A 360 flip is the combination of a skateboard spinning 360 degrees and a kickflip. There are also double kickflips and triple kickflips, which are very difficult.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 30864191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 317, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freestyle skateboarding tricks are tricks specifically associated with freestyle skateboarding. They are part of the building blocks and some of the most important reference points for tricks which have evolved to form street skateboarding.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 2136796, 30864191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 94 ], [ 219, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slides and grinds involve getting the board up on some type of ledge, rail, or coping and sliding or grinding along the board or trucks, respectively. When it is primarily the board which is contacting the edge, it is called a slide; when it is the truck, it is a grind. Grinding and sliding skateboards started with sliding the board on parking blocks and curbs, then extended to using the coping on swimming pools, then stairway handrails, and has now been expanded to include almost every possible type of edge. Grinds and slides on street environments were brought to mainstream skateboarding by professional skateboarders Natas Kaupas and Mark Gonzales.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 8040446, 2588077, 706022, 3152181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 74 ], [ 431, 439 ], [ 627, 639 ], [ 644, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A manual is a balancing trick where a skateboarder balances on either the front two or rear two wheels, without the other two wheels or any other part of the skateboard touching the ground for the entire duration of the trick. The trick is often performed at speed and technical skateboarders such as Daewon Song are renowned for performing tricks such as the kickflip both in and out of the trick, whilst also simultaneously doing so up onto, over and off ledges, blocks, benches and other street obstacles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 1278448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 301, 312 ] ] } ]

[ "Skateboarding", "Skateboarding_tricks", "Sports_techniques" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term itself is derived from Ancient Greek roots, φῶς, φωτός/phos, photos meaning \"light\" and σφαῖρα/sphaira meaning \"sphere\", in reference to it being a spherical surface that is perceived to emit light. It extends into a star's surface until the plasma becomes opaque, equivalent to an optical depth of approximately , or equivalently, a depth from which 50% of light will escape without being scattered. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 148363, 25916521, 38993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 45 ], [ 251, 257 ], [ 291, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A photosphere is the deepest region of a luminous object, usually a star, that is transparent to photons of certain wavelengths.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The surface of a star is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Stars, except neutron stars, have no solid or liquid surface. Therefore, the photosphere is typically used to describe the Sun's or another star's visual surface.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Temperature", "target_page_ids": [ 53031, 21869, 26751, 26808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 117 ], [ 133, 145 ], [ 242, 245 ], [ 259, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition of the Sun", "target_page_ids": [ 26751, 13255, 13256, 1129919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 55, 63 ], [ 68, 74 ], [ 196, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between (with an effective temperature of ) and a density of about 3 kg/m3; increasing with depth into the sun. Other stars may have hotter or cooler photospheres. The Sun's photosphere is around 100 kilometers thick, and is composed of convection cells called granules—cells of plasma each approximately 1000 kilometers in diameter with hot rising plasma in the center and cooler plasma falling in the narrow spaces between them, flowing at velocities of 7 kilometers per second. Each granule has a lifespan of only about twenty minutes, resulting in a continually shifting \"boiling\" pattern. Grouping the typical granules are super granules up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours and flow speeds of about 500 meters per second, carrying magnetic field bundles to the edges of the cells. Other magnetically-related phenomena include sunspots and solar faculae dispersed between the granules. These details are too fine to be seen when observing other stars from earth.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sun", "target_page_ids": [ 26751, 8429, 8429, 16619, 30125638, 50510, 226498, 1238447, 25916521, 50510, 36563, 27616, 759044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 91, 98 ], [ 108, 109 ], [ 110, 112 ], [ 113, 115 ], [ 241, 250 ], [ 278, 293 ], [ 302, 310 ], [ 320, 326 ], [ 351, 360 ], [ 810, 824 ], [ 905, 912 ], [ 924, 930 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sun's visible atmosphere has other layers above the photosphere: the 2,000 kilometer-deep chromosphere (typically observed by filtered light, for example H-alpha) lies just between the photosphere and the much hotter but more tenuous corona. Other \"surface features\" on the photosphere are solar flares and sunspots.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other layers of the Sun", "target_page_ids": [ 54653, 415883, 7839, 54648, 27616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 106 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 238, 244 ], [ 294, 305 ], [ 311, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Animated explanation of the Photosphere (University of South Wales).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Animated explanation of the temperature of the Photosphere (University of South Wales).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Solar Lower Atmosphere and Magnetism (MPS)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 5743888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 42 ] ] } ]

[ "Stellar_astronomy", "Sun", "Light_sources" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Boardsports are sports that are played with some sort of board as the primary equipment. These sports take place on a variety of terrain, from paved flat-ground and snow-covered hills to water and air. Most boardsports are considered action sports or extreme sports, and thus often appeal to youth. A large proportion of youth partaking in these sports, together with aesthetic damage to property from sports like skateboarding, has led to many board sports being marginalized by the greater world of sports in the past. However, many board sports are gaining mainstream recognition, and with this recognition have enjoyed wider broadcast, sponsorship and inclusion in institutional sporting events, including the Olympic Games.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9933, 22576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 265 ], [ 714, 727 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Surfing was the first boardsport, originating from Polynesian culture. Skateboarding was then invented by surfers looking to \"surf\" on land. It is hard to estimate when most boardsports were \"invented\" because people have been making homemade versions throughout history. For example, it is not hard to conceive of a person, who is familiar with the concept of skiing or sledding, standing sideways on a plank of wood and riding down a snow-covered slope. M.J. \"Jack\" Burchett is credited with first doing this in 1929, using horse reins and clothesline to secure his feet on the plank of wood. Most boardsports have similar, equally unknown origins.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28198, 1592319, 28027, 28478, 466301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 51, 69 ], [ 71, 84 ], [ 361, 367 ], [ 371, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Using data collected in the past decade, it is estimated there are 18-50 million skateboarders, 5-25 million surfers, and 10-20 million snowboarders in the world. Approximately 100 million people participate in boardsports worldwide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are a variety of board sports, which are characterized by terrain: Surf, Snow, Wake, Skate are the primary.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Surfing The grandfather of all board sports, is a surface water sport that involves the participant being carried by a breaking wave.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 28198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stand Up Paddle Surfing (SUP)A variant of surfing where one always a stands up on the board and propels oneself by a one-bladed paddle, without lying down on the board. Although originally the goal was to catch and surf the waves, a racing modality has emerged with similarities to kayaking.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 18453797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skimboarding (1930s) A discipline of surfing involving riding a board on wet sand or shallow water. A predominantly recreational activity that has evolved into a highly competitive water sport.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 443056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Windsurfing (1970) Also known as sailboarding. A water sport involving travel over water on a small 2-4.7 metre board powered by wind acting on a single sail. The sail is connected to the board by a flexible joint", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 222354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bodyboarding (1971) Wave riding consisting of a small, roughly rectangular piece of foam, shaped to a hydrodynamic form. The bodyboard is ridden predominantly lying down, (or 'prone'). It can also be ridden in a half-standing stance (known as 'dropknee') or can even be ridden standing up.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 177223 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kneeboarding (1973) A discipline of surfing where the rider paddles on his belly into a wave on a kneeboard, then rides the wave face typically on both knees.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 556735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Riverboarding (1978) A boardsport in which the participant is prone on the board with fins on his/her feet for propulsion and steering.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 260977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wakeboarding (1983) A surface watersport created from a combination of water skiing, snow boarding and surfing techniques. As in water skiing, the rider is towed behind a boat, or a cable skiing setup.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 33623, 5151676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 183, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skurfing (1984) Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 5780457, 5780457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 51, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Flowriding (1991) Similar to surfing but done on a man-made artificial sheet wave.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 13143446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wakeskating (1990s) A rider is pulled behind a boat on a wakeskate which is smaller than a wakeboard and has no bindings with a foam or griptape surface.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 220000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kitesurfing (1996) Also known as kiteboarding. Boards similar to those known from windsurfing or wakeboarding are propelled by an inflatable or foil power kite, allowing for high speeds and high jumps. Other variations are to use a wheeled board or buggy on land, or skis or a snowboard on snow.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 191863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wakesurfing (1997) A rider is pulled behind a boat on a mini surfboard and can ride the boat's wake with no rope.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 6719239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skateboarding (1950) Uses a board mounted on wheels, and often ridden on a half-pipe, in urban settings, or emptied specially built swimming pools. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 28027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Longboarding (1970s) Similar to freeboarding but with long skateboards that come in different shapes and sizes, longboarding is mostly a racing sport but there are many other styles as well.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 574382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snakeboard (1989) Similar to skateboarding, but also influenced heavily by snowboarding. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 315676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freestyle scootering (1996) an action sport which involves using scooters to perform freestyle tricks, in a manner similar to skateboarding and BMX freestyle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 14056878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carveboarding A board that has wheels similar to a car except smaller, it turns better than most boards on four wheels, its main purpose is to cruise and carve, it can turn 65 degrees, and has spring-loaded trucks that are almost as unique as a flowboards trucks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 32873872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeboarding Often said to be the board whose feel is the most similar to snowboarding. There are two extra castor wheels in the middle of the base that are somewhat lower than the other four. This allows the rider to distribute his weight to only one \"edge\", as in snowboarding. This gives the rider the ability to slide, an ability no other land board has besides the longboard.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 24470242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Caster board Two narrow platforms known as \"decks\" are adjoined by a rubber or aluminium coated metal beam that houses a strong spring. Each truck has one wheel that is connected to the board in such a way that each wheel can rotate independently. Both wheels are mounted on slants that measure around 30° in angle, facing away from the front of the board. Similar to Vigorboard (2003) : Constructed from two platforms, each supported by a single caster with a single wheel giving the board a total of two wheels. the two platforms are connected by heavy metal torsion bar that enables the board to twist in the centre.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 9096428, 9096428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 369, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Street Skurfing Similar to Caster board, but the rider can move both feet independently.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 5780457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Freeline skates (2000's) A pair of skates designed to give the feeling of skateboarding, snowboarding, surfing, and inline skates all in one. Freeline Skates are extremely portable, making them the smallest and lightest form of transportation. See also Street Skurfing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 9351577, 5780457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 255, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Street surfing A split deck board connected by a spring rod to allow each half of the board to twist independently from the other, each side only having 1 caster wheel, allowing for tight maneuvers and self propulsion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 9096428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " On-shore boards A type of board that has four inline wheels and four in the back (two on each side) and is deeply concave in the front.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "T-boarding A skateboard deck with two wheels that can spin 360 degrees.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 4690591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Land windsurfing A sport similar to traditional windsurfing that is performed on land rather than water. A four-wheeled deck, similar to a mountain board or skateboard deck, is commonly used in conjunction with a mast and sail in order to project the board across land.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 6527618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mountainboarding (1992) Similar to snowboarding, but on snowless peaks (in between winter seasons). The board is wider and sturdier. Mountainboarding is similar to skateboarding in the way that mountainbiking is similar to regular biking.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 797533, 797533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 134, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kite landboarding Similar to Kite Surfing but the kite is used to pull the rider along flat ground (often a hard packed sandy beach) on a mountainboard", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 4887602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowboarding (1977) A cross between skateboarding and skiing, the board medium is snow, although the condition of the snow can have a major impact on snowboarding style and technique. The four subcategories are freeride, freestyle, alpine and powder.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 38957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Snowskating (1998) This is similar to snowboarding but there are no bindings used. Instead the snow skate has a foam grip similar to griptape, enabling you to do skateboard style tricks. There are four main types of snowskates: Single deck (a skateboard-deck-like platform made out of either wood and/or plastic)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 1255030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bilevel (similar to a skate board but, instead of trucks and wheels, a small ski with metal edges called a subdeck is used with special trucks to be used on a ski hill);4x4 (a skateboard but the wheels are replaced by very small skis); Powderskate (can either be like a Bilevel snowskate or a single deck snowskate but longer and wider).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snowkiting This is when a kite is used to pull a snowboarder along.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 1612524 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandboarding A recreational activity similar to snowboarding that takes place on sand dunes rather than snow-covered hills.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 930074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skysurfing A kind of skydiving in which the skydiver wears a board attached to their feet and performs surfing-style aerobatics during freefall.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classifications", "target_page_ids": [ 246949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shortboard", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 189016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] } ]

[ "Boardsports", "Sports_by_type", "Outdoor_recreation", "Individual_sports", "Transport_culture" ]

[ "boardsports", "board sport", "board sports", "boarding sport", "boarding sports" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, two or three people (depending on local boating laws), and a personal flotation device. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower body strength, muscular endurance, and good balance.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28478, 5638867, 3996, 5151676, 875900, 1481498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 12 ], [ 53, 72 ], [ 115, 119 ], [ 125, 147 ], [ 155, 168 ], [ 377, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are water ski participants around the world, in Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. In the United States alone, there are approximately 11 million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions every year. Australia boasts 1.3 million water skiers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 689, 20611325, 9239, 5334607, 29833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 58 ], [ 63, 72 ], [ 74, 80 ], [ 82, 88 ], [ 94, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping, barefoot skiing and wakeski. Similar, related sports are wakeboarding, kneeboarding, discing, tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25381, 181592, 341392, 33623, 556735, 5638867, 5638867, 7051814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 43, 54 ], [ 144, 159 ], [ 201, 213 ], [ 215, 227 ], [ 229, 236 ], [ 238, 244 ], [ 250, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiers can start their ski set in one of two ways: wet is the most common, but dry is possible. Water skiing typically begins with a deep-water start. The skier enters the water with their skis on or they jump in without the skis on their feet, have the skis floated to them, and put them on while in the water. Most times it can be easier to put the skis on when they are wet. Once the skier has their skis on they will be thrown a tow rope from the boat, which they position between their skis. In the deep-water start, the skier crouches down in the water while holding onto the ski rope; they are in a cannonball position with their legs tucked into their chest, with skis pointing towards the sky and approximately of the ski out of the water. The skier can also perform a \"dry start\" by standing on the shore or a pier; however, this type of entry is recommended for professionals only. When the skier is ready (usually acknowledged by them yelling \"hit it\"), the driver accelerates the boat. As the boat accelerates and takes up the slack on the rope, the skier allows the boat to pull them out of the water by applying some muscle strength to get into an upright body position.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Basic technique", "target_page_ids": [ 380541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1139, 1154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By leaning back and keeping the legs slightly bent, the skis will eventually plane out and the skier will start to glide over the water. The skier turns by shifting weight left or right. The skier's body weight should be balanced between the balls of the feet and the heels. While being towed, the skier's arms should be relaxed but still fully extended so as to reduce stress on the arms. The handle can be held vertically or horizontally, depending on whichever position is more comfortable for the skier.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Basic technique", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the driver and the skier, a third person known as the spotter or the observer should be present. The spotter's job is to watch the skier and inform the driver if the skier falls. The spotter usually sits in a chair on the boat facing backwards to see the skier. The skier and the boat's occupants communicate using hand signals (see the Safety measures section below).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Basic technique", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiing can take place on any type of water – such as a river, lake, or ocean – but calmer waters are ideal for recreational skiing. There should be a skiing space and the water should be at least deep. There must be enough space for the water skier to safely \"get up\", or successfully be in the upright skiing position. Skiers and their boat drivers must also have sufficient room to avoid hazards.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Younger skiers generally start out on children's skis, which consist of two skis tied together at their back and front. These connections mean that less strength is necessary for the child to keep the skis together. Sometimes these skis can come with a handle to help balance the skier as well. Children's skis are short – usually long – reflecting the skier's smaller size. Once a person is strong enough to hold the skis together themselves there are various options depending upon their skill level and weight.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiers can use two skis (one on each foot, also called \"combo skiing\") or one ski (dominant foot in front of the other foot, also called \"slalom skiing\"). Generally the heavier the person, the bigger the skis will be. Length will also vary based on the type of water skiing being performed; jump skis, for example, are longer than skis used in regular straight-line recreational skiing or competitive slalom and trick skiing. A trick ski is around 40 inches long and wider than combo skis. Again the skier rides it with his or her dominant foot in front. It has no fins which allows for spins to be performed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Competition skiing uses specifically designed towboats. Most towboats have a very small hull and a flat bottom to minimize wake. A true tournament ski boat will have a direct drive motor shaft that centers the weight in the boat for an optimal wake shape. However, some recreational ski boats will have the motor placed in the back of the boat (v-drive), which creates a bigger wake. Permitted towboats used for tournament water skiing are the MasterCraft ProStar 197, MasterCraft ProStar 190, Ski Nautique 200, Malibu Response TXi, and Centurion Carbon Pro. These boats have ability to pull skiers for trick skiing, jumping, and slalom.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 24886317, 2310084, 8987467, 54537214, 38721584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 345, 352 ], [ 444, 455 ], [ 494, 506 ], [ 512, 518 ], [ 537, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recreational boats can serve as water skiing platforms as well as other purposes such as cruising and fishing. Popular boat types include bowriders, deckboats, cuddy cabins, and jetboats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 6164255, 6163708, 171513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 146 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 178, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The towboat must be capable of maintaining the proper speed. Speeds vary with the skier's weight, experience level, comfort level, and type of skiing. For example, a child on two skis would require speeds of , whereas an adult on one ski might require as high as . Barefoot skiing requires speeds of approximately . Competition speeds have a wide range: as slow as up to for slalom water skiing, and approaching in water ski racing.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The boat must be equipped with a ski rope and handle. The tow rope must be sufficiently long for maneuvering, with a recommended length of (within tolerance) although length varies widely depending on the type of water skiing and the skier's skill level. Competition requirements on rope construction have changed over the years, from \"quarter-inch polypropylene rope\" in 1992 to the 2003 flexibility as long as the same specification is used \"for the entire event.\" The rope and handle are anchored to the boat and played out at the stern. This anchor point on a recreation boat is commonly a tow ring or cleat, mounted on the boat's stern. For more dedicated skiers, a metal ski pylon is placed in the center of the boat in front of the engine to connect the skier. This pylon must be mounted securely, since a skilled slalom skier can put a considerable amount of tension on the ski rope and the pylon.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As water skiing is a potentially dangerous sport, safety is important.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Safety measures", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There should be a wide skiing space and the water should be at least deep. The towboat should stay at least from docks, swim areas, and the shore, and other boats should steer clear of skiers by at least 100 feet. Without proper space and visibility skiing can be extremely dangerous. Skiers should wear a life jacket regardless of swimming ability. Specially-designed life jackets or ski vests allow movement needed for the sport while still providing floation for a downed or injured skier. The most common water ski injuries involve the lower legs, such as the knee, because a fall at high speed can create irregular angles of collision between the skier's body and the water surface. Another common cause of injury is colliding with objects on or near the water, like docks.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Safety measures", "target_page_ids": [ 1481498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 309, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tow boat must contain at least two people: a driver and an observer. In most locales, the observer will need to be at least 12 years of age. The driver maintains a steady course, free of obstacles to the skier. The observer continually observes the skier, relays the condition of the skier to the boat driver, and if necessary, raises the \"skier down\" warning flag, as required, when a skier is in the water, returning to the boat, or in some localities, the entire time the skier is out of the boat. The skier and observer should agree on a set of standard hand-signals for easy communication: stop, speed up, turn, I'm OK, skier in the water, etc.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Safety measures", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiing was invented in 1922 when Ralph Samuelson used a pair of boards as skis and a clothesline as a towrope on Lake Pepin in Lake City, Minnesota. Samuelson experimented with different positions on the skis for several days until 2 July 1922. Samuelson discovered that leaning backwards in the water with ski tips up and poking out of the water at the tip was the optimal method. His brother Ben towed him and they reached a speed of . Samuelson spent 15 years performing shows and teaching water skiing to people in the United States.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1893690, 1892616, 150608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ], [ 119, 129 ], [ 133, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelson went through several iterations of equipment in his quest to ski on water. His first equipment consisted of barrel staves for skis. He later tried snow skis, but finally fabricated his own design out of lumber with bindings made of strips of leather. The ski rope was made from a long window sash cord. Samuelson never patented any of his ski equipment.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28489, 3989781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 166 ], [ 295, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first patent for water skis was issued to Fred Waller, of Huntington, NY, on 27 October 1925, for skis he developed independently and marketed as \"Dolphin Akwa-Skees.\" Waller's skis were constructed of kiln-dried mahogany, as were some boats at that time. Jack Andresen patented the first trick ski, a shorter, fin-less water ski, in 1940.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 52474525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1928, Don Ibsen developed his own water skis out in Bellevue, Washington, never having heard of Samuelson or Waller. In 1941, Don Ibsen founded The Olympic Water Ski Club in Seattle, Washington. It was the first such club in America. Ibsen, a showman and entrepreneur, was one of the earliest manufacturers of water skis and was a leading enthusiast and promoter of the sport. In 1983, he was inducted into the Water Ski Hall of Fame in Winter Haven, Florida.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 109729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 440, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sport of water skiing remained an obscure activity for several years after 1922, until Samuelson performed water ski shows from Michigan to Florida. The American Water Ski Association formally acknowledged Samuelson in 1966 as the first recorded water skier in history. Samuelson was also the first ski racer, slalom skier, and the first organizer of a water ski show.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Parallel to this, an avid sailor, sportsman and early adopter of water skiing, the young Swedish engineer Gunnar Ljungström (1905-1999) pioneered water skiing in slalom moves from 1929. A demonstrating behind a motorboat was made to the Swedish public at the 100th anniversary of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club in Sandhamn outside Stockholm in 1930.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 43458083, 53274918, 31302740, 17527065, 26741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 32 ], [ 106, 123 ], [ 284, 308 ], [ 312, 320 ], [ 329, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiing gained international attention in the hands of famed promoter, Dick Pope, Sr., often referred to as the \"Father of American Water Skiing\" and founder of Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven, Florida. Pope cultivated a distinct image for his theme-park, which included countless photographs of the water skiers featured at the park. These photographs began appearing in magazines worldwide in the 1940s and 1950s, helping to bring international attention to the sport for the first time. He was also the first person to complete a jump on water skis, jumping over a wooden ramp in 1928, for a distance of 25 feet. His son, Dick Pope, Jr., is the inventor of bare-foot skiing. Both men are in the Water Ski Hall of Fame. Today, Winter Haven, Florida, with its famous Chain of Lakes, remains an important city for water skiing, with several major ski schools operating there.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5902712, 868766, 29403362, 36031070, 39398681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 90 ], [ 166, 181 ], [ 630, 644 ], [ 703, 725 ], [ 773, 787 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Water skiing has developed over time. Water skiing tournaments and water skiing competitions have been organized. As an exhibition sport, water skiing was included in the 1972 Olympics. The first National Show Ski Tournament was held in 1974, and the first ever National Intercollegiate Water Ski Championships were held in 1979. The Home CARE US National Water Ski Challenge, the first competition for people with disabilities, was organized ten years later.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 83112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first patented design of a water ski which included carbon fiber was that of Hani Audah at SPORT labs in 2001. Its first inclusion in tournament slalom skiing was in 2003.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the United States, there are over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions each summer. Orlando, Florida is considered to be the competitive 3-event waterskiing capital of the world. Competitive water skiing consists of three events: slalom, jump, and trick.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 100582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an attempt to become as agile as possible, slalom water skiers use only one ski with feet oriented forward, one in front of the other. Slalom skis are narrow and long, at depending on the height and weight of the skier. The two forward-facing bindings vary: they can be made of rubber or thick plastic, and they can be designed more like a snow ski binding or more like a roller blade boot.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 197655, 102948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 344, 360 ], [ 376, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slalom skiing involves a multi-buoy course that the skier must go around in order to complete the pass. A complete slalom water ski course consists of 26 buoys. There are entrance gates at the beginning and end of the course that the skier must go between, and there are 6 turn buoys that the skier must navigate around in a zigzag pattern. The remainder of the buoys are for the driver to ensure the boat goes straight down the center of the course. For a tournament to be sanctioned as 'record capable' by the International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation (IWWF), the entire course must be surveyed prior to competition by a land surveyor to ensure its accuracy. The drivers boat path must be verified as well to ensure that all skiers are getting a fair pull.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 1651453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 512, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Every consecutive pass is harder than the pass before it. When a pass is completed, the boat is sped up by until the maximum speed has been reached for the division, based on the skier's gender and age ( for women and for men). After the skier has run their maximum speed pass, the rope is shortened at specific increments to make it more difficult to reach the buoy width. In a tournament, the boat speeds up or the rope shortens until the skier fails to complete the slalom course by falling or not getting around a buoy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A skier's score is based upon the number of successful buoys cleared, the speed of the boat, and the length of the rope. In a tournament, skiers choose the starting boat speed and rope length (with a maximum length of ). Professional water skiers will typically start at the max speed of with a rope that has already been shortened to . The skier with the most buoys wins the competition.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The turn buoys are positioned away from the center of the slalom course. As the rope is shortened beyond that, the skiers are required to use the momentum generated through their turns to swing up on the side of the boat and reach out in order to get their ski around the next buoy. At these rope lengths, the skier's body is experiencing intense isometric contractions and extreme upper body torque with loads of up to 600kg as they begin accelerating after rounding a turn buoy. Their top speeds will generally be more than double the boat's speed, which means that the Pro men can reach speeds in excess of and each turn will generally generate around 4 g of force. Essentially, slalom water skiers are using their body as a lever, which allows them to withstand loads that would otherwise not be possible for the human body.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 389836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 659, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Water ski jumpers use two long skis to ride over a water ski jump in an attempt to travel the longest distance. In a tournament, skiers are given three attempts to hit the ramp. The winner is the skier who travels the farthest calculated distance and successfully rides away. There are no style points, simply distance.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Water ski jumps have specific dimensions and the ramp height is adjustable. Skiers may choose their boat speed and ramp height, although there are maximums based the skier's gender and age. Professional ski jumpers have a maximum boat speed of . The ramp height must be between . As a professional jumper approaches the ramp they will zigzag behind the boat in a series of cuts to generate speed and angle. When the jumper hits the ramp they will generally be going over and the load they have generated on the rope can be over .", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Trick competition has been described as the most technical of the three classic water skiing events.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Trick skiing uses small, oval-shaped or oblong water skis. Beginners generally use two skis while more advanced skiers use one. The shorter, wider Trick ski has a front binding facing forward and a back binding facing at a 45°. It has a smooth bottom that allows it to turn over the surface of the water. According to official 2013 Tournament Rules for 3-event competition in the United States and the Pan-Am Games, skis used in the Tricks event must be a single ski without fins, although molded rails/grooves less than are allowed, as are a foot pad cemented to the ski as a place for the rear foot; in addition, the ski must float with all bindings, fins, etc., installed. The ski's configuration allows the skier to perform both surface and air tricks in quick succession.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a tournament, skiers are given two 20-second runs during which they perform a series of their chosen tricks. In most cases, one pass is for hand tricks, which includes surface turns, rotations over the wake, and flips. The second pass is for toe tricks, which are done by doing wake turns and rotations with only a foot attaching them to the handle; the foot is either in the toehold part of the handle or, professionally, attached to the rope. The toehold part of the handle does not allow the skier to let go of the handle if they lose their balance and fall into the water, therefore a person in the boat is required to release the rope from the boat using a quick release mechanism installed on the ski pylon. A trick cannot be repeated. Each trick has a point value. A panel of five judges assesses which tricks were completed correctly and assigns that predetermined point value to each successfully completed trick. The skier with the most points wins.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A barefoot water skier should use a wetsuit instead of a life jacket because the wetsuit covers more of the body in case of a fall at high speed. The wetsuit also allows the skier to do starts in the water where they lie on their back. Unlike a normal life jacket, the \"barefoot wetsuit\" allows the skier to glide on their back on top of the water once they reach a high enough speed. The barefoot wetsuit is generally thicker in the back, rear, and chest for flotation and impact absorption.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 177213, 1481498, 177213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ], [ 57, 68 ], [ 150, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Barefoot skiing requires a higher speed because the skier's feet are smaller than skis, providing less lift. A rule of thumb for barefoot water skiing speed in miles per hour is (M/10)+18=S, where M equals the skier's weight in pounds. In other words, a person would have to divide 175/10, which is 17.5; then simply add 17.5+18 which equals .", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another tool used in barefoot water skiing is the barefoot boom. It provides a stable aluminum bar on the side of the boat where a short rope can be attached or the skier can grip the bar itself. The skier is within earshot of the people in the boat, providing a good platform for teaching. Once the bare footer is good enough, he/she will go behind the boat with a long rope.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A beginner can wear shoes to decrease the necessary speed, lessen foot injury from choppy water, learn better technique, and master the sport.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Show skiing is a type of water skiing where skiers perform tricks somewhat similar to those of gymnasts while being pulled by the boat. Traditional ski show acts include pyramids, ski doubles, freestyle jumping, and swivel skiing. Show skiing is normally performed in water ski shows, with elaborate costumes, choreography, music, and an announcer. Show teams may also compete regionally or nationally. In the US, each team member must be a member of USA Water Ski to compete.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 12551, 5580442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 103 ], [ 451, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first organized show occurred in 1928. The bi-annual World Show Ski Championship was inaugurated in September 2012 in Janesville, Wisconsin. Past competition included teams from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, and the United States.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Freestyle jumping is often related to show skiing. The goal is to go off the jump, perform one of many stunts, and successfully land back on the water. The most common freestyle stunts – in order of usual progression – would be a heli (360°), a flip (forwards), a gainer (a back flip), and a möbius (back flip with 360°).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Water ski racing consists of 1 or 2 skiers per boat who race around a set course behind boats set up for this type of event. It can occur in a 'circle' or lap format type racing or on river courses offering longer distances and higher speeds. Races can be timed events such as 20 minute races and up to 1 hour or on courses where race distance can be over 100km in length.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Speeds vary by classes but can reach up to 200km/h. Boats can be inboards or outboards and are generally between 19 and 21 feet in length. Outboards are commonly 300HP and Inboards around 1,300HP (majority are turbocharged).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Current format world championship racing involves men's and women's open (unrestricted), and men's and women formula 2 (limited to single rig, 300hp outboards, as well as junior classes for under 17's. The World Championships are held every 2 years with the most recent being 2019 in Vichy, France.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major events include the Southern 80 (Echuca Victoria Australia), the Diamond Race (Viersel Belgium), the Catalina ski race (Long Beach CA USA), and the Bridge to Bridge (Sydney Australia). Races can have anywhere from 10 boats to 150 boats competing (grouped by engine size and age classes).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 71595036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Disabled water skiing uses equipment or other adaptations to allow disabled people to compete in standard 3 event skiing. Seated water skis, special handles, audio slalom gear, and other adaptations are all used for different disabilities.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Disciplines", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cable skiing", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5151676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aquaplaning (sport)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51337898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chantal Singer", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53859525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George A. Blair (\"Banana George\")", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9477235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Water Ski World Championships champions", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52010395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Masters Water Ski Tournament", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29442204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Queenie (waterskiing elephant)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36478788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Twiggy the Water-Skiing Squirrel", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7142219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Water Ski World Championships", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6057595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] } ]

[ "Waterskiing", "Towed_water_sports" ]

[ "water-skiing", "waterskiing", "Water-skiing", "Water-Skiing", "Water Skiing", "Waterskiing", "Water skiing" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Eric Arthur Heiden (born June 14, 1958) is an American physician and a former long track speed skater, road cyclist and track cyclist. He won an unprecedented five individual gold medals, and set four Olympic records and one world record at the 1980 Winter Olympic Games. Heiden was the most successful athlete at those Olympic Games, single-handedly winning more gold medals than all nations except for the Soviet Union (10) and East Germany (9). He is the most successful Winter Olympian from a single edition of any Winter Olympics. He delivered the Athlete's Oath at those same 1980 Games. His coach was Dianne Holum.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 989619, 32070578, 113360, 26779, 13058, 72319, 4176886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 101 ], [ 145, 158 ], [ 245, 270 ], [ 408, 420 ], [ 430, 442 ], [ 553, 567 ], [ 609, 621 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden is an icon in the speed skating community. His victories are significant, as few speed skaters (and athletes in general) have won competitions in both sprint and long-distance events. Heiden is the only athlete in the history of speed skating to have won all five events in a single Olympic tournament and the only one to have won a gold medal in all events. He is considered by some to be the best overall speed skater (short and long distances) in the sport's history. Heiden ranked No. 46 in ESPN's SportsCentury 50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century in 1999, the only speed skater to make the list. In 2000, a Dutch newspaper called him the greatest skater ever.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6129685, 77795, 2290079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 340, 364 ], [ 502, 506 ], [ 509, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden was born in Madison, Wisconsin on June 14, 1958. His sister, Beth Heiden, also became an accomplished cyclist, speed skater and cross-country skier. In their hometown Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin (a village next to the city of Madison's near west side), Eric and his sister Beth were the driving forces behind the creation of the Heiden Haus, a small outpost where local children can warm up after skating or playing hockey on the ice rink (complete with underground clay platform). He graduated from Madison West High School in 1976.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life, education and family", "target_page_ids": [ 57863, 2696430, 138921, 979488, 3425869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 37 ], [ 68, 79 ], [ 174, 200 ], [ 436, 444 ], [ 506, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After starting his undergraduate education at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Heiden transferred to the University of California, San Diego and then to Stanford University in California, earning a B.S. degree in 1984 and an M.D. degree in 1991.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life, education and family", "target_page_ids": [ 23536538, 31927, 26977, 5407, 21068988, 428966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 81 ], [ 109, 144 ], [ 157, 176 ], [ 180, 190 ], [ 202, 206 ], [ 229, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden won the World Junior Speed Skating Championships in 1977 and 1978. During his short speed skating career, Heiden won three World Allround Championships and four World Sprint Championships. Three times he broke the world record in the 1000metres, twice in the 3000metres, and once each in the 1500metres and 10000metres. He also broke the points world record in both allround and the sprinting distances.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 9598047, 454554, 3813925, 3157211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 55 ], [ 130, 158 ], [ 168, 194 ], [ 221, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden finished his speed skating career by finishing second behind Hilbert van der Duim at the 1980 World Allround Championships in Heerenveen. He stood at the top of the Adelskalender, a ranking system for long-track speed skating, for a record 1,495 days, and he won the Oscar Mathisen Award four times in a row from 1977 until 1980. He is the only skater who has won the award four times.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 4254653, 454554, 99186, 4056295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 88 ], [ 101, 129 ], [ 133, 143 ], [ 274, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He received the 1980 James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. In 1983, he was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 746197, 895667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 44 ], [ 128, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1990.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 29404289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Over the course of Heiden's career he skated 15 world records:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 4380391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After his speed-skating career Heiden became a professional cyclist.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a track cyclist Heiden competed at the 1981 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Brno, but was not successful. He finished 19th and last in the men's individual pursuit event.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 44366378, 57575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 84 ], [ 88, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden became a professional racing cyclist. He was one of the first cross-over athletes, becoming a founding member of the 7-Eleven Cycling Team. Together with his former speed skating coach (and ex-bike racer), Jim Ochowicz, he conceived of the idea of a European-style sponsored team for North American riders Heiden won a few American professional races. He finished the 1985 Giro d'Italia and took part in the 1986 Tour de France, although he did not complete the race, crashing on a downhill stretch and suffering a concussion five days from the finish.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 857311, 2290911, 29477789, 1063029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ], [ 124, 145 ], [ 213, 225 ], [ 415, 434 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden is believed to have recorded one of the fastest times at 14:10 (1986 or 1987) on one of the local benchmark climbs in Woodside, California: Old La Honda Road. In 1985, Heiden won the first U.S. Professional Cycling Championship, becoming the American road race champion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 108127, 14844665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 145 ], [ 196, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999, Heiden was inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Athletic career", "target_page_ids": [ 2096307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden completed medical school at Stanford University in 1991, and orthopedic residency training at University of California, Davis, in 1996, then spent a year at a sports medicine clinic in Birmingham, Alabama. He returned to California to practice as an orthopedic surgeon in Sacramento. At that time, he also served as team physician for the NBA's Sacramento Kings and the Sacramento Monarchs of the WNBA. In 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014 he was team physician for the US Olympic speed skating team. He opened a sports medicine-based practice at The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital (TOSH) in Murray, Utah and expanded Heiden Orthopaedics with an additional office in Park City, Utah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Medical career", "target_page_ids": [ 26977, 31924, 85427, 303, 430380, 29631, 25602590, 22093, 72898, 184725, 57721, 137064, 151252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 54 ], [ 101, 132 ], [ 192, 202 ], [ 204, 211 ], [ 257, 275 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 323, 337 ], [ 346, 349 ], [ 352, 368 ], [ 377, 396 ], [ 404, 408 ], [ 590, 602 ], [ 665, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He has followed in the footsteps of his father, Jack Heiden, a longtime orthopedic surgeon in Madison, Wisconsin.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Medical career", "target_page_ids": [ 57863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, Heiden and Dr. Massimo Testa published Faster, Better, Stronger, a book about exercise science and exercise programs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Medical career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2009, Heiden was one of the team of doctors assisting US speed skater J.R. Celski as the latter recovered from a very bad speed skating crash during the U.S. Olympic trials. Despite cutting himself to the bone and requiring 60 stitches, Celski was able to recover in time for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where he won the bronze medal in both men's 1500 m and 5000 m relay.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Medical career", "target_page_ids": [ 24719671, 178749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 84 ], [ 283, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden met fellow medical student Karen Drews while the two were studying at Stanford, and they married in 1995. Karen is a hand surgeon. They have a daughter, Zoe, born in 2001.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Heiden was offered many sponsorship opportunities after his record-setting performance in the 1980 Winter Olympics, but turned down most of them, saying he had enough money, and preferred the anonymity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A number of American former gold medal winners, including Heiden, were asked to participate in the ceremonies for the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah, but Heiden declined after he was passed over for the honor of lighting the Olympic torch. The 1980 US Hockey Team, which won the gold medal at the 1980 games, was given the honor instead. Said Heiden \"I was probably just too stubborn. I figured if they don’t appreciate what I did as a skater, if they don’t appreciate now what I am doing as a human being, I’d just as soon hang out with my buddies and watch it. I did not mean to slight the Olympic hockey team in any way.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 38678, 53837, 31716, 74217, 1400841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 138 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 163, 167 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 264, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32070578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of Olympic medalist families", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53057502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wangrin, Mark (1999). \"Eric Heiden: True Gold\". In ESPN SportsCentury. New York: Hyperion-ESPN Books. pp.252–3.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eric Heiden at SpeedSkatingStats.com", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PB's and link Results International Championships Eric Heiden at Speedskatingbase.eu", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1958_births", "Living_people", "American_male_speed_skaters", "American_male_cyclists", "American_cycling_road_race_champions", "American_orthopedic_surgeons", "American_sports_physicians", "Olympic_gold_medalists_for_the_United_States_in_speed_skating", "Speed_skaters_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics", "Speed_skaters_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "Medalists_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics", "World_record_setters_in_speed_skating", "James_E._Sullivan_Award_recipients", "Sportspeople_from_Madison,_Wisconsin", "University_of_Wisconsin–Madison_alumni", "Stanford_University_alumni", "Stanford_Medical_School_alumni", "Olympic_Games_broadcasters", "World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_medalists", "World_Sprint_Speed_Skating_Championships_medalists", "Oath_takers_at_the_Olympic_Games", "Madison_West_High_School_alumni", "Cyclists_from_Wisconsin" ]

[ "Eric A. Heiden", "Eric Arthur Heiden" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5378, 17851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 85, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "is the constant coefficient of a term Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field equations of general relativity. He later removed it. Much later it was revived and reinterpreted as the energy density of space, or vacuum energy, that arises in quantum mechanics. It is closely associated with the concept of dark energy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 736, 1293340, 12024, 308158, 25202, 19604228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 53 ], [ 79, 94 ], [ 98, 116 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 250, 267 ], [ 314, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Einstein originally introduced the constant in 1917 to counterbalance the effect of gravity and achieve a static universe, a notion which was the accepted view at the time. Einstein abandoned the constant in 1931 after Hubble's confirmation of the expanding universe. From the 1930s until the late 1990s, most physicists agreed with Einstein's retraction, assuming the cosmological constant to be equal to zero. That changed with the surprising discovery in 1998 that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, implying the possibility of a positive value for the cosmological constant.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3050160, 10489, 39136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 121 ], [ 219, 225 ], [ 472, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the 1990s, studies have shown that, assuming the cosmological principle, around 68% of the mass–energy density of the universe can be attributed to so-called dark energy. The cosmological constant Λ is the simplest possible explanation for dark energy, and is used in the current standard model of cosmology known as the ΛCDM model.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 173937, 985963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 77 ], [ 327, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to quantum field theory (QFT) which underlies modern particle physics, empty space is defined by the vacuum state which is a collection of quantum fields. All these quantum fields exhibit fluctuations in their ground state (lowest energy density) arising from the zero-point energy present everywhere in space. These zero-point fluctuations should act as a contribution to the cosmological constant Λ, but when calculations are performed these fluctuations give rise to an enormous vacuum energy. The discrepancy between theorized vacuum energy from quantum field theory and observed vacuum energy from cosmology is a source of major contention, with the values predicted exceeding observation by some 120orders of magnitude, a discrepancy that has been called \"the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics\". This issue is called the cosmological constant problem and it is one of the greatest mysteries in science with many physicists believing that \"the vacuum holds the key to a full understanding of nature\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25267, 23259, 701188, 25267, 225982, 84400, 22105918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 33 ], [ 63, 79 ], [ 111, 123 ], [ 149, 163 ], [ 220, 232 ], [ 274, 291 ], [ 858, 887 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Einstein included the cosmological constant as a term in his field equations for general relativity because he was dissatisfied that otherwise his equations did not allow, apparently, for a static universe: gravity would cause a universe that was initially at dynamic equilibrium to contract. To counteract this possibility, Einstein added the cosmological constant. However, soon after Einstein developed his static theory, observations by Edwin Hubble indicated that the universe appears to be expanding; this was consistent with a cosmological solution to the original general relativity equations that had been found by the mathematician Friedmann, working on the Einstein equations of general relativity. Einstein reportedly referred to his failure to accept the validation of his equations—when they had predicted the expansion of the universe in theory, before it was demonstrated in observation of the cosmological redshift—as his \"biggest blunder\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 736, 424540, 12024, 3050160, 10489, 728892, 26262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 61, 76 ], [ 81, 99 ], [ 190, 205 ], [ 441, 453 ], [ 642, 651 ], [ 923, 931 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In fact, adding the cosmological constant to Einstein's equations does not lead to a static universe at equilibrium because the equilibrium is unstable: if the universe expands slightly, then the expansion releases vacuum energy, which causes yet more expansion. Likewise, a universe that contracts slightly will continue contracting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1441435, 308158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 139 ], [ 215, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the cosmological constant remained a subject of theoretical and empirical interest. Empirically, the onslaught of cosmological data in recent decades strongly suggests that our universe has a positive cosmological constant. The explanation of this small but positive value is an outstanding theoretical challenge, the so-called cosmological constant problem.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 22105918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 338, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some early generalizations of Einstein's gravitational theory, known as classical unified field theories, either introduced a cosmological constant on theoretical grounds or found that it arose naturally from the mathematics. For example, Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed that the cosmological constant version of the vacuum field equation expressed the \"epistemological\" property that the universe is \"self-gauging\", and Erwin Schrödinger's pure-affine theory using a simple variational principle produced the field equation with a cosmological term.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 932217, 2274, 9247, 23912155, 9942, 607690, 5586409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 104 ], [ 243, 267 ], [ 359, 374 ], [ 412, 419 ], [ 426, 443 ], [ 451, 457 ], [ 480, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1915, Einstein publishes his equations of General Relativity, without a cosmological constant .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 12024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1917, Einstein adds the parameter to his equations when he realizes that his theory implies a dynamic universe for which space is function of time. He then gives this constant a very particular value to force his Universe model to remain static and eternal (Einstein static universe), which he will later call \"the greatest stupidity of his life\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In 1922, the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann mathematically shows that Einstein's equations (whatever ) remain valid in a dynamic universe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 728892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1927, the Belgian astrophysicist Georges Lemaître shows that the Universe is in expansion by combining General Relativity with some astronomical observations, those of Hubble in particular.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 224698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1931, Einstein finally accepts the theory of an expanding universe and proposes, in 1932 with the Dutch physicist and astronomer Willem de Sitter, a model of a continuously expanding Universe with zero cosmological constant (Einstein-de Sitter space-time).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 591375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1998, two teams of astrophysicists, one led by Saul Perlmutter, the other led by Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess, carried out measurements on distant supernovae which showed that the speed of galaxies' recession in relation to the Milky Way increases over time. The universe is in accelerated expansion, which requires having a strictly positive . The universe would contain a mysterious dark energy producing a repulsive force that counterbalances the gravitational braking produced by the matter contained in the universe (see standard cosmological model).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 1440742, 6231333, 5950265, 2589714, 19604228, 985963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 66 ], [ 85, 98 ], [ 103, 113 ], [ 232, 241 ], [ 389, 400 ], [ 530, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For this work, Perlmutter (American), Schmidt (American-Australian), and Riess (American) jointly received the Nobel Prize in physics in 2011.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sequence of events 1915–1998", "target_page_ids": [ 1440742, 6231333, 5950265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 25 ], [ 38, 45 ], [ 73, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cosmological constant appears in the Einstein field equations in the form", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 424540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where the Ricci tensor/scalar Rμν (R is the scalar curvature) and the metric tensor gμν describe the structure of spacetime, the stress-energy tensor Tμν describes the energy and momentum density and flux of the matter in that point in spacetime, and the universal constants of gravitation and the speed of light are conversion factors that arise when using traditional units of measurement . When is zero, this reduces to the field equation of general relativity usually used in the 20thcentury. When is zero, the field equation describes empty space (the vacuum).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 276582, 285622, 2145168, 28758, 70671, 38454, 28736, 32502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 29 ], [ 44, 60 ], [ 70, 83 ], [ 114, 123 ], [ 129, 149 ], [ 278, 289 ], [ 298, 312 ], [ 559, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum, (and an associated pressure). In this context, it is commonly moved onto the right-hand side of the equation, and defined with a proportionality factor of 8: where unit conventions of general relativity are used (otherwise factors of and would also appear, i.e., where is Einstein's rescaled version of the gravitational constant). It is common to quote values of energy density directly, though still using the name \"cosmological constant\", using Planck units so that The true dimension of is length.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 1610231, 23619, 81863, 424540, 38454, 33710707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 76 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 222, 237 ], [ 370, 400 ], [ 405, 427 ], [ 546, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Using the values known in 2018 and Planck units for = and the Hubble constant ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 42975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "0 = = , ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " has the value of", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the Planck length. A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure, and vice versa. If the energy density is positive, the associated negative pressure will drive an accelerated expansion of the universe, as observed. (See Dark energy and Cosmic inflation for details.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 33710707, 19604228, 5382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 27 ], [ 285, 296 ], [ 301, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Instead of the cosmological constant itself, cosmologists often refer to the ratio between the energy density due to the cosmological constant and the critical density of the universe, the tipping point for a sufficient density to stop the universe from expanding forever. This ratio is usually denoted by and is estimated to be , according to results published by the Planck Collaboration in 2018.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 1147994, 1529775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 167 ], [ 370, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a flat universe, is the fraction of the energy of the universe due to the cosmological constant, i.e., what we would intuitively call the fraction of the universe that is made up of dark energy. Note that this value changes over time: The critical density changes with cosmological time but the energy density due to the cosmological constant remains unchanged throughout the history of the universe, because the amount of dark energy increases as the universe grows but the amount of matter does not.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 12527335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another ratio that is used by scientists is the equation of state, usually denoted , which is the ratio of pressure that dark energy puts on the universe to the energy per unit volume. This ratio is for the cosmological constant used in the Einstein equations; alternative time-varying forms of vacuum energy such as quintessence generally use a different value. The value = , measured by the Planck Collaboration (2018) is consistent with , assuming does not change over cosmic time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Equation", "target_page_ids": [ 1540704, 39137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 65 ], [ 318, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Observations announced in 1998 of distance–redshift relation for Type Ia supernovae indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, if one assumes the cosmological principle. When combined with measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation these implied a value of ΩΛ ≈ 0.7, a result which has been supported and refined by more recent measurements. If one assumes the cosmological principle, as in the case for all models using the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, while there are other possible causes of an accelerating universe, such as quintessence, the cosmological constant is in most respects the simplest solution. Thus, the Lambda-CDM model, the current standard model of cosmology which uses the FLRW metric, includes the cosmological constant, which is measured to be on the order of , in metric units. It is often expressed as (by multiplication with c, i.e. ≈) or as 10−122ℓ−2 (in units of the square of the Planck length, i.e. ≈). The value is based on recent measurements of vacuum energy density, . However, due to the Hubble tension and the CMB dipole, recently it has been proposed that the cosmological principle is no longer true in the late universe and that the FLRW metric breaks down, so it is possible that observations usually attributed to an accelerating universe are simply a result of the cosmological principle not applying in the late universe.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Positive value", "target_page_ids": [ 3728323, 173937, 7376, 173937, 343031, 39136, 39137, 36797, 985963, 42975, 173937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 83 ], [ 165, 187 ], [ 228, 265 ], [ 395, 417 ], [ 459, 501 ], [ 547, 568 ], [ 578, 590 ], [ 642, 659 ], [ 671, 687 ], [ 1076, 1090 ], [ 1099, 1109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As was only recently seen, by works of 't Hooft, Susskind and others, a positive cosmological constant has surprising consequences, such as a finite maximum entropy of the observable universe (see the holographic principle).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Positive value", "target_page_ids": [ 491714, 644448, 9891, 14286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 47 ], [ 49, 57 ], [ 157, 164 ], [ 201, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A major outstanding problem is that most quantum field theories predict a huge value for the quantum vacuum. A common assumption is that the quantum vacuum is equivalent to the cosmological constant. Although no theory exists that supports this assumption, arguments can be made in its favor.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 183089, 25267, 161253, 161253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 27 ], [ 41, 63 ], [ 93, 107 ], [ 141, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Such arguments are usually based on dimensional analysis and effective field theory. If the universe is described by an effective local quantum field theory down to the Planck scale, then we would expect a cosmological constant of the order of ( in reduced Planck units). As noted above, the measured cosmological constant is smaller than this by a factor of ~10120. This discrepancy has been called \"the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics!\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 8267, 681582, 33710707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 56 ], [ 61, 83 ], [ 169, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some supersymmetric theories require a cosmological constant that is exactly zero, which further complicates things. This is the cosmological constant problem, the worst problem of fine-tuning in physics: there is no known natural way to derive the tiny cosmological constant used in cosmology from particle physics.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 224636, 22105918, 986051, 22939, 5378, 23259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 19 ], [ 129, 158 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 196, 203 ], [ 284, 293 ], [ 299, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No vacuum in the string theory landscape is known to support a metastable, positive cosmological constant, and in 2018 a group of four physicists advanced a controversial conjecture which would imply that no such universe exists.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 2828566, 639706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 40 ], [ 205, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One possible explanation for the small but non-zero value was noted by Steven Weinberg in 1987 following the anthropic principle. Weinberg explains that if the vacuum energy took different values in different domains of the universe, then observers would necessarily measure values similar to that which is observed: the formation of life-supporting structures would be suppressed in domains where the vacuum energy is much larger. Specifically, if the vacuum energy is negative and its absolute value is substantially larger than it appears to be in the observed universe (say, a factor of 10 larger), holding all other variables (e.g. matter density) constant, that would mean that the universe is closed; furthermore, its lifetime would be shorter than the age of our universe, possibly too short for intelligent life to form. On the other hand, a universe with a large positive cosmological constant would expand too fast, preventing galaxy formation. According to Weinberg, domains where the vacuum energy is compatible with life would be comparatively rare. Using this argument, Weinberg predicted that the cosmological constant would have a value of less than a hundred times the currently accepted value. In 1992, Weinberg refined this prediction of the cosmological constant to 5 to 10 times the matter density.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 205859, 2792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 86 ], [ 109, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This argument depends on a lack of a variation of the distribution (spatial or otherwise) in the vacuum energy density, as would be expected if dark energy were the cosmological constant. There is no evidence that the vacuum energy does vary, but it may be the case if, for example, the vacuum energy is (even in part) the potential of a scalar field such as the residual inflaton (also see quintessence). Another theoretical approach that deals with the issue is that of multiverse theories, which predict a large number of \"parallel\" universes with different laws of physics and/or values of fundamental constants. Again, the anthropic principle states that we can only live in one of the universes that is compatible with some form of intelligent life. Critics claim that these theories, when used as an explanation for fine-tuning, commit the inverse gambler's fallacy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 842430, 39137, 20911, 91388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 372, 380 ], [ 391, 403 ], [ 472, 482 ], [ 847, 872 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1995, Weinberg's argument was refined by Alexander Vilenkin to predict a value for the cosmological constant that was only ten times the matter density, i.e. about three times the current value since determined.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 2885980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An attempt to directly observe dark energy in a laboratory failed to detect a new force. Inferring the presence of dark energy through its interaction with baryons in the cosmic microwave background has also lead to a negative result, although the current analyses have been derived only at the linear perturbation regime.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Predictions", "target_page_ids": [ 7376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Big Rip", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 192989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Higgs mechanism", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 644550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lambdavacuum solution", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2425949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Naturalness (physics)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4597640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quantum electrodynamics", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " de Sitter relativity", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20468824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unruh effect", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 691838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Michael, E., University of Colorado, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, \"The Cosmological Constant\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carroll, Sean M., \"The Cosmological Constant\" (short), \"The Cosmological Constant\"(extended).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 6871680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " News story: More evidence for dark energy being the cosmological constant", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cosmological constant article from Scholarpedia", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 8860147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 48 ] ] } ]

[ "Physical_cosmology", "Big_Bang", "General_relativity", "Theories_of_gravitation", "Albert_Einstein", "Astronomical_hypotheses", "Dark_energy" ]

[ "Λ", "Einstein's cosmological constant" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22939, 21476, 2970774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ], [ 54, 71 ], [ 112, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material. Optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a monotonically increasing function of optical path length, and approaches zero as the path length approaches zero. The use of the term \"optical density\" for optical depth is discouraged.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2970774, 51331, 48260, 41461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 140 ], [ 178, 191 ], [ 243, 256 ], [ 280, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In chemistry, a closely related quantity called \"absorbance\" or \"decadic absorbance\" is used instead of optical depth: the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material, that is the optical depth divided by ln 10.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5180, 480634, 174482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 123, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Optical depth of a material, denoted , is given by:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ",", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the radiant flux received by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 2970774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " is the radiant flux transmitted by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 2970774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " is the transmittance of that material.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 480927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The absorbance is related to optical depth by:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spectral optical depth in frequency and spectral optical depth in wavelength of a material, denoted and respectively, are given by:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral radiant flux in frequency transmitted by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 2970774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral transmittance in frequency of that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 480927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral radiant flux in wavelength transmitted by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 2970774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral radiant flux in wavelength received by that material;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral transmittance in wavelength of that material.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 480927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spectral absorbance is related to spectral optical depth by:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral absorbance in frequency;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " is the spectral absorbance in wavelength.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematical definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Optical depth measures the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power in a material. Attenuation can be caused by absorption, but also reflection, scattering, and other physical processes. Optical depth of a material is approximately equal to its attenuation when both the absorbance is much less than 1 and the emittance of that material (not to be confused with radiant exitance or emissivity) is much less than the optical depth:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [ 40735, 3188240, 3188240, 902820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 260 ], [ 314, 323 ], [ 366, 382 ], [ 386, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Φet is the radiant power transmitted by that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Φeatt is the radiant power attenuated by that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Φei is the radiant power received by that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Φee is the radiant power emitted by that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "T = Φet/Φei is the transmittance of that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ATT = Φeatt/Φei is the attenuation of that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "E = Φee/Φei is the emittance of that material,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and according to the Beer–Lambert law,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [ 4476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "so:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Optical depth of a material is also related to its attenuation coefficient by:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [ 12328822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "l is the thickness of that material through which the light travels;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "α(z) is the attenuation coefficient or Napierian attenuation coefficient of that material at z,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and if α(z) is uniform along the path, the attenuation is said to be a linear attenuation and the relation becomes:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sometimes the relation is given using the attenuation cross section of the material, that is its attenuation coefficient divided by its number density:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [ 7480, 2127679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 67 ], [ 136, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "σ is the attenuation cross section of that material;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "n(z) is the number density of that material at z,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and if is uniform along the path, i.e., , the relation becomes:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship with attenuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In atomic physics, the spectral optical depth of a cloud of atoms can be calculated from the quantum-mechanical properties of the atoms. It is given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 1200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "d is the transition dipole moment;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 9812205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "n is the number of atoms;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ν is the frequency of the beam;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "c is the speed of light;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 28736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ħ is Planck's constant;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 19594213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ε0 is the vacuum permittivity;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 2582879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "σ the cross section of the beam;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "γ the natural linewidth of the transition.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 177320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In atmospheric sciences, one often refers to the optical depth of the atmosphere as corresponding to the vertical path from Earth's surface to outer space; at other times the optical path is from the observer's altitude to outer space. The optical depth for a slant path is , where τ′ refers to a vertical path, m is called the relative airmass, and for a plane-parallel atmosphere it is determined as where θ is the zenith angle corresponding to the given path. Therefore,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 164633, 705635, 48909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 23 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 418, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The optical depth of the atmosphere can be divided into several components, ascribed to Rayleigh scattering, aerosols, and gaseous absorption. The optical depth of the atmosphere can be measured with a sun photometer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 26176, 57763, 1384005, 7149215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 107 ], [ 109, 117 ], [ 131, 141 ], [ 202, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The optical depth with respect to the height within the atmosphere is given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and it follows that the total atmospheric optical depth is given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ". ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In both equations:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ka is the absorption coefficient", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " w1 is the mixing ratio", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ρ0 is the density of air at sea level", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " H is the scale height of the atmosphere", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " z is the height in question", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The optical depth of a plane parallel cloud layer is given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Qe is the extinction efficiency", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " L is the liquid water path", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 224320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " H is the geometrical thickness", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " N is the concentration of droplets", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ρl is the density of liquid water", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So, with a fixed depth and total liquid water path,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ". ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In astronomy, the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original derivation is for the Sun) matches the observed total energy emitted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 50650, 38979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 18, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note that the optical depth of a given medium will be different for different colors (wavelengths) of light.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 33125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For planetary rings, the optical depth is the (negative logarithm of the) proportion of light blocked by the ring when it lies between the source and the observer. This is usually obtained by observation of stellar occultations.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 24718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Air mass (astronomy)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 705635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Absorptance", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23471261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Actinometer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1009286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aerosol", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 57763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Angstrom exponent", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5265080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Attenuation coefficient", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12328822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beer–Lambert law", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pyranometer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1009291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radiative transfer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2925371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sun photometer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7149215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Transparency and translucency", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 351077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Optical depth equations", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Scattering,_absorption_and_radiative_transfer_(optics)", "Visibility", "Spectroscopy" ]

[ "optical thickness" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Pepper or peppers may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 309148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Black pepper", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 150116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Capsicum or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 47862508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bell pepper", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 71940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chili pepper", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 74225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sichuan pepper, a strong spice", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 47839266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Alder pepper\", the flower of Alnus alnobetula", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Food and spice", "target_page_ids": [ 43594457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (band), a rock-reggae band originally from Hawaii", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 1522436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Peppers, a French male instrumental group", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 56297690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Pepper\" (song), a 1996 song by Butthole Surfers", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 4562419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Pepper\", an instrumental song by Linkin Park from LP Underground 12", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 23547116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "People and fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 25635933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peppers (name), a list of people with the surname", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "People and fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 29786099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (cryptography), a secret value added before hashing", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Science and technology", "target_page_ids": [ 46265020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (robot), a humanoid robot by Aldebaran Robotics and SoftBank Mobile", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Science and technology", "target_page_ids": [ 43019664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " PPAPI or Pepper Plugin API, an interface for web browser plugins", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Science and technology", "target_page_ids": [ 20607025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (baseball), an exercise and a game", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 5146982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (volleyball), a drill", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 7749693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Newark Peppers, a defunct Major League Baseball team in the Federal League", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 1277102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Pepper\" (The Brak Show), a 2002 episode", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 20021446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (card game), an alternate name for bid euchre", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 2609955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (dog), a Dalmatian whose death led to the U.S. Animal Welfare Act of 1966", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 35913331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper (film), a 1936 American comedy film", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 48545307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper, West Virginia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 27735447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Perets' or Pepper, a Ukrainian satirical newspaper", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 8562578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cynthia Peretti or Pepper, professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 33163878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dr Pepper, a carbonated soft drink", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7438610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper II, an early 1980s video game by Exidy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 39431114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pepper Creek (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 680642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peppercorn (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4578931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Vulcanization (British: Vulcanisation) is a range of processes for hardening rubbers. The term originally referred exclusively to the treatment of natural rubber with sulfur, which remains the most common practice. It has also grown to include the hardening of other (synthetic) rubbers via various means. Examples include silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanizing and chloroprene rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38393, 38393, 27127, 3342099, 29271473, 217524 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 83 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 323, 338 ], [ 343, 371 ], [ 376, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vulcanization can be defined as the curing of elastomers, with the terms 'vulcanization' and 'curing' sometimes used interchangeably in this context. It works by forming cross-links between sections of polymer chain which results in increased rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6494433, 842224, 1089106, 23001, 321827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 42 ], [ 46, 55 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 202, 215 ], [ 404, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word vulcanization is derived from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and forge.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12096234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rubber—latex—had been known for thousands of years in Mesoamerican cultures, used to make balls, sandal soles, rubber bands, and waterproof containers. Rubber was processed for specific applications within the Aztec empire — rubber and latex goods were processed and constructed, and then shipped to the capital for use or further distribution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5301493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early rubber tube tires in the 19th century would grow sticky on a hot road, until debris would get stuck in them and eventually the tires would burst. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Charles Goodyear, in the 1830s, was working to improve those tube tires. He tried heating up rubber in order to mix other chemicals with it. This seemed to harden and improve the rubber, though this was due to the heating itself and not the chemicals used. Not realizing this, he repeatedly ran into setbacks when his announced hardening formulas did not work consistently. One day in 1839, when trying to mix rubber with sulfur, Goodyear accidentally dropped the mixture in a hot frying pan. To his astonishment, instead of melting further or vaporizing, the rubber remained firm and, as he increased the heat, the rubber became harder. Goodyear quickly worked out a consistent system for this hardening, which he called vulcanization because of the heat involved. He obtained a patent in the same year, and by 1844 was producing the rubber on an industrial scale.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 357102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are many uses for vulcanized materials, some examples of which are rubber hoses, shoe soles, toys, erasers, shock absorbers, conveyor belts, vibration mounts/dampers, insulation materials, tires, and bowling balls. Most rubber products are vulcanized as this massively improves their lifespan, function, and strength.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In contrast with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze process that characterize the behaviour of most modern polymers), vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 182444, 321827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 30 ], [ 174, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Five types of curing systems are in common use:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sulfur systems", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peroxides", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Metallic oxides", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Acetoxysilane", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Urethane crosslinkers", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The most common vulcanizing methods depend on sulfur. Sulfur, by itself, is a slow vulcanizing agent and does not vulcanize synthetic polyolefins. Accelerated vulcanization is carried out using various compounds that modify the kinetics of crosslinking; this mixture is often referred to as a cure package.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Vulcanization with sulfur", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The main polymers subjected to sulfur vulcanization are polyisoprene (natural rubber) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which are used for most street-vehicle tires. The cure package is adjusted specifically for the substrate and the application. The reactive sites—cure sites—are allylic hydrogen atoms. These C-H bonds are adjacent to carbon-carbon double bonds. During vulcanization, some of these C-H bonds are replaced by chains of sulfur atoms that link with a cure site of another polymer chain. These bridges contain between one and several atoms. The number of sulfur atoms in the crosslink strongly influences the physical properties of the final rubber article. Short crosslinks give the rubber better heat resistance. Crosslinks with higher number of sulfur atoms give the rubber good dynamic properties but less heat resistance. Dynamic properties are important for flexing movements of the rubber article, e.g., the movement of a side-wall of a running tire. Without good flexing properties these movements rapidly form cracks, and ultimately will make the rubber article fail.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Vulcanization with sulfur", "target_page_ids": [ 57911638, 8967572, 749071, 772827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 51 ], [ 56, 68 ], [ 91, 108 ], [ 284, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The vulcanization of neoprene or polychloroprene rubber (CR rubber) is carried out using metal oxides (specifically MgO and ZnO, sometimes Pb3O4) rather than sulfur compounds which are presently used with many natural and synthetic rubbers. In addition, because of various processing factors (principally scorch, this being the premature cross-linking of rubbers due to the influence of heat), the choice of accelerator is governed by different rules to other diene rubbers. Most conventionally used accelerators are problematic when CR rubbers are cured and the most important accelerant has been found to be ethylene thiourea (ETU), which, although being an excellent and proven accelerator for polychloroprene, has been classified as reprotoxic. The European rubber industry has started a research project SafeRubber to develop a safer alternative to the use of ETU.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vulcanization of polychloroprene", "target_page_ids": [ 217524, 217524, 1738731, 1575209, 1575209, 33965170, 22277265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 29 ], [ 33, 48 ], [ 222, 238 ], [ 408, 419 ], [ 578, 588 ], [ 610, 627 ], [ 737, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone is constructed of reactive oil-based polymers combined with strengthening mineral fillers. There are two types of room-temperature vulcanizing silicone:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vulcanization of silicones", "target_page_ids": [ 65827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RTV-1 (One-component systems); hardens due to the action of atmospheric humidity, a catalyst, and acetoxysilane. Acetoxysilane, when exposed to humid conditions, will form acetic acid. The curing process begins on the outer surface and progresses through to its core. The product is packed in airtight cartridges and is either in a fluid or paste form. RTV-1 silicone has good adhesion, elasticity, and durability characteristics. The Shore hardness can be varied between 18 and 60. Elongation at break can range from 150% up to 700%. They have excellent aging resistance due to superior resistance to UV radiation and weathering.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vulcanization of silicones", "target_page_ids": [ 19916594, 4601032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 184 ], [ 436, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RTV-2 (Two-component systems); two-component products that, when mixed, cure at room-temperature to a solid elastomer, a gel, or a flexible foam. RTV-2 remains flexible from . Break-down occurs at temperatures above , leaving an inert silica deposit that is non-flammable and non-combustible. They can be used for electrical insulation due to their dielectric properties. Mechanical properties are satisfactory. RTV-2 is used to make flexible moulds, as well as many technical parts for industry and paramedical applications.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vulcanization of silicones", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ISO 2921", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33490363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Polymer stabilizers", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17153638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vulcanized fibre", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17505649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] } ]

[ "Chemical_processes" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Bolesław the Brave ( , ; 967 – 17 June 1025), less often known as Bolesław the Great (), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was also Duke of Bohemia between 1003 and 1004 as Boleslaus IV. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 214273, 26288, 26288, 223907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ], [ 93, 107 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 176, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. According to a scholarly theory, Bolesław ruled Lesser Poland already during the last years of his father's reign. Mieszko I, who died in 992, divided Poland among his sons, but Bolesław expelled his father's last wife, Oda of Haldensleben, and his half-brothers and reunited Poland between 992 and 995.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20597, 8798, 18671, 58988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 51, 69 ], [ 119, 132 ], [ 291, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław supported the missionary goals of Bishop Adalbert of Prague and Bruno of Querfurt. The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno. This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno, bishoprics were also established in Kraków, Wrocław, and Kołobrzeg, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. Following the death of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 1002, Bolesław fought a series of wars against the Holy Roman Empire and Otto's cousin and heir, Henry II, ending in the Peace of Bautzen (1018). In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev, where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's Golden Gate. Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called Szczerbiec (\"Jagged Sword\") would become the coronation sword of Poland's kings.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2108, 5031, 13277, 343248, 19796120, 60628, 152735, 258684, 343248, 50549, 16815, 33603, 17410, 13277, 38935, 27485516, 437776, 585629, 158420, 2598964, 39740, 226191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 68 ], [ 73, 90 ], [ 207, 224 ], [ 272, 291 ], [ 381, 397 ], [ 401, 408 ], [ 442, 448 ], [ 449, 475 ], [ 553, 572 ], [ 574, 584 ], [ 610, 616 ], [ 618, 625 ], [ 631, 640 ], [ 697, 714 ], [ 758, 766 ], [ 867, 875 ], [ 891, 907 ], [ 986, 990 ], [ 1026, 1038 ], [ 1118, 1129 ], [ 1178, 1188 ], [ 1223, 1233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist, and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen, Lusatia, and Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland. He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex (Latin: \"king\").", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 779652, 26830, 20216, 400543, 40674, 159283, 4345, 5188, 26288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 50 ], [ 388, 396 ], [ 398, 405 ], [ 407, 419 ], [ 421, 428 ], [ 430, 437 ], [ 443, 450 ], [ 482, 496 ], [ 581, 595 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was an able administrator who established the \"Prince's Law\" and built many forts, churches, monasteries and bridges. He introduced the first Polish monetary unit, the grzywna, divided into 240 denarii, and minted his own coinage. Bolesław I is widely considered one of Poland's most capable and accomplished Piast rulers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 607653, 22257994, 60738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 165 ], [ 171, 178 ], [ 312, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław was born in 966 or 967, the first child of Mieszko I of Poland and his wife, the Bohemian princess Dobrawa. His Epitaph, which was written in the middle of the , emphasized that Bolesław had been born to a \"faithless\" father and a \"true-believing\" mother, suggesting that he was born before his father's baptism. Bolesław was baptized shortly after his birth. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Not much is known about Bolesław's childhood. His Epitaph recorded that he underwent the traditional hair-cutting ceremony at the age of seven and a lock of his hair was sent to Rome. The latter act suggests that Mieszko wanted to place his son under the protection of the Holy See. Historian Tadeusz Manteuffel says that Bolesław needed that protection because his father had sent him to the court of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in token of his allegiance to the emperor. However, historian Marek Kazimierz Barański notes that the claim that Bolesław was sent as a hostage to the imperial court is disputed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 20597, 4345, 8798, 2606596, 80597, 2360151, 25458, 13393, 3657474, 25605367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 71 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 108, 115 ], [ 300, 320 ], [ 414, 442 ], [ 533, 566 ], [ 622, 626 ], [ 717, 725 ], [ 737, 755 ], [ 846, 872 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław's mother, Dobrawa, died in 977; his widowed father married Oda of Haldensleben who had already been a nun. Around that time, Bolesław became the ruler of Lesser Poland, through it is not exactly clear in what circumstances. Jerzy Strzelczyk says that Bolesław received Lesser Poland from his father; Tadeusz Manteuffel states that he seized the province from his father with the local lords' support; and Henryk Łowmiański writes that his uncle, Boleslav II of Bohemia, granted the region to him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 58988, 18671, 24549739, 8776383, 446165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 87 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 233, 249 ], [ 414, 431 ], [ 455, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mieszko I died on 25 May 992. The contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg recorded that Mieszko left \"his kingdom to be divided among many claimants\", but Bolesław unified the country \"with fox-like cunning\" and expelled his stepmother and half-brothers from Poland. Two Polish lords Odilien and Przibiwoj, who had supported her and her sons, were blinded on Bolesław's order. Historian Przemysław Wiszewski says that Bolesław had already taken control of the whole of Poland by 992; Pleszczyński writes that this only happened in the last months of 995.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Accession and consolidation", "target_page_ids": [ 2953769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław's first coins were issued around 995. One of them bore the inscription Vencievlavus, showing that he regarded his mother's uncle Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia as the patron saint of Poland. Bolesław sent reinforcements to the Holy Roman Empire to fight against the Polabian Slavs in summer 992. Bolesław personally led a Polish army to assist the imperial troops in invading the land of the Abodrites or Veleti in 995. During the campaign, he met the young German monarch, Otto III.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Accession and consolidation", "target_page_ids": [ 33875, 1298912, 42235, 2266560, 38935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 166 ], [ 273, 287 ], [ 399, 408 ], [ 412, 418 ], [ 481, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soběslav, the head of the Bohemian Slavník dynasty, also participated in the 995 campaign. Taking advantage of Soběslav's absence, Boleslav II of Bohemia invaded the Slavníks' domains and had most members of the family murdered. After learning of his kinsmen's fate, Soběslav settled in Poland. Bolesław gave shelter to him \"for the sake of [Soběslav's] holy brother\", Bishop Adalbert of Prague, according to the latter's hagiographies. Adalbert (known as Wojciech before his consecration) also came to Poland in 996, because Bolesław \"was quite amicably disposed towards him\". Adalbert's hagiographies suggest that the bishop and Bolesław closely cooperated. In early 997 Adalbert left Poland to proselytize among the Prussians, who had been invading the eastern borderlands of Bolesław's realm. However, the pagans murdered him on 23 April 997. Bolesław ransomed Adalbert's remains, paying its weight in gold, and buried it in Gniezno. He sent parts of the martyr bishop's corpse to Emperor Otto III who had been Adalbert's friend.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Accession and consolidation", "target_page_ids": [ 2561298, 2561195, 2108, 60628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 35, 50 ], [ 376, 394 ], [ 929, 936 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emperor Otto III held a synod in Rome where Adalbert was canonized on the emperor's request on 29 June 999. Before 2 December 999, Adalbert's brother, Radim Gaudentius, was consecrated \"Saint Adalbert's archbishop\". Otto III made a pilgrimage to Saint Adalbert's tomb in Gniezno, accompanied by Pope Sylvester II's legate, Robert, in early 1000. Thietmar of Merseburg mentioned that it \"would be impossible to believe or describe\" how Bolesław received the emperor and conducted him to Gniezno. A century later, Gallus Anonymus added that \"[m]arvelous and wonderful sights Bolesław set before the emperor when he arrived: the ranks first of the knights in all their variety, and then of the princes, lined up on a spacious plain like choirs, each separate unit set apart by the distinct and varied colors of its apparel, and no garment there was of inferior quality, but of the most precious stuff that might anywhere be found.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 2569810, 24614, 730694, 1218488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 167 ], [ 300, 312 ], [ 315, 321 ], [ 512, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław took advantage of the emperor's pilgrimage. After the Emperor's visit in Gniezno, Poland started to develop into a sovereign state, in contrast with Bohemia, which remained a vassal state, incorporated in the Kingdom of Germany. Thietmar of Merseburg condemned Otto III for \"making a lord out of a tributary\" in reference to the relationship between the Emperor and Bolesław. Gallus Anonymus emphasized that Otto III declared Bolesław \"his brother and partner\" in the Holy Roman Empire, also calling Bolesław \"a friend and ally of the Roman people\". The same chronicler mentioned that Otto III \"took the imperial diadem from his own head and laid it upon the head of Bolesław in pledge of friendship\" in Gniezno. Bolesław also received \"one of the nails from the cross of our Lord with the lance of St. Maurice\" from the Emperor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 3190225, 263385, 12810666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 236 ], [ 772, 789 ], [ 808, 819 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gallus Anonymus claimed that Bolesław was \"gloriously raised to kingship by the emperor\" through these acts, but the Emperor's acts in Gniezno only symbolized that Bolesław received royal prerogatives, including the control of the Church in his realm. Radim Gaudentius was installed as the archbishop of the newly established Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno. At the same time, three suffragan bishoprics, subordinated to the see of Gniezno—the dioceses of Kołobrzeg, Kraków and Wrocław—were set up. Bolesław had promised that Poland would pay Peter's Pence to the Holy See to obtain the pope's sanction to the establishment of the new archdiocese. Unger, who had been the only prelate in Poland and was opposed to the creation of the archdiocese of Gniezno, was made bishop of Poznań, directly subordinated to the Holy See. However, Polish commoners only slowly adopted Christianity: Thietmar of Merseburg recorded that Bolesław forced his subjects with severe punishments to observe fasts and to refrain from adultery:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 2274880, 15385878, 1864326, 5435379, 316795, 11278926, 3657517, 4376005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 326, 363 ], [ 462, 471 ], [ 473, 479 ], [ 484, 491 ], [ 549, 562 ], [ 654, 659 ], [ 773, 789 ], [ 990, 995 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the time the Emperor spent in Poland, Bolesław also showed off his affluence. At the end of the banquets, he \"ordered the waiters and the cupbearers to gather the gold and silver vessels ... from all three days' coursis, that is, the cups and goblets, the bowls and plates and the drinking-horns, and he presented them to the emperor as a toke of honor ... [h]is servants were likewise told to collect the wall-hangings and the coverlets, the carpets and tablecloths and napkins and everything that had been provided for their needs and take them to the emperor's quarters\", according to Gallus Anonymus. Thietmar of Merseburg recorded that Bolesław presented Otto III with a troop of \"three hundred armoured warriors\". Bolesław also gave Saint Adalbert's arm to the Emperor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 2784736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 288, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the meeting, Bolesław escorted Otto III to Magdeburg in Germany where \"they celebrated Palm Sunday with great festivity\" on 25 March 1000. A continuator of the chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes recorded, decades after the events, that Bolesław also accompanied Emperor Otto from Magdeburg to Aachen where Otto III had Charlemagne's tomb reopened and gave Charlemagne's golden throne to Bolesław.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 20804, 335669, 5314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 58 ], [ 179, 198 ], [ 323, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An illustrated Gospel, made for Otto III around 1000, depicted four women symbolizing Roma, Gallia, Germania and Sclavinia as doing homage to the Emperor who sat on his throne. Historian Alexis P. Vlasto writes that \"Sclavinia\" referred to Poland, proving that it was regarded as one of the Christian realms subjected to the Holy Roman Empire in accordance with Otto III's idea of Renovatio imperii—the renewal of the Roman Empire based on a federal concept. Within that framework, Poland, along with Hungary, was upgraded to an eastern foederatus of the Holy Roman Empire, according to historian Jerzy Strzelczyk.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 47718083, 145915, 24549739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 203 ], [ 537, 547 ], [ 597, 613 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Coins struck for Bolesław shortly after his meeting with the emperor bore the inscription Gnezdun Civitas, showing that he regarded Gniezno as his capital. The name of Poland was also recorded on the same coins referring to the Princes Polonie . The title princeps was almost exclusively used in Italy around that time, suggesting that it also represented the Emperor's idea of the renewal of the Roman Empire. However, Otto's premature death on 23 January 1002 put an end to his ambitious plans. The contemporaneous Bruno of Querfurt stated that \"nobody lamented\" the 22-year-old emperor's \"death with greater grief than Bolesław\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 5031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 517, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1000 Bolesław issued a law prohibiting hunting beavers and created a office called \"Bobrowniczy\" whose task was to enforce prince's ordinances.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Congress of Gniezno and its aftermath (999–1002)", "target_page_ids": [ 4399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three candidates were competing with each other for the German crown after Otto III's death. One of them, Duke Henry IV of Bavaria, promised the Margraviate of Meissen to Bolesław in exchange for his assistance against Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen who was the most powerful contender. However, Eckard was murdered on 30 April 1002, which enabled Henry of Bavaria to defeat his last opponent, Herman II, Duke of Swabia. Fearing that Henry II would side with elements in the German Church hierarchy which were unfavorable towards Poland, and taking advantage of the chaos that followed Margrave Eckard's death and Henry of Bavaria's conflict with Henry of Schweinfurt, Bolesław invaded Lusatia and Meissen. He \"seized Margrave Gero's march as far as the river Elbe\", and also Bautzen, Strehla and Meissen. At the end of July, he participated at a meeting of the Saxon lords where Henry of Bavaria, who had meanwhile been crowned king of Germany, only confirmed Bolesław's possession of Lusatia, and granted Meissen to Margrave Eckard's brother, Gunzelin, and Strehla to Eckard's oldest son, Herman. The relationship between King Henry and Bolesław became tense after assassins tried to murder Bolesław in Merseburg, because he accused the king of conspiracy against him. In retaliation, he seized and burned Strehla and took the inhabitants of the town into captivity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 27485516, 3211873, 11550264, 4754670, 11406150, 159283, 11468483, 355774, 1195607, 40674, 11614000, 11660448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 130 ], [ 145, 167 ], [ 219, 248 ], [ 393, 418 ], [ 646, 666 ], [ 685, 692 ], [ 717, 738 ], [ 775, 782 ], [ 784, 791 ], [ 796, 803 ], [ 1044, 1052 ], [ 1090, 1096 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Duke Boleslaus III of Bohemia was dethroned and the Bohemian lords made Vladivoj, who had earlier fled to Poland, duke in 1002. The Czech historian Dušan Třeštík writes that Vladivoj seized the Bohemian throne with Bolesław's assistance. After Vladivoj died in 1003, Bolesław invaded Bohemia and restored Boleslaus III who had many Bohemian noblemen murdered. The Bohemian lords who survived the massacre \"secretly sent representatives\" to Bolesław, asking \"him to rescue them from fear of the future\", according to Thietmar of Merseburg. Bolesław invaded Bohemia and had Boleslaus III blinded. He entered Prague in March 1003 where the Bohemian lords proclaimed him duke. King Henry sent his envoys to Prague, demanding that Bolesław take an oath of loyalty and pay tribute to him, but Bolesław refused to obey. He also allied himself with the king's opponents, including Henry of Schweinfurt to whom he sent reinforcements. King Henry defeated Henry of Schweinfurt, forcing him to flee to Bohemia in August 1003. Bolesław invaded the Margraviate of Meissen, but Margrave Gunzelin refused to surrender his capital. It is also likely that Polish forces took control of Moravia and the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day mostly Slovakia) in 1003 as well. The proper conquest date of the Hungarian territories is 1003 or 1015 and this area stayed a part of Poland until 1018.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 446561, 548910, 12985737, 20216, 879716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 29 ], [ 72, 80 ], [ 148, 161 ], [ 1169, 1176 ], [ 1207, 1225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Henry allied himself with the pagan Lutici, and broke into Lusatia in February 1004, but heavy snows forced him to withdraw. He invaded Bohemia in August 1004, taking the oldest brother of the blinded Boleslaus III of Bohemia, Jaromír, with him. The Bohemians rose up in open rebellion and murdered the Polish garrisons in the major towns. Bolesław left Prague without resistance, and King Henry made Jaromír duke of Bohemia on 8 September. Bolesław's ally Soběslav died in this campaign.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 27497535, 446571, 2561298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ], [ 232, 239 ], [ 462, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the next part of the offensive King Henry retook Meissen and in 1005, his army advanced as far into Poland as the city of Poznań where a peace treaty was signed. According to the peace treaty Bolesław lost Lusatia and Meissen and likely gave up his claim to the Bohemian throne. Also in 1005, a pagan rebellion in Pomerania overturned Bolesław's rule and resulted in the destruction of the newly established local bishopric.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 40674, 23723, 159283, 40674, 4345, 256323, 24261, 19483923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 63 ], [ 129, 135 ], [ 213, 220 ], [ 225, 232 ], [ 269, 276 ], [ 278, 284 ], [ 321, 330 ], [ 397, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1007, after learning about Bolesław's efforts to gain allies among Saxon nobles and giving refuge to the deposed duke of Bohemia, Oldřich, King Henry denounced the Peace of Poznań, which caused Bolesław's attack on the Archbishopric of Magdeburg as well as the re-occupation of the marches of Lusatia, though he stopped short of retaking Meissen. The German counter-offensive began three years later (previously, Henry was occupied with rebellion in Flanders), in 1010, but it was of no significant consequence. In 1012, another ineffective campaign by archbishop Walthard of Magdeburg was launched, as he died during that campaign and, consequently, his forces returned home. Later that year, Bolesław once again invaded Lusatia. Bolesław's forces pillaged and burned the city of Lubusz (Lebus). In 1013, a peace accord was signed at Merseburg. As part of the treaty, Bolesław paid homage to King Henry for the March of Lusatia (including the town of Bautzen) and Sorbian Meissen as fiefs. A marriage of Bolesław's son Mieszko with Richeza of Lotharingia, daughter of the Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia and granddaughter of Emperor Otto II, was also performed. During the brief period of peace on the western frontier that followed, Bolesław took part in a short campaign in the east, towards the Kievan Rus' territories.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 847376, 258684, 3219526, 11637980, 159283, 2628283, 21012, 11136663, 11603057, 40674, 145893, 47253, 183760, 308485, 183853, 40599, 21486360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 140 ], [ 222, 248 ], [ 361, 378 ], [ 567, 575 ], [ 725, 732 ], [ 784, 790 ], [ 838, 847 ], [ 886, 892 ], [ 915, 931 ], [ 976, 983 ], [ 987, 991 ], [ 1036, 1058 ], [ 1076, 1090 ], [ 1091, 1095 ], [ 1099, 1110 ], [ 1132, 1147 ], [ 1305, 1316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1014, Bolesław sent his son Mieszko to Bohemia in order to form an alliance with Duke Oldrich against Henry, by then crowned emperor. Oldrich imprisoned Mieszko and turned him over to Henry, who, however, released him in a gesture of good will after being pressured by Saxon nobles. Bolesław nonetheless refused to aid the emperor militarily in his Italian expedition. This led to imperial intervention in Poland and so in 1015 a war erupted once again. The war started out well for the emperor, as he was able to defeat the Polish forces at the Battle of Ciani. Once the imperial forces crossed the river Oder, Bolesław sent a detachment of Moravian knights in a diversionary attack against the Eastern March of the empire. Soon after, the imperial army, having suffered a defeat near the Bóbr marshes, retreated from Poland without any permanent gains. After this event, Bolesław's forces took the initiative. Margrave Gero II of Meissen was defeated and killed during a clash with the Polish forces in late 1015. In 1015 and 1017, Bolesław I attacked the Eastern March and was defeated twice by Henry the Strong and his forces.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 847376, 23582792, 24319082, 20216, 16897, 395179, 11660847, 11421146, 1178532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 96 ], [ 120, 135 ], [ 609, 613 ], [ 645, 652 ], [ 654, 661 ], [ 793, 797 ], [ 924, 931 ], [ 1061, 1074 ], [ 1101, 1117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later that year, Bolesław's son Mieszko was sent to plunder Meissen. His attempt at conquering the city, however, failed. In 1017, Bolesław defeated Duke Henry V of Bavaria. In that same year, supported by his Slavic allies, Emperor Henry once again invaded Poland, albeit once again to very little effect. He did besiege the cities of Głogów and Niemcza, but was unable to conquer them. The imperial forces once again were forced to retreat, suffering significant losses. Taking advantage of the involvement of Czech troops, Bolesław ordered his son to invade Bohemia, where Mieszko met very little resistance. On 30 January 1018, the Peace of Bautzen was signed. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as a part of Polish territory, and also received military aid in his expedition against Rus'. Also, Bolesław (then a widower) strengthened his dynastic bonds with the German nobility through his marriage with Oda, daughter of Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. The wedding took place four days later, on 3 February in the castle of Cziczani (also Sciciani, at the site of either modern Groß-Seitschen or Zützen).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Expansion (1002–1019)", "target_page_ids": [ 40674, 4742873, 322107, 4491336, 151873, 4345, 437776, 159283, 145893, 21486360, 23554081, 11550264, 49557, 10308612, 5909045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 67 ], [ 154, 172 ], [ 336, 342 ], [ 347, 354 ], [ 512, 517 ], [ 561, 568 ], [ 636, 652 ], [ 724, 731 ], [ 759, 764 ], [ 858, 862 ], [ 979, 982 ], [ 1005, 1024 ], [ 1087, 1093 ], [ 1151, 1165 ], [ 1169, 1175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław organized his first expedition east, to support his son-in-law Sviatopolk I of Kiev, in 1013, but the decisive engagements were to take place in 1018 after the peace of Budziszyn was already signed. At the request of Sviatopolk I, in what became known as the Kiev Expedition of 1018, the Polish duke sent an expedition to Kievan Rus' with an army of 2,000–5,000 Polish warriors, in addition to Thietmar's reported 1,000 Pechenegs, 300 German knights, and 500 Hungarian mercenaries. After collecting his forces during June, Bolesław led his troops to the border in July and on 23 July at the banks of the Bug River, near Wołyń, he defeated the forces of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, in what became known as the Battle of the River Bug. All primary sources agree that the Polish prince was victorious in battle. Yaroslav retreated north to Novgorod, opening the road to Kiev. The city, which suffered from fires caused by the Pecheneg siege, surrendered upon seeing the main Polish force on 14 August. The entering army, led by Bolesław, was ceremonially welcomed by the local archbishop and the family of Vladimir I of Kiev. According to popular legend Bolesław notched his sword (Szczerbiec) hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev. Although Sviatopolk lost the throne soon afterwards and lost his life the following year, during this campaign Poland re-annexed the Red Strongholds, later called Red Ruthenia, lost by Bolesław's father in 981.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "War in Kiev", "target_page_ids": [ 158420, 437776, 3272867, 21486360, 2953769, 682784, 17106358, 73374, 605701, 18523076, 42213, 585629, 12753861, 177891, 21488120, 585629, 682784, 40575, 39740, 2598964, 404123, 400543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 84 ], [ 169, 187 ], [ 268, 283 ], [ 331, 342 ], [ 403, 411 ], [ 429, 438 ], [ 468, 477 ], [ 478, 489 ], [ 613, 622 ], [ 629, 634 ], [ 662, 679 ], [ 691, 695 ], [ 725, 748 ], [ 754, 768 ], [ 853, 861 ], [ 883, 887 ], [ 939, 947 ], [ 1119, 1137 ], [ 1195, 1205 ], [ 1215, 1230 ], [ 1373, 1388 ], [ 1403, 1415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historians dispute the exact date of Bolesław's coronation. Some believe that since the year 1000, the Polish ruler had been asking the Pope to consent to his coronation, following the Congress of Gniezno. Independent German sources clearly confirmed that after Henry II's death in 1024, Bolesław took advantage of the interregnum in Germany and crowned himself king in 1025. The exact date and place of the coronation remain unknown. It is generally assumed that the coronation took place on Easter, 18 April, although Tadeusz Wojciechowski believes that the coronation took place prior to this, on 24 December 1024. The basis for this assertion is that the coronations of kings were usually held during religious festivities. It is most likely that the place for the coronation was Gniezno. Poland was thus raised to the rank of a kingdom before its neighbor Bohemia. Others (like Johannes Fried) believe that the coronation of 1025 was only the renewal of a previous coronation performed in 1000 (multiple coronations were common at the time).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Last years (1019–1025)", "target_page_ids": [ 226191, 23056, 343248, 368411, 9325, 20786635, 60628, 4345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 58 ], [ 136, 140 ], [ 185, 204 ], [ 319, 330 ], [ 493, 499 ], [ 520, 541 ], [ 784, 791 ], [ 861, 868 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wipo of Burgundy in his Chronicle describes this event:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Last years (1019–1025)", "target_page_ids": [ 4893047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hence it is assumed that Bolesław received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX, who at that point had a bad relationship with the Holy Roman Empire. Stanisław Zakrzewski put forward the theory that the coronation had the tacit consent of Conrad II and that the pope only confirmed this fact. This is corroborated by Conrad's confirmation of the royal title to Mieszko II, his agreement with the counts of Tusculum, and the papal interactions with Conrad and Bolesław.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Last years (1019–1025)", "target_page_ids": [ 239810, 13387567, 44399, 4386215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 91 ], [ 162, 182 ], [ 251, 260 ], [ 408, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław I died shortly after his coronation on 17 June, most likely from an illness. The location of Bolesław's burial site is uncertain. According to Jan Długosz (and followed by modern historians and archaeologists), he was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań. In the 14th century, King Casimir III the Great reportedly ordered the construction of a Gothic sarcophagus, to which he transferred Bolesław's remains.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Last years (1019–1025)", "target_page_ids": [ 16417, 1472650, 7362, 894938, 188863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 163 ], [ 241, 297 ], [ 325, 346 ], [ 388, 394 ], [ 395, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sarcophagus was partially destroyed in 1772 during a fire, and completely destroyed a few years later in 1790 due to the collapse of the south tower. Then, the remains were moved to the Chapter house, where three bone fragments where donated to Tadeusz Czacki (in 1801, at his request). Czacki, a notable Polish historian, pedagogue, and numismatist, placed one of the bone fragments in his ancestral mausoleum in Poryck (now Pavlivka) in the Volhynia region; the other two were given to Princess Izabela Czartoryska née Flemming, who placed them in her recently founded Czartoryski Museum in Puławy. After many historical twists, the burial place of Bolesław I ultimately remained at Poznań Cathedral, in the Golden Chapel. The content of his epitaph is known to historians. It is Bolesław's epitaph, which, in part, came from the original tombstone, that is one of the first sources (dated to the period immediately after Bolesław's death, probably during the reign of Mieszko II) that gave the King his widely known nickname of \"Brave\" (Polish: Chrobry). Later, Gallus Anonymus, in Chapter 6 of his Gesta principum Polonorum, named the Polish ruler as Bolezlavus qui dicebatur Gloriosus seu Chrabri.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Last years (1019–1025)", "target_page_ids": [ 771964, 6366885, 13740735, 405978, 1127448, 1764221, 386889, 10074, 1218488, 4370821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 203 ], [ 249, 263 ], [ 430, 438 ], [ 447, 455 ], [ 501, 520 ], [ 575, 593 ], [ 597, 603 ], [ 748, 755 ], [ 1069, 1084 ], [ 1106, 1131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg recorded Bolesław's marriages, also mentioning his children. Bolesław's first wife was a daughter of Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen. Historian Manteuffel says that the marriage was arranged in the early 980s by Mieszko I who wanted to strengthen his links with the Saxon lords and to enable his son to succeed Rikdag in Meissen. Bolesław \"later sent her away\", according to Thietmar's Chronicon. Historian Marek Kazimierz Barański writes that Bolesław repudiated his first wife after her father's death in 985 which left the marriage without any political value.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 2953769, 3744670, 3107662, 2953769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 41 ], [ 143, 149 ], [ 151, 170 ], [ 413, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław \"took a Hungarian woman\" as his second wife. Most historians identify her as a daughter of the Hungarian ruler Géza, but this theory has not been universally accepted. She gave birth to a son, Bezprym, but Bolesław repudiated her.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 13131, 1692166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 124 ], [ 202, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław's third wife, Emnilda, was \"a daughter of the venerable lord, Dobromir\". Her father was a West Slavic or Lechitic prince, either a local ruler from present-day Brandenburg who was closely related to the imperial Liudolfing dynasty, or the last independent prince of the Vistulans, before their incorporation into Poland. Wiszewski dates the marriage of Bolesław and Emnilda to 988. Emnilda exerted a beneficial influence on Bolesław, reforming \"her husband's unstable character\", according to Thietmar of Merseburg's report. Bolesław's and Emnilda's oldest (unnamed) daughter \"was an abbess\" of an unidentified abbey. Their second daughter Regelinda, who was born in 989, was given in marriage to Herman I, Margrave of Meissen in 1002 or 1003. Mieszko II Lambert who was born in 990 was Bolesław's favorite son and successor. The name of Bolesław's and Emnilda's third daughter, who was born in 995, is unknown; she married Sviatopolk I of Kiev between 1005 and 1012. Bolesław's youngest son, Otto, was born in 1000.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 21659185, 3765, 22644, 2336920, 24139405, 11660448, 20596, 158420, 24146873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 30 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 221, 231 ], [ 279, 288 ], [ 649, 658 ], [ 706, 735 ], [ 753, 771 ], [ 933, 953 ], [ 1002, 1006 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolesław's fourth marriage, from 1018 until his death, was to Oda ( 995 – 1025), daughter of Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. They had a daughter, Matilda ( 1018 – 1036), betrothed (or married) on 18 May 1035 to Otto of Schweinfurt.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 23554081, 11550264, 4689182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 65 ], [ 102, 121 ], [ 209, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marriages and Issue:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oda/Hunilda?, daughter of Rikdag", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 3744670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unknown Hungarian woman (sometimes identified as Judith of Hungary):", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 21747925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bezprym (c. 986 – 1032) – became Duke of Poland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 1692166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emnilda, daughter of Dobromir:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 21659185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unknown abbess of an unidentified abbey", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Regelinda (c. 989 – 21 March aft. 1014), married Herman I, Margrave of Meissen becoming Margravine of Meissen", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 11660448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mieszko II Lambert (c. 990 – 10/11 May 1034), became king and subsequently duke of Poland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 20596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unknown daughter, married Grand Prince Sviatopolk I of Kiev and became Grand Princess of Kiev", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 158420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Otto Bolesławowic (c.1000 – 1033)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 24146873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oda of Meissen", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 23554081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matilda (c. 1018-1036), betrothed to Otto of Schweinfurt but the marriage was rejected.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 4689182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bolesław Chrobry Tournament – speedway event named after the King", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22821573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Castle Chrobry in Szprotawa", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17459124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crown of Bolesław I the Brave", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28196466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of Poland (966–1385)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27041853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Life of the Five Brethren by Bruno of Querfurt (Translated by Marina Miladinov)\" (2013). In Saints of the Christianization Age of Central Europe (Tenth-Eleventh Centuries) (Edited by Gábor Klaniczay, translated by Cristian Gaşpar and Marina Miladinov, with an introductory essay by Ian Wood) [Central European Medieval Texts, Volume 6.]. Central European University Press. pp.183–314. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Life of Saint Adalbert Bishop of Prague and Martyr (Translated by Cristian Gaşpar)\" (2013). In Saints of the Christianization Age of Central Europe (Tenth-Eleventh Centuries) (Edited by Gábor Klaniczay, translated by Cristian Gaşpar and Marina Miladinov, with an introductory essay by Ian Wood) [Central European Medieval Texts, Volume 6.]. Central European University Press. pp.77–182. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (Translated and annotated by David A. Warner) (2001). Manchester University Press. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Deeds of Conrad II (Wipo)\" (2000). In Imperial Lives & Letters of the Eleventh Century (Translated by Theodor E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison, with a historical introduction and new suggested readings by Karl F. Morrison, edited by Robert L. Benson). Columbia University Press. pp.52–100. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles (Translated and annotated by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer with a preface by Thomas N. Bisson) (2003). CEU Press. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "967_births", "1025_deaths", "10th-century_Polish_monarchs", "11th-century_Polish_monarchs", "People_from_Poznań", "Polish_Christians", "All_articles_with_unsourced_statements", "Piast_dynasty", "Burials_at_Poznań_Cathedral", "10th-century_Christians", "10th-century_Polish_people", "11th-century_Polish_people", "Christian_monarchs", "Dukes_of_Poland", "Dukes_of_Bohemia" ]

[ "Boleslaus I" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Robert Broom FRS FRSE (30 November 1866 6 April 1951) was a British- South African doctor and palaeontologist. He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 510795, 3267095, 31717, 17416221, 23084, 430822, 39569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 16 ], [ 17, 21 ], [ 60, 68 ], [ 69, 81 ], [ 94, 109 ], [ 175, 178 ], [ 196, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of zoology and geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 910541, 452252, 264249, 9090970, 6653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 78 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 145, 169 ], [ 177, 197 ], [ 199, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Broom was born at 66 Back Sneddon Street in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the son of John Broom, a designer of calico prints and Paisley shawls, and Agnes Hunter Shearer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 319744, 3485007, 197025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ], [ 53, 65 ], [ 132, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1893, he married Mary Baird Baillie, his childhood sweetheart.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In his medical studies at the University of Glasgow Broom specialised in obstetrics. After graduating in 1895 he travelled to Australia, supporting himself by practising medicine. He settled in South Africa in 1897, just prior to the South African War. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch (later Stellenbosch University), but was forced out of this position for promoting belief in evolution. He established a medical practice in the Karoo region of South Africa, an area rich in Therapsid fossils. Based on his continuing studies of these fossils and mammalian anatomy he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920. Following the discovery of the Taung child he became interested in the search for human ancestors and commenced work on much more recent fossils from the dolomite caves north-west of Johannesburg, particularly Sterkfontein Cave (now part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site). As well as describing many mammalian fossils from these caves he identified several hominin fossils, the most complete of which was an Australopithecine skull, nicknamed Mrs Ples, and a partial skeleton that indicated that Australopithecines walked upright.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 42720, 910541, 1312499, 204092, 496064, 1767352, 614362, 560504, 2556665, 3157936, 1047029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 251 ], [ 353, 376 ], [ 491, 496 ], [ 537, 546 ], [ 655, 668 ], [ 709, 720 ], [ 888, 900 ], [ 923, 942 ], [ 1049, 1056 ], [ 1100, 1117 ], [ 1135, 1143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Broom died in Pretoria, South Africa in 1951.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 25002, 17416221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 22 ], [ 24, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Broom was first known for his study of mammal-like reptiles. After Raymond Dart's discovery of the Taung Child, an infant australopithecine, Broom's interest in palaeoanthropology was heightened. Broom's career seemed over and he was sinking into poverty, when Dart wrote to Jan Smuts about the situation. Smuts, exerting pressure on the South African government, managed to obtain a position for Broom in 1934 with the staff of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria as an Assistant in Palaeontology.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contributions", "target_page_ids": [ 204092, 254124, 1767352, 204687, 526272, 25002, 23084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 59 ], [ 67, 79 ], [ 99, 110 ], [ 275, 284 ], [ 433, 449 ], [ 453, 461 ], [ 481, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the following years, he and John T. Robinson made a series of spectacular finds, including fragments from six hominins in Sterkfontein, which they named Plesianthropus transvaalensis, popularly called Mrs. Ples, but which was later classified as an adult Australopithecus africanus, as well as more discoveries at sites in Kromdraai and Swartkrans. In 1937, Broom made his most famous discovery, by defining the robust hominin genus Paranthropus with his discovery of Paranthropus robustus. These discoveries helped support Dart's claims for the Taung species.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contributions", "target_page_ids": [ 614362, 1047029, 1627000, 7956659, 2466175, 5921085, 23561, 2165269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 137 ], [ 204, 213 ], [ 258, 284 ], [ 326, 335 ], [ 340, 350 ], [ 376, 397 ], [ 436, 448 ], [ 471, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For his volume, The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae, in which he proposed the Australopithecinae subfamily, Broom was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1946.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contributions", "target_page_ids": [ 28306572, 46510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 176 ], [ 186, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The remainder of Broom's career was devoted to the exploration of these sites and the interpretation of the many early hominin remains discovered there. He continued to write to the last. Shortly before his death he finished a monograph on the Australopithecines and remarked to his nephew:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contributions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Now that's finished ... and so am I.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contributions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Broom was a nonconformist and was deeply interested in the paranormal and spiritualism; he was a critic of Darwinism and materialism. Broom was a believer in spiritual evolution. In his book The Coming of Man: Was it Accident or Design? (1933) he claimed that \"spiritual agencies\" had guided evolution as animals and plants were too complex to have arisen by chance. According to Broom, there were at least two different kinds of spiritual forces, and psychics are capable of seeing them. Broom claimed there was a plan and purpose in evolution and that the origin of Homo sapiens is the ultimate purpose behind evolution. According to Broom \"Much of evolution looks as if it had been planned to result in man, and in other animals and plants to make the world a suitable place for him to dwell in.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Spiritual evolution", "target_page_ids": [ 149119, 156861, 200732, 8411, 19376, 535928, 9236, 682482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ], [ 59, 69 ], [ 74, 86 ], [ 107, 116 ], [ 121, 132 ], [ 158, 177 ], [ 292, 301 ], [ 568, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After discovering the skull of Mrs. Ples, Broom was asked if he excavated at random, Broom replied that spirits had told him where to find his discoveries.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Spiritual evolution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Among hundreds of articles contributed by him to scientific journals, the most important include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Fossil Reptiles of South Africa\" in Science in South Africa (1905)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Reptiles of Karroo Formation\" in Geology of Cape Colony (1909)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder Girdle\" in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Comparison of Permian Reptiles of North America with Those of South Africa\" in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles\" in Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society (1911).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae (1946).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Books", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The origin of the human skeleton: an introduction to human osteology (1930)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals (1932)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The coming of man: was it accident or design? (1933)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The South African fossil ape-man: the Australopithecinae (1946)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sterkfontein ape-man Plesianthropus (1949)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Finding the missing link (1950)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Broom is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian blind snake, Anilios broomi.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 39736, 12763479, 28343711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ], [ 79, 90 ], [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of fossil sites (with link directory)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2866717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of hominina fossils (with images)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6771226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6495785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Talbot Robinson, co-discoverer of Mrs Ples.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 54267696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "PanAfrican Archaeological Association", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 69088465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biographies: Robert Broom, TalkOrigins Archive", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 4156540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Broom: A Short Bibliography of his Evolutionary Works, MPRInstitute.org site.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "British metaphysics as reflected in Robert Broom's evolutionary theory, translation of an article by Václav Petr published in Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 75(1): 73–85. Praha 2000. Text and photos displayed entire at the MPRInstitute.org site.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1866_births", "1951_deaths", "20th-century_British_scientists", "20th-century_British_zoologists", "20th-century_Scottish_medical_doctors", "20th-century_Scottish_writers", "Alumni_of_the_University_of_Glasgow", "Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society", "Non-Darwinian_evolution", "Paleoanthropologists", "People_from_Renfrewshire", "Physical_anthropologists", "Royal_Medal_winners", "Scottish_palaeontologists", "Scottish_scholars_and_academics", "Scottish_spiritualists", "South_African_obstetricians", "South_African_paleontologists", "South_African_writers", "Stellenbosch_University_faculty", "Taxa_named_by_Robert_Broom", "Theistic_evolutionists", "Wollaston_Medal_winners", "Writers_from_Paisley,_Renfrewshire", "Presidents_of_the_Southern_Africa_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" ]

[ "Broom" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Science and engineering", "target_page_ids": [ 187317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antennae Galaxies, the name of two colliding galaxies NGC 4038 and NGC 4039", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Science and engineering", "target_page_ids": [ 1111758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (biology), one of one or more pairs of appendages used for sensing in arthropods", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Science and engineering", "target_page_ids": [ 187315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (journal), the journal of the Royal Entomological Society", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Science and engineering", "target_page_ids": [ 2943106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ANT1, a Greek-language terrestrial channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 332639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena Internațional, a Romanian television channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 5801392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena 1 (Romania), a Romanian television channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 305666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena 2 (Romania), a Romanian television channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 10497274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena 3 (Romania), a Romanian television channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 2257861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena 3 (Spain), a Spanish terrestrial television channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 726607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna TV, a U.S. television channel established in 2011 by Tribune Broadcasting", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 20133719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RDP Antena 1, Portuguese public radio station", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 12823930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RDP Antena 2, Portuguese public radio station", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 12823981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RDP Antena 3, Portuguese public radio station", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 12824056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena Radio Jelah, Bosnian commercial radio station from Tešanj", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 67247665, 1757768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 59, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena Sarajevo, Bosnian commercial radio station from Sarajevo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 40102388, 26786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 56, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radio Antena M, Montenegrin commercial radio station from Podgorica", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 5456412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\", an episode of the Adult Swim animated television series, Aqua Teen Hunger Force", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 88324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (film), a satirical 1969 Dutch film directed by Adriaan Ditvoorst", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 22644084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (magazine), a web publication owned by Townsquare Media, formerly a print magazine", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 1362272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna Awards, an annual awards ceremony for television programs broadcast on Australia's Channel 31 stations", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 17092672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna Documentary Film Festival, an international film festival held in Sydney, Australia", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 59765064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (band), an American indie rock band", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 19175253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antena, a French-Belgian synth pop band, led by Isabelle Antena (a pseudonym for Isabelle Powaga)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 6172772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (record label), a South Korean record label", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 31986576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antennae (album), a 1997 album by jazz guitarist Joe Morris", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 42468498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (Cave In album), 2003", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 6962574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (GO!GO!7188 album), 2009", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 21997477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna (ZZ Top album), 1994", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 278429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\" (song), a 2013 song released by Fuse ODG", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 39427661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\", a single by The Church from Starfish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 4885785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\", a song by Kraftwerk from Radio-Activity", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 555353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\", a single by Sonic Youth band from The Eternal", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 21509708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Antenna\", a song released by Bonobo on the album The North Borders", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 38508902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aerial (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 155492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antenna array", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31417095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ "English_words" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 41684, 20852570, 340201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 91 ], [ 93, 100 ], [ 105, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of the superstructure or separate interior rooms, sometimes for fire safety", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 254677, 11383147, 11350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 70 ], [ 92, 96 ], [ 113, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Glass walls (a wall in which the primary structure is made of glass; does not include openings within walls that have glass coverings: these are windows)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 49400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Border barriers between countries", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40601687, 5165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 25, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brick walls", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Defensive walls in fortifications", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 139114, 204118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 20, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Permanent, solid fences", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 42273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Retaining walls, which hold back dirt, stone, water, or noise sound", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 521079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stone walls", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Walls that protect from oceans (seawalls) or rivers (levees)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1018642, 43024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 54, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term wall comes from Latin vallum meaning \"...an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades, a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification...\" while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 44934944, 153859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 76 ], [ 86, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "English uses the same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer, in Spanish between pared and muro.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 8569916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Defensive wall", "target_page_ids": [ 44934944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The purposes of walls in buildings are to support roofs, floors and ceilings; to enclose a space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing. Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed walls or mass-walls. In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components: the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall or panelling). Mass-walls are of a solid material including masonry, concrete including slipform stonemasonry, log building, cordwood construction, adobe, rammed earth, cob, earthbag construction, bottles, tin cans, straw-bale construction, and ice. Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to the local building and/or fire codes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 26118, 82926, 844811, 3500286, 1105937, 43982, 2071443, 67043, 331784, 1302352, 20857, 5371, 4725497, 27158110, 695742, 682, 513965, 421129, 841877, 9930380, 9904516, 341395, 1347326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 54 ], [ 57, 62 ], [ 68, 75 ], [ 112, 129 ], [ 276, 293 ], [ 297, 305 ], [ 389, 401 ], [ 602, 612 ], [ 655, 662 ], [ 666, 675 ], [ 723, 730 ], [ 732, 740 ], [ 751, 772 ], [ 774, 786 ], [ 788, 809 ], [ 811, 816 ], [ 818, 830 ], [ 832, 835 ], [ 837, 858 ], [ 860, 867 ], [ 869, 877 ], [ 879, 902 ], [ 908, 911 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding. Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Drained cladding also known as screened walls acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so a moisture barrier such as housewrap or felt paper inside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes a drainage plane or air gap allows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier cladding relies on maintaining a leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems, structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 4649499, 15515444, 21779320, 3308982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 393, 402 ], [ 406, 416 ], [ 664, 674 ], [ 860, 896 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 61309, 18816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 103 ], [ 117, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In architecture and civil engineering, curtain wall refers to a building facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 21296224, 5762, 332666, 960581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 20, 37 ], [ 73, 79 ], [ 92, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 166784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mullion walls are a structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide a room, primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing, and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth, plastic, plasterboard, wood, blocks of clay, terracotta, concrete, and glass.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 11383147, 960581, 26145195, 331784, 33550, 174241, 1103580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 81 ], [ 145, 157 ], [ 244, 251 ], [ 253, 265 ], [ 267, 271 ], [ 289, 299 ], [ 301, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 4989597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24\", 16\", or at 12\").", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 25292204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass) increases light and solar heat transmission.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 331784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Movable partitions", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sliding—a series of panels that slide in tracks fixed to the floor and ceiling, similar sliding doors", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sliding and folding doors —similar to sliding folding doors, these are good for smaller spans", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Folding partition walls - a series of interlocking panels suspended from an overhead track that when extended provide an acoustical separation, and when retracted stack against a wall, ceiling, closet, or ceiling pocket.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Screens—usually constructed of a metal or timber frame fixed with plywood and chipboard and supported with legs for free standing and easy movement", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 699422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pipe and drape—fixed or telescopic uprights and horizontals provide a ground supported drape system with removable panels.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 23539828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between occupants in a building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 340201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in the spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Such walls have no windows, and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall—and have wall penetrations sealed with special materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a rated fire door. Fire walls provide varying resistance to the spread of fire, some intended to last one to four hours. Firewalls, generally, can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections. When constructed in this manner the fire wall can also be referred to as an area separation wall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 2166999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 456, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as the steel plate shear wall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 15134330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in the top floor rooms of houses. In a -story house, the knee wall supports the half story.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two \"skins\" to inhibit heat transfer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A half wall that only extends partway from floor to ceiling, without supporting anything", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A stem wall—a concrete wall that extends from the foundation slab to the cripple wall or floor joists", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A cripple wall—a framed wall from the stem wall or foundation slab to the floor joists", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Glass walls (unitesed panels or butt joint),", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 2784287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Laminated particle board walls (this may also include other finishes, such as whiteboards, cork board, magnetic, etc., typically all on purpose-made wall studs)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 1340719, 270925, 5708497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ], [ 91, 101 ], [ 149, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Drywall", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 331784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Building wall", "target_page_ids": [ 67029, 344123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 46 ], [ 57, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On a ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called a bulkhead. A thinner wall between cabins is called a partition.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Shipbuilding", "target_page_ids": [ 974191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences. The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called a fence—but one of masonry is a wall. A common term for both is barrier, which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha—which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as a barrier (to cattle, for example).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Boundary wall", "target_page_ids": [ 42273, 42273, 20857, 40601687, 3722, 1536068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 117 ], [ 389, 394 ], [ 406, 413 ], [ 451, 458 ], [ 549, 560 ], [ 606, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the invention of artillery, many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word \"wall\" derives from Latin vallum—a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example in Rome, Italy and Beijing, China. Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Boundary wall", "target_page_ids": [ 2508, 5391, 139114, 3932469, 25458, 14532, 18603746, 5405, 5094570, 18618416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 33 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 110, 139 ], [ 232, 238 ], [ 449, 453 ], [ 455, 460 ], [ 465, 472 ], [ 474, 479 ], [ 545, 564 ], [ 569, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border. These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography. The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably the Great Wall of China, a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is the Berlin Wall, which surrounded the enclave of West Berlin and separated it from East Germany for most of the Cold War era. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Border wall", "target_page_ids": [ 40601687, 247613, 79239, 5094570, 5405, 3722, 4848945, 33170, 13058, 325329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 85 ], [ 158, 164 ], [ 242, 252 ], [ 323, 342 ], [ 391, 396 ], [ 472, 483 ], [ 506, 513 ], [ 517, 528 ], [ 551, 563 ], [ 580, 588 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Retaining wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Retaining walls resist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on the other side. A dike is a retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Retaining wall", "target_page_ids": [ 521079, 43024, 43024, 693334, 1018642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 209, 213 ], [ 243, 248 ], [ 265, 275 ], [ 288, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking a wall on one side will break the wall on the other side.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Shared wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions divide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Portable wall", "target_page_ids": [ 18774101, 19779797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ], [ 41, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A temporary wall is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2\" (6mm) to 5⁄8\" (16mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known as pressurized walls or temporary pressurized walls.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Temporary wall", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fictional and symbolic walls", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used a metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5079506, 149116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 153, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem \"Mending Wall\", published in 1914.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 53011, 25951, 5480712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 13, 26 ], [ 27, 39 ], [ 135, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones, The Wall plays multiple important roles: as a colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 12300, 12301, 20715044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 22 ], [ 25, 47 ], [ 86, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historical walls", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall, constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3722, 26779, 3354, 21133, 33622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 60, 72 ], [ 83, 89 ], [ 95, 99 ], [ 104, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Social media walls", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic \"wall\" to log the scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the \"timeline\" feature.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Walls in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7529378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ashlar", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1281802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemise (wall)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5415788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clay panel", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 56620190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Climbing wall", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fabric structure", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17856623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hy-Rib", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43431532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of walls", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 75251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sleeper wall", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14357922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stone wall", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4354345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tensile structure", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 947383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Terraced wall", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 65063585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thin-shell structure", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6257181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wallpaper ", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 253947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] } ]

[ "Walls", "Archaeological_features", "Home", "Property_law", "Structural_system" ]

[ "walls" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Robert Peter Williams (born 13 February 1974) is an English singer and songwriter. He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1990 to 1995, and achieved commercial success after launching a solo career in 1996. His discography includes seven UK No. 1 singles, and all but one of his 12 studio albums have reached No. 1 in the UK. Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the UK, with two of them in the top 60, and he gained a Guinness World Record in 2006 for selling 1.6 million tickets in a single day during his Close Encounters Tour.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 371370, 3496733, 32377588, 18442691, 100796, 6808964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 135 ], [ 226, 241 ], [ 328, 343 ], [ 377, 417 ], [ 467, 488 ], [ 556, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has received a record 18 Brit Awards, winning Best British Male Artist four times, Outstanding Contribution to Music twice, an Icon Award for his lasting impact on British culture, eight German ECHO Awards, and three MTV European Music Awards. In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted the Greatest Artist of the 1990s. According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), he has been certified for 20.2 million albums and 8.4 million singles in the UK as a solo artist. Five of his albums have also topped the Australian albums chart, and has sold 75 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. He additionally topped the 2000–2010 UK airplay chart. His three concerts at Knebworth in 2003 drew over 375,000 people, the UK's biggest music event to that point. In 2014, he was awarded the freedom of his home town of Stoke-on-Trent, as well as having a tourist trail created and streets named in his honour.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 362662, 41629643, 2627994, 870071, 1329947, 3897803, 48071584, 1291598, 5327182, 173333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ], [ 55, 79 ], [ 203, 214 ], [ 226, 251 ], [ 287, 308 ], [ 378, 407 ], [ 553, 576 ], [ 643, 681 ], [ 748, 769 ], [ 904, 918 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After 15 years, Williams rejoined Take That in 2010 to co-write and perform lead vocals on their album Progress, which became the second-fastest-selling album in UK chart history and the fastest-selling record of the century at the time. The subsequent stadium tour, which featured seven songs from Williams' solo career, became the biggest-selling concert in UK history when it sold 1.34 million tickets in less than 24 hours. In 2011, Take That frontman Gary Barlow confirmed that Williams had left the band for a second time to focus on his solo career, although he stated that the departure was amicable and that Williams was welcome to rejoin Take That in the future. Williams has since performed with Take That on three separate television appearances, and collaborated with Barlow on a number of projects such as the West End musical The Band.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22931111, 29359233, 755424, 1154952, 53014932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 111 ], [ 242, 265 ], [ 456, 467 ], [ 824, 832 ], [ 841, 849 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Peter Williams was born on 13 February 1974 in Stoke-on-Trent, the son of Janet (née Farrell) and Peter Williams (also known as Pete Conway), who ran a pub called the Red Lion in Burslem before his father became the licensee at the Port Vale FC Social Club. His maternal grandfather was an Irishman from Kilkenny. He attended St Margaret Ward Catholic School in Tunstall and participated in several school plays, with his biggest role being the Artful Dodger in a production of Oliver!", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 173333, 1266131, 203456, 92621, 49610773, 2302650, 167666, 99017 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 68 ], [ 186, 193 ], [ 239, 251 ], [ 311, 319 ], [ 333, 365 ], [ 369, 377 ], [ 452, 465 ], [ 485, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1990, the sixteen-year-old Williams was the youngest member to join Take That. According to the documentary For the Record, his mother read an advertisement seeking members for a new boy band and suggested that he try out for the group. He met fellow member Mark Owen on the day of his audition/interview with Nigel Martin-Smith. Although the majority of the group's material was written and performed by Gary Barlow, Williams performed lead vocals on their first Top Three hit \"Could It Be Magic\", as well as \"I Found Heaven\", and \"Everything Changes\". Williams' use of alcohol and cocaine brought him into conflict with Martin-Smith over the behaviour rules for Take That members.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 710710, 10519252, 755424, 4132537, 9891826, 9891984, 18948043, 7701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 271 ], [ 314, 332 ], [ 409, 420 ], [ 483, 500 ], [ 515, 529 ], [ 537, 555 ], [ 575, 582 ], [ 587, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 1994, Williams's drug abuse had escalated; he had a near drug overdose the night before the group was scheduled to perform at the MTV Europe Music Awards. According to the documentary For the Record, he was unhappy with his musical ideas not being taken seriously by lead singer Barlow and Martin-Smith; his desire to explore hip hop and rap conflicted with Take That's usual ballads. Barlow explained in interviews that Williams had given up trying to offer creative input.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 870071, 18945847, 18945847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 165 ], [ 338, 345 ], [ 350, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Noting Williams' increasingly belligerent behaviour and poor attendance at rehearsals, and worried that he might leave the group during their upcoming tour, Orange and Barlow took their concerns to Martin-Smith. During one of the last rehearsals before the tour commenced, the three confronted Williams about his attitude and stated they wanted to do the tour without him. He agreed to quit and left the group in July 1995; it would be the last time for twelve years that they were all together. Despite the departure of Williams, Take That completed their Nobody Else Tour as a four-piece. They later disbanded on 13 February 1996, Williams's 22nd birthday.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 557, 573 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shortly afterwards, Williams was photographed by the press partying with the members of Oasis at Glastonbury Festival. Following his departure, he became the subject of talk shows and newspapers as he acknowledged his plans to become a solo singer, and he was spotted partying with George Michael in France. However, a clause in his Take That contract prohibited him from releasing any material until after the group was officially dissolved, and he was later sued by Martin-Smith and forced to pay $200,000 in commission. After various legal battles over his right to a solo career, Williams succeeded in getting released from his contract with BMG. On 27 June 1996, Williams signed with Chrysalis Records.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 161515, 79026, 45985, 288106, 240114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 93 ], [ 97, 117 ], [ 282, 296 ], [ 646, 649 ], [ 689, 706 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By March 2009, Williams had shown interest in rejoining Take That; however, the band completed their The Circus Live without him. In spite of rumours that Williams was working in New York with Take That in September that year, by the day of the Children in Need charity concert at The Royal Albert Hall in November they were still performing separately. However, both did join with the other acts in the final song of the evening, with Williams putting his arm around Gary Barlow and singing \"Hey Jude\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 371370, 22798849, 645042, 1073488, 179238, 155452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 65 ], [ 101, 116 ], [ 179, 187 ], [ 245, 261 ], [ 281, 302 ], [ 493, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 15 July 2010, Williams reconciled with his former colleagues and rejoined Take That. In November 2010 the Take That album Progress was released, becoming the fastest selling album since 2000 and the second fastest selling album in UK history. The group travelled across the UK on their Progress Live tour, which included eight nights at Wembley Stadium in London, then continued across Europe. The tour was the fastest selling in UK history with ticket hotlines and websites crashing under the demand.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 22931111, 29359233, 8913012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 133 ], [ 289, 302 ], [ 340, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2012, Take That performed at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. Williams was due to perform with Take That but missed the performance because his wife gave birth at around the same time; the group performed as a four-piece.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 36229610, 2176142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 59 ], [ 67, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although still officially part of the Take That, Williams chose not to return for group's seventh and eighth studio albums and their accompanying tours, focusing instead on his solo commitments. He continued to write music with his colleagues and performed with the group on several occasions since 2011's Progress tour and planned on return for a full tour to celebrate Take That's 30th anniversary in 2019.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Take That", "target_page_ids": [ 44067840, 52076119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 97 ], [ 102, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams launched his solo career in 1996 with a cover of George Michael's \"Freedom\", which reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. Recordings for Williams's first album began at London's Maison Rouge studios in March 1997. Shortly after his introduction to songwriter and producer Guy Chambers, Williams released \"Old Before I Die\", the first single from his debut album. The single reached number two on the UK Charts; however, it was largely ignored on international charts. His debut album, Life thru a Lens, was released in September 1997. The album launched with his first live solo gig at the Élysée Montmartre theatre in Paris, France. The album debuted at number eleven on the UK Albums Chart.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 45985, 2712941, 3349146, 1142642, 2867977, 1025425, 4041834, 2465857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 76, 83 ], [ 118, 134 ], [ 286, 298 ], [ 319, 335 ], [ 499, 515 ], [ 604, 621 ], [ 690, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Angels\", the fourth single, is Williams' best-seller in the United Kingdom. The song, apart from becoming a hit around Europe and Latin America, caused sales of his album to skyrocket. The album remained in the British top ten for forty weeks and spent 218 weeks there altogether, making it the 58th best selling album in UK history with sales of over 2.4million. The album eventually managed to sell over three million copies in Europe.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 2029170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams and Chambers started writing the second album, I've Been Expecting You, in Jamaica in early 1998. The first single, \"Millennium\", accompanied with a music video featuring Williams parodying James Bond, complete with tuxedo and references to Bond films like Thunderball and From Russia with Love, became Williams' first solo number one single in the United Kingdom. It also became a top twenty hit in many European countries, Latin America and Australia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 1342357, 1406513, 15604, 39087, 6152265, 6446071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 79 ], [ 126, 136 ], [ 199, 209 ], [ 225, 231 ], [ 266, 277 ], [ 282, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "I've Been Expecting You was released in late October 1998 and debuted at number one in the UK Albums Chart. The album received more attention outside the United Kingdom, leaving its mark in the European and Latin American markets with hits such as \"No Regrets\", a collaboration with The Pet Shop Boys' singer Neil Tennant and The Divine Comedy's Neil Hannon. \"She's the One\", a cover of a World Party track written by Karl Wallinger, became Williams' second UK number-one single. Williams finished the year with a European Tour late in 1999. I've Been Expecting You sold almost 3million copies in the UK and was certified 10× Platinum by the BPI. In Europe, the album sold over 4million copies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 1342357, 1407901, 51641, 320612, 31140, 179874, 318684, 318689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 249, 259 ], [ 287, 300 ], [ 309, 321 ], [ 326, 343 ], [ 346, 357 ], [ 389, 400 ], [ 418, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999, Williams was signed to Capitol Records in the United States, a part of EMI. He embarked on a United States promotional tour and released his first United States and Canadian single, \"Millennium\". The compilation album The Ego Has Landed was released in July 1999 in the United States and Canada. In the middle of promotion and the tours in 1999, Williams began work on his third studio album.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 174650, 140624, 1406513, 2853884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 47 ], [ 80, 83 ], [ 192, 202 ], [ 227, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first single taken from the album was \"Rock DJ\", a song inspired by Williams's UNICEF mentor, the late Ian Dury. The video created by Fred & Farid showed Williams in an attempt to get noticed by a group of females, first stripping and then tearing chunks of skin and muscle from his body, and caused controversy in the United Kingdom and many other countries. The video was edited by Top of the Pops for its graphic content and many other channels followed suit. The song became an instant hit, reaching number one in the UK (becoming his third number one single as a solo artist) and New Zealand. The song went on to win \"Best Song of 2000\" at the MTV Europe Music Awards, \"Best Single of the Year\" at the Brit Awards and an MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 1032628, 19698110, 43492, 237031, 870071, 362662, 477230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 50 ], [ 83, 89 ], [ 107, 115 ], [ 388, 403 ], [ 653, 676 ], [ 711, 722 ], [ 730, 776 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the album, Sing When You're Winning was released in August 2000, it topped the charts in many different countries. In the UK the album was certified 2× Platinum on its first week of release. After the success of his third album, Williams wanted to take another musical direction. He took two weeks off from his tour to record Swing When You're Winning, his fourth studio album. Born from his lifelong love for Frank Sinatracombined with the success of the track \"Have You Met Miss Jones?\" that he recorded for the film Bridget Jones' Diary in 2001the album was recorded at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 1080953, 2846305, 11181, 7810800, 1774803, 12873010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 40 ], [ 331, 356 ], [ 415, 428 ], [ 468, 492 ], [ 524, 544 ], [ 578, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams took the chance to duet with his long-time friend Jonathan Wilkes, Little Voice star Jane Horrocks, Saturday Night Live star Jon Lovitz, Rupert Everett and actress Nicole Kidman. The first single released from the album was a duet with Kidman, on \"Somethin' Stupid\". Originally a hit for Frank and Nancy Sinatra, the song became Williams' fifth number one hit in the UK. It eventually went on to become one of the biggest hits of 2001. \"Beyond the Sea\" was featured over the credits of the film Finding Nemo in 2003 and was also released on the film's soundtrack CD. A DVD, Robbie Williams Live at the Albert Hall, was released in December of that year. So far, it has become one of the best selling music DVDs in Europe, being certified 6× Platinum in the United Kingdom and 2× Platinum in Germany.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 5323445, 153103, 506739, 320736, 21504, 2845728, 11181, 21683, 239587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 74 ], [ 94, 107 ], [ 134, 144 ], [ 146, 160 ], [ 173, 186 ], [ 257, 273 ], [ 297, 302 ], [ 307, 320 ], [ 504, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, Williams signed a record-breaking £80million contract with EMI. The contract included a number of provisos, including the label ceding greater creative control to the artist and a commitment to breaking Williams into the US market. So far it is the biggest music deal in British history. The deal was brokered by Ingenious Media, a UK corporate finance advisory business. Williams began working on what would be his fifth studio album, spending a year in the recording studio. The album heralded a new era for Williams. He had taken a more active role in the making of this album. \"One Fine Day\", \"Nan's Song\", and \"Come Undone\" were the first songs that Williams wrote without the input of Guy Chambers. Most of the songs were recorded in Los Angeles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 21559570, 2867811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 322, 337 ], [ 626, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The album's first single, \"Feel\", written by Williams and Chambers, was recorded as a demo. When they started working on the album and were trying to re-record the vocals, Williams felt unsatisfied with it, so he decided to include the demo version and then release it as the first single. When the single was released in late 2002, it became Williams' biggest international hit, going number one in The Netherlands and Italy, as well as reaching the top ten in many European countries. When Williams' fifth studio album, Escapology, was released in late 2002, it hit number one in at least 10 countries around the world. In the United States, however, it failed to make such an impact. Escapology sold almost 2million copies by the end of 2003 in the United Kingdom. On 1–3 August 2003, Williams played three consecutive concerts at Knebworth to 125,000 people each night, making it the biggest event in UK music history. Memorable performances included \"Come Undone\" where he interjected with \"Britain, I'm Your Son\", and further interacted with the audience when he brought a girl up on stage. In October 2003, Williams released a live album of the concerts, Live at Knebworth.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 2864295, 1349950, 5327182, 2846474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 31 ], [ 522, 532 ], [ 822, 843 ], [ 1162, 1179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2004, Williams released, Greatest Hits, a retrospective of his career, and also, to reveal the new tracks he had been working on with the then-new collaborator, Stephen Duffy. \"Radio\", the compilation's first single, debuted at number one in the UK Singles Chart (becoming Williams' sixth number-one hit). When the compilation was later released it debuted at number one in the UK and was the best selling album of the year in the UK and Europe. Eight years after the release of \"Angels\", the British public voted it as the \"Best Single of the Past Twenty-Five Years\" at the 2005 Brit Awards.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 2846384, 212194, 2845618, 3349146, 10501519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 49 ], [ 172, 185 ], [ 188, 193 ], [ 257, 273 ], [ 586, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After touring Latin America in late 2004 for the promotion Greatest Hits, Williams started working on his sixth studio album. Recorded at his house in the Hollywood Hills, the album was co-written by Stephen Duffy over the course of 24 months. The album Intensive Care was launched in Berlin on 9 October. It became an international hit. In November 2005, Williams took home the MTV Europe Music Award for 'Best Male', but also, entered in The Guinness Book of World Records when he announced his World Tour for 2006, selling 1.6million tickets in one single day. Williams kicked off his Close Encounters World Tour in South Africa in April 2006, when he finished his European leg of the tour. 2.5million people had seen the show, and after touring Latin America and Australia the numbers went up to 3million.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 871371, 212194, 1976590, 870071, 100796, 6808964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 170 ], [ 200, 213 ], [ 254, 268 ], [ 379, 401 ], [ 440, 474 ], [ 588, 615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams released his much anticipated dance/electro album, Rudebox, on 23 October 2006. It featured collaborations with the Pet Shop Boys, William Orbit, Soul Mekanik, Joey Negro, Mark Ronson, Chris Grierson, and The Orr Boys. It received mixed reviews: Allmusic gave it a four star rating, the NME 8 out of 10, and Music Week and MOJO were equally positive, but it received much weaker reviews from some of the British press. The album sold 2× Platinum in Europe with sales of over 2million making it the fastest platinum-selling album of 2006. To promote his album, Williams commissioned a series of short films. Goodbye to the Normals was directed by Jim Field Smith and features \"Burslem Normals\" by Williams.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 35897865, 51641, 225040, 1704675, 2885151, 156699, 3046653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 67 ], [ 125, 138 ], [ 140, 153 ], [ 169, 179 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 296, 299 ], [ 655, 670 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 2009, it was confirmed that Williams had written material with Guy Chambers and Mark Ronson. A spokesman said that Williams was planning to begin the recording sessions in March and that the new album would be released in late 2009. This will probably be the last Williams album released by EMI. On his official website, Williams confirmed that he was working with producer Trevor Horn on his new album, which would eventually be titled Reality Killed the Video Star, a reference to the song \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" by Horn's former band The Buggles. The album was released on 9 November 2009 in the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 2885151, 176078, 23820388, 392424, 41977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 103 ], [ 386, 397 ], [ 449, 478 ], [ 505, 532 ], [ 556, 567 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 11 October 2009 Williams published a 12-track compilation album, titled Songbook, as a free CD for the newspaper The Mail on Sunday. That same evening, Williams made his \"comeback\" on The X Factor results show, performing his new single \"Bodies\" for the first time live. On 20 October 2009 Williams opened the BBC Electric Proms at the London RoundHouse. It was his first live concert for 3 years and was broadcast across 200 cinemas worldwide. Accompanied by a string section, horn section, full band and producer Trevor Horn, Williams performed several new tracks from Reality Killed the Video Star and older tracks.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 24594293, 8944898, 14724189, 24214453, 886315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 83 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 242, 248 ], [ 347, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reality Killed the Video Star was previewed in the UK on the Spotify music streaming service on 6 November 2009, and official released on 9 November. In a high-profile chart battle, Williams' album was pitted against X Factor 2008 runners-up JLS who released their debut album the same day. JLS beat Williams to the number one spot by 1500 sales. The album was also released in the United States (Williams' first album to be released there since 2002's Escapology). In late November 2009, Williams travelled to Australia to perform at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 20148343, 14724189, 20684964, 24992468, 24194193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ], [ 217, 225 ], [ 242, 245 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 539, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2010, Williams released his second greatest hits album, The Greatest Hits 1990–2010, to celebrate 20 years as a performing artist. A single, \"Shame\", was also released, which was written and sung by Williams and Barlow.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 27635013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 21 October 2011 Williams signed with Island Records (Universal Music), following his departure from his previous record label EMI in 2010.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 92360, 209901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 54 ], [ 56, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams was the opening act at the Diamond Jubilee Concert, which was co-organised by Gary Barlow, held outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012. During the end of August his official website began a countdown to the release of information regarding his latest solo material, with an image of his face and his mind unveiled daily as the countdown expired. Titled Take the Crown, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart making it Williams' tenth number one album. It also marked the second time that Williams had a number one single (\"Candy\") and album at the same time on the chart. The first time was in 2001 when \"Somethin' Stupid\" and Swing When You're Winning were number one on the singles and albums chart respectively.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 35564388, 755424, 3969, 36903750, 2465857, 2845728, 2846305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 59 ], [ 87, 98 ], [ 113, 130 ], [ 364, 378 ], [ 419, 434 ], [ 632, 648 ], [ 654, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The album's lead single, \"Candy\", premiered on 10 September 2012 and was released on 11 September in most countries and 29 October in the UK. In the UK, \"Candy\" became Williams' first number one single since \"Radio\" (2004) and his seventh solo number one single. In its first week the song has sold 137,000 copies becoming the fastest-selling male artist single of the year. On 26 November 2012 Williams announced a 17 date stadium tour of Europe. Williams also confirmed that the support act for the tour would be Olly Murs who also duets with him on \"Kids\". Universal and EMI merged in 2012, bringing Williams' Chrysalis/Virgin recordings full circle to Universal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 37023799, 2845618, 37750378, 24594902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 31 ], [ 209, 214 ], [ 416, 446 ], [ 515, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2013, Williams announced a follow up to his 2001 swing album, titled Swings Both Ways for release in November. The album features covers and original songs, whilst also including duet recordings with Michael Bublé, Olly Murs, Rufus Wainright, Lily Allen and Kelly Clarkson. In November 2013 Williams made a cameo appearance in the video to Murs's song \"Hand on Heart\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 40511364, 621503, 24594902, 652663, 5007334, 414848, 40969210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 98 ], [ 213, 226 ], [ 228, 237 ], [ 239, 254 ], [ 256, 266 ], [ 271, 285 ], [ 366, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams released a compilation album entitled Under the Radar Volume 1 on 1 December 2014 through his website, featuring leftovers and unreleased songs. \"[These are] loads and loads of songs that I have written that I am incredibly passionate about, I want you to hear them, otherwise they are just going to remain in my computer!\" Williams claims that Guy Chambers \"is not happy\" about these songs being released online: \"He thinks I am a lunatic for not putting them on an album that we have promoted with TV performances and at radio stations and a big tour,\" Williams said. \"But I am an impetuous bugger, and I want them out now, now, now!\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 44578099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2016, it was announced that Williams had signed a recording contract with Sony Music. In a statement, Williams said: \"They're [Sony Music] inspired, I'm inspired. I'm more ready than I ever have been and I'm totally convinced I'm in the right place. I look forward to working on this album, which is an album I'm immensely proud of, in this exciting new partnership with Sony Music.\" The Heavy Entertainment Show became his 12th UK number-one album, putting him level with Madonna. In July 2017, Williams announced a new album, Under the Radar Volume 2, which was released in November 2017. A third edition in the Under the Radar series was released on Valentine's Day of 2019.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 1071662, 51742928, 32377588, 142056, 54522840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 391, 419 ], [ 431, 455 ], [ 480, 487 ], [ 535, 559 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 June 2018, Williams performed at the 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia. Williams sang ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 57675697, 400814, 19004, 25391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 79 ], [ 92, 108 ], [ 112, 118 ], [ 120, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Let Me Entertain You\" and \"Feel\" before he performed a duet of \"Angels\" with Russian soprano Aida Garifullina. Williams then performed an encore with \"Rock DJ\", during which he gave the finger. Fox in the U.S. apologised for the incident which they had broadcast live. The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore. Williams appeared on This Morning on 19 June and explained what happened, \"It was one minute to kick off, I was under a lot of pressure, because there was one minute left and I didn't know how I was going to do half a minute, so I just did a one-minute countdown [using his middle finger].\" Asked by presenter Phillip Schofield whether he regrets it, he said: \"Yeah, of course, yeah. I cannot trust me. I don't know what I'm going to do at any time. There's no, sort of, plan. The plan was, sing in key, don't fall over. That was the plan and 99% of the plan, I pulled off.\" When asked did the idea just enter his head he responded, \"Nothing actually pops into my head. There's a block between me and sense... then something happens and then five minutes later, I'm like, 'Did I? Yeah, I did, didn't I?\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 2863955, 2864295, 2029170, 42488955, 1032628, 188800, 46252, 58089, 1814822, 1140024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 28, 32 ], [ 65, 71 ], [ 94, 110 ], [ 152, 159 ], [ 183, 193 ], [ 195, 198 ], [ 300, 303 ], [ 373, 385 ], [ 662, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 17 July 2018, Williams along with his wife, and One Direction star Louis Tomlinson, were announced as the new judges on the fifteenth series of The X Factor in the UK, joining Simon Cowell and replacing Louis Walsh, Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 31772741, 40136993, 55666706, 14724189, 276890, 1075932, 165939, 6803715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 64 ], [ 70, 85 ], [ 127, 143 ], [ 147, 159 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 206, 217 ], [ 219, 234 ], [ 239, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 22 November, Williams released his first Christmas album titled The Christmas Present, which features guest appearances from boxer Tyson Fury, Rod Stewart, Jamie Cullum, Helene Fischer and Bryan Adams. The album debuted at number two on the UK Charts behind Coldplay's Everyday Life. The album sold over 67,000 copies, which is identical sales to his previous studio album release The Heavy Entertainment Show, Williams also sold over 10,000 cassettes in 7 days, which is the most in two decades. The following week saw Williams' album go to #1 in the UK, outselling the nearest competitor Rod Stewart by 5,000 copies. This was Williams' 13th UK number-one album, tying Elvis Presley for the most UK number-one albums. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 62086678, 14723736, 105407, 268260, 29366882, 192892, 80103, 62120888, 51742928, 105407, 32377588, 9288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 88 ], [ 134, 144 ], [ 146, 157 ], [ 159, 171 ], [ 173, 187 ], [ 192, 203 ], [ 261, 269 ], [ 272, 285 ], [ 384, 412 ], [ 593, 604 ], [ 641, 665 ], [ 673, 686 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 25 February 2022, it was revealed that Williams had teamed up with his regular collaborators Tim Metcalfe and Flynn Francis to record the trance track \"Sway\" under the new alias 'Lufthaus'. In April 2022, The Guardian observed that while Williams \"remains a big draw\", he was no longer guaranteed hits and was \"now more likely to be playlisted on Smooth Radio than BBC Radio 1\". Williams said he was working on more experimental music, which he likened to David Bowie and Lou Reed, but said: \"Do I unashamedly want to still be one of the biggest artists in the world? Yeah, I do ... I've had an interesting first half of my life. I’d like an interesting second half, too.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 45561447, 19344515, 42093114, 4348, 8786, 59533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 108 ], [ 209, 221 ], [ 351, 363 ], [ 369, 380 ], [ 460, 471 ], [ 476, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 7 June 2022, Williams announced that his thirteenth studio album, XXV, would be released on 9 September 2022. It will feature new versions of his hit songs, plus new material. On the same day as this announcement, Williams released \"Angels XXV\", a reworked version of \"Angels\". On 10 June 2022, \"Angels (XXV)\" reached number 92 on the UK Official Singles Sales Chart, rising to 74 a week later. On 5 August 2022, Williams released the single \"Lost\", also taken from the forthcoming XXV album.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Solo career", "target_page_ids": [ 70961626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robbie Williams collaborated with Australian pop star Kylie Minogue on the song \"Kids\". The single peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in 2000 and was later selected to be part of the music of Grand Theft Auto V. Williams also collaborated with Australian film star Nicole Kidman on a cover of Frank and Nancy Sinatra's \"Somethin' Stupid\". The single reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in 2001. His single \"No Regrets\" featured Neil Tennant, and Neil Hannon on backing vocals. In 2001, Williams recorded \"We Are the Champions\" with Queen for the 2001 medieval adventure film A Knight's Tale.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 16894, 1406563, 3349146, 47949068, 21504, 11181, 21683, 2845728, 1407901, 146788, 42010, 65669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 81, 85 ], [ 125, 141 ], [ 191, 218 ], [ 273, 286 ], [ 301, 306 ], [ 311, 324 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 420, 430 ], [ 518, 538 ], [ 545, 550 ], [ 588, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, Williams appeared on the track \"My Culture\" on the 1 Giant Leap album, alongside rapper Maxi Jazz (which features lyrics from the hidden track \"Hello Sir\" from Life thru a Lens). Williams also features on a double CD titled Concrete which was released on the same day as Rudebox. The CD features a concert recorded for the BBC featuring the Pet Shop Boys and Williams singing their classic hit \"Jealousy\". Their joint effort, \"She's Madonna\", was released as a single in March 2007. On 13 August 2007, a Dean Martin duets album was released, on which Williams sings \"Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 13036844, 442205, 975345, 1025425, 7935138, 151603, 5934080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 60, 72 ], [ 97, 106 ], [ 169, 185 ], [ 436, 449 ], [ 513, 524 ], [ 576, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010 he announced the release of \"Shame\", a duet with Take That lead singer songwriter Gary Barlow, as the first single from his greatest hits collection, The Greatest Hits 1990–2010, which was certified silver in the UK and charted in 19 countries worldwide. In 2010, Williams and comedian/actor Russell Brand along with Frank Skinner, David Baddiel and singer-songwriter Ian Broudie (of The Lightning Seeds), under the name \"The Squad\", recorded a new version of \"Three Lions\", the England football team's song, for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In 2012, Williams recorded a duet with Mexican recording artist Thalía for the Spanish song \"Te quiero dijiste (Muñequita linda)\", included on her album Habítame Siempre.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 27635013, 755424, 1996436, 552873, 377865, 984110, 984089, 923910, 168079, 363163, 37430287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 42 ], [ 90, 101 ], [ 301, 314 ], [ 326, 339 ], [ 341, 354 ], [ 377, 388 ], [ 393, 412 ], [ 470, 481 ], [ 526, 545 ], [ 611, 617 ], [ 700, 716 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019 he collaborated with British comedian Jimmy Carr, co-writing the lyrics for \"Live in Las Vegas\" – the opening song of Williams's residency at the Wynn Las Vegas. A studio version of the song has been recorded excerpts of which have been used in promotional material for the show, but the song is not yet available for download.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 717551, 753611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 56 ], [ 154, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005 Williams provided the voice of Dougal in the film adaption of The Magic Roundabout. On 26 August 2010, it was announced Williams would become a guest vocal coach on the ninth series of German reality television show Girls forever to teach candidates for a girl group.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 2349209, 2349209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 66 ], [ 70, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 20 September 2010, Williams released his second book called You Know Me in collaboration with Chris Heath. The book features a collection of photographs of Williams from the past 20 years of his career and discussion of them by Williams as transcribed by Heath. Williams launched a radio show titled Radio Rudebox on 6 October 2011 where he played music and interviewed Gary Barlow.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Williams recorded the song \"It's Only Us\" as the theme for the FIFA video game FIFA 2000. As part of the agreement to license the track EA Sports included Port Vale, the football club Williams supports, in the game, despite only being in the third tier of the English football league system.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 5571558, 649954, 2090345, 419056, 203456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 40 ], [ 63, 67 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 136, 145 ], [ 155, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams features in his own karaoke video game, We Sing Robbie Williams, which was released on 12 November 2010 by Nordic Games Publishing AB.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 28513469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Williams founded a football team called Los Angeles Vale F.C. Williams formed the club with other celebrity friends after building his own soccer pitch at his home in Los Angeles. The club was named after Williams' hometown club, Port Vale, and its logo was very similar. The club supposedly was disbanded in 2007, reportedly after Williams discovered two players had swindled him out of £200,000.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 203456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 36 ], [ 239, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, Williams announced he was working with entrepreneur Peter Jones in developing a clothing line called Farrell in honour of his grandfather Jack Farrell. Although the business had filed for bankruptcy, it was later relaunched in 2014 with support of clothing company Primark.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 25721578, 1994831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 72 ], [ 274, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2018, it was announced that Williams and Guy Chambers would write the music and lyrics (with a book by Mark Ravenhill) for the stage musical adaptation of David Walliams children's book The Boy in the Dress for the Royal Shakespeare Company. The musical opened in November 2019 at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon where it ran for an 18-week season earning rave reviews from the critics and audiences.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other projects", "target_page_ids": [ 2925227, 649748, 57528327, 167785, 353955, 58882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 120 ], [ 158, 172 ], [ 189, 209 ], [ 218, 243 ], [ 288, 313 ], [ 315, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been claimed that Williams has sold more albums in the UK than any other British solo artist in history and has won more BRIT Awards than any other artist to date. His records sales stands at over 77 million worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time. Williams was entered in The Guinness Book of World Records when, after he announced his World Tour for 2006, 1.6million tickets were sold in one day.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1291598, 100796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 280 ], [ 306, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian wrote Williams is \"a perfect meeting of ego, self-deprecation and hits\", adding \"there really is nobody else, in pop music anyway, who combines monumental hamminess and bone-deep vulnerability quite so effectively.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19344515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He has received a record eighteen Brit Awards—Best British Male Artist four times, two awards for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the 2017 Brits Icon for his \"lasting impact on British culture\", and eight German ECHO awards. In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, after being voted as the Greatest artist of the 1990s. He appeared in the 2009 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records when his sell-out show at the BBC Electric Proms at London's Roundhouse was screened by more than 250 cinemas across 23 countries to set a new record for the most simultaneous cinematic screenings of a live concert. Williams appears in the list of the all-time Top 100 biggest selling albums in the UK six times–with four albums in the top 60.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 362662, 41629643, 2627994, 1329947, 18442691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ], [ 46, 70 ], [ 218, 222 ], [ 265, 286 ], [ 730, 755 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, the British public voted \"Angels\" the song they would most like played at their funeral. In October 2009, it was announced that he would receive the Outstanding Contribution to British Music award at the 2010 Brit Awards. In September 2010, Williams switched on the Blackpool illuminations, stating that it was one of the greatest honours he had achieved. In October, Media Control named Williams the most successful album-artist of the millennium due to the fact that he had spent No. 1 on the German Albums Chart for 38 weeks since 2000. He also reached that chart's Top Ten 135 times.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2029170, 25884594, 1774475, 6170448, 6170448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 275, 298 ], [ 377, 390 ], [ 504, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was ranked at No. 11 the greatest frontman of all time in a reader poll by Q magazine.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 511253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his childhood, Williams was influenced by swing musicians such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. The first records he listened to were released by Nat King Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Ella Fitzgerald and Cole Porter, which belonged to his mother. At the age of 10, he got into Hip hop and started collecting Electro albums; and when he started his solo career in the ‘90s, he was influenced by Britpop bands such as Oasis, Blur and Pulp.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 11181, 151603, 194551, 166538, 167032, 50350, 53360, 18945847, 9510, 43006, 161515, 43007, 82116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 86 ], [ 88, 99 ], [ 105, 119 ], [ 171, 184 ], [ 186, 199 ], [ 201, 216 ], [ 221, 232 ], [ 294, 301 ], [ 325, 332 ], [ 411, 418 ], [ 433, 438 ], [ 440, 444 ], [ 449, 453 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a singer, his influences include Tom Jones, Freddie Mercury, Elvis Presley and Bono. He worked with Tom Jones several times throughout his career: They performed together at the Brit Awards in 1998; the following year, they recorded a cover of the song \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\" for Jones’ album Reload; and in 2012, Williams and Jones worked together again on the song \"On My Own\", b-side of his single \"Different\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 45968, 42068, 9288, 76772, 30864697, 616920, 37724457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ], [ 47, 62 ], [ 64, 77 ], [ 82, 86 ], [ 257, 280 ], [ 299, 305 ], [ 408, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams also feels great admiration for Freddie Mercury and Queen. In 2001, Williams, Brian May and Roger Taylor released a new version of \"We Are the Champions\" for the movie A Knight's Tale. He also revealed that he was once asked to be the new frontman of Queen, but that he turned down the offer because of his \"very low self-esteem\". He said: \"I just thought I'd save them the audacity of me even trying to step on a stage and be in the same echelon as Freddie Mercury. Because he, to me, is angelic. He's godlike. It was just too scary.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 42069, 182494, 146788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 96 ], [ 101, 113 ], [ 141, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has revealed that he does the \"Elvis Prayer\" before going on stage at every concert. In 2000, he got a tattoo of the phrase \"Elvis Grant Me Serenity\" and he also played as an Elvis impersonator in the music video for his song \"Advertising Space\" (2005).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3309654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Speaking to BBC Radio 2 in February 2021, Williams cited Ian Dury as his biggest inspiration as a lyricist. He sings on \"You're the Why\", the final track of the posthumously released album Ten More Turnips from the Tip (2002).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 43492, 8088109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ], [ 189, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Contemporary artists have expressed their admiration for Williams and have cited him as one of their influences. The English rapper Example admitted his obsession with Williams and how he had been inspired by Williams’ performances when he was younger. He described his own performance on stage as \"a combination of rap, rock and Robbie Williams\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 9355587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ed Sheeran, in an interview with El Hormiguero, revealed that the first album he ever bought was \"Life Thru A Lens\". English pop singer Olly Murs paid tribute to Williams' \"Angels\" music video in the music video for his single \"Hand on Heart\". And one of Louis Tomlinson's earliest influences was Robbie Williams, of whom he declares a big fan.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30528002, 24594902, 40969210, 40136993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 136, 145 ], [ 228, 241 ], [ 255, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, Williams emigrated to Los Angeles. He briefly moved back to the UK in 2009 when he bought an £8.5million mansion in Compton Bassett, but sold the property a year later to move back to Los Angeles. In 2017, he sold his mansion in Beverly Hills to DJ Khaled for $9.9 million. In 2016, he moved into Woodland House, a £17 million mansion in the Kensington area of London. His next-door neighbour there is Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, who has lived in The Tower House since 1972. In 2018, Page delayed Williams' plans for an underground swimming pool, stating that construction work would damage The Tower House.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 18110, 1895074, 75346, 48375799, 38294964, 54732, 17867, 17909, 102096, 5743782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 42 ], [ 125, 140 ], [ 238, 251 ], [ 255, 264 ], [ 306, 320 ], [ 351, 361 ], [ 370, 376 ], [ 411, 423 ], [ 434, 444 ], [ 463, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has reportedly battled mental illness, obesity, self-esteem issues, alcoholism, and substance abuse throughout his life. He has discussed how his friend Elton John booked him into a clinic to cope with his drug use that emerged from the depression he was experiencing while still in Take That.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 19356, 56435, 2396733, 2965, 102959, 5052197, 8389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 46 ], [ 48, 55 ], [ 57, 75 ], [ 77, 87 ], [ 93, 108 ], [ 162, 172 ], [ 246, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams revealed in 2011 he had been experiencing lethargy caused by a type of hormone imbalance called andropause for a number of years, and thought at first it was a return of his depression. In a June 2020 interview with Weight Watchers Magazine, he revealed that he had developed an addiction to online golf games.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 8481210, 8500076, 1630471, 4041101, 594473, 2292497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 59 ], [ 80, 97 ], [ 105, 115 ], [ 183, 193 ], [ 225, 240 ], [ 288, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has a strong interest in UFOs and related paranormal phenomena, and pursued this interest during his 2007–08 sabbatical. His interest in the subject led to him taking part in a documentary for BBC Radio 4 with Jon Ronson. The documentary followed them to a UFO convention in Nevada, during which Williams connected his interest in the paranormal with the desire to understand his childhood fears of his mother's interest in \"the world's mysteries, elves, demons, [and] witchcraft\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 31814, 156861, 72758, 646659, 21216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 37 ], [ 51, 61 ], [ 202, 213 ], [ 219, 229 ], [ 284, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams featured in a 2018 TV documentary Hunt for the Skinwalker by Jeremy Corbell, and revealed that his partner Ayda Field dissuaded him from buying the Skinwalker Ranch when it became for sale.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 33715150, 3927973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 84 ], [ 157, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams became an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery to officiate the wedding of friends.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 44859322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has a number of tattoos, many of which are related to British culture. These include:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " an Ace of Spades, commemorating heavy metal band Motörhead.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 20907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " a fez, common headwear of comedian Tommy Cooper.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 322747, 55992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 6 ], [ 36, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the logo of The Saint, tribute to Roger Moore who played the titular character on the TV show.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1428185, 174716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 22 ], [ 35, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the spectacles logo of The Two Ronnies, the comedy sketch show of the TV double act of Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 407376, 75619, 407372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ], [ 88, 101 ], [ 106, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the \"skip dance\" pose of Morecambe and Wise, another TV comic double act (Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 224274, 86253, 177646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 44 ], [ 75, 89 ], [ 94, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " a Stafford knot, a symbol of his home county Staffordshire.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 2366896, 58733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 16 ], [ 46, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the logo of his former group Take That.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the coat of arms of Burslem, the town in Stoke-on-Trent where he grew up.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1266131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " the notes and words of the first line of the chorus of the Beatles' song \"All You Need Is Love\" on his lower back.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 29812, 1119469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 67 ], [ 75, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams became a fan of his hometown football team Port Vale FC as a child after his father became the licensee of the team's social club. He has played in a testimonial game for club legend Neil Aspin.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 203456, 6142247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 192, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, Williams received backlash for expressing his belief in the widely debunked Pizzagate conspiracy theory.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 52376302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2006, Williams started dating American actress Ayda Field. She was featured in the UFO documentary that Williams did for BBC Radio 4 and took part in a field investigation he did in Trout Lake, Washington in 2008. Williams and Field wed at his home in Mulholland Estates in Beverly Hills on 7 August 2010. They have four children: daughters Theodora and Colette, and sons Charlton and Beau.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 5849282, 138074, 55935211, 75346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 64 ], [ 189, 211 ], [ 259, 277 ], [ 281, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There have been questions about Williams's sexuality, with some speculating that he may be bisexual. In an interview with the Daily Star, he stated: \"I love musical theatre and a lot of the other things that are often associated with gays. I am 49% homosexual and sometimes as far as 50%. However, that would imply that I enjoy having a particular sort of fun, which I don't.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 21378368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 2011 Sunday Times Rich List of wealthiest people in the British music industry, his wealth was estimated at £90million. Williams is a lifelong supporter of football club Port Vale, based in his home town of Stoke-on-Trent, and in February 2006 he bought £240,000 worth of shares in the club, making him the largest shareholder. However the club entered administration on 9 March 2012, and as a result Williams lost all of his shares in the club and received only a fraction of his original investment back.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 299063, 203456, 173333, 146081, 26351207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 34 ], [ 177, 186 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 322, 333 ], [ 360, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has set up a charity in his home town of Stoke-on-Trent entitled Give It Sum, its goal being to \"improve local conditions and strengthen community life by giving money to those who are disadvantaged.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Williams, with the help of friend Jonathan Wilkes, has organised charity football matches called Soccer Aid to raise money for UNICEF UK. A mixture of non-football celebrities and professional football players have played Soccer Aid matches in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 at Old Trafford in Manchester and Wembley Stadium in London.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 5171505, 20541450, 660592, 20206, 8913012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 107 ], [ 127, 136 ], [ 291, 303 ], [ 307, 317 ], [ 322, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has been the Patron of the children's charity the Donna Louise Trust, based in Stoke-on-Trent, since 2002. The charity offers respite and palliative care to terminally ill and life-limited children who are not expected to live past the age of 16.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 712395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams has won various awards, with some of his more recognised accolades being the Brit Awards. He has won a record eighteen Brit Awards, which also include the Brits he won with Take That, making him the most successful artist in the history of the awards. He has also won 8 Echo Awards from the German music industry.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 362662, 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 97 ], [ 182, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studio albums as a solo artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Life thru a Lens (1997)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1025425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " I've Been Expecting You (1998)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1342357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sing When You're Winning (2000)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1080953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Swing When You're Winning (2001)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2846305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Escapology (2002)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1349950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Intensive Care (2005)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1976590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rudebox (2006)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 35897865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Reality Killed the Video Star (2009)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 23820388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Take the Crown (2012)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 36903750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Swings Both Ways (2013)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 40511364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Heavy Entertainment Show (2016)", 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], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studio albums with Take That", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Take That & Party (1992)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 7997349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Everything Changes (1993)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 8056410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nobody Else (1995)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 8056412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Progress (2010)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 22931111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Progressed (2011)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 31827909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Odyssey (2018)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 58540549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Show Off Must Go On Tour (1997) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ego Has Landed Tour (1998) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 40107573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One More for the Rogue Tour (1998–99) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1999 Tour (1999) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 23876225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sermon on the Mount Tour (2000–01) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Weddings, Barmitzvahs & Stadiums Tour (2001) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 59065980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2003 Tour (2003) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Close Encounters Tour (2006) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 6808964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Take the Crown Stadium Tour (2013) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 37750378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Swings Both Ways Live (2014) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 41147990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Let Me Entertain You Tour (2015) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 44252813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour 2017", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 52218149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Party Tour (1992–93)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Everything Changes Tour (1993–94)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pops Tour (1994–95)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 371370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Progress Live (2011)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [ 29359233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robbie Williams Live in Las Vegas (2019)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Concerts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Along the tours, Robbie Williams had various members in his band.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Current members", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Robbie Williams – lead vocals, guitar, tambourine ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gary Nuttall – lead guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 48894597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Guy Chambers – keyboard, guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 1142642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jeremy Meehan – bass guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karl Brazil – drums ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 30594171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tom Longworth – rhythm guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Choristers", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Denosh Bennett – backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sara-Jane Skeete – backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nayanna Holley – backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Brass (Atlantic Horns)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ben Edwards – trumpet, flugelhorn, percussion ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mike Kearsey – trombones, sousaphone, keyboards, percussion ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mark Brown – saxophones, bass clarinet, acoustic guitar, keyboards, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Former members", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fil Eisler – bass, guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Andy Wallace – keyboard, tambourine ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Smiley Barnard – drums ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chris Sharrock – drums ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 18072403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alex Dickson – guitar ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Claire Worrall – keyboard, guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chris White – saxophone, flute ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 12867821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paul Spong – saxophone, flute ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dave Bishop – trombone, flute ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Neil Sidwell – trombone, flute ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Simon Gardner – trumpet ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Yolande Charles – bass, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tessa Niles – backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 5762268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Katie Kissoon – backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 5567935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neil Taylor – guitar, backing vocals ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 26363666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Max Beesley – piano, percussion instrument ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 3644227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stephen Duffy – guitar ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [ 212194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paul Beard – keyboard ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Robbie Williams band", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chris Heath, Feel: Robbie Williams, 2004, Ebury. .", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Robbie_Williams", "1974_births", "Living_people", "20th-century_English_male_actors", "20th-century_English_singers", "21st-century_English_male_actors", "21st-century_English_singers", "Association_footballers_not_categorized_by_position", "Brit_Award_winners", "MTV_Europe_Music_Award_winners", "Capitol_Records_artists", "Columbia_Records_artists", "English_dance_musicians", "English_expatriates_in_the_United_States", "English_football_chairmen_and_investors", "English_male_film_actors", "English_male_television_actors", "English_male_voice_actors", "English_people_of_Irish_descent", "English_podcasters", "English_pop_singers", "English_male_singer-songwriters", "Hollywood_United_players", "Ivor_Novello_Award_winners", "Music_in_Stoke-on-Trent", "Musicians_from_Staffordshire", "People_from_Burslem", "People_with_mood_disorders", "Port_Vale_F.C.", "Robbie_Williams_Band_members", "Take_That_members", "World_Music_Awards_winners", "English_child_singers", "Association_football_players_not_categorized_by_nationality", "BT_Digital_Music_Awards_winners" ]

[ "Robert Peter Maximilian Williams", "Robert Peter \"Robbie\" Williams", "Robert Peter Williams" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. The two common labial articulations are bilabials, articulated using both lips, and labiodentals, articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth, both of which are present in English. A third labial articulation is dentolabials, articulated with the upper lip against the lower teeth (the reverse of labiodental), normally only found in pathological speech. Generally precluded are linguolabials, in which the tip of the tongue contacts the posterior side of the upper lip, making them coronals, though sometimes, they behave as labial consonants.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2136925, 82238, 69178, 69192, 947774, 69192, 1008162, 55999, 39012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 57 ], [ 67, 85 ], [ 127, 136 ], [ 171, 183 ], [ 270, 277 ], [ 310, 322 ], [ 477, 490 ], [ 516, 522 ], [ 581, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most common distribution between bilabials and labiodentals is the English one, in which the nasal and the stops, , , and , are bilabial and the fricatives, , and , are labiodental. The voiceless bilabial fricative, voiced bilabial fricative, and the bilabial approximant do not exist as the primary realizations of any sounds in English, but they occur in many languages. For example, the Spanish consonant written b or v is pronounced, between vowels, as a voiced bilabial approximant.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8569916, 22110, 29480, 11762, 524884, 524866, 524866, 8569916, 26825, 524866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 78 ], [ 97, 102 ], [ 111, 116 ], [ 149, 159 ], [ 190, 218 ], [ 220, 245 ], [ 255, 275 ], [ 334, 341 ], [ 394, 401 ], [ 463, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lip rounding, or labialization, is a common approximant-like co-articulatory feature. English is a voiced labialized velar approximant, which is far more common than the purely labial approximant [β̞]. In the languages of the Caucasus, labialized dorsals like /kʷ/ and /qʷ/ are very common.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 318698, 1939, 2383416, 524836, 524866, 618592, 1299663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 30 ], [ 44, 55 ], [ 61, 76 ], [ 100, 135 ], [ 178, 196 ], [ 210, 235 ], [ 248, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Very few languages, however, make a distinction purely between bilabials and labiodentals, making \"labial\" usually a sufficient specification of a language's phonemes. One exception is Ewe, which has both kinds of fricatives, but the labiodentals are produced with greater articulatory force.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 69178, 69192, 22980, 502512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 72 ], [ 77, 89 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 185, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While most languages make use of purely labial phonemes, a few generally lack them. Examples are Tlingit, Eyak (both Na-Dené), Wichita (Caddoan), and the Iroquoian languages except Cherokee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Lack of labials", "target_page_ids": [ 740093, 387248, 386811, 339817, 776006, 676485, 356371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 104 ], [ 106, 110 ], [ 117, 124 ], [ 127, 134 ], [ 136, 143 ], [ 154, 173 ], [ 181, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many of these languages are transcribed with and with labialized consonants. However, it is not always clear to what extent the lips are involved in such sounds. In the Iroquoian languages, for example, involved little apparent rounding of the lips. See the Tillamook language for an example of a language with \"rounded\" consonants and vowels that do not have any actual labialization. All of these languages have seen labials introduced under the influence of English.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Lack of labials", "target_page_ids": [ 318698, 3099222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 75 ], [ 260, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Labialization", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 318698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Index of phonetics articles", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 598555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McDorman, Richard E. (1999). Labial Instability in Sound Change: Explanations for the Loss of /p/. Chicago: Organizational Knowledge Press. .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Place_of_articulation", "Labial_consonants" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Coronals are consonants articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Among places of articulation, only the coronal consonants can be divided into as many articulation types: apical (using the tip of the tongue), laminal (using the blade of the tongue), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or subapical (using the underside of the tongue) as well as different postalveolar articulations (some of which also involve the back of the tongue as an articulator): palato-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. Only the front of the tongue (coronal) has such dexterity among the major places of articulation, allowing such variety of distinctions. Coronals have another dimension, grooved, to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24021, 55999, 1223371, 1223365, 31849060, 2349584, 450794, 520561, 539585, 520591, 31858819, 202352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ], [ 72, 78 ], [ 186, 192 ], [ 224, 231 ], [ 265, 270 ], [ 304, 313 ], [ 371, 383 ], [ 469, 484 ], [ 486, 501 ], [ 506, 515 ], [ 687, 694 ], [ 704, 712 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (including domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, the subapical retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate, and linguolabial consonants with the tongue against the upper lip. Alveolo-palatal and linguolabial consonants sometimes behave as dorsal and labial consonants, respectively, rather than as coronals.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of articulation", "target_page_ids": [ 24021, 69193, 25631460, 69628, 908738, 2996626, 450794, 539585, 520591, 168752, 1008162, 1299663, 39011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 30 ], [ 43, 59 ], [ 74, 79 ], [ 85, 103 ], [ 118, 121 ], [ 127, 141 ], [ 156, 178 ], [ 222, 237 ], [ 293, 312 ], [ 343, 349 ], [ 355, 377 ], [ 483, 489 ], [ 494, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Arabic and Maltese philology, the sun letters represent coronal consonants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 4679936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Australian Aboriginal languages, coronals contrast with peripheral consonants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 345155, 3432869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 34 ], [ 59, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peripheral consonants, the set of non-coronal consonants", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3432869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apical consonant", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1223371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Laminal consonant", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1223365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subapical consonant", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2349584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Place of articulation", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of phonetics topics", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 598555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "Coronal_consonants" ]

[ "coronal" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Harry R. Truman (October 30, 1896 – May 18, 1980) was an American businessman, bootlegger, and prospector. He", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1672021, 576862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 89 ], [ 95, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "lived near Mount St. Helens, an active volcano in the state of Washington, and was the owner and caretaker of Mount St. Helens Lodge at Spirit Lake near the base of the mountain. Truman came to fame as a folk hero in the months leading up to the volcano's 1980 eruption after refusing to leave his home despite evacuation orders. He was killed by a pyroclastic flow that overtook his lodge and buried the site under of volcanic debris.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36649, 13015878, 675934, 3058347, 673671, 206520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ], [ 63, 73 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 204, 213 ], [ 256, 269 ], [ 349, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Truman's death, his family and friends reflected on his love for the mountain. In 1981, Art Carney portrayed Truman in the docudrama film St. Helens. He was commemorated in a book by his niece, and also in various pieces of music, including songs by Headgear, Billy Jonas, and Shawn Wright and the Brothers Band.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 163461, 213741, 6081002, 2162200, 19651920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 104 ], [ 129, 138 ], [ 144, 154 ], [ 256, 264 ], [ 266, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman was born to foresters in Ivydale, West Virginia, in October 1896. He said he did not know his exact date of birth, but gave it as October 1896. Some noncontemporaneous sources have given his middle name as Randall, but Truman stated that he did not know his middle name, just the initial R. Truman's World War II draft registration card, dated April 27, 1942, lists his full name as \"Harry Rainel Truman\" and his date of birth as \"Oct. 30, 1896.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 27561797, 32927, 5735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 54 ], [ 307, 319 ], [ 320, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's family moved west to Washington, drawn to the promise of cheap land and the successful timber industry in the Pacific Northwest; they settled on of farmland in the eastern portion of Lewis County, Washington.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 78147, 91075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 136 ], [ 193, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He attended high school in the city of Mossyrock, Washington then enlisted in the U.S. Army as a private in August 1917. He was assigned to the 100th Aero Squadron, 7th Squad, and trained as an aeromechanic. He served in France during World War I.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 138081, 26763954, 4764461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 60 ], [ 144, 163 ], [ 235, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his service, he reportedly sustained injuries due to his audacious and independent nature. According to Washington State Archives, Truman served overseas from January 24, 1918, until February 1, 1919, but this record states he did not have wounds or injuries received in action and did not participate in any engagements. It also states he had a disability rating of zero at the time he was discharged.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While en route to Europe, his troopship, Tuscania, was sunk by a German U-boat in a torpedo attack off the coast of Ireland. Truman was honorably discharged on June 12, 1919, and he began prospecting, but failed to achieve his goal of becoming rich. He later became a bootlegger, smuggling alcohol from San Francisco to Washington during the Prohibition era.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 11944930, 31888, 576862, 22418955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 49 ], [ 72, 78 ], [ 188, 199 ], [ 342, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At some point, Truman returned to Chehalis, Washington, where he ran an automotive service station called Harry's Sudden Service. He also married the daughter of a sawmill owner; they had one daughter.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 138078, 61260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 54 ], [ 83, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman grew tired of civilization after a few years and leased from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company overlooking Spirit Lake in the wilderness near Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano of the Cascade Range located in Skamania County, Washington. He settled near the base of the mountain and opened a gas station and a small grocery store; he eventually opened the Mount St. Helens Lodge, close to the outlet of Spirit Lake, which he operated for 52 years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 498246, 36649, 162404, 76227, 91065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 106 ], [ 154, 170 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 195, 208 ], [ 220, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1930s, Truman divorced his first wife; he remarried in 1935. The second marriage was short, as he reportedly attempted to win arguments by throwing his wife into Spirit Lake, despite her inability to swim. He began dating a local girl, though he eventually married the girl's sister Edna, whom he called Edie. This third marriage held, and he and Edna operated the Mount St. Helens Lodge together until her death from a heart attack in 1978.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Mount St. Helens area, Truman became notorious for his antics, once getting a forest ranger drunk so that he could burn a pile of brush. He poached, stole gravel from the U.S. Forest Service, and fished on American Indian land with a fake game warden badge. Despite their knowledge of these criminal activities, local rangers failed to catch him in the act. The Washington state government later changed the state sales tax, but Truman kept charging the same rate at his lodge. A tax agency employee rented a boat from him, but refused to pay his tax rate, so Truman pushed him into Spirit Lake.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 42652, 33764682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 197 ], [ 369, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman was a fan of the cocktail drink consisting of Schenley whiskey and Coca-Cola. He owned a pink 1957 Cadillac, and he swore frequently. He loved discussing politics and reportedly hated Republicans, hippies, young children, and the elderly. He once refused to allow Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas to stay at his lodge, dismissing him as an \"old coot\". He changed his mind when he learned Douglas' identity, chased him for , to a neighboring lodge and convinced him to stay. When his wife Edna died in 1978, Truman closed his lodge and afterward only rented out a handful of boats and cabins during the summer.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 21542769, 6690, 64252, 32070, 365245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 61 ], [ 74, 83 ], [ 106, 114 ], [ 191, 202 ], [ 293, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman became a minor celebrity during the two months of volcanic activity preceding the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, giving interviews to reporters and expressing his opinion that the danger was exaggerated. \"I don't have any idea whether it will blow,\" he said, \"but I don't believe it to the point that I'm going to pack up.\" Truman displayed little concern about the volcano and his situation: \"If the mountain goes, I'm going with it. This area is heavily timbered, Spirit Lake is in between me and the mountain, and the mountain is a mile away, the mountain ain't gonna hurt me.\" Law-enforcement officials were incensed by his refusal to evacuate because media representatives kept entering the restricted zone near the volcano to interview him, endangering themselves in the process. Still, Truman remained steadfast. \"You couldn't pull me out with a mule team. That mountain's part of Truman and Truman's part of that mountain.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Celebrity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Truman told reporters that he was knocked from his bed by precursor earthquakes, so he responded by moving his mattress to the basement. He claimed to wear spurs to bed to cope with the earthquakes while he slept. He scoffed at the public's concern for his safety, responding to scientists' claims about the threat of the volcano that \"the mountain has shot its wad and it hasn't hurt my place a bit, but those goddamn geologists with their hair down to their butts wouldn't pay no attention to ol' Truman.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Celebrity", "target_page_ids": [ 21171418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 419, 428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of his defiant commentary, Truman became something of a folk hero, and was the subject of many songs and poems by children. One group of children from Salem, Oregon, sent him banners inscribed \"Harry – We Love You\", which moved him so much that he took a helicopter trip (paid for by National Geographic) to visit them on May 14. He also received many fan letters, including several marriage proposals. A group of fifth graders from Grand Blanc, Michigan, wrote letters that brought him to tears. In return, he sent them a letter and volcanic ash, which the students later sold to buy flowers for his family after the eruption.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Celebrity", "target_page_ids": [ 48970, 229466, 117467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 176 ], [ 296, 315 ], [ 445, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He caused a media frenzy, appearing on the front page of The New York Times and The San Francisco Examiner and attracting the attention of National Geographic, United Press International, and The Today Show. Many major magazines composed profiles, including Time, Life, Newsweek, Field & Stream, and Reader's Digest. A historian named Richard W. Slatta wrote that \"his fiery attitude, brash speech, love of the outdoors, and fierce independence… made him a folk hero the media could adore.\" Slatta pointed to Truman's \"unbendable character and response to the forces of nature\" as a source of his rise to fame, and the interviews with him added \"color\" to reports about the events at Mount St. Helens. Truman was immortalized, according to Slatta, \"with many of the embellished qualities of the western hero\", and the media spotlight created a persona that was \"in some ways quite different from his true character.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Celebrity", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 23409409, 42317, 226675, 31600, 187479, 214169, 2051951, 465434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 75 ], [ 80, 106 ], [ 160, 186 ], [ 192, 206 ], [ 258, 262 ], [ 264, 268 ], [ 270, 278 ], [ 280, 294 ], [ 300, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the likelihood of eruption increased, state officials tried to evacuate the area with the exception of a few scientists and security officials. On May 17, they attempted one final time to persuade Truman to leave, to no avail. The volcano erupted the next morning, and its entire northern flank collapsed. Truman was alone at his lodge with his 16 cats, and is presumed to have died in the eruption on May 18. He likely died of heat shock in less than a second, too quickly to register pain, before his body was nearly vaporized. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 2354497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 431, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The largest landslide in recorded history and a pyroclastic flow traveling atop the landslide engulfed the Spirit Lake area almost simultaneously, destroying the lake and burying the site of his lodge under of volcanic landslide debris. Authorities never found Truman's remains. Truman considered his cats family and mentioned them in almost all public statements. They too presumably perished in similar conditions.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 37208, 206520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 21 ], [ 48, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Friends hoped that Truman might have survived, as he had claimed to have provisioned an abandoned mine shaft with food and liquor in case of an eruption, but the lack of immediate warning of the oncoming eruption likely prevented him from escaping to the shaft before the pyroclastic flow reached his lodge (less than a minute after it began). Even if Truman had made it there, the aforementioned landslide would likely have suffocated him, and/or prevented his rescue. His sister Geraldine said that she found it hard to accept the reality of his death. \"I don't think he made it, but I thought if they would let me fly over and see for myself that Harry's lodge is gone, then maybe I'd believe it for sure.\" ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's niece Shirley Rosen added that her uncle thought he could escape the volcano but was not expecting the lateral eruption. She stated that her sister took him a bottle of Bourbon whiskey to persuade him to evacuate, but he was too afraid to drink alcohol at the time because he was unsure whether the shaking was coming from his body or the earthquakes. His possessions were auctioned off as keepsakes to admirers in September, 1980.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Truman emerged as a folk hero for his resistance to the evacuation efforts. The Columbian wrote: \"With his 10-dollar name and hell-no-I-won't-go attitude, Truman was a made-for-prime-time folk hero.\" His friends and family commented: \"He was a very opinionated person.\" Truman's friend John Garrity added, \"The mountain and the lake were his life. If he'd left and then saw what the mountain did to his lake, it would have killed him anyway. He always said he wanted to die at Spirit Lake. He went the way he wanted to go.\" ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 8927720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's niece Shirley stated, \"He used to say that's my mountain and my lake and he would say those are my arms and my legs. If he would have seen it the way it is now, I don't think he would have survived.\" Truman's cousin Richard Ice commented that Truman's short period as a celebrity was \"the peak of his life.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Truman was the subject of the books Truman of St. Helens: The Man and His Mountain by his niece Shirley Rosen, and The Legend of Harry Truman by his sister Geri Whiting. He was portrayed by Art Carney, his favorite actor, in the 1981 docudrama St. Helens. Memorabilia were sold in the area surrounding Mount St. Helens, including Harry Truman hats, pictures, posters, and postcards. A restaurant opened in Anchorage, Alaska, named after him, serving dishes such as Harry's Hot Molten Chili. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 163461, 6081002, 7004698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 200 ], [ 244, 254 ], [ 406, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to The Washington Star, more than 100 songs had been composed in Truman's honor by 1981, in addition to a commemorative album titled The Musical Legend Of Harry Truman — A Very Special Collection Of Mount St. Helens’ Volcano Songs. He is the subject of the 2007 song \"Harry Truman\" written and recorded by Irish band Headgear. Lula Belle Garland wrote \"The Legend of Harry And The Mountain,\" which was recorded in 1980 by Ron Shaw & The Desert Wind Band. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 972202, 2162200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 32 ], [ 327, 335 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Musicians Ron Allen and Steve Asplund wrote a country rock song in 1980 called \"Harry Truman, Your Spirit Still Lives On\". Billy Jonas included Truman's narrative in his song \"Old St. Helen\" in 1993.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19651920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman Trail and Harry's Ridge in the Mount St. Helens region are named after him. The Harry R. Truman Memorial Park was named in his honor in Castle Rock, Washington, though it later was renamed Castle Rock Lions Club Volunteer Park.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 137884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Harry (Of Mount Saint Helens)\" Recorded in 1982 by Penny Lew.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Thank You Lord, for Harry\" Recorded in 1982 by Shawn Wright & The Brothers Band ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1896_births", "1980_deaths", "Deaths_in_volcanic_eruptions", "Military_personnel_from_Washington_(state)", "Natural_disaster_deaths_in_Washington_(state)", "People_from_Chehalis,_Washington", "People_from_Clay_County,_West_Virginia", "People_from_Skamania_County,_Washington", "United_States_Army_Air_Service_pilots_of_World_War_I", "United_States_Army_soldiers" ]

[ "Harry Randall Truman", "Harry Rainel Truman" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Henryk IV Probus (Latin for the Righteous) ( or Prawy; ) (– 23 June 1290) was a member of the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty. He was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1266, and from also 1288 High Duke of the Polish Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 14946662, 60738, 1816348, 33603, 14993237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 23 ], [ 94, 109 ], [ 130, 135 ], [ 160, 167 ], [ 171, 178 ], [ 233, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry IV was the only son of Duke Henry III the White of Silesia-Wrocław by his first wife Judith, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Masovia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 2306769, 817811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 53 ], [ 116, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A minor upon the early death of his father in 1266, Henry IV was placed under the guardianship of his paternal uncle, Archbishop Władysław of Salzburg. The Archbishop decided that the constant travels between Wrocław and Salzburg were inappropriate for a child, and, in 1267, sent Henry to Prague to be raised at the court of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. Ottokar after Władysław's death in 1270 also took over Wrocław.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 3552056, 33603, 40335, 23844, 246445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 150 ], [ 209, 216 ], [ 221, 229 ], [ 290, 296 ], [ 331, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shortly after the death of his uncle (who left him as his universal heir), Henry IV returned to Wrocław, where he found himself under the direct care of one of the closest advisers of his late father, Simon Gallicusa. Henry IV received a careful education, which may explain his subsequent interest in culture and poetry (there are reasonable suspicions that the Duke wrote some poems in old Polish). The cooperation between Henry IV and King Ottokar II was exemplary. In 1271 Henry IV participated in an armed expedition against Hungary, which brought an attack on Wrocław by the Árpád princes and their allies, the Dukes of Greater and Lesser Poland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 879716, 549494, 371060, 14993237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 530, 537 ], [ 581, 586 ], [ 626, 633 ], [ 638, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1273 Henry IV was formally proclaimed an adult and by himself assumed the government of his Silesian Duchy of Wrocław, which, however, after the split between Opole, Legnica and Głogów only comprised the eastern part of the Lower Silesian lands. He began to follow a policy which was more independent from Bohemia, including in respect to friendly relations with his Upper Silesian cousin Duke Władysław of Opole and also with duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 16870483, 14987583, 14974246, 3589799, 196188, 3378121, 371053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 167 ], [ 169, 176 ], [ 181, 187 ], [ 227, 240 ], [ 370, 383 ], [ 397, 415 ], [ 435, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry supported King Ottokar II in his fierce conflict with King Rudolph I of Germany in 1276, giving food and refuge to the Bohemian troops. When Ottokar was placed under the Imperial ban, Duke Bolesław II the Bald of Legnica took the occasion, had his nephew Henry seized at Jelcz and imprisoned him in 1277.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 45321, 1962927, 2030728, 4353915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 85 ], [ 176, 188 ], [ 195, 215 ], [ 277, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fortunately for Henry IV, the reaction to his imprisonment was indignation. Ottokar's Polish allies, Duke Henry III of Głogów and Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland attempted to enforce Henry IV's liberation. The Bohemian king however only sent febrile appeals and request for release. Henry IV's allies were defeated by Duke Bolesław II 's son Henry V the Fat in the bloody Battle of Stolec (24 April 1277), where both Dukes Przemysł II and Henry III were captured.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 10370158, 20888340, 14832950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 125 ], [ 345, 360 ], [ 385, 391 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry IV could obtain his freedom only at the end of the year, when he finally decided to capitulate after hearing the defeat of his main ally King Ottokar II against the Imperial and Hungarian troops at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. Henry IV was forced to give Bolesław II one-third of his duchy including the towns of Środa Śląska and Strzegom and forced to pledge Krosno Odrzańskie, which he had obtained from the Dukes of Głogów in 1273–1274, in order to obtain the money for his ransom.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 13277, 1188976, 3181815, 3196474, 717388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 179 ], [ 213, 236 ], [ 324, 336 ], [ 341, 349 ], [ 371, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Henry himself did not take part in the Battle on the Marchfeld, he had sent reinforcements to King Ottokar II, whose death was a serious blow to the Wrocław duke. After hearing the news of Ottokar's death, Henry IV went to Prague and attempted to gain the guardianship of the king's son Wenceslaus II, as one of his closest relatives (Henry IV's paternal grandmother was Anna of Bohemia, a daughter of late King Ottokar I) and ally.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 23844, 251548, 5472282, 246359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 235 ], [ 293, 306 ], [ 377, 392 ], [ 418, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was however not successful due to the actions of King Rudolph I of Germany, who in his capacity as King of the Romans had given the regency over Bohemia to the Ascanian margrave Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel. As compensation, the German king gave Henry IV the Bohemian County of Kladsko as a fief.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 302609, 2441, 34629103, 25296653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 120 ], [ 163, 171 ], [ 181, 222 ], [ 284, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon the death of his Bohemian ally, Henry IV reconciled with King Rudolph I and in 1280 went to his Austrian court in Vienna, where Henry tried to obtain for himself the Polish royal crown.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 6490870, 55866, 27041853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 109 ], [ 119, 125 ], [ 171, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some historians believed that the Duke of Wrocław took the opportunity from his homage to King Rudolph I to expose him the possibility of becoming King of Poland. At that time, he also made an alliance with Duke Władysław of Opole, who promised to help Henry IV with the condition that his daughter (perhaps called Constance), who had recently married Henry IV, was crowned with him as Polish queen if he would obtain the royal investiture.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 11136663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The relation of Henry IV with his Silesian relatives, in general, was not good. In 1280 he again suffered the invasion of the Duke Henry V the Fat of Legnica, who was supported by the Margrave of Brandenburg, who could resist with unusual difficulty.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In order to normalize the situation in February of the next year Henry IV organized a meeting in Sądowel, a village located in the Duchy of Wrocław, for the purpose to find ways of mutual cooperation between the Silesian dukes. Henry IV, however, had other plans: immediately he captured his long-time enemy, Duke Henry V the Fat of Legnica, as well as his own allies, Dukes Henry III of Głogów and Przemysł II of Greater Poland, in order to obtain political concessions from them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 22132567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Przemysł II was forced to give the strategic Lesser Polish land of Wieluń (also known as Ruda) and to acknowledge Henry IV's overlordship, paying homage to him. In subsequent years, the good politics of Henry IV were reflected in the voluntary submission of the Silesian dukes Przemko of Ścinawa and Bolko I of Opole; the re-unification of Silesia seemed within reach.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 18671, 386692, 19004063, 21959401, 22780666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 58 ], [ 67, 73 ], [ 89, 93 ], [ 277, 295 ], [ 300, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, not all the Silesian dukes accepted his authority: Dukes Bolko I the Strict, Konrad II the Hunchback and three of the four sons of Władysław of Opole: Casimir of Bytom, Mieszko I of Cieszyn and Przemysław of Racibórz were completely against Henry's politics. With the Opole Dukes, the situation was more delicate: in 1287, Henry IV obtained the annulment of his marriage with their sister, who was sent back to her homeland. The fourth of Władysław's sons, Bolko I, remained faithful to Henry IV's politics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 20888831, 21915154, 22765718, 15260785, 22790879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ], [ 86, 109 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 178, 198 ], [ 203, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first attempt of Henry IV to take the Seniorate Province at Kraków was during 1280–1281, as a response to the invasion which the Polish High Duke Leszek II the Black had made against Wrocław before. However, this trip ended unsuccessfully.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 14993237, 16815, 374810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 60 ], [ 64, 70 ], [ 150, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the years 1282–1287 Henry IV was involved in a long-lasting dispute with the Bishop of Wrocław Tomas II Zaremba. The first phase of the conflict was already noted in the years 1274–1276, concluded with arbitration which was not satisfied any of the parts. The disputes erupted again in 1282; this time, the conflict was for the lands and properties seized by the church in a difficult period that followed after the Battle of Legnica, and for the violation of the immunity of the Church hierarchy in trials.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 165476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 419, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the beginning of 1282, the Bishop sent their complaint to the Papal Legate Philip of Ferno, which was to address the settlement of the dispute. His ruling was favorable to the Church hierarchy, and Henry IV appealed. In 1283 Henry IV organized a big Episcopal convention in Nysa, whose main attraction was a knight's tournament. However, the tensions continued and Thomas II, using the support of the Papal Legate, and wanting to break the rebelliousness of Henry IV he excommunicated him and the whole Duchy in March 1284. However, the Duke of Wrocław refused to subject to the Bishop's will and in the same year appealed to Pope Martin IV. It soon became clear, of course, that he could not expect a positive message from Rome. Despite Thomas II's efforts to subordinate the local clergy under his rule, several religious Orders remained faithful to Henry IV, among others, the Franciscans. The conflict continued, even after the unsuccessful attempts for mediation by the Archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Świnka.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 386822, 23936, 64176, 2040289, 1359290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 277, 281 ], [ 629, 643 ], [ 883, 893 ], [ 978, 999 ], [ 1001, 1013 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1285 Henry IV took advantage of his power over the clergy and confiscated some lands which belonged to the bishopric Duchy of NysaOtmuchów. The humiliated Bishop Thomas II was forced to emigrate to the Duchy of Racibórz. The last act of the dispute took place in 1287 when Henry IV entered Racibórz. Thomas II was no longer able to escape and finally decided to subordinate to the Duke of Wrocław. But Henry IV was generous in his triumph: he restored the rich lands obtained earlier from the Bishopric and also founded a Kolegiata consecrated to the Holy Cross.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 386822, 9594510, 16870304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 133 ], [ 133, 141 ], [ 205, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, in foreign politics, Henry IV continued to try to obtain the subordination of the other Silesian Dukes, which indirectly could bring him the Royal Crown. In 1284 he used the betrayal of the Greater Poland noble family of Zaremba (Thomas II's family) as a pretext to capture the town of Kalisz. It soon became clear that the Dukes of Greater Poland never accepted this loss, so after some discussions, Kalisz was exchanged with the town of Ołobok by Duke Przemysł II.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 74615, 21015992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 303 ], [ 450, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 30 September 1288, Leszek II the Black, Duke of Sieradz and High Duke of Poland, died without issue. This event opened an opportunity for Henry IV to realize his ambitious plans to gain Kraków and the title of High Duke. With this purpose, he began to find suitable allies from 1287, when he reconciled with Przemysł II, returning him Wieluń. According to the Professor and Historian Oswald Balzer, shortly before began the preparations to the First Coalition of Piast Dukes formed by Leszek II the Black, Henry IV, Przemysł II and Henry III of Głogow, which had the intention to make the unification of Poland. Notwithstanding the veracity of this theory, after hearing the news of Leszek II's death, Henry IV was ready for action.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 23308849, 386692, 1853478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 58 ], [ 338, 344 ], [ 387, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry IV's major contenders for the Kraków throne were Leszek II's half-brother Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duke Bolesław II of Płock, who counted on the support of the Lesser Poland nobility. However, the Duke of Płock failed to obtain the decisive support of the Castellan Sulk the Bear (Sułk z Niedźwiedzia), who was the Governor of the city. On 26 February 1289, the bloody Battle of Siewierz took place between the troops of the Dukes of Płock and Kuyavia, and Henry IV's troops, supported by King Rudolph I and the Dukes of Opole, Głogów and Ścinawa (Steinau). The battle ended with a victory for the Masovia-Kuyavia coalition; from two of Henry IV's allies, Duke Przemko of Ścinawa was killed in the battle, and Duke Bolko I of Opole was seriously injured and captured by Władysław I the Elbow-high.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 92302, 25088157, 74609, 490533, 74610, 322107, 4353721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 106 ], [ 116, 136 ], [ 446, 451 ], [ 456, 463 ], [ 533, 538 ], [ 540, 546 ], [ 551, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite this success, Duke Bolesław II of Płock unexpectedly resigned his pretensions, leaving all the Kraków inheritance to Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high. As the war turned favorable to him, Wladyslaw I, with the assistance of the Bishop of Kraków, Paul of Półkozic (who was later imprisoned after rebelled against him), managed to besiege and capture Wawel castle and forced the Silesian troops to retreat to Skała.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 574698, 1988124, 390549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 245 ], [ 350, 362 ], [ 408, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Henry IV regrouped his forces and marched against Kraków in person at the head of his army in August 1289. Thanks to the betrayal of the Kraków townspeople and the help of the Franciscans (who even hid him in their monastery), Henry IV took the city and was recognized as High Duke. Despite his victory, Henry IV decided to remain in Sandomierz.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 386970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 343, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his reign, Henry succeeded in strengthening central power across his duchy, as well as improving its economy. He supported progress of mining and cities, many of which received German city law and various privileges. He was also an educated man, fluently spoke several languages and actively supported Western court culture and chivalric ethos. Henry himself was a talented poet; two of his poems were recorded in Codex Manesse.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 38211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 421, 434 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry IV died suddenly in 1290, aged no more than thirty-two years. The details of his death, given by the chronicler Ottokar of Styria, are seen by some historians as very reliable and by others as doubtful.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The year of his death is widely accepted, and confirmation for this can be found in numerous sources. However, the exact day was variously given by the sources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One, the most supported by far of the largest number of sources, and given by the Church of St. John the Baptist, was 23 June. There are, however, other proposals: 24 June, 22 July, and even in April.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "About the real cause of Henry IV's death, there are several independent sources: these are the tombs of the Silesian Dukes, the Chronicle of Jan Długosz, and later chroniclers, like the Bohemian Chronicle of Pulkawy and the Chronicle of Ottokar of Styria.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 16417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Ottokar of Styria, who seems to be the most accurate in details, Henry IV aspired to the title of the King of Poland, asking the Pope for permission for a coronation. The negotiations were successful, and he sent to Rome 12,000 grzywnas as a present to the Pope. But when the envoy reached Italy it was noted that 400 grzywnas were stolen during the trip, and the Pope, infuriated, cancelled all negotiations with Henry IV. Although the embezzler was able to escape from the papal fury and the justice of the Doge of Venice, it is known that Henry IV wanted to punish him. In order to prevent the imminent revenge of the Duke it was decided to get rid of him: a false lawyer (brother of one of the Duke's doctors) was employed at the court of Wrocław, and slowly poisoned Henry IV. While another doctor, called Guncelin, recognizing the symptoms of poisoning, was able to rescue the Duke from an imminent death, causing severe vomiting and cleansing the body; but the assassin was not discovered, and this time put the poison in the knife used by Henry IV to cut his bread. The poison was finally detected, but it was too late to save the Duke. Henry IV died in the Catholic faith, deciding not to prosecute or punish his killers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 22257994, 5208920, 32616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 249 ], [ 522, 526 ], [ 530, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is a very long story of the Duke's death and only some elements are confirmed by other sources. Ottokar of Styria told the story in many details in agreement with that provided by the Kronika Zbrasławska. Other sources related that a chaplain named Aleksy, as a deputy of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia had betrayed Henry IV's interests and tried to give the crown to the \"King of Kalisz\" Przemysł II. In this story the theft of the envoy to Rome was also mentioned, only the epilogue was a little different: here, the thief was killed by his own servants in the streets of Rome.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 251548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the version of Ottokar of Styria, should be sought among the Wrocław townspeople (just like Henry IV's father) two brothers, one of them was lawyer and the other doctor. The only two persons who could be identified as the brothers were John (who was an adviser of the Duchy and a lawyer) and Jakob (known as Magister, so probably a doctor), sons of one Goćwina, who was a doctor in the court of Henry III the White. They still in their posts at the time of Henry IV's death. It's assumed that they acted on behalf of Henry V the Fat, who wanted to obtain Kraków and with this the title of High Duke, but was not any evidence to support this. There is no other person who will take advantage of the Duke's death, and could be linked to the circumstances of the death of Henry IV.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 20888340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 527, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the chroniclers, the dying Henry IV made two documents. One to the Wrocław church (which give the desired permissions to the Bishop to obtain the full sovereignty over the Duchy of NysaOtmuchów) and other politic (who regulated the issue of his inheritance). Under this will, he bequeathed the Duchy of Wrocław to Duke Henry III of Głogów, and Kraków -with the title of High Duke- to Przemysł II. In case of the death of one of the princes, the other could take possession over his districts, which further arrangements according to custom. Many historians, however, believed the existence of a third document. If it was true, this would be a step towards the reunification of Poland, and Henry IV, who was denigrated particularly in the earlier literature, was really a conscious promoter of Poland interests and a true patriot (apart from the merits of raising the awareness of the problems of ethnic and linguistic diversity in the Middle Ages). Only the testament to the Church (who was not count with the return of Kłodzko to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia as an excuse for mixing in the Silesian affairs) was fully implemented. Henry IV was buried in the Kolegiata of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomeus in Wrocław, which he founded.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 386822, 9594510, 10370158, 14974246, 16815, 371053, 18836, 386925, 251548, 33603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 198 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 332, 341 ], [ 345, 351 ], [ 357, 363 ], [ 397, 408 ], [ 948, 959 ], [ 1033, 1040 ], [ 1049, 1073 ], [ 1225, 1232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henry V the Fat could take Wrocław with support of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, after the local nobility refused to accept the rule of Henry III of Głogów. Wenceslaus II himself gained the Seniorate Province, but Duke Przemysł II could retain the title of High Duke.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 20888340, 14993237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 191, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War II German anthropologists wanted to prove the \"Germanic look\" of Henry IV. To this end, his remains were removed and were to be tested. Unfortunately, they were lost during the war. The sarcophagus is now in the National Museum in Wrocław.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Around March 1280, Henry IV married firstly with the daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole (b. ca. 1256/65? – d. 1287/88?), perhaps called Constance. After almost seven years of childless union, the Duke of Wrocław obtain the annulment of his marriage under the grounds of sterility, although this fact is disputed by modern historians.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriages", "target_page_ids": [ 3378121, 25423805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 88 ], [ 122, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1288, Henry IV married secondly with Matilda (b. ca. 1270 – d. bef. 1 June 1298), daughter of Margrave Otto V \"the Tall\" of BrandenburgSalzwedel. The Professor and historian Ewa Maleczyńska alleged that the real reason of the divorce of Henry IV was that he maintain an affair with Matilda and wanted to marry her. They had no children.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriages", "target_page_ids": [ 25505103, 34629103, 3765, 162235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 47 ], [ 106, 123 ], [ 127, 138 ], [ 138, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of Poland (966–1385)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27041853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of Silesia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1623742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Piast dynasty", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 60738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dukes of Silesia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 365200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny\", Cracow, 1999.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Herzog Heinrich von Breslau in the Codex Manesse (1304/40).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 38211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "SILESIA", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1258_births", "1290_deaths", "13th-century_Polish_monarchs", "Polish_Roman_Catholics", "Dukes_of_Wrocław", "People_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church", "Place_of_birth_missing", "Minnesingers" ]

[ "the Probus", "Henry IV Probus, Duke of Cracow", "Heinrich IV Herzog von Breslau" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Daytona 500 is a NASCAR Cup Series motor race held annually at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is the first of two Cup races held every year at Daytona, the second being the Coke Zero Sugar 400, and one of three held in Florida, with the annual fall showdown Dixie Vodka 400 being held at Homestead south of Miami. From 1988 to 2019, it was one of the four restrictor plate races on the Cup schedule. The inaugural Daytona 500 was held in 1959 coinciding with the opening of the speedway and since 1982, it has been the season-opening race of the Cup series.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 56571945, 431712, 109820, 12230576, 18933066, 2195423, 1184867, 53846, 681734, 13884944, 23293157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 39 ], [ 68, 98 ], [ 102, 124 ], [ 208, 227 ], [ 254, 261 ], [ 293, 308 ], [ 323, 332 ], [ 342, 347 ], [ 391, 407 ], [ 473, 477 ], [ 532, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Daytona 500 is regarded as the most important and prestigious race on the NASCAR calendar, carrying by far the largest purse. Championship points awarded are equal to that of any other NASCAR Cup Series race. It is also the series' first race of the year; this phenomenon is unique in sports, which tend to have championships or other major events at the end of the season rather than the start. From 1995-2020, U.S. television ratings for the Daytona 500 have been the highest for any auto race of the year, surpassing the traditional leader, the Indianapolis 500 which in turn greatly surpasses the Daytona 500 in in-track attendance and international viewing; however, in 2021 the Indianapolis 500 surpassed the Daytona 500 in TV ratings and viewership. The 2006 Daytona 500 attracted the sixth largest average live global TV audience of any sporting event that year with 20 million viewers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11677155, 62100587, 236591, 159018, 9529632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 410 ], [ 411, 415 ], [ 422, 440 ], [ 553, 569 ], [ 767, 783 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The race serves as the final event of Speedweeks and is also known as \"The Great American Race\" or the \"Super Bowl of Stock Car Racing\". Since its inception, the race has been held in mid-to-late February. From 1971 to 2011, and again since 2018, the event has been as associated with Presidents Day weekend, taking place on the Sunday before the third Monday in February. On eight occasions, the race has been run on Valentine's Day.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7166342, 27718, 23394225, 28353395, 55840794, 31411228, 182462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 104, 114 ], [ 211, 215 ], [ 219, 223 ], [ 241, 245 ], [ 285, 299 ], [ 418, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1997, the winner of the Daytona 500 has been presented with the Harley J. Earl Trophy in Victory Lane, and the winning car is displayed in race-winning condition for one year at Daytona 500 Experience, a museum and gallery adjacent to Daytona International Speedway.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8317175, 4419206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 184, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Austin Cindric is the most recent winner of the Daytona 500, having won it in 2022.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 47972355, 69350158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 78, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The race is the direct successor of shorter races held on the Daytona Beach Road Course. This long square was partially on the sand and also on the highway near the beach. Earlier events featured races with stock cars. A stock car race was held at Daytona International Speedway in 1959. It was the second 500-mile NASCAR race, following the annual Southern 500, and has been held every year since. By 1961, it began to be referred to as the Daytona 500, by which it is still commonly known.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 4386409, 28349, 431712, 13884944, 22298383, 23993695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 87 ], [ 223, 237 ], [ 250, 280 ], [ 284, 288 ], [ 351, 363 ], [ 404, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Daytona International Speedway is long and a 500-mile race requires 200 laps to complete. However, the race was considered official after halfway (100 laps/250 miles) had been completed from 1959 to 2016. From 2017 to 2019, the race was considered official after the conclusion of Stage 2 (120 laps/300 miles) when stage-racing was introduced. In 2020, they revised the rule in which a race is considered official at either halfway or the conclusion of Stage 2 (whichever comes first, in this case halfway). The race has been shortened four times due to rain (in 1965, 1966, 2003, and 2009) and once in response to the energy crisis of 1974. Since the adaptation of the green–white–checkered finish rule in 2004, the race has gone past 500 miles on ten occasions (2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2019, and 2020). It took two attempts to finish the race in 2010, 2011, and 2020. The 2020 running is the longest Daytona 500 contested, lasting 209 laps/522.5 miles.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 24002381, 24003103, 11677171, 17185703, 15781837, 4556479, 11677187, 9529632, 9448268, 22059323, 28353395, 33957668, 44424315, 55840794, 59487876, 62100587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 564, 568 ], [ 570, 574 ], [ 576, 580 ], [ 586, 590 ], [ 637, 641 ], [ 671, 699 ], [ 765, 769 ], [ 771, 775 ], [ 777, 781 ], [ 783, 787 ], [ 789, 793 ], [ 795, 799 ], [ 801, 805 ], [ 807, 811 ], [ 813, 817 ], [ 823, 827 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1959: Lee Petty, patriarch of the racing family, won the inaugural Daytona 500 on February 22, 1959, defeating Johnny Beauchamp.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 13884944, 1376801, 13868430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 16 ], [ 112, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1960: Junior Johnson made use of the draft, then a little-understood phenomenon, to win while running a slower, year-old car in a field of 68 cars, the most in the history of the Daytona 500.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23993329, 1312167, 1080559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 21 ], [ 38, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1965: The first rain-shortened Daytona 500. Fred Lorenzen was in the lead when the race was called on lap 133 of 200.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 24002381, 3372018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 45, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1966: Richard Petty becomes the first two-time winner, having previously won the 1964 race. Through 2020, only 12 drivers have won 2 or more Daytona 500s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 24003103, 23997314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 82, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1967: Mario Andretti led 112 of the 200 laps including the last 33 to capture his first and only win in the Cup Series.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23293365, 271425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1968: For much of this race, both Cale Yarborough and (unrelated) LeeRoy Yarbrough traded the lead. With 5 laps to go, Cale made a successful slingshot pass on the third turn to take the lead from LeeRoy and never looked back as he won his first Daytona 500 by 1.3 seconds.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 24003249, 1145778, 1756739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 35, 50 ], [ 67, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1969 : Having learned from the previous year, LeeRoy Yarbrough would use the same slingshot treatment out of turn 3 on Charlie Glotzbach, to score the victory on the final lap.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23293240, 3779033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 120, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1971: Richard Petty becomes the first three-time winner, including the 1964 and 1966 races. Through 2015, only 5 drivers have won 3 or more Daytona 500s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23394225, 23997314, 24003103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 72, 76 ], [ 81, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1972: A. J. Foyt cruised into the lead on lap 80 and stayed there through the 200 lap race, lapping the entire field. Foyt beat second-place Charlie Glotzbach by nearly two laps, with Jim Vandiver finishing 6 laps down in third.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 24004949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1973: Richard Petty becomes the first four-time winner, including the 1964, 1966 and 1971 races . Through 2015, only Petty (7 total) and Cale Yarborough have won at least 4 Daytona 500s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23293389, 23997314, 24003103, 23394225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 71, 75 ], [ 77, 81 ], [ 86, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1974: During the start of the 1974 NASCAR season, many races had their distance cut ten percent in response to the 1973 oil crisis. As a result, the 1974 Daytona 500 was shortened to 180 laps (450 miles), as symbolically, the race \"started\" on lap 21. Richard Petty became the first of only 4 drivers (as of 2021) to win consecutive Daytona 500s, while also setting a mark of 5 total wins.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781837, 244180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 116, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1976: In the 1976 race, Richard Petty was leading on the last lap when he was passed on the backstretch by David Pearson. Petty tried to turn under Pearson coming off the final corner but didn't clear Pearson. The contact caused the drivers to spin into the grass in the infield just short of the finish line. Petty's car didn't start, but Pearson was able to keep his car running and limp over the finish line for the win. Many fans consider this finish to be the greatest in the history of NASCAR.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1979: The 1979 race was the first Daytona 500 to be broadcast live on national television, airing on CBS, whose audience was increased in much of the Eastern and Midwestern USA due to a blizzard. (The Indianapolis 500 was only broadcast on tape delay that evening in this era; most races were broadcast only through the final quarter to half of the race, as was the procedure for ABC's Championship Auto Racing broadcasts; with the new CBS contract, the network and NASCAR agreed to a full live broadcast.) That telecast introduced in-car and low-level track-side cameras, which has now become standard in all sorts of automotive racing broadcasts. A final lap crash and subsequent fight between leaders Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison (along with Donnie's brother Bobby) brought national (if unwelcome) publicity to NASCAR, with the added emphasis of a snowstorm that bogged down much of the northeastern part of the United States. Donnie Allison was leading the race on the final lap with Yarborough drafting him tightly. As Yarborough attempted a slingshot pass at the end of the backstretch, Allison attempted to block him. Yarborough refused to give ground and as he pulled alongside Allison, his left side tires left the pavement and went into the wet and muddy infield grass. Yarborough lost control of his car and contacted Allison's car halfway down the backstretch. As both drivers tried to regain control, their cars made contact several more times before finally locking together and crashing into the outside wall in turn three. After the cars settled in the grass, Donnie Allison and Yarborough began to argue. After they had talked it out, Bobby Allison, who was lapped at that point, pulled over, began defending his brother, and a fight broke out. Richard Petty, who was over half a lap behind at the time, went on to win; with the brawl in the infield, the television audience scarcely noticed. The story was the talk of the water cooler the next day, even making the front page of The New York Times Sports section.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11676818, 1291819, 159018, 2348549, 419266, 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 102, 105 ], [ 202, 218 ], [ 725, 739 ], [ 769, 774 ], [ 2004, 2022 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1980: Buddy Baker won the fastest Daytona 500 in history, at 177.602mph (285.809km/h).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15782164, 1779743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1981: Richard Petty becomes the first seven-time winner, three wins more than the second-highest multiple winner, Cale Yarborough. With wins in 1964, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1979, Petty is the only driver to win in three different decades.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781971, 23997314, 24003103, 23394225, 23293389, 15781837, 11676818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 145, 149 ], [ 151, 155 ], [ 157, 161 ], [ 163, 167 ], [ 169, 173 ], [ 179, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1982: The Daytona 500 becomes the opening race in the NASCAR season, a position held since. Bobby Allison wins his second Daytona 500 but many people consider this a controversial win because on lap 3 Bobby Allison's rear bumper broke away from the car (later it was discovered that it was welded on purpose by a wire welder) and caused a pileup further behind the leaders. Without a rear bumper, Allison's car gained an aerodynamic advantage and won the race by just over twenty-two seconds.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 23293157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1983: Cale Yarborough was the first driver to run a qualifying lap over in his Chevrolet Monte Carlo.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781695, 1172775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 81, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1984: Cale Yarborough completed a lap of , officially breaking the barrier at Daytona. He joined Richard Petty as the only drivers to win the race in consecutive years and to win the race four times overall.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15782194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1985: Bill Elliott dominated the race, and by lap 140, was close to lapping the entire field. During a pit stop, NASCAR officials held him in the pit area in order to repair a supposed broken headlight assembly. The two-minute pit stop dropped him to third, barely clinging to the lead lap. Elliott made up the deficit and survived a late-race caution and a final lap restart to win his first Daytona 500. Elliott would go on to win the first Winston Million.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781702, 909159, 7275977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 19 ], [ 444, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1986: The race that came down to a two-car duel between Dale Earnhardt and Geoff Bodine. With 3 laps to go, Earnhardt was forced to make a pit stop for a \"splash 'n go\". However, as Earnhardt left the pits, he burned a piston, allowing Bodine to cruise to victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781709, 7893, 606531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 57, 71 ], [ 76, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1987: Winner Bill Elliott qualified for the pole position at an all-time Daytona record of 210.364mph (338.532km/h). Bill Elliott dominated much of the race, leading 104 of the 200 laps. During two different points in the race, he pulled away from the other leaders and was all by himself on the track, leading the first 35 laps, 29 in a row at another point, and the last three.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1988: Restrictor plates were mandated to reduce dangerously high speeds at Daytona. This race was remembered for two things. First, Richard Petty's rollover crash in the tri-oval on lap 106, initiated when he was tagged from behind by Phil Barkdoll. Petty rolled over about eight times and was then hit by Brett Bodine. The wreck also collected 1972 race winner A. J. Foyt, Eddie Bierschwale, and Alan Kulwicki. all of the drivers, including Petty, walked away. Second, Bobby Allison and his son Davey finished one-two and celebrated together in Victory Lane, making Bobby Allison the oldest driver to win the Daytona 500.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781747, 681734, 419266, 419247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 23 ], [ 471, 484 ], [ 497, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1989: Darrell Waltrip stretches his final tank of fuel for 53 laps to win in his 17th try.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 15781720, 372340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1990: Dale Earnhardt appeared headed for certain victory until the closing laps. On lap 193, Geoff Bodine spun in the first turn, causing the third and final caution of the race. All of the leaders pitted except Derrike Cope, who stayed out to gain track position. On the lap 195 restart, Earnhardt re-took the lead. On the final lap, going into turn three, he ran over a bell housing from the blown engine of Rick Wilson's car. He blew a tire, allowing the relatively unknown Cope to slip by and take his first career win in a major upset.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 2833932, 2216245, 876030, 2619902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 213, 225 ], [ 373, 385 ], [ 411, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1991: Dale Earnhardt's Daytona 500 frustrations continued as Ernie Irvan passed Earnhardt with six laps to go to. Ultimately, Earnhardt spun with two laps remaining and collected Davey Allison and Kyle Petty. Irvan took the win as the race ended under the caution flag. The race was dominated by complex pit stop rules, implemented to improve safety in the pit area.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677122, 1256150, 419247, 1424407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 62, 73 ], [ 180, 193 ], [ 198, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1992: Davey Allison dominated the second half en route to his lone Daytona 500 victory. He avoided a major wreck on lap 92 and went on to lead the final 102 laps.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1993: In a frightening wreck on lap 170, Rusty Wallace flipped over multiple times on the back straightaway. With two laps to go, Dale Earnhardt was leading Jeff Gordon and Dale Jarrett. Jarrett battled into the lead with one lap to go. It was the fourth time Earnhardt had been leading the Daytona 500 with less than ten laps to go but failed to win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677142, 430551, 7893, 791665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 43, 56 ], [ 132, 146 ], [ 175, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1994: Sterling Marlin gambled on fuel and was able to complete the final 59 laps without stopping, to win his first career Cup victory. During Speedweeks, two drivers died during separate practice accidents, Neil Bonnett and Rodney Orr.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677149, 1708014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1995: Sterling Marlin became the first driver since Cale Yarborough, and only third overall, to win back-to-back Daytona 500s. It was the third win in five years for Morgan–McClure Motorsports (1991, 1994, 1995).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677155, 2239117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 167, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996: Dale Jarrett won his second Daytona 500 in four years, again holding off Dale Earnhardt, who finished second for the third time in four years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1998 : Dale Earnhardt finally won the Daytona 500 after \"20 years of trying, 20 years of frustration.\" Though Earnhardt had usually been a strong competitor in the Daytona 500, mechanical problems, crashes, or other misfortunes had prevented him from winning.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11161186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1999: Jeff Gordon accomplished the feat of winning the pole and the race marking the first time since 1987 when Bill Elliott did this.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677097, 11677110, 909159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 103, 107 ], [ 113, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2000: Dale Jarrett avenged his previous year's rollover accident by winning the 1999 season championship & 2000 500 which was the final 500 broadcast for CBS.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001: Also known as \"Black Sunday\", or the \"darkest day in NASCAR\", as Dale Earnhardt died in a crash on the final lap. Michael Waltrip and Dale Earnhardt Jr. were running first and second on the final lap, while Earnhardt Sr. was third. In turn 4, Earnhardt lost control after making contact from Sterling Marlin, and crashed into the outside wall, taking Ken Schrader with him. Earnhardt suffered a fatal basilar skull fracture. The death overshadowed Waltrip's first win, which came in his 463rd Cup Series race.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677164, 9002161, 1432362, 158454, 1671401, 2593857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 87, 102 ], [ 121, 136 ], [ 141, 159 ], [ 358, 370 ], [ 408, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2003: Michael Waltrip became a two-time winner in the shortest ever Daytona 500 after the race was shortened to 109 laps due to rain.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2005 : The start time was changed, allowing the race to finish under the lights at dusk. In the first use of the green-white-checkered finish rule in the Daytona 500, Gordon held off Kurt Busch, and Earnhardt Jr. to win his third Daytona 500. The race went 203 laps/507.5 miles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 11677187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2007: Running fifth with half a lap to go, Kevin Harvick picked up a push and surged to the front to nip Mark Martin by 0.02 seconds at the line. Most of the rest of the field crashed across the line as The Big One erupted behind them.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 9448268, 1314336, 695559, 21509243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 44, 57 ], [ 106, 117 ], [ 204, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2008: The celebrated 50th running of the Daytona 500 was the first using NASCAR's Car of Tomorrow. It also marked the first race under the \"Sprint Cup Series\" banner, following the merger of Sprint with Nextel in 2006.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 9586522, 4628528, 15823303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 83, 98 ], [ 204, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2010: The longest Daytona 500 distance until the 2020 event, 208 laps (), due to requiring two green-white-checker efforts to finish the race. Jamie McMurray came home with the 2010 Daytona 500 victory. Dale Earnhardt Jr. finished second.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 22059323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2011: Since this race marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Dale Earnhardt, the third lap was a \"silent lap\", meaning the TV and radio announcers were silent during the entire lap, and fans held up three fingers in reference to Earnhardt's car number. Trevor Bayne, at 20 years and one day old, became the youngest Daytona 500 winner ever.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 28353395, 23534154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 260, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2012: While 2010 was the longest distance, 2012 was the longest time to complete the race. Scheduled for a 12 noon EST start on Sunday, rain delayed the race to Monday, then further delayed it to a 7 PM start that Monday night, resulting in the first primetime Daytona 500 start (but the third to reach primetime). On lap 160, Juan Pablo Montoya crashed into a jet dryer in turn 3, sparking a lengthy red flag as crews put out the resulting fire and repaired the damage. The race finally ended at approximately 1 AM EST Tuesday morning, 37 hours after the originally scheduled start, with Matt Kenseth becoming the first repeat winner since Jeff Gordon who won the 2005 race. It was attended by that year's presidential candidate Mitt Romney, who met his once removed sixteenth cousin and professional wrestler John CenaFamily relationship of Mitt Romney and John Cena via John Fray.Facebook, Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi and musician Lenny Kravitz there.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 33957668, 164992, 425483, 18600829, 11677187, 20102947, 426208, 24864, 345802, 6158536, 4550623, 165567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 328, 346 ], [ 590, 602 ], [ 642, 653 ], [ 666, 670 ], [ 696, 730 ], [ 731, 742 ], [ 790, 811 ], [ 812, 821 ], [ 894, 918 ], [ 919, 928 ], [ 942, 955 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2013 : There were a number of firsts. This was the first race with NASCAR's new redesigned Generation 6 body. Rookie Danica Patrick won the pole, becoming the first woman on pole in the Daytona 500. She also was the first woman to lead laps under green flag conditions in the race. Jimmie Johnson earned his second Daytona 500 victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 38001229, 1886352, 1102404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 118, 132 ], [ 283, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2014: For the second year in a row, a rookie won the pole position, in this case, Austin Dillon in his first ride in the newly renumbered #3 Chevy SS for Richard Childress Racing, the first time the #3 had been used in a NASCAR Cup Series race since Dale Earnhardt's death. Dale Earnhardt Jr., won his second Daytona 500, the third straight won by a past winner, after Kenseth in 2012 and Johnson in 2013. The race was delayed 6 hours, 22 minutes, and ended at 11:18p.m. ET Sunday night.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 41509399, 22583176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 83, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2015: Jeff Gordon won the pole for the final time, There were two big wrecks during the race, one with 19 laps to go for Justin Allgaier and Ty Dillon, brought out a red flag to ensue cleanup on the track, and one on lap 202 at a scheduled Green–white–checkered finish, Joey Logano won his first Daytona 500.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 44424315, 18600829, 21509243, 2276244, 33454588, 4556479, 12979568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 18 ], [ 67, 77 ], [ 122, 137 ], [ 142, 151 ], [ 241, 269 ], [ 271, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2016: Rookie Chase Elliott started the race from the pole position. Driver Denny Hamlin led 95 laps during the race, and on the last lap, Hamlin passed leader Matt Kenseth. Hamlin would then beat Martin Truex Jr. by 0.010 seconds, which would become the closest finish in the Daytona 500.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 48632162, 33732178, 2148196, 1533249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 14, 27 ], [ 76, 88 ], [ 197, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2017: Chase Elliott started the race from the pole for the second year in a row. Several big wrecks decimated the field but a long green run to the finish put everyone in fuel trouble. Kurt Busch won as Elliott, Martin Truex Jr., and Kyle Larson all ran out of fuel in the last four laps.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 52334655, 33732178, 525736, 1533249, 36163081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 20 ], [ 186, 196 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 235, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2018: 20 years after Dale Earnhardt Sr. earned his iconic victory at Daytona, Austin Dillon brought Richard Childress's #3 Chevrolet back to Victory Lane. Dillon, Childress's grandson, who was photographed next to Earnhardt as a child after the earlier win, led only the final lap, bumping leader Aric Almirola out of the way, sending the latter's Ford into the wall. Also of note, rookie Darrell Wallace Jr. finished in the runner-up spot, barely edging out 2016 winner Denny Hamlin, the highest finish for an African-American driver in the event's history. It was also the final NASCAR race for Danica Patrick, who was collected in a multi-car wreck near the end of the second stage that also ended the days of Chase Elliott, Brad Keselowski, Kevin Harvick, among others.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 55840794, 7893, 11161186, 22583176, 3831326, 35761776, 2148196, 1886352, 33732178, 2187357, 1314336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 22, 40 ], [ 52, 66 ], [ 79, 92 ], [ 298, 311 ], [ 390, 409 ], [ 472, 484 ], [ 598, 612 ], [ 714, 727 ], [ 729, 744 ], [ 746, 759 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2019: The last race to use traditional restrictor plates in NASCAR since 1988. William Byron started on the pole alongside Alex Bowman, making it the youngest front-row starters in Daytona 500 history. Kurt Busch was caught up in an early wreck after contact with Ricky Stenhouse Jr., collecting Jamie McMurray, Austin Dillon, and Bubba Wallace. Kyle Busch would win stage 1 and Ryan Blaney would win stage 2. Matt DiBenedetto, driving for Leavine Family Racing, would lead a race-high of 49 laps until he was caught up in \"The Big One\" with nine laps to go after contact with Paul Menard going into turn 3, collecting 18 cars in all. Two more wrecks occurring in the final 5 laps forced the race into overtime. Denny Hamlin escaped through all the late crashes and would go on to win his second Daytona 500 race in his career. Joe Gibbs earned his third Daytona 500 victory. Gibbs-owned Toyotas swept the top three spots, as Kyle Busch finished second and Erik Jones third. It was the second time in event history that one team took home the first three spots, and the first time since Hendrick Motorsports achieved the feat in 1997.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 59487876, 47122388, 37075938, 525736, 23639467, 1708050, 22583176, 35761776, 1467805, 34734897, 26272291, 36233668, 21509243, 2036596, 2148196, 490927, 1467805, 39026677, 2089777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 80, 93 ], [ 124, 135 ], [ 203, 213 ], [ 265, 284 ], [ 297, 311 ], [ 313, 326 ], [ 332, 345 ], [ 347, 357 ], [ 380, 391 ], [ 411, 427 ], [ 441, 462 ], [ 525, 536 ], [ 578, 589 ], [ 713, 725 ], [ 829, 838 ], [ 927, 937 ], [ 958, 968 ], [ 1088, 1108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2020: Donald Trump is the first President of the United States to serve as Daytona 500 Grand Marshal, and the opening lap is paced by the official Presidential state car. Shortly after this, continuing rain showers caused the race to be postponed for one day, for the first time in eight years. Denny Hamlin won his third Daytona 500 the next day in the second-closest finish in race history, though the win was overshadowed by a horrific accident for Ryan Newman on the final lap, being sent to a nearby hospital.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 62100587, 4848272, 24113, 4783583, 1600272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 19 ], [ 33, 63 ], [ 148, 170 ], [ 453, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2021: Much like 2011, this race also had a \"silent lap\" on lap 3. Ironically, Derrike Cope, the 1990 Daytona 500 winner making his final start, blew a tire on this lap headed into turn 3, much like how Dale Earnhardt blew a tire on the final lap of the aforementioned 500. On lap 14, a 16-car wreck occurred before the race was red-flagged due to rain. After a 5-hour 40 minute stoppage, at 9:07pm the race resumed with Denny Hamlin eventually winning both stages. On the last lap, which occurred after midnight, a big wreck occurred in turn 3 and Michael McDowell scored his first career Cup win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History highlights", "target_page_ids": [ 65306896, 2148196, 7895537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 421, 433 ], [ 549, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The qualifying procedure is unique for the Daytona 500. Some teams must race their way into the Daytona 500 field. The first row is set by a timed round of qualifying, held one week before the race (prior to 2003, this was two rounds; prior to 2001, it was three). The remainder of the field is set by two separate qualifying races (these were from 1959 to 1967; from 1969 to 2004; and with a two-lap overtime, if necessary, beginning in 2005 (these races were not held in 1968 due to rain). The top two drivers from the qualifying races who were not in the top 35 in owner points were given spots on the field, and the rest of the field was set by the finishing order of the duels, with guaranteed spots to those in the top 35. The remaining spots, 40 to 43, were filled by top qualifying times of those not already in the field from the qualifying race. If there was a previous NASCAR champion without a spot, he would get one of those four spots, otherwise, the fourth-fastest car was added to the field.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Qualifying procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to 2005 – and beginning again in 2013 – after the top two cars were set, the top fourteen cars in the qualifying races advance to the field, and then between six (1998–2003), eight (1995–97, 2004) or 10 (until 1994) fastest cars which do not advance from the qualifying race are added, then cars in the top 35 in owner points not locked into the race, and then the driver with the championship provisional, except for 1985 when no such car was eligible for a provisional starting spot, the only time that happened in the Daytona 500 from when the provisional was added in 1976 through 2004.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Qualifying procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Daytona 500 was the first auto race to be televised live flag-to-flag on network television when CBS aired it in 1979, continuing to air until 2000.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [ 37653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 2001 to 2006, the race alternated between FOX and NBC under the terms of a six–year, $2.48 billion NASCAR television contract, with FOX broadcasting the Daytona 500 in odd-numbered years (2001, 2003, 2005) and the Pepsi 400 in even-numbered years (2002, 2004, 2006) and NBC broadcasting the opposite race in that year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [ 4064853, 4073204, 12230576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 50 ], [ 55, 58 ], [ 219, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, a new television contract was signed, which made FOX the sole broadcaster of the Daytona 500 for eight years, from 2007 to 2014. In 2013, 10 more years were added to the contract, giving FOX every Daytona 500 from 2015 to 2024 as well, for a total of at least 20 Daytona 500s in a row.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The installation of the lighting system at Daytona International Speedway in 1998, as well as the implementations of the television packages in 2001 and 2007 respectively, have resulted in the race starting and ending much later than it did in the race's early years. The race started at 12:15p.m. EST from 1979 until 2000. The start time was moved to 1:00p.m EST from 2001 to 2004, 2:30p.m. in 2005 and 2006, and 3:30p.m. from 2007 to 2009, all for the convenience of west coast viewers. The 2005 race ended at sunset for the first time in its history, and the 2006 race ended well after sunset.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [ 1694145, 496028, 496028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ], [ 298, 301 ], [ 360, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Every Daytona 500 between 2006 and 2010, as well as the 2012 and 2014 races, ended under the lights. The changing track conditions caused by the onset of darkness in the closing laps in these years forced the crew chiefs to predict the critical car setup adjustments needed for their final two pit stops. The 2007 race was the first Daytona 500 to go into prime-time, ending at 7:07p.m. Eastern time. In 2010, the race moved back to a 1:00p.m. start time, which should have resulted in it ending in daylight; however, two red flags caused by track surface issues led to long delays that pushed the race to 7:34p.m. EST, pushing the race into prime-time for the second time. The 2012 race was also scheduled to start at 1:00p.m. EST on Sunday, February 26, but heavy rain in the area caused the race to be postponed to 7:00p.m. EST on Monday, February 27, making it the first Daytona 500 to be postponed to a Monday, as well as the first (and only) Daytona 500 to be run as a night race. Due to a two–hour red flag period after a jet dryer fire on the track with 40 laps remaining, the race did not end until about 12:40a.m. on Tuesday, February 28. The 2013 race marked a return to the race's past tradition of ending in the late afternoon, as it ended at about 4:40p.m., the race's earliest ending time since 2004. Although the 2014 race started around 1:30p.m. EST, heavy rain and a tornado warning red–flagged the race after 38 laps and it was delayed for a record six hours and 22 minutes; the race finished the entire 500–mile distance around after 11:00p.m. the same day, which effectively competed with the time-delayed East Coast broadcast of NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, scheduled between 7:00 and 10:30p.m. The 2015 race started on time around 1:00 p.m., and ended after 203 laps due to a Green–white–checkered finish.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [ 275591, 17265357, 41369735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1385, 1400 ], [ 1651, 1654 ], [ 1673, 1710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The television ratings for the Daytona 500 have surpassed those of the larger Indianapolis 500 (which has much larger physical attendance and international attendance) since 1995, even though the 1995 race was available in far fewer homes than the year before. Then-broadcaster CBS had lost well-established VHF (channels 2–13) affiliates in major markets as a result of the Fox affiliate switches of 1994. As an example, new affiliates WDJT in Milwaukee and WGNX in Atlanta— both cities that are home to NASCAR races— and WWJ in Detroit, close to Michigan International Speedway, were on the UHF band (channels 14–69), meaning that they had a significantly reduced broadcast area compared to former affiliates WITI, WAGA-TV, and WJBK, respectively. WDJT was not available in many Wisconsin markets by the time the Daytona 500 took place.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Television", "target_page_ids": [ 159018, 69480, 6503415, 1530072, 53117, 765165, 3138, 1557924, 8687, 966394, 160501, 1530054, 7906702, 1558004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 94 ], [ 308, 311 ], [ 375, 405 ], [ 437, 441 ], [ 445, 454 ], [ 459, 463 ], [ 467, 474 ], [ 524, 527 ], [ 531, 538 ], [ 549, 580 ], [ 594, 597 ], [ 712, 716 ], [ 718, 725 ], [ 731, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For NASCAR Grand National winners at Daytona from 1949 to 1958, see Daytona Beach and Road Course.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [ 56571945, 4386409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ], [ 68, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "‡– Record for fastest Daytona 500 at set by Buddy Baker in 1980.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [ 1779743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1965–66, 2003, 2009: Races shortened due to rain.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1974: Race shortened due to energy crisis.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [ 244180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2005–07, 2010–12, 2015, 2018–20, and 2022: Races extended due to NASCAR overtime.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [ 4556479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2012: Race was postponed from Sunday afternoon to Monday night due to rain and finished after midnight on Tuesday.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2020: Race suspended until Monday evening due to rain.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2021: Race ran on Sunday, but finished after midnight on Monday.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "List of Daytona 500 winners", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two consecutive victories as a driver", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Richard Petty (1973, 1974)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 25480, 23293389, 15781837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 15, 19 ], [ 21, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cale Yarborough (1983, 1984)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1145778, 15781695, 15782194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 22 ], [ 24, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sterling Marlin (1994, 1995)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1708014, 11677149, 11677155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 22 ], [ 24, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Denny Hamlin (2019, 2020)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 2148196, 59487876, 62100587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 14, 18 ], [ 20, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Two consecutive victories as an owner", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Petty (1970, 1971), (1973, 1974)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 25480, 23293326, 23394225, 23293389, 15781837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 20 ], [ 22, 26 ], [ 30, 34 ], [ 36, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harry Ranier & J. 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(2003, 2004)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 56317881, 11677171, 11677180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 23, 27 ], [ 29, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hendrick Motorsports (2005, 2006), (2013, 2014)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 2089777, 11677187, 9529632, 38001229, 41509399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 23, 27 ], [ 29, 33 ], [ 37, 41 ], [ 43, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joe Gibbs Racing (2019, 2020)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 2410190, 59487876, 62100587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 19, 23 ], [ 25, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1962 – Fireball Roberts (also won the Twin 125s)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 23995523, 1268319, 681794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 24 ], [ 39, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1966 – Richard Petty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 24003103, 25480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1968, 1984 – Cale Yarborough (also won the 1984 Twin 125s)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 24003249, 15782194, 1145778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 11 ], [ 14, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1980 – Buddy Baker", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 15782164, 1779743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1985, 1987 – Bill Elliott (also the 1985 Twin 125s and 1987 Busch Clash)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 15781702, 11677110, 909159, 682753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 7, 11 ], [ 14, 26 ], [ 61, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1999 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677097, 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2000 – Dale Jarrett (also won the Clash at Daytona)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677032, 791665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Petty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Father Lee (1959) and son Richard (1964, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1979, 1981)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1376801, 13884944, 25480, 23997314, 24003103, 23394225, 23293389, 15781837, 11676818, 15781971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 11 ], [ 13, 17 ], [ 27, 34 ], [ 36, 40 ], [ 42, 46 ], [ 48, 52 ], [ 54, 58 ], [ 60, 64 ], [ 66, 70 ], [ 72, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Allison", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Father Bobby (1978, 1982, 1988) and son Davey (1992)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 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2004*", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677164, 11677171, 11677180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 12 ], [ 14, 19 ], [ 21, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Driver: 1997, 1999, 2005", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677103, 11677097, 11677187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 13 ], [ 15, 19 ], [ 21, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Owner: 2006, 2013", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 9529632, 38001229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 12 ], [ 14, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " – DEI won after Earnhardt's death", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1982 – Bobby Allison", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 419266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1987 – Bill Elliott (also won Daytona 500 pole position)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 909159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996, 2000 – Dale Jarrett (also won Daytona 500 pole position for the latter)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 791665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2016 – Denny Hamlin", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 49393126, 2148196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1962 – Fireball Roberts (also won Daytona 500 pole position)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1268319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1977, 1984 – Cale Yarborough (also won Daytona 500 pole position for the latter)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1145778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1985 – Bill Elliott (also won Daytona 500 pole position)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 909159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1988 – Bobby Allison", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 419266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1995 – Sterling Marlin", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1708014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1998 – Dale Earnhardt", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 7893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2004 – Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner 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"section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 4840164, 419247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2005 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1529793, 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2006 – Jimmie Johnson", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11059267, 1102404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1965 – Fred Lorenzen", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 53013846, 3372018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1969 – LeeRoy Yarbrough", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 33696473, 1756739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1976 – David Pearson", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 31393728, 1785736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996 – Dale Jarrett", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 49547430, 791665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 49516776, 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1962 – Fireball Roberts", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1268319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1968 – Cale Yarborough", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1145778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1969 – LeeRoy Yarbrough", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1756739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1982 – Bobby Allison", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner 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"plaintext": " 1969 – LeeRoy Yarbrough", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1756739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1976 – David Pearson", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 34539622, 1785736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1985 – Bill Elliott", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 7185684, 909159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 38747169, 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1965 – Fred Lorenzen – Also won the World 600", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 24313683, 3372018, 53013846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ], [ 37, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1968 – Cale Yarborough – Also won the Southern 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1145778, 22298383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ], [ 39, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1970 – Pete Hamilton – Also won the inaugural Alabama 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 24696680, 3087824, 39741167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ], [ 47, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1980 – Buddy Baker – Also won the Winston 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 27788684, 1779743, 27788684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ], [ 35, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1984 – Cale Yarborough – Also won the Winston 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 8276081, 1145778, 35034929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 23 ], [ 39, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1989 – Darrell Waltrip – Also won the Coca-Cola 600", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 6669653, 372340, 51259703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 23 ], [ 39, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1992 – Davey Allison – Also won the Winston 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 4840164, 419247, 4840164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ], [ 37, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2005 – Jeff Gordon – Also won the Aaron's 499", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1529793, 18600829, 1529793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ], [ 35, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2010 – Jamie McMurray – Also won the Brickyard 400", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 21710449, 1708050, 27092997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 22 ], [ 38, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1969 – LeeRoy Yarbrough – Also won the World 600 and the Southern 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1756739, 33696473, 22298383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ], [ 40, 49 ], [ 58, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1976 – David Pearson – Also won the World 600 and Southern 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 3136382, 1785736, 31393728, 34539622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ], [ 37, 46 ], [ 51, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1985 – Bill Elliott – Also won the Winston 500 and Southern 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 7185684, 909159, 35069334, 7185684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ], [ 36, 47 ], [ 52, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996 – Dale Jarrett – Also won the Coca-Cola 600 and Brickyard 400", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 4290527, 791665, 49547430, 40658747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ], [ 36, 49 ], [ 54, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Jeff Gordon – Also won the Coca-Cola 600 and Southern 500", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 4219361, 18600829, 49516776, 38747169 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 19 ], [ 35, 48 ], [ 53, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2006 – Jimmie Johnson – Also won the Aaron's 499 and Brickyard 400", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 2725018, 1102404, 11059267, 47422499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 22 ], [ 38, 49 ], [ 54, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1959 – Lee Petty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1376801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1964, 1971, 1974, 1979 – Richard Petty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 25480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1977 – Cale Yarborough", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1145778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Jeff Gordon", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 18600829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2006, 2013 – Jimmie Johnson", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 1102404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1963 – Tiny Lund", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 23996897, 1777959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1967 – Mario Andretti – Only NASCAR Cup Series victory", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 23293365, 271425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1970 – Pete Hamilton", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 23293326, 3087824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1990 – Derrike Cope", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 2833932, 2216245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1994 – Sterling Marlin – Only driver whose first two career victories were the Daytona 500: 1994 & 1995", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677149, 1708014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001 – Michael Waltrip – Won the Daytona 500 after 462 races without a win", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 11677164, 1432362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2011 – Trevor Bayne – Only NASCAR Cup Series victory; second career start and first Daytona attempt; first rookie to win the Daytona 500 and youngest Daytona 500 winner", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 28353395, 23534154, 28947783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 20 ], [ 55, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2021 – Michael McDowell – Won the Daytona 500 after 357 races without a win, second only to Michael Waltrip", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 65306896, 7895537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2022 − Austin Cindric – Second youngest driver to win the Daytona 500 (Trevor Bayne)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 69350158, 47972355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Youngest: Trevor Bayne – 2011 (age 20 years, 1 day)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 23534154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oldest: Bobby Allison – 1988 (age 50 years, 73 days)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Race winner records", "target_page_ids": [ 419266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daytona 500 from NASCAR.com", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Daytona International Speedway", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1959_establishments_in_Florida", "Annual_sporting_events_in_the_United_States", "February_sporting_events", "NASCAR_races_at_Daytona_International_Speedway", "Recurring_sporting_events_established_in_1959", "NASCAR_Cup_Series_races", "Sunday_events" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. Nicknamed \"Iron Mike\" and \"Kid Dynamite\" in his early career, and later known as \"The Baddest Man on the Planet\", Tyson is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. Claiming his first belt at 20 years, four months, and 22 days old, Tyson holds the record as the youngest boxer ever to win a heavyweight title. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, as well as the only heavyweight to unify them in succession. The following year, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in 91 seconds of the first round. In 1990, Tyson was knocked out by underdog Buster Douglas in one of the biggest upsets in history.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4283645, 591011, 2775130, 17163, 20301117, 152261, 180721, 28524641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 82 ], [ 275, 286 ], [ 325, 335 ], [ 428, 436 ], [ 799, 814 ], [ 835, 849 ], [ 927, 941 ], [ 945, 981 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1992, Tyson was convicted of rape and sentenced to six years in prison, although he was released on parole after three years. After his release in 1995, he engaged in a series of comeback fights, regaining the WBA and WBC titles in 1996 to join Floyd Patterson, Muhammad Ali, Tim Witherspoon, Evander Holyfield and George Foreman as the only men in boxing history to have regained a heavyweight championship after losing it. After being stripped of the WBC title in the same year, Tyson lost the WBA title to Evander Holyfield by an eleventh round stoppage. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield's ears, one bite notoriously being strong enough to remove a portion of his right ear. In 2002, Tyson fought for the world heavyweight title, losing by knockout to Lennox Lewis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 161960, 63747, 1249076, 158538, 150091, 30858332, 55964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 263 ], [ 265, 277 ], [ 279, 294 ], [ 296, 313 ], [ 318, 332 ], [ 567, 579 ], [ 799, 811 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson was known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior inside and outside the ring. With a knockout-to-win percentage of 88%, he was ranked 16th on The Ring magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time, and first on ESPN's list of \"The Hardest Hitters in Heavyweight History\". Sky Sports described him as \"perhaps the most ferocious fighter to step into a professional ring\". He has been inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85734, 77795, 30863501, 99981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 203 ], [ 271, 275 ], [ 332, 342 ], [ 461, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Michael Gerard Tyson was born into a Catholic family in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York City on June 30, 1966. He has an older brother named Rodney (born c. 1961) and an older sister named Denise, who died of a heart attack at age 24 in February 1990. Tyson's mother, born in Charlottesville, Virginia was described as a promiscuous woman who might have been a prostitute. Tyson's biological father is listed as \"Purcell Tyson\", a “humble cab driver” (who was from Jamaica) on his birth certificate but the man Tyson had known as his father was a pimp named Jimmy Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick was from Grier Town, North Carolina (a predominantly black neighborhood that was annexed by the city of Charlotte), where he was one of the neighborhood's top baseball players. Kirkpatrick married and had a son, Tyson's half-brother Jimmie Lee Kirkpatrick, who would help to integrate Charlotte high school football in 1965. In 1959, Jimmy Kirkpatrick left his family and moved to Brooklyn, where he met Tyson's mother, Lorna Mae (Smith) Tyson. Kirkpatrick frequented pool halls, gambled and hung out on the streets. \"My father was just a regular street guy caught up in the street world,\" Tyson said. Kirkpatrick abandoned the Tyson family around the time Mike was born, leaving Tyson's mother to care for the children on her own. Kirkpatrick died in 1992.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 606848, 451069, 91343, 32432, 15660, 57447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 56, 77 ], [ 276, 291 ], [ 293, 301 ], [ 465, 472 ], [ 693, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The family lived in Bedford-Stuyvesant until their financial burdens necessitated a move to Brownsville when Tyson was 10 years old. Tyson's mother died six years later, leaving 16-year-old Tyson in the care of boxing manager and trainer Cus D'Amato, who would become his legal guardian. Tyson later said, \"I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something: she only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1393738, 1185547, 1486840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ], [ 92, 103 ], [ 238, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout his childhood, Tyson lived in and around neighborhoods with a high rate of crime. According to an interview in Details, his first fight was with a bigger youth who had pulled the head off one of Tyson's pigeons. Tyson was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered there by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato. Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior. He would be awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Central State University in 1989. Kevin Rooney also trained Tyson, and he was occasionally assisted by Teddy Atlas, although Atlas was dismissed by D'Amato when Tyson was 15. Rooney eventually took over all training duties for the young fighter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2271880, 43349786, 259795, 48976344, 1486840, 7611849, 1755851, 3307314, 1095771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 129 ], [ 335, 339 ], [ 434, 443 ], [ 511, 524 ], [ 695, 706 ], [ 786, 813 ], [ 819, 843 ], [ 853, 865 ], [ 922, 933 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As an amateur, Tyson won gold medals at the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, defeating Joe Cortez in 1981 and beating Kelton Brown in 1982. Brown's corner threw in the towel in the first round. In 1984 Tyson won the gold medal at the Nation Golden Gloves held in New York, beating Jonathan Littles. He fought Henry Tillman twice as an amateur, losing both bouts by decision. Tillman went on to win heavyweight gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Amateur career", "target_page_ids": [ 4284031, 173568, 847603, 82762, 18110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 13 ], [ 237, 257 ], [ 312, 325 ], [ 425, 445 ], [ 449, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson made his professional debut as an 18-year-old on March 6, 1985, in Albany, New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via first-round TKO. He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO or TKO; 16 of those came in the first round. The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders, like James Tillis, David Jaco, Jesse Ferguson, Mitch Green, and Marvis Frazier. His win streak attracted media attention and Tyson was billed as the next great heavyweight champion. D'Amato died in November 1985, relatively early into Tyson's professional career, and some speculate that his death was the catalyst to many of the troubles Tyson was to experience as his life and career progressed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 52106, 2720704, 683099, 16378697, 879472, 6013244, 5738041, 591011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 89 ], [ 353, 363 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 419, 429 ], [ 431, 445 ], [ 447, 458 ], [ 464, 478 ], [ 560, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson's first nationally televised bout took place on February 16, 1986, at Houston Field House in Troy, New York, against journeyman heavyweight Jesse Ferguson, and was carried by ABC Sports. Tyson knocked down Ferguson with an uppercut in the fifth round that broke Ferguson's nose. During the sixth round, Ferguson began to hold and clinch Tyson in an apparent attempt to avoid further punishment. After admonishing Ferguson several times to obey his commands to box, the referee finally stopped the fight near the middle of the sixth round. The fight was initially ruled a win for Tyson by disqualification (DQ) of his opponent. The ruling was \"adjusted\" to a win by technical knockout (TKO) after Tyson's corner protested that a DQ win would end Tyson's string of knockout victories, and that a knockout would have been the inevitable result.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 29831, 1345632, 127058, 879472, 1677625, 1511768, 20675563, 17163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 34 ], [ 76, 95 ], [ 99, 113 ], [ 146, 160 ], [ 181, 191 ], [ 475, 482 ], [ 594, 610 ], [ 671, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July, after recording six more knockout victories, Tyson fought former world title challenger Marvis Frazier in Glens Falls, New York, on another ABC Sports broadcast. Tyson won easily, charging at Frazier at the opening bell and hitting him with an uppercut that knocked Frazier unconscious thirty seconds into the fight.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 5738041, 127497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 111 ], [ 115, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by TKO in the second round, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. He added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987. Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: \"The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano, and Ali.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 437554, 93380, 93469, 241038, 1285900, 219090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 82 ], [ 91, 111 ], [ 298, 301 ], [ 306, 309 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 349, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson intimidated fighters with his strength, combined with outstanding hand speed, accuracy, coordination and timing. Tyson also possessed notable defensive abilities, holding his hands high in the peek-a-boo style taught by his mentor Cus D'Amato to slip under and weave around his opponent's punches while timing his own. Tyson's explosive punching technique was due in large part to crouching immediately prior to throwing a hook or an uppercut: this allowed the 'spring' of his legs to add power to the punch. Among his signature moves was a right hook to his opponent's body followed by a right uppercut to his opponent's chin. Lorenzo Boyd, Jesse Ferguson and José Ribalta were each knocked down by this combination.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 5631280, 1486840, 63772262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 209 ], [ 237, 248 ], [ 667, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he was the favorite to win the heavyweight unification series, a tournament designed to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. \"Tyson-mania\" in the media was becoming rampant. He beat Pinklon Thomas in May by TKO in the sixth round. On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve-round unanimous decision 119–111, 118–113, and 116–112. He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts– WBA, WBC, and IBF– at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympic super heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by TKO in the seventh round.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 58707579, 1285900, 93469, 466967, 241038, 219090, 1302363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 109 ], [ 215, 226 ], [ 314, 338 ], [ 430, 444 ], [ 503, 534 ], [ 552, 563 ], [ 852, 864 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this time, Tyson came to the attention of gaming company Nintendo. After witnessing one of Tyson's fights, Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa was impressed by the fighter's \"power and skill\", prompting him to suggest Tyson be included in the upcoming Nintendo Entertainment System port of the Punch Out!! arcade game. In 1987, Nintendo released Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, which was well received and sold more than a million copies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 21197, 970445, 18944028, 811720, 811640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 72 ], [ 144, 158 ], [ 268, 297 ], [ 310, 321 ], [ 362, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson had three fights in 1988. He faced Larry Holmes on January 22, 1988, and defeated the legendary former champion by KO in the fourth round. This knockout loss was the only loss Holmes had in 75 professional bouts. In March, Tyson then fought contender Tony Tubbs in Tokyo, Japan, fitting in an easy second-round TKO victory amid promotional and marketing work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 140927, 1923231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ], [ 257, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 27, 1988, Tyson faced Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via fifteen-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. Holmes had previously given up all but the IBF title, and that was eventually stripped from Spinks after he elected to fight Gerry Cooney (winning by TKO in the fifth round) rather than IBF Number 1 Contender Tony Tucker, as the Cooney fight provided him a larger purse. However, Spinks did become the lineal champion by beating Holmes and many (including Ring magazine) considered him to have a legitimate claim to being the true heavyweight champion. The bout was, at the time, the richest fight in history and expectations were very high. Boxing pundits were predicting a titanic battle of styles, with Tyson's aggressive infighting conflicting with Spinks's skillful out-boxing and footwork. The fight ended after 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round; many consider this to be the pinnacle of Tyson's fame and boxing ability.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 152261, 140927, 85734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 102, 114 ], [ 612, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this period, Tyson's problems outside the ring were also beginning to emerge. His marriage to Robin Givens was heading for divorce, and his future contract was being fought over by Don King and Bill Cayton. In late 1988, Tyson parted with manager Bill Cayton and fired longtime trainer Kevin Rooney, the man many credit for honing Tyson's craft after the death of D'Amato. Following Rooney's departure, critics alleged that Tyson began to show less head movement and combination punching. In 1989, Tyson had only two fights amid personal turmoil. He faced the British boxer Frank Bruno in February. Bruno managed to stun Tyson at the end of the first round, although Tyson went on to knock Bruno out in the fifth round. Tyson then knocked out Carl \"The Truth\" Williams in the first round in July.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 66345, 158351, 2031327, 2031327, 3307314, 325187, 6237758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 113 ], [ 188, 196 ], [ 201, 212 ], [ 254, 265 ], [ 293, 305 ], [ 581, 592 ], [ 750, 775 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1990, Tyson seemed to have lost direction, and his personal life was in disarray amidst reports of less vigorous training prior to the Buster Douglas match. In a fight on February 11, 1990, he lost the undisputed championship to Douglas in Tokyo. Tyson was a huge betting favorite; indeed, the Mirage, the only casino to put out odds for the fight, made Tyson a 42/1 favorite. Tyson failed to find a way past Douglas's quick jab that had a reach advantage over his own. Tyson did catch Douglas with an uppercut in the eighth round and knocked him to the floor, but Douglas recovered sufficiently to hand Tyson a heavy beating in the subsequent two rounds. After the fight, the Tyson camp would complain that the count was slow and that Douglas had taken longer than ten seconds to get back on his feet. Just 35 seconds into the tenth round, Douglas unleashed a brutal uppercut, followed by a four-punch combination of hooks that knocked Tyson down for the first time in his career. He was counted out by referee Octavio Meyran.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 180721, 14347820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 152 ], [ 1016, 1030 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The knockout victory by Douglas over Tyson, the previously undefeated \"baddest man on the planet\" and arguably the most feared boxer in professional boxing at that time, has been described as one of the most shocking upsets in modern sports history.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 1169845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the shocking loss, Tyson has said that losing to Douglas was the greatest moment of his career: “I needed that fight to make me a better person and fighter. I have a broader perspective of myself and boxing.”", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the loss, Tyson recovered with first-round knockouts of Henry Tillman and Alex Stewart in his next two fights. Tyson's victory over Tillman, the 1984 Olympic heavyweight gold medalist, enabled Tyson to avenge his amateur losses at Tillman's hands. These bouts set up an elimination match for another shot at the undisputed world heavyweight championship, which Evander Holyfield had taken from Douglas in his first defense of the title.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 847603, 6238783, 158538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 75 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 367, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson, who was the number one contender, faced number two contender Donovan \"Razor\" Ruddock on March 18, 1991, in Las Vegas. Ruddock was seen as the most dangerous heavyweight around and was thought of as one of the hardest punching heavyweights. Tyson and Ruddock went back and forth for most of the fight, until referee Richard Steele controversially stopped the fight during the seventh round in favor of Tyson. This decision infuriated the fans in attendance, sparking a post-fight melee in the audience. The referee had to be escorted from the ring.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 3826244, 202424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 91 ], [ 322, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson and Ruddock met again on June 28 that year, with Tyson knocking down Ruddock twice and winning a twelve-round unanimous decision 113–109, 114–108, and 114–108. A fight between Tyson and Holyfield for the undisputed championship was scheduled for November 8, 1991, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, but Tyson pulled out after sustaining a rib cartilage injury during training.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional career", "target_page_ids": [ 48729052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson was arrested in July 1991 for the rape of 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, in an Indianapolis hotel room. Tyson's rape trial at the Marion County superior court lasted from January 26 to February 10, 1992.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Rape trial and prison", "target_page_ids": [ 1177508, 57707, 96097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 103 ], [ 111, 123 ], [ 162, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Partial corroboration of Washington's story came via testimony from Tyson's chauffeur who confirmed Desiree Washington's state of shock after the incident. Further testimony came from the emergency room physician who examined Washington more than 24 hours after the incident and confirmed that Washington's physical condition was consistent with rape.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Rape trial and prison", "target_page_ids": [ 230725, 177163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 85 ], [ 188, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under lead defense lawyer Vincent J. Fuller's direct examination, Tyson claimed that everything had taken place with Washington's full consent and he claimed not to have forced himself upon her. When he was cross-examined by lead prosecutor Gregory Garrison, Tyson denied claims that he had misled Washington and insisted that she wanted to have sex with him. Tyson was convicted on the rape charge on February 10, 1992, after the jury deliberated for nearly 10 hours.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Rape trial and prison", "target_page_ids": [ 6182656, 151350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ], [ 436, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alan Dershowitz, acting as Tyson's counsel, filed an appeal urging error of law in the Court's exclusion of evidence of the victim's past sexual conduct (known as the Rape Shield Law), the exclusion of three potential defense witnesses, and the lack of a jury instruction on honest and reasonable mistake of fact. The Indiana Court of Appeals ruled against Tyson in a 2–1 vote. The Indiana Supreme Court let the lower court opinion stand due to a 2–2 split in its review. The tie vote was due to the fact that the Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court recused himself from the case. The Chief Justice later revealed he did so because of a heated argument between his wife and Dershowitz at a Yale Law School reunion concerning the case. On March 26, 1992, Tyson was sentenced to six years in prison along with four years of probation. He was assigned to the Indiana Youth Center (now the Plainfield Correctional Facility) in April 1992, and he was released in March 1995 after serving less than three years of the sentence.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Rape trial and prison", "target_page_ids": [ 3361801, 5035244, 2216709, 15189790, 1778618, 4176553, 18498531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 167, 182 ], [ 297, 312 ], [ 318, 342 ], [ 382, 403 ], [ 514, 556 ], [ 893, 925 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been widely reported that while in prison, Tyson converted to Islam and adopted the Muslim name Malik Abdul Aziz (though some sources report the adoption of a different Islamic name, Malik Shabazz). However, Tyson has stated that he converted to Islam before entering prison, but made no efforts to correct the misinformation in the media. Due to his conviction, Tyson is required to register as a Tier II sex offender under federal law.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Rape trial and prison", "target_page_ids": [ 23108751, 164101, 6037917, 47705003, 2957039, 6198700 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 74 ], [ 91, 102 ], [ 253, 258 ], [ 391, 399 ], [ 413, 425 ], [ 432, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After being paroled from prison, Tyson easily won his comeback bouts against Peter McNeeley and Buster Mathis Jr. Tyson's first comeback fight grossed more than US$96million worldwide, including a United States record $63million for PPV television. The viewing of the fight was purchased by 1.52million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records. The 89-second fight elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up \"tomato cans\" to ensure easy victories for his return. TV Guide included the Tyson–McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 2079926, 6548629, 101733, 10031721, 188834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 91 ], [ 96, 113 ], [ 233, 236 ], [ 432, 442 ], [ 486, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title against Frank Bruno in March 1996. It was the second fight between the two, and Tyson knocked out Bruno in the third round. In 1996, Lennox Lewis turned down a $13.5million guarantee to fight Tyson. This would've been Lewis's highest fight purse to date. Lewis then accepted $4million from Don King to step aside and allow Tyson to fight Bruce Seldon for an expected $30million instead with the intention that if Tyson defeated Seldon, he would fight Lewis next. Tyson added the WBA belt by defeating champion Seldon in the first round in September that year. Seldon was severely criticized and mocked in the popular press for seemingly collapsing to innocuous punches from Tyson.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 325187, 55964, 1925799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 75 ], [ 189, 201 ], [ 394, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson attempted to defend the WBA title against Evander Holyfield, who was in the fourth fight of his own comeback. Holyfield had retired in 1994 following the loss of his championship to Michael Moorer. It was said that Don King and others saw former champion Holyfield, who was 34 at the time of the fight and a huge underdog, as a washed-up fighter.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 158538, 214417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 65 ], [ 188, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 9, 1996, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Tyson faced Holyfield in a title bout dubbed \"Finally\". In a surprising turn of events, Holyfield, who was given virtually no chance to win by numerous commentators, defeated Tyson by TKO when referee Mitch Halpern stopped the bout in round eleven. Holyfield became the second boxer to win a heavyweight championship belt three times. Holyfield's victory was marred by allegations from Tyson's camp of Holyfield's frequent headbutts during the bout. Although the headbutts were ruled accidental by the referee, they would become a point of contention in the subsequent rematch.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 1639687, 1325265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 257 ], [ 466, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson and Holyfield fought again on June 28, 1997. Originally, Halpern was supposed to be the referee, but after Tyson's camp protested, Halpern stepped aside in favor of Mills Lane. The highly anticipated rematch was dubbed The Sound and the Fury, and it was held at the Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena, site of the first bout. It was a lucrative event, drawing even more attention than the first bout and grossing $100million. Tyson received $30million and Holyfield $35million, the highest paid professional boxing purses until 2007. The fight was purchased by 1.99million households, setting a pay-per-view buy rate record that stood until May 5, 2007, being surpassed by Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather Jr.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 207333, 1967972, 981021, 8679351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 181 ], [ 282, 304 ], [ 512, 525 ], [ 677, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time Tyson bit him, the match was temporarily stopped. Referee Mills Lane deducted two points from Tyson and the fight resumed. However, after the match resumed, Tyson bit him again, resulting in his disqualification, and Holyfield won the match. The first bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. Tyson later stated that his actions were retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly headbutting him without penalty. In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot occurred in the arena and several people were injured. Tyson Holyfield II was the first heavyweight title fight in over 50 years to end in a disqualification.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 1325265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 645, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a subsequent fallout from the incident, US$3million was immediately withheld from Tyson's $30-million purse by the Nevada state boxing commission (the most it could legally hold back at the time). Two days after the fight, Tyson issued a statement, apologizing to Holyfield for his actions and asked not to be banned for life over the incident. Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 775321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 450, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 5233995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels's stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 1258491, 3830968, 306325, 356167, 3830968, 784404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 91 ], [ 98, 106 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 159, 171 ], [ 241, 247 ], [ 249, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha initially controlled the fight, Tyson allegedly attempted to break Botha's arms during a tie-up and both boxers were cautioned by the referee in the ill-tempered bout. Botha was ahead on points on all scorecards and was confident enough to mock Tyson as the fight continued. Nonetheless, Tyson landed a straight right hand in the fifth round that knocked out Botha. Critics noticed Tyson stopped using the bob and weave defense altogether following this return. Promoting the fight on Secaucus, New Jersey television station WWOR-TV, Tyson launched into an expletive-laden tirade that forced sports anchor Russ Salzberg to cut the interview short.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 3114827, 125241, 1340171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 96 ], [ 633, 653 ], [ 673, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legal problems arose with Tyson once again. On February 5, 1999, Tyson was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, fined $5,000, and ordered to serve two years probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 406786, 586834, 6489640, 158057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 165 ], [ 201, 218 ], [ 362, 374 ], [ 611, 621 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first match in January was staged at the MEN Arena in Manchester, England against Julius Francis. Following controversy as to whether Tyson was allowed into the country, he took four minutes to knock out Francis, ending the bout in the second round. He also fought Lou Savarese in June 2000 in Glasgow, winning in the first round; the fight lasted only 38 seconds. Tyson continued punching after the referee had stopped the fight, knocking the referee to the floor as he tried to separate the boxers. In October, Tyson fought the similarly controversial Andrew Golota, winning in round three after Gołota was unable to continue due to a broken cheekbone, concussion, and neck injury. The result was later changed to no contest after Tyson refused to take a pre-fight drug test and then tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test. Tyson fought only once in 2001, beating Brian Nielsen in Copenhagen by TKO in the seventh round.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 511678, 2385327, 1546828, 68736, 164043, 1481886, 157589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ], [ 119, 133 ], [ 302, 314 ], [ 331, 338 ], [ 591, 604 ], [ 843, 852 ], [ 921, 934 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002. Lennox Lewis held the WBC, IBF, IBO and Lineal titles at the time. As promising fighters, Tyson and Lewis had sparred at a training camp in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984. Tyson sought to fight Lewis in Nevada for a more lucrative box-office venue, but the Nevada Boxing Commission refused him a license to box as he was facing possible sexual assault charges at the time.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 55964, 322610, 20301117, 218407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 98 ], [ 118, 121 ], [ 126, 132 ], [ 434, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two years prior to the bout, Tyson had made several inflammatory remarks to Lewis in an interview following the Savarese fight. The remarks included the statement \"I want your heart, I want to eat your children.\" On January 22, 2002, the two boxers and their entourages were involved in a brawl at a New York press conference to publicize the planned event. A few weeks later, the Nevada State Athletic Commission refused to grant Tyson a license for the fight, and the promoters had to make alternative arrangements. After multiple states balked at granting Tyson a license, the fight eventually occurred on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out Tyson with a right hand in the eighth round. Tyson was respectful after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory. This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9million from 1.95million buys in the US.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 28730792, 628208, 48607, 101733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 309, 325 ], [ 623, 636 ], [ 640, 658 ], [ 863, 875 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In another Memphis fight on February 22, 2003, Tyson beat fringe contender Clifford Etienne 49 seconds into round one. The pre-fight was marred by rumors of Tyson's lack of fitness. Some said that he took time out from training to party in Las Vegas and get a new facial tattoo. This eventually proved to be Tyson's final professional victory in the ring.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 202085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2003, after years of financial struggles, Tyson finally filed for bankruptcy. Tyson earned over $30million for several of his fights and $300million during his career. At the time, the media reported that he had approximately $23million in debt.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On August 13, 2003, Tyson entered the ring for a face-to-face confrontation against K-1 fighting phenom, Bob Sapp, immediately after Sapp's win against Kimo Leopoldo in Las Vegas. K-1 signed Tyson to a contract with the hopes of making a fight happen between the two, but Tyson's felony history made it impossible for him to obtain a visa to enter Japan, where the fight would have been most profitable. Alternative locations were discussed, but the fight ultimately failed to happen.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 603828, 204196, 1883040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 87 ], [ 105, 113 ], [ 152, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 30, 2004, Tyson had a match against British boxer Danny Williams in another comeback fight, and this time, staged in Louisville, Kentucky. Tyson dominated the opening two rounds. The third round was even, with Williams getting in some clean blows and also a few illegal ones, for which he was penalized. In the fourth round, Tyson was unexpectedly knocked out. After the fight, it was revealed that Tyson was trying to fight on one leg, having torn a ligament in his other knee in the first round. This was Tyson's fifth career defeat. He underwent surgery for the ligament four days after the fight. His manager, Shelly Finkel, claimed that Tyson was unable to throw meaningful right-hand punches since he had a knee injury.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 875685, 58592, 17874, 33115011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 125, 145 ], [ 459, 467 ], [ 622, 635 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 11, 2005, Tyson stunned the boxing world by quitting before the start of the seventh round in a close bout against journeyman Kevin McBride. In the 2008 documentary Tyson, he stated that he fought McBride for a payday, that he did not anticipate winning, that he was in poor physical condition and fed up with taking boxing seriously. After losing three of his last four fights, Tyson said he would quit boxing because he felt he had lost his passion for the sport.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [ 2017393, 17470255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 147 ], [ 173, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000 Tyson fired everyone working for him and enlisted new accountants, who prepared a statement showing he started the year $3.3million in debt but earned $65.7million. In August 2007, Tyson pleaded guilty to drug possession and driving under the influence in an Arizona court, which stemmed from an arrest in December where authorities said Tyson, who has a long history of legal problems, admitted to using cocaine that day and to being addicted to the drug.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comeback", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To help pay off his debts, Tyson announced he would be doing a series of exhibition bouts, calling it Tyson's World Tour. For his first bout, Tyson returned to the ring in 2006 for a four-round exhibition against journeyman heavyweight Corey Sanders in Youngstown, Ohio. Tyson, without headgear at 5ft 10.5in and 216 pounds, was in quality shape, but far from his prime against Sanders, at 6ft 6in who wore headgear. Tyson appeared to be \"holding back\" in the exhibition to prevent an early end to the \"show\". \"If I don't get out of this financial quagmire there's a possibility I may have to be a punching bag for somebody. The money I make isn't going to help my bills from a tremendous standpoint, but I'm going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed\", explained Tyson about the reasons for his \"comeback\". After the bout was poorly received by fans the remainder of the tour was cancelled.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exhibition bouts", "target_page_ids": [ 47163860, 6238889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 205 ], [ 237, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was announced in July 2020 that Tyson had signed a contract to face former four-division world champion, Roy Jones Jr., in an eight-round exhibition fight. Mixed martial arts coach Rafael Cordeiro was selected to be Tyson's trainer and cornerman. The bout—officially sanctioned by the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC)—was initially scheduled to take place on September 12 at the Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California, however, the date was pushed back to November 28 in order to maximize revenue for the event. The fight went the full 8 rounds, and was declared a draw. The fight was a split draw and the three judges scored the fight as follows: Chad Dawson (76–76 draw), Christy Martin (79–73 for Tyson), and Vinny Pazienza (76–80 for Jones).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exhibition bouts", "target_page_ids": [ 12206918, 190809, 228344, 66102348, 14228809, 529735, 107609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 106 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 159, 177 ], [ 184, 199 ], [ 288, 324 ], [ 393, 419 ], [ 423, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2020, Mike Tyson announced the creation of Mike Tyson's Legends Only League. Tyson formed the league in partnership with Sophie Watts and her company, Eros Innovations. The league provides retired professional athletes the opportunity to compete in their respective sport. On November 28, 2020, Mike Tyson fought Roy Jones Jr. at the Staples Center in the first event produced under Legends Only League. The event received largely positive reviews and was the highest selling PPV event of 2020, which ranks in the Top-10 for PPV purchased events all-time.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Mike Tyson's Legends Only League", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson was The Ring magazine's Fighter of the Year in 1986 and 1988. A 1998 ranking of \"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\" by The Ring magazine placed Tyson at number 14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box-office draw. According to Douglas Quenqua of The New York Times, \"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years later, Mr. Tyson bit Evander Holyfield's ear in a heavyweight champion bout—hardly a proud moment for the sport.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 85734, 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 139 ], [ 400, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He is remembered for his attire of black trunks, black shoes with no socks, and a plain white towel fit around his neck in place of a traditional robe, as well as his habit of rapidly pacing the ring before the start of a fight. In his prime, Tyson rarely took a step back and had never been knocked down or seriously challenged. According to Martial Arts World Report, it gave Tyson an Honorable Mention in its Ten Greatest Heavyweights of All Time rather than a ranking because longevity is a factor and the peak period of Tyson's career lasted only about 5 years.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "BoxRec currently ranks Tyson at number 13 among the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. In The Ring magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years, released in 2002, Tyson was ranked at number 72. He is ranked number 16 on The Ring magazine's 2003 list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. Tyson has defeated 11 boxers for the world heavyweight title, the seventh-most in history.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 662904, 32482686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 329, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 12, 2011, Tyson was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame alongside legendary Mexican champion Julio César Chávez, light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu, and actor/screenwriter Sylvester Stallone. In 2011, Bleacher Report omitted Tyson from its list of top 10 heavyweights, saying that \"Mike Tyson is not a top 10 heavyweight. He killed the fighters he was supposed to beat, but when he fought another elite fighter, he always lost. I'm not talking about some of those B-level fighters he took a belt from. I'm talking about the handful of good boxers he fought throughout his career.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 99981, 82394, 160395, 61404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 77 ], [ 115, 133 ], [ 163, 175 ], [ 200, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2013, Tyson was inducted into the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame and headlined the induction ceremony. Tyson was inducted into the Southern Nevada Hall of Fame in 2015 along with four other inductees with ties to Southern Nevada.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson reflected on his strongest opponents in ten categories for a 2014 interview with The Ring magazine, including best jab, best defense, fastest hands, fastest feet, best chin, smartest, strongest, best puncher, best boxer, and best overall.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, The Ring magazine ranked Tyson as number 9 of 20 heavyweight champions based on a poll of panelists that included trainers, matchmakers, media, historians, and boxers, including:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Trainers: Teddy Atlas, Pat Burns, Virgil Hunter, and Don Turner", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Matchmakers: Eric Bottjer, Don Chargin, Don Elbaum, Bobby Goodman, Ron Katz, Mike Marchionte, Russell Peltz, and Bruce Trampler.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Media: Al Bernstein, Ron Borges, Gareth A Davies, Norm Frauenheim, Jerry Izenberg, Harold Lederman, Paulie Malignaggi, Dan Rafael, and Michael Rosenthal", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Historians: Craig Hamilton, Steve Lott, Don McRae, Bob Mee, Clay Moyle, Adam Pollack, and Randy Roberts", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Boxers: Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson participated in the poll, but neither fighter ranked himself. Instead, a weighted average from the other panelists was assigned to their respective slots on their ballots.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, Bill Caplan of The Ring magazine listed Tyson as number 17 of the 20 greatest heavyweights of all time. Tyson spoke with The Ring magazine in 2020 about his six greatest victories, which included knockouts of Trevor Berbick, Pinklon Thomas, Tony Tucker, Tyrell Biggs, Larry Holmes, and Michael Spinks. In 2020, CBS Sports boxing experts Brian Campbell and Brent Brookhouse ranked the top 10 heavyweights of the last 50 years and Tyson was ranked number 7.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In an interview with USA Today published on June 3, 2005, Tyson said, \"My whole life has been a waste– I've been a failure.\" He continued: \"I just want to escape. I'm really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down.\" Tyson began to spend much of his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 208463, 106655, 49121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 590, 605 ], [ 631, 647 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving a nightclub. According to a police probable-cause statement, filed in Maricopa County Superior Court, \"[Tyson] admitted to using [drugs] today and stated he is an addict and has a problem.\" Tyson pleaded not guilty on January 22, 2007, in Maricopa County Superior Court to felony drug possession and paraphernalia possession counts and two misdemeanor counts of driving under the influence of drugs. On February 8 he checked himself into an inpatient treatment program for \"various addictions\" while awaiting trial on the drug charges.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 106659, 511428, 11293, 51036, 87944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 63 ], [ 81, 84 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 96, 111 ], [ 241, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 24, 2007, Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine and driving under the influence. He was convicted of these charges in November 2007 and sentenced to 24 hours in jail. After his release, he was ordered to serve three years' probation and complete 360 hours of community service. Prosecutors had requested a year-long jail sentence, but the judge praised Tyson for seeking help with his drug problems. On November 11, 2009, Tyson was arrested after getting into a scuffle at Los Angeles International airport with a photographer. No charges were filed.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson has taken acting roles in movies and television, most famously playing a fictionalized version of himself in the 2009 film The Hangover.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 21918632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2011, Tyson gave an interview in which he made comments about former Alaska governor Sarah Palin including crude and violent descriptions of interracial sex. These comments were reprinted on The Daily Caller website. Journalist Greta van Susteren criticized Tyson and The Daily Caller over the comments, which she described as \"smut\" and \"violence against women\".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 2941511, 25872759, 999980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 109 ], [ 205, 221 ], [ 242, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After debuting a one-man show in Las Vegas, Tyson collaborated with film director Spike Lee and brought the show to Broadway in August 2012. In February 2013, Tyson took his one-man show Mike Tyson: Undisputed Truth on a 36-city, three-month national tour. Tyson talks about his personal and professional life on stage. The one-man show was aired on HBO on November 16, 2013.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 5067325, 26941, 725252, 4765530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ], [ 82, 91 ], [ 116, 124 ], [ 350, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2012, Tyson launched the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation. The mission of the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation is to \"give kids a fighting chance\" by providing innovative centers that provide for the comprehensive needs of kids from broken homes.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2013, Tyson teamed up with Acquinity Sports to form Iron Mike Productions, a boxing promotions company.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 40233012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2013, Tyson was featured on a six-episode television series on Fox Sports 1 that documented his personal and private life entitled Being: Mike Tyson.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 5598334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2013, Tyson's Undisputed Truth was published, which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list. At the Golden Podium Awards Ceremony, Tyson received the SPORTEL Special Prize for the best autobiography.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 81240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2017, Tyson published his second book, Iron Ambition, which details his time with trainer and surrogate father Cus D'Amato.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 1486840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 2018, Tyson attended the international mixed martial arts (MMA) tournament in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk. Tyson said: \"As I have travelled all over the country of Russia I have realised that the people are very sensitive and kind. But most Americans do not have any experience of that.\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 244749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 12, 2020, Tyson posted a video on his Instagram of him training again. At the end of the video, Tyson hinted at a return to boxing by saying, \"I'm back\".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On May 23, 2020, at All Elite Wrestling's Double or Nothing, Tyson helped Cody defeat Lance Archer alongside Jake Roberts and presented him the inaugural AEW TNT Championship. Tyson alongside Henry Cejudo, Rashad Evans, and Vitor Belfort appeared on the May 27 episode of AEW Dynamite facing off against Chris Jericho and his stable The Inner Circle. Tyson returned to AEW on the April 7, 2021 episode of Dynamite and helped Jericho from being attacked by The Pinnacle, beating down Shawn Spears in the process. He was the special guest enforcer on the April 14 episode of Dynamite for a match between Jericho and Dax Harwood of The Pinnacle, a preview of the upcoming Inner Circle vs. Pinnacle match at Blood and Guts.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 59178122, 61946053, 6877384, 1450787, 1151130, 63522522, 18931507, 2903913, 1111874, 61309169, 424778, 62305940, 67133155, 2483261, 5534832, 48338456, 71120017 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 39 ], [ 42, 59 ], [ 74, 78 ], [ 86, 98 ], [ 109, 121 ], [ 154, 174 ], [ 192, 204 ], [ 206, 218 ], [ 224, 237 ], [ 272, 284 ], [ 304, 317 ], [ 333, 349 ], [ 456, 468 ], [ 483, 495 ], [ 523, 545 ], [ 614, 625 ], [ 704, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson made an extended cameo appearance in the Telugu-Hindi movie Liger, which released on August 25, 2022.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Life after boxing", "target_page_ids": [ 66422320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson resides in Seven Hills, Nevada. He has been married three times, and has seven children, one deceased, with three women; in addition to his biological children, Tyson includes his second wife's oldest daughter as one of his own.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 24217322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His first marriage was to actress Robin Givens from February 7, 1988, to February 14, 1989. Givens was known at the time for her role on the sitcom Head of the Class. Tyson's marriage to Givens was especially tumultuous, with allegations of violence, spousal abuse, and mental instability on Tyson's part.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 66345, 1026760, 18978563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ], [ 148, 165 ], [ 251, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Matters came to a head when Tyson and Givens gave a joint interview with Barbara Walters on the ABC TV newsmagazine show 20/20 in September 1988, in which Givens described life with Tyson as \"torture, pure hell, worse than anything I could possibly imagine.\" Givens also described Tyson as \"manic depressive\" – which was later confirmed by doctors – on national television while Tyson looked on with an intent and calm expression. A month later, Givens announced that she was seeking a divorce from the allegedly abusive Tyson.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 335069, 62027, 513116, 422220, 4531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 88 ], [ 96, 99 ], [ 103, 115 ], [ 121, 126 ], [ 291, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the book Fire and Fear: The Inside Story of Mike Tyson, Tyson admitted that he punched Givens and stated, \"that was the best punch I've ever thrown in my entire life.\" Tyson claimed that book was \"filled with inaccuracies.\" They had no children but she reported having had a miscarriage; Tyson claimed that she was never pregnant and only used that to get him to marry her. During their marriage, the couple lived in a mansion in Bernardsville, New Jersey.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 144147, 125707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 288, 299 ], [ 443, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson's second marriage was to Monica Turner from April 19, 1997, to January 14, 2003. At the time of the divorce filing, Turner worked as a pediatric resident at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. She is the sister of Michael Steele, the former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland and former Republican National Committee. Turner filed for divorce from Tyson in January 2002, claiming that he committed adultery during their five-year marriage, an act that \"has neither been forgiven nor condoned.\" The couple had two children; son Amir and Ramsey who is non-binary.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 23593, 1147690, 8808551, 502207, 1826272, 326350, 58809, 264989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 150 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 163, 199 ], [ 241, 255 ], [ 268, 299 ], [ 311, 340 ], [ 422, 430 ], [ 575, 585 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 25, 2009, Tyson's four-year-old daughter Exodus was found by her seven-year-old brother Miguel unconscious and tangled in a cord, dangling from an exercise treadmill. The child's mother, Sol Xochitl, untangled her, administered CPR and called for medical attention. Tyson, who was in Las Vegas at the time of the incident, traveled back to Phoenix to be with her. She died of her injuries on May 26, 2009.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 66392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eleven days after his daughter's death, Tyson wed for the third time, to longtime girlfriend Lakiha \"Kiki\" Spicer, age 32, exchanging vows on Saturday, June 6, 2009, in a short, private ceremony at the La Bella Wedding Chapel at the Las Vegas Hilton. They have two children; daughter Milan and son Morocco.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2011, Tyson appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to discuss his new Animal Planet reality series Taking on Tyson. In the interview with DeGeneres, Tyson discussed some of the ways he had improved his life in the past two years, including sober living and a vegan diet. However, in August 2013 he admitted publicly that he had lied about his sobriety and was on the verge of death from alcoholism.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1446915, 406672, 32587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 57 ], [ 77, 90 ], [ 266, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2013, Tyson stated \"the more I look at churches and mosques, the more I see the devil\". But, just a month later, in a December 2013 interview with Fox News, Tyson said that he is very grateful to be a Muslim and that he needs Allah in his life. In the same interview Tyson talked about his progress with sobriety and how being in the company of good people has made him want to be a better and more humble person.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tyson also revealed that he is no longer vegan, stating, \"I was a vegan for four years but not anymore. I eat chicken every now and then. I should be a vegan. [No red meat] at all, no way! I would be very sick if I ate red meat. That's probably why I was so crazy before.\"", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2015, Tyson announced that he was supporting Donald Trump's presidential candidacy.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 4848272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 20, 2022, on a JetBlue flight from San Francisco to Florida, Tyson repeatedly punched a male passenger who was harassing him.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 374328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the height of his fame and career in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Tyson was among the most recognized sports personalities in the world. In addition to his many sporting accomplishments, his outrageous and controversial behavior in the ring and in his private life has kept him in the public eye and in the courtroom. As such, Tyson has been the subject of myriad popular media including movies, television, books and music. He has also been featured in video games and as a subject of parody or satire. Tyson became involved in professional wrestling and has made many cameo appearances in film and television.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 24864, 275882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 544, 566 ], [ 585, 601 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film Tyson was released in 1995 and was directed by Uli Edel. It explores the life of Mike Tyson, from the death of his guardian and trainer Cus D'Amato to his rape conviction. Tyson is played by Michael Jai White.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 24694758, 447821, 1486840, 3213549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 56, 64 ], [ 145, 156 ], [ 200, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Published in 2007, author Joe Layden's book The Last Great Fight: The Extraordinary Tale of Two Men and How One Fight Changed Their Lives Forever, chronicled the lives of Tyson and Douglas before and after their heavyweight championship fight.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, the documentary Tyson premiered at the annual Cannes Film Festival in France.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 17470255, 101460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 30 ], [ 55, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He is the titular character in Mike Tyson Mysteries, which started airing on October 27, 2014, on Adult Swim. In the animated series, Tyson voices a fictionalized version of himself, solving mysteries in the style of Scooby-Doo.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 43425845, 326292, 37287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 51 ], [ 98, 108 ], [ 217, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early March 2015, Tyson appeared on the track \"Iconic\" on Madonna's album Rebel Heart. Tyson says some lines at the beginning of the song.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 45197818, 142056, 44783961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ], [ 61, 68 ], [ 77, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. With Donnie Yen reprising his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man, while Mike Tyson has been confirmed to join the cast. Principal photography began on March 25, 2015, and was premiered in Hong Kong on December 16, 2015.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 46223967, 1476899, 37313, 158664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 105, 114 ], [ 138, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January 2017, Tyson launched his YouTube channel with Shots Studios, a comedy video and comedy music production company with young digital stars like Lele Pons and Rudy Mancuso. Tyson's channel includes parody music videos and comedy sketches.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 41032805, 43774211, 53236176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ], [ 153, 162 ], [ 167, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He hosts the podcast Hotboxin' with Mike Tyson.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2017, Tyson was announced as the new face of Australian car servicing franchise Ultra Tune. He has taken over from Jean-Claude van Damme in fronting television commercials for the brand, and the first advert is due to air in January 2018 during the Australian Open.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 53171374, 89265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 101 ], [ 126, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A joint Mainland China-Hong Kong-directed film on female friendship titled Girls 2: Girls vs Gangsters () that was shot earlier from July–August 2016 at several locations around Vietnam was released in March 2018, featuring Tyson as \"Dragon\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 55079, 58650307, 202354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ], [ 75, 82 ], [ 178, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tiki Lau released a dance music single, \"Mike Tyson\", in October 2020, which includes vocals from Tyson.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, Mike's Hard Lemonade Seltzer featured ads with Tyson.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2021, it was announced that Jamie Foxx will star in, and also executive produce the official scripted series Tyson. The limited series will be directed by Antoine Fuqua and executive produced by Martin Scorsese.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 325191, 1674155, 18995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ], [ 164, 177 ], [ 204, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A two-part documentary series titled The Knockout premiered on May 25, 2021, on ABC.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 62027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hulu is set to release a biographical drama limited series on Tyson, entitled Mike, that will go over the boxer's life and career. On August 6, 2022 Tyson spoke out about the series saying, \"Hulu stole my story\" and telling the service that \"I'm not a n****r you can sell on the auction block.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1350109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues:", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Pay-per-view bouts", "target_page_ids": [ 101733, 87179, 1894767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ], [ 49, 63 ], [ 64, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters: \"Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles.\"", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1755851, 7611849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ], [ 85, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ring magazine Prospect of the Year (1985)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 15140902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2× Ring magazine Fighter of the Year (1986, 1988)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1210446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2× Sugar Ray Robinson Award winner (1987, 1989)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 18170453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality (1989)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 582130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee (Class of 2011)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 99981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Guirlande d'Honneur\" by the FICTS (Milan, 2010) ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 54132902, 54133259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 29, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1485413, 57016609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pro Wrestling Illustrated", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 1840022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Faction of the Year (2021) – with The Inner Circle", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 30654736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of undisputed boxing champions", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4701896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of heavyweight boxing champions", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 390606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "World heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32482686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boxing Hall of Fame", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ESPN.com", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ESPN.com – additional information", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ESPN.com – Boxing Topics: Mike Tyson", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mike Tyson amateur boxing record", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Mike Tyson Film Takes a Swing at His Old Image\", 2008 article at The New York Times", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Mike Tyson Moves to the Suburbs\", 2011 article at The New York Times", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Mike_Tyson", "1966_births", "Living_people", "20th-century_American_criminals", "African-American_boxers", "African-American_male_professional_wrestlers", "African-American_Muslims", "American_autobiographers", "American_male_boxers", "American_male_criminals", "American_male_voice_actors", "American_people_convicted_of_assault", "American_people_convicted_of_drug_offenses", "American_people_convicted_of_rape", "American_prisoners_and_detainees", "American_sportspeople_convicted_of_crimes", "BBC_Sports_Personality_World_Sport_Star_of_the_Year_winners", "Boxers_from_New_York_(state)", "Converts_to_Islam", "Criminals_from_New_York_(state)", "Criminals_from_New_York_City", "D-Generation_X_members", "International_Boxing_Federation_champions", "International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame_inductees", "Mixed_martial_arts_referees", "National_Golden_Gloves_champions", "Participants_in_Bulgarian_reality_television_series", "People_from_Bedford–Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn", "People_from_Bernardsville,_New_Jersey", "People_from_Brownsville,_Brooklyn", "People_from_Catskill,_New_York", "People_from_Henderson,_Nevada", "People_from_Trumbull_County,_Ohio", "People_with_bipolar_disorder", "People_with_speech_impediment", "Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Indiana", "Sportspeople_from_Brooklyn", "Sportspeople_from_Las_Vegas", "The_Ring_(magazine)_champions", "World_Boxing_Association_champions", "World_Boxing_Council_champions", "World_heavyweight_boxing_champions", "Writers_from_Brooklyn", "WWE_Hall_of_Fame_inductees", "Participants_in_Argentine_reality_television_series", "Bailando_por_un_Sueño_(Argentine_TV_series)_participants" ]

[ "Michael Gerard Tyson", "Iron Mike" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. The origin of the word \"bamboo\" is uncertain, but it probably comes from the Dutch or Portuguese language, which originally borrowed it from Malay or Kannada.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 66719, 733199, 151983, 56217, 11558553, 19985174, 23915, 126630, 37445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 40 ], [ 41, 50 ], [ 82, 91 ], [ 125, 132 ], [ 134, 146 ], [ 270, 275 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 334, 339 ], [ 343, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In bamboo, as in other grasses, the internodal regions of the stem are usually hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross-section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18952693, 2956278, 54149, 18952287, 46675, 3822286, 55625, 45715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 66 ], [ 94, 109 ], [ 211, 222 ], [ 226, 231 ], [ 232, 237 ], [ 269, 285 ], [ 311, 319 ], [ 335, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world, due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost an hour (equivalent to 1mm every 90 seconds). This rapid growth and tolerance for marginal land, make bamboo a good candidate for afforestation, carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 175217, 45670818, 1968338, 4535852, 2119179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 88 ], [ 271, 284 ], [ 319, 332 ], [ 334, 354 ], [ 359, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is versatile and has notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a raw product, and depicted often in arts, such as in bamboo paintings and bambooworking. Bamboo, like wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. Bamboo's strength-to-weight ratio is similar to timber, and its strength is generally similar to a strong softwood or hardwood timber.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21566765, 28741, 19605700, 464779, 23469770, 54810978, 33550, 157616, 59399, 297999, 371197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 84 ], [ 86, 100 ], [ 106, 115 ], [ 132, 149 ], [ 231, 246 ], [ 252, 265 ], [ 280, 284 ], [ 299, 317 ], [ 426, 432 ], [ 484, 492 ], [ 496, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboos have long been considered the most primitive grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, \"pseudospikelets\", and flowers with three lodicules, six stamens, and three stigmata. Following more recent molecular phylogenetic research, many tribes and genera of grasses formerly included in the Bambusoideae are now classified in other subfamilies, e.g. the Anomochlooideae, the Puelioideae, and the Ehrhartoideae. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the BOP clade of grasses, where it is sister to the Pooideae (bluegrasses and relatives).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 612098, 2539595, 193031, 2637500, 149544, 217858, 39926083, 39926074, 39926068, 34486288, 2086887 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 101 ], [ 179, 187 ], [ 194, 201 ], [ 213, 221 ], [ 245, 267 ], [ 283, 289 ], [ 400, 415 ], [ 421, 432 ], [ 442, 455 ], [ 507, 516 ], [ 555, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The bamboos comprise three clades classified as tribes, and these strongly correspond with geographic divisions representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae), tropical woody bamboos (Bambuseae), and temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae). The woody bamboos do not form a monophyletic group; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos. Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 40614746, 1967205, 2618834, 6682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 166 ], [ 193, 202 ], [ 234, 247 ], [ 282, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "21 genera:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Subtribe Buergersiochloinae", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 23297844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "one genus: Buergersiochloa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 23297844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Subtribe Olyrineae", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "17 genera: Agnesia, Arberella, Cryptochloa, Diandrolyra, Ekmanochloa, Froesiochloa, Lithachne, Maclurolyra, Mniochloa, Olyra, Parodiolyra, Piresiella, Raddia, Raddiella, Rehia, Reitzia (syn. Piresia), Sucrea.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 23294149, 23294430, 23355037, 24643856, 24644127, 24644274, 23298975, 24644653, 24644790, 24643967, 24644115, 23249638, 23294017, 23294018, 23294023, 23294025, 23249643, 24610657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 20, 29 ], [ 31, 42 ], [ 44, 55 ], [ 57, 68 ], [ 70, 82 ], [ 84, 93 ], [ 95, 106 ], [ 108, 117 ], [ 119, 124 ], [ 126, 137 ], [ 139, 149 ], [ 151, 157 ], [ 159, 168 ], [ 170, 175 ], [ 177, 184 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 201, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Subtribe Parianinae", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "three genera: Eremitis, Pariana, Parianella.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 45320668, 24644125, 67736809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 22 ], [ 24, 31 ], [ 33, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "73 genera:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2618830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "15 genera: Actinocladum, Alvimia, Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Atractantha, Aulonemia, Cambajuva, Colanthelia, Didymogonyx, Elytrostachys, Filgueirasia, Glaziophyton, Merostachys, Myriocladus, Rhipidocladum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2619074, 2619089, 2619110, 2619124, 2619139, 2619154, 67160043, 2619167, 45199493, 2619179, 21876717, 2619192, 2619213, 2619229, 2619242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ], [ 25, 32 ], [ 34, 49 ], [ 51, 64 ], [ 66, 77 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 90, 99 ], [ 101, 112 ], [ 114, 125 ], [ 127, 140 ], [ 142, 154 ], [ 156, 168 ], [ 170, 181 ], [ 183, 194 ], [ 196, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Bambusinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2618838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "17 genera: Bambusa, Bonia, Cochinchinochloa, Dendrocalamus, Fimbribambusa, Gigantochloa, Maclurochloa, Melocalamus, Neomicrocalamus, Oreobambos, Oxytenanthera, Phuphanochloa, Pseudoxytenanthera, Soejatmia, Thyrsostachys, Vietnamosasa, Yersinochloa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 87497, 2626801, 67169533, 518541, 87497, 2626927, 2618838, 2633331, 2618944, 2626879, 20923185, 67708197, 20923253, 2633373, 2633346, 20923048, 67081417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 20, 25 ], [ 27, 43 ], [ 45, 58 ], [ 60, 73 ], [ 75, 87 ], [ 89, 101 ], [ 103, 114 ], [ 116, 131 ], [ 133, 143 ], [ 145, 158 ], [ 160, 173 ], [ 175, 193 ], [ 195, 204 ], [ 206, 219 ], [ 221, 233 ], [ 235, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Chusqueinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 518517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "one genus: Chusquea.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 518517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Dinochloinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "7 genera: Cyrtochloa, Dinochloa, Mullerochloa, Neololeba, Pinga, Parabambusa, Sphaerobambos.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 45152146, 2626956, 67699004, 45187222, 67736751, 2633337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 20 ], [ 22, 31 ], [ 33, 45 ], [ 47, 56 ], [ 65, 76 ], [ 78, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Greslaniinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2646542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "one genus: Greslania.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2646542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Guaduinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2618853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "5 genera: Apoclada, Eremocaulon, Guadua, Olmeca, Otatea.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2619096, 2633784, 2633869, 148768, 518544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 18 ], [ 20, 31 ], [ 33, 39 ], [ 41, 47 ], [ 49, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Hickeliinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2618871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "9 genera: Cathariostachys, Decaryochloa, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, Nastus, Perrierbambus, Sirochloa, Sokinochloa, Valiha.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 29496842, 2646507, 2646557, 2646570, 2646682, 2646787, 45151970, 67710213, 29501351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 25 ], [ 27, 39 ], [ 41, 49 ], [ 51, 64 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 74, 87 ], [ 89, 98 ], [ 100, 111 ], [ 113, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Holttumochloinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 genera: Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Nianhochloa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2626993, 2633311, 67736562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 25, 38 ], [ 40, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Melocanninae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2618858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "9 genera: Annamocalamus, Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudostachyum, Schizostachyum, Stapletonia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 67137057, 2640300, 2640357, 2640576, 2640600, 2641245, 2646377, 2646451, 2618858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 25, 40 ], [ 42, 50 ], [ 52, 61 ], [ 63, 74 ], [ 76, 85 ], [ 87, 101 ], [ 103, 117 ], [ 119, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Racemobambosinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 genera: Chloothamnus, Racemobambos, Widjajachloa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 1967205, 2618930, 67091664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ], [ 24, 36 ], [ 38, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Subtribe Temburongiinae:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2648392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "one genus: Temburongia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2648392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " incertae sedis", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 1409922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2 genera: Ruhooglandia, Temochloa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 67743995, 67133312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ], [ 24, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "31 genera: Acidosasa, Ampelocalamus, Arundinaria, Bashania, Bergbambos, Chimonobambusa, Chimonocalamus, Drepanostachyum, Fargesia, Ferrocalamus, Gaoligongshania, Gelidocalamus, Himalayacalamus, Indocalamus, Indosasa, Kuruna, Oldeania, Oligostachyum, Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus, Pseudosasa, Sarocalamus, Sasa, Sasaella, Sasamorpha, Semiarundinaria, Shibataea, Sinobambusa, Thamnocalamus, Vietnamocalamus, Yushania.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Taxonomy", "target_page_ids": [ 2620368, 2620414, 518509, 45196341, 67152142, 518519, 2626272, 518543, 2626452, 2626482, 2626508, 2626528, 2626414, 518522, 2647990, 67669774, 67736653, 2626573, 518512, 518514, 518524, 45140492, 6606165, 518532, 45242492, 518536, 518537, 518539, 518547, 67095458, 2084496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 22, 35 ], [ 37, 48 ], [ 50, 58 ], [ 60, 70 ], [ 72, 86 ], [ 88, 102 ], [ 104, 119 ], [ 121, 129 ], [ 131, 143 ], [ 145, 160 ], [ 162, 175 ], [ 177, 192 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 207, 215 ], [ 217, 223 ], [ 225, 233 ], [ 235, 248 ], [ 250, 263 ], [ 265, 277 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 291, 302 ], [ 304, 308 ], [ 310, 318 ], [ 320, 330 ], [ 332, 347 ], [ 349, 358 ], [ 360, 371 ], [ 373, 386 ], [ 388, 403 ], [ 405, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and to warm temperate climates. However, many species are found in diverse climates, ranging from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions and highland cloud forests.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Distribution", "target_page_ids": [ 58903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Asia-Pacific region they occur across East Asia, from north to 50 °N latitude in Sakhalin, to south to northern Australia, and west to India and the Himalayas. China, Japan, Korea, India and Australia, all have several endemic populations. They also occur in small numbers in sub-Saharan Africa, confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique and Madagascar in the south. In the Americas, bamboo has a native range from 47 °S in southern Argentina and the beech forests of central Chile, through the South American tropical rainforests, to the Andes in Ecuador near . Bamboo is also native through Central America and Mexico, northward into the Southeastern United States. Canada and continental Europe are not known to have any native species of bamboo. As garden plants, many species grow readily outside these ranges, including most of Europe and the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Distribution", "target_page_ids": [ 1496582, 58088, 1994789, 37966, 27067, 5489, 1354, 816925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 26 ], [ 88, 96 ], [ 110, 128 ], [ 156, 165 ], [ 283, 301 ], [ 527, 532 ], [ 590, 595 ], [ 691, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a commercial basis in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, especially in Rwanda. In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, and distributing species such as Phyllostachys nigra (Henon) and Phyllostachys edulis (Moso).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Distribution", "target_page_ids": [ 512047, 3686560, 24958119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 101 ], [ 246, 265 ], [ 278, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are \"clumping\", and \"running\", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses. \"Running\" bamboos, though, need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their rhizomes, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to both the species and the soil and climate conditions. Some can send out runners of several meters a year, while others can stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 175217, 37738, 5999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 451, 458 ], [ 665, 669 ], [ 674, 681 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to in 24 hours. However, the growth rate is dependent on local soil and climatic conditions, as well as species, and a more typical growth rate for many commonly cultivated bamboos in temperate climates is in the range of per day during the growing period. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late Cretaceous period, vast fields existed in what is now Asia. Some of the largest timber bamboo can grow over tall, and be as large as in diameter. However, the size range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is , depending on species. Anji County of China, known as the \"Town of Bamboo\", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 5615, 6668535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 414, 431 ], [ 820, 831 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike all trees, individual bamboo culms emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single growing season of three to four months. During this time, each new shoot grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm. Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm. Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 343179, 432138, 51668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 41 ], [ 130, 144 ], [ 197, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos can survive temperatures as low as . Some of the hardiest bamboo species can be grown in USDA plant hardiness zone 5, although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above-ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring. In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year-round.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 1720511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely. In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years. These taxa exhibit mass flowering (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location. The longest mass flowering interval known is 130 years, and it is for the species Phyllostachys bambusoides (Sieb. & Zucc.). In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies. The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of \"alarm clock\" in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth. This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 43803206, 35971679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 289 ], [ 624, 649 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One hypothesis to explain the evolution of this semelparous mass flowering is the predator satiation hypothesis, which argues that by fruiting at the same time, a population increases the survival rate of its seeds by flooding the area with fruit, so even if predators eat their fill, seeds will still be left over. By having a flowering cycle longer than the lifespan of the rodent predators, bamboos can regulate animal populations by causing starvation during the period between flowering events. Thus, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 9236, 22610793, 16906773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 39 ], [ 48, 59 ], [ 82, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another, the fire cycle hypothesis, states that periodic flowering followed by death of the adult plants has evolved as a mechanism to create disturbance in the habitat, thus providing the seedlings with a gap in which to grow. This argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire. Because bamboos can be aggressive as early successional plants, the seedlings would be able to outstrip other plants and take over the space left by their parents.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, both have been disputed for different reasons. The predator satiation hypothesis does not explain why the flowering cycle is 10 times longer than the lifespan of the local rodents, something not predicted. The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis is considered by a few scientists to be unreasonable; they argue that fires only result from humans and there is no natural fire in India. This notion is considered wrong based on distribution of lightning strike data during the dry season throughout India. However, another argument against this is the lack of precedent for any living organism to harness something as unpredictable as lightning strikes to increase its chance of survival as part of natural evolutionary progress.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "More recently, a mathematical explanation for the extreme length of the flowering cycles has been offered, involving both the stabilising selection implied by the predator satiation hypothesis and others, and the fact that plants that flower at longer intervals tend to release more seeds. The hypothesis claims that bamboo flowering intervals grew by integer multiplication. A mutant bamboo plant flowering at a noninteger multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds alone, and would not enjoy the benefits of collective flowering (such as protection from predators). However, a mutant bamboo plant flowering at an integer multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds only during collective flowering events, and would release more seeds than the average plant in the population. It could, therefore, take over the population, establishing a flowering interval that is an integer multiple of the previous flowering interval. The hypothesis predicts that observed bamboo flowering intervals should factorize into small prime numbers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 719509, 14563, 23666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 147 ], [ 352, 359 ], [ 1074, 1087 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mass fruiting also has direct economic and ecological consequences, however. The huge increase in available fruit in the forests often causes a boom in rodent populations, leading to increases in disease and famine in nearby human populations. For example, devastating consequences occur when the Melocanna bambusoides population flowers and fruits once every 30–35 years around the Bay of Bengal. The death of the bamboo plants following their fruiting means the local people lose their building material; and the large increase in bamboo fruit leads to a rapid increase in rodent populations. As the number of rodents increases, they consume all available food, including grain fields and stored food, sometimes leading to famine. These rats can also carry dangerous diseases, such as typhus, typhoid, and bubonic plague, which can reach epidemic proportions as the rodents increase in number. The relationship between rat populations and bamboo flowering was examined in a 2009 Nova documentary \"Rat Attack\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 2640576, 47892, 5409432, 51329, 20321147, 31596, 16392927, 325772, 3780200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 301, 310 ], [ 387, 400 ], [ 406, 432 ], [ 729, 735 ], [ 791, 797 ], [ 799, 806 ], [ 812, 826 ], [ 985, 989 ], [ 1002, 1014 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In any case, flowering produces masses of seeds, typically suspended from the ends of the branches. These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several bamboo species are never known to set seed even when sporadically flowering has been reported. Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa balcooa, and Dendrocalamus stocksii are common examples of such bamboo.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 7454510, 14784973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 119 ], [ 121, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some bamboo species are acknowledged as having high potential for becoming invasive species. A study commissioned by International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation, found that invasive species typically are varieties that spread via rhizomes rather than by clumping, as most commercially viable woody bamboos do. Certain bamboos have become problematic, such as the Phyllostachys species of bamboo which are considered invasive and illegal to sell or propagate in some areas of the US . There are approximately 61 species of Phyllostachys.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 67554, 23520639, 175217, 518512, 518512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 91 ], [ 117, 161 ], [ 231, 238 ], [ 364, 377 ], [ 523, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soft bamboo shoots, stems and leaves are the major food source of the giant panda of China, the red panda of Nepal, and the bamboo lemurs of Madagascar. Rats eat the fruits as described above. Mountain gorillas of Central Africa also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo sap which was fermented and alcoholic; chimpanzees and elephants of the region also eat the stalks. The golden bamboo lemur ingests many times the quantity of the taxiphyllin-containing bamboo that would kill a human.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 30863347, 12713, 26441, 171166, 1259242, 18964, 581632, 539606, 904984, 7844, 9279, 3479809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 17 ], [ 70, 81 ], [ 96, 105 ], [ 109, 114 ], [ 124, 136 ], [ 141, 151 ], [ 193, 209 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 292, 295 ], [ 331, 342 ], [ 347, 355 ], [ 396, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The larvae of the bamboo borer (the moth Omphisa fuscidentalis) of Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Yunnan, China feed off the pulp of live bamboo. In turn, these caterpillars are considered a local delicacy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ecology", "target_page_ids": [ 35778738, 66633, 35778491, 17752, 19457, 30128, 166410, 48337, 69493286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 30 ], [ 36, 40 ], [ 41, 62 ], [ 67, 71 ], [ 73, 80 ], [ 82, 90 ], [ 95, 108 ], [ 158, 169 ], [ 188, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the sap are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of pest infestation. As compared to forest trees, bamboo species grow fast. Bamboo plantations can be readily harvested for a shorter period than tree plantations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 904984, 209236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 133 ], [ 208, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to these cycles:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lifecycle of the culm: As each individual culm goes through a 5- to 7-year lifecycle, culms are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 343179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Annual cycle: As all growth of new bamboo occurs during the wet season, disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop. Also during this high-rainfall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the dry season. Picking immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots. Hence, harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 1228152, 1228141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 71 ], [ 257, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daily cycle: During the height of the day, photosynthesis is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest. Many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [ 24544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For example:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cultivation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gardeners working with bamboo plants have occasionally reported allergic reactions varying from no effects during previous exposures, to immediate itchiness and rash developing into red welts after several hours where the skin had been in contact with the plant (contact allergy), and in some cases into swollen eyelids and breathing difficulties (dyspnoea). A skin prick test using bamboo extract was positive for the immunoglobulin E (IgE) in an available case study.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Toxicity", "target_page_ids": [ 14400598, 692633, 8805343, 490670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 82 ], [ 263, 278 ], [ 361, 376 ], [ 419, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain the toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside), which produces cyanide in the gut.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Toxicity", "target_page_ids": [ 518902, 5910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 96 ], [ 114, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The shoots of most species are edible either raw or cooked, with the tough sheath removed. Cooking removes the slight bitterness. The shoots are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In Assam, India, for example, it is called khorisa. In Nepal, a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with turmeric and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice ( () in Nepali).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 186162, 171166, 47864412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 112 ], [ 159, 164 ], [ 344, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Indonesia, they are sliced thin and then boiled with santan (thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called gulai rebung. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are sayur lodeh (mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and lun pia (sometimes written lumpia: fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 14579, 29585730, 47827563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 247, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the pith of the young shoots.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 415691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be fermented to make ulanzi (a sweet wine) or simply made into a soft drink. Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed dumplings which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients, such as the zongzi from China.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 13824744, 465125, 465125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 71 ], [ 188, 197 ], [ 271, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pickled bamboo shoots ( ) are cooked with black-eyed beans as a delicacy in Nepal. Many Nepalese restaurants around the world serve this dish as aloo bodi tama. Fresh bamboo shoots are sliced and pickled with mustard seeds and turmeric and kept in glass jar in direct sunlight for the best taste. It is used alongside many dried beans in cooking during winters. Baby shoots (Nepali: tusa) of a very different variety of bamboo ( ) native to Nepal is cooked as a curry in hilly regions.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 47864412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 375, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Sambalpur, India, the tender shoots are grated into juliennes and fermented to prepare kardi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, karira. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably amil, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using rice flour as a binding agent. The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as hendua. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 4773416, 2746657, 6073980, 8953096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 55, 64 ], [ 69, 78 ], [ 309, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Konkani cuisine, the tender shoots (kirlu) are grated and cooked with crushed jackfruit seeds to prepare kirla sukke.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 2972351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In southern India and some regions of southwest China, the seeds of the dying bamboo plant are consumed as a grain known as \"bamboo rice\". The taste of cooked bamboo seeds is reported to be similar to wheat and the appearance similar to rice, but bamboo seeds have been found to have lower nutrient levels than both. The seeds can be pulverized into a flour with which to make cakes.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Indian state of Sikkim has promoted bamboo water bottles to keep the state free from plastic bottles ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 140372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce compressed forms of Pu-erh tea. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 2443279, 418087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 289 ], [ 293, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo was used by humans for various purposes from a very early time. Categories of bambooworking include:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 54810978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo was in widespread use in early China as a medium for written documents. The earliest surviving examples of such documents, written in ink on string-bound bundles of bamboo strips (or \"slips\"), date from the fifth century BC during the Warring States period. However, references in earlier texts surviving on other media make it clear that some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was in use as early as the late Shang period (from about 1250 BC).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 196576, 43465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 263 ], [ 437, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo or wooden strips were used as the standard writing material during the early Han dynasty, and excavated examples have been found in abundance. Subsequently, paper began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the fourth century AD, bamboo slips had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 43460, 21182020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 95 ], [ 164, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade bamboo paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make spirit money in many Chinese communities.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 561564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo pulps are mainly produced in China, Myanmar, Thailand, and India, and are used in printing and writing papers. Several paper industries are surviving on bamboo forests. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. The most common bamboo species used for paper are Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa blumeana. It is also possible to make dissolving pulp from bamboo. The average fiber length is similar to hardwoods, but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to softwood pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution. With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 215844, 19457, 13286310, 40040705, 22885357, 21176952, 371197, 297999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ], [ 43, 50 ], [ 89, 115 ], [ 305, 324 ], [ 329, 345 ], [ 375, 390 ], [ 443, 452 ], [ 502, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Central India, there are regular bamboo working circles in forest areas of Maharashtra, Madhyapradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Most of the bamboo is harvested for papermaking. Bamboo is cut after three years of its germination. No cutting is done during the rainy season (July–September); broken and malformed culms are harvested first.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 142475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In olden times, people in India used hand-made pens (known as Kalam or boru (बोरू)) made from thin bamboo sticks (with diameters of 5–10mm and lengths of 100–150mm) by simply peeling them on one side and making a nib-like pattern at the end. The pen would then be dipped in ink for writing.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than ), they are not usually transformed into yarn by a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only rayon made from the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals. To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include lye, carbon disulfide, and strong acids. Retailers have sold both end products as \"bamboo fabric\" to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet; however, the Canadian Competition Bureau and the US Federal Trade Commission, as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier \"from bamboo\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 162017, 212330, 241809, 11612215, 182215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 217 ], [ 403, 406 ], [ 408, 424 ], [ 574, 592 ], [ 604, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural building material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 33550, 464779, 96386, 1480565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 22 ], [ 37, 54 ], [ 347, 359 ], [ 408, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong. In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates, and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 5268467, 13590, 344430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 210 ], [ 265, 272 ], [ 391, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many ethnic groups in remote areas that have water access in Asia use bamboo that is 3–5 years old to make rafts. They use 8 to 12 poles, long, laid together side by side to a width of about . Once the poles are lined up together, they cut a hole crosswise through the poles at each end and use a small bamboo pole pushed through that hole like a screw to hold all the long bamboo poles together. Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make fishing rods. The split cane rod is especially prized for fly fishing.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 47337, 7498299, 218754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 63 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 110, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo has been traditionally used in Malaysia as a firecracker called a meriam buluh or bamboo cannon. Four-foot-long sections of bamboo are cut, and a mixture of water and calcium carbide are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick, producing a loud bang.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 3607937, 8886656, 242643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 89, 102 ], [ 174, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo has often been used to construct weapons and is still incorporated in several Asian martial arts.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the Tamil martial art of silambam, a word derived from a term meaning \"hill bamboo\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 300548, 326949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 71 ], [ 87, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Staves used in the Indian martial art of gatka are commonly made from bamboo, a material favoured for its light weight.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 574813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A bamboo sword called a shinai is used in the Japanese martial art of kendo.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 13555999, 17098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 31 ], [ 71, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bamboo is used for crafting the bows, called yumi, and arrows used in the Japanese martial art kyūdō.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 202901, 157501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 50 ], [ 96, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The first gunpowder-based weapons, such as the fire lance, were made of bamboo.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 12737, 5318699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 48, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sharpened bamboo javelins weighted with sand known as bagakay were used as disposable missile weapons in both land and naval warfare in the Philippines. They were thrown in groups at a time at enemy ships or massed enemy formations. Non-disposable finely-crafted throwing spears made from bamboo weighted with sand known as sugob were also used. Sugob were mainly used for close-quarters combat and were only thrown when they could be retrieved.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 8700358, 69561679, 11140496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 25 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 111, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Metal-tipped blowgun-spears called sumpit (or sumpitan), used by various ethnic groups in the islands of the Philippines, Borneo, and Sulawesi, were generally made from hollowed bamboo. They used thick short darts dipped in the concentrated sap of Antiaris toxicaria which could cause lethal cardiac arrest.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 251951, 57161365, 4518, 28740, 17225216, 60575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 20 ], [ 35, 41 ], [ 122, 128 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 248, 266 ], [ 292, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo can be used in water desalination. A bamboo filter is used to remove the salt from seawater.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 156787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground petrified bamboo found in the dry northern climate of Yan'an, Shanbei region, Shaanxi province to support his geological theory of gradual climate change.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 56978, 25121, 1102000, 602845, 340901, 6045182, 155520, 47512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 53, 61 ], [ 62, 70 ], [ 116, 125 ], [ 170, 176 ], [ 178, 185 ], [ 194, 201 ], [ 255, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of chopsticks. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an eco-friendly alternative to other manufactured utensils.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 24346064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. Several manufacturers offer bamboo bicycles, surfboards, snowboards, and skateboards.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 24744037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo has traditionally been used to make a wide range of everyday utensils and cutting boards, particularly in Japan, where archaeological excavations have uncovered bamboo baskets dating to the Late Jōmon period (2000–1000 BC).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 554516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo has a long history of use in Asian furniture. Chinese bamboo furniture is a distinct style based on a millennia-long tradition, and bamboo is also used for floors due to its high hardness.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 8463546, 11870490, 1087566, 3739769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ], [ 53, 77 ], [ 163, 169 ], [ 186, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several Asian cultures, including that of the Andaman Islands, believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of uprightness and an Indian symbol of friendship. The rarity of its blossoming has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. This may be due to rats feeding upon the profusion of flowers, then multiplying and destroying a large part of the local food supply. The most recent flowering began in May 2006 (see Mautam). Bamboo is said to bloom in this manner only about every 50 years (see 28–60 year examples in FAO: 'gregarious' species table).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7994349, 5409432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 124 ], [ 378, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Chinese culture, the bamboo, plum blossom, orchid, and chrysanthemum (often known as méi lán zhú jú in Chinese) are collectively referred to as the Four Gentlemen. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in Confucian ideology, four aspects of the junzi (\"prince\" or \"noble one\"). The pine (sōng ), the bamboo (zhú ), and the plum blossom (méi ) are also admired for their perseverance under harsh conditions, and are together known as the \"Three Friends of Winter\" ( suìhán sānyǒu) in Chinese culture.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 156154, 370863, 22719, 296542, 15834827, 5820, 3072328, 39389, 32698969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 32, 36 ], [ 46, 52 ], [ 58, 71 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 226, 235 ], [ 266, 271 ], [ 303, 307 ], [ 459, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo, one of the \"Four Gentlemen\" (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), plays such an important role in traditional Chinese culture that it is even regarded as a behavior model of the gentleman. As bamboo has features such as uprightness, tenacity, and modesty, people endow bamboo with integrity, elegance, and plainness, though it is not physically strong. Countless poems praising bamboo written by ancient Chinese poets are actually metaphorically about people who exhibited these characteristics. An ancient poet, Bai Juyi (772–846), thought that to be a gentleman, a man does not need to be physically strong, but he must be mentally strong, upright, and perseverant. Just as a bamboo is hollow-hearted, he should open his heart to accept anything of benefit and never have arrogance or prejudice.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 15834827, 420483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 34 ], [ 533, 541 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is not only a symbol of a gentleman, but also plays an important role in Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the first century. As canons of Buddhism forbids cruelty to animals, flesh and egg were not allowed in the diet. The tender bamboo shoot (sǔn in Chinese) thus became a nutritious alternative. Preparation methods developed over thousands of years have come to be incorporated into Asian cuisines, especially for monks. A Buddhist monk, Zan Ning, wrote a manual of the bamboo shoot called Sǔn Pǔ () offering descriptions and recipes for many kinds of bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoot has always been a traditional dish on the Chinese dinner table, especially in southern China.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In ancient times, those who could afford a big house with a yard would plant bamboo in their garden.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a Chinese legend, the Emperor Yao gave two of his daughters to the future Emperor Shun as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of spotted bamboo. The two women later became goddesses Xiangshuishen after drowning themselves in the Xiang River.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 491273, 491272, 28997628, 28998397, 335631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 77, 89 ], [ 407, 421 ], [ 460, 473 ], [ 507, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is a symbol of prosperity in Japan, and are used to make New Year's decorations called kadomatsu. Bamboo forests sometimes surround Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples as part of a sacred barrier against evil. In the folktale Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Taketori Monogatari), princess Kaguya emerges from a shining bamboo section.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 147807, 1018662, 1059378, 9897, 168101, 782056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 74 ], [ 94, 103 ], [ 139, 153 ], [ 211, 215 ], [ 224, 232 ], [ 233, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Japan, the Chinese \"Three Friends of Winter\" (kansai sanyū) concept is traditionally used as a ranking system, where pine ( matsu) is the first rank, bamboo ( take) is the second rank, and plum ( ume) is the third rank. This system is used in many traditional arts like with sushi sets, embroidering kimono or tiers of accommodations at traditional ryōkan taverns.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 28271, 459396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 278, 283 ], [ 352, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Malaysia, a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3607937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Philippine mythology, one of the more famous creation accounts tells of the first man Malakás (\"Strong\") and the first woman Maganda (\"Beautiful\") each emerging from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1465028, 7322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 23 ], [ 48, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Ngô Đình Diệm's presidency, bamboo was the national symbol of South Vietnam, it was also depicted on the presidential standard.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 54017, 59756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 69, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo plays an important part of the culture of Vietnam. Bamboo symbolizes the spirit of Vovinam (a Vietnamese martial arts): cương nhu phối triển (coordination between hard and soft (martial arts)). Bamboo also symbolizes the Vietnamese hometown and Vietnamese soul: the gentlemanlike, straightforwardness, hard working, optimism, unity, and adaptability. A Vietnamese proverb says, \"Tre già, măng mọc\" (When the bamboo is old, the bamboo sprouts appear), the meaning being Vietnam will never be annihilated; if the previous generation dies, the children take their place. Therefore, the Vietnam nation and Vietnamese value will be maintained and developed eternally. Traditional Vietnamese villages are surrounded by thick bamboo hedges (lũy tre).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1907335, 1047649, 7584041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 56 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 170, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A bamboo cane is also the weapon of Vietnamese legendary hero, Thánh Gióng, who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from Ân invaders. The ancient Vietnamese legend Cây tre trăm đốt (The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a \"bamboo tree of 100 nodes\". But Gautama Buddha (Bụt) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. Bụt gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo: Khắc nhập, khắc xuất, which means \"joined together immediately, fell apart immediately\". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 903097, 36604877, 19999915, 18952693, 3395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 46 ], [ 63, 74 ], [ 249, 277 ], [ 633, 638 ], [ 645, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Bozo ethnic group of West Africa take their name from the Bambara phrase bo-so, which means \"bamboo house\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1005030, 67393, 4565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ], [ 25, 36 ], [ 62, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo is also the national plant of St. Lucia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 27208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hawaiian bamboo ('ohe) is a kinolau or body form of the Polynesian creator god Kāne.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In culture", "target_page_ids": [ 158383, 95283, 95306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 56, 66 ], [ 79, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bamboo blossom", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7994349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bamboo processing machine", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31465183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bamboo torture", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4389437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bambuseae", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1967205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ceremonial pole", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47917953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59659927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " International Network for Bamboo and Rattan", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23520639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of bamboo species", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17644264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mautam", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5409432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Plant textiles", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Table of Wood and Bamboo Mechanical and Agricultural Properties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Xiangshuishen (Xiang River goddesses)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28998397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo – The Plant and its Uses. Part of the Tropical Forestry book series (TROPICAL, volume 10), 2015.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bamboo for Climate Change by INBAR.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bamboo", "Bambusoideae", "Building_materials", "Garden_plants_of_Asia", "Garden_plants_of_Australia", "Garden_plants_of_North_America", "Garden_plants_of_South_America", "Garden_plants", "National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia", "National_symbols_of_Japan", "National_symbols_of_China", "Rhizomatous_plants", "Stem_vegetables" ]

[ "bamboo", "Bambsoideae", "Bamboideae" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Reginald Joseph Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (20 May 189511 June 1937) was a British aircraft designer who worked for the Southampton aviation company Supermarine from 1917 to 1936. He is best remembered for designing racing seaplanes such as the Supermarine S.6B, and the Supermarine Spitfire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 212182, 691872, 21732545, 7920751, 27548, 291731, 4091776, 26027181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 28 ], [ 30, 35 ], [ 77, 94 ], [ 114, 125 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 239, 255 ], [ 265, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Butt Lane, Staffordshire, Mitchell attended Hanley High School and afterwards worked as an apprentice at a locomotive engineering works, whilst also studying engineering and mathematics at night. In 1917 he joined Supermarine, where he was appointed Chief Engineer in 1920 and Technical Director in 1927. Between 1920 and 1936 he designed 24 aircraft, which included flying boats and racing seaplanes, light aircraft, fighters, and bombers. From 1925 to 1929 he worked on a series of racing seaplanes, built by Supermarine to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition, the final entry in the series being the Supermarine S.6B. The S.6B won the trophy in 1931, and that year he was awarded the CBE. When in 1931 the Air Ministry issued specifications for a new fighter aircraft, Supermarine submitted Mitchell's design, the Type 224, but this was rejected by the RAF. Mitchell was then authorised by Supermarine to proceed with a new design, the Type 300, which went on to become the Spitfire. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8484387, 58733, 162619, 17717, 9251, 18831, 266999, 2643987, 10929, 3446, 56291, 212182, 39033, 12141534, 25679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ], [ 19, 32 ], [ 99, 109 ], [ 115, 125 ], [ 166, 177 ], [ 182, 193 ], [ 376, 387 ], [ 412, 426 ], [ 428, 436 ], [ 442, 449 ], [ 551, 567 ], [ 705, 708 ], [ 727, 739 ], [ 835, 843 ], [ 874, 877 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1933, he underwent surgery to treat rectal cancer. He continued to work and earned his pilot's licence in 1934, but in early 1937, he was forced by a recurrence of the cancer to give up work. After his death that year, he was succeeded as Chief Designer at Supermarine by Joseph Smith.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 206979, 1604674, 1664897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 91, 106 ], [ 276, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reginald Joseph Mitchell was born at 115 Congleton Road, Butt Lane, in Staffordshire. He was the eldest of three sons. His father was Herbert Mitchell, a school teacher from Yorkshire who became headmaster of three Staffordshire schools in the Stoke-on-Trent area before he established a printing business in Hanley. His mother Eliza Jane Brain was the daughter of a cooper. The family lived in Normacot. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 8484387, 58733, 36637, 173333, 644530, 748731, 53350337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 66 ], [ 71, 84 ], [ 174, 183 ], [ 244, 258 ], [ 309, 315 ], [ 367, 373 ], [ 395, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell attended Hanley High School, where he developed an interest in making and flying model aircraft. After leaving school at the age of 16, he worked as an apprentice for Kerr Stuart & Co. of Fenton, a locomotive engineering works. After completing his apprenticeship he worked in the drawing office at Kerr Stuart, whilst studying engineering and mathematics at a local technical college, where he displayed a talent for mathematics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 6901807, 82985, 162619, 3026587, 1165381, 17717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 36 ], [ 90, 104 ], [ 161, 171 ], [ 176, 193 ], [ 197, 203 ], [ 207, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1917 Mitchell joined the Supermarine Aviation Works at Southampton, which its formation in 1912 had specialized in building flying boats. He became assistant to the company's owner and designer, Hubert Scott-Paine. Advancing within the company, Mitchell was appointed promoted to the post of assistant to the works manager within a year, chief designer in 1919. and chief engineer within three years of joining the company. In 1923 he was given a 10-year contract, a sign of his indispensability to Supermarine.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 27548, 7920751, 266999, 4261690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 54 ], [ 58, 69 ], [ 127, 139 ], [ 198, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell's career was founded on the design of flying boats for the Royal Air Force (RAF). He became the company's technical director in 1927. The quality of Supermarine's aircraft established Mitchell as the foremost aircraft designer in Britain, and when Vickers took over Supermarine in 1928, one of the conditions was that he remained as a designer for the next five years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 25679, 532187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 83 ], [ 257, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1920 and 1936, Mitchell designed 24 aircraft. As Supermarine was primarily a seaplane manufacturer, this included several flying boats such as the Supermarine Sea Eagle, the Supermarine Sea King, the Supermarine Walrus, and Supermarine Stranraer, and racing seaplanes. He also designed light aircraft, fighters, and bombers. He designed the Supermarine Southampton, a military flying boat which first flew in 1925. The Southampton established Britain as a leading developer of maritime aircraft and equipped six RAF squadrons up to 1936.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 266999, 16089007, 16158115, 583666, 586463, 6891777, 27830333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 141 ], [ 155, 176 ], [ 182, 202 ], [ 208, 226 ], [ 232, 253 ], [ 349, 372 ], [ 524, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell worked on a series of racing seaplanes, built by Supermarine to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition, which took place between 1922 and 1931. His initial design was for a biplane flying boat, Supermarine Sea Lion II, which won in 1922 when it flew at an average speed of .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 56291, 49201, 16060135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 104 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 208, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the success of the United States in 1923, whose Curtiss seaplanes dominated the race, Mitchell developed new seaplanes and produced four racing monoplanes. The Supermarine S.4 was entered for Great Britain in 1925, but it crashed before the race for reasons that were never clearly established. Mitchell used the practical experience gained from the S.4 when he designed its successor, the Supermarine S.5.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 318855, 75127, 9152035, 13375308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 61 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 166, 181 ], [ 396, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two S.5 aircraft were entered in 1927, and finished first and second. The Supermarine S.6 won in 1929. The final entry in the series, the Supermarine S.6B, marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to \"perfect the design of the racing seaplane\". The S.6B won the Trophy in 1931 and went on to break the world air speed record when it reached a speed of that year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 7468331, 4091776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 89 ], [ 138, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell was awarded the CBE on 29 December 1931 for services in connection with the Schneider Trophy Contest.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 212182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell led the team that designed the Spitfire single-seat fighter between 1934 and 1936. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, his most direct personal contribution originated from his \"unparalleled expertise in high-speed flight .. and a brilliant practical engineering ability, exemplified in this instance by the incorporation of vital lessons learned from Supermarine's unsuccessful type 224 fighter\". Many of the technical advances in the Spitfire had been made by others: the thin elliptical wings were designed by Canadian aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone, and shared some similarities with the Heinkel He 70 Blitz; the under-wing radiators had been designed by the RAE, while monocoque construction had been first developed in the United States. Mitchell's achievement lay in the merger of these different influences into a single design.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 48424335, 310055, 250131, 57992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 568, 586 ], [ 626, 639 ], [ 697, 700 ], [ 708, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The significance of the many earlier planes is often overlooked when people refer to Mitchell, as is the fact that he was very concerned about developments in Germany and feared that British defence needed to be strengthened, especially in the air.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1931 the Air Ministry issued specification F7/30 for a fighter aircraft to replace the Gloster Gauntlet. Mitchell's proposed design, the Type 224 was one of three designs for which the Air Ministry ordered prototypes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 39033, 3708623, 5938836, 12141534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 24 ], [ 32, 51 ], [ 90, 106 ], [ 140, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Type 224 first flew on 19 February 1934, but was eventually rejected by the RAF for unsatisfactory performance. While the 224 was being built, Mitchell was authorised by Supermarine in 1933 to proceed with a new design, the Type 300, an all-metal monoplane that became the Supermarine Spitfire. This was originally a private venture by Supermarine, but the RAF quickly became interested and the Air Ministry financed a prototype.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 26027181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 277, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first prototype Spitfire, serial K5054, flew for the first time on 5 March 1936 at Eastleigh, Hampshire. In later tests, it reached 349mph; consequently, before the prototype had completed its official trials, the RAF ordered 310 production Spitfires. Mitchell is reported to have said that \"Spitfire was just the sort of bloody silly name they would choose.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 14694382, 350398, 13861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 36 ], [ 87, 96 ], [ 98, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell's design was so sound that the Spitfire was continually improved throughout World War II. Over 22,000 Spitfires and derivatives were built.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career at Supermarine", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1933, Mitchell underwent a permanent colostomy to treat rectal cancer, which left him permanently disabled and in acute discomfort for the rest of his life. Despite this, he continued to work on the Spitfire and a four-engined bomber, the Type 317. Unusually for an aircraft designer in those days, he took flying lessons and got his pilot's licence in July 1934.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Illness and final years", "target_page_ids": [ 1078723, 206979, 16274845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 49 ], [ 59, 72 ], [ 242, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1936 cancer was diagnosed again, and subsequently, in early 1937, Mitchell gave up work, although he was often seen watching the Spitfire being tested. In April 1937 Mitchell flew in a chartered plane from Southampton to Vienna for specialist treatment. He remained in there for a month, but returned to England after his treatment proved to be ineffective. He died at home in Portswood, Southampton, on 11 June 1937 at the age of 42.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Illness and final years", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His ashes were interred at South Stoneham Cemetery, Hampshire, four days later. He was succeeded as chief designer at Supermarine by Joseph Smith, who became responsible for the further development of the Spitfire.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Illness and final years", "target_page_ids": [ 25097289, 1664897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 50 ], [ 133, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1918, Mitchell married a schoolteacher, Florence, the daughter of a farmer. They had one son, Gordon. A man who avoided fame and publicity—he was not widely known until after his death—Mitchell was known for his quiet, reserved, and modest manner.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mitchell's career was dramatized in the 1942 film The First of the Few. He was portrayed by Leslie Howard, who also produced and directed the film, released in the United States as Spitfire (1943). The Mitchell Memorial Youth Theatre, now known as Mitchell Arts Centre, was opened in Stoke-on-Trent in 1957 after £50,000 was raised by public subscription. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 1001896, 83538, 50197250, 41913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 70 ], [ 92, 105 ], [ 248, 268 ], [ 335, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Butt Lane Junior School, was renamed as the Reginald Mitchell County Primary School in 1959, and Hanley High School was renamed Mitchell High School in 1989. The R J Mitchell Primary School at Hornchurch is also named in his honour. Supermarine Spitfires piloted by Commonwealth and European airmen flew from nearby RAF Hornchurch during the Second World War. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 6901807, 94110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 148 ], [ 193, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986 Mitchell was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. The American philanthropist Sidney Frank unveiled a statue of Mitchell at the Science Museum, London in 2005. The slate drawing board's surface depicts the drawing of the prototype Spitfire K5054 from June 1936. The stone sculpture was created by Stephen Kettle and given to the museum by the Sidney E. Frank Foundation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Commemoration", "target_page_ids": [ 57501748, 2289965, 1030177, 152951, 44214, 12023615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 77 ], [ 85, 113 ], [ 143, 155 ], [ 193, 215 ], [ 229, 234 ], [ 362, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are plaques dedicated to Mitchell at his Southampton home, and his birthplace in Butt Lane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Commemoration", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " RJ Mitchell. A life in aviation. from Solent Sky", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 24913067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Local Heroes: Reginald (RJ) Mitchell from the BBC", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 19344654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Spitfire legend, a 2005 interview with Gordon Mitchell about his father in the Southern Daily Echo", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 2568872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A short clip of Mitchell in the Equinox episode 'Spitfire', shown in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 on 9 September 1990 (the clip is at 17' 52\")", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 6935378, 6321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 92, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Information about Mitchell's papers held at the Royal Air Force Museum London (from the National Archives)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 710091, 569595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 78 ], [ 89, 106 ] ] } ]

[ "1895_births", "1937_deaths", "Aircraft_designers", "Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire", "English_aerospace_engineers", "Fellows_of_the_Royal_Aeronautical_Society", "People_from_Butt_Lane", "Engineers_from_Southampton", "Supermarine_Spitfire" ]

[ "Reginald Mitchell", "Reginald J. Mitchell", "Reg Mitchell", "Reginald Joseph Mitchell", "RJ Mitchell", "R J Mitchell", "R.J. Mitchell", "Reginald J Mitchell" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Rolls-Royce Merlin is a British liquid-cooled V-12 piston aero engine of 27-litres (1,650cu in) capacity. Rolls-Royce designed the engine and first ran it in 1933 as a private venture. Initially known as the PV-12, it was later called Merlin following the company convention of naming its four-stroke piston aero engines after birds of prey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1826695, 32660, 25995, 158681, 18094, 214116, 201853, 5455080, 199819, 54445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 49 ], [ 50, 54 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 62, 73 ], [ 80, 85 ], [ 93, 98 ], [ 100, 108 ], [ 110, 121 ], [ 239, 245 ], [ 331, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After several modifications, the first production variants of the PV-12 were completed in 1936. The first operational aircraft to enter service using the Merlin were the Fairey Battle, Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. The Merlin remains most closely associated with the Spitfire and Hurricane, although the majority of the production run was for the four-engined Avro Lancaster heavy bomber. A series of rapidly-applied developments, brought about by wartime needs, markedly improved the engine's performance and durability. Starting at 1,000hp for the first production models, most late war versions produced just under 1,800hp, and the very latest version as used in the de Havilland Hornet over 2,000hp.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 519438, 57970, 26027181, 164329, 226119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 183 ], [ 185, 201 ], [ 206, 226 ], [ 373, 387 ], [ 683, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most successful aircraft engines of the World War II era, some 50 versions of the Merlin were built by Rolls-Royce in Derby, Crewe and Glasgow, as well as by Ford of Britain at their Trafford Park factory, near Manchester. A de-rated version was also the basis of the Rolls-Royce/Rover Meteor tank engine. Post-war, the Merlin was largely superseded by the Rolls-Royce Griffon for military use, with most Merlin variants being designed and built for airliners and military transport aircraft.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18727355, 176880, 68736, 3379611, 25742699, 20206, 1145352, 1664926, 51215, 6603263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 134 ], [ 136, 141 ], [ 146, 153 ], [ 169, 184 ], [ 194, 215 ], [ 222, 232 ], [ 279, 303 ], [ 368, 387 ], [ 461, 469 ], [ 475, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Packard V-1650 was a version of the Merlin built in the United States. Production ceased in 1950 after a total of almost 150,000 engines had been delivered. Merlin engines remain in Royal Air Force service today with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and power many restored aircraft in private ownership worldwide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1145731, 25679, 2163877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 186, 201 ], [ 225, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 1930s, Rolls-Royce started planning its future aero-engine development programme and realised there was a need for an engine larger than their 21-litre (1,296cu in) Kestrel which was being used with great success in a number of 1930s aircraft. Consequently, work was started on a new -class design known as the PV-12, with PV standing for Private Venture, 12-cylinder, as the company received no government funding for work on the project. The PV-12 was first run on 15 October 1933 and first flew in a Hawker Hart biplane (serial number K3036) on 21 February 1935. The engine was originally designed to use the evaporative cooling system then in vogue. This proved unreliable and when ethylene glycol from the U.S. became available, the engine was adapted to use a conventional liquid-cooling system. The Hart was subsequently delivered to Rolls-Royce where, as a Merlin testbed, it completed over 100 hours of flying with the Merlin C and E engines.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 2143274, 673430, 14694382, 21600868, 143129, 1035597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 185 ], [ 516, 527 ], [ 537, 550 ], [ 625, 644 ], [ 699, 714 ], [ 885, 892 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1935, the Air Ministry issued a specification, F10/35, for new fighter aircraft with a minimum airspeed of . Fortunately, two designs had been developed: the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hawker Hurricane; the latter designed in response to another specification, F36/34. Both were designed around the PV-12 instead of the Kestrel, and were the only contemporary British fighters to have been so developed. Production contracts for both aircraft were placed in 1936, and development of the PV-12 was given top priority as well as government funding. Following the company convention of naming its piston aero engines after birds of prey, Rolls-Royce named the engine the Merlin after a small, Northern Hemisphere falcon (Falco columbarius).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 39033, 3708623, 10929, 26027181, 57970, 199819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ], [ 50, 56 ], [ 66, 82 ], [ 161, 181 ], [ 190, 206 ], [ 673, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two more Rolls-Royce engines developed just prior to the war were added to the company's range. The Rolls-Royce Peregrine was an updated, supercharged development of their V-12 Kestrel design, while the 42-litre (2,560 cu in) Rolls-Royce Vulture used four Kestrel-sized cylinder blocks fitted to a single crankcase and driving a common crankshaft, forming an X-24 layout. This was to be used in larger aircraft such as the Avro Manchester.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 2143229, 7493486, 969644, 1414527, 2142653, 3538040, 381102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 122 ], [ 139, 151 ], [ 228, 247 ], [ 272, 286 ], [ 307, 316 ], [ 361, 365 ], [ 425, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the Peregrine appeared to be a satisfactory design, it was never allowed to mature since Rolls-Royce's priority was refining the Merlin. As a result, the Peregrine saw use in only two aircraft: the Westland Whirlwind fighter and one of the Gloster F.9/37 prototypes. The Vulture was fitted to the Avro Manchester bomber, but proved unreliable in service and the planned fighter using it – the Hawker Tornado – was cancelled as a result. With the Merlin itself soon pushing into the range, the Peregrine and Vulture were both cancelled in 1943, and by mid-1943 the Merlin was supplemented in service by the larger Griffon. The Griffon incorporated several design improvements and ultimately superseded the Merlin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 91979, 9519578, 381102, 2401290, 1664926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 225 ], [ 249, 263 ], [ 306, 321 ], [ 402, 416 ], [ 623, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially the new engine was plagued with problems such as failure of the accessory gear trains and coolant jackets. Several different construction methods were tried before the basic design of the Merlin was set. Early production Merlins were unreliable: Common problems were cylinder head cracking, coolant leaks, and excessive wear to the camshafts and crankshaft main bearings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 147572, 7249, 2828537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 342, 351 ], [ 356, 366 ], [ 367, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prototype, developmental, and early production engine types were the:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PV-12", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The initial design using an evaporative cooling system. Two built, passed bench type testing in July 1934, generating 740 horsepower (552 kW) at equivalent. First flown 21 February 1935.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 908654, 1728252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 80 ], [ 81, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin B", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two built, ethylene glycol liquid cooling system introduced. \"Ramp\" cylinder heads (inlet valves were at a 45-degree angle to the cylinder). Passed Type Testing February 1935, generating 950 horsepower (708kW) at equivalent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 230978, 147569, 1195294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 82 ], [ 85, 97 ], [ 111, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin C", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Development of Merlin B; crankcase and cylinder blocks became three separate castings with bolt-on cylinder heads. First flight in Hawker Horsley 21 December 1935, 950 horsepower (708kW) at .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 2142653, 1414527, 53601, 6019367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 35 ], [ 40, 54 ], [ 78, 86 ], [ 132, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin E", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Similar to C with minor design changes. Passed 50-hour civil test in December 1935 generating a constant 955 horsepower (712kW) and a maximum rating of 1,045 horsepower (779kW). Failed military 100-hour test in March 1936. Powered the Supermarine Spitfire prototype.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin F (Merlin I)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Similar to C and E. First flight in Horsley 16 July 1936. This became the first production engine, and was designated as the Merlin I. The Merlin continued with the \"ramp\" head, but this was not a success and only 172 were made. The Fairey Battle I was the first production aircraft to be powered by the Merlin I and first flew on 10 March 1936.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 519438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin G (Merlin II)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Replaced \"ramp\" cylinder heads with parallel pattern heads (valve stems parallel to the cylinder bore axis) scaled up from the Kestrel engine. 400-hour flight endurance tests carried out at RAE July 1937; acceptance test 22 September 1937. It was first widely delivered as the 1,030-horsepower (770kW) Merlin II in 1938, and production was quickly stepped up for Fairey Battle II.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 250131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin III", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merlin II with standardised de Havilland/Rotol SBAC propeller shaft, and dual accessory-drive. 1,030-horsepower (770kW) at 3,000rpm at 10,250 feet at +6.5lb boost. Formed basis for the Rolls-Royce/Rover Meteor tank engine", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 2212367, 1145352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 51 ], [ 185, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Racing\" Merlin", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Racing engine for 1937/38 \"Speed Spitfire\" world speed record attempt. Merlin III with strengthened pistons, connecting rods, and gudgeon-pins, running on increased octane fuel, developed 2,160-horsepower (1,610kW) at 3,200rpm and +27lb boost, a power/weight ratio of 0.621lb per horsepower. Completed 15-hour endurance run at 1,800-horsepower (1,342kW), 3,200rpm at +22lb boost.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 16070159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin IV", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merlin with pressure-water cooling for Armstrong Whitworth Whitley IV.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 561708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin V", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merlin for Fairey Battle V.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin VIII", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Medium-supercharged Merlin developed for Fairey Fulmar I, rated 1,010-horsepower (754kW) at 2,850rpm at 6,750 feet, 1,080-horsepower (805kW) at 3,000rpm for take-off using 100-octane fuel.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 521301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin X", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "First Merlin with two-speed supercharger, 1,145-horsepower (853kW) in low gear at 5,250 feet, 1,010-horsepower (754kW) in high gear at 17,750 feet. First of Rolls-Royce unitised \"Power Plant\" installation designs for this engine in 1937 and used in Handley Page Halifax I, Vickers Wellington II, and Armstrong Whitworth Whitley V and VII.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 40663753, 575735, 133062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 190 ], [ 249, 271 ], [ 273, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin XII", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merlin fitted with 0.477:1 reduction gear installed in some Spitfire II's with three-bladed Rotol constant-speed propeller. Rated at 1,150-horsepower (857kW) at 3,000rpm at 14,000 feet.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 1956881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin XX", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merlin X with Stanley Hooker re-designed supercharger incorporating re-designed inlet and improved guide vanes on impeller with revised blower gear ratios; 8:15:1 for low gear, 9:49:1 for high gear. New larger SU twin choke updraught carburettor. Engine interchangeable with Merlin X. Rated at 1,240-horsepower (924kW) at 2,850rpm in low gear at 10,000 feet and +9lb boost; 1,175-horsepower (876kW) at 2,850rpm in high gear at 17,500 feet at +9lb boost. Revised Rolls-Royce unitised \"Power Plant\" installation design. Engine used in Bristol Beaufighter II, Boulton Paul Defiant II, Handley Page Halifax II and V, Hawker Hurricane II and IV, and Avro Lancaster I and III. First Merlin produced by Packard Motor Car Company as V-1650-1 and designated by Rolls-Royce as Merlin 28.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 1573813, 27609466, 78012, 523502, 164329, 177354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 210, 212 ], [ 533, 555 ], [ 557, 580 ], [ 645, 669 ], [ 696, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Merlin II and III series were the first main production versions of the engine. The Merlin III was the first version to incorporate a \"universal\" propeller shaft, allowing either de Havilland or Rotol manufactured propellers to be used.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 22577172, 3992140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 195 ], [ 199, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first major version to incorporate changes brought about through experience in operational service was the XX, which was designed to run on 100-octane fuel. This fuel allowed higher manifold pressures, which were achieved by increasing the boost from the centrifugal supercharger. The Merlin XX also utilised the two-speed superchargers designed by Rolls-Royce, resulting in increased power at higher altitudes than previous versions. Another improvement, introduced with the Merlin X, was the use of a 70%–30% water-glycol coolant mix rather than the 100% glycol of the earlier versions. This substantially improved engine life and reliability, removed the fire hazard of the flammable ethylene glycol, and reduced the oil leaks that had been a problem with the early Merlin I, II and III series.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 147242, 1675601, 229710, 143129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 154 ], [ 186, 203 ], [ 259, 283 ], [ 691, 706 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The process of improvement continued, with later versions running on higher octane ratings, delivering more power. Fundamental design changes were also made to all key components, again increasing the engine's life and reliability. By the end of the war the \"little\" engine was delivering over 1,600 horsepower (1,200kW) in common versions, and as much as 2,030 horsepower (1,540kW) in the Merlin 130/131 versions specifically designed for the de Havilland Hornet. Ultimately, during tests conducted by Rolls-Royce at Derby, an RM.17.SM (the high altitude version of the Merlin 100-Series) achieved 2,640 horsepower (1,969kW) at 36lb boost (103\"Hg) on 150-octane fuel with water injection.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 226119, 18727355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 444, 463 ], [ 518, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the end of the war, work on improving Merlin power output was halted and the development effort was concentrated on civil derivatives of the Merlin. Development of what became the \"Transport Merlin\" (TML) commenced with the Merlin 102 (the first Merlin to complete the new civil type-test requirements) and was aimed at improving reliability and service overhaul periods for airline operators using airliner and transport aircraft such as the Avro Lancastrian, Avro York (Merlin 500-series), Avro Tudor II & IV (Merlin 621), Tudor IVB & V (Merlin 623), TCA Canadair North Star (Merlin 724) and BOAC Argonaut (Merlin 724-IC). By 1951 the time between overhauls (TBO) was typically 650–800 hours depending on use. By then single-stage engines had accumulated 2,615,000 engine hours in civil operation, and two-stage engines 1,169,000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 1728252, 619522, 616416, 5273203, 917679, 9913281, 44866611, 9913281, 5550378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 293 ], [ 448, 464 ], [ 466, 475 ], [ 497, 507 ], [ 558, 561 ], [ 562, 581 ], [ 599, 603 ], [ 604, 612 ], [ 642, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, an exhaust system to reduce noise levels to below those from ejector exhausts was devised for the North Star/Argonaut. This \"cross-over\" system took the exhaust flow from the inboard bank of cylinders up-and-over the engine before discharging the exhaust stream on the outboard side of the UPP nacelle. As a result, sound levels were reduced by between 5 and 8 decibels. The modified exhaust also conferred an increase in horsepower over the unmodified system of , resulting in a 5 knot improvement in true air speed. Still-air range of the aircraft was also improved by around 4 per cent. The modified engine was designated the \"TMO\" and the modified exhaust system was supplied as kit that could be installed on existing engines either by the operator or by Rolls-Royce.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 40663753, 8410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 303, 306 ], [ 374, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Power ratings for the civil Merlin 600, 620, and 621-series was continuous cruising at , and for take-off. Merlins 622–626 were rated at continuous cruising at , and for take-off. Engines were available with single-stage, two-speed supercharging (500-series), two-stage, two-speed supercharging (600-series), and with full intercooling, or with half intercooling/charge heating, charge heating being employed for cold area use such as in Canada. Civil Merlin engines in airline service flew 7,818,000 air miles in 1946, 17,455,000 in 1947, and 24,850,000 miles in 1948.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From Jane's:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cylinders", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Twelve cylinders consisting of high-carbon steel liners set in two, two-piece cylinder blocks of cast \"R.R.50\" aluminium alloy having separate heads and skirts. Wet liners, ie. coolant in direct contact with external face of liners. Cylinder heads fitted with cast-iron inlet valve guides, phosphor bronze exhaust valve guides, and renewable \"Silchrome\" steel-alloy valve seats. Two diametrically opposed spark plugs protrude into each combustion chamber.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 25708857, 6191356, 761313, 144209, 441179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 109 ], [ 111, 126 ], [ 290, 305 ], [ 405, 415 ], [ 436, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pistons", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Machined from \"R.R.59\" alloy forgings. Fully floating hollow gudgeon pins of hardened nickel-chrome steel. Three compression and one oil-control ring above the gudgeon pin, and one oil-control ring below.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 25708857, 182205, 3802862, 41228673, 2796031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 21 ], [ 29, 36 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 113, 124 ], [ 145, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Connecting rods", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "H-section machined nickel-steel forgings, each pair consisting of a plain and a forked rod. The forked rod carries a nickel-steel bearing block which accommodates steel-backed lead-bronze-alloy bearing shells. The \"small-end\" of each rod houses a floating phosphor bronze bush.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 622034, 627346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 90 ], [ 272, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Crankshaft", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One-piece, machined from a nitrogen-hardened nickel-chrome molybdenum steel forging. Statically and dynamically balanced. Seven main bearings and six throws.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 4750916, 19052, 2771228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 44 ], [ 59, 69 ], [ 85, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Crankcase", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two aluminium-alloy castings joined together on the horizontal centreline. The upper portion bears the wheelcase, supercharger and accessories; and carries the cylinder blocks, crankshaft main bearings (split mild-steel shells lined with lead bronze alloy), and part of the housing for the airscrew reduction gear. The lower half forms an oil sump and carries the oil pumps and filters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 3681705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 290, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wheelcase", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aluminium casting fitted to rear of crankcase. Houses drives to the camshafts, magnetos, coolant and oil pumps, supercharger, hand and electric starters, and the electric generator.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 20837, 17152053, 7493486, 143500, 82330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 87 ], [ 101, 110 ], [ 112, 124 ], [ 144, 152 ], [ 171, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Valve gear", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two inlet and two exhaust poppet valves of \"K.E.965\" steel per cylinder. Both the inlet and exhaust valves have hardened \"stellited\" ends; while the exhaust valves also have sodium-cooled stems, and heads protected with a \"Brightray\" (nickel-chromium) coating. Each valve is kept closed by a pair of concentric coil-springs. A single, seven-bearing camshaft, located on the top of each cylinder head operates 24 individual steel rockers; 12 pivoting from a rocker shaft on the inner, intake side of the head to actuate the exhaust valves, the others pivoting from a shaft on the exhaust side of the head to actuate the inlet valves.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 147569, 398671, 26826, 30625834, 406959, 3257469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 174, 180 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 311, 323 ], [ 429, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the Merlin's technical improvements resulted from more efficient superchargers, designed by Stanley Hooker, and the introduction of aviation fuel with increased octane ratings. Numerous detail changes were made internally and externally to the engine to withstand increased power ratings and to incorporate advances in engineering practices.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 7493486, 1573813, 147242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 85 ], [ 100, 114 ], [ 169, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Merlin consumed an enormous volume of air at full power (equivalent to the volume of a single-decker bus per minute), and with the exhaust gases exiting at 1,300mph (2,100km/h) it was realised that useful thrust could be gained simply by angling the gases backwards instead of venting sideways.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 15742953, 37892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 108 ], [ 209, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During tests, 70 pounds-force (310 N; 32kgf) thrust at , or roughly 70 horsepower (52kW) was obtained which increased the level maximum speed of the Spitfire by to . The first versions of the ejector exhausts featured round outlets, while subsequent versions of the system used \"fishtail\" style outlets which marginally increased thrust and reduced exhaust glare for night flying.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 178702, 72540, 425290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ], [ 35, 36 ], [ 40, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1937 the Spitfire prototype, K5054, was fitted with ejector type exhausts. Later marks of the Spitfire used a variation of this exhaust system fitted with forward-facing intake ducts to distribute hot air out to the wing-mounted guns to prevent freezing and stoppages at high altitudes, replacing an earlier system that used heated air from the engine coolant radiator. The latter system had become ineffective due to improvements to the Merlin itself which allowed higher operating altitudes where air temperatures are lower. Ejector exhausts were also fitted to other Merlin-powered aircraft.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 16070159, 59211, 224312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 47 ], [ 289, 297 ], [ 516, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Central to the success of the Merlin was the supercharger. A.C. Lovesey, an engineer who was a key figure in the design of the Merlin, delivered a lecture on the development of the Merlin in 1946; in this extract he explained the importance of the supercharger:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 24108741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Merlin evolved so too did the supercharger; the latter fitting into three broad categories:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Single-stage, single-speed gearbox: Merlin I to III, XII, 30, 40, and 50 series (1937–1942).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Single-stage, two-speed gearbox: experimental Merlin X (1938), production Merlin XX (1940–1945).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two-stage, two-speed gearbox with intercooler: mainly Merlin 60, 70, and 80 series (1942–1946).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 229694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Merlin supercharger was originally designed to allow the engine to generate maximum power at an altitude of about . In 1938 Stanley Hooker, an Oxford graduate in applied mathematics, explained \"...I soon became very familiar with the construction of the Merlin supercharger and carburettor... Since the supercharger was at the rear of the engine it had come in for pretty severe design treatment, and the air intake duct to the impeller looked very squashed...\" Tests conducted by Hooker showed the original intake design was inefficient, limiting the performance of the supercharger. Hooker subsequently designed a new air intake duct with improved flow characteristics which increased maximum power at a higher altitude of over ; and also improved the design of both the impeller, and the diffuser which controlled the airflow to it. These modifications led to the development of the single-stage Merlin XX and 45 series.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 59211, 31797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 108 ], [ 147, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A significant advance in supercharger design was the incorporation in 1938 of a two-speed drive (designed by the French company Farman) to the impeller of the Merlin X. The later Merlin XX incorporated the two-speed drive as well as several improvements that enabled the production rate of Merlins to be increased. The low-ratio gear, which operated from takeoff to an altitude of , drove the impeller at 21,597rpm and developed 1,240 horsepower (925kW) at that height; while the high gear's (25,148rpm) power rating was 1,175 horsepower (876kW) at . These figures were achieved at 2,850rpm engine speed using +9 pounds per square inch (1.66atm) (48\") boost.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 5000599, 23396816, 582780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 134 ], [ 613, 635 ], [ 641, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1940, after receiving a request in March of that year from the Ministry of Aircraft Production for a high-rated () Merlin for use as an alternative engine to the turbocharged Hercules VIII used in the prototype high-altitude Vickers Wellington V bomber, Rolls-Royce started experiments on the design of a two-stage supercharger and an engine fitted with this was bench-tested in April 1941, eventually becoming the Merlin 60. The basic design used a modified Vulture supercharger for the first stage while a Merlin 46 supercharger was used for the second. A liquid-cooled intercooler on top of the supercharger casing was used to prevent the compressed air/fuel mixture from becoming too hot. Also considered was an exhaust-driven turbocharger but, although a lower fuel consumption was an advantage the added weight and the need to add extra ducting for the exhaust flow and waste-gates, meant that this option was rejected in favour of the two-stage supercharger. Fitted with the two-stage two-speed supercharger, the Merlin 60 series gained 300 horsepower (224kW) at over the Merlin 45 series, at which altitude a Spitfire IX was nearly faster than a Spitfire V.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 976227, 160706, 133062, 229694, 30886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 97 ], [ 178, 191 ], [ 228, 248 ], [ 575, 586 ], [ 734, 746 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The two-stage Merlin family was extended in 1943 with the Merlin 66 which had its supercharger geared for increased power ratings at low altitudes, and the Merlin 70 series that were designed to deliver increased power at high altitudes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While the design of the two-stage supercharger forged ahead, Rolls-Royce also continued to develop the single-stage supercharger, resulting in 1942 in the development of a smaller \"cropped\" impeller for the Merlin 45M and 55M; both of these engines developed greater power at low altitudes. In squadron service the LF.V variant of the Spitfire fitted with these engines became known as the \"clipped, clapped, and cropped Spitty\" to indicate the shortened wingspan, the less-than-perfect condition of the used airframes, and the cropped supercharger impeller.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 100439, 463408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 455, 463 ], [ 509, 517 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The use of carburettors was calculated to give a higher specific power output, due to the lower temperature, hence greater density, of the fuel/air mixture compared to injected systems. However, the Merlin's float controlled carburettor meant that if Spitfires or Hurricanes were to pitch nose down into a steep dive, negative g-force (g) produced temporary fuel starvation causing the engine to cut-out momentarily. By comparison, the contemporary Bf 109E, which had direct fuel injection, could \"bunt\" straight into a high-power dive to escape attack. RAF fighter pilots soon learned to avoid this with a \"half-roll\" of their aircraft before diving in pursuit. A restrictor in the fuel supply line together with a diaphragm fitted in the float chamber, jocularly nicknamed \"Miss Shilling's orifice\", after its inventor, went some way towards curing fuel starvation in a dive by containing fuel under negative G; however, at less than maximum power a fuel-rich mixture still resulted. Another improvement was made by moving the fuel outlet from the bottom of the S.U. carburettor to exactly halfway up the side, which allowed the fuel to flow equally well under negative or positive g.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 49209, 2207861, 26027181, 57970, 221400, 389836, 186739, 1605024, 6080551, 27609466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ], [ 56, 70 ], [ 251, 260 ], [ 264, 274 ], [ 283, 288 ], [ 327, 334 ], [ 449, 456 ], [ 468, 489 ], [ 776, 799 ], [ 1064, 1080 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin range: 1943 saw the introduction of a Bendix-Stromberg pressure carburettor that injected fuel at 5 pounds per square inch (34kPa; 0.34 bar) through a nozzle directly into the supercharger, and was fitted to Merlin 66, 70, 76, 77 and 85 variants. The final development, which was fitted to the 100-series Merlins, was an S.U. injection carburettor that injected fuel into the supercharger using a fuel pump driven as a function of crankshaft speed and engine pressures.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 1363506, 17902639, 23396816, 66014, 362631, 37161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 113 ], [ 114, 134 ], [ 159, 181 ], [ 185, 188 ], [ 195, 198 ], [ 385, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the start of the war, the Merlin I, II and III ran on the then standard 87-octane aviation spirit and could generate just over 1,000 horsepower (750kW) from its 27-litre (1,650-cu in) displacement: the maximum boost pressure at which the engine could be run using 87-octane fuel was +6 pounds per square inch (141kPa; 1.44atm). However, as early as 1938, at the 16th Paris Air Show, Rolls-Royce displayed two versions of the Merlin rated to use 100-octane fuel. The Merlin R.M.2M was capable of 1,265 horsepower (943kW) at 7,870 feet (2,400m), 1,285 horsepower (958kW) at 9,180 feet (2,800m) and 1,320 horsepower (984kW) on take-off; while a Merlin X with a two-speed supercharger in high gear generated 1,150 horsepower (857kW) at 15,400 feet (4,700m) and 1,160 horsepower (865kW) at 16,730 feet (5,100m).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 191184, 214116, 30886, 582780, 606432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 100 ], [ 180, 185 ], [ 213, 218 ], [ 325, 328 ], [ 370, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From late 1939, 100-octane fuel became available from the U.S., West Indies, Persia, and, in smaller quantities, domestically, consequently, \"...in the first half of 1940 the RAF transferred all Hurricane and Spitfire squadrons to 100 octane fuel.\" Small modifications were made to Merlin II and III series engines, allowing an increased (emergency) boost pressure of +12 pounds per square inch (183kPa; 1.85atm). At this power setting these engines were able to produce 1,310 horsepower (977kW) at while running at 3,000 revolutions per minute. Increased boost could be used indefinitely as there was no mechanical time limit mechanism, but pilots were advised not to use increased boost for more than a maximum of five minutes, and it was considered a \"definite overload condition on the engine\"; if the pilot resorted to emergency boost he had to report this on landing, when it was noted in the engine log book, while the engineering officer was required to examine the engine and reset the throttle gate. Later versions of the Merlin ran only on 100-octane fuel, and the five-minute combat limitation was raised to +18 pounds per square inch (224kPa; 2.3atm).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 690, 15220170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 75 ], [ 77, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 1943 trials were run of a new \"100/150\" grade (150-octane) fuel, recognised by its bright-green colour and \"awful smell\". Initial tests were conducted using of tetraethyllead (T.E.L.) for every one imperial gallon of 100-octane fuel (or 1.43cc/L or 0.18U.S.floz/U.S.gal), but this mixture resulted in a build-up of lead in the combustion chambers, causing excessive fouling of the spark plugs. Better results were achieved by adding 2.5% mono methyl aniline (M.M.A.) to 100-octane fuel. The new fuel allowed the five-minute boost rating of the Merlin 66 to be raised to +25 pounds per square inch (272kPa; 2.7atm). With this boost rating the Merlin 66 generated 2,000hp (1,491kW) at sea level and 1,860hp (1,387kW) at .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 116035, 12882, 144209, 31636534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 183 ], [ 207, 222 ], [ 390, 400 ], [ 447, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting in March 1944, the Merlin 66-powered Spitfire IXs of two Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) squadrons were cleared to use the new fuel for operational trials, and it was put to good use in the summer of 1944 when it enabled Spitfire L.F. Mk. IXs to intercept V-1 flying bombs coming in at low altitudes. 100/150 grade fuel was also used by Mosquito night fighters of the ADGB to intercept V-1s. In early February 1945, Spitfires of the Second Tactical Air Force (2TAF) also began using 100/150 grade fuel. This fuel was also offered to the USAAF where it was designated \"PPF 44-1\" and informally known as \"Pep\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design and development", "target_page_ids": [ 681918, 32821, 9093, 455950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 94 ], [ 269, 284 ], [ 350, 358 ], [ 446, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Production of the Rolls-Royce Merlin was driven by the forethought and determination of Ernest Hives, who at times was enraged by the apparent complacency and lack of urgency encountered in his frequent correspondence with the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aircraft Production and local authority officials. Hives was an advocate of shadow factories, and, sensing the imminent outbreak of war, pressed ahead with plans to produce the Merlin in sufficient numbers for the rapidly expanding Royal Air Force. Despite the importance of uninterrupted production, several factories were affected by industrial action. By the end of its production run in 1950, 168,176 Merlin engines had been built; over 112,000 in Britain and more than 55,000 under licence in the U.S.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 3579140, 39033, 976227, 29678858, 838826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 100 ], [ 227, 239 ], [ 245, 276 ], [ 333, 349 ], [ 593, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The existing Rolls-Royce facilities at Osmaston, Derby were not suitable for mass engine production although the floor space had been increased by some 25% between 1935 and 1939; Hives planned to build the first two- or three hundred engines there until engineering teething troubles had been resolved. To fund this expansion, the Air Ministry had provided a total of £1,927,000 by December 1939. Having a workforce that consisted mainly of design engineers and highly skilled men, the Derby factory carried out the majority of development work on the Merlin, with flight testing carried out at nearby RAF Hucknall. All the Merlin-engined aircraft taking part in the Battle of Britain had their engines assembled in the Derby factory. Total Merlin production at Derby was 32,377. The original factory closed in March 2008, but the company maintains a presence in Derby.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1105250, 1209, 6946812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ], [ 113, 124 ], [ 603, 615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To meet the increasing demand for Merlin engines, Rolls-Royce started building work on a new factory at Crewe in May 1938, with engines leaving the factory in 1939. The Crewe factory had convenient road and rail links to their existing facilities at Derby. Production at Crewe was originally planned to use unskilled labour and sub-contractors with which Hives felt there would be no particular difficulty, but the number of required sub-contracted parts such as crankshafts, camshafts and cylinder liners eventually fell short and the factory was expanded to manufacture these parts \"in house\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 28049736, 176880, 789820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 100 ], [ 104, 109 ], [ 328, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially the local authority promised to build 1,000 new houses to accommodate the workforce by the end of 1938, but by February 1939 it had only awarded a contract for 100. Hives was incensed by this complacency and threatened to move the whole operation, but timely intervention by the Air Ministry improved the situation. In 1940 a strike took place when women replaced men on capstan lathes, the workers' union insisting this was a skilled labour job; however, the men returned to work after 10 days.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 155134, 3982513, 17626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 336, 342 ], [ 381, 395 ], [ 410, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Total Merlin production at Crewe was 26,065.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The factory was used postwar for the production of Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars and military fighting vehicle power plants. In 1998 Volkswagen AG bought the Bentley marque and the factory. Today it is known as Bentley Crewe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 5052, 32652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 74 ], [ 138, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hives further recommended that a factory be built near Glasgow to take advantage of the abundant local work force and the supply of steel and forgings from Scottish manufacturers. In September 1939, the Air Ministry allocated £4,500,000 for a new Shadow factory. This government-funded and -operated factory was built at Hillington starting in June 1939 with workers moving into the premises in October, one month after the outbreak of war. The factory was fully occupied by September 1940. A housing crisis also occurred at Glasgow where Hives again asked the Air Ministry to step in.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 68736, 39033, 25318118, 2503975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 62 ], [ 203, 215 ], [ 268, 278 ], [ 321, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With 16,000 employees, the Glasgow factory was one of the largest industrial operations in Scotland. Unlike the Derby and Crewe plants which relied significantly on external subcontractors, it produced almost all the Merlin's components itself. Hillingdon required \"a great deal of attention from Hives\" from when it was producing its first complete engine; it had the highest proportion of unskilled workers in any Rolls-Royce-managed factory”. Engines began to leave the production line in November 1940, and by June 1941 monthly output had reached 200, increasing to more than 400 per month by March 1942. In total 23,675 engines were produced. Worker absenteeism became a problem after some months due to the physical and mental effects of wartime conditions such as the frequent occupation of air-raid shelters. It was agreed to cut the punishing working hours slightly to 82 hours a week, with one half-Sunday per month awarded as holiday. Record production is reported to have been 100 engines in one day.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 789820, 1113272, 444794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 187 ], [ 655, 666 ], [ 798, 814 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Immediately after the war the site repaired and overhauled Merlin and Griffon engines, and continued to manufacture spare parts. Finally, following the production of the Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet and others, the factory was closed in 2005.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1368490, 181823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 186 ], [ 187, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Ford Motor Company was asked to produce Merlins at Trafford Park, Stretford, near Manchester, and building work on a new factory was started in May 1940 on a site. Built with two distinct sections to minimise potential bomb damage, it was completed in May 1941 and bombed in the same month. At first, the factory had difficulty in attracting suitable labour, and large numbers of women, youths and untrained men had to be taken on. Despite this, the first Merlin engine came off the production line one month later and it was building the engine at a rate of 200 per week by 1943, at which point the joint factories were producing 18,000 Merlins per year. In his autobiography Not much of an Engineer, Sir Stanley Hooker states: \"...once the great Ford factory at Manchester started production, Merlins came out like shelling peas...\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 3379611, 9032903, 1074030, 20206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 55, 68 ], [ 70, 79 ], [ 86, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some 17,316 people worked at the Trafford Park plant, including 7,260 women and two resident doctors and nurses. Merlin production started to run down in August 1945, and finally ceased on 23 March 1946.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Total Merlin production at Trafford Park was 30,428.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As the Merlin was considered to be so important to the war effort, negotiations were started to establish an alternative production line outside the UK. Rolls-Royce staff visited North American automobile manufacturers to select one to build the Merlin in the U.S. or Canada. Henry Ford rescinded an initial offer to build the engine in the U.S. in July 1940, and the Packard Motor Car Company was selected to take on the $130,000,000 Merlin order (equivalent to $ in dollars). Agreement was reached in September 1940, and the first Packard-built engine, a MerlinXX designated the V-1650-1, ran in August 1941. Total Merlin production by Packard was 55,523.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 13371, 177354, 18717338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 286 ], [ 368, 393 ], [ 422, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six development engines were also made by Continental Motors, Inc.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 663086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is a list of representative Merlin variants, describing some of the mechanical changes made during development of the Merlin. Engines of the same power output were typically assigned different model numbers based on supercharger or propeller gear ratios, differences in cooling system or carburettors, engine block construction, or arrangement of engine controls. Power ratings quoted are usually maximum \"military\" power. All but the Merlin 131 and 134 engines were \"right-hand tractor\", i.e. the propeller rotated clockwise when viewed from the rear. In addition to the mark numbers, Merlin engines were allocated experimental numbers by the Ministry of Supply (MoS) – e.g.: RM 8SM for the Merlin 61 and some variants – while under development; these numbers are noted where possible. Merlin engines used in Spitfires, apart from the Merlin 61, used a propeller reduction ratio of .477:1. Merlins used in bombers and other fighters used a ratio of .42:1.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 2059938, 26027181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 649, 667 ], [ 815, 824 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Data from Bridgman (Jane's) unless otherwise noted:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin II (RM 1S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,030hp (775kW) at 3,000rpm at using + 6psi boost (41 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 144 kPa or 1.41atm); used 100% glycol coolant. First production Merlin II delivered 10 August 1937. Merlin II used in the Boulton Paul Defiant, Hawker Hurricane Mk.I, Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I fighters, and Fairey Battle light bomber.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 23396816, 523502, 57970, 16070159, 519438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 45 ], [ 216, 236 ], [ 238, 259 ], [ 261, 286 ], [ 301, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin III (RM 1S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin III fitted with \"universal\" propeller shaft able to mount either de Havilland or Rotol propellers. From late 1939, using 100-octane fuel and +12psi boost (83 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 184 kPa or 1.82atm), the Merlin III developed 1,310hp (977kW) at 3,000rpm at ; using 87-octane fuel the power ratings were the same as the Merlin II. Used in the Defiant, Hurricane Mk.I, Spitfire Mk.I fighters, and Battle light bomber. First production Merlin III delivered 1 July 1938.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 22577172, 3992140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 85 ], [ 89, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin X (RM 1SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,130hp (840kW) at 3,000rpm at ; maximum boost pressure +10psi; this was the first production Merlin to use a two-speed supercharger; Used in Halifax Mk.I, Wellington Mk.II, and Whitley Mk.V bombers. First production Merlin X, 5 December 1938.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 575735, 133062, 561708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 155 ], [ 157, 173 ], [ 179, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin XII (RM 3S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1,150 hp (860kW); fitted with Coffman engine starter; first version to use 70/30% water/glycol coolant rather than 100% glycol. Reinforced construction, able to use constant boost pressure of up to +12psi using 100-octane fuel; Used in Spitfire Mk.II. First production Merlin XII, 2 September 1939.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 1865237, 16070159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 52 ], [ 236, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin XX (RM 3SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,480hp (1,105kW) at 3,000rpm at ; two-speed supercharger; boost pressure of up to +14psi; Used in Hurricane Mk.II, Beaufighter Mk.II, Halifax Mk.II and Lancaster Mk.I bombers, and in the Spitfire Mk.III prototypes (N3297 & W3237). First production Merlin XX, 4 July 1940.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 78012, 164329, 16070159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 134 ], [ 154, 168 ], [ 189, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 32 (RM 5M)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,645hp (1,230kW) at 3,000rpm at ; a \"low altitude\" version of Merlin with cropped supercharger impellers for increased power at lower altitudes and a maximum boost pressure of +18psi; fitted with Coffman engine starter; used mainly in Fleet Air Arm aircraft, mainly the Fairey Barracuda Mk.II torpedo bomber and Supermarine Seafire F. Mk.IIc fighters. Also Hurricane Mk.V and Spitfire P.R Mk.XIII. First production Merlin 32, 17 June 1942.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 51777, 506400, 319276, 10829023, 16070159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 250 ], [ 272, 294 ], [ 314, 343 ], [ 359, 373 ], [ 378, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 45 (RM 5S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,515hp (1,130kW) at 3,000rpm at ; used in Spitfire Mk.V, PR.Mk.IV and PR.Mk.VII, Seafire Ib and IIc. Maximum boost pressure of +16psi. First production Merlin 45, 13 January 1941.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 16070159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 47 (RM 6S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,415hp (1,055kW) at 3,000rpm at ; high-altitude version used in Spitfire H.F.Mk.VI. Adapted with a Marshall compressor (often called a \"blower\") to pressurise the cockpit. First production Merlin 47, 2 December 1941.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 16070159, 990862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ], [ 101, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 50.M (RM 5S)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,585hp (1,182kW) at 3,000rpm at ; low-altitude version with supercharger impeller \"cropped\" to in diameter. Permitted boost was +18psi (125 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 225 kPa or 2.2atm) instead of +16psi (110 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 210 kPa or 2.08atm) on a normal Merlin 50 engine. Merlin 50 series was first to use the Bendix-Stromberg \"negative-g\" carburettor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 61 (RM 8SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,565hp (1,170kW) at 3,000rpm at , 1,390hp (1,035kW) at 3,000rpm at ; fitted with a new two-speed two-stage supercharger providing increased power at medium to high altitudes; +15psi boost; used in Spitfire F Mk.IX, and P.R Mk.XI. First British production variant to incorporate two-piece cylinder blocks designed by Rolls-Royce for the Packard Merlin. Reduction gear ratio .42:1, with gears for pressurisation pump. First production Merlin 61, 2 March 1942.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 907781, 907781, 1145731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 215 ], [ 221, 230 ], [ 338, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 63 & 63A", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,710hp (1,275kW) at 3,000rpm at , 1,505hp (1,122kW) at 3,000rpm at ; strengthened two-speed two-stage development of Merlin 61; +18psi boost; Reduction gear ratio .477:1; Merlin 63A did not have extra gears for pressurisation and incorporated a strengthened supercharger drive quill shaft. Used in Spitfire F Mk.VIII and F. Mk. IX.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 1081644, 907781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 279, 290 ], [ 300, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 66 (RM 10SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,720 hp (1,283kW) at using +18psi boost (124 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 225 kPa or 2.2atm); low-altitude version of Merlin 63A. Fitted with a Bendix-Stromberg anti-g carburettor; intercooler used a separate header tank. Used in Spitfire L.F Mk.VIII and L.F Mk.IX.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 907781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 76/77 (RM 16SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,233hp (920kW) at ; Fitted with a two-speed, two-stage supercharger and a Bendix-Stromberg carburettor. Dedicated \"high altitude\" version used in the Westland Welkin high-altitude fighter and some later Spitfire and de Havilland Mosquito variants. The odd-numbered mark drove a blower for cockpit pressurising.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 174303, 9093, 1488888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 167 ], [ 218, 239 ], [ 291, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 130/131", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2,060hp (1,536kW); redesigned \"slimline\" versions for the de Havilland Hornet. Engine design modified to decrease frontal area to a minimum and was the first Merlin series to use down-draught induction systems. Coolant pump moved from the bottom of the engine to the starboard side. Two-speed, two-stage supercharger and S.U. injection carburettor. Corliss throttle. Maximum boost was 25psi (170 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 270 kPa or 2.7atm). On the Hornet the Merlin 130 was fitted in the port nacelle: the Merlin 131, fitted in the starboard nacelle, was converted to a \"reverse\" or left-hand tractor engine using an additional idler gear in the reduction gear casing.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 226119, 28426193, 10948353, 455395, 3681705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 78 ], [ 268, 277 ], [ 350, 357 ], [ 507, 514 ], [ 660, 681 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 133/134", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2,030hp (1,514kW); derated for use at low altitude 130/131 variants used in Sea Hornet F. Mk. 20, N.F. Mk. 21 and P.R. Mk. 22. Maximum boost was lowered to +18psi gauge (230kPa or 2.2atm absolute).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 226119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 266 (RM 10SM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The prefix \"2\" indicates engines built by Packard, otherwise as Merlin 66, optimised for low-altitude operation. Fitted to the Spitfire Mk.XVI.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 907781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 620", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,175hp (876kW) continuous cruising using 2,650rpm at +9psi boost (62 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 165 kPa or 1.6atm); capable of emergency rating of 1,795hp (1,338kW) at 3,000rpm using +20psi boost (138 kPa gauge; or an absolute pressure of 241 kPa or 2.4atm); civilian engine developed from Merlin 102; two-stage supercharger optimised for medium altitudes, and used an S.U. injection carburettor. \"Universal Power Plant\" (UPP) standardised annular radiator installation development of that used on Lancaster VI and Avro Lincoln. The Merlin 620–621 series was designed to operate in the severe climatic conditions encountered on Canadian and long-range North Atlantic air routes. Used in Avro Tudor, Avro York, and the Canadair North Star.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 493782, 5273203, 616416, 9913281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 528, 540 ], [ 700, 710 ], [ 712, 721 ], [ 731, 750 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In chronological order, the first operational aircraft powered by the Merlin to enter service were the Fairey Battle, Hawker Hurricane, and Supermarine Spitfire. Although the engine is most closely associated with the Spitfire, the four-engined Avro Lancaster was the most numerous application, followed by the twin-engined de Havilland Mosquito.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List from Lumsden 2003", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armstrong Whitworth Whitley", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 561708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Athena", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 11455671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Lancaster", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 164329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Lancastrian", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 619522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Lincoln", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 493782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Manchester III", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 381102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro Tudor", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 5273203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avro York", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 616416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boulton Paul Balliol and Sea Balliol", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 8717520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boulton Paul Defiant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 523502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bristol Beaufighter II", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 78012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " CAC CA-18 Mark 23 Mustang", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 24710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Canadair North Star", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 9913281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " CASA 2.111B and D", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 8908756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cierva Air Horse", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 11007874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " de Havilland Mosquito", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 9093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " de Havilland Hornet", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 226119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fairey Barracuda", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 506400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fairey Battle", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 519438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fairey Fulmar", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 521301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fairey P.4/34", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 10032783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fiat G.59", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 3079897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Handley Page Halifax", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 575735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Handley Page Halton", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 575735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawker Hart (Test bed)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 673430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawker Henley", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 2408042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawker Horsley (Test bed)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 6019367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawker Hotspur", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 2812592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawker Hurricane and Sea Hurricane", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 57970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hispano Aviación HA-1112", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 4839281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " I.Ae. 30 Ñancú", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 9146978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Miles M.20", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 2432392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " North American Mustang Mk X", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 9004875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Renard R.38", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 18615186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Short Sturgeon", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 8924904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supermarine Type 322", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 12441671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supermarine Seafire", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 319276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supermarine Spitfire", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 26027181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tsunami Racer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 31682915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vickers F.7/41", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 3328651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vickers Wellington Mk II and Mk VI", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 133062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vickers Windsor", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 2854326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Westland Welkin", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 174303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of World War II, new versions of the Merlin (the 600- and 700-series) were designed and produced for use in commercial airliners such as the Avro Tudor, military transport aircraft such as the Avro York, and the Canadair North Star which performed in both roles. These engines were basically military specification with some minor changes to suit the different operating environment.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 5273203, 6603263, 616416, 9913281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 162 ], [ 164, 191 ], [ 204, 213 ], [ 223, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Spanish-built version of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2, the 1954 Hispano Aviación HA-1112-M1L Buchon, was built in Hispano's factory in Seville with the Rolls-Royce Merlin 500/45 engine of – a fitting powerplant for the last-produced version of the famous Messerschmitt fighter, as the Bf 109 V1 prototype aircraft had been powered by the Rolls-Royce Kestrel V-12 engine in 1935.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 186739, 4839281, 5838996, 37770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 51 ], [ 66, 101 ], [ 116, 125 ], [ 137, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The CASA 2.111 was another Spanish-built version of a German aircraft, the Heinkel He 111, that was adapted to use the Merlin after the supply of Junkers Jumo 211F-2 engines ran out at the end of the war. A similar situation existed with the Fiat G.59 when available stocks of the Italian licence-built version of the Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine ran short.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 8908756, 174487, 994054, 3079897, 2335068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ], [ 75, 89 ], [ 146, 162 ], [ 242, 251 ], [ 318, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Australian built Avro Lincoln from A73-51 used Australian built Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation Merlin 102s.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 493782, 4362082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 33 ], [ 68, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A total of 108 CAC Merlins were built by the time production ended.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A non-supercharged version of the Merlin using a larger proportion of steel and iron components was produced for use in tanks. This engine, the Rolls-Royce Meteor, in turn led to the smaller Rolls-Royce Meteorite. In 1943, further Meteor development was handed over to Rover, in exchange for Rover's gas turbine interests.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 29970, 1145352, 6631931, 286096, 286096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 124 ], [ 144, 162 ], [ 191, 212 ], [ 269, 274 ], [ 300, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1938, Rolls-Royce started work on modifying some Merlins which were later to be used in British MTBs, MGBs, and RAF Air-Sea Rescue Launches. For these the superchargers were modified single-stage units and the engine was re-engineered for use in a marine environment. Some 70 engines were converted before priority was given to producing aero engines.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 1203589, 2500153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 103 ], [ 105, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Experiments were carried out by the Irish Army involving replacing the Bedford engine of a Churchill tank with a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine salvaged from an Irish Air Corps Seafire aircraft. The experiment was not a success, although the reasons are not recorded.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 359136, 488398, 606643, 319276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 46 ], [ 91, 105 ], [ 156, 171 ], [ 172, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most successful of the World War II era aircraft engines, the Merlin continues to be used in many restored World War II vintage aircraft all over the world. The Royal Air Force Battle of Britain Memorial Flight is a notable current operator of the Merlin. In England the Shuttleworth Collection owns and operates a Merlin-powered Hawker Sea Hurricane IB and a Supermarine Spitfire VC– Both can be seen flying at home displays throughout the summer months.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Surviving engines", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 25679, 2163877, 2901985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 188, 221 ], [ 282, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Preserved examples of the Rolls-Royce Merlin are on display at the following museums:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 12295469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 9673143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 31347189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 39038968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Polish Aviation Museum, Kraków (Cracow), Poland", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 2541361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rolls-Royce Heritage Centre, Derby – several versions, including displayed superchargers, reduction gears and other components", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 61527557, 18727355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 30, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Royal Air Force Museum, Cosford & London", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 24611022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Science Museum (London)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 152951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shuttleworth Collection", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 2901985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 221550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wings Museum, West Sussex, England", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Engines on display", "target_page_ids": [ 52443427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Air Ministry. A.P 1509B/J.2-W Merlin II and III Aero Engines (June 1940). London: Air Ministry, 1940.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Air Ministry. A.P 1565B Spitfire IIA and IIB Aeroplanes: Merlin XII Engine, Pilot's Notes (July 1940). London: Air Data Publications, 1972 (reprint). .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes for Spitfire Mark F.VII– Merlin 64 or 71 engine; Mark F.VIII– Merlin 63,66 or 70 engine. Air Publication 1565G & H -P.N. London, UK: Air Ministry, December 1943.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Beckles, Gordon. Birth of a Spitfire: The Story of Beaverbook's Ministry and its First £10,000,000. London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1941.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Berger, Monty and Street, Brian Jeffrey. Invasion Without Tears. Toronto, Canada: Random House, 1994. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bridgman, L. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Crescent, 1998. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fozard, John W.Sydney Camm and the Hurricane; Perspectives on the Master Fighter Designer and his Finest Achievement. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1991. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1994. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gunston, Bill World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines (5th Edition). Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2006. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 5881285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harvey-Bailey, A. The Merlin in Perspective– The Combat Years (4th edition) Derby, England: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1995. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hooker, Stanley Not Much of an Engineer London: Airlife, 1984. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 1573813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " King, H. F. \"The Two R's: A Commemorative History of Rolls-Royce Aero Engines. (article and images).\" Flight No. 2363, Volume 65, 7 May 1954.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lloyd, Ian and Pugh, Peter. Hives & the Merlin. Cambridge, England: Icon Books, 2004. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lovesey, A C. \"Development of the Rolls-Royce Merlin from 1939 to 1945.\" Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Volume 18, Issue 7. London, MCB UP Ltd., July 1946. ISSN 0002-2667.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and Their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martin, Karl. Irish Army Vehicles, Transport and Armour since 1922. 2002. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 (3rd revised edition). London: Putnam, 1991. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Matusiak, Wojtek. Supermarine Spitfire Mk V: Mushroom Model Magazine Special, No. 6111. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2004. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McKinstry, Leo. Spitfire– Portrait of a Legend. London: John Murray, 2007. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady. Spitfire: The History. London: Key Publishing, 2000. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nicholls, Robert. Trafford Park: the First Hundred Years. Phillimore & Co. Ltd., 1996. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nijboer, Donald. No 126 Wing RCAF: Aviation Elite Units 35. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2010. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Payton-Smith, D. J. Oil: A Study of War-time Policy and Administration. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 410474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Price, Alfred. The Spitfire Story. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name– The Rolls-Royce Story– The First 40 Years. Cambridge, England. Icon Books, 2000. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: The Story of a Famous Fighter. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK: Model & Allied Publications, 1960. Third revised edition 1973. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robotham, William Arthur. Silver Ghosts and Silver Dawn. London: Constable, 1970. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rubbra, A.A. Rolls-Royce Piston Aero Engines: A Designer Remembers. Derby, England: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 23960087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Simons, Graham M. Mosquito: The Original Multi-Role Combat Aircraft. Barnsley, Yorkshire UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2011. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smallwood, Hugh. Spitfire in Blue. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, G. Geoffrey. \"A British Masterpiece. (article and images).\" Flight No. 1731, Volume XLI, 26 February 1942.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, G. Geoffrey. \"Rolls-Royce Merlin 'Sixty-One' (article and images).\" Flight No. 1773, Volume XLII, 17 December 1942.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tanner, John. The Spitfire V Manual (AP1565E reprint). London: Arms and Armour Press, 1981. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wilkinson, Paul H. Aircraft Engines of the World 1946 (3rd ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, 1946.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Some Trends in engine design (article and images).\" Flight No. 1563, Volume XXXIV, 8 December 1938.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Rolls-Royce Merlin 130 Series (article and images).\" Flight No. 1935, Volume XLIX, 24 January 1946.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Two New Power Units (article and images).\" Flight and The Aircraft Engineer No. 1961, Volume L, 25 July 1946.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 3080620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gunston, Bill. Development of Piston Aero Engines. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, 2006. ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Henshaw, Alex. Sigh for a Merlin: Testing the Spitfire. London: Crecy, 1999 (2nd revised edition). .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 3358348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jackson, Robert. The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft Bath, UK: Parragon Books, 2006. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Price, Alfred. Spitfire Mark I/II Aces 1939–41. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quill, Jeffrey. \"Spitfire: A Test Pilot's Story\". London: John Murray, 1983; Crecy Publishing 1996 (2nd edition) ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin engines in Manchester – BBC", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Post-War Rolls-Royce film on manufacturing the Merlin – YouTube", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin 60 series comparison drawings – Spitfireperformance.com", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rolls-Royce Merlin 61 sectioned drawing", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Vee-Twelve Par Excellence\" a 1937 Flight article on the Merlin I and II", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"A British Masterpiece\" a 1942 Flight article on the Merlin XX", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Universal Power Plants\" – 1947 Flight article on postwar Merlin installations for civilian aircraft", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merlin engine photo gallery from BBC Radio Leicester", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sectioned image of possible turbocharger installation – Flight International", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Rolls-Royce Merlin – Aircraft Engines of The World", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Rolls-Royce_aircraft_piston_engines", "1930s_aircraft_piston_engines", "V12_aircraft_engines", "Articles_containing_video_clips" ]

[ "Rolls-Royce Merlin", "Merlin engine", "RR Merlin" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force, that existed from 1918 to 1964. It was under the political authority of the Secretary of State for Air.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25318118, 25679, 226128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 73 ], [ 129, 144 ], [ 223, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 13 April 1912, less than two weeks after the creation of the Royal Flying Corps (which initially consisted of both a naval and a military wing), an Air Committee was established to act as an intermediary between the Admiralty and the War Office in matters relating to aviation. The new Air Committee was composed of representatives of the two war ministries, and although it could make recommendations, it lacked executive authority. The recommendations of the Air Committee had to be ratified by the Admiralty Board and the Imperial General Staff and, in consequence, the Committee was not particularly effective. The increasing separation of army and naval aviation from 1912 to 1914 only exacerbated the Air Committee's ineffectiveness and the Committee did not meet after the outbreak of the First World War.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 233670, 2988, 274472, 1657204, 691314, 4764461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 82 ], [ 219, 228 ], [ 237, 247 ], [ 506, 521 ], [ 530, 552 ], [ 802, 817 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1916 the lack of co-ordination of the Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Navy's Royal Naval Air Service had led to serious problems, not only in the procurement of aircraft engines, but also in the air defence of Great Britain. It was the supply problems to which an attempt at rectification was first made. The War Committee meeting on 15 February 1916 decided immediately to establish a standing joint naval and military committee to co-ordinate both the design and the supply of materiel for the two air services. This committee was titled the Joint War Air Committee, and its chairman was Lord Derby. It was also at the meeting on 15 February that Curzon proposed the creation of an Air Ministry. As with the pre-war Air Committee, the Joint War Air Committee lacked any executive powers and therefore was not effective. After only eight sittings, Lord Derby resigned from the Committee, stating that \"It appears to me quite impossible to bring the two wings closer together ... unless and until the whole system of the Air Service is changed and they are amalgamated into one service.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 4887, 26061, 319290, 710867, 170081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 45 ], [ 75, 79 ], [ 82, 105 ], [ 596, 606 ], [ 655, 661 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Joint War Air Committee was composed as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chairman – Lord Derby", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 710867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Director of Air Services (Admiralty) – Rear Admiral C L Vaughn Lee", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 17724704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Superintendent of Aircraft Design (Admiralty) – Commodore M F Sueter", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 10705432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Squadron Commander W Briggs", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Director of Military Aeronautics (War Office) – Major-General Sir David Henderson", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 3472211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lieutenant-Colonel E L Ellington", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 2109855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Advisory Members were also appointed as required.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The next attempt to establish effective co-ordination between the two air services was the creation of an Air Board. The first Air Board came into being on 15 May 1916 with Lord Curzon as its chairman. The inclusion of Curzon, a Cabinet Minister, and other political figures was intended to give the Air Board greater status than the Joint War Air Committee. In October 1916 the Air Board published its first report which was highly critical of the arrangements within the British air services. The report noted that although the Army authorities were ready and willing to provide information and take part in meetings, the Navy were often absent from Board meetings and frequently refused to provide information on naval aviation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 162790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January 1917 the Prime Minister David Lloyd George replaced the chairman Lord Curzon with Lord Cowdray. Godfrey Paine, who served in the newly created post of Fifth Sea Lord and Director of Naval Aviation, sat on the board and this high level representation from the Navy helped to improve matters. Additionally, as responsibility for the design of aircraft had been moved out of single service hands and given to the Ministry of Munitions, some of the problems of inter-service competition were avoided.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Organisations before the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 24150, 46836, 2358006, 13449463, 3272870, 1210574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 34 ], [ 35, 53 ], [ 93, 105 ], [ 107, 120 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 422, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite attempts at reorganization of the Air Board, the earlier problems failed to be completely resolved. In addition, the growing number of German air raids against Great Britain led to public disquiet and increasing demands for something to be done. As a result, Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister, established a committee composed of himself and General Jan Smuts, which was tasked with investigating the problems with the British air defences and organizational difficulties which had beset the Air Board.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 46836, 204687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 269, 281 ], [ 367, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Towards the end of the First World War, on 17 August 1917, General Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power. Because of its potential for the 'devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial and populous centres on a vast scale', he recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the Army and Royal Navy. The new air service was to receive direction from a new ministry and on 29 November 1917 the Air Force Bill received Royal Assent and the Air Ministry was formed just over a month later on 2 January 1918. Lord Rothermere was appointed the first Air Minister. On 3 January, the Air Council was constituted as follows:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 4887, 26061, 153067, 1528781, 226128, 33760239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 354 ], [ 359, 369 ], [ 489, 501 ], [ 578, 593 ], [ 618, 630 ], [ 651, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lord Rothermere, Air Minister and President", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 1528781, 226128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lieutenant-General Sir David Henderson, Additional Member and Vice-President", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 3472211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major-General Sir Hugh Trenchard, Chief of the Air Staff", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 233761, 957559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 32 ], [ 34, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major-General (formerly Rear-Admiral) Mark Kerr, Deputy Chief of the Air Staff", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 6183744, 14023980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ], [ 49, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major-General (formerly Commodore) Godfrey Paine, Master General of Personnel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 13449463, 4932798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 48 ], [ 50, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major-General Sefton Brancker, Controller-General of Equipment", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 7058670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Weir, Director-General of Aircraft Production in the Ministry of Munitions", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 3719606, 1210574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 65, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir John Hunter, Administrator of Works and Buildings", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major J L Baird Permanent Under-Secretary", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 351600, 4523587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 15 ], [ 16, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Air Ministry initially met in the Hotel Cecil on the Strand. Later, in 1919, it moved to Adastral House on Kingsway. The creation of the Air Ministry resulted in the disestablishment of the Army Council's post of Director-General of Military Aeronautics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Establishment of the Air Ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 32221915, 314644, 4150647, 3114968, 15412252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 49 ], [ 53, 63 ], [ 94, 108 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 195, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919 the RAF and the Air Ministry came under immense political and inter service pressure for their very existence, particularly in a climate of significantly reduced military expenditure. The battle was kickstarted by the resignation in December 1918 of William Weir the President of the Air Council (the governing body of the Royal Air Force), who wished to return to his commercial activities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 3719606, 226128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 270 ], [ 275, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This led the Prime Minister, Lloyd George, to create a Secretary of State for Air, but not as a Cabinet position, and on 9 January 1919 offered Winston Churchill the two posts of Secretary of State for War, which was a Cabinet position, and Secretary of State for Air both of which he accepted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 46836, 226128, 226121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 41 ], [ 55, 81 ], [ 179, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This combination under one person by was criticised in both the press and Parliament. However, Churchill re-iterated that the continued \"integrity, the unity, the independence of the Royal Air Force will be sedulously and carefully maintained\". During 1919 it was also decided that civil aviation was to be brought into the Air Ministry rather than being dealt with by either the Board of Trade or the Foreign Office.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 540330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 380, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Army and the War Office had largely agreed to the continued existence of the RAF due, in part, to the enthusiasm for the air service by the Army's political leader Winston Churchill. However, one of the main difficulties for the RAF and Air Ministry in 1919 was the opposition by the Royal Navy to losing their own air service and subsequent lobbying that personnel for naval air purposes afloat be naval officers and ratings – this would have led to a recreation of the now disbanded Royal Naval Air Service. This negotiation led to the creation of RAF Coastal Area the predecessor of RAF Coastal Command to deal with its relationship with the Navy. Throughout 1919 there were discussions between Sir Hugh Trenchard Chief of the Air Staff and Sir Rosslyn Wemyss First Sea Lord as to the nature of the relationship between the Air Force and Air Ministry and the Navy and the Admiralty.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 274472, 26061, 319290, 28203374, 159961, 233761, 957559, 5719310, 375856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 27 ], [ 288, 298 ], [ 489, 512 ], [ 554, 570 ], [ 590, 609 ], [ 702, 720 ], [ 721, 743 ], [ 752, 766 ], [ 767, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919 the Air Ministry formally took control of supply, design and inspection of all aircraft (aeroplanes and airships) from the Ministry of Munitions. This helped put the existence of Air Ministry on a firmer footing.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout 1919 Churchill persistently supported an independent air force. He presented the White Paper, largely written by Sir Hugh Trenchard, on the future of the RAF on 12 December 1919. It was this White Paper that was to be the effective charter for the RAF and Air Ministry in subsequent years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 233761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1921 Lloyd George appointed Churchill to the Colonial Office and appointed his Chief Whip, Frederick Guest as Secretary of State for Air on 1 April. During his eighteen months in office he played \"a minor part in the desperate struggle to maintain the air force's institutional independence in the face of hostile attacks from the War Office and the Admiralty\". More importantly in the long term he was also responsible for the appointment of Sir Sefton Brancker to develop civil aviation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 46836, 18623222, 2281803, 7058670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ], [ 57, 72 ], [ 103, 118 ], [ 455, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the fall of Lloyd George Sir Samuel Hoare became the Secretary of State for Air in October 1922 under Bonar Law. On Law's death Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister and gave the position Cabinet status in May 1923, and Hoare remained in the post until January 1924, when a Labour government took power. Lord Thomson was made Secretary of State for Air. A supporter of airships, Thomson was responsible for the Imperial Airship Scheme, which involved the construction of R101 at the Royal Airship Works at Cardington.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 601386, 218283, 49584, 849573, 12091327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ], [ 107, 116 ], [ 133, 148 ], [ 309, 321 ], [ 416, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fall of the MacDonald government in November 1924 Hoare returned to the Air Ministry. He was interested in developing air links to the Empire and Dominion countries, particularly India and South Africa. He negotiated a subsidy from the Treasury for Imperial Airways to start a service from Cairo to India. Hoare, with his wife Lady Maud, flew on the inaugural 13-day flight to Delhi, leaving Croydon on 26 December 1926 and arriving on 8 January 1927. The air route to Cape Town, after much negotiation, was finalised in 1929, before he left office, but only commenced in 1932.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 15357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 259, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His time at the Air Ministry was marked by several important developments that were to confirm the status of the Royal Air Force as a separate entity, play a part in the growth of civil aviation and to develop the awareness of the public about aviation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An early priority for Sir Hugh Trenchard, Chief of the Air Staff 1919–1930, was to establish the officer cadet training college at Cranwell as a permanent establishment. It was Hoare's job to negotiate with the Treasury for the necessary funds. After much resistance Hoare managed to include a provision for permanent buildings in his estimates for 1929. The foundation stone of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell was laid in 1929 and formally opened in 1934.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 233761, 957559, 17779614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 40 ], [ 42, 64 ], [ 383, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Trenchard had conceived the idea of a university air officer training corps, a sort of Territorial Army for the R.A.F. Hoare and particularly his well connected Parliamentary Private Secretary the academic Sir Geoffrey Butler, then created University Air Squadrons, at Cambridge University then at Oxford University in October 1925, without, however the militarism of the Officer Training Corps and in close collaboration with scientific and engineering work of the Universities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 1009249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Air Ministry was also responsible for civil aviation. Early on Hoare set up the Civil Air Transport Subsidies Committee under the Chairmanship of Sir Hubert Hambling to look at the system of subsidies to competing air lines. They reported in February 1923, favouring a single commercial company to run Britain's air routes. In March 1924 Imperial Airways was created from a merger of the four largest airlines.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 15357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 342, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The third aspect of Hoare's time at the Air Ministry (after the R.A.F. and civil airlines) was to make public opinion sympathetic to air power and air travel. His much publicised flight to India in 1926-7 was part of this. He also realised the importance of the Schneider Trophy and was instrumental in making sure that the R.A.F was involved. Britain's winning entries in 1927, 1929 and 1931 were flown by R.A.F. pilots and the teams partially subsidised by the Air Ministry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History – from 1918", "target_page_ids": [ 56291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Air Ministry issued specifications for aircraft that British aircraft companies would supply prototypes to. These were then assessed, if ordered the Ministry assigned the aircraft name. (see List of Air Ministry specifications).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 3708623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ordering procedure used I.T.P. (Intention to Proceed) contract papers; these specified a maximum fixed price, which could (after investigation) be less. But when Lord Nuffield got the I.T.P. contract papers for a Wolseley radial aero engine, which would have required re-orientation of their offices with an army of chartered accountants, he decided to deal only with the War Office and the Admiralty, not the Air Ministry. So the aero engine project was abandoned in 1936, see Airspeed. Nevil Shute Norway wrote that the loss of such a technically advanced engine was a great loss to Britain as well as Airspeed, and blamed the over-cautious high civil servants of the Air Ministry. When he had asked Lord Nuffield to retain the engine, Nuffield said: I tell you, Norway ... I sent that I.T.P. thing back to them, and I told them they could put it where the monkey put the nuts!", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 375556, 49076, 78191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 179 ], [ 483, 491 ], [ 494, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In later years the actual production of aircraft was the responsibility of the Ministry of Aircraft Production (1940–46), the Ministry of Supply (1946–59), the Ministry of Aviation (1959–67) and finally the Ministry of Technology (1967–70).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 976227, 2059938, 2586756, 3510952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 110 ], [ 126, 144 ], [ 160, 180 ], [ 207, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Air Ministry was responsible for weather forecasting over the UK, from 1919 it being the government department responsible for the Meteorological Office.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 73231, 319671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 56 ], [ 135, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of the need for weather information for aviation, the Meteorological Office located many of its observation and data collection points on RAF stations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 249142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1930s, the Air Ministry commissioned a scientific study of propagating electromagnetic energy which concluded that a death ray was impractical but detection of aircraft appeared feasible. Robert Watson-Watt demonstrated a working prototype and patented the device in 1935 (British Patent GB593017). The device served as the base for the Chain Home network of radars to defend Great Britain.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 21245943, 37206, 382754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 133 ], [ 195, 213 ], [ 344, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By April 1944, the ministry's air Intelligence branch had succeeded in its intelligence efforts regarding \"the beams, the Bruneval Raid, the Gibraltar barrage, radar, Window, heavy water, and the German nightfighters\" (R.V. Jones). Other World War II technology and warfare efforts included the branch's V-1 and V-2 Intelligence activities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Activities", "target_page_ids": [ 2326401, 192479, 420835, 350131, 1280053, 1550386, 879501, 164906, 326725, 32927, 26491446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ], [ 107, 116 ], [ 118, 135 ], [ 137, 158 ], [ 160, 165 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 175, 186 ], [ 196, 216 ], [ 219, 229 ], [ 239, 274 ], [ 305, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1964 the Air Ministry merged with the Admiralty and the War Office to form the Ministry of Defence.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Abolition", "target_page_ids": [ 2988, 274472, 203793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 50 ], [ 59, 69 ], [ 82, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Secretary of State for Air", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 226128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Search and download Air Ministry Combat Reports, 1939–1945 from The National Archives.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Air_Ministry", "History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force", "1918_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "1964_disestablishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Defunct_departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom", "Aviation_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Ministries_established_in_1918", "United_Kingdom_in_World_War_II", "Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II", "Ministries_disestablished_in_1964", "Defunct_organisations_based_in_London" ]

[ "United Kingdom Air Ministry" ]

[ { "plaintext": "J. Robert Oppenheimer (; April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist. A professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, Oppenheimer was the wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory and is often credited as the \"father of the atomic bomb\" for his role in the Manhattan Project – the World War II undertaking that developed the first nuclear weapons. Oppenheimer was among those who observed the Trinity test in New Mexico, where the first atomic bomb was successfully detonated on July 16, 1945. He later remarked that the explosion brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" In August 1945, the weapons were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19594028, 31922, 51053117, 19603, 32927, 21785, 60033, 21649, 23277715, 11778948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 98 ], [ 130, 164 ], [ 206, 227 ], [ 305, 322 ], [ 329, 341 ], [ 379, 393 ], [ 441, 453 ], [ 457, 467 ], [ 610, 623 ], [ 720, 761 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the war ended, Oppenheimer became chairman of the influential General Advisory Committee of the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission. He used that position to lobby for international control of nuclear power to avert nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. He opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb during a 1949–1950 governmental debate on the question and subsequently took stances on defense-related issues that provoked the ire of some factions in the U.S. government and military. During the Second Red Scare, those stances, together with past associations Oppenheimer had with people and organizations affiliated with the Communist Party, led to him suffering the revocation of his security clearance in a much-written-about hearing in 1954. Effectively stripped of his direct political influence, he continued to lecture, write, and work in physics. Nine years later, President John F. Kennedy awarded (and Lyndon B. Johnson presented) him with the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 51718, 22153, 22158, 585704, 26779, 2269463, 43805, 452981, 252858, 27701630, 5119376, 54533, 146276, 1417867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 154 ], [ 216, 229 ], [ 239, 260 ], [ 267, 284 ], [ 294, 306 ], [ 342, 355 ], [ 554, 570 ], [ 685, 700 ], [ 745, 763 ], [ 769, 795 ], [ 942, 957 ], [ 971, 988 ], [ 1013, 1031 ], [ 1048, 1072 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer's achievements in physics included the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling. With his students he also made important contributions to the modern theory of neutron stars and black holes, as well as to quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and the interactions of cosmic rays. As a teacher and promoter of science, he is remembered as a founding father of the American school of theoretical physics that gained world prominence in the 1930s. After World War II, he became director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 68946, 145343, 9476, 24731, 1681896, 21544, 643769, 21869, 4650, 25202, 25267, 47687, 184179, 84658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 81 ], [ 96, 109 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 148, 156 ], [ 163, 191 ], [ 195, 209 ], [ 239, 256 ], [ 337, 349 ], [ 355, 365 ], [ 382, 399 ], [ 401, 421 ], [ 447, 457 ], [ 671, 699 ], [ 703, 724 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Ella (née Friedman), a painter, and Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer, a wealthy textile importer. Born in Hanau, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Germany, Julius came to the United States as a teenager in 1888 with little resources, no money, no baccalaureate studies, and no knowledge of the English language. He was hired by a textile company and within a decade was an executive there, eventually becoming wealthy. The Oppenheimers were both secular Ashkenazi Jews; his father was German Jewish, and his mother, who was from New York, descended from a German Jewish family that had lived in the U.S. since the 1840s. In 1912, the family moved to an apartment on the 11th floor of 155 Riverside Drive, near West 88th Street, Manhattan, an area known for luxurious mansions and townhouses. Their art collection included works by Pablo Picasso and Édouard Vuillard, and at least three original paintings by Vincent van Gogh. Robert had a younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 442088, 405967, 242701, 12674, 8569916, 150184, 1263527, 8210131, 782504, 45470, 24176, 362515, 32603, 788828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 177 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 193, 200 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 349, 365 ], [ 509, 523 ], [ 540, 553 ], [ 584, 592 ], [ 743, 758 ], [ 783, 792 ], [ 886, 899 ], [ 904, 920 ], [ 963, 979 ], [ 1011, 1016 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer was initially educated at Alcuin Preparatory School; in 1911, he entered the Ethical Culture Society School. This had been founded by Felix Adler to promote a form of ethical training based on the Ethical Culture movement, whose motto was \"Deed before Creed\". His father had been a member of the Society for many years, serving on its board of trustees from 1907 to 1915. Oppenheimer was a versatile scholar, interested in English and French literature, and particularly in mineralogy. He completed the third and fourth grades in one year and skipped half of the eighth grade. During his final year, he became interested in chemistry. He entered Harvard College one year after graduation, at age 18, because he suffered an attack of colitis while prospecting in Joachimstal during a family summer vacation in Europe. To help him recover from the illness, his father enlisted the help of his English teacher Herbert Smith who took him to New Mexico, where Oppenheimer fell in love with horseback riding and the southwestern United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1169366, 1073078, 1923228, 19883, 260879, 63531, 576862, 1266469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 119 ], [ 146, 157 ], [ 209, 224 ], [ 486, 496 ], [ 659, 674 ], [ 746, 753 ], [ 760, 771 ], [ 775, 786 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer majored in chemistry, but Harvard required science students to also study history, literature, and philosophy or mathematics. He compensated for his late start by taking six courses each term and was admitted to the undergraduate honor society Phi Beta Kappa. In his first year, he was admitted to graduate standing in physics on the basis of independent study, which meant he was not required to take the basic classes and could enroll instead in advanced ones. He was attracted to experimental physics by a course on thermodynamics that was taught by Percy Bridgman. He graduated summa cum laude in three years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1530518, 166504, 29952, 396507, 493992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 255 ], [ 256, 270 ], [ 531, 545 ], [ 565, 579 ], [ 594, 609 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1924, Oppenheimer was informed that he had been accepted into Christ's College, Cambridge. He wrote to Ernest Rutherford requesting permission to work at the Cavendish Laboratory. Bridgman provided Oppenheimer with a recommendation, which conceded that Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent his forte was not experimental but rather theoretical physics. Rutherford was unimpressed, but Oppenheimer went to Cambridge in the hope of landing another offer. He was ultimately accepted by J. J. Thomson on condition that he complete a basic laboratory course. He developed an antagonistic relationship with his tutor, Patrick Blackett, who was only a few years his senior. While on vacation, as recalled by his friend Francis Fergusson, Oppenheimer once confessed that he had left an apple doused with noxious chemicals on Blackett's desk. While Fergusson's account is the only detailed version of this event, Oppenheimer's parents were alerted by the university authorities who considered placing him on probation, a fate prevented by his parents successfully lobbying the authorities.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 31805, 9603, 128452, 70085, 326834, 1943559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 92 ], [ 106, 123 ], [ 161, 181 ], [ 509, 522 ], [ 638, 654 ], [ 738, 755 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer was a tall, thin chain smoker, who often neglected to eat during periods of intense thought and concentration. Many of his friends described him as having self-destructive tendencies. A disturbing event occurred when he took a vacation from his studies in Cambridge to meet up with Fergusson in Paris. Fergusson noticed that Oppenheimer was not well. To help distract him from his depression, Fergusson told Oppenheimer that he (Fergusson) was to marry his girlfriend Frances Keeley. Oppenheimer did not take the news well. He jumped on Fergusson and tried to strangle him. Although Fergusson easily fended off the attack, the episode convinced him of Oppenheimer's deep psychological troubles. Throughout his life, Oppenheimer was plagued by periods of depression, and he once told his brother, \"I need physics more than friends\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1040488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1926, Oppenheimer left Cambridge for the University of Göttingen to study under Max Born. Göttingen was one of the world's leading centers for theoretical physics. Oppenheimer made friends who went on to great success, including Werner Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac, Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller. He was known for being too enthusiastic in discussion, sometimes to the point of taking over seminar sessions. This irritated some of Born's other students so much that Maria Goeppert presented Born with a petition signed by herself and others threatening a boycott of the class unless he made Oppenheimer quiet down. Born left it out on his desk where Oppenheimer could read it, and it was effective without a word being said.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 180763, 61866, 33130, 1354698, 33972, 24742, 10264, 37782, 140526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 67 ], [ 83, 91 ], [ 232, 249 ], [ 251, 265 ], [ 267, 281 ], [ 283, 293 ], [ 295, 307 ], [ 312, 325 ], [ 496, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy degree in March 1927 at age 23, supervised by Born. After the oral exam, James Franck, the professor administering, reportedly said, \"I'm glad that's over. He was on the point of questioning me.\" Oppenheimer published more than a dozen papers at Göttingen, including many important contributions to the new field of quantum mechanics. He and Born published a famous paper on the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, which separates nuclear motion from electronic motion in the mathematical treatment of molecules, allowing nuclear motion to be neglected to simplify calculations. It remains his most cited work.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 21031297, 381797, 68946, 97585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 36 ], [ 110, 122 ], [ 416, 446 ], [ 632, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer was awarded a United States National Research Council fellowship to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in September 1927. Bridgman also wanted him at Harvard, so a compromise was reached whereby he split his fellowship for the 1927–28 academic year between Harvard in 1927 and Caltech in 1928. At Caltech he struck up a close friendship with Linus Pauling, and they planned to mount a joint attack on the nature of the chemical bond, a field in which Pauling was a pioneer, with Oppenheimer supplying the mathematics and Pauling interpreting the results. Both the collaboration and their friendship ended when Pauling began to suspect Oppenheimer of becoming too close to his wife, Ava Helen Pauling. Once, when Pauling was at work, Oppenheimer had arrived at their home and invited Ava Helen to join him on a tryst in Mexico. Though she refused and reported the incident to her husband, the invitation, and her apparent nonchalance about it, disquieted Pauling and he ended his relationship with Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer later invited him to become head of the Chemistry Division of the Manhattan Project, but Pauling refused, saying he was a pacifist.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 37635, 5786, 37342, 5993, 14812512, 19603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 65 ], [ 84, 118 ], [ 368, 381 ], [ 445, 458 ], [ 708, 725 ], [ 1115, 1132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the autumn of 1928, Oppenheimer visited Paul Ehrenfest's institute at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, where he impressed by giving lectures in Dutch, despite having little experience with the language. There he was given the nickname of Opje, later anglicized by his students as \"Oppie\". From Leiden he continued on to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich to work with Wolfgang Pauli on quantum mechanics and the continuous spectrum. Oppenheimer respected and liked Pauli and may have emulated his personal style as well as his critical approach to problems.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 78958, 86373, 210910, 33972, 25202, 6472479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 57 ], [ 77, 97 ], [ 337, 380 ], [ 404, 418 ], [ 422, 439 ], [ 448, 467 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On returning to the United States, Oppenheimer accepted an associate professorship from the University of California, Berkeley, where Raymond T. Birge wanted him so badly that he expressed a willingness to share him with Caltech.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 31922, 433762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 126 ], [ 134, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before he began his Berkeley professorship, Oppenheimer was diagnosed with a mild case of tuberculosis and spent some weeks with his brother Frank at a New Mexico ranch, which he leased and eventually purchased. When he heard the ranch was available for lease, he exclaimed, \"Hot dog!\", and later called it Perro Caliente, literally \"hot dog\" in Spanish. Later he used to say that \"physics and desert country\" were his \"two great loves\". He recovered from tuberculosis and returned to Berkeley, where he prospered as an advisor and collaborator to a generation of physicists who admired him for his intellectual virtuosity and broad interests. His students and colleagues saw him as mesmerizing: hypnotic in private interaction, but often frigid in more public settings. His associates fell into two camps: one that saw him as an aloof and impressive genius and aesthete, the other that saw him as a pretentious and insecure poseur. His students almost always fell into the former category, adopting his walk, speech, and other mannerisms, and even his inclination for reading entire texts in their original languages. Hans Bethe said of him:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 30653, 185853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 102 ], [ 1119, 1129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He worked closely with Nobel Prize-winning experimental physicist Ernest O. Lawrence and his cyclotron pioneers, helping them understand the data their machines were producing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In 1936, Berkeley promoted him to full professor at a salary of $3,300 a year (). In return he was asked to curtail his teaching at Caltech, so a compromise was reached whereby Berkeley released him for six weeks each year, enough to teach one term at Caltech.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 52497, 39040, 44585, 62214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 34 ], [ 66, 84 ], [ 93, 102 ], [ 183, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer did important research in theoretical astronomy (especially as related to general relativity and nuclear theory), nuclear physics, spectroscopy, and quantum field theory, including its extension into quantum electrodynamics. The formal mathematics of relativistic quantum mechanics also attracted his attention, although he doubted its validity. His work predicted many later finds, which include the neutron, meson and neutron star.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 2039133, 12024, 21285, 27752, 25267, 25268, 16258342, 26962, 25202, 21272, 19870, 21869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 59 ], [ 86, 104 ], [ 126, 141 ], [ 143, 155 ], [ 161, 181 ], [ 212, 235 ], [ 241, 259 ], [ 263, 275 ], [ 276, 293 ], [ 413, 420 ], [ 422, 427 ], [ 432, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, his major interest was the theory of the continuous spectrum and his first published paper, in 1926, concerned the quantum theory of molecular band spectra. He developed a method to carry out calculations of its transition probabilities. He calculated the photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray absorption of the sun, but not helium. Years later it was realized that the sun was largely composed of hydrogen and that his calculations were indeed correct.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 60876, 23579, 13255, 34197, 12328822, 13768214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 247 ], [ 267, 287 ], [ 292, 300 ], [ 305, 311 ], [ 327, 349 ], [ 357, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer also made important contributions to the theory of cosmic ray showers and started work that eventually led to descriptions of quantum tunneling. In 1931, he co-wrote a paper on the \"Relativistic Theory of the Photoelectric Effect\" with his student Harvey Hall, in which, based on empirical evidence, he correctly disputed Dirac's assertion that two of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom have the same energy. Subsequently, one of his doctoral students, Willis Lamb, determined that this was a consequence of what became known as the Lamb shift, for which Lamb was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1955.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 47687, 643769, 59444, 13255, 456746, 1074997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 73 ], [ 138, 155 ], [ 368, 380 ], [ 389, 397 ], [ 469, 480 ], [ 549, 559 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With his first doctoral student, Melba Phillips, Oppenheimer worked on calculations of artificial radioactivity under bombardment by deuterons. When Ernest Lawrence and Edwin McMillan bombarded nuclei with deuterons they found the results agreed closely with the predictions of George Gamow, but when higher energies and heavier nuclei were involved, the results did not conform to the theory. In 1935, Oppenheimer and Phillips worked out a theory—now known as the Oppenheimer–Phillips process—to explain the results; this theory is still in use today.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 1185584, 8524, 39040, 157241, 19916559, 74641, 1681896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 133, 142 ], [ 149, 164 ], [ 169, 183 ], [ 194, 200 ], [ 278, 290 ], [ 465, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As early as 1930, Oppenheimer wrote a paper that essentially predicted the existence of the positron. This was after a paper by Paul Dirac proposed that electrons could have both a positive charge and negative energy. Dirac's paper introduced an equation, known as the Dirac equation, which unified quantum mechanics, special relativity and the then-new concept of electron spin, to explain the Zeeman effect. Oppenheimer, drawing on the body of experimental evidence, rejected the idea that the predicted positively charged electrons were protons. He argued that they would have to have the same mass as an electron, whereas experiments showed that protons were much heavier than electrons. Two years later, Carl David Anderson discovered the positron, for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 24731, 24742, 39407, 26962, 19593829, 176399, 23317, 396485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 100 ], [ 128, 138 ], [ 269, 283 ], [ 318, 336 ], [ 374, 378 ], [ 395, 408 ], [ 540, 546 ], [ 709, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1930s, Oppenheimer became interested in astrophysics, most likely through his friendship with Richard Tolman, resulting in a series of papers. In the first of these, a 1938 paper co-written with Robert Serber entitled \"On the Stability of Stellar Neutron Cores\", Oppenheimer explored the properties of white dwarfs. This was followed by a paper co-written with one of his students, George Volkoff, \"On Massive Neutron Cores\", in which they demonstrated that there was a limit, the so-called Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit, to the mass of stars beyond which they would not remain stable as neutron stars and would undergo gravitational collapse. Finally, in 1939, Oppenheimer and another of his students, Hartland Snyder, produced a paper \"On Continued Gravitational Contraction\", which predicted the existence of what are today known as black holes. After the Born–Oppenheimer approximation paper, these papers remain his most cited, and were key factors in the rejuvenation of astrophysical research in the United States in the 1950s, mainly by John A. Wheeler.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 361897, 1323972, 1074789, 33501, 8306991, 4180667, 19048, 21869, 12267470, 4650, 327127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 106, 120 ], [ 207, 220 ], [ 314, 325 ], [ 394, 408 ], [ 503, 535 ], [ 544, 548 ], [ 603, 616 ], [ 718, 733 ], [ 851, 861 ], [ 1060, 1075 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer's papers were considered difficult to understand even by the standards of the abstract topics he was expert in. He was fond of using elegant, if extremely complex, mathematical techniques to demonstrate physical principles, though he was sometimes criticized for making mathematical mistakes, presumably out of haste. \"His physics was good\", said his student Snyder, \"but his arithmetic awful\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After World War II, Oppenheimer published only five scientific papers, one of which was in biophysics, and none after 1950. Murray Gell-Mann, a later Nobelist who, as a visiting scientist, worked with him at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951, offered this opinion:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 20476, 184179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 18 ], [ 124, 140 ], [ 212, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer's diverse interests sometimes interrupted his focus on science. He liked things that were difficult, and since much of the scientific work appeared easy for him, he developed an interest in the mystical and the cryptic. In 1933, he learned Sanskrit and met the Indologist Arthur W. Ryder at Berkeley. He eventually read the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads in the original Sanskrit, and deeply pondered over them. He later cited the Gita as one of the books that most shaped his philosophy of life.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 27698, 22081206, 23277715, 80666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 252, 260 ], [ 284, 299 ], [ 336, 349 ], [ 358, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His close confidant and colleague, Nobel Prize winner Isidor Rabi, later gave his own interpretation:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 196999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spite of this, observers such as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez have suggested that if he had lived long enough to see his predictions substantiated by experiment, Oppenheimer might have won a Nobel Prize for his work on gravitational collapse, concerning neutron stars and black holes. In retrospect, some physicists and historians consider this to be his most important contribution, though it was not taken up by other scientists in his own lifetime. The physicist and historian Abraham Pais once asked Oppenheimer what he considered to be his most important scientific contributions; Oppenheimer cited his work on electrons and positrons, not his work on gravitational contraction. Oppenheimer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for physics three times, in 1946, 1951 and 1967, but never won.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early professional work", "target_page_ids": [ 320445, 619926, 316643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 78 ], [ 236, 258 ], [ 497, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1920s, Oppenheimer remained uninformed on worldly matters. He claimed that he did not read newspapers or listen to the radio and had only learned of the Wall Street crash of 1929 while he was on a walk with Ernest Lawrence some six months after the crash occurred. He once remarked that he never cast a vote until the 1936 presidential election. However, from 1934 on, he became increasingly concerned about politics and international affairs. In 1934, he earmarked three percent of his annual salary—about $100 ()—for two years to support German physicists fleeing from Nazi Germany. During the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike, he and some of his students, including Melba Phillips and Bob Serber, attended a longshoremen's rally. Oppenheimer repeatedly attempted to get Serber a position at Berkeley but was blocked by Birge, who felt that \"one Jew in the department was enough\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 157649, 40558, 21212, 1416824, 526998, 433762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 189 ], [ 329, 355 ], [ 582, 594 ], [ 607, 640 ], [ 723, 735 ], [ 834, 839 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer's mother died in 1931, and he became closer to his father who, although still living in New York, became a frequent visitor in California. When his father died in 1937 leaving $392,602 to be divided between Oppenheimer and his brother Frank, Oppenheimer immediately wrote out a will that left his estate to the University of California to be used for graduate scholarships. Like many young intellectuals in the 1930s, he supported social reforms that were later alleged to be communist ideas. He donated to many progressive causes that were later branded as left-wing during the McCarthy era. The majority of his allegedly radical work consisted of hosting fundraisers for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War and other anti-fascist activity. He never openly joined the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), though he did pass money to leftist causes by way of acquaintances who were alleged to be Party members. In 1936, Oppenheimer became involved with Jean Tatlock, the daughter of a Berkeley literature professor and a student at Stanford University School of Medicine. The two had similar political views; she wrote for the Western Worker, a Communist Party newspaper.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 9209651, 18499, 43805, 5195347, 18842471, 41612950, 452981, 1249890, 435330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 488, 497 ], [ 571, 580 ], [ 592, 604 ], [ 690, 700 ], [ 714, 731 ], [ 742, 754 ], [ 792, 811 ], [ 968, 980 ], [ 1047, 1085 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tatlock broke up with Oppenheimer in 1939, after a tempestuous relationship. In August of that year, he met Katherine (\"Kitty\") Puening, a radical Berkeley student and former Communist Party member. Kitty had been married before. Her first marriage lasted only a few months. Her second, common-law marriage husband was Joe Dallet, an active member of the Communist Party, who was killed in the Spanish Civil War. Kitty returned to the United States where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in botany from the University of Pennsylvania. There she married Richard Harrison, a physician and medical researcher, in 1938. In June 1939 Kitty and Harrison moved to Pasadena, California, where he became chief of radiology at a local hospital and she enrolled as a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles. Oppenheimer and Kitty created a minor scandal by sleeping together after one of Tolman's parties. In the summer of 1940, she stayed with Oppenheimer at his ranch in New Mexico. She finally asked Harrison for a divorce when she found out she was pregnant. When he refused, she obtained an instant divorce in Reno, Nevada, and took Oppenheimer as her fourth husband on November 1, 1940.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 55201367, 194261, 156992, 4183, 31793, 92408, 37765, 26388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 135 ], [ 287, 306 ], [ 470, 486 ], [ 497, 503 ], [ 513, 539 ], [ 663, 683 ], [ 786, 823 ], [ 1132, 1144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Their first child Peter was born in May 1941, and their second child, Katherine (\"Toni\"), was born in Los Alamos, New Mexico, on December 7, 1944. During his marriage, Oppenheimer continued his affair with Jean Tatlock. Later their continued contact became an issue in his security clearance hearings because of Tatlock's Communist associations. Many of Oppenheimer's closest associates were active in the Communist Party in the 1930s or 1940s. They included his brother Frank, Frank's wife Jackie, Kitty, Jean Tatlock, his landlady Mary Ellen Washburn, and several of his graduate students at Berkeley.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 25378263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When he joined the Manhattan Project in 1942, Oppenheimer wrote on his personal security questionnaire that he had been \"a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast\". Years later he claimed that he did not remember saying this, that it was not true, and that if he had said anything along those lines, it was \"a half-jocular overstatement\". He was a subscriber to the People's World, a Communist Party organ, and he testified in 1954, \"I was associated with the Communist movement.\" From 1937 to 1942, Oppenheimer was a member at Berkeley of what he called a \"discussion group\", which was later identified by fellow members, Haakon Chevalier and Gordon Griffiths, as a \"closed\" (secret) unit of the Communist Party for Berkeley faculty.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 174579, 294850, 5630613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 196 ], [ 400, 414 ], [ 657, 673 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The FBI opened a file on Oppenheimer in March 1941. It recorded that he attended a meeting in December 1940 at Chevalier's home that was also attended by the Communist Party's California state secretary William Schneiderman, and its treasurer Isaac Folkoff. The FBI noted that Oppenheimer was on the Executive Committee of the American Civil Liberties Union, which it considered a Communist front organization. Shortly thereafter, the FBI added Oppenheimer to its Custodial Detention Index, for arrest in case of national emergency. Debates over Oppenheimer's Party membership or lack thereof have turned on very fine points; almost all historians agree he had strong left-wing views during this time and interacted with Party members, though there is considerable dispute over whether he was officially a member of the Party. At his 1954 security clearance hearings, he denied being a member of the Communist Party, but identified himself as a fellow traveler, which he defined as someone who agrees with many of the goals of Communism, but without being willing to blindly follow orders from any Communist party apparatus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 11127, 63739813, 1897770, 1950, 31577476, 784344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 203, 223 ], [ 243, 256 ], [ 327, 357 ], [ 464, 489 ], [ 945, 960 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the development of the atomic bomb, Oppenheimer was under investigation by both the FBI and the Manhattan Project's internal security arm for left-wing associations he was known to have had in the past. He was followed by Army security agents during a trip to California in June 1943 to visit his former girlfriend, Jean Tatlock, who was suffering from depression. Oppenheimer spent the night in her apartment. Tatlock committed suicide on January 4, 1944, which left Oppenheimer deeply grieved. In August 1943, he volunteered to Manhattan Project security agents that George Eltenton, whom he did not know, had solicited three men at Los Alamos for nuclear secrets on behalf of the Soviet Union. When pressed on the issue in later interviews, Oppenheimer admitted that the only person who had approached him was his friend Haakon Chevalier, a Berkeley professor of French literature, who had mentioned the matter privately at a dinner at Oppenheimer's house. Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project, thought Oppenheimer was too important to the project to be ousted over this suspicious behavior. On July 20, 1943, he wrote to the Manhattan Engineer District:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Private and political life", "target_page_ids": [ 5407, 8389, 26779, 11035076, 60540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 281 ], [ 364, 374 ], [ 694, 706 ], [ 971, 988 ], [ 989, 1010 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 9, 1941, two months before the United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a crash program to develop an atomic bomb. In May 1942, National Defense Research Committee Chairman James B. Conant, who had been one of Oppenheimer's lecturers at Harvard, invited Oppenheimer to take over work on fast neutron calculations, a task that Oppenheimer threw himself into with full vigor. He was given the title \"Coordinator of Rapid Rupture\", which specifically referred to the propagation of a fast neutron chain reaction in an atomic bomb. One of his first acts was to host a summer school for bomb theory at his building in Berkeley. The mix of European physicists and his own students—a group including Robert Serber, Emil Konopinski, Felix Bloch, Hans Bethe and Edward Teller—kept themselves busy by calculating what needed to be done, and in what order, to make the bomb.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 21785, 1633826, 355000, 16654375, 10896, 185853, 37782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 109 ], [ 149, 160 ], [ 175, 210 ], [ 220, 235 ], [ 755, 770 ], [ 772, 783 ], [ 785, 795 ], [ 800, 813 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 1942, the US Army established the Manhattan Project to handle its part in the atom bomb project and began the process of transferring responsibility from the Office of Scientific Research and Development to the military. In September, Groves was appointed director of what became known as the Manhattan Project. He selected Oppenheimer to head the project's secret weapons laboratory. This was a choice that surprised many because Oppenheimer had left-wing political views and no record as a leader of large projects. Groves was concerned by the fact that Oppenheimer did not have a Nobel Prize and might not have had the prestige to direct fellow scientists. However, he was impressed by Oppenheimer's singular grasp of the practical aspects of designing and constructing an atomic bomb, and by the breadth of his knowledge. As a military engineer, Groves knew that this would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not just physics, but chemistry, metallurgy, ordnance and engineering. Groves also detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an \"overweening ambition\" that Groves reckoned would supply the drive necessary to push the project to a successful conclusion. Isidor Rabi considered the appointment \"a real stroke of genius on the part of General Groves, who was not generally considered to be a genius\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 32087, 19603, 1633844, 100034, 19722, 23304007, 9251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 25 ], [ 42, 59 ], [ 166, 211 ], [ 839, 856 ], [ 979, 989 ], [ 991, 999 ], [ 1004, 1015 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer and Groves decided that for security and cohesion they needed a centralized, secret research laboratory in a remote location. Scouting for a site in late 1942, Oppenheimer was drawn to New Mexico, not far from his ranch. On November 16, 1942, Oppenheimer, Groves and others toured a prospective site. Oppenheimer feared that the high cliffs surrounding the site would make his people feel claustrophobic, while the engineers were concerned with the possibility of flooding. He then suggested and championed a site that he knew well: a flat mesa near Santa Fe, New Mexico, which was the site of a private boys' school called the Los Alamos Ranch School. The engineers were concerned about the poor access road and the water supply but otherwise felt that it was ideal. The Los Alamos Laboratory was built on the site of the school, taking over some of its buildings, while many new buildings were erected in great haste. At the laboratory, Oppenheimer assembled a group of the top physicists of the time, which he referred to as the \"luminaries\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 292376, 386596, 19284345, 2410829, 51053117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 402, 416 ], [ 553, 557 ], [ 563, 583 ], [ 641, 664 ], [ 785, 806 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Los Alamos was initially supposed to be a military laboratory, and Oppenheimer and other researchers were to be commissioned into the Army. He went so far as to order himself a lieutenant colonel's uniform and take the Army physical test, which he failed. Army doctors considered him underweight at , diagnosed his chronic cough as tuberculosis and were concerned about his chronic lumbosacral joint pain. The plan to commission scientists fell through when Robert Bacher and Isidor Rabi balked at the idea. Conant, Groves, and Oppenheimer devised a compromise whereby the laboratory was operated by the University of California under contract to the War Department. It soon turned out that Oppenheimer had hugely underestimated the magnitude of the project; Los Alamos grew from a few hundred people in 1943 to over 6,000 in 1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 30653, 24670523, 1197596, 373962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 332, 344 ], [ 382, 399 ], [ 458, 471 ], [ 651, 665 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer at first had difficulty with the organizational division of large groups, but rapidly learned the art of large-scale administration after he took up permanent residence on the mesa. He was noted for his mastery of all scientific aspects of the project and for his efforts to control the inevitable cultural conflicts between scientists and the military. He was an iconic figure to his fellow scientists, as much a symbol of what they were working toward as a scientific director. Victor Weisskopf put it thus:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 844240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 492, 508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " At this point in the war, there was considerable anxiety among the scientists that the Germans might be making faster progress on an atomic weapon than they were. In a letter dated May 25, 1943, Oppenheimer responded to a proposal from Fermi to use radioactive materials to poison German food supplies. Oppenheimer asked Fermi whether he could produce enough strontium without letting too many in on the secret. Oppenheimer continued, \"I think we should not attempt a plan unless we can poison food sufficient to kill a half a million men.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1943 development efforts were directed to a plutonium gun-type fission weapon called \"Thin Man\". Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron-generated plutonium-239, which was extremely pure but could only be created in tiny amounts. When Los Alamos received the first sample of plutonium from the X-10 Graphite Reactor in April 1944 a problem was discovered: reactor-bred plutonium had a higher concentration of plutonium-240, making it unsuitable for use in a gun-type weapon. In July 1944, Oppenheimer abandoned the gun design in favor of an implosion-type weapon. Using chemical explosive lenses, a sub-critical sphere of fissile material could be squeezed into a smaller and denser form. The metal needed to travel only very short distances, so the critical mass would be assembled in much less time. In August 1944 Oppenheimer implemented a sweeping reorganization of the Los Alamos laboratory to focus on implosion. He concentrated the development efforts on the gun-type device, a simpler design that only had to work with uranium-235, in a single group, and this device became Little Boy in February 1945. After a mammoth research effort, the more complex design of the implosion device, known as the \"Christy gadget\" after Robert Christy, another student of Oppenheimer's, was finalized in a meeting in Oppenheimer's office on February 28, 1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 7987684, 3183152, 4656422, 44585, 2378570, 4110093, 6084563, 172911, 4852466, 481843, 18597, 996863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 89, 97 ], [ 163, 172 ], [ 183, 196 ], [ 330, 351 ], [ 445, 458 ], [ 577, 591 ], [ 615, 629 ], [ 1064, 1075 ], [ 1119, 1129 ], [ 1266, 1280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 1945 an Interim Committee was created to advise and report on wartime and postwar policies regarding the use of nuclear energy. The Interim Committee in turn established a scientific panel consisting of Arthur Compton, Fermi, Lawrence and Oppenheimer to advise it on scientific issues. In its presentation to the Interim Committee, the scientific panel offered its opinion not just on the likely physical effects of an atomic bomb, but on its likely military and political impact. This included opinions on such sensitive issues as whether or not the Soviet Union should be advised of the weapon in advance of its use against Japan.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 1591910, 432000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 32 ], [ 210, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the world's first nuclear explosion, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. Oppenheimer had given the site the codename \"Trinity\" in mid-1944 and said later that it was from one of John Donne's Holy Sonnets. According to the historian Gregg Herken, this naming could have been an allusion to Jean Tatlock, who had committed suicide a few months previously and had in the 1930s introduced Oppenheimer to Donne's work.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 4380587, 125944, 60033, 15838, 8962180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 94 ], [ 101, 123 ], [ 189, 196 ], [ 249, 259 ], [ 262, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from the Bhagavad Gita (XI,12): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: namely, the famous verse:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"\" (XI,32), which he translated as \"I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1965, when he was persuaded to quote again for a television broadcast, he said:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Among those present with Oppenheimer in the control bunker at the site were his brother Frank and Brigadier General Thomas Farrell. When Jeremy Bernstein asked Frank what Robert's first words after the test had been, the answer was \"I guess it worked.\" Farrell summarized Robert's reaction as follows:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 4061738, 38442181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 130 ], [ 137, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Physicist Isidor Rabi noticed Oppenheimer's disconcerting triumphalism: \"I'll never forget his walk; I'll never forget the way he stepped out of the car... his walk was like High Noon... this kind of strut. He had done it.\" At an assembly at Los Alamos on August 6 (the evening of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima), Oppenheimer took to the stage and clasped his hands together \"like a prize-winning boxer\" while the crowd cheered. He noted his regret the weapon had not been available in time to use against Nazi Germany. However, he and many of the project staff were very upset about the bombing of Nagasaki, as they did not feel the second bomb was necessary from a military point of view. He traveled to Washington on August 17 to hand-deliver a letter to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson expressing his revulsion and his wish to see nuclear weapons banned. In October 1945 Oppenheimer was granted an interview with President Harry S. Truman. The meeting, however, went badly, after Oppenheimer remarked he felt he had \"blood on my hands\". The remark infuriated Truman and put an end to the meeting. Truman later told his Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson \"I don't want to see that son-of-a-bitch in this office ever again.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 74011, 11778948, 88843, 3418303, 80100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 183 ], [ 285, 312 ], [ 776, 792 ], [ 930, 945 ], [ 1150, 1162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For his services as director of Los Alamos, Oppenheimer was awarded the Medal for Merit from President Harry S. Truman in 1946.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 3971604, 3418303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 87 ], [ 103, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Manhattan Project was top secret and did not become public knowledge until after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Oppenheimer became a national spokesman for science who was emblematic of a new type of technocratic power. He became a household name and his portrait appeared on the covers of Life and Time. Nuclear physics became a powerful force as all governments of the world began to realize the strategic and political power that came with nuclear weapons. Like many scientists of his generation, he felt that security from atomic bombs would come only from a transnational organization such as the newly formed United Nations, which could institute a program to stifle a nuclear arms race.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 187479, 31600, 31769, 585704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 307, 311 ], [ 316, 320 ], [ 632, 646 ], [ 692, 709 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 1945, Oppenheimer left Los Alamos to return to Caltech, but he soon found that his heart was no longer in teaching. In 1947, he accepted an offer from Lewis Strauss to take up the directorship of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. This meant moving back east and leaving Ruth Tolman, the wife of his friend Richard Tolman, with whom he had begun an affair after leaving Los Alamos. The job came with a salary of $20,000 per annum, plus rent-free accommodation in the director's house, a 17th-century manor with a cook and groundskeeper, surrounded by of woodlands. He collected European furniture, and French post-impressionist and Fauvist artworks. His art collection included works by Cézanne, Derain, Despiau, de Vlaminck, Picasso, Rembrandt, Renoir, Van Gogh and Vuillard.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 803611, 184179, 84658, 2079855, 164601, 26693897, 24472, 66910, 3285728, 703114, 4254144, 24546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 176 ], [ 212, 240 ], [ 244, 265 ], [ 558, 571 ], [ 646, 664 ], [ 669, 676 ], [ 724, 731 ], [ 733, 739 ], [ 741, 748 ], [ 750, 761 ], [ 772, 781 ], [ 783, 789 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer brought together intellectuals at the height of their powers and from a variety of disciplines to answer the most pertinent questions of the age. He directed and encouraged the research of many well-known scientists, including Freeman Dyson, and the duo of Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, who won a Nobel Prize for their discovery of parity non-conservation. He also instituted temporary memberships for scholars from the humanities, such as T. S. Eliot and George F. Kennan. Some of these activities were resented by a few members of the mathematics faculty, who wanted the institute to stay a bastion of pure scientific research. Abraham Pais said that Oppenheimer himself thought that one of his failures at the institute was being unable to bring together scholars from the natural sciences and the humanities.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 11397, 252062, 252081, 1240666, 30273, 386023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 252 ], [ 269, 283 ], [ 288, 301 ], [ 348, 354 ], [ 456, 467 ], [ 472, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During a series of conferences in New York from 1947 through 1949, physicists switched back from war work to theoretical issues. Under Oppenheimer's direction, physicists tackled the greatest outstanding problem of the pre-war years: infinite, divergent, and non-sensical expressions in the quantum electrodynamics of elementary particles. Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga tackled the problem of regularization, and developed techniques which became known as renormalization. Freeman Dyson was able to prove that their procedures gave similar results. The problem of meson absorption and Hideki Yukawa's theory of mesons as the carrier particles of the strong nuclear force were also tackled. Probing questions from Oppenheimer prompted Robert Marshak's innovative two-meson hypothesis: that there were actually two types of mesons, pions and muons. This led to Cecil Frank Powell's breakthrough and subsequent Nobel Prize for the discovery of the pion.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 25268, 11274, 269980, 25523, 287410, 2009062, 291453, 187670, 19870, 27984, 4025280, 19870, 21073209, 36961, 20146, 396517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 292, 315 ], [ 319, 338 ], [ 341, 357 ], [ 359, 374 ], [ 379, 399 ], [ 423, 437 ], [ 486, 501 ], [ 615, 628 ], [ 641, 646 ], [ 680, 700 ], [ 764, 778 ], [ 796, 801 ], [ 802, 812 ], [ 860, 864 ], [ 870, 874 ], [ 889, 907 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a member of the Board of Consultants to a committee appointed by Truman, Oppenheimer strongly influenced the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In this report, the committee advocated the creation of an international Atomic Development Authority, which would own all fissionable material and the means of its production, such as mines and laboratories, and atomic power plants where it could be used for peaceful energy production. Bernard Baruch was appointed to translate this report into a proposal to the United Nations, resulting in the Baruch Plan of 1946. The Baruch Plan introduced many additional provisions regarding enforcement, in particular requiring inspection of the Soviet Union's uranium resources. The Baruch Plan was seen as an attempt to maintain the United States' nuclear monopoly and was rejected by the Soviets. With this, it became clear to Oppenheimer that an arms race was unavoidable, due to the mutual suspicion of the United States and the Soviet Union, which even Oppenheimer was starting to distrust.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 3798183, 57832, 1762067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 137 ], [ 427, 441 ], [ 537, 548 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) came into being in 1947 as a civilian agency in control of nuclear research and weapons issues, Oppenheimer was appointed as the Chairman of its General Advisory Committee (GAC). From this position he advised on a number of nuclear-related issues, including project funding, laboratory construction and even international policy—though the GAC's advice was not always heeded. As Chairman of the GAC, Oppenheimer lobbied vigorously for international arms control and funding for basic science, and attempted to influence policy away from a heated arms race.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first atomic bomb test by the Soviet Union in August 1949 came earlier than expected by Americans, and over the next several months there was an intense debate within the U.S. government, military, and scientific communities regarding whether to proceed with the development of the far more powerful, nuclear fusion-based hydrogen bomb, then known as \"the Super\". Oppenheimer had been aware of the possibility of a thermonuclear weapon since the days of the Manhattan Project and had allocated a limited amount of theoretical research work toward the possibility at the time but nothing more than that given the pressing need to develop a fission weapon. Immediately following the end of the war, Oppenheimer argued against continuing work on the Super at that time, due both to lack of need and to the enormous human casualties that would result from its use.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 1115854, 21544, 2269463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 46 ], [ 305, 319 ], [ 326, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Now in October 1949, Oppenheimer and the GAC recommended against the development of the Super. He and the other GAC members were motivated partly by ethical concerns, feeling that such a weapon could only be strategically used, resulting in millions of deaths: \"Its use therefore carries much further than the atomic bomb itself the policy of exterminating civilian populations.\" They also had practical qualms, as there was no workable design for a hydrogen bomb at the time. Regarding the possibility of the Soviet Union developing a thermonuclear weapon, the GAC felt that the United States could have an adequate stockpile of atomic weapons to retaliate against any thermonuclear attack. In that connection, Oppenheimer and the others were concerned about the opportunity costs that would be incurred if nuclear reactors were diverted from materials needed for atom bomb production, to the materials such as tritium needed for a thermonuclear weapon.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 45528, 31306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 764, 781 ], [ 912, 919 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A majority of the AEC subsequently endorsed the GAC recommendation – and Oppenheimer thought that the fight against the Super would triumph – but proponents of the weapon lobbied the White House vigorously. On January 31, 1950, President Truman, who was always predisposed to proceed with the development of the weapon anyway, made the formal decision to do so. Oppenheimer and other GAC opponents of the project, especially James Conant, felt disheartened and considered resigning from the committee. They stayed on, though their views on the hydrogen bomb were well known.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 355000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 425, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1951, Edward Teller and mathematician Stanislaw Ulam developed what became known as the Teller-Ulam design for a hydrogen bomb. This new design seemed technically feasible and Oppenheimer officially acceded to the weapon's development, while still looking for ways in which its testing or deployment or use could be questioned. As he later recalled:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 37782, 41531, 2269463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ], [ 41, 55 ], [ 91, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer, along with Conant and Lee DuBridge, another member who had opposed the H-bomb decision, left the GAC when their terms expired in August 1952. President Truman had declined to reappoint them, as the president wanted new voices on the committee who were more in support of H-bomb development. In addition, various opponents of Oppenheimer had communicated to Truman their desire that Oppenheimer leave the committee.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 744756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer played a role on a number of government panels and study projects during the late 1940s and early 1950s, some of which found him in the middle of controversies and power struggles.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1948 Oppenheimer chaired the Department of Defense's Long-Range Objectives Panel, which looked at the military utility of nuclear weapons including how they might be delivered. After a year's worth of study, in spring 1952 Oppenheimer wrote the draft report of Project GABRIEL, which examined the dangers of nuclear fallout. Oppenheimer was also a member of the Science Advisory Committee of the Office of Defense Mobilization.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 27325000, 53683, 11223639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 279 ], [ 311, 326 ], [ 400, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer participated in Project Charles during 1951, which examined the possibility of creating an effective air defense of the United States against atomic attack, and in the follow-on Project East River in 1952, which, with Oppenheimer's input, recommended building a warning system that would provide one-hour notice to atomic attacks against American cities. Those two projects led to Project Lincoln in 1952, a large effort where Oppenheimer was one of the senior scientists. Undertaken at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, which had recently been founded to study issues of air defense, this in turn led to the Lincoln Summer Study Group, where Oppenheimer became a key figure. Oppenheimer's and other scientists' urging that resources be allocated to air defense in preference to large retaliatory strike capabilities brought an immediate response of objection from the United States Air Force (USAF), and a debate ensued about whether Oppenheimer and allied scientists, or the Air Force, was embracing an inflexible \"Maginot Line\" philosophy. In any case, the Summer Study Group's work eventually led to the building of the Distant Early Warning Line.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 47481799, 637536, 637536, 32090, 20351, 614142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 43 ], [ 393, 408 ], [ 503, 525 ], [ 875, 898 ], [ 1023, 1035 ], [ 1130, 1156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Edward Teller, who had been so uninterested in work on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos during the war that Oppenheimer had given him time instead to work on his own project of the hydrogen bomb, had eventually left Los Alamos in 1951 to help found, in 1952, a second laboratory at what would become the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Oppenheimer had defended the history of work done at Los Alamos and had opposed the creation of the second laboratory.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 39039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 301, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Project Vista looked at improving U.S. tactical warfare capabilities. Oppenheimer was a late addition to the project in 1951 but wrote a key chapter of the report that challenged the doctrine of strategic bombardment and advocated for smaller tactical nuclear weapons which would be more useful in a limited theater conflict against enemy forces. Strategic thermonuclear weapons delivered by long-range jet bombers would necessarily be under the control of the U.S. Air Force, whereas the Vista conclusions recommended an increased role for the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy as well. The Air Force reaction to this was immediately hostile, and they succeeded in getting the Vista report suppressed.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 53341401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During 1952 Oppenheimer chaired the five-member State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament, which first urged that the United States postpone its planned first test of the hydrogen bomb and seek a thermonuclear test ban with the Soviet Union, on the grounds that avoiding a test might forestall the development of a catastrophic new weapon and open the way for new arms agreements between the two nations. The panel lacked political allies in Washington, however, and the Ivy Mike shot went ahead as scheduled. The panel then issued a final report in January 1953, which, influenced by many of Oppenheimer's deeply felt beliefs, presented a pessimistic vision of the future in which neither the United States nor the Soviet Union could establish an effective nuclear superiority but both sides could effect terrible damage on the other. One of the panel's recommendations, which Oppenheimer felt was especially important, was that the U.S. government practice less secrecy and more openness towards the American people about the realities of the nuclear balance and the dangers of nuclear warfare. This notion found a receptive audience in the new Eisenhower administration and led to creation of Operation Candor. Oppenheimer subsequently presented his view on the lack of utility of ever-larger nuclear arsenals to the American public with an article in Foreign Affairs in June 1953, and it received attention in major American newspapers.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 64207174, 2269463, 947674, 4538945, 54171222, 183519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 100 ], [ 182, 195 ], [ 483, 491 ], [ 1159, 1184 ], [ 1208, 1224 ], [ 1367, 1382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thus by 1953, Oppenheimer had reached another peak of influence, being involved in multiple different government posts and projects and having access to crucial strategic plans and force levels. But at the same time, Oppenheimer had become the enemy of the proponents of strategic bombardment, who viewed the physicist's opposition to the H-bomb, followed by these accumulated positions and stances, with a combination of bitterness and distrust. This view was paired with their fear that Oppenheimer's fame and powers of persuasion had made him dangerously influential within government, military, and scientific circles.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been following Oppenheimer since before the war, when he showed Communist sympathies as a professor at Berkeley and had been close to members of the Communist Party, including his wife and brother. They strongly suspected that he himself was a member of the Party, based on wiretaps in which party members referred to him or appeared to refer to him as a Communist, as well as reports from informers within the Party. He had been under close surveillance since the early 1940s, his home and office bugged, his phone tapped and his mail opened. The FBI furnished Oppenheimer's political enemies with evidence that implicated Communist ties. These enemies included Strauss, an AEC commissioner who had long harbored resentment against Oppenheimer both for his activity in opposing the hydrogen bomb and for his humiliation of Strauss before Congress some years earlier; regarding Strauss's opposition to the export of radioactive isotopes to other nations, Oppenheimer had memorably categorized these as \"less important than electronic devices but more important than, let us say, vitamins\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 16044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 7, 1949, Oppenheimer testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, where he testified that he had associations with the Communist Party USA in the 1930s. He testified that some of his students, including David Bohm, Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Philip Morrison, Bernard Peters and Joseph Weinberg, had been Communists at the time they had worked with him at Berkeley. Frank Oppenheimer and his wife Jackie testified before the HUAC where they testified that they had been members of the Communist Party USA. Frank was subsequently fired from his University of Minnesota position. Unable to find work in physics for many years, he became instead a cattle rancher in Colorado. He later taught high school physics and was the founder of the San Francisco Exploratorium.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 23758960, 186234, 2680669, 1741545, 47779613, 416813, 30865437, 5399, 22990622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 88 ], [ 227, 237 ], [ 239, 262 ], [ 264, 279 ], [ 281, 295 ], [ 566, 589 ], [ 667, 681 ], [ 685, 693 ], [ 772, 785 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The triggering event for the security hearing happened on November 7, 1953, when William Liscum Borden, who until earlier in the year had been the executive director of the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, sent a letter to Hoover which said that \"more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union.\" Eisenhower never exactly believed the allegations within the letter, but felt compelled to move forward with an investigation, and on December 3 he ordered that a \"blank wall\" be placed between Oppenheimer and any government or military secrets. On December 21, 1953, Strauss told Oppenheimer that his security clearance had been suspended, pending resolution of a series of charges outlined in a letter, and discussed his resigning by way of requesting termination of his consulting contract with the AEC. Oppenheimer chose not to resign and requested a hearing instead. The charges were outlined in a letter from Kenneth D. Nichols, General Manager of the AEC. The hearing that followed in April–May 1954, which was held in secret, focused on Oppenheimer's past Communist ties and his association during the Manhattan Project with suspected disloyal or Communist scientists. It then continued with an examination of Oppenheimer's opposition to the H-bomb and stances in subsequent projects and study groups. A transcript of the hearings was published in June 1954, with some redactions. The US Department of Energy made public the full text of the transcript in October 2014.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 64419269, 9638730, 14226842, 62866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 102 ], [ 173, 228 ], [ 965, 983 ], [ 1446, 1466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the key elements in this hearing was Oppenheimer's earliest testimony about George Eltenton's approach to various Los Alamos scientists, a story that Oppenheimer confessed he had fabricated to protect his friend Haakon Chevalier. Unknown to Oppenheimer, both versions were recorded during his interrogations of a decade before. He was surprised on the witness stand with transcripts of these, which he had not been given a chance to review. In fact, Oppenheimer had never told Chevalier that he had finally named him, and the testimony had cost Chevalier his job. Both Chevalier and Eltenton confirmed mentioning that they had a way to get information to the Soviets, Eltenton admitting he said this to Chevalier and Chevalier admitting he mentioned it to Oppenheimer, but both put the matter in terms of gossip and denied any thought or suggestion of treason or thoughts of espionage, either in planning or in deed. Neither was ever convicted of any crime.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Teller testified that he considered Oppenheimer loyal to the US government, but that:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This led to outrage by the scientific community and Teller's virtual expulsion from academic science. Ernest Lawrence refused to testify on the grounds that he was suffering from an attack of ulcerative colitis, but an interview transcript in which he condemned Oppenheimer was presented as evidence in his absence. Groves, threatened by the FBI as having been potentially part of a coverup about the Chevalier contact in 1943, likewise testified against Oppenheimer. Many top scientists, as well as government and military figures, testified on Oppenheimer's behalf. Inconsistencies in his testimony and his erratic behavior on the stand, at one point saying he had given a \"cock and bull story\" and that this was because he \"was an idiot\", convinced some that he was unstable, unreliable and a possible security risk. Oppenheimer's clearance was revoked one day before it was due to lapse anyway. Isidor Rabi's comment was that Oppenheimer was merely a government consultant at the time anyway and that if the government \"didn't want to consult the guy, then don't consult him\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 63531, 1508399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 210 ], [ 676, 695 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his hearing, Oppenheimer testified willingly on the left-wing activities of many of his scientific colleagues. Had Oppenheimer's clearance not been stripped then he might have been remembered as someone who had \"named names\" to save his own reputation. As it happened, Oppenheimer was seen by most of the scientific community as a martyr to McCarthyism, an eclectic liberal who was unjustly attacked by warmongering enemies, symbolic of the shift of scientific creativity from academia into the military. Wernher von Braun summed up his opinion about the matter with a quip to a Congressional committee: \"In England, Oppenheimer would have been knighted.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 43805, 33783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 348, 359 ], [ 512, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a seminar at the Woodrow Wilson Institute on May 20, 2009, based on an extensive analysis of the Vassiliev notebooks taken from the KGB archives, John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev confirmed that Oppenheimer never was involved in espionage for the Soviet Union. Soviet intelligence tried repeatedly to recruit him, but was never successful; Oppenheimer did not spy on the United States. In addition, he had several persons removed from the Manhattan Project who had sympathies to the Soviet Union. Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev also state Oppenheimer \"was, in fact, a concealed member of the CPUSA in the late 1930s\". According to biographer Ray Monk: \"He was, in a very practical and real sense, a supporter of the Communist Party. Moreover, in terms of the time, effort and money spent on Party activities, he was a very committed supporter\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Postwar activities", "target_page_ids": [ 2434507, 2434333, 18422423, 1470340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 165 ], [ 167, 179 ], [ 184, 203 ], [ 663, 671 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting in 1954, Oppenheimer lived for several months of the year on the island of Saint John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In 1957, he purchased a tract of land on Gibney Beach, where he built a spartan home on the beach. He spent a considerable amount of time sailing with his daughter Toni and wife Kitty.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 1039408, 32135, 14221750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 94 ], [ 102, 121 ], [ 165, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer's first public appearance following the stripping of his security clearance was a lecture titled \"Prospects in the Arts and Sciences\" for the Columbia University Bicentennial radio show Man's Right to Knowledge, in which he outlined his philosophy and his thoughts on the role of science in the modern world. He had been selected for the final episode of the lecture series two years prior to the security hearing, though the university remained adamant that he stay on even after the controversy.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 71320572, 71325415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 186 ], [ 198, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1955, the president of the University of Washington, Henry Schmitz, abruptly cancelled an invitation to Oppenheimer to deliver a series of lectures there. Schmitz's decision caused an uproar among the students; 1,200 of them signed a petition protesting the decision, and Schmitz was burned in effigy. While they marched in protest, the state of Washington outlawed the Communist Party, and required all government employees to swear a loyalty oath. Edwin Albrecht Uehling, the chairman of the physics department and a colleague of Oppenheimer's from Berkeley, appealed to the university senate, and Schmitz's decision was overturned by a vote of 56-40. Oppenheimer stopped briefly in Seattle to change planes on a trip to Oregon, and was joined for coffee during his layover by several University of Washington faculty, but Oppenheimer never lectured there.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 31776, 773390, 960277, 68233887, 11388236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 63 ], [ 296, 312 ], [ 448, 460 ], [ 462, 484 ], [ 697, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer was increasingly concerned about the potential danger that scientific inventions could pose to humanity. He joined with Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Joseph Rotblat and other eminent scientists and academics to establish what would eventually, in 1960, become the World Academy of Art and Science. Significantly, after his public humiliation, he did not sign the major open protests against nuclear weapons of the 1950s, including the Russell–Einstein Manifesto of 1955, nor, though invited, did he attend the first Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 736, 4163, 315742, 8838251, 1470302, 417126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 147 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 167, 181 ], [ 281, 313 ], [ 452, 478 ], [ 533, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his speeches and public writings, Oppenheimer continually stressed the difficulty of managing the power of knowledge in a world in which the freedom of science to exchange ideas was more and more hobbled by political concerns. Oppenheimer delivered the Reith Lectures on the BBC in 1953, which were subsequently published as Science and the Common Understanding. In 1955 Oppenheimer published The Open Mind, a collection of eight lectures that he had given since 1946 on the subject of nuclear weapons and popular culture. Oppenheimer rejected the idea of nuclear gunboat diplomacy. \"The purposes of this country in the field of foreign policy\", he wrote, \"cannot in any real or enduring way be achieved by coercion\". In 1957 the philosophy and psychology departments at Harvard invited Oppenheimer to deliver the William James Lectures. An influential group of Harvard alumni led by Edwin Ginn that included Archibald Roosevelt protested against the decision. Some 1,200 people packed into Sanders Theatre to hear Oppenheimer's six lectures, entitled \"The Hope of Order\". Oppenheimer delivered the Whidden Lectures at McMaster University in 1962, and these were published in 1964 as The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 355905, 19344654, 23503722, 1925490, 10436889, 11435236, 342555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 256, 270 ], [ 278, 281 ], [ 817, 839 ], [ 912, 931 ], [ 994, 1009 ], [ 1102, 1118 ], [ 1122, 1141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deprived of political power, Oppenheimer continued to lecture, write and work on physics. He toured Europe and Japan, giving talks about the history of science, the role of science in society, and the nature of the universe. In September 1957, France made him an Officer of the Legion of Honor, and on May 3, 1962, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in Britain. At the urging of many of Oppenheimer's political friends who had ascended to power, President John F. Kennedy awarded Oppenheimer the Enrico Fermi Award in 1963 as a gesture of political rehabilitation. Edward Teller, the winner of the previous year's award, had also recommended Oppenheimer receive it, in the hope that it would heal the rift between them. A little over a week after Kennedy's assassination, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, presented Oppenheimer with the award, \"for contributions to theoretical physics as a teacher and originator of ideas, and for leadership of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the atomic energy program during critical years\". Oppenheimer told Johnson: \"I think it is just possible, Mr. President, that it has taken some charity and some courage for you to make this award today.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 160188, 510795, 5119376, 146276, 286369, 54533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 278, 293 ], [ 332, 367 ], [ 474, 489 ], [ 514, 532 ], [ 765, 788 ], [ 815, 829 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The rehabilitation implied by the award was partly symbolic, as Oppenheimer still lacked a security clearance and could have no effect on official policy, but the award came with a $50,000 tax-free stipend, and its award outraged many prominent Republicans in Congress. The late President Kennedy's widow Jacqueline, still living in the White House, made it a point to meet with Oppenheimer to tell him how much her husband had wanted him to have the medal. While still a senator in 1959, Kennedy had been instrumental in voting to narrowly deny Oppenheimer's enemy Lewis Strauss a coveted government position as Secretary of Commerce, effectively ending Strauss's political career. This was partly due to lobbying by the scientific community on behalf of Oppenheimer.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 64372, 44272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 305, 315 ], [ 613, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer was a chain smoker who was diagnosed with throat cancer in late 1965. After inconclusive surgery, he underwent unsuccessful radiation treatment and chemotherapy late in 1966. He fell into a coma on February 15, 1967, and died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey, on February 18, aged 62. A memorial service was held a week later at Alexander Hall on the campus of Princeton University. The service was attended by 600 of his scientific, political and military associates that included Bethe, Groves, Kennan, Lilienthal, Rabi, Smyth and Wigner. His brother Frank and the rest of his family were also there, as was the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., the novelist John O'Hara, and George Balanchine, the director of the New York City Ballet. Bethe, Kennan and Smyth gave brief eulogies. Oppenheimer's body was cremated and his ashes were placed into an urn. His wife Kitty took the ashes to St. John and dropped the urn into the sea, within sight of the beach house.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 729500, 7172, 5721, 84658, 34790667, 23922, 1013900, 209294, 208652, 440878, 175142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 202, 206 ], [ 253, 274 ], [ 345, 359 ], [ 377, 397 ], [ 640, 666 ], [ 681, 692 ], [ 698, 715 ], [ 737, 757 ], [ 828, 836 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 1972, Kitty died at age 62 from an intestinal infection that was complicated by a pulmonary embolism. Oppenheimer's ranch in New Mexico was then inherited by their son Peter, and the beach property was inherited by their daughter Katherine \"Toni\" Oppenheimer Silber. Toni was refused security clearance for her chosen vocation as a United Nations translator after the FBI brought up the old charges against her father. In January 1977 (three months after the end of her second marriage), she committed suicide at age 32; her ex-husband found her hanging from a beam in her family beach house. She left the property to \"the people of St. John for a public park and recreation area\". The original house was built too close to the coast and succumbed to a hurricane. Today the Virgin Islands Government maintains a Community Center in the area.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Final years and death", "target_page_ids": [ 207165, 8282374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 111 ], [ 764, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Oppenheimer was stripped of his position of political influence in 1954, he symbolized for many the folly of scientists who believed they could control the use of their research, and the dilemmas of moral responsibility presented by science in the nuclear age. The hearings were motivated by politics and personal enmities, and also reflected a stark divide in the nuclear weapons community. One group viewed with passionate fear the Soviet Union as a mortal enemy and believed having the most powerful weaponry capable of providing the most massive retaliation was the best strategy for combating that threat. The other group felt that developing the H-bomb would not in fact improve the Western security position and that using the weapon against large civilian populations would be an act of genocide, and advocated instead a more flexible response to the Soviets involving tactical nuclear weapons, strengthened conventional forces, and arms control agreements. The first of these groups was the more powerful in political terms, and Oppenheimer became its target.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rather than consistently oppose the \"Red-baiting\" of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Oppenheimer testified against some of his former colleagues and students, both before and during his hearing. In one incident, his damning testimony against former student Bernard Peters was selectively leaked to the press. Historians have interpreted this as an attempt by Oppenheimer to please his colleagues in the government and perhaps to divert attention from his own previous left-wing ties and those of his brother. In the end, it became a liability when it became clear that if Oppenheimer had really doubted Peters' loyalty, his recommending him for the Manhattan Project was reckless, or at least contradictory.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Popular depictions of Oppenheimer view his security struggles as a confrontation between right-wing militarists (symbolized by Teller) and left-wing intellectuals (symbolized by Oppenheimer) over the moral question of weapons of mass destruction. The Oppenheimer story has often been viewed by biographers and historians as a modern tragedy. National security advisor and academic McGeorge Bundy, who had worked with Oppenheimer on the State Department Panel of Consultants, has written: \"Quite aside from Oppenheimer's extraordinary rise and fall in prestige and power, his character has fully tragic dimensions in its combination of charm and arrogance, intelligence and blindness, awareness and insensitivity, and perhaps above all daring and fatalism. All these, in different ways, were turned against him in the hearings.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 93025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 381, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The question of the scientists' responsibility toward humanity inspired Bertolt Brecht's drama Galileo (1955), left its imprint on Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Die Physiker, and is the basis of the opera Doctor Atomic by John Adams (2005), which was commissioned to portray Oppenheimer as a modern-day Faust. Heinar Kipphardt's play In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, after appearing on West German television, had its theatrical release in Berlin and Munich in October 1964. Oppenheimer's objections resulted in an exchange of correspondence with Kipphardt, in which the playwright offered to make corrections but defended the play. It premiered in New York in June 1968, with Joseph Wiseman in the Oppenheimer role. New York Times theater critic Clive Barnes called it an \"angry play and a partisan play\" that sided with Oppenheimer but portrayed the scientist as a \"tragic fool and genius\". Oppenheimer had difficulty with this portrayal. After reading a transcript of Kipphardt's play soon after it began to be performed, Oppenheimer threatened to sue the playwright, decrying \"improvisations which were contrary to history and to the nature of the people involved\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 24956001, 701408, 63179, 1025802, 2149724, 16518, 605135, 652132, 16925541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 86 ], [ 95, 102 ], [ 131, 151 ], [ 154, 166 ], [ 198, 211 ], [ 215, 225 ], [ 296, 301 ], [ 678, 692 ], [ 748, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later Oppenheimer told an interviewer:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer is the subject of numerous biographies, including The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (2005) by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for 2006. The 1980 BBC TV serial Oppenheimer, starring Sam Waterston, won three BAFTA Television Awards. The Day After Trinity, a 1980 documentary about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the building of the atomic bomb, was nominated for an Academy Award and received a Peabody Award. Oppenheimer's life has also been explored in the 2015 play Oppenheimer by Tom Morton-Smith, and in the 1989 film Fat Man and Little Boy, where he was portrayed by Dwight Schultz. In the upcoming American film Oppenheimer, directed by Christopher Nolan and based on American Prometheus, Oppenheimer is portrayed by actor Cillian Murphy. A centennial conference and exhibit were held in 2004 at Berkeley, with the proceedings of the conference published in 2005 as Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections. His papers are in the Library of Congress.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4860484, 9888798, 88486, 19344654, 19368465, 168518, 3019834, 20237070, 4369439, 89062, 46783147, 14315924, 779536, 8425, 66850554, 177840, 481634, 18944081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 130 ], [ 135, 152 ], [ 167, 212 ], [ 232, 235 ], [ 246, 257 ], [ 268, 281 ], [ 293, 316 ], [ 318, 339 ], [ 446, 459 ], [ 475, 488 ], [ 549, 560 ], [ 564, 580 ], [ 603, 625 ], [ 653, 667 ], [ 699, 710 ], [ 724, 741 ], [ 810, 824 ], [ 1037, 1056 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a scientist, Oppenheimer is remembered by his students and colleagues as being a brilliant researcher and engaging teacher who was the founder of modern theoretical physics in the United States. Because his scientific attentions often changed rapidly, he never worked long enough on any one topic and carried it to fruition to merit the Nobel Prize, although his investigations contributing to the theory of black holes may have warranted the prize had he lived long enough to see them brought into fruition by later astrophysicists. An asteroid, 67085 Oppenheimer, was named in his honor, as was the lunar crater Oppenheimer.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 726913, 1362485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 550, 567 ], [ 617, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a military and public policy advisor, Oppenheimer was a technocratic leader in a shift in the interactions between science and the military and the emergence of \"Big Science\". During World WarII, scientists became involved in military research to an unprecedented degree. Because of the threat fascism posed to Western civilization, they volunteered in great numbers both for technological and organizational assistance to the Allied effort, resulting in such powerful tools as radar, the proximity fuse and operations research. As a cultured, intellectual, theoretical physicist who became a disciplined military organizer, Oppenheimer represented the shift away from the idea that scientists had their \"head in the clouds\" and that knowledge on such previously esoteric subjects as the composition of the atomic nucleus had no \"real-world\" applications.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1325116, 777174, 11054, 25676, 225127, 43476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 71 ], [ 165, 176 ], [ 297, 304 ], [ 481, 486 ], [ 492, 506 ], [ 511, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two days before the Trinity test, Oppenheimer expressed his hopes and fears in a quotation from the Bhagavad Gita:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 23277715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "}", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "}", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "} (posthumous)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (posthumous)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (posthumous)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (posthumous)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biography and online exhibit created for the centennial of his birth", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1965 Audio Interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Was Oppenheimer a member of the Communist Party? documents on the question", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Atomic Energy, Problems to Civilization audio file of UC Berkeley talk, November 1946", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 31922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oppenheimer talking about the experience of the first bomb test (video file, \"Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds.\")", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Freedom and Necessity in the Sciences\" audio and documents from a lecture at Dartmouth College, April 1959", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 8418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 95 ] ] } ]

[ "J._Robert_Oppenheimer", "American_nuclear_physicists", "Quantum_physicists", "Nuclear_weapons_scientists_and_engineers", "1904_births", "1967_deaths", "Academics_of_the_University_of_Cambridge", "Alumni_of_Christ's_College,_Cambridge", "American_agnostics", "American_anti-fascists", "American_people_of_World_War_II", "American_people_of_German-Jewish_descent", "California_Institute_of_Technology_faculty", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_New_Jersey", "Directors_of_the_Institute_for_Advanced_Study", "Enrico_Fermi_Award_recipients", "Ethical_Culture_Fieldston_School_alumni", "Foreign_Members_of_the_Royal_Society", "Harvard_College_alumni", "Institute_for_Advanced_Study_faculty", "Jewish_agnostics", "Jewish_anti-fascists", "Jewish_American_scientists", "Jewish_physicists", "Manhattan_Project_people", "Victims_of_McCarthyism", "Medal_for_Merit_recipients", "Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society", "Officiers_of_the_Légion_d'honneur", "Scientists_from_New_York_City", "American_relativity_theorists", "University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty", "University_of_Göttingen_alumni", "20th-century_American_physicists", "The_Century_Foundation" ]

[ "Julius Robert Oppenheimer", "J. Robert Oppenheimer" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex operated by the United States federal government on the Columbia River in Benton County in the U.S. state of Washington. The site has been known by many names, including Hanford Project, Hanford Works, Hanford Engineer Works and Hanford Nuclear Reservation. Established in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project in Hanford, south-central Washington, the site was home to the B Reactor, the first full-scale plutonium production reactor in the world. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 97830, 5408, 57823, 13015878, 19603, 533777, 1831996, 7987684, 22151, 21785, 60033, 11660, 11778948, 21790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 44 ], [ 120, 134 ], [ 138, 151 ], [ 173, 183 ], [ 357, 374 ], [ 378, 385 ], [ 438, 447 ], [ 470, 479 ], [ 491, 498 ], [ 570, 582 ], [ 598, 610 ], [ 619, 626 ], [ 653, 662 ], [ 668, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Cold War, the project expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing complexes, which produced plutonium for most of the more than 60,000 weapons built for the U.S. nuclear arsenal. Nuclear technology developed rapidly during this period, and Hanford scientists produced major technological achievements. Many early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate, and government documents have confirmed that Hanford's operations released significant amounts of radioactive materials into the air and the Columbia River. In 1989, the State of Washington (Dept. of Ecology), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the US Department of Energy (DOE) entered into the Tri-Party Agreement which sets targets, or milestones, for cleanup. EPA and Ecology share regulatory oversight based on CERCLA (Superfund) and RCRA.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 197845, 2032576, 97830, 621749, 323737, 626115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ], [ 90, 110 ], [ 202, 222 ], [ 224, 242 ], [ 520, 541 ], [ 849, 855 ], [ 872, 876 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War, and decades of manufacturing left behind of high-level radioactive waste stored within 177 storage tanks, an additional of solid radioactive waste, and areas of heavy technetium-99 and uranium contaminated groundwater beneath three tank farms on the site as well as the potential for future groundwater contamination beneath currently contaminated soils. In 2011, DOE, the federal agency charged with overseeing the site, \"interim stabilized\" 149 single-shell tanks by pumping nearly all of the liquid waste out into 28 newer double-shell tanks. Solids, known as salt cake and sludge, remained. The DOE later found water intruding into at least 14 single-shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about per year into the ground since about 2010. In 2012, the DOE also discovered a leak from a double-shell tank caused by construction flaws and corrosion in the tank's bottom, and that 12 other double-shell tanks had similar construction flaws. Since then, the DOE began monitoring single-shell tanks monthly and double-shell tanks every three years. The DOE also changed the methods by which they monitored the tanks. In March 2014, the DOE announced further delays in the construction of the Waste Treatment Plant, which will affect the schedule for removing waste from the tanks. Intermittent discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of cleanup.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3113292, 10977794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 153 ], [ 249, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, the Hanford site represented 60% of high-level radioactive waste by volume managed by the US Department of Energy and 7–9% of all nuclear waste in the United States (the DOE manages 15% of nuclear waste in the US, with the remaining 85% being commercial spent nuclear fuel). Hanford is currently the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and is the focus of the nation's largest environmental cleanup. Besides the cleanup project, Hanford also hosts a commercial nuclear power plant, the Columbia Generating Station, and various centers for scientific research and development, such as the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Fast Flux Test Facility and the LIGO Hanford Observatory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 406260, 1806352, 75797, 1398146, 81610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 402, 423 ], [ 511, 538 ], [ 613, 650 ], [ 656, 679 ], [ 688, 712 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 10, 2015, it was designated as part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park alongside other sites in Oak Ridge and Los Alamos.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 48521254, 38147, 38145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 97 ], [ 123, 132 ], [ 137, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hanford Site occupies —roughly equivalent to half of the total area of Rhode Island—within Benton County, Washington. This land is closed to the general public. It is a desert environment receiving under 10 inches of annual precipitation, covered mostly by shrub-steppe vegetation. The Columbia River flows along the site for approximately , forming its northern and eastern boundary. The original site was and included buffer areas across the river in Grant and Franklin counties. Some of this land has been returned to private use and is now covered with orchards, vineyards, and irrigated field.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 25410, 57823, 18955999, 3758628, 5408, 91208, 91210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 87 ], [ 95, 120 ], [ 173, 179 ], [ 261, 273 ], [ 290, 304 ], [ 458, 463 ], [ 468, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, large portions of the site were turned over to the Hanford Reach National Monument. The site is divided by function into three main areas. The nuclear reactors were located along the river in an area designated as the 100Area; the chemical separations complexes were located inland in the Central Plateau, designated as the 200Area; and various support facilities were located in the southeast corner of the site, designated as the 300 Area.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 3771291, 24114357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 91 ], [ 441, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site is bordered on the southeast by the Tri-Cities, a metropolitan area composed of Richland, Kennewick, Pasco, and smaller communities, and home to nearly 300,000residents. Hanford is a primary economic base for these cities.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 57632, 57637, 91218, 137907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 55 ], [ 89, 97 ], [ 99, 108 ], [ 110, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hanford is the site of Washington state's highest recorded temperature, which reached on June 29, 2021.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The confluence of the Yakima, Snake, and Columbia rivers has been a meeting place for native peoples for centuries. The archaeological record of Native American habitation of this area stretches back over ten thousand years. Tribes and nations including the Yakama, Nez Perce, and Umatilla used the area for hunting, fishing, and gathering plant foods. Hanford archaeologists have identified numerous Native American sites, including \"pit house villages, open campsites, fish farming sites, hunting/kill sites, game drive complexes, quarries, and spirit quest sites\", and two archaeological sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Native American use of the area continued into the 20thcentury, even as the tribes were relocated to reservations. The Wanapum people were never forced onto a reservation, and they lived along the Columbia River in the Priest Rapids Valley until 1943. Settlers moved into the region in the 1860s, initially along the Columbia River south of Priest Rapids. They established farms and orchards supported by small-scale irrigation projects and railroad transportation, with small town centers at Hanford, White Bluffs, and Richland.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early history", "target_page_ids": [ 57626, 27982, 45281, 21217, 306961, 21187, 931067, 18951655, 52262886, 64065, 784889, 3725170, 8686115, 533777, 654803, 57637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 28 ], [ 30, 35 ], [ 86, 100 ], [ 145, 160 ], [ 258, 264 ], [ 266, 275 ], [ 281, 289 ], [ 361, 375 ], [ 511, 529 ], [ 616, 652 ], [ 763, 775 ], [ 781, 788 ], [ 881, 901 ], [ 1155, 1162 ], [ 1164, 1176 ], [ 1182, 1190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War II, the S-1 Section of the federal Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) sponsored an intensive research project on plutonium. The research contract was awarded to scientists at the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab). At the time, plutonium was a rare element that had only recently been isolated in a University of California laboratory. The Met Lab researchers worked on producing chain-reacting \"piles\" of uranium to convert it to plutonium and finding ways to separate plutonium from uranium. The program was accelerated in 1942, as the United States government became concerned that scientists in Nazi Germany were developing a nuclear weapons program.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 3564914, 1633844, 1951235, 31921, 31743, 21212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ], [ 25, 36 ], [ 52, 97 ], [ 214, 260 ], [ 356, 380 ], [ 463, 470 ], [ 656, 668 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 10, 1945, the Hanford Plutonium Works had been temporarily shut down due to Japanese bomb carrying balloon attacks, which had been ongoing since November 3, 1944. The general public was not made aware of it, until August 31, 1945, when such information was released to the public. The war ended two days later, on September 2, 1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 48815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1942, the Army Corps of Engineers placed the newly formed Manhattan Project under the command of Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, charging him with the construction of industrial-size plants for manufacturing plutonium and uranium. Groves recruited the DuPont Company to be the prime contractor for the construction of the plutonium production complex. DuPont recommended that it be located far away from the existing uranium production facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The ideal site was described by these criteria:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 83180, 60540, 48792367, 151055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 46 ], [ 128, 144 ], [ 269, 283 ], [ 465, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A large and remote tract of land", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A \"hazardous manufacturing area\" of at least ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Space for laboratory facilities at least from the nearest reactor or separations plant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " No towns of more than 1,000people closer than from the hazardous rectangle", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " No main highway, railway, or employee village closer than from the hazardous rectangle", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A clean and abundant water supply", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A large electric power supply", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ground that could bear heavy loads.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In December 1942, Groves dispatched his assistant Colonel Franklin T. Matthias and DuPont engineers to scout potential sites. Matthias reported that Hanford was \"ideal in virtually all respects\", except for the farming towns of White Bluffs and Hanford. General Groves visited the site in January 1943 and established the Hanford Engineer Works, code-named \"SiteW\". The federal government quickly acquired the land under its war powers authority and relocated some 1,500residents of Hanford, White Bluffs, and nearby settlements, as well as the Wanapum people, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Nation, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, and the Nez Perce Tribe.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 15512751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hanford Engineer Works (HEW) broke ground in March 1943 and immediately launched a massive and technically challenging construction project. DuPont advertised for workers in newspapers for an unspecified \"war construction project\" in southeastern Washington, offering \"attractive scale of wages\" and living facilities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The construction workers (who reached a peak of 44,900 in June 1944) lived in a construction camp near the old Hanford townsite. The administrators and engineers lived in the government town established at Richland Village, which eventually had accommodation in 4,300 family units and 25 dormitories.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Construction of the nuclear facilities proceeded rapidly. Before the end of the war in August 1945, the HEW built 554buildings at Hanford, including three nuclear reactors (105-B, 105-D, and 105-F) and three plutonium processing canyons (221-T, 221-B, and 221-U), each long.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To receive the radioactive wastes from the chemical separations process, the HEW built \"tank farms\" consisting of 64single-shell underground waste tanks (241-B, 241-C, 241-T, and 241-U). The project required of roads, of railway, and four electrical substations. The HEW used of concrete and 40,000shorttons (36,000t) of structural steel and consumed $230million between 1943 and 1946.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 31185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The B Reactor (105-B) at Hanford was the first large-scale plutonium production reactor in the world. It was designed and built by DuPont based on an experimental design by Enrico Fermi, and originally operated at 250megawatts (thermal). The reactor was graphite moderated and water cooled. It consisted of a , graphite cylinder lying on its side, penetrated through its entire length horizontally by 2,004aluminium tubes. (180t) of uranium slugs, diameter by long, sealed in aluminium cans went into the tubes. Cooling water was pumped through the aluminium tubes around the uranium slugs at the rate of per minute.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 1831996, 48792367, 10264, 21347693, 12366, 531184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 131, 137 ], [ 173, 185 ], [ 217, 236 ], [ 254, 262 ], [ 516, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 and was completed on September 13, 1944. The reactor went critical in late September and, after overcoming neutron poisoning, produced its first plutonium on November 6, 1944. Plutonium was produced in the Hanford reactors when a uranium-238 atom in a fuel slug absorbed a neutron to form uranium-239. U-239 rapidly undergoes beta decay to form neptunium-239, which rapidly undergoes a second beta decay to form plutonium-239. The irradiated fuel slugs were transported by rail to three huge remotely operated chemical separation plants called \"canyons\" that were about away.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 175875, 3205596, 481862, 21272, 2526857, 4651, 2527200, 2378570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 113 ], [ 154, 168 ], [ 277, 288 ], [ 320, 327 ], [ 336, 347 ], [ 373, 383 ], [ 392, 405 ], [ 459, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A series of chemical processing steps separated the small amount of plutonium that was produced from the remaining uranium and the fission waste products. This first batch of plutonium was refined in the 221-T plant from December 26, 1944, to February 2, 1945, and delivered to the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico on February 5, 1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 38145, 21649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 303 ], [ 307, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The material was used in Trinity, the first nuclear explosion, on July 16, 1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 60033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two identical reactors, D Reactor and F reactor, came online in December 1944 and February 1945, respectively. By April 1945, shipments of plutonium were headed to Los Alamos every five days, and Hanford soon provided enough material for the bombs tested at Trinity and dropped over Nagasaki. Throughout this period, the Manhattan Project maintained a top secret classification. Until news arrived of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, fewer than one percent of Hanford's workers knew they were working on a nuclear weapons project. General Groves noted in his memoirs that \"We made certain that each member of the project thoroughly understood his part in the total effort; that, and nothing more.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 60033, 11660, 11778948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 265 ], [ 283, 291 ], [ 421, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially six reactors or \"piles\" were proposed, when the plutonium was to be used in the gun-type Thin Man bomb. In mid-1944 a simple gun-type bomb was found to be impractical for reactor-produced plutonium, and the more advanced Fat Man bomb, an implosion device, required less plutonium. The number of piles was reduced to four and then three; and the number of chemical separation plants from four to three.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 4656422, 11660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 107 ], [ 231, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the short time frame of the Manhattan Project, Hanford engineers produced many significant technological advances. As no one had ever built an industrial-scale nuclear reactor before, scientists were unsure how much heat would be generated by fission during normal operations. Seeking the greatest possible production while maintaining an adequate safety margin, DuPont engineers installed ammonia-based refrigeration systems with the D and F reactors to further chill the river water before its use as reactor coolant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 48792367, 1365, 46238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 366, 372 ], [ 393, 400 ], [ 407, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another difficulty the engineers struggled with was how to deal with radioactive contamination. Once the canyons began processing irradiated slugs, the machinery would become so radioactive that it would be unsafe for humans ever to come in contact with it. The engineers therefore had to devise methods to allow for the replacement of any component via remote control. They came up with a modular cell concept, which allowed major components to be removed and replaced by an operator sitting in a heavily shielded overhead crane. This method required early practical application of two technologies that later gained widespread use: Teflon, used as a gasket material, and closed-circuit television, used to give the crane operator a better view of the process.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 30791, 87179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 634, 640 ], [ 673, 698 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1946, the General Electric Company assumed management of the Hanford Works under the supervision of the newly created Atomic Energy Commission. As the Cold War began, the United States faced a new strategic threat in the rise of the Soviet nuclear weapons program. In August 1947, the Hanford Works announced funding for the construction of two new weapons reactors and research to develop a new chemical separations process, entering a new phase of expansion.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cold War expansion", "target_page_ids": [ 12730, 51718, 325329, 1217440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 47 ], [ 131, 155 ], [ 164, 172 ], [ 246, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1963, the Hanford Site was home to nine nuclear reactors along the Columbia River, five reprocessing plants on the central plateau, and more than 900 support buildings and radiological laboratories around the site. Extensive modifications and upgrades were made to the original three World War II reactors, and a total of 177underground waste tanks were built. Hanford was at its peak production from 1956 to 1965. Over the entire 40 years of operations, the site produced about of plutonium, supplying the majority of the 60,000weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Uranium-233 was also produced.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cold War expansion", "target_page_ids": [ 2200949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 562, 573 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, a Hanford technician named Harold McCluskey received the largest recorded dose of americium following a laboratory accident. Due to prompt medical intervention, he survived the incident and died eleven years later of natural causes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cold War expansion", "target_page_ids": [ 3255903, 900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 52 ], [ 91, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the reactors were shut down between 1964 and 1971, with an average individual life span of 22 years. The last reactor, N Reactor, continued to operate as a dual-purpose reactor, being both a power reactor used to feed the civilian electrical grid via the Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) and a plutonium production reactor for nuclear weapons. N Reactor operated until 1987. Since then, most of the Hanford reactors have been entombed (\"cocooned\") to allow the radioactive materials to decay, and the surrounding structures have been removed and buried. The B-Reactor has not been cocooned and is accessible to the public on occasional guided tours. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992,", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cold War expansion", "target_page_ids": [ 3404079, 5309710, 64065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 136 ], [ 263, 300 ], [ 692, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and some historians advocated converting it into a museum. B reactor was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service on August 19, 2008.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cold War expansion", "target_page_ids": [ 404013, 161535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 112 ], [ 120, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The United States Department of Energy assumed control of the Hanford Site in 1977. Although uranium enrichment and plutonium breeding were slowly phased out, the nuclear legacy left an indelible mark on the Tri-Cities. Since World WarII, the area had developed from a small farming community to a booming \"Atomic Frontier\" to a powerhouse of the nuclear-industrial complex. Decades of federal investment created a community of highly skilled scientists and engineers. As a result of this concentration of specialized skills, the Hanford Site was able to diversify its operations to include scientific research, test facilities, and commercial nuclear power production.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 62866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", operational facilities located at the Hanford Site included:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, owned by the Department of Energy and operated by Battelle Memorial Institute", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 75797, 532208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 42 ], [ 94, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), a national research facility in operation from 1980 to 1992 whose last fuel was removed in 2008", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 1398146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LIGO's Hanford Observatory, an interferometer searching for gravitational waves", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 81610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Columbia Generating Station, a commercial nuclear power plant operated by Energy Northwest.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 1806352, 22153, 5309710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 43, 56 ], [ 75, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A US Navy nuclear Ship-Submarine Recycling Program dry storage site containing sealed reactor sections of 114 US Navy ships . ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 29091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Department of Energy and its contractors offer tours of the site. The tours are free, can be reserved in advance via the department's web site, and are limited to U.S. citizens at least 18 years of age. Between 2009 and 2018, approximately 80,000 people visited the site, bringing an estimated annual tourist income of two million dollars to the surrounding area.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the morning of May 9, 2017, a section of a tunnel caved in. It was used to store contaminated materials and was located next to the Plutonium Uranium Extraction (PUREX) Facility in the 200 East Area in the center of the Hanford Site. All non-essential personnel were placed under a take cover alarm on the site. Some 53 truckloads (about ) of soil were used to fill in the hole.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later operations", "target_page_ids": [ 1859146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A huge volume of water from the Columbia River was required to dissipate the heat produced by Hanford's nuclear reactors. As much as 75,000 gallons per minute was diverted from the Columbia River to cool the reactor.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1944 to 1971, pump systems drew cooling water from the river and, after treating this water for use by the reactors, returned it to the river. Before its release into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basins for up to six hours. Longer-lived isotopes were not affected by this retention, and several terabecquerels entered the river every day. The federal government kept knowledge about these radioactive releases secret. Radiation was later measured downstream as far west as the Washington and Oregon coasts. Screens and fish ladders were also used to protect wildlife.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 2255444, 19600416, 155835, 26811621, 341115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 231, 246 ], [ 282, 289 ], [ 340, 354 ], [ 538, 544 ], [ 565, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The plutonium separation process resulted in the release of radioactive isotopes into the air, which were carried by the wind throughout southeastern Washington and into parts of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and British Columbia. Downwinders were exposed to radionuclides, particularly iodine-131, with the heaviest releases during the period from 1945 to 1951. These radionuclides entered the food chain via dairy cows grazing on contaminated fields; hazardous fallout was ingested by communities who consumed radioactive food and milk. Most of these airborne releases were a part of Hanford's routine operations, while a few of the larger releases occurred in isolated incidents. In 1949, an intentional release known as the \"Green Run\" released 8,000 Curies (296 Tbq) of iodine-131 over two days. Another source of contaminated food came from Columbia River fish, an impact felt disproportionately by Native American communities who depended on the river for their customary diets. A U.S. government report released in 1992 estimated that 685,000 curies (25.4 PBq) of radioactive iodine-131 had been released into the river and air from the Hanford site between 1944 and 1947.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 14607, 19978, 26811621, 3392, 2242981, 37245, 1884846, 969613, 25700641, 155835, 155835 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 184 ], [ 186, 193 ], [ 195, 201 ], [ 207, 223 ], [ 225, 236 ], [ 253, 266 ], [ 281, 291 ], [ 404, 414 ], [ 723, 732 ], [ 761, 764 ], [ 1058, 1061 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beginning in the 1960s, scientists with the U.S. Public Health Service published reports about radioactivity released from Hanford, and there were protests from the health departments of Oregon and Washington. In response to an article in the Spokane Spokesman Review in September 1985, the Department of Energy announced to declassify environmental records and, in February 1986, released 19,000 pages of previously unavailable historical documents about Hanford's operations. The Washington State Department of Health collaborated with the citizen-led Hanford Health Information Network (HHIN) to publicize data about the health effects of Hanford's operations. HHIN reports concluded that residents who lived downwind from Hanford or who used the Columbia River downstream were exposed to elevated doses of radiation that placed them at increased risk for various cancers and other diseases, particularly forms of Thyroid disease. A mass tort lawsuit brought by two thousand Hanford downwinders against the federal government spent many years in the court system. In 2005, two of six plaintiffs who went to trial were awarded $500,000 in damages.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 224130, 43055308, 3062619, 11732759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 70 ], [ 482, 519 ], [ 917, 932 ], [ 936, 945 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2015, the Department of Energy resolved the final cases. They paid more than $60 million in legal fees and $7 million in damages.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since 2003, radioactive materials are known to be leaking from Hanford into the environment: \"The highest tritium concentration detected in riverbank springs during 2002 was 58,000 pCi/L (2,100 Bq/L) at the Hanford Townsite. The highest iodine-129 concentration of 0.19 pCi/L (0.007 Bq/L) was also found in a Hanford Townsite spring. The WHO guidelines for radionuclides in drinking-water limits levels of iodine-129 at 1 Bq/L, and tritium at 10,000 Bq/L. Concentrations of radionuclides including tritium, technetium-99, and iodine-129 in riverbank springs near the Hanford Townsite have generally been increasing since 1994. This is an area where a major groundwater plume from the 200 East Area intercepts the river... Detected radionuclides include strontium-90, technetium-99, iodine-129, uranium-234, −235, and −238, and tritium. Other detected contaminants include arsenic, chromium, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 262927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 657, 674 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 2013, Governor Jay Inslee announced that a tank storing radioactive waste at the site had been leaking liquids on average of 150 to 300 gallons per year. He said that though the leak posed no immediate health risk to the public, it should not be an excuse for not doing anything. On February 22, 2013, the Governor stated that \"6 more tanks at Hanford site\" were \"leaking radioactive waste\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 412985, 37257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 68, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", there are 177 tanks at Hanford, 149 of which have a single shell. Historically single shell tanks were used for storing radioactive liquid waste and designed to last 20 years. By 2005, some liquid waste was transferred from single shell tanks to (safer) double shell tanks. A substantial amount of residue remains in the older single shell tanks with one containing an estimated 447,000 gallons (1,700 m3) of radioactive sludge, for example. It is believed that up to six of these \"empty\" tanks are leaking. Two tanks are reportedly leaking at a rate of 300 gallons (1,136 liters) per year each, while the remaining four tanks are leaking at a rate of 15 gallons (57 liters) per year each.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1987, workers have reported exposure to harmful vapors after working around underground nuclear storage tanks, with no solution found. More than 40 workers in 2014 alone reported smelling vapors and became ill with \"nosebleeds, headaches, watery eyes, burning skin, contact dermatitis, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing, coughing, sore throats, expectorating, dizziness and nausea,... Several of these workers have long-term disabilities.\" Doctors checked workers and cleared them to return to work. Monitors worn by tank workers have found no samples with chemicals close to the federal limit for occupational exposure.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2014, OSHA ordered the facility to rehire a contractor and pay $220,000 in back wages for firing the employee for whistleblowing on safety concerns at the site.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 227123, 33821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 20 ], [ 124, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 19, 2014, Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson said the state planned to sue the DOE and its contractor to protect workers from hazardous vapors at Hanford. A 2014 report by the DOE Savannah River National Laboratory initiated by 'Washington River Protection Solutions' found that DOE's methods to study vapor releases were inadequate, particularly, that they did not account for short but intense vapor releases. They recommended \"proactively sampling the air inside tanks to determine its chemical makeup; accelerating new practices to prevent worker exposures; and modifying medical evaluations to reflect how workers are exposed to vapors\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Environmental concerns", "target_page_ids": [ 23030623, 10413808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 49 ], [ 198, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 25, 1988, the Hanford site was divided into four areas and proposed for inclusion on the National Priorities List. On May 15, 1989, the Washington Department of Ecology, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Energy entered into the Tri-Party Agreement, which provides a legal framework for environmental remediation at Hanford. the agencies are engaged in the world's largest environmental cleanup, with many challenges to be resolved in the face of overlapping technical, political, regulatory, and cultural interests. The cleanup effort is focused on three outcomes: restoring the Columbia River corridor for other uses, converting the central plateau to long-term waste treatment and storage, and preparing for the future. The cleanup effort is managed by the Department of Energy under the oversight of the two regulatory agencies. A citizen-led Hanford Advisory Board provides recommendations from community stakeholders, including local and state governments, regional environmental organizations, business interests, and Native American tribes. Citing the 2014 Hanford Lifecycle Scope Schedule and Cost report, the 2014 estimated cost of the remaining Hanford clean up is $113.6billion – more than $3billion per year for the next six years, with a lower cost projection of approximately $2billion per year until 2046. About 11,000workers are on site to consolidate, clean up, and mitigate waste, contaminated buildings, and contaminated soil. Originally scheduled to be complete within thirty years, the cleanup was less than half finished by 2008. Of the four areas that were formally listed as Superfund sites on October 4, 1989, only one has been removed from the list following cleanup.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 2429833, 6845962, 58666, 323737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 121 ], [ 144, 176 ], [ 182, 227 ], [ 1647, 1656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While major releases of radioactive material ended with the reactor shutdown in the 1970s and many of the most dangerous wastes are contained, there are continued concerns about contaminated groundwater headed toward the Columbia River and about workers' health and safety.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 5408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most significant challenge at Hanford is stabilizing the of high-level radioactive waste stored in 177underground tanks. By 1998, about a third of these tanks had leaked waste into the soil and groundwater. , most of the liquid waste had been transferred to more secure double-shelled tanks; however, of liquid waste, together with of salt cake and sludge, remains in the single-shelled tanks. DOE lacks information about the extent to which the 27 double-shell tanks may be susceptible to corrosion. Without determining the extent to which the factors that contributed to the leak in AY-102 were similar to the other 27 double-shell tanks, DOE cannot be sure how long its double-shell tanks can safely store waste. That waste was originally scheduled to be removed by 2018. , the revised deadline was 2040. Nearby aquifers contain an estimated of contaminated groundwater as a result of the leaks. , of radioactive waste is traveling through the groundwater toward the Columbia River. This waste is expected to reach the river in 12 to 50 years if cleanup does not proceed on schedule. The site includes of solid radioactive waste.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under the Tri-Party Agreement, lower-level hazardous wastes are buried in huge lined pits that will be sealed and monitored with sophisticated instruments for many years. Disposal of plutonium and other high-level wastes is a more difficult problem that continues to be a subject of intense debate. As an example, plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, and a decay of ten half-lives is required before a sample is considered to cease its radioactivity. In 2000, the Department of Energy awarded a $4.3 billion contract to Bechtel, a San Francisco-based construction and engineering firm, to build a vitrification plant to combine the dangerous wastes with glass to render them stable. Construction began in 2002. The plant was originally scheduled to be operational by 2011, with vitrification completed by 2028. According to a 2012 study by the General Accounting Office, there were a number of serious unresolved technical and managerial problems. estimated costs were $13.4billion with commencement of operations estimated to be in 2022 and about 3 decades of operation.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 13606, 212120, 37257, 199096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 343 ], [ 530, 537 ], [ 607, 620 ], [ 854, 879 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2007, state and federal officials began closed-door negotiations about the possibility of extending legal cleanup deadlines for waste vitrification in exchange for shifting the focus of the cleanup to urgent priorities, such as groundwater remediation. Those talks stalled in October 2007. In early 2008, a $600million cut to the Hanford cleanup budget was proposed. Washington state officials expressed concern about the budget cuts, as well as missed deadlines and recent safety lapses at the site, and threatened to file a lawsuit alleging that the Department of Energy was in violation of environmental laws. They appeared to step back from that threat in April 2008 after another meeting of federal and state officials resulted in progress toward a tentative agreement.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 18008163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During excavations from 2004 to 2007, a sample of purified plutonium was uncovered inside a safe in a waste trench, and has been dated to about the 1940s, making it the second-oldest sample of purified plutonium known to exist. Analyses published in 2009 concluded that the sample originated at Oak Ridge, and was one of several sent to Hanford for optimization tests of the T-Plant until Hanford could produce its own plutonium. Documents refer to such a sample, belonging to \"Watt's group\", which was disposed of in its safe when a radiation leak was suspected.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the radioactive waste at Hanford was supposed to be stored in the planned Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, but after that project was suspended, Washington State sued, joined by South Carolina. Their first suit was dismissed in July 2011. In a subsequent suit, federal authorities were ordered to either approve or reject plans for the Yucca Mountain storage site.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 140807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A potential radioactive leak was reported in 2013; the cleanup was estimated to have cost $40billion, with $115billion more required.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A radioactive waste leak was reported in April 2021, as observed by the United States Department of Energy.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Cleanup under superfund", "target_page_ids": [ 62866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hanford site operations were initially directed by Colonel Franklin Matthias of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Postwar the Atomic Energy Commission took over, and then the Energy Research and Development Administration. Since 1977, Hanford operations are directed by the U.S. Department of Energy. It has been operated under government contract by various private companies over the years, as summarized in the table through 2000.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hanford organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 15512751, 83180, 51718, 11802351, 62866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 80 ], [ 88, 116 ], [ 130, 154 ], [ 179, 225 ], [ 278, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) – made plutonium metal for use in weapons", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [ 24543724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " B Plant, S Plant, T Plant – processing, separation, and extraction of various chemicals and isotopes", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Health Instruments Section – an attempt to keep workers and the environment safe", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " REDOX Plant / C Plant – recovered wasted uranium from World War II processes", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Experimental Animal Farm and Aquatic Biology Laboratory", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Technical Center – radiochemistry, physics, metallurgy, biophysics, radioactive sewer, neutralization, metal fab, fuels manufacturing", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tank Farms – storage of liquid nuclear waste", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Metal Recovery Plant / U Plant – recover uranium from tank farms", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Uranium Trioxide Plant (aka Uranium Oxide Plant aka UO3 Plant) – took output from other plants (i.e. liquid uranyl nitrate hexahydrate from U plant and PUREX plant), made uranium trioxide powder", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [ 2593019, 3755288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 135 ], [ 172, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Plutonium-Uranium Extraction Plant / PUREX Plant – extracted useful material from spent fuel waste", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [ 1859146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor (PRTR) – experimented with alternative fuel mixtures", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Plutonium Fuels Pilot Plant (PFPP) – see PRTR", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Other divisions of the site (historical)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26270372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Timeline of nuclear weapons development", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22330724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States naval reactors – Decommissioned power plants storage", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kate Brown, Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters (University of Oxford Press; 2013) 416 pages; offers a comparative history of the Hanford and Mayak sites, the latter in the USSR", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 40795901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John M. Findlay and Bruce Hevly, Hanford and the American West (University of Washington Press; 2011) 368 pages; explores the history of the Hanford nuclear reservation and the tri-cities of Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick, Washington", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 64586672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Steve Olson, The Apocalypse Factory: Plutonium and the Making of the Atomic Age (W. W. Norton & Company; 2020) 336 pages; recounts the role of the Hanford site in creation and continuation of nuclear weapons", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Department of Energy.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Washington Department of Ecology – Nuclear Waste Program State agency that regulates Hanford cleanup.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal agency that regulates Hanford cleanup.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Hanford_Site", "Geography_of_Benton_County,_Washington", "Columbia_River", "Environmental_disasters_in_the_United_States", "Geography_of_Washington_(state)", "History_of_Washington_(state)", "History_of_the_Manhattan_Project", "Industrial_buildings_and_structures_in_Washington_(state)", "Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States", "Nuclear_weapons_infrastructure_of_the_United_States", "Radioactive_waste_repositories_in_the_United_States", "Tri-Cities,_Washington", "United_States_Department_of_Energy_facilities", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Benton_County,_Washington", "Tourist_attractions_in_Benton_County,_Washington", "Radioactively_contaminated_areas", "1943_establishments_in_Washington_(state)", "Military_Superfund_sites", "Superfund_sites_in_Washington_(state)", "Military_research_of_the_United_States", "Gravitational-wave_astronomy", "Atomic_tourism", "Nuclear_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_States", "Decommissioned_nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "Hanford Project", "Hanford Works", "Hanford Engineer Works", "HEW", "Hanford Nuclear Reservation", "HNR", "The Hanford Site" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952. Originally a branch of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Lawrence Livermore laboratory became autonomous in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 107337, 3434750, 31922, 62214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 101 ], [ 103, 116 ], [ 133, 167 ], [ 204, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), Lawrence Livermore lab is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and it is managed privately and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS; a partnership of the University of California), Bechtel, BWX Technologies, AECOM, and Battelle Memorial Institute in affiliation with the Texas A&M University System. In 2012, the laboratory had the synthetic chemical element livermorium (element 116) named after it.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22425059, 62866, 1499655, 63941476, 212120, 1670239, 6428267, 532208, 429929, 62198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 50 ], [ 110, 135 ], [ 160, 169 ], [ 237, 248 ], [ 283, 290 ], [ 292, 308 ], [ 310, 315 ], [ 321, 348 ], [ 373, 400 ], [ 462, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL is self-described as a \"premier research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security.\" Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nation's nuclear weapons through the application of advanced science, engineering, and technology. The laboratory also applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities towards preventing the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction, bolstering homeland security, and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental needs, scientific research and outreach, and economic competitiveness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 2032576, 53136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 241 ], [ 449, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The laboratory is located on a 1 sq. mi.(2.6km2) site at the eastern edge of Livermore. It also operates a remote experimental test site known as Site 300, situated about southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of about $2.7billion and a staff of roughly 7,400 employees.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 107337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL was established in 1952, as the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, an offshoot of the existing UC Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. It was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, are regarded as the co-founders of the Livermore facility.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62214, 38145, 21649, 19603, 21785, 37782, 39040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 160 ], [ 265, 275 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 303, 320 ], [ 346, 360 ], [ 362, 375 ], [ 380, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The new laboratory was sited at a former naval air station of World War II. It was already home to several UC Radiation Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the Berkeley Hills above the UC campus, including one of the first experiments in the magnetic approach to confined thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban university campus.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28971041, 4232573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 58 ], [ 186, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence tapped his former graduate student Herbert York, age 32, to run Livermore. Under York, the Lab had four main programs: Project Sherwood (the magnetic-fusion program), Project Whitney (the weapons-design program), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics program. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence \"big science\" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the university's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 325238, 1810990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 128, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very close relationships on research projects, business operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 379, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The laboratory was renamed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 LLNS assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemical element livermorium named after it. The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial. In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7million to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008. The jury found that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to terminate the employees only for \"reasonable cause.\" The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a separate trial. There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on similar claims against LLNS. The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly 40 years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city's boundaries to annex LLNL and move it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore's southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering that comprise the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda County. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal government.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its first three nuclear tests were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy's Polaris missile. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 337775, 24787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 110 ], [ 287, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Cold War, many Livermore-designed warheads entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the Lance surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class Spartan antiballistic missile. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: W27 (Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), W38 (Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), B41 (B52 bomb; 1957), W45 (Little John/Terrier missiles; 1956), W47 (Polaris SLBM; 1957), W48 (155-mm howitzer; 1957), W55 (submarine rocket; 1959), W56 (Minuteman ICBM; 1960), W58 (Polaris SLBM; 1960), W62 (Minuteman ICBM; 1964), W68 (Poseidon SLBM; 1966), W70 (Lance missile; 1969), W71 (Spartan missile; 1968), W79 (8-in. artillery gun; 1975), W82 (155-mm howitzer; 1978), B83 (modern strategic bomb; 1979), and W87 (LGM-118 Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the only LLNL designs still in the U.S. nuclear stockpile.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 33865, 4674683, 3474200, 4792632, 4773052, 1192033, 4600643, 4596302, 4589217, 9922221, 4634735, 4741891, 4611058, 4632364, 3676802, 4561204, 4731301, 12287006, 1045731, 4562155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ], [ 45, 52 ], [ 124, 129 ], [ 187, 216 ], [ 272, 275 ], [ 331, 334 ], [ 361, 364 ], [ 383, 386 ], [ 425, 428 ], [ 451, 454 ], [ 480, 483 ], [ 510, 513 ], [ 538, 541 ], [ 564, 567 ], [ 592, 595 ], [ 619, 622 ], [ 646, 649 ], [ 675, 678 ], [ 708, 711 ], [ 737, 740 ], [ 776, 779 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the United States began a moratorium on nuclear testing and development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 26779, 325329, 998037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 37 ], [ 65, 73 ], [ 250, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, problems can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend system lifetimes, but they also can introduce performance uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) Program. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safety and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead. Since that time, Congress has not allocated funding for any further development of the RRW.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 4741467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 598, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL conducts research into the properties and behavior of plutonium to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure (e.g., with the impact of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid allotropes. Each possesses a different density and crystal structure. Alloys of plutonium are even more complex; multiple phases can be present in a sample at any given time. Experiments are being conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electrical and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials change over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 7987684, 1839, 58690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 68 ], [ 243, 253 ], [ 294, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is also conducted there. In March 2008, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) presented its preferred alternative for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would be a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive research and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) physics. In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 22272301, 22939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 254 ], [ 578, 585 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA's overall effort to transform the Cold War era \"nuclear weapons\" enterprise into a 21st-century \"nuclear security\" enterprise. The original date to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this material as early as possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and by threats to energy and environmental security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-risk weapons materials and assist former weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and self-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies. In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and autonomous instruments that can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA analysis.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Today, Livermore researchers address a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine physical and life sciences, engineering, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-world problems. Activities are grouped into five programs:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nonproliferation. Preventing the spread of materials, technology, and expertise related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and detecting WMD proliferation activities worldwide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Domestic security: Anticipating, innovating and delivering technological solutions to prevent and mitigate devastating high-leverage attacks on U.S. soil.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Defense: Developing and demonstrating new concepts and capabilities to help the Department of Defense prevent and deter harm to the nation, its citizens and its military forces.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Intelligence: Working at the intersection of science, technology, and analysis to provide insight into the threats to national security posed by foreign entities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Energy and environmental security: Furnishing scientific understanding and technological expertise to devise energy and environmental solutions at global, regional and local scales.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL chemistry, materials, and life science research focuses on chemical engineering, nuclear chemistry, materials science, and biology and bio-nanotechnology.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 2154572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Physics thrust areas include condensed matter and high-pressure physics, optical science and high energy density physics, medical physics and biophysics, and nuclear, particle and accelerator physics.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 5387, 85331, 44277627, 54000, 424420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ], [ 50, 71 ], [ 93, 120 ], [ 142, 152 ], [ 180, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the area of energy and environmental science, Livermore's emphasis is on carbon and climate, energy, water and the environment, and the national nuclear waste repository.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL engineering activities include micro- and nanotechnology, lasers and optics, biotechnology, precision engineering, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 21488, 17556, 22483, 4502, 18421531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 67, 72 ], [ 78, 84 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 101, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL is very strong in computer science, with thrust areas in computing applications and research, integrated computing and communications systems, and cyber security.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 7398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several energy technologies in the field of coal gasification, shale oil extraction, geothermal energy, advanced battery research, solar energy, and fusion energy. Main oil shale processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are LLNL HRS (hot-recycled-solid), LLNL RISE (in situ extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major projects", "target_page_ids": [ 1380898, 12321977, 113728, 201487, 27743, 55017, 45010, 26009338, 28285943, 379978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 115 ], [ 117, 137 ], [ 139, 156 ], [ 158, 183 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 203, 216 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 318, 326 ], [ 349, 358 ], [ 360, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Over its 60-year history, Lawrence Livermore has made many scientific and technological achievements, including:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Critical contributions to the U.S. nuclear deterrence effort through the design of nuclear weapons to meet military requirements and, since the mid-1990s, through the stockpile stewardship program, by which the safety and reliability of the enduring stockpile is ensured without underground nuclear testing.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 735661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Design, construction, and operation of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable laser systems, culminating in the 192-beam National Ignition Facility (NIF), completed in 2009.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 337301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Advances in particle accelerator and fusion technology, including magnetic fusion, free-electron lasers, accelerator mass spectrometry, and inertial confinement fusion.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 18589032, 21544, 1690634, 945656, 1127875, 40323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 32 ], [ 37, 43 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 83, 102 ], [ 105, 134 ], [ 140, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Breakthroughs in high-performance computing, including the development of novel concepts for massively parallel computing and the design and application of computers that can carry out hundreds of trillions of operations per second.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 832527, 145162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 43 ], [ 103, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Development of technologies and systems for detecting nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and explosive threats to prevent and mitigate WMD proliferation and terrorism.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 30636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Development of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) for fabricating next-generation computer chips.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 2154371, 15150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 46 ], [ 86, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First-ever detection of massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), a suspected but previously undetected component of dark matter.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 199940, 8651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 51 ], [ 114, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapid PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology that lies at the heart of today's most advanced DNA detection instruments.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 55170, 4502, 480700, 12388, 3943886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 22, 35 ], [ 41, 53 ], [ 125, 131 ], [ 143, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Development and operation of the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC), which provides real-time, multi-scale (global, regional, local, urban) modeling of hazardous materials released into the atmosphere.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 5524046, 1476975, 202899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 77 ], [ 170, 188 ], [ 208, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Development of highest resolution global climate models and contributions to the International Panel on Climate Change which, together with former vice president Al Gore, was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 164600, 15030, 5042706, 26230922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 54 ], [ 81, 118 ], [ 162, 169 ], [ 192, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Co-discoverers of new superheavy elements 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, and 118.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 31537, 77474, 77473, 67514, 62198, 67611, 62200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 41 ], [ 42, 45 ], [ 47, 50 ], [ 52, 55 ], [ 57, 60 ], [ 62, 65 ], [ 71, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Invention of new healthcare technologies, including a microelectrode array for construction of an artificial retina, a miniature glucose sensor for the treatment of diabetes, and a compact proton therapy system for radiation therapy.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 48334, 40017873, 26350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 115 ], [ 165, 173 ], [ 215, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received eight R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached five times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Also known as the \"Oscars of invention,\" the awards are given each year for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars's moon Phobos, finding that it has a connection with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Key accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biosecurity and Nanoscience Laboratory. Researchers apply advances in nanoscience to develop novel technologies for the detection, identification, and characterization of harmful biological pathogens (viruses, spores, and bacteria) and chemical toxins.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 45262, 21488, 21488, 35038133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 17, 28 ], [ 71, 82 ], [ 191, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: LLNL's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) develops and applies a wide range of isotopic and ion-beam analytical tools used in basic research and technology development, addressing a spectrum of scientific needs important to the Laboratory, the university community, and the nation. CAMS is the world's most versatile and productive accelerator mass spectrometry facility, performing more than 25,000 AMS measurement operations per year.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 19600416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " High Explosives Applications Facility and Energetic Materials Center: At HEAF, teams of scientists, engineers, and technicians address nearly all aspects of high explosives: research, development and testing, material characterization, and performance and safety tests. HEAF activities support the Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, a national resource for research and development of explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 10192, 10192, 187584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 172 ], [ 392, 401 ], [ 404, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center: NARAC is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and natural atmospheric emissions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 5524046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Ignition Facility: This 192-beam, stadium-size laser system is used to compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn. Experiments at NIF study physical processes at conditions that exist only in the interior of stars and in exploding nuclear weapons (see National Ignition Facility and photon science).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 337301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Superblock: This unique high-security facility houses modern equipment for research and engineering testing of nuclear materials and is the place where plutonium expertise is developed, nurtured, and applied. Research on highly enriched uranium also is performed here.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 2181563, 7987684, 31743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 128 ], [ 153, 162 ], [ 238, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Livermore Computing Complex: LLNL's Livermore Computing Complex houses some of the world's most powerful computers, including the 20 petaflop Sequoia, the 5-petaflop Vulcan system; Jade and Quartz systems at 3 petaflops each; the 970-teraflop Zin system; 431-teraflop Cab system; and additional large multi-core, multi-socket Linux clusters with various processor types. The newest machine, Sierra, occupied the No. 3 position on the TOP500 list in June 2018. The complex has nearly 10,000 square feet of machine floor space, supporting both classified and unclassified national security programs. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 21385358, 55906840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 150 ], [ 392, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse (subpicosecond) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam. This petawatt-class laser is used for a range of high-energy density physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion energy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Key facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 1610231, 40323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 216 ], [ 281, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even before the Livermore Lab opened its doors, E.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of one of the first UNIVAC computers set the precedent for LLNL's history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and most capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years. LLNL researchers use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, global warming, and reactions to natural disasters.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Largest computers", "target_page_ids": [ 5042951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 636, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL has a long history of developing computing software and systems. Initially, there was no commercially available software, and computer manufacturers considered it the customer's responsibility to develop their own. Users of the early computers had to write not only the codes to solve their technical problems, but also the routines to run the machines themselves. Today, LLNL computer scientists focus on creating the highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. A great deal of software also has been written by LLNL personnel to optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating systems such as TOSS, operating system extensions such as CHAOS (Linux Clustering), and resource management packages such as SLURM. LLNL also initiated and continues leading the development of ZFS on Linux, the official port of ZFS to the Linux operating system.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Largest computers", "target_page_ids": [ 5309, 71626809, 28025384, 57282698, 6097297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 56 ], [ 717, 721 ], [ 826, 831 ], [ 929, 932 ], [ 940, 945 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2009, a joint venture was announced between Sandia National Laboratories/California campus and LLNL to create an open, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and future national security challenges that require increased coupling to the private sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, energy and environmental security, cyber security, economic security, and non-proliferation.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [ 155558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of business and operating rules devised to enhance and accelerate international scientific collaboration and partnerships with U.S. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre parcel along the eastern edge of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor's center to support educational and research activities.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Objectives of LVOC", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Enhance the two laboratories' national security missions by substantially increasing engagement with the private sector and academic community.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stay at the forefront of the science, technology and engineering fields.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ensure a quality future workforce by expanding opportunities for open engagement of the broader scientific community.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LLNL's principal sponsor is the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Office of Defense Programs, which supports its stockpile stewardship and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's global security and homeland security work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well as the Department of Homeland Security. LLNL also receives funding from DOE's Office of Science, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, and Office of Nuclear Energy. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and development for various Defense Department sponsors, other federal agencies, including NASA, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Institutes of Health, and Environmental Protection Agency, a number of California State agencies, and private industry.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sponsors", "target_page_ids": [ 62866, 22272301, 998037, 1946540, 42105, 58236, 18428302, 32922895, 7279897, 18426568, 165201, 46174, 58666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 53 ], [ 54, 94 ], [ 153, 174 ], [ 245, 260 ], [ 265, 282 ], [ 371, 402 ], [ 442, 459 ], [ 514, 538 ], [ 620, 638 ], [ 683, 687 ], [ 689, 718 ], [ 726, 755 ], [ 761, 792 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For Fiscal Year 2009 LLNL spent $1.497billion on research and laboratory operations activities:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Research/Science Budget:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Ignition Facility – $301.1million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [ 337301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nuclear Weapon Deterrent (Safety/Security/Reliability) – $227.2million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Advance Simulation and Computing – $221.9million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nonproliferation – $152.2million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Department of Defense – $125.9million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Basic and Applied Science – $86.6million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Homeland Security – $83.9million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Energy – $22.4million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Site Management/Operations Budget:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Safeguards/Security – $126.5million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Facility Operations – $118.2million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Environmental Restoration – $27.3million", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Budget", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL Director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory director also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the following scientists have served as LLNL director:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1952–1958 Herbert York", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 325238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1958–1960 Edward Teller", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 37782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1960–1961 Harold Brown", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 588566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1961–1965 John S. Foster, Jr.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 34148708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1965–1971 Michael M. May", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1971–1988 Roger E. Batzel", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 42704615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1988–1994 John H. Nuckolls", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1994–2002 C. Bruce Tarter", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 3439568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2002–2006 Michael R. Anastasio", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 3437995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2006–2011 George H. Miller", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 5147529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2011–2013 Penrose C. Albright", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 36724362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2013–2014 Bret Knapp, acting director ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2014–2021 William H. Goldstein", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2021–present Kimberly S. Budil", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [ 66534738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL Director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the Deputy Director, the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, Principal Associate Directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions directly reporting to the Laboratory Director.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Directors Office is organized into these functional areas/offices:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chief Information Office", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Contractor Assurance and Continuous Improvement", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Environment, Safety and Health", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Government and External Relations", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Independent Audit and Oversight", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Office of General Counsel", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prime Contract Management Office", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quality Assurance Office", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Security Organization", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LLNS, LLC Parent Oversight Office", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Laboratory is organized into four principal directorates, each headed by a Principal Associate Director:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Global Security", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Weapons and Complex Integration", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " National Ignition Facility and Photon Science", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Operations and Business", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Business", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Facilities & Infrastructure", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Institutional Facilities Management", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Integrated Safety Management System Project Office", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nuclear Operations", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Planning and Financial Management", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Staff Relations", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Strategic Human Resources Management", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Three other directorates are each headed by an Associate Director who reports to the LLNL Director:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Computation", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Engineering", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Physical & Life Sciences", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Organization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The LLNL Director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) Board of Governors, a group of key scientific, academic, national security and business leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly own and control LLNS. The LLNS Board of Governors has a total of 16 positions, with six of these Governors constituting an Executive Committee. All decisions of the Board are made by the Governors on the Executive Committee. The other Governors are advisory to the Executive Committee and do not have voting rights.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [ 283083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The University of California is entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Committee, including the Chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Committee, including the Vice Chair. One of the Bechtel Governors must be a representative of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) or the Washington Division of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&W and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The Executive Committee has a seventh Governor who is appointed by Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the Executive Committee. The remaining Board positions are known as Independent Governors (also referred to as Outside Governors), and are selected from among individuals, preferably of national stature, and can not be employees or officers of the partner companies.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The University of California-appointed Chair has tie-breaking authority over most decisions of the Executive Committee. The Board of Governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the President/Laboratory Director, are generally referred to as Laboratory Employees. All Laboratory Employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS President. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal government, Laboratory employees are paid by LLNS which is responsible for all aspects of their employment including providing health care benefits and retirement programs.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Within the Board of Governors, authority resides in the Executive Committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS Executive Committee is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL, and may delegate its authorities as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The Executive Committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals as necessary. For the most part the Executive Committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a practical matter most operational decisions are delegated to the President of LLNS, who is also the Laboratory Director. The positions of President/Laboratory Director and Deputy Laboratory Director are filled by joint action of the Chair and Vice Chair of the Executive Committee, with the University of California nominating the President/Laboratory Director and Bechtel nominating the Deputy Laboratory Director.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The current LLNS Chairman is Norman J. Pattiz, founder and chairman of Westwood One, America's largest radio network, who also currently serves on the Board of Regents of the University of California. The Vice Chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who also serves on the Board of Directors of Bechtel Group, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Corporate management", "target_page_ids": [ 11016275, 498103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ], [ 71, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Livermore Action Group organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, against nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved. On June 22, 1982, more than 1,300 anti-nuclear protesters were arrested in a nonviolent demonstration. More recently, there has been an annual protest against nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against \"new-generation nuclear warheads\". In the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested. More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Public protests", "target_page_ids": [ 2996055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 27, 2021, the Society of Professionals, Scientists, and Engineers – University of Professional & Technical Employees Local 11, CWA Local 9119, went on a three-day strike over unfair labor practices.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Public protests", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Center for the Advancement of Science in Space—operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42324209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dielectric wall accelerator", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29715644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42416555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Top 100 US Federal Contractors", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30320688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lawrence Livermore National Security, a Limited Liability Corporation (official website)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LLNL Industrial Partnerships and Commercialization (IPAC) (official website)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " University of California Office of Laboratory Management (official website)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Society of Professionals, Scientists and Engineers (Union representing UC Scientists and Engineers at LLNL)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " University of California LLNL Retiree Group (Legal Defense Fund for UC Retirees from LLNL)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Annotated bibliography for Livermore from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory", "Laboratories_in_California", "United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories", "Federally_Funded_Research_and_Development_Centers", "Livermore,_California", "Livermore_Valley", "Research_institutes_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area", "Nuclear_research_institutes", "Nuclear_weapons_infrastructure_of_the_United_States", "Supercomputer_sites", "University_of_California", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Alameda_County,_California", "1952_establishments_in_California", "Superfund_sites_in_California", "Battelle_Memorial_Institute", "Ernest_Lawrence", "Military_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area", "Military_research_of_the_United_States" ]

[ "LLNL", "Lawrence Livermore Laboratory‏", "Livermore", "Lawrence Livermore Radiation Laboratory" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901– August 27, 1958) was an American nuclear physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project, as well as for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21285, 52497, 44585, 37555, 19603, 62214, 39039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 91 ], [ 110, 132 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 205, 231 ], [ 240, 257 ], [ 287, 324 ], [ 333, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A graduate of the University of South Dakota and University of Minnesota, Lawrence obtained a PhD in physics at Yale in 1925. In 1928, he was hired as an associate professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, becoming the youngest full professor there two years later. In its library one evening, Lawrence was intrigued by a diagram of an accelerator that produced high-energy particles. He contemplated how it could be made compact, and came up with an idea for a circular accelerating chamber between the poles of an electromagnet. The result was the first cyclotron.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 266680, 416813, 21031297, 34273, 31922, 23259, 92377, 44585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 44 ], [ 49, 72 ], [ 94, 97 ], [ 112, 116 ], [ 192, 226 ], [ 384, 405 ], [ 538, 551 ], [ 578, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence went on to build a series of ever larger and more expensive cyclotrons. His Radiation Laboratory became an official department of the University of California in 1936, with Lawrence as its director. In addition to the use of the cyclotron for physics, Lawrence also supported its use in research into medical uses of radioisotopes. During World War II, Lawrence developed electromagnetic isotope separation at the Radiation Laboratory. It used devices known as calutrons, a hybrid of the standard laboratory mass spectrometer and cyclotron. A huge electromagnetic separation plant was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which came to be called Y-12. The process was inefficient, but it worked.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 37197, 1210990, 283810, 151055, 1586498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 348, 360 ], [ 397, 415 ], [ 470, 478 ], [ 517, 534 ], [ 603, 623 ], [ 649, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the war, Lawrence campaigned extensively for government sponsorship of large scientific programs, and was a forceful advocate of \"Big Science\", with its requirements for big machines and big money. Lawrence strongly backed Edward Teller's campaign for a second nuclear weapons laboratory, which Lawrence located in Livermore, California. After his death, the Regents of the University of California renamed the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory after him. Chemical element number 103 was named lawrencium in his honor after its discovery at Berkeley in 1961.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 777174, 37782, 107337, 429225, 39039, 62214, 17746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 147 ], [ 229, 242 ], [ 321, 342 ], [ 366, 405 ], [ 418, 456 ], [ 461, 498 ], [ 548, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born in Canton, South Dakota, on August 8, 1901. His parents, Carl Gustavus and Gunda (née Jacobson) Lawrence, were both the offspring of Norwegian immigrants who had met while teaching at the high school in Canton, where his father was also the superintendent of schools. He had a younger brother, John H. Lawrence, who would become a physician, and was a pioneer in the field of nuclear medicine. Growing up, his best friend was Merle Tuve, who would also go on to become a highly accomplished physicist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 134925, 8226219, 23315, 347838, 17132349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 56 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 365, 374 ], [ 410, 426 ], [ 460, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence attended the public schools of Canton and Pierre, then enrolled at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, but transferred after a year to the University of South Dakota in Vermillion. He completed his bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1922, and his Master of Arts (M.A.) degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1923 under the supervision of William Francis Gray Swann. For his master's thesis, Lawrence built an experimental apparatus that rotated an ellipsoid through a magnetic field.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 57853, 276528, 150601, 266680, 134785, 4126896, 416813, 1411195, 145381, 36563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 57 ], [ 76, 92 ], [ 96, 117 ], [ 155, 181 ], [ 185, 195 ], [ 262, 276 ], [ 311, 334 ], [ 368, 394 ], [ 478, 487 ], [ 498, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence followed Swann to the University of Chicago, and then to Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where Lawrence completed his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in physics in 1925 as a Sloane Fellow, writing his doctoral thesis on the photoelectric effect in potassium vapor. He was elected a member of Sigma Xi, and, on Swann's recommendation, received a National Research Council fellowship. Instead of using it to travel to Europe, as was customary at the time, he remained at Yale University with Swann as a researcher.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 32127, 34273, 53825, 21031297, 23579, 1064914, 37635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 52 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 85, 107 ], [ 138, 158 ], [ 248, 268 ], [ 316, 324 ], [ 369, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Jesse Beams from the University of Virginia, Lawrence continued to research the photoelectric effect. They showed that photoelectrons appeared within 2 x 10−9 seconds of the photons striking the photoelectric surface—close to the limit of measurement at the time. Reducing the emission time by switching the light source on and off rapidly made the spectrum of energy emitted broader, in conformance with Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 7950779, 59801, 33130, 31883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ], [ 26, 48 ], [ 410, 427 ], [ 430, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1926 and 1927, Lawrence received offers of assistant professorships from the University of Washington in Seattle and the University of California at a salary of $3,500 per annum. Yale promptly matched the offer of the assistant professorship, but at a salary of $3,000. Lawrence chose to stay at the more prestigious Yale, but because he had never been an instructor, the appointment was resented by some of his fellow faculty, and in the eyes of many it still did not compensate for his South Dakota immigrant background.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 418373, 31776, 11388236, 31922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 65 ], [ 80, 104 ], [ 108, 115 ], [ 125, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence was hired as an associate professor of physics at the University of California in 1928, and two years later became a full professor, becoming the university's youngest professor. Robert Gordon Sproul, who became university president the day after Lawrence became a professor, was a member of the Bohemian Club, and he sponsored Lawrence's membership in 1932. Through this club, Lawrence met William Henry Crocker, Edwin Pauley, and John Francis Neylan. They were influential men who helped him obtain money for his energetic nuclear particle investigations. There was great hope for medical uses to come from the development of particle physics, and this led to much of the early funding for advances Lawrence was able to obtain.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 418375, 2871092, 637311, 2855669, 4607064, 17881899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 44 ], [ 188, 208 ], [ 305, 318 ], [ 400, 421 ], [ 423, 435 ], [ 441, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While at Yale, Lawrence met Mary Kimberly (Molly) Blumer, the eldest of four daughters of George Blumer, the dean of the Yale School of Medicine. They first met in 1926 and became engaged in 1931, and were married on May 14, 1932, at Trinity Church on the Green in New Haven, Connecticut. They had six children: Eric, Margaret, Mary, Robert, Barbara, and Susan. Lawrence named his son Robert after theoretical physicist Robert Oppenheimer, his closest friend in Berkeley. In 1941, Molly's sister Elsie married Edwin McMillan, who would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 874207, 37034979, 53825, 19594028, 39034, 157241, 25416893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 144 ], [ 234, 261 ], [ 265, 287 ], [ 398, 419 ], [ 420, 438 ], [ 510, 524 ], [ 553, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The invention that brought Lawrence to international fame started out as a sketch on a scrap of a paper napkin. While sitting in the library one evening in 1929, Lawrence glanced over a journal article by Rolf Widerøe, and was intrigued by one of the diagrams. This depicted a device that produced high-energy particles by means of a succession of small \"pushes\". The device depicted was laid out in a straight line using increasingly longer electrodes. At the time, physicists were beginning to explore the atomic nucleus. In 1919, the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford had fired alpha particles into nitrogen and had succeeded in knocking protons out of some of the nuclei. But nuclei have a positive charge that repels other positively charged nuclei, and they are bound together tightly by a force that physicists were only just beginning to understand. To break them up, to disintegrate them, would require much higher energies, of the order of millions of volts.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 740986, 23259, 19916559, 9603, 21175, 23317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 217 ], [ 298, 319 ], [ 508, 522 ], [ 559, 576 ], [ 608, 616 ], [ 647, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence saw that such a particle accelerator would soon become too long and unwieldy for his university laboratory. In pondering a way to make the accelerator more compact, Lawrence decided to set a circular accelerating chamber between the poles of an electromagnet. The magnetic field would hold the charged protons in a spiral path as they were accelerated between just two semicircular electrodes connected to an alternating potential. After a hundred turns or so, the protons would impact the target as a beam of high-energy particles. Lawrence excitedly told his colleagues that he had discovered a method for obtaining particles of very high energy without the use of any high voltage. He initially worked with Niels Edlefsen. Their first cyclotron was made out of brass, wire, and sealing wax and was only four inches (10cm) in diameter—it could be held in one hand, and probably cost a total of $25.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 18589032, 44585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 45 ], [ 750, 759 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "What Lawrence needed to develop the idea was capable graduate students to do the work. Edlefsen left to take up an assistant professorship in September 1930, and Lawrence replaced him with David H. Sloan and M. Stanley Livingston, whom he set to work on developing Widerøe's accelerator and Edlefsen's cyclotron, respectively. Both had their own financial support. Both designs proved practical, and by May 1931, Sloan's linear accelerator was able to accelerate ions to 1 MeV. Livingston had a greater technical challenge, but when he applied 1,800V to his 11-inch cyclotron on January 2, 1931, he got 80,000-electron volt protons spinning around. A week later, he had 1.22 MeV with 3,000 V, more than enough for his PhD thesis on its construction.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 34298976, 273524, 9598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 229 ], [ 421, 439 ], [ 610, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In what would become a recurring pattern, as soon as there was the first sign of success, Lawrence started planning a new, bigger machine. Lawrence and Livingston drew up a design for a cyclotron in early 1932. The magnet for the $80011-inch cyclotron weighed 2 tons, but Lawrence found a massive 80-ton magnet rusting in a junkyard in Palo Alto for the 27-inch that had originally been built during World War I to power a transatlantic radio link. In the cyclotron, he had a powerful scientific instrument, but this did not translate into scientific discovery. In April 1932, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton at the Cavendish Laboratory in England announced that they had bombarded lithium with protons and succeeded in transmuting it into helium. The energy required turned out to be quite low—well within the capability of the 11-inch cyclotron. On learning about it, Lawrence sent a wire to Berkeley and asked for Cockcroft and Walton's results to be verified. It took the team until September to do so, mainly due to lack of adequate detection apparatus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 352564, 362499, 128452, 17561, 23317, 13256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 578, 592 ], [ 597, 610 ], [ 618, 638 ], [ 684, 691 ], [ 697, 703 ], [ 742, 748 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although important discoveries continued to elude Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory, mainly due to its focus on the development of the cyclotron rather than its scientific use, through his increasingly larger machines, Lawrence was able to provide crucial equipment needed for experiments in high energy physics. Around this device, he built what became the world's foremost laboratory for the new field of nuclear physics research in the 1930s. He received a patent for the cyclotron in 1934, which he assigned to the Research Corporation, a private foundation that funded much of Lawrence's early work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 62214, 23259, 23273, 4073959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 81 ], [ 290, 309 ], [ 458, 464 ], [ 517, 537 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1936, Harvard University's president, James B. Conant, made attractive offers to Lawrence and Oppenheimer. The University of California's president, Robert Gordon Sproul, responded by improving conditions. The Radiation Laboratory became an official department of the University of California on July 1, 1936, with Lawrence formally appointed its director, with a full-time assistant director, and the University agreed to make $20,000 a year available for its research activities. Lawrence employed a simple business model: \"He staffed his laboratory with graduate students and junior faculty of the physics department, with fresh Ph.D.s willing to work for anything, and with fellowship holders and wealthy guests able to serve for nothing.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 18426501, 355000, 2871092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 36 ], [ 50, 65 ], [ 161, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Using the new 27-inch cyclotron, the team at Berkeley discovered that every element that they bombarded with recently discovered deuterium emitted energy, and in the same range. They, therefore, postulated the existence of a new and hitherto unknown particle that was a possible source of limitless energy. William Laurence of The New York Times described Lawrence as \"a new miracle worker of science\". At Cockcroft's invitation, Lawrence attended the 1933 Solvay Conference in Belgium. This was a regular gathering of the world's top physicists. Nearly all were from Europe, but occasionally an outstanding American scientist like Robert A. Millikan or Arthur Compton would be invited to attend. Lawrence was asked to give a presentation on the cyclotron. Lawrence's claims of limitless energy met a very different reception in Solvay. He ran into withering skepticism from the Cavendish Laboratory's James Chadwick, the physicist who had discovered the neutron in 1932, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1935. In a British accent that sounded condescending to Lawrence's ears, Chadwick suggested that what Lawrence's team was observing was contamination of their apparatus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 8524, 3131367, 30680, 2764597, 49008, 432000, 174316, 21272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 138 ], [ 307, 323 ], [ 327, 345 ], [ 457, 474 ], [ 632, 650 ], [ 654, 668 ], [ 902, 916 ], [ 955, 962 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When he returned to Berkeley, Lawrence mobilized his team to go painstakingly over the results to gather enough evidence to convince Chadwick. Meanwhile, at the Cavendish laboratory, Rutherford and Mark Oliphant found that deuterium fuses to form helium-3, which causes the effect that the cyclotroneers had observed. Not only was Chadwick correct in that they had been observing contamination, but they had overlooked yet another important discovery, that of nuclear fusion. Lawrence's response was to press on with the creation of still larger cyclotrons. The 27-inch cyclotron was superseded by a 37-inch cyclotron in June 1937, which in turn was superseded by a 60-inch cyclotron in May 1939. It was used to bombard iron and produced its first radioactive isotopes in June.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 315710, 21544, 14380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 211 ], [ 233, 238 ], [ 247, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As it was easier to raise money for medical purposes, particularly cancer treatment, than for nuclear physics, Lawrence encouraged the use of the cyclotron for medical research. Working with his brother John and Israel Lyon Chaikoff from the University of California's Physiology Department, Lawrence supported research into the use of radioactive isotopes for therapeutic purposes. Phosphorus-32 was easily produced in the cyclotron, and John used it to cure a woman afflicted with polycythemia vera, a blood disease. John used phosphorus-32 created in the 37-inch cyclotron in 1938 in tests on mice with leukemia. He found that the radioactive phosphorus concentrated in the fast-growing cancer cells. This then led to clinical trials on human patients. A 1948 evaluation of the therapy showed that remissions occurred under certain circumstances. Lawrence also had hoped for the medical use of neutrons. The first cancer patient received neutron therapy from the 60-inch cyclotron on November 20. Chaikoff conducted trials on the use of radioactive isotopes as radioactive tracers to explore the mechanism of biochemical reactions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 1123353, 475368, 18539, 9676138, 420361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 383, 396 ], [ 483, 500 ], [ 606, 614 ], [ 941, 956 ], [ 1064, 1082 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in November 1939 \"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements\". He was the first at Berkeley as well as the first South Dakotan to become a Nobel Laureate, and the first to be so honored while at a state-supported university. The Nobel award ceremony was held on February 29, 1940, in Berkeley, California, due to World War II, in the auditorium of Wheeler Hall on the campus of the university. Lawrence received his medal from Carl E. Wallerstedt, Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco. Robert W. Wood wrote to Lawrence and presciently noted \"As you are laying the foundations for the cataclysmic explosion of uranium ... I'm sure old Nobel would approve.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 52497, 4860, 32927, 23109262, 5058739, 3684583, 49728, 440853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 47 ], [ 433, 453 ], [ 462, 474 ], [ 497, 509 ], [ 597, 603 ], [ 606, 620 ], [ 624, 637 ], [ 639, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 1940, Arthur Compton, Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant, Karl T. Compton, and Alfred Lee Loomis traveled to Berkeley to discuss Lawrence's proposal for a 184-inch cyclotron with a 4,500-ton magnet that was estimated to cost $2.65 million. The Rockefeller Foundation put up $1.15 million to get the project started.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development of the cyclotron", "target_page_ids": [ 432000, 32767, 355000, 2795717, 240152, 227730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ], [ 31, 44 ], [ 46, 61 ], [ 63, 78 ], [ 84, 101 ], [ 249, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Lawrence became drawn into military projects. He helped recruit staff for the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where American physicists developed the cavity magnetron invented by Oliphant's team in Britain. The name of the new laboratory was deliberately copied from Lawrence's laboratory in Berkeley for security reasons. He also became involved in recruiting staff for underwater sound laboratories to develop techniques for detecting German submarines. Meanwhile, work continued at Berkeley with cyclotrons. In December 1940, Glenn T. Seaborg and Emilio Segrè used the cyclotron to bombard uranium-238 with deuterons producing a new element, neptunium-238, which decayed by beta emission to form plutonium-238. One of its isotopes, plutonium-239, could undergo nuclear fission which provided another way to make an atomic bomb.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 23784296, 20861, 13120, 376458, 481862, 8524, 2527200, 4651, 4051468, 2378570, 21785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 124, 148 ], [ 190, 206 ], [ 569, 585 ], [ 590, 602 ], [ 634, 645 ], [ 651, 660 ], [ 686, 699 ], [ 718, 731 ], [ 740, 753 ], [ 776, 789 ], [ 859, 870 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence offered Segrè a job as a research assistant—a relatively lowly position for someone who had discovered an element—for US$300 a month for six months. However, when Lawrence learned that Segrè was legally trapped in California, he reduced Segrè's salary further to US$116 a month. When the regents of the University of California wanted to terminate Segrè's employment owing to his foreign nationality, Lawrence managed to retain Segrè by hiring him as a part-time lecturer paid by the Rockefeller Foundation. Similar arrangements were made to retain his doctoral students Chien-Shiung Wu (a Chinese national) and Kenneth Ross MacKenzie (a Canadian national) when they graduated.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 252131, 19901277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 580, 595 ], [ 621, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1941, Oliphant met with Lawrence and Oppenheimer at Berkeley, where they showed him the site for the new cyclotron. Oliphant, in turn, took the Americans to task for not following up the recommendations of the British MAUD Committee, which advocated a program to develop an atomic bomb. Lawrence had already thought about the problem of separating the fissile isotope uranium-235 from uranium-238, a process known today as uranium enrichment. Separating uranium isotopes was difficult because the two isotopes have very nearly identical chemical properties, and could only be separated gradually using their small mass differences. Separating isotopes with a mass spectrometer was a technique Oliphant had pioneered with lithium in 1934.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 2908928, 21785, 481843, 481862, 37555, 283810, 17561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 232, 246 ], [ 288, 299 ], [ 382, 393 ], [ 399, 410 ], [ 437, 455 ], [ 674, 691 ], [ 736, 743 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence began converting his old 37-inch cyclotron into a giant mass spectrometer. On his recommendation, the director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., appointed Oppenheimer as head of its Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. While the Radiation laboratory developed the electromagnetic uranium enrichment process, the Los Alamos Laboratory designed and constructed the atomic bombs. Like the Radiation Laboratory, it was run by the University of California.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 19603, 11035076, 60540, 51053117, 21649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 144 ], [ 146, 163 ], [ 164, 185 ], [ 224, 245 ], [ 249, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Electromagnetic isotope separation used devices known as calutrons, a hybrid of two laboratory instruments, the mass spectrometer and cyclotron. The name was derived from \"California university cyclotrons\". In November 1943, Lawrence's team at Berkeley was bolstered by 29 British scientists, including Oliphant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 1210990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the electromagnetic process, a magnetic field deflected charged particles according to mass. The process was neither scientifically elegant nor industrially efficient. Compared with a gaseous diffusion plant or a nuclear reactor, an electromagnetic separation plant would consume more scarce materials, require more manpower to operate, and cost more to build. Nonetheless, the process was approved because it was based on proven technology and therefore represented less risk. Moreover, it could be built in stages, and would rapidly reach industrial capacity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 1033084, 22151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 204 ], [ 216, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Responsibility for the design and construction of the electromagnetic separation plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which came to be called Y-12, was assigned to Stone & Webster. The calutrons, using 14,700 tons of silver, were manufactured by Allis-Chalmers in Milwaukee and shipped to Oak Ridge. The design called for five first-stage processing units, known as Alpha racetracks, and two units for final processing, known as Beta racetracks. In September 1943 Groves authorized construction of four more racetracks, known as Alpha II. When the plant was started up for testing on schedule in October 1943, the 14-ton vacuum tanks crept out of alignment because of the power of the magnets and had to be fastened more securely. A more serious problem arose when the magnetic coils started shorting out. In December Groves ordered a magnet to be broken open, and handfuls of rust were found inside. Groves then ordered the racetracks to be torn down and the magnets sent back to the factory to be cleaned. A pickling plant was established on-site to clean the pipes and fittings.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 151055, 1586498, 5848040, 1904554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 110 ], [ 136, 140 ], [ 158, 173 ], [ 240, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tennessee Eastman was hired to manage Y-12. Y-12 initially enriched the uranium-235 content to between 13% and 15%, and shipped the first few hundred grams of this to Los Alamos laboratory in March 1944. Only 1 part in 5,825 of the uranium feed emerged as final product. The rest was splattered over equipment in the process. Strenuous recovery efforts helped raise production to 10% of the uranium-235 feed by January 1945. In February the Alpha racetracks began receiving slightly enriched (1.4%) feed from the new S-50 thermal diffusion plant. The next month it received enhanced (5%) feed from the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant. By April 1945 K-25 was producing uranium sufficiently enriched to feed directly into the Beta tracks.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 646838, 3673785, 1351125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 517, 545 ], [ 602, 606 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 16, 1945, Lawrence observed the Trinity nuclear test of the first atomic bomb with Chadwick and Charles A. Thomas. Few were more excited at its success than Lawrence. The question of how to use the now functional weapon on Japan became an issue for the scientists. While Oppenheimer favored no demonstration of the power of the new weapon to Japanese leaders, Lawrence felt strongly that a demonstration would be wise. When a uranium bomb was used without warning in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Lawrence felt great pride in his accomplishment.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [ 60033, 8628596, 11778948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 60 ], [ 104, 121 ], [ 480, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence hoped that the Manhattan Project would develop improved calutrons and construct Alpha III racetracks, but they were judged to be uneconomical. The Alpha tracks were closed down in September 1945. Although performing better than ever, they could not compete with K-25 and the new K-27, which commenced operation in January 1946. In December, the Y-12 plant was closed, thereby cutting the Tennessee Eastman payroll from 8,600 to 1,500 and saving $2million a month. Staff numbers at the Radiation laboratory fell from 1,086 in May 1945 to 424 by the end of the year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "World War II and the Manhattan Project", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the war, Lawrence campaigned extensively for government sponsorship of large scientific programs. He was a forceful advocate of Big Science with its requirements for big machines and big money, and in 1946 he asked the Manhattan Project for over $2 million for research at the Radiation Laboratory. Groves approved the money, but cut a number of programs, including Seaborg's proposal for a \"hot\" radiation laboratory in densely populated Berkeley, and John Lawrence's for production of medical isotopes, because this need could now be better met from nuclear reactors. One obstacle was the University of California, which was eager to divest its wartime military obligations. Lawrence and Groves managed to persuade Sproul to accept a contract extension. In 1946, the Manhattan Project spent $7 on physics at the University of California for every dollar spent by the University.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 184-inch cyclotron was completed with wartime dollars from the Manhattan Project. It incorporated new ideas by Ed McMillan, and was completed as a synchrocyclotron. It commenced operation on November 13, 1946. For the first time since 1935, Lawrence actively participated in the experiments, working with Eugene Gardner in an unsuccessful attempt to create recently discovered pi mesons with the synchrotron. César Lattes then used the apparatus they had created to find negative pi mesons in 1948.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 596987, 40469805, 36961, 1586190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 167 ], [ 309, 323 ], [ 381, 389 ], [ 413, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Responsibility for the national laboratories passed to the newly created Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) on January 1, 1947. That year, Lawrence asked for $15 million for his projects, which included a new linear accelerator and a new gigaelectronvolt synchrotron which became known as the bevatron. The University of California's contract to run the Los Alamos laboratory was due to expire on July 1, 1948, and some board members wished to divest the university of the responsibility for running a site outside California. After some negotiation, the university agreed to extend the contract for what was now the Los Alamos National Laboratory for four more years and to appoint Norris Bradbury, who had replaced Oppenheimer as its director in October 1945, as a professor. Soon after, Lawrence received all the funds he had requested.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 947310, 51718, 2589350, 923203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 44 ], [ 73, 97 ], [ 289, 297 ], [ 679, 694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notwithstanding the fact that he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, Lawrence was a Republican, who had strongly disapproved of Oppenheimer's efforts before the war to unionize the Radiation Laboratory workers, which Lawrence considered \"leftwandering activities\". Lawrence considered political activity to be a waste of time better spent in scientific research, and preferred that it be kept out of the Radiation Laboratory.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 61 ], [ 78, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the chilly Cold War climate of the post-war University of California, Lawrence accepted the House Un-American Activities Committee's actions as legitimate, and did not see them as indicative of a systemic problem involving academic freedom or human rights. He was protective of individuals in his laboratory, but even more protective of the reputation of the laboratory. He was forced to defend Radiation Laboratory staff members like Robert Serber who were investigated by the University's Personnel Security Board. In several cases, he issued character references in support of staff. However, Lawrence barred Robert Oppenheimer's brother Frank from the Radiation Laboratory, damaging his relationship with Robert. An acrimonious loyalty oath campaign at the University of California also drove away faculty members. When hearings were held to revoke Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance, Lawrence declined to attend on account of illness, but a transcript in which he was critical of Oppenheimer was presented in his absence. Lawrence's success in building a creative, collaborative laboratory was undermined by the ill-feeling and distrust resulting from political tensions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 23758960, 614484, 13831, 1074789, 788828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 22 ], [ 95, 133 ], [ 226, 242 ], [ 246, 258 ], [ 439, 452 ], [ 645, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence was alarmed by the Soviet Union's first nuclear test in August 1949. The proper response, he concluded, was an all-out effort to build a bigger nuclear weapon: the hydrogen bomb. He proposed to use accelerators instead of nuclear reactors to produce the neutrons needed to create the tritium the bomb required, as well as plutonium, which was more difficult, as much higher energies would be required. He first proposed the construction of Mark I, a prototype $7 million, 25 MeV linear accelerator, codenamed Materials Test Accelerator (MTA). He was soon talking about a new, even larger MTA known as the Mark II, which could produce tritium or plutonium from depleted uranium-238. Serber and Segrè attempted in vain to explain the technical problems that made it impractical, but Lawrence felt that they were being unpatriotic.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 26779, 1115854, 2269463, 31306, 273524, 31306, 7987684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 40 ], [ 43, 61 ], [ 173, 186 ], [ 293, 300 ], [ 488, 506 ], [ 643, 650 ], [ 654, 663 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lawrence strongly backed Edward Teller's campaign for a second nuclear weapons laboratory, which Lawrence proposed to locate with the MTA Mark I at Livermore, California. Lawrence and Teller had to argue their case not only with the Atomic Energy Commission, which did not want it, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which was implacably opposed but with proponents who felt that Chicago was the more obvious site for it. The new laboratory at Livermore was finally approved on July 17, 1952, but the Mark II MTA was canceled. By this time, the Atomic Energy Commission had spent $45 million on the Mark I, which had commenced operation, but was mainly used to produce polonium for the nuclear weapons program. Meanwhile, the Brookhaven National Laboratory's Cosmotron had generated a 1 GeV beam.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 37782, 107337, 23325, 53299, 3464501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 38 ], [ 148, 169 ], [ 674, 682 ], [ 731, 761 ], [ 764, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the Nobel Prize, Lawrence received the Elliott Cresson Medal and the Hughes Medal in 1937, the Comstock Prize in Physics in 1938, the Duddell Medal and Prize in 1940, the Holley Medal in 1942, the Medal for Merit in 1946, the William Procter Prize in 1951, Faraday Medal in 1952, and the Enrico Fermi Award from the Atomic Energy Commission in 1957. He was made an Officer of the Legion d'Honneur in 1948, and was the first recipient of the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the US Military Academy in 1958.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 23600338, 500046, 28306557, 11540528, 37996417, 3971604, 28153718, 14935971, 146276, 160188, 7669750, 32173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 75 ], [ 84, 96 ], [ 110, 135 ], [ 149, 172 ], [ 186, 198 ], [ 212, 227 ], [ 241, 262 ], [ 272, 285 ], [ 303, 321 ], [ 380, 411 ], [ 456, 477 ], [ 485, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower asked Lawrence to travel to Geneva, Switzerland, to help negotiate a proposed Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union. AEC Chairman Lewis Strauss had pressed for Lawrence's inclusion. The two men had argued the case for the development of the hydrogen bomb, and Strauss had helped raise funds for Lawrence's cyclotron in 1939. Strauss was keen to have Lawrence as part of the Geneva delegation because Lawrence was known to favor continued nuclear testing. Despite suffering from a serious flare-up of his chronic ulcerative colitis, Lawrence decided to go, but he became ill while in Geneva, and was rushed back to the hospital at Stanford University. Surgeons removed much of his large intestine, but found other problems, including severe atherosclerosis in one of his arteries. He died in Palo Alto Hospital on August 27, 1958, nineteen days after his 57th birthday. Molly did not want a public funeral but agreed to a memorial service at the First Congregationalist Church in Berkeley. University of California President Clark Kerr delivered the eulogy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 8182, 12521, 30592, 26779, 803611, 63531, 538014, 26977, 1396421, 85385, 538014, 385067, 231130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 44 ], [ 73, 92 ], [ 123, 154 ], [ 164, 176 ], [ 191, 204 ], [ 573, 591 ], [ 679, 687 ], [ 691, 710 ], [ 721, 756 ], [ 801, 816 ], [ 853, 871 ], [ 1086, 1096 ], [ 1111, 1117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Just 23 days after his death, the Regents of the University of California voted to rename two of the university's nuclear research sites after Lawrence: the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award was established in his memory in 1959. Chemical element number 103, discovered at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1961, was named lawrencium after him. In 1968 the Lawrence Hall of Science public science education center was established in his honor. His papers are in the Bancroft Library at the University of California in Berkeley.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 429225, 39039, 62214, 9194390, 17746, 635268, 1442963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 73 ], [ 157, 195 ], [ 204, 241 ], [ 247, 276 ], [ 420, 430 ], [ 454, 478 ], [ 563, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1980s, Lawrence's widow petitioned the University of California Board of Regents on several occasions to remove her husband's name from the Livermore Laboratory, due to its focus on nuclear weapons Lawrence helped build, but was denied each time. She outlived her husband by more than 44 years and died in Walnut Creek, California, at the age of 92 on January 6, 2003.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 107424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 313, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George B. Kauffman wrote that: ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Post-war career", "target_page_ids": [ 12780020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ernest O. Lawrence Annotated Bibliography for Ernest Lawrence from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lawrence and the Cyclotron: AIP History Center Web Exhibit", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ernest Orlando Lawrence – The Man, His Lab, His Legacy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lawrence and His Laboratory: A Historian's View of the Lawrence Years", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lawrence Livermore Lab: Remembering E. O. Lawrence", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nobel-Winners.com: Ernest Lawrence", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Ernest_Lawrence", "1901_births", "1958_deaths", "20th-century_American_physicists", "American_Nobel_laureates", "Accelerator_physicists", "American_nuclear_physicists", "Enrico_Fermi_Award_recipients", "Experimental_physicists", "Manhattan_Project_people", "Nobel_laureates_in_Physics", "American_people_of_Norwegian_descent", "People_from_Canton,_South_Dakota", "Scientists_from_South_Dakota", "University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty", "University_of_Chicago_alumni", "University_of_Minnesota_College_of_Science_and_Engineering_alumni", "University_of_South_Dakota_alumni", "Yale_University_alumni", "Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences", "Foreign_Fellows_of_the_Indian_National_Science_Academy", "Medal_for_Merit_recipients", "Officiers_of_the_Légion_d'honneur", "Mass_spectrometrists", "American_people_of_World_War_II", "Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society", "Members_of_the_Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" ]

[ "Ernest Orlando Lawrence" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the platanna) is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae. Its name is derived from the three short claws on each hind foot, which it uses to tear apart its food. The word Xenopus means 'strange foot' and laevis means 'smooth'.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 314928, 38498, 1451162, 72764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 160 ], [ 161, 165 ], [ 180, 187 ], [ 230, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The species is found throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria and Sudan to South Africa), and in isolated, introduced populations in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. All species of the family Pipidae are tongueless, toothless and completely aquatic. They use their hands to shove food in their mouths and down their throats and a hyobranchial pump to draw or suck things in their mouth. Pipidae have powerful legs for swimming and lunging after food. They also use the claws on their feet to tear pieces of large food. They have no external eardrums, but instead subcutaneous cartilaginous disks that serve the same function. They use their sensitive fingers and sense of smell to find food. Pipidae are scavengers and will eat almost anything living, dying, or dead and any type of organic waste.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27067, 21383, 27421, 17416221, 394815, 25631460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 58 ], [ 60, 67 ], [ 72, 77 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 237, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It As pests, i.e. in Europe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These frogs are plentiful in ponds and rivers within the south-eastern portion of Sub-Saharan Africa. They are aquatic and are often greenish-grey in color. African clawed frogs have been frequently sold as pets, and sometimes incorrectly misidentified as African dwarf frogs. Albino clawed frogs are common and sold as animals for laboratories.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 314928, 3066620, 45105839, 175596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 119 ], [ 257, 275 ], [ 278, 284 ], [ 321, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They reproduce by fertilizing eggs outside of the female's body (see frog reproduction). Of the seven amplexus modes (positions in which frogs mate), these frogs are found breeding in inguinal amplexus, where the male clasps the female in front of the female's back legs and squeezes until eggs come out. The male then sprays sperm over the eggs to fertilize them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 38498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "African clawed frogs are highly adaptable and will lay their eggs whenever conditions allow it. During wet rainy seasons they will travel to other ponds or puddles of water to search for food. During times of drought, the clawed frogs can burrow themselves into the mud, becoming dormant for up to a year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis have been known to survive 15 or more years in the wild and 25–30 years in captivity. They shed their skin every season, and eat their own shed skin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although lacking a vocal sac, the males make a mating call of alternating long and short trills, by contracting the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Females also answer vocally, signaling either acceptance (a rapping sound) or rejection (slow ticking) of the male. This frog has smooth slippery skin which is multicolored on its back with blotches of olive gray or brown. The underside is creamy white with a yellow tinge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 1119697, 19251676, 49375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 28 ], [ 47, 58 ], [ 126, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Male and female frogs can be easily distinguished through the following differences. Male frogs are small and slim, while females are larger and more rotund. Males have black patches on their hands and arms which aid in grabbing onto females during amplexus. Females have a more pronounced cloaca and have hip-like bulges above their rear legs where their eggs are internally located.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Both males and females have a cloaca, which is a chamber through which digestive and urinary wastes pass and through which the reproductive systems also empty. The cloaca empties by way of the vent which in reptiles and amphibians is a single opening for all three systems.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 518211, 20610136, 25409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 36 ], [ 127, 146 ], [ 207, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "African clawed frogs are fully aquatic and will rarely leave the water except to migrate to new water bodies during droughts or other disturbances. Clawed frogs have powerful legs that help them move quickly both underwater and on land. Feral clawed frogs in South Wales have been found to travel up to between locations. The feet of Xenopus species have three black claws on the last three digits. These claws are used to rip apart food and scratch predators.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Behavior", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Clawed frogs are carnivores and will eat both living and dead prey including fish, tadpoles, crustaceans, annelids, arthropods, and more. Clawed frogs will try to consume anything that is able to fit into their mouths. Being aquatic, clawed frogs use their sense of smell and their lateral line to detect prey rather than eyesight like other frogs. However, clawed frogs can still see using their eyes and will stalk prey or watch predators by sticking their heads out of the water. Clawed frogs will dig through substrate to unearth worms and other food. Their tongue is unable to extend like other frogs, so clawed frogs use their hands to grab food and shovel it into their mouths.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Behavior", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These frogs are particularly cannibalistic; the stomach contents of feral clawed frogs in California have revealed large amounts of the frog's larvae. Clawed frog larvae are filter feeders and collect nutrients from plankton, allowing adult frogs that consume the tadpoles to have access to these nutrients. This allows clawed frogs to survive in areas that have little to no other food sources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Behavior", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Clawed frogs are nocturnal and most reproductive activity and feeding occurs after dark. Male clawed frogs are very promiscuous and will grab onto other males and even other species of frogs. Male frogs that are grasped will make release calls and attempt to break free.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Behavior", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If not feeding, clawed frogs will just sit motionless on top of the substrate or floating at the top with their heads sticking out.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Behavior", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The X. laevis liver responds to low temperatures by increasing production of type II iodothyronine deiodinase . This in turn spurs the thyroid to increase T to increase body temperature. (This T increase also induces germ cell apoptosis, mediated through genes left over from tadpole metamorphosis.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Biology", "target_page_ids": [ 15825071, 30078, 467048, 518513, 347613, 2457, 263800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 109 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 155, 156 ], [ 160, 185 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 227, 236 ], [ 276, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The effects of provocation of T hormone release are broadly differentiated by where it starts: If centrally, within the mediobasal hypothalamus, then it stimulates seasonal testicular growth; if peripherally, then testicular regression and cold-season thermogenesis.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Biology", "target_page_ids": [ 58685, 67193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 143 ], [ 173, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These observations are regarded as widely applicable across vertebrate thyroid systems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The lipidomics of Xenopus oocytes has been studied by Tian et al 2014 and Phan et al 2015.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Biology", "target_page_ids": [ 884805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the wild, X. laevis are native to wetlands, ponds, and lakes across arid/semiarid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. X. laevis and X. muelleri occur along the western boundary of the Great African Rift. The people of the sub-Saharan are generally very familiar with this frog, and some cultures use it as a source of protein, an aphrodisiac, or as fertility medicine. Two historic outbreaks of priapism have been linked to consumption of frog legs from frogs that ate insects containing cantharidin.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the wild", "target_page_ids": [ 102024, 27067, 12401286, 2019833, 70705, 1428240, 83896, 164670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 44 ], [ 96, 114 ], [ 130, 141 ], [ 182, 200 ], [ 328, 339 ], [ 347, 365 ], [ 393, 401 ], [ 486, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "X. laevis in the wild are commonly infected by various parasites, including monogeneans in the urinary bladder.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the wild", "target_page_ids": [ 43937, 795379, 32259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 63 ], [ 76, 85 ], [ 95, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus embryos and eggs are a popular model system for a wide variety of biological studies, in part because they have the potential to lay eggs throughout the year. This animal is widely used because of its powerful combination of experimental tractability and close evolutionary relationship with humans, at least compared to many model organisms. For a more comprehensive discussion of the use of these frogs in biomedical research, see Xenopus.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 57547, 57547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 442, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis is also notable for its use in the first widely used method of pregnancy testing. In the 1930s, two South African researchers, Hillel Shapiro and Harry Zwarenstein, students of Lancelot Hogben at the University of Cape Town, discovered that the urine from pregnant women would induce oocyte production in X. laevis within 8–12 hours of injection. This was used as a simple and reliable test up through to the 1960s.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 311410, 58346220, 3094260, 670532, 3938382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 92 ], [ 142, 156 ], [ 192, 207 ], [ 215, 238 ], [ 260, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1940s, Carlos Galli Mainini found in separate studies that male specimens of Xenopus and Bufo could be used to indicate pregnancy Today, commercially available hCG is injected into Xenopus males and females to induce mating behavior and to breed these frogs in captivity at any time of the year.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 300445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus has long been an important tool for in vivo studies in molecular, cell, and developmental biology of vertebrate animals. However, the wide breadth of Xenopus research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from Xenopus are a premier in vitro system for studies of fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology. Thus, Xenopus is the only vertebrate model system that allows for high-throughput in vivo analyses of gene function and high-throughput biochemistry.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus oocytes are a leading system in their own right for studies of various systems, including ion transport and channel physiology. Xanthos et al 2001 uses oocytes to uncover T-box expression earlier than previously found in vertebrates.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 12045475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although X. laevis does not have the short generation time and genetic simplicity generally desired in genetic model organisms, it is an important model organism in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology and neurobiology. X. laevis takes 1 to 2 years to reach sexual maturity and, like most of its genus, it is tetraploid. It does have a large and easily manipulated embryo, however. The ease of manipulation in amphibian embryos has given them an important place in historical and modern developmental biology. A related species, Xenopus tropicalis, is now being promoted as a more viable model for genetics.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 9503180, 19374, 8449, 6339, 30531, 21245, 589516, 62610, 36624, 621, 14654434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 111, 125 ], [ 165, 186 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 202, 212 ], [ 217, 229 ], [ 269, 284 ], [ 320, 330 ], [ 378, 384 ], [ 423, 431 ], [ 543, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roger Wolcott Sperry used X. laevis for his famous experiments describing the development of the visual system. These experiments led to the formulation of the chemoaffinity hypothesis.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 102958, 25626686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 160, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus oocytes provide an important expression system for molecular biology. By injecting DNA or mRNA into the oocyte or developing embryo, scientists can study the protein products in a controlled system. This allows rapid functional expression of manipulated DNAs (or mRNA). This is particularly useful in electrophysiology, where the ease of recording from the oocyte makes expression of membrane channels attractive. One challenge of oocyte work is eliminating native proteins that might confound results, such as membrane channels native to the oocyte. Translation of proteins can be blocked or splicing of pre-mRNA can be modified by injection of Morpholino antisense oligos into the oocyte (for distribution throughout the embryo) or early embryo (for distribution only into daughter cells of the injected cell).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 559288, 19200, 7955, 20232, 7955, 20232, 156940, 559288, 1078762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 14 ], [ 59, 76 ], [ 91, 94 ], [ 98, 102 ], [ 262, 265 ], [ 271, 275 ], [ 309, 326 ], [ 551, 557 ], [ 654, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Extracts from the eggs of X. laevis frogs are also commonly used for biochemical studies of DNA replication and repair, as these extracts fully support DNA replication and other related processes in a cell-free environment which allows easier manipulation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first vertebrate ever to be cloned was an African clawed frog in 1962, an experiment for which Sir John Gurdon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 \"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 1135098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additionally, several African clawed frogs were present on the Space Shuttle Endeavour (which was launched into space on September 12, 1992) so that scientists could test whether reproduction and development could occur normally in zero gravity.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 28240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis also serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis. In fact, iodine and thyroxine stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibians metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 14750, 18455584, 20866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 113 ], [ 118, 127 ], [ 226, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stem cells of this frog were used to create xenobots.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 62833608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early work on sequencing of the X. laevis genome was started when the Wallingford and Marcotte labs obtained funding from the Texas Institute for Drug and Diagnostic Development (TI3D), in conjunction with projects funded by the National Institutes of Health. The work rapidly expanded to include de novo reconstruction of X. laevis transcripts, in collaboration with groups around the world donating Illumina Hi-Seq RNA sequencing datasets. Genome sequencing by the Rokhsar and Harland groups (UC Berkeley) and by Taira and collaborators (University of Tokyo, Japan) gave a major boost to the project, which, with additional contributions from investigators in the Netherlands, Korea, Canada and Australia, led to publication of the genome sequence and its characterization in 2016.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "X. laevis oocytes are often used as an easy model for the artificially induced expression of transgenes. For example, they are commonly used when studying chloroquine resistance produced by specialized transporter mutants. Even so the foreign expression tissue may itself confer some alterations to the expression, and so findings may or may not be entirely identical to native expression: For example, iron has been found by Bakouh et al 2017 to be an important substrate for one such transporter in X. l. oocytes, but iron is merely presumptively involved in native expression of the same gene.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Use in research", "target_page_ids": [ 19374, 159266, 4099290, 1570321, 9497532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 49 ], [ 79, 89 ], [ 93, 102 ], [ 155, 177 ], [ 202, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenbase is the Model Organism Database (MOD) for both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Xenbase hosts the full details and release information regarding the current Xenopus laevis genome (9.1).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Online Model Organism Database", "target_page_ids": [ 22643577, 7637273, 39043, 14654434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 15, 44 ], [ 54, 68 ], [ 73, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis have been kept as pets and research subjects since as early as the 1950s. They are extremely hardy and long lived, having been known to live up to 20 or even 30 years in captivity.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "As pets", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "African clawed frogs are frequently mislabeled as African dwarf frogs in pet stores. Identifiable differences are:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "As pets", "target_page_ids": [ 3066620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dwarf frogs have four webbed feet. African clawed frogs have webbed hind feet while their front feet have autonomous digits.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "As pets", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " African dwarf frogs have eyes positioned on the side of their head, while African clawed frogs have eyes on the top of their heads.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "As pets", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " African clawed frogs have curved, flat snouts. The snout of an African dwarf frog is pointed.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "As pets", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "African clawed frogs are voracious predators and easily adapt to many habitats. For this reason, they can easily become a harmful invasive species. They can travel short distances to other bodies of water, and some have even been documented to survive mild freezes. They have been shown to devastate native populations of frogs and other creatures by eating their young.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "As pests", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003, Xenopus laevis frogs were discovered in a pond at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Much debate now exists in the area on how to exterminate these creatures and keep them from spreading. It is unknown if these frogs entered the San Francisco ecosystem through intentional release or escape into the wild. San Francisco officials drained Lily Pond and fenced off the area to prevent the frogs from escaping to other ponds in the hopes they starve to death.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "As pests", "target_page_ids": [ 49728, 415576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 72 ], [ 75, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to incidents in which these frogs were released and allowed to escape into the wild, African clawed frogs are illegal to own, transport or sell without a permit in the following US states: Arizona, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, Hawaii, Nevada, and Washington state. However, it is legal to own Xenopus laevis in New Brunswick (Canada) and Ohio.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "As pests", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Feral colonies of Xenopus laevis exist in South Wales, United Kingdom. In Yunnan, China there is a population of albino clawed frogs in Lake Kunming, along with another invasive: the American bullfrog. Because this population is albino, it suggests that the clawed frogs originated from the pet trade or a laboratory.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "As pests", "target_page_ids": [ 832809, 31717, 166410, 5405, 1687411, 379202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 53 ], [ 55, 69 ], [ 74, 80 ], [ 82, 87 ], [ 136, 148 ], [ 183, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The African clawed frog may be an important vector and the initial source of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus that has been implicated in the drastic decline in amphibian populations in many parts of the world. Unlike in many other amphibian species (including the closely related western clawed frog) where this chytrid fungus causes the disease Chytridiomycosis, it does not appear to affect the African clawed frog, making it an effective carrier.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "As pests", "target_page_ids": [ 13865571, 5243299, 191163, 379119, 14654434, 2221852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 50 ], [ 77, 107 ], [ 111, 125 ], [ 166, 198 ], [ 297, 316 ], [ 363, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Xenbase A Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis web resource.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The stages of Xenopus embryonic development Adapted from P.D. Nieuwkoop and J. Faber's Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis Keller Explants", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Xenopus laevis recordings", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Xenopus", "Animal_models", "Frogs_of_Africa", "Amphibians_described_in_1802", "Traditional_African_medicine", "Taxa_named_by_François_Marie_Daudin" ]

[ "Xenopus laevis", "xenopus", "African clawed toad", "African claw-toed frog", "platanna" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals. The outer layer is the ectoderm, and the inner layer is the endoderm.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1065882, 222177, 36624, 315458, 315459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 56 ], [ 79, 91 ], [ 110, 135 ], [ 176, 184 ], [ 213, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mesoderm forms mesenchyme, mesothelium, non-epithelial blood cells and coelomocytes. Mesothelium lines coeloms. Mesoderm forms the muscles in a process known as myogenesis, septa (cross-wise partitions) and mesenteries (length-wise partitions); and forms part of the gonads (the rest being the gametes). Myogenesis is specifically a function of mesenchyme.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7131703, 315175, 40422815, 75003, 6026357, 46778930, 83835, 12295, 30876356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ], [ 31, 42 ], [ 75, 86 ], [ 107, 113 ], [ 165, 175 ], [ 211, 222 ], [ 271, 276 ], [ 298, 304 ], [ 349, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mesoderm differentiates from the rest of the embryo through intercellular signaling, after which the mesoderm is polarized by an organizing center. The position of the organizing center is in turn determined by the regions in which beta-catenin is protected from degradation by GSK-3. Beta-catenin acts as a co-factor that alters the activity of the transcription factor tcf-3 from repressing to activating, which initiates the synthesis of gene products critical for mesoderm differentiation and gastrulation. Furthermore, mesoderm has the capability to induce the growth of other structures, such as the neural plate, the precursor to the nervous system.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4109042, 21942008, 26385731, 5602902, 1507044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 87 ], [ 117, 126 ], [ 133, 150 ], [ 236, 248 ], [ 611, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mesoderm is one of the three germinal layers that appears in the third week of embryonic development. It is formed through a process called gastrulation. There are four important components, the axial mesoderm, the paraxial mesoderm, the intermediate mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm. The axial mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. The paraxial mesoderm forms the somitomeres, which give rise to mesenchyme of the head and organize into somites in occipital and caudal segments, and give rise to sclerotomes (cartilage and bone), and dermatomes (subcutaneous tissue of the skin). Signals for somite differentiation are derived from surroundings structures, including the notochord, neural tube and epidermis. The intermediate mesoderm connects the paraxial mesoderm with the lateral plate, eventually it differentiates into urogenital structures consisting of the kidneys, gonads, their associated ducts, and the adrenal glands. The lateral plate mesoderm give rise to the heart, blood vessels and blood cells of the circulatory system as well as to the mesodermal components of the limbs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 36624, 222177, 4781943, 4781927, 4697282, 4781874, 605363, 1557084, 7131703, 1036883, 1036883, 1036883, 605363, 208900, 333119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 105 ], [ 145, 157 ], [ 200, 214 ], [ 220, 237 ], [ 243, 264 ], [ 273, 295 ], [ 334, 343 ], [ 377, 387 ], [ 409, 419 ], [ 450, 456 ], [ 509, 519 ], [ 547, 556 ], [ 684, 693 ], [ 695, 706 ], [ 711, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the mesoderm derivatives include the muscle (smooth, cardiac and skeletal), the muscles of the tongue (occipital somites), the pharyngeal arches muscle (muscles of mastication, muscles of facial expressions), connective tissue, dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin, bone and cartilage, dura mater, endothelium of blood vessels, red blood cells, white blood cells, and microglia, Dentine of teeth, the kidneys and the adrenal cortex.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 27978, 4099, 532570, 48530, 67158, 25164668, 865922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 277 ], [ 279, 283 ], [ 311, 322 ], [ 326, 339 ], [ 341, 356 ], [ 358, 375 ], [ 392, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the third week a process called gastrulation creates a mesodermal layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm. This process begins with formation of a primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. The cells of the layers move between the epiblast and hypoblast and begin to spread laterally and cranially. The cells of the epiblast move toward the primitive streak and slip beneath it in a process called invagination. Some of the migrating cells displace the hypoblast and create the endoderm, and others migrate between the endoderm and the epiblast to create the mesoderm. The remaining cells form the ectoderm. After that, the epiblast and the hypoblast establish contact with the extraembryonic mesoderm until they cover the yolk sac and amnion. They move onto either side of the prechordal plate. The prechordal cells migrate to the midline to form the notochordal plate. The chordamesoderm is the central region of trunk mesoderm. This forms the notochord which induces the formation of the neural tube and establishes the anterior-posterior body axis. The notochord extends beneath the neural tube from the head to the tail. The mesoderm moves to the midline until it covers the notochord, when the mesoderm cells proliferate they form the paraxial mesoderm. In each side, the mesoderm remains thin and is known as the lateral plate. The intermediate mesoderm lies between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 222177, 24277845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 51 ], [ 796, 812 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between days 13 and 15, the proliferation of extraembryonic mesoderm, primitive streak and embryonic mesoderm take place. The notochord process occurs between days 15 and 17. Eventually, the development of the notochord canal and the axial canal takes place between days 17 and 19 when the first three somites are formed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the third week, the paraxial mesoderm is organized into segments. If they appear in the cephalic region and grow with cephalocaudal direction, they are called somitomeres. If they appear in the cephalic region but establish contact with the neural plate, they are known as neuromeres, which later will form the mesenchyme in the head. The somitomeres organize into somites which grow in pairs. In the fourth week the somites lose their organization and cover the notochord and spinal cord to form the backbone. In the fifth week, there are 4 occipital somites, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 8 to 10 coccygeal that will form the axial skeleton. Somitic derivatives are determined by local signaling between adjacent embryonic tissues, in particular the neural tube, notochord, surface ectoderm and the somitic compartments themselves. The correct specification of the deriving tissues, skeletal, cartilage, endothelia and connective tissue is achieved by a sequence of morphogenic changes of the paraxial mesoderm, leading to the three transitory somitic compartments: dermomyotome, myotome and sclerotome. These structures are specified from dorsal to ventral and from medial to lateral. each somite will form its own sclerotome that will differentiate into the tendon cartilage and bone component. Its myotome will form the muscle component and the dermatome that will form the dermis of the back. The myotome and dermatome have a nerve component.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Paraxial mesoderm", "target_page_ids": [ 1043298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Surrounding structures such as the notochord, neural tube, epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm send signals for somite differentiation Notochord protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established. The notochord and the neural tube activate the protein SHH which helps the somite to form its sclerotome. The cells of the sclerotome express the protein PAX1 that induces the cartilage and bone formation. The neural tube activates the protein WNT1 that expresses PAX 2 so the somite creates the myotome and dermatome. Finally, the neural tube also secretes neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), so that the somite creates the dermis. Boundaries for each somite are regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and a combination of FGF8 and WNT3a. So retinoic acid is an endogenous signal that maintains the bilateral synchrony of mesoderm segmentation and controls bilateral symmetry in vertebrates. The bilaterally symmetric body plan of vertebrate embryos is obvious in somites and their derivates such as the vertebral column. Therefore, asymmetric somite formation correlates with a left-right desynchronization of the segmentation oscillations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Molecular regulation of somite differentiation", "target_page_ids": [ 3419656, 3419656, 1148456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 737, 750 ], [ 796, 809 ], [ 911, 929 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many studies with Xenopus and zebrafish have analyzed the factors of this development and how they interact in signaling and transcription. However, there are still some doubts in how the prospective mesodermal cells integrate the various signals they receive and how they regulate their morphogenic behaviours and cell-fate decisions. Human embryonic stem cells for example have the potential to produce all of the cells in the body and they are able to self-renew indefinitely so they can be used for a large-scale production of therapeutic cell lines. They are also able to remodel and contract collagen and were induced to express muscle actin. This shows that these cells are multipotent cells.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Molecular regulation of somite differentiation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The intermediate mesoderm connects the paraxial mesoderm with the lateral plate and differentiates into urogenital structures. In upper thoracic and cervical regions this forms the nephrotomes, and in caudally regions this forms the nephrogenic cord. It also helps to develop the excretory units of the urinary system and the gonads.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Intermediate mesoderm", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The lateral plate mesoderm splits into parietal (somatic) and visceral (splanchnic) layers. The formation of these layers starts with the appearance of intercellular cavities. The somatic layer depends on a continuous layer with mesoderm that covers the amnion. The splanchnic depends on a continuous layer that covers the yolk sac. The two layers cover the intraembryonic cavity. The parietal layer together with overlying ectoderm forms the lateral body wall folds. The visceral layer forms the walls of the gut tube. Mesoderm cells of the parietal layer form the mesothelial membranes or serous membranes which line the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lateral plate mesoderm", "target_page_ids": [ 4781874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Histogenesis", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2051700 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Organogenesis", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1184860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Triploblastic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1227265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of human cell types derived from the germ layers", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 56864216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] } ]

[ "Mesoderm", "Germ_layers", "Developmental_biology", "Embryology", "Gastrulation" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Peter Halsten Thorkelson (February 13, 1942– February 21, 2019), better known by his stage name Peter Tork, was an American musician and actor. He was best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees and a co-star of the TV series The Monkees (1966–1968).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31417, 18152644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 214 ], [ 246, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork grew up in Connecticut and in the mid-1960s as part of the Greenwich Village folk scene in New York City, he befriended musician Stephen Stills. After moving to Los Angeles with Stills, he auditioned for a new musical television sitcom, The Monkees. The series ran from 1966 to 1968 and made Tork and his co-stars teen idols. In addition to albums released with the band, Tork released one solo album, Stranger Things Have Happened (1994), and later toured with James Lee Stanley as well as his band, Shoe Suede Blues.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8928146, 173637, 18152644, 21572404, 19335774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 92 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 242, 253 ], [ 407, 436 ], [ 467, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital in Washington, D.C., in 1942, though many news articles incorrectly report him as having been born in 1944 in New York City—the date and location listed in early press releases for The Monkees television show. He was the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut. His paternal grandfather was of Norwegian descent, while his mother was of half German Jewish and half Irish ancestry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 108956, 239846, 1263527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 64 ], [ 359, 384 ], [ 466, 479 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork began studying piano at the age of nine, showing an aptitude for music by learning to play several different instruments, including the banjo, acoustic bass, and guitar. He attended Windham High School in Willimantic, Connecticut, and was a member of the first graduating class at E. O. Smith High School in Storrs, Connecticut. He attended Carleton College before he moved to New York City, where he became part of the folk music scene in Greenwich Village during the first half of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians, such as Stephen Stills.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 3846, 319204, 6231032, 108880, 1492782, 108855, 209157, 10623, 13011, 173637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 146 ], [ 148, 161 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 210, 234 ], [ 286, 309 ], [ 313, 332 ], [ 346, 362 ], [ 425, 435 ], [ 445, 462 ], [ 565, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork's band the Monkees was a pop band of the mid-1960s created for a television sitcom. Tork was the oldest member of the band. Stills had auditioned but was rejected because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth were not photogenic. When Stills was asked if he knew of someone with a similar \"open, Nordic look\", Stills recommended Tork.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 24624, 20913980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 38 ], [ 81, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork was a proficient musician before he joined the Monkees. Though other members of the band were not allowed to play their instruments on their first two albums, he played what he described as \"third chair guitar\" on Michael Nesmith's song \"Papa Gene's Blues\" on their first album. He subsequently played keyboard, bass guitar, banjo, harpsichord, and other instruments on the band's recordings. He co-wrote, along with Joey Richards, the closing theme song of the second season of The Monkees, \"For Pete's Sake\". On the show, he was relegated to acting as the \"lovable dummy\", a persona he had developed as a folk singer in Greenwich Village.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 20993, 14312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 234 ], [ 337, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The DVD release of the first season of the show contains commentary from various band members. In it, Nesmith states that Tork was better at playing guitar than bass. Tork commented that Davy Jones was a good drummer, and had the live performance lineups been based solely on playing ability, it should have been him on guitar, Nesmith on bass, and Jones on drums, with Micky Dolenz taking the fronting role (instead of Nesmith on guitar, Tork on bass, and Dolenz on drums). Jones filled in briefly for Tork on bass when he played keyboard.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 9141, 37891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 197 ], [ 370, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recording and producing as a group was Tork's main interest, and he hoped that the four members would continue working together as a band on future recordings. However, the four did not have enough in common regarding their musical interests. In his commentary for the DVD release of the second season of the show, Tork said that Dolenz was \"incapable of repeating a triumph\". Dolenz felt that once he had accomplished something and became a success at it, there was no artistic sense in repeating a formula.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1967, free from Don Kirshner's restrictions, Tork contributed instrumental flourishes, such as the piano introduction to \"Daydream Believer\" and the banjo part on \"You Told Me\", as well as exploring occasional songwriting with the likes of \"For Pete's Sake\" and \"Lady's Baby\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 1313479, 3904821, 2098872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 31 ], [ 125, 142 ], [ 167, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork was close to his maternal grandmother, Catherine McGuire Straus, staying with her sometimes during his Greenwich Village days and after he became a Monkee. \"Grams\" was one of his most ardent supporters and managed his fan club, often writing personal letters to members and visiting music stores to make sure they carried Monkees records.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 579134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six albums were produced with the original Monkees lineup, four of which reached No.1 on the Billboard chart. This success was supplemented by two years of the television program, a series of successful concert tours across America and abroad, and a trippy psychedelic movie, Head, which is considered by some to have been ahead of its time. However, tensions, both musical and personal, were increasing within the group. The band finished a Far East tour in October 1968 (where Tork's copy of Naked Lunch was confiscated by Australian Customs) and then filmed an NBC television special, 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee, which rehashed many of the ideas from Head.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 18309966, 693163, 265114, 7730808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 102 ], [ 276, 280 ], [ 494, 505 ], [ 588, 614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No longer getting the group dynamic he wanted, and pleading \"exhaustion\" from the grueling schedule, Tork bought out the remaining four years of his contract for $160,000, leaving him with little income. In the DVD commentary for the 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee TV special – originally broadcast April 14, 1969 – Dolenz noted that Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going-away present, with the engraving \"From the guys down at work.\" Jones noted at the time that \"Peter's soul left us two and a half years ago. He was a banjo player from Greenwich Village who was made into an actor and finally decided that he didn't want to be a Marx Brother forever. His heart was back in the Village, that's all.\" Dolenz reflected on Tork's departure, saying, \"Three of us more or less play ourselves in the series. The odd one out is Peter Tork. Offstage he's a real serious guy who thinks a lot about things like religion and problems in the world. But in the show, he throws off all that and becomes a dumb-but-likable character who is always doing the wrong thing at the wrong time. He kind of moons around with a lovesick expression on his face — not like the real Peter Tork at all.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 19669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 632, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During a trip to London in December 1967, Tork contributed banjo to George Harrison's soundtrack to the 1968 film Wonderwall. His playing was featured in the movie, but not on the official Wonderwall Music soundtrack album released in November 1968. Tork's brief five-string banjo piece can be heard 16 minutes into the film, as Professor Collins is caught by his mother while spying on his neighbor Penny Lane.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 12731, 2442231, 1426397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 83 ], [ 114, 124 ], [ 189, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork went solo with a group called Peter Tork And/Or Release with then-girlfriend Reine Stewart on drums (she had played drums on part of 33⅓Revolutions Per Monkee), Riley \"Wyldflower\" Cummings (formerly of the Gentle Soul) on bass and – sometimes – singer/keyboard player Judy Mayhan. Tork said in April 1969, \"We sometimes have four. We're thinking of having a rotating fourth. Right now, the fourth is that girl I'm promoting named Judy Mayhan.\" \"We're like Peter's backup band\", added Stewart, \"except we happen to be a group instead of a backup band.\" Release hoped to have a record out immediately, and Tork said that they did record some demos that he may still have stored away somewhere. According to Stewart, the band was supposed to go to Muscle Shoals as the backing band for Mayhan's Atlantic Records solo album Moments (1970), but they were ultimately replaced. They mainly played parties for their \"in\" friends, and one of their songs was considered for the soundtrack to Easy Rider, but the producers – who had also produced Head – eventually decided not to include it. The Release could not secure a record contract, and by 1970, Tork was once again a solo artist. As he later recalled, \"I didn't know how to stick to it. I ran out of money and told the band members, 'I can't support us as a crew anymore, you'll just have to find your own way.'\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 7432839, 59610, 73444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 750, 763 ], [ 797, 813 ], [ 987, 997 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork's record and movie production entity, the Breakthrough Influence Company (BRINCO), also failed to launch, despite such talent as future Little Feat guitarist Lowell George. He sold his house in 1970, and he and a pregnant Reine Stewart moved into the basement of David Crosby's home. Tork was credited with co-arranging a Dolenz solo single on MGM Records in 1971 (\"Easy on You\" backed with \"Oh Someone\"). An arrest and conviction for possession of hashish resulted in three months in an Oklahoma penitentiary in 1972. He moved to Fairfax in Marin County, California, in the early 1970s, where he joined the 35-voice Fairfax Street Choir and played guitar for a shuffle blues band called Osceola. Tork returned to southern California in the mid-1970s, where he married, had a son, and took a job teaching at Pacific Hills School in West Hollywood for a year and a half. He spent a total of three years as a teacher of music, social studies, math, French and history, and coached baseball at several schools.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 784611, 764709, 241167, 328038, 14415, 107721, 82017, 252335, 10065784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 152 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 268, 280 ], [ 349, 360 ], [ 454, 461 ], [ 536, 543 ], [ 547, 559 ], [ 693, 700 ], [ 813, 833 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 4, 1976, Tork joined Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart onstage at Disneyland for a guest appearance during their concert tour. Later that year, he reunited with Jones and Dolenz in the studio for the recording of the single \"Christmas Is My Time of Year\" backed with \"White Christmas\", which saw a limited release for fan club members that holiday season.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 20591286, 15937788, 59120176, 2817215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 56 ], [ 68, 78 ], [ 227, 255 ], [ 270, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1982 and 1985 Micky and Peter came on the Howard Stern afternoon show on WNBC to play Mystery Guest, Peter played Inventions in F Major on a casio keyboard.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [ 113348, 30870570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 62 ], [ 149, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork returned to the film world in 2017 in the horror movie I Filmed Your Death, written and directed by Sam Bahre.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-Monkees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A chance meeting with Sire Records executive Pat Horgan at the Bottom Line in New York City led to Tork recording a six-song demo, his first recording in many years. Recorded in summer 1980, it featured Tork, who sang and played rhythm guitar, keyboards, and banjo. He was backed by Southern rock band Cottonmouth, led by guitarist/singer/songwriter Johnny Pontiff, featuring Gerard Trahan on guitar, keyboards, and vocals, Gene Pyle on bass guitar and vocals, and Gary Hille on percussion.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sire Records", "target_page_ids": [ 625815, 3588751, 163211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 63, 74 ], [ 283, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With George Dispigno as an engineer, Horgan produced the six tracks, which included two Monkees covers, \"Shades of Gray\" and \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\". The four other tracks were \"Good Looker\", \"Since You Went Away\" (which appeared on the Monkees' 1987 album Pool It!), \"Higher and Higher\", and \"Hi Hi Babe\". Also present at the sessions were Joan Jett, Chrissie Hynde, and Tommy Ramone. The tracks were recorded at Blue Horizon House at 165 West 74th Street, home of Sire Records, but Seymour Stein, president of Sire, rejected the demo, stating \"there's nothing there\". Tork recorded the second set of demos in New York City, but little is known about these recordings, other than one track was another version of \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" featuring an unknown rock band and a violin solo.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sire Records", "target_page_ids": [ 6528941, 15947536, 2336793, 7829011, 359520, 411839, 990784, 2435749, 15947536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 119 ], [ 126, 148 ], [ 258, 266 ], [ 270, 287 ], [ 342, 351 ], [ 353, 367 ], [ 373, 385 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 716, 738 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this time, Tork appeared regularly on The Uncle Floyd Show, broadcast on U-68 out of New Jersey. He performed comedy bits and lip-synced the Sire recordings. Floyd claimed Tork was the \"first real star\" to appear on the show. (Later, Davy Jones, the Ramones, Shrapnel, and others would follow in his footsteps.)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sire Records", "target_page_ids": [ 1005735, 32216781, 43047531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 65 ], [ 257, 264 ], [ 266, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981, Tork released the single \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" (backed with \"Higher and Higher\") with the New Monks. He also did some club performances and live television appearances, including taking part in a \"Win a Date With Peter Tork\" bit on Late Night with David Letterman in July 1982.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sire Records", "target_page_ids": [ 10347210, 19148869, 99954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 64 ], [ 80, 97 ], [ 251, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986, after a 1985 tour with Jones in Australia, Tork rejoined fellow Monkees Jones and Dolenz for a highly successful 20th-anniversary reunion tour (Nesmith was not available for a reunion). Tork and Dolenz recorded three new songs for a greatest hits release. The three Monkees recorded Pool It! the following year. A decade later, all four group members recorded Justus, the first studio album with the full group lineup since 1968; it would be another 19 years until that happened again, with the release of Good Times!. The quartet performed live in the United Kingdom in 1997, but for several years following, only the trio of Tork, Dolenz, and Jones toured together. The trio of Monkees parted ways in 2001 following a public feud, then reunited in 2011 for a series of 45th-anniversary concerts in England and the United States.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 2336793, 2637307, 50358668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 292, 300 ], [ 369, 375 ], [ 515, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1986, Tork had intermittently toured with his former bandmates and also played with his bands, the Peter Tork Project and Shoe Suede Blues. In 1991, he formed a band called the Dashboard Saints and played at a pizza restaurant in Guerneville, California. In 1994, he released his first album-length solo project, Stranger Things Have Happened, which featured brief appearances by Dolenz and Nesmith. In 1996, he collaborated on an album called Two Man Band with James Lee Stanley. The duo followed up in 2001 with a second release, Once Again.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 108235, 21572404, 19335774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 259 ], [ 319, 348 ], [ 468, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, Tork took time out from touring to appear in a leading role in the short film Mixed Signals, written and directed by John Graziano.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, Tork resumed working with his band Shoe Suede Blues. The band performed original blues music, Monkees' covers (including blues versions), covers of classic blues hits by greats such as Muddy Waters, and shared the stage with bands such as Captain Zig. The band toured extensively in 2006-2007 following the release of the album Cambria Hotel.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 61855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork also had a pair of appearances in the role of Topanga Lawrence's father Jedidiah Lawrence on the sitcom Boy Meets World. In his second appearance in 1995, he joined Jones and Dolenz in Season 3, Episode 8 (\"Rave On\"), although they did not appear as the Monkees. Tork was again cast as Jedidiah Lawrence, while Jones was Reginald Fairfield, and Dolenz's character was Gordy. At the program's climax, the three took the stage together to perform the Buddy Holly song \"Not Fade Away\" and the Temptations' \"My Girl\". As an inside joke, actor Dave Madden (best known as band manager Reuben Kincaid on The Partridge Family), cameoed as a manager who appeared, wanting to manage the \"new\" group, telling them that they \"could be bigger than the Beatles.\" Purportedly, both Nesmith and Pattie Boyd (former wife of Beatle George Harrison) attended the taping.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 7173483, 87835, 4408, 1215367, 147645, 1417321, 2710807, 88582, 29812, 825643, 12731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 109, 124 ], [ 455, 466 ], [ 473, 486 ], [ 492, 507 ], [ 510, 517 ], [ 545, 556 ], [ 603, 623 ], [ 741, 752 ], [ 785, 796 ], [ 820, 835 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork was also a guest character on 7th Heaven. In 1995, he appeared as himself on the show Wings, bidding against Crystal Bernard's character for the Monkeemobile. In 1999, he appeared as the leader of a wedding band in The King of Queens in Season 1, Episode 13 (\"Best Man\").", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 324081, 308751, 994198, 4979588, 240936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 45 ], [ 91, 96 ], [ 114, 129 ], [ 150, 162 ], [ 220, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 2008, Tork wrote an online advice and info column called \"Ask Peter Tork\" for the webzine The Daily Panic.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, he joined Dolenz and Jones for The 45th Anniversary Tour in 2011.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Tork joined Dolenz and Nesmith on a Monkees tour in honor of the 45th anniversary of their album Headquarters, as well as in tribute to the late Jones. The trio would tour again in 2013 and 2014. In 2016, Tork toured with Dolenz as the Monkees, in what would be his final tour before his death in 2019. Nesmith also played at some of the concerts.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In later life, Tork resided in Mansfield, Connecticut. He was married four times, with marriages to Jody Babb, Reine Stewart, and Barbara Iannoli, all ending in divorce. From 2014 until his death, he was married to Pamela Grapes. He had three children: a daughter, Hallie, with Stewart; a son, Ivan, with Iannoli; and another daughter, Erica, from a previous relationship with Tammy Sestak. As an adult, Tork was thought to have Asperger syndrome.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 108849, 37556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 53 ], [ 429, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 3, 2009, Tork reported on his website that he had been diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare, slow-growing form of head and neck cancer. A preliminary biopsy showed that cancer had not spread beyond the initial site. \"It's a bad news/good news situation,\" explained Tork. \"It's so rare a combination (on the tongue) that there isn't a lot of experience among the medical community about this particular combination. On the other hand, the type of cancer it is, never mind the location, is somewhat well known, and the prognosis, I'm told, is good.\" Tork underwent radiation therapy to prevent the cancer from returning.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1300916, 729500, 26350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 103 ], [ 134, 154 ], [ 583, 600 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 4, 2009, Tork underwent surgery in New York City. On June 11, 2009, a spokesman for Tork reported that his cancer had returned. Tork was reportedly \"shaken but not stirred\" by the news and said that the doctors had given him an 80% chance of containing and shrinking the new tumor.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2009, while undergoing radiation therapy, he was interviewed by The Washington Post: \"I recovered very quickly after my surgery, and I've been hoping that my better-than-average constitution will keep the worst effects of radiation at bay. My voice and energy still seem to be in decent shape, so maybe I can pull these gigs off after all.\" He continued to tour and perform while receiving his treatments.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 102226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tork documented his cancer experience on Facebook and encouraged his fans to support research efforts of the Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Research Foundation. His cancer returned in 2018, and he died at his home in Mansfield, Connecticut, on February 21, 2019, a decade after his diagnosis.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 7529378, 108849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 49 ], [ 211, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nesmith made the following statement:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nesmith later commented on his often difficult relationship with Tork. \"I never liked Peter, he never liked me. So we had an uneasy truce between the two of us. As clear as I could tell, among his peers he was very well liked. But we rarely had a civil word to say to each other\", Nesmith admitted. When he learned of Tork's death, \"I broke into tears. What are you going to do?\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dolenz expressed his grief via Twitter, saying \"There are no words right now...heartbroken over the loss of my Monkee brother, Peter Tork.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Songs written or co-written by Tork include the following:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "with The Monkees", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Band 6\" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [ 37891, 9141, 20993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 28 ], [ 30, 40 ], [ 42, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"For Pete's Sake\" (with Joey Richards)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [ 2098872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Zilch\" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"No Time\" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith); credited to Hank Cicalo", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Peter Percival Patterson's Pet Pig Porky\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Goin' Down\" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, Diane Hildebrand)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Can You Dig It?\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Long Title: Do I Have To Do This All Over Again?”", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Lady's Baby\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Tear the Top Right Off My Head\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Gettin' In\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Merry Go Round\" (with Diane Hildebrand)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Run Away From Life\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"I Believe You\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Mister Bob\" (Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork, Eric Van Den Brink), on the album Nick Vernier Band Sessions", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [ 37891, 9141, 20993, 25917757, 27137733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 29, 39 ], [ 41, 56 ], [ 70, 88 ], [ 104, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Little Girl\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "with James Lee Stanley", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Hi Babe\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Easy Rider\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "with Shoe Suede Blues", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Ain't Your Fault\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Solo", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Get What You Pay For\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Sea Change (Take Me Down)”", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Miracle\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Tender Is\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"God Given Grant\" (with Tork's brother, Nick Thorkelson)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Song list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Solo:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stranger Things Have Happened (1994)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 21572404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the Monkees:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Monkees (1966)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2329088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " More of the Monkees (1967)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2328726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Headquarters (1967)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2098872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. (1967)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1024253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees (1968)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2343300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Head (1968)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2343438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pool It! (1987)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2336793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Justus (1996)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2637307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Good Times! (2016)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 50358668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Christmas Party (2018)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 58546438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With James Lee Stanley:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 19335774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Two Man Band (1996)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 66520968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Once Again (2001)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 66546437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Live/Backstage at the Coffee Gallery (2006)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 66555785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Shoe Suede Blues:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hands Down (2000 fan club only)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Saved by the Blues (2003)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cambria Hotel (2007)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Step By Step (2013)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Relax Your Mind: Honoring the Music of Lead Belly (2018)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Tork interview from The Zone Magazine February 2008", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ask Peter Tork", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Tork Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2009)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1942_births", "2019_deaths", "American_banjoists", "American_keyboardists", "American_male_bass_guitarists", "American_male_film_actors", "American_male_guitarists", "American_male_pianists", "American_male_singer-songwriters", "American_multi-instrumentalists", "American_rock_bass_guitarists", "American_rock_guitarists", "American_rock_songwriters", "American_rock_singers", "American_people_convicted_of_drug_offenses", "American_people_of_Norwegian_descent", "American_people_of_German-Jewish_descent", "American_male_television_actors", "Carleton_College_alumni", "Deaths_from_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_Connecticut", "Guitarists_from_Washington,_D.C.", "The_Monkees_members", "People_from_Fairfax,_California", "People_from_Willimantic,_Connecticut", "People_with_Asperger_syndrome", "20th-century_American_guitarists", "20th-century_American_pianists", "Singer-songwriters_from_Connecticut", "Singer-songwriters_from_Washington,_D.C.", "Singer-songwriters_from_California" ]

[ "Peter Halsten Thorkelson" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) is a research organization at the University of Colorado Boulder. LASP is a research institute with over one hundred research scientists ranging in fields from solar influences, to Earth's and other planetary atmospherics processes, space weather, space plasma and dusty plasma physics. LASP has advanced technical capabilities specializing in designing, building, and operating spacecraft and spacecraft instruments.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 289672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Founded after World War II, the first scientific instruments built at LASP were launched into space using captured German V-2 rockets. To this day LASP continues a suborbital rocket program through periodic calibration instrument flights from White Sands Missile Range. It was originally called the Upper Air Laboratory, but changed to its current name in 1965. LASP has historical ties to Ball Aerospace Corporation and the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 474592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 390, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LASP has two main facilities located in the University of Colorado Boulder Research Park: the LASP Space Technology Research Center (LSTR) and Space Science (SPSC). Two additional facilities - Astrophysical Research Lab (ARL) and Space Learning Lab (SLL/NPL) - are also part of LASP.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LASP's new facilities allow it to handle almost every aspect of space missions, itself. Hardware facilities allow for the construction of single instruments or entire spacecraft. A Mission Operations Center allows for the control of spacecraft data collection, and a large research staff analyzes the data.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 77178, 37910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 77 ], [ 167, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Being part of the University, LASP has heavy student involvement in every aspect of its operations, including science, hardware design / construction and mission operations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LASP supports the following spacecraft and instruments:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 66515110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cassini-Huygens Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 67941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Solar/Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 706953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 50946940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 2725411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 1989009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quick Scatterometer Mission (QuikSCAT)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 3465350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) Solar EUV Experiment (SEE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 1248472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " MESSENGER (Mercury: Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, Ranging) Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 451839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " New Horizons Student Dust Counter (SDC)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 390905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 5306982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kepler Space Observatory", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 849815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) EUV Variability Experiment (EVE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 3909680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Glory Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 11292731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 9387801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment (CSSWE) CubeSat with REPT integrated little experiment (REPTile) ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 34484004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 15602873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " MAVEN - Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 19335567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission - MMS", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 16880508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) CubeSat", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 50993511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Total Solar Irradiance Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " GOES-R Extreme Ultra Violet and X-Ray Irradiance Sensors ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 82915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Global-scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD), a hosted payload on the SES-14 TV satellite.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 39388728, 2415553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ], [ 76, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mars Hope, Martian orbiter sponsored by the United Arab Emirates", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Satellites and instruments", "target_page_ids": [ 49079379, 69328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 45, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4014614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IDL (programming language)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 512587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LASP official website", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmosphere Studies", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "University_of_Colorado_Boulder" ]

[ "LASP Space Technology Research Center", "LASP", "Upper Air Laboratory" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Robert Sanderson Mulliken (June 7, 1896 October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory, i.e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules. Mulliken received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966 and the Priestley Medal in 1983.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23269, 5636, 589303, 19614, 19555, 21201, 1716693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 85 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 150, 174 ], [ 204, 221 ], [ 259, 267 ], [ 293, 304 ], [ 334, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Mulliken was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. His father, Samuel Parsons Mulliken, was a professor of organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As a child, Robert Mulliken learned the name and botanical classification of plants and, in general, had an excellent, but selective, memory. For example, he learned German well enough to skip the course in scientific German in college, but could not remember the name of his high school German teacher. He also made the acquaintance, while still a child, of the physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 116755, 22208, 18879, 4183, 11884, 761886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 54 ], [ 112, 129 ], [ 137, 174 ], [ 225, 234 ], [ 342, 348 ], [ 556, 573 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mulliken helped with some of the editorial work when his father wrote his four-volume text on organic compound identification, and thus became an expert on organic chemical nomenclature.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 514402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In high school in Newburyport, Mulliken followed a scientific curriculum. He graduated in 1913 and succeeded in getting a scholarship to MIT which had earlier been won by his father. Like his father, he majored in chemistry. Already as an undergraduate, he conducted his first publishable research: on the synthesis of organic chlorides. Because he was unsure of his future direction, he included some chemical engineering courses in his curriculum and spent a summer touring chemical plants in Massachusetts and Maine. He received his B. S. degree in chemistry from MIT in 1917.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 5180, 6038, 1645518, 19977, 21068988, 167241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 223 ], [ 402, 422 ], [ 495, 508 ], [ 513, 518 ], [ 536, 541 ], [ 542, 548 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At this time, the United States had just entered World War I, and Mulliken took a position at American University in Washington, D.C., making poison gas under James B. Conant. After nine months, he was drafted into the Army's Chemical Warfare Service, but continued on the same task. His laboratory techniques left much to be desired, and he was out of service for months with burns. Later he contracted a bad case of influenza, and was still hospitalized at war's end.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 4764461, 80734, 108956, 355000, 9047249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 31 ], [ 49, 60 ], [ 94, 113 ], [ 117, 133 ], [ 159, 174 ], [ 226, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the war, he took a job investigating the effects of zinc oxide and carbon black on rubber, but quickly decided that this was not the kind of chemistry he wanted to pursue. Hence, in 1919 he entered the Ph.D. program at the University of Chicago.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 515339, 860987, 38393, 32127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 68 ], [ 73, 85 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 229, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mulliken got his doctorate in 1921 based on research into the separation of isotopes of mercury by evaporation, and continued in his isotope separation by this method. While at Chicago, he took a course under the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert A. Millikan, which exposed him to the old quantum theory. He also became interested in strange molecules after exposure to work by Hermann I. Schlesinger on diborane.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 19600416, 18617142, 10303, 6886, 52497, 49008, 1188104, 8418529, 241810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 83 ], [ 88, 95 ], [ 99, 110 ], [ 177, 184 ], [ 213, 242 ], [ 243, 261 ], [ 288, 306 ], [ 381, 403 ], [ 407, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At Chicago, he had received a grant from the National Research Council (NRC) which had paid for much of his work on isotope separation. The NRC grant was extended in 1923 for two years so he could study isotope effects on band spectra of such diatomic molecules as boron nitride (BN) (comparing molecules with B10 and B11). He went to Harvard University to learn spectrographic technique from Frederick A. Saunders and quantum theory from E. C. Kemble. At the time, he was able to associate with J. Robert Oppenheimer and many future Nobel laureates, including John H. Van Vleck and Harold C. Urey. He also met John C. Slater, who had worked with Niels Bohr.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 37635, 18426501, 9332649, 39034, 396703, 453578, 405835, 21210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 70 ], [ 335, 353 ], [ 439, 451 ], [ 496, 517 ], [ 561, 578 ], [ 583, 597 ], [ 611, 625 ], [ 647, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A. M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, and Walther Bothe (all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes) and Friedrich Hund, who was at the time Born's assistant. They all, as well as Wolfgang Pauli, were developing the new quantum mechanics that would eventually supersede the old quantum theory. Mulliken was particularly influenced by Hund, who had been working on quantum interpretation of band spectra of diatomic molecules, the same spectra which Mulliken had investigated at Harvard. In 1927 Mulliken worked with Hund and as a result developed his molecular orbital theory, in which electrons are assigned to states that extend over an entire molecule. In consequence, molecular orbital theory was also referred to as the Hund-Mulliken theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 9942, 24742, 33130, 50165, 61866, 358425, 322104, 33972, 25202, 19614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 135 ], [ 137, 153 ], [ 155, 172 ], [ 174, 190 ], [ 192, 200 ], [ 206, 219 ], [ 271, 285 ], [ 346, 360 ], [ 386, 403 ], [ 717, 734 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1926 to 1928, he taught in the physics department at New York University (NYU). This was his first recognition as a physicist. Though his work had been considered important by chemists, it clearly was on the borderline between the two sciences and both would claim him from this point on. Then he returned to the University of Chicago as an associate professor of physics, being promoted to full professor in 1931. He ultimately held a position jointly in both the physics and chemistry departments. At both NYU and Chicago, he continued to refine his molecular-orbital theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 22939, 7954455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ], [ 58, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the electronic structure of molecules was based on a calculation by Walter Heitler and Fritz London on the hydrogen molecule (H2) in 1927. With the conception of hybridized atomic orbitals by John C. Slater and Linus Pauling, which rationalized observed molecular geometries, the method was based on the premise that the bonds in any molecule could be described in a manner similar to the bond in H2, namely, as overlapping atomic orbitals centered on the atoms involved. Since it corresponded to chemists' ideas of localized bonds between pairs of atoms, this method (called the Valence-Bond (VB) or Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling (HLSP) method), was very popular. In attempting to calculate the properties of excited states (molecules that have been excited by an energy source), the VB method does not always work well. With its description of the electron wave functions in molecules as delocalized molecular orbitals that possess the same symmetry as the molecule, Hund and Mulliken's molecular-orbital method, including contributions by John Lennard-Jones, proved to be more flexible and applicable to a vast variety of types of molecules and molecular fragments, and has eclipsed the valence-bond method. As a result of this development, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 212616, 2286435, 529590, 13255, 405835, 37342, 5993, 227618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 71 ], [ 115, 129 ], [ 134, 146 ], [ 154, 162 ], [ 239, 253 ], [ 258, 271 ], [ 368, 373 ], [ 1090, 1108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mulliken became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1936, the youngest member in the organization's history at the time. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRs) in 1967.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 46510, 41331366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 60 ], [ 150, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mulliken population analysis is named after him, a method of assigning charges to atoms in a molecule.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 2327478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On December 24, 1929, he married Mary Helen von Noé, daughter of Adolf Carl Noé, a geology professor at the University of Chicago. They had two daughters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 34500141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1934, he derived a new scale for measuring the electronegativity of elements. This does not entirely correlate with the scale of Linus Pauling, but is generally in close correspondence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 9707, 37342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 132, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In World War II, from 1942 to 1945, Mulliken directed the Information Office for the University of Chicago's Plutonium project. Afterward, he developed mathematical formulas to enable the progress of the molecular-orbital theory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 7987684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 109, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1952 he began to apply quantum mechanics to the analysis of the reaction between Lewis acid and base molecules. (See Acid-base reaction theories.) He became Distinguished Professor of Physics and Chemistry in 1961 and continued in his studies of molecular structure and spectra, ranging from diatomic molecules to large complex aggregates. In 1981, Mulliken became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1983, Mulliken received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He retired in 1985. His wife died in 1975.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 25202, 13017, 656, 140459, 19555, 3038, 996278, 27752, 40285886, 5041317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ], [ 84, 89 ], [ 90, 94 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 104, 112 ], [ 120, 147 ], [ 249, 268 ], [ 273, 280 ], [ 393, 415 ], [ 474, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the age of 90, Mulliken died of congestive heart failure at his daughter's home in Arlington, Virginia on October 31, 1986. His body was returned to Chicago for burial.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Later years", "target_page_ids": [ 91363, 6886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 105 ], [ 152, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mulliken symbols", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11022873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adiabatic electron transfer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 63340505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bonding molecular orbital", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 56853150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Delta bond", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1560117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Halogen bond", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14350687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Walsh diagram", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25420967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "R. Stephen Berry, Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 78: Robert Sanderson Mulliken, 1896-1986 (Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press, 2000), pages 146–165. Available on-line at: .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Key Participants: Robert Mulliken - Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken Papers 1908-1985 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken Scientific Offprints Collection ca. 1930s-1985 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1896_births", "1986_deaths", "20th-century_American_physicists", "American_Nobel_laureates", "Harvard_University_alumni", "Foreign_Members_of_the_Royal_Society", "Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society", "Members_of_the_International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science", "Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science_alumni", "Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry", "People_from_Newburyport,_Massachusetts", "American_people_of_German_descent", "American_physical_chemists", "University_of_Chicago_alumni", "Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council", "University_of_Chicago_faculty", "New_York_University_faculty" ]

[ "Robert Sanderson Mulliken" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS), created on August 7, 1961, by President John F. Kennedy, encompasses on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts. It includes ponds, woods and beachfront of the Atlantic coastal pine barrens ecoregion. The CCNS includes nearly of seashore along the Atlantic-facing eastern shore of Cape Cod, in the towns of Provincetown, Truro, Wellfleet, Eastham, Orleans and Chatham. It is administered by the National Park Service.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 5119376, 38743, 1645518, 2026530, 45383, 39052, 116668, 39058, 116647, 259385, 259379, 161535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 78 ], [ 79, 94 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 125, 138 ], [ 187, 216 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 336, 348 ], [ 350, 355 ], [ 357, 366 ], [ 368, 375 ], [ 377, 384 ], [ 389, 396 ], [ 424, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notable sites encompassed by the CCNS include Marconi Station (site of the first two-way transatlantic radio transmission), the Highlands Center for the Arts (formerly the North Truro Air Force Station), the Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District (a 1,950-acre historic district containing dune shacks and the dune environment), and the glacial erratic known as Doane Rock.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [ 17935031, 15923650, 40905790, 871712, 5639391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ], [ 172, 201 ], [ 208, 257 ], [ 348, 363 ], [ 373, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A former United States Coast Guard station on the ocean in Truro is now operated as a 42-bed youth hostel by Hostelling International USA.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [ 32223, 233996, 748012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 34 ], [ 93, 105 ], [ 109, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several paved bike trails:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nauset Bike Trail—Eastham", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Head of the Meadow Trail—Truro", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Province Lands Trails—Provincetown", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are several excellent beaches along the coastline with public facilities available seasonally. These include Race Point Beach in Provincetown and Coast Guard Beach in Eastham. Both of these have made \"top beaches in the US\" lists over the years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Places of interest", "target_page_ids": [ 9516374, 56906126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 131 ], [ 152, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As part of the NPS Centennial Initiative, the Herring River estuary will be restored to its natural state through removal of dikes and drains that date back to 1909.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Restoration and conservation efforts", "target_page_ids": [ 44115328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, the North of Highland Campground was protected with a conservation easement. The Trust for Public Land, the Association to Preserve Cape Cod, the Truro Conservation Trust, and other groups led a grassroots campaign to support the funding for the purchase price of the conservation easement from the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), secured by U.S. Senator John Kerry, U.S. Representative Bill Delahunt, and former Senator Ted Kennedy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Restoration and conservation efforts", "target_page_ids": [ 7586702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Biddle Property, home of the late Francis Biddle, who was the U.S. attorney general during WWII and served as the primary American judge during the post-war Nuremberg trials, was added to the Cape Cod National Seashore in 2011. Using funding from the Land and Water Conservation Fund, the Trust for Public Land purchased the property and conveyed it to the National Park Service.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Restoration and conservation efforts", "target_page_ids": [ 485340, 8602983, 7586702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 52 ], [ 255, 287 ], [ 293, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Coast Guard Beach (Eastham, Massachusetts)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 56906126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " East Harbor", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42189412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape Cod National Seashore", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32156243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nauset Light Beach", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 57734918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Race Point Light", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9516374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cape Cod National Seashore. National Park Service website.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coastal Landforms and Processes at the Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts: A Primer U.S. Geological Survey", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 23814944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Park map showing roads, beaches, and trails. National Park Service map pdf.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Penniman House: A Whaling Story\". A National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Portnoy, J. W. et al., Kettle Pond Data Atlas for Cape Cod National Seashore: Paleoecology and Modern Water Chemistry April 2001, 118 pp., Retrieved June 23, 2018.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Cape_Cod_National_Seashore", "1961_establishments_in_Massachusetts", "Chatham,_Massachusetts", "Eastham,_Massachusetts", "Landforms_of_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts", "Beaches_of_Massachusetts", "Landmarks_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts", "Massachusetts_natural_resources", "National_Park_Service_areas_in_Massachusetts", "National_Seashores_of_the_United_States", "Orleans,_Massachusetts", "Protected_areas_of_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts", "Protected_areas_established_in_1961", "Provincetown,_Massachusetts", "Tourist_attractions_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts", "Truro,_Massachusetts", "Wellfleet,_Massachusetts" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Provincetown is a New England town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, in the United States. A small coastal resort town with a year-round population of 3,664 as of the 2020 United States Census, Provincetown has a summer population as high as 60,000. Often called \"P-town\" or \"P'town\", the locale is known for its beaches, harbor, artists, tourist industry, and as a popular vacation destination for the LGBT+ community.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3400990, 38743, 76185, 293990, 23962196, 487265, 66932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 35 ], [ 66, 74 ], [ 78, 110 ], [ 142, 161 ], [ 210, 235 ], [ 365, 371 ], [ 417, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of European encounter, the area was long settled by the historic Nauset tribe, who had a settlement known as \"Meeshawn\". They spoke Massachusett, a Southern New England Algonquian language dialect that they shared in common with their closely related neighbors, the Wampanoag.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2249468, 640729, 52115, 390881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 83 ], [ 144, 156 ], [ 181, 200 ], [ 278, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 15 May 1602, having made landfall from the west and believing it to be an island, Bartholomew Gosnold initially named this area \"Shoal Hope\". Later that day, after catching a \"great store of codfish\", he chose instead to name this outermost tip of land \"Cape Cod\". Notably, that name referred specifically to the area of modern-day Provincetown; it wasn't until much later that that name was reused to designate the entire region now known as Cape Cod.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 345383, 38743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 104 ], [ 446, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 9 November 1620, the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the strong winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor, and set anchor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed. They agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 40442, 18622102, 188900, 487265, 176303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 32 ], [ 44, 53 ], [ 93, 111 ], [ 251, 270 ], [ 309, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though the Pilgrims chose to settle across the bay in Plymouth, Cape Cod enjoyed an early reputation for its valuable fishing grounds, and for its harbor: a naturally deep, protected basin that was considered the best along the coast. In 1654, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony purchased this land from the Chief of the Nausets, for a selling price of two brass kettles, six coats, 12 hoes, 12 axes, 12 knives and a box.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 259486, 218110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 62 ], [ 264, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "That land, which spanned from East Harbor (formerly, Pilgrim Lake)—near the present-day border between Provincetown and Truro—to Long Point, was kept for the benefit of Plymouth Colony, which began leasing fishing rights to roving fishermen. The collected fees were used to defray the costs of schools and other projects throughout the colony. In 1678, the fishing grounds were opened up to allow the inclusion of fishermen from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 42189412, 116668, 35781839, 197490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 41 ], [ 120, 125 ], [ 129, 139 ], [ 433, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1692, a new Royal Charter combined the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. \"Cape Cod\" was thus officially renamed the \"Province Lands\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 100943, 502904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 91, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first record of a municipal government with jurisdiction over the Province Lands was in 1714, with an Act that declared it the \"Precinct of Cape Cod\", annexed under control of Truro.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 June 1727, after harboring ships for more than a century, the Precinct of Cape Cod was incorporated as a township. The name chosen by its inhabitants was \"Herringtown\", which was rejected by the Massachusetts General Court in favor of \"Provincetown\". The act of incorporation provided that inhabitants of Provincetown could be landholders, but not landowners. They received a quit claim to their property, but the Province retained the title. The land was to be used as it had been from the beginning of the colony—a place for the making of fish. All resources, including the trees, could be used for that purpose. In 1893 the Massachusetts General Court changed the Town's charter, giving the townspeople deeds to the properties they held, while still reserving unoccupied areas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 426226, 1762105, 426226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 228 ], [ 382, 392 ], [ 633, 660 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The population of Provincetown remained small through most of the 18th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town was affected by the American Revolution the same way most of Cape Cod was: the effective British blockade shut down most fish production and shipping and the town dwindled. It was, by happenstance, the location of the wreck of British warship at the Peaked Hill Bars off the Atlantic Coast of Provincetown in 1778.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the American Revolution, Provincetown grew rapidly as a fishing and whaling center. The population was bolstered by numerous Portuguese sailors, many of whom were from the Azores, and settled in Provincetown after being hired to work on US ships.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 33557, 970642, 3226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ], [ 135, 145 ], [ 182, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the 1890s, Provincetown was booming and began to develop a resident population of writers and artists, as well as a summer tourist industry. After the 1898 Portland Gale severely damaged the town's fishing industry, members of the town's art community took over many of the abandoned buildings. By the early decades of the 20th century, the town had acquired an international reputation for its artistic and literary productions. The Provincetown Players was an important experimental theatre company formed during this period. Many of its members lived during other parts of the year in Greenwich Village in New York, and intellectual and artistic connections were woven between the places. In 1898 Charles Webster Hawthorne opened the Cape Cod School of Art, said to be the first outdoor school for figure painting, in Provincetown. Film of his class from 1916 has been preserved.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4889682, 2386118, 13011, 3373306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 172 ], [ 437, 457 ], [ 591, 608 ], [ 703, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town includes eight buildings and two historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places: Provincetown Historic District and Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3540750, 9511058, 40905790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 104 ], [ 106, 136 ], [ 141, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the mid-1960s, Provincetown saw population growth. The town's rural character appealed to the hippies of the era; property was relatively cheap and rents were correspondingly low, especially during the winter. Many of those who came stayed and raised families. Commercial Street, where most of the town's businesses are located, gained numerous cafés, leather shops, and head shops.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47646, 471649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 104 ], [ 374, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the 1970s, Provincetown had a significant gay population, especially during the summer tourist season, when restaurants, bars and small shops serving the tourist trade were open. There had been a gay presence in Provincetown as early as the start of the 20th century as the artists' colony developed, along with experimental theatre. Drag queens could be seen in performance as early as the 1940s in Provincetown. In 1978 the Provincetown Business Guild (PBG) was formed to promote gay tourism. Today more than 200 businesses belong to the PBG and Provincetown is perhaps the best-known gay summer resort on the East Coast. The 2010 US Census revealed Provincetown to have the highest rate of same-sex couples in the country, at 163.1 per 1000 households.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 66098, 1553622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 277, 292 ], [ 485, 496 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the 1990s, property prices have risen significantly, causing some residents economic hardship. The housing bust of 2005 - 2012 caused property values in and around town to fall by 10 percent or more in less than a year. This did not slow down the town's economy, however. Provincetown's tourist season has expanded, and the town has created festivals and week-long events throughout the year. The most established are in the summer: the Portuguese Festival, Bear Week, and PBG's Carnival Week.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, a memorial was dedicated to those who lost their lives to AIDS.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For nearly all of Provincetown's recorded history, life has revolved around the waterfront − especially the waterfront on its southern shore − which offers a naturally deep harbor with easy and safe boat access, plus natural protection from the wind and waves. An additional element of Provincetown's geography tremendously influenced the manner in which the town evolved: the town was physically isolated, being at the hard-to-reach tip of a long, narrow peninsula.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51807646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 456, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The East Harbor, which provided the most protected mooring place in Provincetown, had a inlet from Provincetown Harbor, and effectively blocked off access to Provincetown by land. Until the late 19th century, no road led to Provincetown – the only land route connecting the village to points back toward the mainland was along a thin stretch of beach along the shore to the north (known locally as the \"backshore\"). A wooden bridge was erected over the East Harbor in 1854, only to be destroyed by a winter storm and ice two years later. Although the bridge was replaced the following year, any traveler who crossed it still needed to traverse several miles over sand routes, which, together with the backshore route, was occasionally washed out by storms. This made Provincetown very much like an island. Its residents relied almost entirely upon its harbor for its communication, travel, and commerce needs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "That changed in 1868, when the mouth of the East Harbor was diked to enable the laying of track for the arrival of the railroad. The railroad was completed, to great fanfare, in 1873; and the wooden bridge and sand road was finally replaced by a formal roadway in 1877. The railroad terminated at Railroad Wharf, known today as MacMillan Pier. It provided an easy means for fishermen to offload their vessels and ship their catch to the cities by rail.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 43024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The railroad was not the only late arrival to Provincetown. Even roads within the town were slow to be constructed: ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town's internal road layout reflects the historic importance of the waterfront, the key to communication and commerce with the outside world. As the town grew, it organically expanded along the harborfront. The main \"thoroughfare\" was the hard-packed beach, where all commerce and socializing took place. Early deeds refer to a \"Town Rode\", which was little more than a footpath that ran behind the houses. In 1835, County Commissioners turned that into \"Front Street\", now known as Commercial Street. \"Back Street\" ran parallel to Front Street, but was set back from the harbor− today it is known as Bradford Street. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is located at the very tip of Cape Cod, encompassing a total area of − 55% of that, or , is land area, and the remaining water area. Surrounded by water in every direction except due east, the town has of coastal shoreline. Provincetown is bordered to the east by its only neighbor, the town of Truro, and by Provincetown Harbor to the southeast, Cape Cod Bay to the south and west, Massachusetts Bay to the northwest and north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 38743, 116668, 1246817, 237485, 698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 51 ], [ 311, 316 ], [ 363, 375 ], [ 399, 416 ], [ 453, 467 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town is north (by road) from Barnstable, Hyannis, Massachusetts, and by road to the Sagamore Bridge, which spans the Cape Cod Canal and connects Cape Cod to the mainland. Provincetown is east by southeast from Boston by air or sea, and by road.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 26691040, 402978, 39772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 44 ], [ 46, 68 ], [ 123, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "About 4,500 acres, or about 73% of the town's land area, is owned by the National Park Service, which operates the Cape Cod National Seashore, leaving about of land under the town's jurisdiction. To the north lie the \"Province Lands\", the area of dunes and small ponds extending from Mount Ararat in the east to Race Point in the west, along the Massachusetts Bay shore. The Cape Cod Bay shoreline extends from Race Point to the far west, to Wood End in the south, eastward to Long Point, which in turn points inward towards the town, and provides a natural barrier for Provincetown Harbor. All three points are marked by lighthouses. The town's population center extends along the harbor, south of the Seashore's lands.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 161535, 39051, 9516374, 18678879, 35781839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 94 ], [ 115, 141 ], [ 313, 323 ], [ 443, 451 ], [ 478, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mount Ararat was named after Noah's landing place, while Mount Gilboa, and another dune, was named for the mountain described in the book of Samuel.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 763451, 584143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 49 ], [ 126, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town of Provincetown has a warm-summer Humid continental climate (Dfb). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The average seasonal (Nov–Apr) snowfall total is around . The average snowiest month is February which corresponds to the annual peak in nor'easter activity.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1225918, 1720511, 402179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 68 ], [ 80, 100 ], [ 304, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the U.S. census of 2010, there were 2,942 people living in the town (down 14.3% since 2000). The population density was . There were 4,494 housing units (up 15.5%) at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 91.5% White, 4.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 3448729, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 36 ], [ 244, 249 ], [ 256, 272 ], [ 279, 294 ], [ 301, 306 ], [ 318, 329 ], [ 364, 372 ], [ 376, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The top reported ancestries were Irish (26.7%, up 9.3% from 2000), English (17.4%, up 2.6%), Portuguese (14.6%, down 8.2%), Italian (13.5%, up 3.4%), and German (12.5%, up 3.6%).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 775859, 18803164, 970642, 385155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 38 ], [ 67, 74 ], [ 93, 103 ], [ 124, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were 1,765 households (down 3.9%), out of which 416 (23.6%) had families, 115 (6.5%) had children under the age of 18 living within them, and 76.4% were non-families. The average household size was 1.64 persons/household, and the average family size was 2.55.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The distribution of the population, broken down by age and gender, is shown in the population pyramid. In 2010, 6.8% of the population was under the age of 18, and the median age was 52.3. There were 1,602 males and 1,340 females.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For 2011, the estimated median income for a year-round household in the town was $46,547, with a mean household income of $74,840. For families, the median income was $87,228, and the mean is $84,050. For nonfamily households, the median income was $42,375, and the mean, $71,008. Median earnings for male full-time, year-round workers was $49,688, versus $36,471 for females. The per capita income for the town was $41,488. About 2.1% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown's ZIP code has the highest concentration of same-sex couple households of any ZIP code in the United States.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 51550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Data from traditional demographic sources like the U.S. Census, municipal voting rolls and property records may not accurately portray the demography of resort towns. They often reveal unusual results, as in this case, where the number of housing units far exceeds the Town's total population, where that number of housing units rose 15% while the population dropped 14%, and where nearly 61% of the housing stock is vacant, with 53% designated \"for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use\", according to the census.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 4596848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the decade spanning the years 2000 through 2010, Provincetown's small year-round population declined 14.3% from 3,431 to 2,942, yet during the summer months, population estimates vary wildly, ranging from 19,000 to 60,000. Census figures are unable to capture these dynamic population fluctuations that are associated with seasonal tourism. Part-time residents, which includes non-resident property owners and seasonal residents, are not counted in the census.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1940, Catharine Sargent Huntington, Edwin Pettit, and Virginia Thoms founded the Provincetown Playhouse on the Wharf. The playhouse replaced an older structure that existed between 1915 and 1924. Huntington served as owner and manager of the playhouse until 1973. During her time as manager, a Eugene O'Neill drama was produced each summer season, and the theater hosted an O'Neill Festival in 1966, during which ten of his plays were produced.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 62788689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1955 to 1959, the Sun Gallery was run by Yvonne Andersen and Dominic Falcone. It was an art exhibition that took place during the summer where young and up and coming artists could show their work.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 56264197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Fine Arts Work Center is a nonprofit educational enterprise, located in Provincetown since 1968. Its stated mission is to encourage the growth and development of emerging visual artists and writers through residency programs, to propagate aesthetic values and experience, and to restore the year-round vitality of the historic art colony of Provincetown.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 12853808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown Art Association and Museum (PAAM) is a nationally recognized, year-round cultural institution that celebrated its Centennial in 2014. PAAM mounts 35 art exhibitions each year, offers workshops in the fine arts for children, youth, and adults, and hosts an array of programs and events to enrich visitor experience. The PAAM Permanent Collection consists of 3,000 objects, which are displayed throughout the year in the PAAM galleries.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 23947953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 2004 and 2007, PAAM received four Rural Development grants and loans totaling $3 million to increase the museum's space, add climate-controlled facilities, renovate a historic sea captain's house (the Hargood House) and cover cost overruns. As the mission of the Rural Development program is \"To increase economic opportunity and improve the quality of life for all rural Americans\", the USDA considered Provincetown's residents in the 2000s to still be rural and to still require such federal assistance.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 47789, 7115982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 365 ], [ 494, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003, Provincetown received a $1.95 million low interest loan from the Rural Development program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture to help rebuild the town's MacMillan Pier. It primarily serves the town's active fishing fleet, and also tourists and high-speed ferries.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 208852, 8417961, 70896, 487265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 64 ], [ 74, 99 ], [ 107, 137 ], [ 165, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Atlantic House in Provincetown is considered the oldest gay bar in the US and Frommer's calls it \"the nation's premier gay bar\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 8917620, 4299793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 82, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Art House provides a venue for numerous entertainers and shows during the summer season, in particular Varla Jean Merman, Miss Richfield 1981, Ms. CoCo Peru, and other town favorites. In off season, the Art House remains open providing nightly entertainment that includes a Wii Bowling League, Trivia Night, and similar events.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is the setting for the annual Women's Week festival. Held in mid-October since 1984 and attended by almost 2,000 women, it is the \"longest running lesbian cultural event in the Northeast\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 63735938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1975, Provincetown has been the host city to Fantasia Fair, the world's first and longest-running annual conference that focuses on gender diversity and transgender issues.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Provincetown International Film Festival, honors the best in independent and avant-garde film. Among the honorees for 2014 were actress Patricia Clarkson and director David Cronenberg. Previous honorees include Matt Dillon, Harmony Korine, Parker Posey, Roger Corman, Vera Farmiga, Darren Aronofsky, Quentin Tarantino, Jane Lynch, Gael García Bernal, Tilda Swinton, Kathleen Turner, Jim Jarmusch, Todd Haynes, Gus Van Sant, and John Waters. Waters, a summer resident, is a major participant in the festival.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 30350685, 468364, 7892, 423514, 867583, 568109, 88887, 2698384, 173294, 25169, 2546319, 742752, 476044, 182997, 15744, 392658, 219217, 634064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 44 ], [ 140, 157 ], [ 171, 187 ], [ 215, 226 ], [ 228, 242 ], [ 244, 256 ], [ 258, 270 ], [ 272, 284 ], [ 286, 302 ], [ 304, 321 ], [ 323, 333 ], [ 335, 353 ], [ 355, 368 ], [ 370, 385 ], [ 387, 399 ], [ 401, 412 ], [ 414, 426 ], [ 432, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2011, the Provincetown Theater Company became the first theater company in New England to stage a live-action dramatic theatrical presentation of horror-fantasy author H.P. Lovecraft. The story was Lovecraft's 1919 classic, \"The Picture in the House,\" and was described as \"...the macabre come to life.\" The adaptation was produced for the 22nd Fall Playwright's Festival.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 13509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Veterans Memorial Community Center serves as the area community center. By 2012 Veterans Memorial Elementary School closed and was being refurbished to be a community center. In 2014 the town government considered building a second floor on the facility to add affordable housing.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Parks and recreation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is governed, like most New England towns, by the Open town meeting form of government. In the Town Meeting form of government, the citizens, gathered in the town meeting, act as the legislative branch and approve the budget and amend the town's bylaws, while the popularly elected Board of Selectmen act as the executive branch and hire and oversee the Town Manager, meet regularly to determine policy and appoint members of other boards and commissions.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 366312, 44421, 47291461, 10263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 47 ], [ 62, 79 ], [ 195, 213 ], [ 294, 312 ], [ 324, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fourth Barnstable District, which includes (with the exception of Brewster) all the towns east and north of Harwich on the Cape. The seat is held by Democrat Sarah Peake, a former Provincetown selectman. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Cape and Islands District, which includes all of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket except the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Sandwich and a portion of Barnstable. The Senate seat is held by Democrat Julian Cyr. Provincetown is patrolled by its own Police Department as well as the Second (Yarmouth) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 722246, 18551258, 722240, 259375, 259383, 259390, 52355693, 116674, 1321906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 73 ], [ 249, 260 ], [ 326, 346 ], [ 476, 482 ], [ 484, 492 ], [ 494, 502 ], [ 568, 578 ], [ 658, 666 ], [ 695, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the national level, Provincetown is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Keating. Following the death of Ted Kennedy, the state's senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate was John Kerry (last re-elected in 2008) until he became Secretary of State; that seat has been occupied by Ed Markey since July 16, 2013. The other (Class II) senate seat is held by Elizabeth Warren, a Democrat, elected in the November 2012 elections and sworn in as senator in January 2013. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 2997395, 25616173, 184136, 24909346, 5122699, 440819, 290195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 91 ], [ 125, 137 ], [ 162, 173 ], [ 218, 238 ], [ 243, 253 ], [ 347, 356 ], [ 422, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is governed by the open town meeting form of government and is led by a town manager and a board of selectmen. The town has its own police and fire departments, both of which are stationed on Shank Painter Road. The town's post office is located on Commercial Street, near the town's Fourth Wharf. The Provincetown Public Library is a member of the Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing library network and is also located on Commercial Street, in the former Center Methodist Episcopal Church building since 2005.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 366312, 722222, 33456962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 362, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown Schools operates the public schools for elementary and middle school levels, with the main facility being the grade 1–8 International Baccalaureate World School, verified in 2013 in the Primary Years Program and in 2014 in the Middle Years program. Provincetown Schools educates approximately 120 children in grades Pre-K–8. The Veterans Memorial Community Center houses Provincetown Schools Early Learning Center (Wee Care and Preschool ages 3–5 and kindergarten).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 16204519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, the Provincetown school board elected to phase out the high school program of Provincetown High School, at the end of the 2012−2013 school year, and send students to nearby Nauset Regional High School (of Nauset Public Schools) in North Eastham, beginning with the 2013−2014 academic year. Provincetown students in grades 9 and 10 were already attending Nauset by 2012.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 7624373, 66610665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 209 ], [ 214, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are no private schools in Provincetown; high school students from the town will now attend Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Harwich or Nauset Regional High School in North Eastham. Prior to its closing, Provincetown High School (PHS) served students from seventh through twelfth grades (and for a time also accepted students from Truro). In 2012, Provincetown High School was recognized as one of the smallest high schools in the country with a student population of 32 students in grades 10–12. In 2018 there were about 45–50 students at the high school level from Provincetown.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 9327767, 7624373, 116656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 136 ], [ 151, 178 ], [ 182, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are private scholarships for students from Provincetown and Truro: the John Anderson Francis Family Scholarship Fund and the Captain Joseph F. Oliver Scholarship Fund. Circa 2019 each year the number of applicants ranged from 6–10, a figure the organizers consider to be low.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 116668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is the eastern terminus of U.S. Route 6, both in the state and in the nation. Although the terminus is directed east officially, geographically speaking, the road, having curved around Cape Cod, is facing west-southwest at the point, and is marked only by its junction with Route 6A. The state-controlled portion ends with a \"\" sign as the road enters the Cape Cod National Seashore, after which the road is under federal maintenance. Route 6A passes through the town as well, mostly following Bradford Street (whereas US 6 originally followed Commercial Street before the bypass was built and Commercial Street was switched to one-way westbound), and ending just south of the Herring Cove Beach.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 643425, 2340022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 52 ], [ 448, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is served by two seasonal ferries to Boston and one to Plymouth. They all dock at MacMillan Pier, located just east of the Town Hall in the center of town. When operating at full capacity, the pier accommodates in any given day: 11 ferry trips carrying over 5,000 passengers; five whale watch vessels each running up to three trips a day with a total capacity of 3,600 passengers; the town's commercial fishing fleet of 55 vessels; and many other excursion and visiting vessels. It also plays host several times per year as a destination port-of-call to passengers of organized cruise ship tours, whether themed towards the gay traveller, or towards eco-tourism, arts and other aspects of Provincetown and the outer cape.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town has no rail service; the Provincetown Train Station opened to service by the Old Colony Railroad in 1873. The successor operator of the Old Colony lines, New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, served the station until 1938. (Service was briefly restored in 1940.) The line was formally abandoned in 1960. A large portion of the \"road\" later converted into three roads (Harry Kemp Way, Railroad Avenue and Rear Howland) plus the \"Old Colony Nature Pathway\", a pedestrian path and greenway.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 16094627, 1799518, 351876, 3238231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 60 ], [ 86, 105 ], [ 163, 204 ], [ 493, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority offers flex route buses between MacMillan Pier and Harwich and a shuttle to Truro. Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway and Peter Pan Bus Lines provide daily bus service to Hyannis Transportation Center with connecting service to Boston, New York, and Providence and the Cape Flyer.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 16123237, 37918801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 240 ], [ 309, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown is at one end of the scenic \"Bike Route 1\" from Boston called the Claire Saltonstall Bikeway. The town earned a Silver-level Bicycle Friendly Community Award from the League of American Bicyclists in 2018. Provincetown has the highest rate of year-round bicycle commuters in the state, at 14%, according to the PeopleForBikes City Ratings.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 13199099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Provincetown Municipal Airport is located just east of Race Point. This airport is surrounded by the Cape Cod National Seashore, and is used mostly for General Aviation, but does receive regular scheduled service to Boston or White Plains, New York (with optional car service to Manhattan) via Cape Air, which also operates code-share flights for JetBlue. The airport is a well-equipped, if small, general-aviation airport with a single runway, an ILS approach, and full lighting. The nearest national and international service is from Logan International Airport in Boston.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 2547022, 127596, 45470, 266920, 374328, 240584, 211579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 34 ], [ 231, 253 ], [ 284, 293 ], [ 299, 307 ], [ 352, 359 ], [ 454, 457 ], [ 542, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anthony Bourdain (1956–2018), chef, author, television host", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 595394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alice Brock (born 1941), subject of Arlo Guthrie's 1966 song \"Alice's Restaurant\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 878628, 3273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 37, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter P. Chrysler Jr. (1909–1988), art collector, museum founder", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 46544629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barry Clifford (born 1945), underwater explorer, discovered Whydah Galley pirate ship", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 7544549, 347761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 61, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kate Clinton (born 1947), comedian, writer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 320786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Duffy (born 1954), co-founder of Marc Jacobs fashion line", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 55294789, 1865085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 41, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alan Emtage (born 1964), internet pioneer, photographer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 3055698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Judy Gold (born 1962), stand-up comedian", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 250956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Al Jaffee (born 1921), cartoonist for MAD Magazine, famous for the Mad Fold-In", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 154385, 21073, 619330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 39, 51 ], [ 68, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Donald B. MacMillan (1874–1970), arctic explorer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1833232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jason Moore (born 1970), director", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 12574535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Howard Mitcham (1917–1996), artist, poet, cook", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 5459742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sarah Peake (born 1957), state representative for the Democratic Party (United States), 4th Barnstable District", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 18551258, 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 55, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Susan J. Swift Steele (1822–1895), social reformer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 66272157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Prescott Townsend (1894–1973), early LGBT activist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 9976829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Waters (born 1946), filmmaker of Hairspray, Serial Mom, Pink Flamingos", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 634064, 1613987, 294520, 320527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 39, 48 ], [ 50, 60 ], [ 62, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frances L. Whedon (1902–1998), meteorologist, US Army", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 69092912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Channing Wilroy (born 1940), actor, Dreamlander", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 17537995, 1714368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 37, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Lady of the Dunes\" (unknown–), unidentified murder victim discovered in 1974", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 42184154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Louise Bryant (1885–1936), journalist, author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1949566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Michael Cunningham (born 1952), Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Hours", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 276003, 24230, 2423068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 33, 47 ], [ 66, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Doty (born 1953), poet, author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 3803010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " David Drake (born 1963), Obie Award-winning playwright, stage director", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 6419494, 853405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 26, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Susan Glaspell (1876–1948), Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1483701, 24230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 29, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frank X. Gaspar (unknown), poet, author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 11085927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harry Kemp (1883–1960), \"poet of the dunes\", author of Tramping on Life and More Miles", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 21309354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stanley Kunitz (1905–2006), former United States Poet Laureate in 1974, and then again in 2000", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 485258, 34739128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 36, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ryan Landry (unknown), playwright, painter", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 8629832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Norman Mailer (1923–2007), Pulitzer Prize-winning author, co-founder of The Village Voice", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 189774, 24230, 184247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 28, 42 ], [ 73, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William J. Mann (born 1963), author, historian", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 7253993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cookie Mueller (1949–1989), writer, performer, Dreamlander", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1328222, 1714368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 48, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ryan Murphy (born 1965), television screenwriter, director, producer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 2469371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953), Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize-winning author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 67018, 24230, 21201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 29, 43 ], [ 48, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mary Oliver (1935–2019), Pulitzer Prize-winning poet", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1754967, 24230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 26, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Protosevich (born 1961), screenwriter of The Cell, I Am Legend, Poseidon", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 15674213, 666948, 6641931, 2688309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 47, 55 ], [ 57, 68 ], [ 70, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Reed (1887–1920), journalist, poet, communist activist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 143436, 9209651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 42, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Sullivan (born 1963), author, writer, blogger", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 177335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andy Towle (unknown), poet, writer, founder of Towleroad.com", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 5968383, 5968383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 48, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007), Hugo Award-winning author", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 16861, 28866471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 28, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mary Heaton Vorse (1874–1976), journalist, labor activist, social critic, novelist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 9491109, 12141950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 44, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tennessee Williams (1911–1983), Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 44634, 24230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 33, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nela Arias-Misson (1915–2015), abstract expressionist painter, sculptor", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 53371217, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 32, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Max Bohm (1868–1923), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 29272259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edwin Dickinson (1891–1978), painter, draftsman", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 4228976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Helen Frankenthaler (1928–2011), abstract expressionist painter", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 238326, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 34, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ada Gilmore (1883–1955), watercolorist, printmaker, one of the Provincetown Printers", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 57787555, 180046, 42532, 53069249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 26, 39 ], [ 41, 51 ], [ 64, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nanno de Groot (1913–1963), belonged to the New York School abstract expressionist artists of the 1950s", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 29616376, 598652, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 45, 60 ], [ 61, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marsden Hartley (1877–1943), American Modernist painter, poet, essayist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1868783, 3662104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 30, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Webster Hawthorne (1872–1930), painter, founder of the Cape Cod School of Art", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 3373306, 9534277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 64, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Hensche (1899–1992), painter, teacher", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 7505746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hans Hofmann (1880–1966), painter, artist, teacher", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1741519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Hopper (1882–1967), American realist painter, printmaker", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 65319, 11382737, 42532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 28, 44 ], [ 54, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Candy Jernigan (1952–1991), artist, graphic designer, set designer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 60441574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Franz Kline (1910–1962), abstract expressionist painter", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 667244, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 26, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Karl Knaths (1891–1971), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 42912406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Willem de Kooning (1904–1997), abstract expressionist artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 459853, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 32, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Blanche Lazzell (1878–1956), painter, printmaker, designer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 34464739, 42532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 39, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Herman Maril (1908–1986), artist, emeritus professor of painting at University of Maryland", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 14503804, 19817390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 69, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joel Meyerowitz (born 1938), photographer", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1222255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ross Moffett (1888–1971), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 45233925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Morrison (1919–2000), Ojibwe painter, sculptor", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 9010504, 219064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 30, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Motherwell (1915–1991), abstract expressionist painter, printmaker, editor", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 884499, 147847, 42532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 32, 54 ], [ 64, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lillian Orlowsky (1914–2004), American Modernist artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 55363208, 3662104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 31, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anne Packard (born 1933), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 14076795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fritz Pfeiffer (1889-1960), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70860310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Rothko (1903–1970), artist closely associated with the abstract expressionist movement", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 127657, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 61, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Selina Trieff (1934–2015), artist, painter", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 39307136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jack Tworkov (1900–1982), abstract expressionist painter", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 650486, 147847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 27, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ferol Sibley Warthen (1890–1986), painter, printmaker", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 57577327, 42532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 44, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Agnes Weinrich (1873–1946), artist interesting early on in modernist, abstract, and cubist styles", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 43153391, 19547, 184854, 37803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 60, 69 ], [ 71, 79 ], [ 85, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edith Lake Wilkinson (1868–1957), artist", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 52184076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Martha Dewing Woodward (1856–1950), created Provincetown's first summer art school in 1896", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 47248143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincetown features in the following shows;", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Provincetown in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hightown (2020–)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Provincetown in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 59611159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Double Feature (2021)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Provincetown in popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Town of Provincetown official website", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Provincetown official tourism website", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Provincetown Chamber of Commerce", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Provincetown,_Massachusetts", "Towns_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts", "Gay_villages_in_Massachusetts", "Landmarks_in_Massachusetts", "Populated_coastal_places_in_Massachusetts", "Towns_in_Massachusetts" ]

[ "Provincetown, Massachusetts", "Provincetown, MA" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Saint Anselm or Anselm of Canterbury was archbishop of Canterbury in the 11th and 12th centuries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21492554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Anselm may also refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger (1036–1086), bishop of Lucca, Italy", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2751585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anselm, Duke of Friuli (died 805)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 983381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anselm Abbey (New Hampshire), a Benedictine abbey of monks in Goffstown, New Hampshire, United States", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26972914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anselm College, its associated college", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1979623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino, the primatial abbey of the Benedictines in Rome, Italy, that has four institutions:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8069263, 4240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 55, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm (), its associated pontifical university", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28818087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " College of Sant'Anselmo, its ecclesiastical residential college", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 68627651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Curia of the Benedictine Confederation located at Sant'Anselmo", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1882074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of Sant'Anselmo located on the grounds of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8069263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anselm (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 182658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anselm's (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8458955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A straw man (sometimes written as strawman) is a form of argument and an informal fallacy of having the impression of refuting an argument, whereas the real subject of the argument was not addressed or refuted, but instead replaced with a false one. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be \"attacking a straw man\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13018310, 1655450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ], [ 73, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having refuted or defeated an opponent's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition (i.e., \"stand up a straw man\") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument (\"knock down a straw man\") instead of the opponent's proposition. Straw man arguments have been used throughout history in polemical debate, particularly regarding highly charged emotional subjects.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 385549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 382, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Straw man tactics in the United Kingdom may also be known as an Aunt Sally, after a pub game of the same name, where patrons throw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a skittle balanced on top.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1659245, 4121912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 74 ], [ 174, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Perhaps the earliest known use of the phrase was by Martin Luther in his book On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), where he is responding to arguments of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy attempting to delegitimize his criticisms, specifically on the correct way to serve the Eucharist. The church claimed Martin Luther is arguing against serving the Eucharist according to one type of serving practice; Martin Luther states he never asserted that in his criticisms towards them and in fact they themselves are making this argument. Their persistence in making this false argument causes him to coin the phrase in this statement: \"they assert the very things they assail, or they set up a man of straw whom they may attack.\" ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7567080, 849747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 65 ], [ 78, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date, although Aristotle makes remarks that suggest a similar concern; Douglas N. Walton identified \"the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy\" in Stuart Chase's Guides to Straight Thinking from 1956 (p.40). By contrast, Hamblin's classic text Fallacies (1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor even as a historical term.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 308, 5725671, 2865440, 19501790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 114 ], [ 161, 178 ], [ 270, 282 ], [ 344, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term's origins are a matter of debate, though the usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of straw that is easy to knock down or destroy—such as a military training dummy, scarecrow, or effigy. A common but false etymology is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe to signal their willingness to be a false witness. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term “man of straw” can be traced back to 1620 as “an easily refuted imaginary opponent in an argument.”", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46594, 4303882, 19637796, 773390, 11709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 121 ], [ 170, 193 ], [ 195, 204 ], [ 209, 215 ], [ 230, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [ 53986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Person 1 asserts proposition X.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Person 2 argues against a superficially similar proposition Y, falsely, as if an argument against Y were an argument against X.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [ 17689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e.,choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's intentions (see fallacy of quoting out of context).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [ 4154982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as the defender, then denying that person's arguments—thus giving the appearance that every upholder of that position (and thus the position itself) has been defeated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oversimplifying an opponent's argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exaggerating (sometimes grossly) an opponent's argument, then attacking this exaggerated version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An everyday conversation:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alice: Taking a shower is beneficial.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bob: But hot water may damage your skin.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bob attacked the non-existing argument: . And because such an argument is obviously false, Alice might start believing that she is wrong because what Bob said was clearly true. But her real argument was not disproved, because she did not say anything about the temperature.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alice: I didn't mean taking an extremely hot shower.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alice noticed the trick and defended herself.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Straw man arguments often arise in public debates such as a (hypothetical) prohibition debate:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A: We should relax the laws on beer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "B: No, any society with unrestricted access to intoxicants loses its work ethic and goes only for immediate gratification.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The original proposal was to relax laws on beer. Person B has misconstrued/misrepresented this proposal by responding to it as if it had been \"unrestricted access to intoxicants\". It is a logical fallacy because Person A never advocated allowing said unrestricted access to intoxicants (this is also a slippery slope argument).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 17696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 302, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a 1977 appeal of a U.S. bank robbery conviction, a prosecuting attorney said in his oral argument:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was a straw man designed to alarm the appellate judges; the chance that the precedent set by one case would literally make it impossible to convict any bank robbers is remote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An example often given of a straw man is US President Richard Nixon's 1952 \"Checkers speech\". When campaigning for vice president in 1952, Nixon was accused of having illegally appropriated $18,000 in campaign funds for his personal use. In a televised response, based on an earlier Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fala speech, he spoke about another gift, a dog he had been given by a supporter:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 25473, 1160278, 10979, 1952661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 283, 304 ], [ 307, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was a straw man response; his critics had never criticized the dog as a gift or suggested he return it. This argument was successful at distracting many people from the funds and portraying his critics as nitpicking and heartless. Nixon received an outpouring of public support and remained on the ticket. He and Eisenhower were later elected.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christopher Tindale presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the Louisiana State Legislature in 2001:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 49653660, 4985905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 117, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tindale comments that \"the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited.\" The fact that similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is besides the point: the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a straw man. In subsequent debate, this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and Darwinist ideology. Darwin passionately opposed slavery and worked to intellectually confront the notions of \"scientific racism\" that were used to justify it.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin expanded the application and use of the straw man fallacy beyond that of previous rhetorical scholars, arguing that the straw man fallacy can take two forms: the original form that misrepresents the opponent's position, which they call the representative form; and a new form they call the selection form.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contemporary work", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The selection form focuses on a partial and weaker (and easier to refute) representation of the opponent's position. Then the easier refutation of this weaker position is claimed to refute the opponent's complete position. They point out the similarity of the selection form to the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which the refutation of an opposing position that is weaker than the opponent's is claimed as a refutation of all opposing arguments. Because they have found significantly increased use of the selection form in modern political argumentation, they view its identification as an important new tool for the improvement of public discourse.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contemporary work", "target_page_ids": [ 228851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 293, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aikin and Casey expanded on this model in 2010, introducing a third form. Referring to the \"representative form\" as the classic straw man, and the \"selection form\" as the weak man, the third form is called the hollow man. A hollow man argument is one that is a complete fabrication, where both the viewpoint and the opponent expressing it do not in fact exist, or at the very least the arguer has never encountered them. Such arguments frequently take the form of vague phrasing such as \"some say,\" \"someone out there thinks\" or similar weasel words, or it might attribute a non-existent argument to a broad movement in general, rather than an individual or organization.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contemporary work", "target_page_ids": [ 436363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 537, 549 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A variation on the selection form, or \"weak man\" argument, that combines with an ad hominem and fallacy of composition is nut picking, a neologism coined by Kevin Drum. A combination of \"nut\" (i.e., insane person) and \"cherry picking\", as well as a play on the word \"nitpicking,\" nut picking refers to intentionally seeking out extremely fringe, non-representative statements from or members of an opposing group and parading these as evidence of that entire group's incompetence or irrationality.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contemporary work", "target_page_ids": [ 2226, 523043, 1328414, 329277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 96, 118 ], [ 157, 167 ], [ 219, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A steel man argument (or steelmanning) is the opposite of a straw man argument. The idea is to help one's opponent to construct the strongest form of their argument. This may involve removing flawed assumptions that could be easily refuted, for example, so that one produces the best argument for the \"core\" of one's opponent's position. It has been advocated as a more productive strategy in political dialog that promotes real understanding and compromise instead of fueling partisanship by discussing only the weakest arguments of the opposition.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Steelmanning", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Straw Man Arguments: How to Recognize, How to Counter, and When to Use Them Yourself: a discussion of straw man arguments and their usage in debates.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Straw Man Fallacy at the Fallacy Files", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Straw Man, more examples of straw man arguments", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "16th-century_neologisms", "Martin_Luther", "Relevance_fallacies", "Barriers_to_critical_thinking", "Error", "Political_metaphors_referring_to_people" ]

[ "Aunt Sally" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Wellfleet is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, and is located halfway between the \"tip\" and \"elbow\" of Cape Cod. The town had a population of 3,566 at the 2020 census, which swells nearly sixfold during the summer. A total of 70% of the town's land area is under protection, and nearly half of it is part of the Cape Cod National Seashore. Wellfleet is famous for its oysters, which are celebrated in the annual October Wellfleet OysterFest.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3400990, 76185, 38743, 23962196, 39051, 133824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 19 ], [ 23, 40 ], [ 128, 136 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 337, 363 ], [ 393, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The area was originally settled by Europeans in the 1650s as Billingsgate (after the famous fish market in East London). In 1717, the pirate \"Black Sam\" Bellamy was sailing nearby when his ship, the Whydah, sank offshore, together with over of gold and silver and all but two of its 145 men. The wreck was discovered in 1984, the first of only two confirmed pirate shipwrecks ever to have been discovered.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 561917, 345378, 347761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 103 ], [ 141, 160 ], [ 199, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wellfleet was part of neighboring Eastham until 1763 when it achieved town status after nearly 30 years of petitioning. Wellfleet's oyster beds drove the early economy, as did whaling and fishing. The town was home to 30 whaling ships at the time of the American Revolution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 116647, 33557, 1973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ], [ 176, 183 ], [ 254, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the decline of whaling and the mackerel catch in the late 19th century, the fleet declined, being completely free of schooners by 1900. The oyster fleet continued, however, and many types of shellfish continue to be harvested. Despite this decline, a church near the town center continues to operate a clock that chimes ship’s time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47332, 62413, 274908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 50 ], [ 128, 136 ], [ 331, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Guglielmo Marconi built America's first transatlantic radio transmitter station on a coastal bluff in South Wellfleet in 1901–1902. The first radio telegraph transmission from America to England was sent from this station on January 18, 1903, a ceremonial telegram from President Theodore Roosevelt to King Edward VII. Most of the transmitter site is gone, however, as three quarters of the land it originally encompassed has been eroded into the sea. The South Wellfleet station's first call sign was \"CC\" for Cape Cod.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12104, 33131, 30535, 46721, 2797722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 142, 157 ], [ 280, 298 ], [ 302, 317 ], [ 488, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Cape Cod National Seashore, which encompasses most of the Atlantic shoreline of Cape Cod. In Wellfleet, the territory circles the town, from Jeremy Point through the marshes and \"islands\" along the Herring River, includes Cahoon Hollow Beach, and extends the length of the Atlantic shore of the town.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5119376, 39051, 44115328, 47194638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 47, 73 ], [ 245, 258 ], [ 269, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Construction of the Chequessett Inn in the late 19th century contributed to the development of a tourist economy in Wellfleet. The town has the second greatest concentration of art galleries on Cape Cod, right after Provincetown. It is also a popular retirement spot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 216, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 44.11%, is water. Wellfleet is bordered by Truro to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Eastham to the south, and Cape Cod Bay to the west. Wellfleet is approximately south of Provincetown, (by road) northeast of Barnstable, from the Sagamore Bridge, and (by road) southeast of Boston.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 57070, 116668, 116647, 1246817, 39052, 26691040, 2487138, 24437894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 44 ], [ 147, 152 ], [ 199, 206 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 288, 300 ], [ 326, 336 ], [ 348, 363 ], [ 393, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lands of Wellfleet wrap around Wellfleet Harbor, extending from the main portion of the Cape around the harbor to Jeremy Point. At one time, Wellfleet Harbor included an island known as Billingsgate Island, which sat at the harbor's mouth, to the south of the point. Once a flourishing small community with a lighthouse, the island was destroyed by coastal erosion and now exists as a shoal that is exposed at low tide. The Billingsgate shoals are split between Wellfleet and neighboring Eastham. Several other inlets extend inland from the harbor, at the mouth of the Herring River (also called \"The Gut\"), Duck Creek, Blackfish Creek and Fresh Brook (commonly known as \"The Run\") which leads to several brooks.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 4463134, 17725, 149261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 209 ], [ 313, 323 ], [ 353, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the Seashore, Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, run by Massachusetts Audubon, surrounds much of The Run, including part of Small Island (between The Run and Blackfish Creek). Between the sanctuary, seashore and other small parks and beaches, seventy percent of the town's area is protected.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A small whaling community was founded on the land that is now Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, and was originally known as Silver Spring, after Silver Spring Brook. What remains of it is a marsh that was once its harbor, known as the Silver Spring Brook Marshes. This land is now protected by the Massachusetts Audubon Society in its Wellfleet Bay Sanctuary.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 9139829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town of Wellfleet has a mild summer humid continental climate (Dfb). The plant hardiness zone is 7a, with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 3.6°F (−15.7°C). The average seasonal (Nov–Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76cm). The average snowiest month is February, which corresponds to the annual peak in nor'easter activity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [ 1225918, 1720511, 402179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 65 ], [ 77, 97 ], [ 330, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "U.S. Route 6 passes from north to south through the town. The town's commercial center lies west of the route, along the shores of the harbor. The route was straightened in the mid-20th century, and some maps still consider the \"old\" Route 6 to be a portion of Route 6A. The town has no rail or air service. The last train left the area in the 1930s, the train station was razed and the tracks were torn up through Provincetown. The old rail line was turned into a bicycle trail, named the Cod Rail Trail, which ends in South Wellfleet. The nearest municipal airports are in Chatham and Provincetown, both about from town; the nearest national and international service can be found at Logan International Airport in Boston.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 643425, 2340022, 259379, 211579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 261, 269 ], [ 575, 582 ], [ 687, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is currently limited bus service between Wellfleet and Hyannis, and from there on to Boston and Logan Airport, on the Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Company, a Plymouth-based bus service. The CCRTA, which runs between Hyannis and Provincetown, also makes stops in Wellfleet.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 402978, 259486, 5406335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ], [ 170, 178 ], [ 202, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,749 people, 1,301 households, and 724 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 3,998 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.58% White, 0.95% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 241 ], [ 249, 265 ], [ 273, 288 ], [ 296, 301 ], [ 309, 325 ], [ 338, 349 ], [ 385, 393 ], [ 397, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were 1,301 households, out of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.3% were non-families. Of all households, 34.8% were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.75.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 32.2% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The median income for a household in the town was $43,558, and the median income for a family was $50,990. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $35,964 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,712. About 5.7% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wellfleet is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fourth Barnstable district, which includes (with the exception of Brewster) all the towns east and north of Harwich on the Cape. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Cape and Islands District, which includes all of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket except the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Sandwich and a portion of Barnstable. Wellfleet is patrolled by the Second (Yarmouth) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 722246, 722240, 1321906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 70 ], [ 248, 268 ], [ 528, 554 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the national level, Wellfleet is a part of the 9th congressional district, currently represented by Bill Keating. The state's senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class II) senator, elected on April 30, 2013, is Ed Markey.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 2997395, 25616173, 24909346, 290195, 440819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 76 ], [ 103, 115 ], [ 160, 180 ], [ 202, 218 ], [ 282, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wellfleet is governed by the open town meeting form of government and a board of selectmen, who employ a town administrator to oversee day-to-day business. The town has its own police and fire departments, headquartered on Route 6 near the town center. There are two post offices, and both are also located along Route 6. The Wellfleet Public Library is located in the town center, in a former curtain and candle factory converted in 1989.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 366312, 722222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 46 ], [ 72, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wellfleet, Brewster, Truro, Provincetown, Eastham and Orleans make up the Nauset Regional School District. Each town operates its own elementary schools, with a regional middle school and high school accepting the students of all four towns. Wellfleet Elementary School is located just off Route 6 near the town center, and serves students from kindergarten to fifth grade. The Nauset Regional Middle School is located in Orleans, and the Nauset Regional High School is located in neighboring Eastham. There are no private schools in Wellfleet; high school students may, however, choose to attend Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Harwich free of charge.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 259377, 116668, 39052, 116647, 259385, 66610665, 7624373, 9327767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ], [ 21, 26 ], [ 28, 40 ], [ 42, 49 ], [ 54, 61 ], [ 74, 105 ], [ 439, 466 ], [ 597, 636 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Martha Atwood, soprano", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 48664830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lorenzo Dow Baker, entrepreneur, pioneer of the American commercialization of bananas", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 31524251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel Bellamy, pirate", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 345378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Berry Berenson, actress, photographer, model", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 4182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Birenbaum (1923–2010), college administrator who served as president of Antioch College", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 29145189, 846768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 81, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Serge Chermayeff, architect", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 3457421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mike DeVito, NFL player", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 13080094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edwin Dickinson, artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 4228976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Dos Passos, writer", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 258775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Janet Doub Erickson, co-founder of the Blockhouse of Boston, artist, and author", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 15208806, 65954033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 36, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gilbert Franklin, sculptor, educator", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70227481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bernard Greenhouse, cellist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 11340075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John M. Johansen, architect", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 11290316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Allen Kurzweil, writer", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 13512196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Jay Lifton, psychiatrist, author", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 465954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guglielmo Marconi, technology pioneer", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 12104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mary McCarthy, writer", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1359335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anthony Perkins, singer, actor", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 167595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marge Piercy, poet", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 487646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jane Piper (1916–1991), artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 54189613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen Russell, actor, theater director", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 4020868 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., historian", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edmund Wilson, literary critic", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 285605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Howard Zinn, historian", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 88493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wellfleet Drive-In Theater", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23124693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Town of Wellfleet official website", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wellfleet Public Library", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wellfleet OysterFest", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wellfleet Chamber of Commerce", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Wellfleet,_Massachusetts", "Outer_Cape", "Populated_coastal_places_in_Massachusetts", "Towns_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" ]

[ "Wellfleet, Massachusetts", "Wellfleet, MA" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The European bison (Bison bonasus) or the European wood bison, also known as the wisent ( or ), the zubr (), or sometimes colloquially as the European buffalo, is a European species of bison. It is one of two extant species of bison, alongside the American bison. The European bison is the heaviest wild land animal in Europe, and individuals in the past may have been even larger than their modern-day descendants. During late antiquity and the Middle Ages, bison became extinct in much of Europe and Asia, surviving into the 20th century only in northern-central Europe and the northern Caucasus Mountains. During the early years of the 20th century, bison were hunted to extinction in the wild.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21780446, 4583, 49725, 5878373, 9239, 823343, 18836, 689, 230497, 11554654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 181 ], [ 185, 190 ], [ 248, 262 ], [ 304, 315 ], [ 319, 325 ], [ 423, 437 ], [ 446, 457 ], [ 502, 506 ], [ 589, 607 ], [ 674, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The species — now numbering several thousand and returned to the wild by captive breeding programmes — is no longer in immediate danger of extinction, but remains absent from most of its historical range. It is not to be confused with the aurochs (Bos primigenius), the extinct ancestor of domestic cattle, with which it once co-existed.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2965243, 2494, 26051975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 89 ], [ 239, 246 ], [ 299, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Besides humans, bison have few predators. In the 19th century, there were scattered reports of wolves, lions, tigers, and ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2633918, 1635424, 1457625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 101 ], [ 104, 109 ], [ 112, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "bears hunting bison. In the past, especially during the Middle Ages, humans commonly killed bison for their hide and meat. They used their horns to make drinking horns. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2577842, 2784736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ], [ 154, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "European bison were hunted to extinction in the wild in the early 20th century, with the last wild animals of the B. b. bonasus subspecies being shot in the Białowieża Forest (on today's Belarus–Poland border) in 1921. The last of the Caucasian wisent subspecies (B. b. caucasicus) was shot in the north-western Caucasus in 1927. The Carpathian wisent (B. b. hungarorum) had been hunted to extinction in the mid-1800s. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25111839, 213749, 42726002, 5218524, 5218630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 40 ], [ 157, 174 ], [ 187, 208 ], [ 235, 251 ], [ 334, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Białowieża or lowland European bison was kept alive in captivity, and has since been reintroduced into several countries in Europe. In 1996, the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified the European bison as an endangered species, no longer extinct in the wild. Its status has improved since then, changing to vulnerable and later to near threatened.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 101884, 63337222, 25986983, 5544616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 195 ], [ 232, 250 ], [ 331, 341 ], [ 355, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "European bison were first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Some later descriptions treat the European bison as conspecific with the American bison. Three subspecies of European bison existed in the recent past, but only one, the nominate subspecies (B. b. bonasus), survives today. The ancestry and relationships of the wisent to fossil bison species remain controversial and disputed.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5233, 11579078, 185901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 129, 140 ], [ 247, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European bison is one of the national animals of Poland and Belarus.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2180476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ancient Greeks and ancient Romans were the first to name bison as such; the 2nd-century AD authors Pausanias and Oppian referred to them as . Earlier, in the 4th century BC, during the Hellenistic period, Aristotle referred to bison as . He also noted that the Paeonians called it μόναπος (monapos). Claudius Aelianus, writing in the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries AD, also referred to the species as , and both Pliny the Elder's Natural History and Gaius Julius Solinus used and . Both Martial and Seneca the Younger mention (. ). Later Latin spellings of the term included , , and .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 66540, 47882071, 416255, 1158717, 455379, 308, 66232625, 7213, 44920, 74215, 235914, 97103, 75150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 31, 37 ], [ 103, 112 ], [ 117, 123 ], [ 189, 207 ], [ 209, 218 ], [ 265, 274 ], [ 304, 321 ], [ 417, 432 ], [ 435, 450 ], [ 455, 475 ], [ 493, 500 ], [ 505, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Trevisa is the earliest author cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as using, in his 1398 translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus's De proprietatibus rerum, the Latin plural in English, as \"bysontes\" ( and ). Philemon Holland's 1601 translation of Pliny's Natural History, referred to \"bisontes\". The marginalia of the King James Version gives \"bison\" as a gloss for the Biblical animal called the \"pygarg\" mentioned in the Book of Deuteronomy. Randle Cotgrave's 1611 French–English dictionary notes that was already in use, and it may have influenced the adoption of the word into English, or alternatively it may have been borrowed direct from Latin. John Minsheu's 1617 lexicon, Ductor in linguas, gives a definition for Bíson ().", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 1271650, 22641, 86138, 1079497, 608935, 16767, 425002, 3874557, 8547, 2709400, 4052599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 49, 74 ], [ 112, 133 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 306, 316 ], [ 324, 342 ], [ 362, 367 ], [ 404, 410 ], [ 429, 448 ], [ 450, 465 ], [ 659, 671 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 18th century the name of the European animal was applied to the closely related American bison (initially in Latin in 1693, by John Ray) and the Indian bison (the gaur, Bos gaurus). Historically the word was also applied to Indian domestic cattle, the zebu (B. indicus or B. primigenius indicus). Because of the scarcity of the European bison the word ‘bison’ was most familiar in relation to the American species.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 15596, 99692, 50111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 142 ], [ 152, 164 ], [ 259, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time of the adoption of ‘bison’ into Early Modern English, the early medieval English name for the species had long been obsolete: the had descended from , and was related to . The word ’wisent’ was then borrowed in the 19th century from modern [], itself related to , , , and to , , , and ultimately, like the Old English name, from Proto-Germanic. The , also found in weasel, originally referred to the animal's musk.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 37595, 220806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 380, 386 ], [ 424, 428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word ‘zubr’ in English is a borrowing from , previously also used to denote one race of the European bison. The Polish żubr is similar to the word for the European bison in other modern Slavic languages, such as and . The noun for the European bison in all living Slavonic tongues is thought to be derived from Proto-Slavic: *zǫbrъ ~ *izǫbrъ, which itself possibly comes from Proto-Indo-European: *ǵómbʰ- for tooth, horn or peg.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 26757, 38539820, 559297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 207 ], [ 317, 329 ], [ 382, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European bison is the heaviest surviving wild land animal in Europe. Similar to their American cousins, European bison were potentially larger historically than remnant descendants; modern animals are about in length, not counting a tail of , in height, and in weight for males, and about in body length without tails, in height, and in weight for females. At birth, calves are quite small, weighing between . In the free-ranging population of the Białowieża Forest of Belarus and Poland, body masses among adults (aged 6 and over) are on average in the cases of males, and among females. An occasional big bull European bison can weigh up to or more with old bull records of for lowland wisent and for Caucasian wisent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 5878373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On average, it is lighter in body mass, and yet slightly taller at the shoulder, than its American relatives, the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) and the plains bison (Bison bison bison). Compared to the American species, the wisent has shorter hair on the neck, head, and forequarters, but longer tail and horns. See Differences from American bison.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 3074097, 3737931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 124 ], [ 158, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European bison makes a variety of vocalisations depending on its mood and behaviour, but when anxious, it emits a growl-like sound, known in Polish as chruczenie (). This sound can also be heard from wisent males during the mating season.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 22975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, the lowland European bison's range encompassed most of the lowlands of northern Europe, extending from the Massif Central to the Volga River and the Caucasus. It may have once lived in the Asiatic part of what is now the Russian Federation. The European bison is known in southern Sweden only between 9500 and 8700 BP, and in Denmark similarly is documented only from the Pre-Boreal. It is not recorded from the British Isles, nor from Italy or the Iberian Peninsula, although prehistorical absence of the species among British Isles is debatable, based on fossils found on Doggerland or Brown Bank, and Isle of Wight and Oxfordshire, followed by fossil records of steppe bison from the isles. The extinct steppe bison, B. priscus, is known from across Eurasia and North America, last occurring 7,000 BC to 5,400 BC, and is depicted in the Cave of Altamira and Lascaux. The Pleistocene woodland bison (B. schoetensacki), has been proposed to have last existed around 36,000 BC. But other authors restrict B. schoetensacki to remains that are hundreds of thousands of years older. Cave paintings appear to distinguish between B. bonasus and B. priscus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 422379, 63639, 39282, 25391, 971107, 3487972, 3736, 14532, 14883, 8741683, 15102, 53518, 934317, 934317, 40178, 402418, 18594, 68976289, 182028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 135 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 163, 171 ], [ 235, 253 ], [ 329, 331 ], [ 386, 396 ], [ 426, 439 ], [ 450, 455 ], [ 463, 480 ], [ 588, 598 ], [ 618, 631 ], [ 636, 647 ], [ 679, 691 ], [ 720, 732 ], [ 809, 817 ], [ 854, 870 ], [ 875, 882 ], [ 888, 914 ], [ 1094, 1107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within mainland Europe, its range decreased as human populations expanded and cut down forests. They seemed to be common in Aristotle's period on Mount Mesapion (possibly the modern Ograzhden). In the same wider area Pausanias calling them Paeonian bulls and bisons, gives details on how they were captured alive; adding also the fact that a golden Paeonian bull head was offered to Delphi by the Paeonian king Dropion (3rd century BC) who lived in what is today Tikveš. The last references (Oppian, Claudius Aelianus) to the animal in the transitional Mediterranean/Continental biogeographical region in the Balkans in the area of modern borderline between Greece, North Macedonia and Bulgaria date to the 3rd century AD. In northern Bulgaria, the wisent survived until the 9th or 10th century AD. There is a possibility that the species' range extended to East Thrace during the 7th – 8th century AD. Its population in Gaul was extinct in the 8th century AD. The species survived in the Ardennes and the Vosges Mountains until the 15th century. In the Early Middle Ages, the wisent apparently still occurred in the forest steppes east of the Urals, in the Altai Mountains, and seems to have reached Lake Baikal in the east. The northern boundary in the Holocene was probably around 60°N in Finland. European bison survived in a few natural forests in Europe, but their numbers dwindled.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 308, 5229941, 416255, 66232625, 7951, 4522958, 1158717, 7213, 61618427, 61635522, 12108, 23564616, 3415, 3415, 7500007, 36545, 143706, 220808, 532476, 56896, 56865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 133 ], [ 182, 191 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 240, 248 ], [ 383, 389 ], [ 463, 469 ], [ 492, 498 ], [ 500, 517 ], [ 553, 566 ], [ 567, 601 ], [ 658, 664 ], [ 666, 681 ], [ 686, 694 ], [ 735, 743 ], [ 858, 869 ], [ 921, 925 ], [ 989, 997 ], [ 1006, 1022 ], [ 1054, 1071 ], [ 1158, 1173 ], [ 1201, 1212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1513 the Białowieża Forest, at this point one of the last areas on Earth where the European bison still roamed free, was transferred from the Troki Voivodeship of Lithuania to the Podlaskie Voivodeship, which after the Union of Lublin became part of the Polish Crown. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at first European bison in the Białowieża Forest were legally the property of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and later belonged to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Polish-Lithuanian rulers took measures to protect the European bison, such as King Sigismund II Augustus who instituted the death penalty for poaching bison in Białowieża in the mid-16th century. Wild European bison herds existed in the forest until the mid-17th century. In 1701, King Augustus II the Strong greatly increased protection over the forest; the first written sources mentioning the use of some forest meadows for the production of winter fodder for the bison come from this period. In the early 19th century, after the partitions of the Polish Commonwealth, the Russian tsars retained old Polish-Lithuanian laws protecting the European bison herd in Białowieża but also turned all the people inhabiting the area into serfs. Despite these measures and others, the European bison population continued to decline over the following century, with only Białowieża and Northern Caucasus populations surviving into the 20th century. The last European bison in Transylvania died in 1790.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 213749, 1280280, 380252, 11887002, 30875660, 343234, 70287700, 393169, 39824, 5902, 52989, 247724, 43794, 971988, 134258, 30853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 29 ], [ 145, 162 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 183, 204 ], [ 222, 237 ], [ 278, 308 ], [ 392, 416 ], [ 443, 473 ], [ 558, 579 ], [ 599, 612 ], [ 617, 625 ], [ 761, 783 ], [ 1008, 1045 ], [ 1051, 1064 ], [ 1206, 1211 ], [ 1442, 1454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War I, occupying German troops killed 600 of the European bison in the Białowieża Forest for sport, meat, hides and horns. A German scientist informed army officers that the European bison were facing imminent extinction, but at the very end of the war, retreating German soldiers shot all but nine animals. The last wild European bison in Poland was killed in 1921. The last wild European bison in the world was killed by poachers in 1927 in the western Caucasus. By that year, 48 remained, all held by zoos. The International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent was founded on 25 and 26 August 1923 in Berlin, following the example of the American Bison Society. The first chairman was Kurt Priemel, director of the Frankfurt Zoo, and among the members were experts like Hermann Pohle, Max Hilzheimer and Julius Riemer. The first goal of the society was to take stock of all living bison, in preparation for a breeding programme. Important members were the Polish Hunting Association and the Poznań zoological gardens, as well as a number of Polish private individuals, who provided funds to acquire the first bison cows and bulls. The breeding book was published in the company's annual report from 1932. While Priemel aimed to grow the population slowly with pure conservation of the breeding line, Lutz Heck planned to grow the population faster by cross-breeding with American bison in a separate breeding project in Munich, in 1934.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4764461, 2127346, 13798519, 13326965, 60271274, 63783920, 23723, 6716679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 460, 476 ], [ 661, 683 ], [ 738, 751 ], [ 808, 822 ], [ 827, 840 ], [ 1014, 1020 ], [ 1323, 1332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heck gained the support of then Reichsjägermeister Hermann Göring, who hoped for huntable big game. Heck promised his powerful supporter in writing: \"Since surplus bulls will soon be set, the hunting of the Wisent will be possible again in the foreseeable future\". Göring himself took over the patronage of the German Professional Association of Wisent Breeders and Hegers, founded at Heck's suggestion. Kurt Priemel, who had since resigned as president of the International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent, warned in vain against \"manification\". Heck answered by announcing that Göring would take action against Priemel if he continued to oppose his crossing plans. Priemel was then banned from publishing in relation to bison breeding, and the regular bookkeeper of the International Society, Erna Mohr, was forced to hand over the official register in 1937. Thus, the older society was effectively incorporated into the newly created Professional Association. After the Second World War, therefore, only the pure-blooded bison in the game park Springe near Hanover were recognised as part of the international herd book.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13487, 4771727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 1058, 1065 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first two bison were released into the wild in the Białowieża Forest in 1929. By 1964 more than 100 existed. Over the following decades, thanks to Polish and international efforts, the Białowieża Forest regained its position as the location with the world's largest population of European bison, including those in the wild. In 2005-2007, a wild bison nicknamed Pubal became renowned in southeast Poland due to his friendly interactions with humans and unwillingness to reintegrate into the wild. As of 2014 there were 1,434 wisents in Poland, out of which 1,212 were in free-range herds and 522 belonged to the wild population in the Białowieża Forest. Compared to 2013, the total population in 2014 increased by 4.1%, while the free-ranging population increased by 6.5%. Bison from Poland have also been transported beyond the country's borders to boost the local populations of other countries, among them Bulgaria, Spain, Romania, Czechia, and others. Poland has been described as the world's breeding centre of the European bison, where the bison population doubled between 1995 and 2017, reaching 2,269 by the end of 2019 – the total population has been increasing by around 15% to 18% yearly. In July 2022 a small population was released into woodland in Kent to trial their reintroduction into the UK.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62462036, 213749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 366, 371 ], [ 639, 656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in the tribe Bovini:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 14104029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taurine cattle and zebu", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 26051975, 50111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 14 ], [ 19, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wisent", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "American bison and yak", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 230271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Banteng, gaur, and gayal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 919834, 99692, 886528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 9, 13 ], [ 19, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison. An earlier study, using amplified fragment-length polymorphism fingerprinting, showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak. It noted the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European bison can crossbreed with American bison. This hybrid is known in Poland as a żubrobizon. The products of a German interbreeding programme were destroyed after the Second World War. This programme was related to the impulse which created the Heck cattle. The cross-bred individuals created at other zoos were eliminated from breed books by the 1950s. A Russian back-breeding programme resulted in a wild herd of hybrid animals, which presently lives in the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve (550 animals in 1999).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 371418, 367158, 2127346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 262 ], [ 370, 383 ], [ 466, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wisent-cattle hybrids also occur, similarly to the North American beefalo. Cattle and European bison hybridise fairly readily. First-generation males are infertile. In 1847, a herd of wisent-cattle hybrids named żubroń () was created by Leopold Walicki. The animals were intended to become durable and cheap alternatives to cattle. The experiment was continued by researchers from the Polish Academy of Sciences until the late 1980s. Although the program resulted in a quite successful animal that was both hardy and could be bred in marginal grazing lands, it was eventually discontinued. Currently, the only surviving żubroń herd consists of just a few animals in Białowieża Forest, Poland and Belarus.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 50063, 2784339, 893139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 73 ], [ 212, 218 ], [ 385, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2016, the first whole genome sequencing data from two European bison bulls from the Białowieża Forest revealed that the bison and bovine species diverged from about 1.7 to 0.85 Mya, through a speciation process involving limited gene flow. These data further support the occurrence of more recent secondary contacts, posterior to the divergence between Bos primigenius primigenius and B. p. namadicus (ca. 150,000 years ago), between the wisent and (European) taurine cattle lineages. An independent study of mitochondrial DNA and autosomal markers confirmed these secondary contacts (with an estimate of up to 10% of bovine ancestry in the modern wisent genome) leading the authors to go further in their conclusions by proposing the wisent to be a hybrid between steppe bison and aurochs with a hybridisation event originating before 120,000 years ago. However, other studies considered the 10% estimate for aurochs gene flow a gross overstimate and based on flawed data, and not supported by the data from the full nuclear genome of the wisent.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 2494, 25859570, 934317, 2494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 356, 383 ], [ 388, 403 ], [ 768, 780 ], [ 785, 792 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the authors however support the hypothesis that similarity of wisent and cattle (Bos) mitochondrial genomes is result of incomplete lineage sorting during divergence of Bos and Bison from their common ancestors rather than further post-speciation gene flow (ancient hybridisation between Bos and Bison). But they agree that limited gene flow from Bos primigenius taurus could account for the affiliation between wisent and cattle nuclear genomes (in contrast to mitochondrial ones).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 75180, 89796, 34044045, 4936472, 4583, 29000, 327061, 6235, 12388, 19588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 92 ], [ 94, 115 ], [ 129, 155 ], [ 163, 173 ], [ 185, 190 ], [ 244, 254 ], [ 255, 264 ], [ 438, 445 ], [ 446, 452 ], [ 470, 483 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alternatively, genome sequencing completed on remains attributed to the Pleistocene woodland bison (B. schoetensacki), and published in 2017, posited that genetic similarities between the Pleistocene woodland bison and the wisent suggest that B. schoetensaki was the ancestor of the European wisent. However, other studies have disputed the attribution of the remains to this species, otherwise known from remains hundreds of thousands of years older, instead referring them to an unnamed lineage of bison closely related to B. bonasius. A 2018 study proposed that the lineage leading to the wisent and to the lineage ancestral to both the American bison and Bison priscus had split over 1 million years ago, with the mitochondrial DNA discrepancy being the result of incomplete lineage sorting. The authors also proposed that during the late Middle Pleistocene there had been interbreeding between the ancestor of the wisent and the common ancestor of Bison priscus and the American bison.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Genetic history", "target_page_ids": [ 68976289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European bison is a herd animal, which lives in both mixed and solely male groups. Mixed groups consist of adult females, calves, young aged 2–3 years, and young adult bulls. The average herd size is dependent on environmental factors, though on average, they number eight to 13 animals per herd. Herds consisting solely of bulls are smaller than mixed ones, containing two individuals on average. European bison herds are not family units. Different herds frequently interact, combine, and quickly split after exchanging individuals.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [ 969684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bison social structure has been described by specialists as a matriarchy, as it is the cows of the herd that lead it, and decide where the entire group moves to graze. Although larger and heavier than the females, the oldest and most powerful male bulls are usually satellites that hang around the edges of the herd to protect the group. Bulls begin to serve a more active role in the herd when a danger to the group's safety appears, as well as during the mating season – when they compete with each other.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [ 83525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Territory held by bulls is correlated by age, with young bulls aged between five and six tending to form larger home ranges than older males. The European bison does not defend territory, and herd ranges tend to greatly overlap. Core areas of territory are usually sited near meadows and water sources.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The rutting season occurs from August through to October. Bulls aged 4–6 years, though sexually mature, are prevented from mating by older bulls. Cows usually have a gestation period of 264 days, and typically give birth to one calf at a time.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On average, male calves weigh at birth, and females . Body size in males increases proportionately to the age of 6 years. While females have a higher increase in body mass in their first year, their growth rate is comparatively slower than that of males by the age of 3–5. Bulls reach sexual maturity at the age of two, while cows do so in their third year.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European bison have lived as long as 30 years in captivity, but in the wild their lifespans are shorter. The lifespan of a bison in the wild is usually between 18 and 24 years, though females live longer than males. Productive breeding years are between four and 20 years of age in females, and only between six and 12 years of age in males.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European bison feed predominantly on grasses, although they also browse on shoots and leaves; in summer, an adult male can consume 32kg of food in a day. European bison in the Białowieża Forest in Poland have traditionally been fed hay in the winter for centuries, and large herds may gather around this diet supplement. European bison need to drink every day, and in winter can be seen breaking ice with their heavy hooves.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [ 51668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although superficially similar, a number of physical and behavioural differences are seen between the European bison and the American bison. The bison has 14 pairs of ribs, while the American bison has 15. Adult European bison are (on average) taller than American bison, and have longer legs. European bison tend to browse more, and graze less than their American relatives, due to their necks being set differently. Compared to the American bison, the nose of the European bison is set further forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [ 19210530, 854453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 317, 323 ], [ 334, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The body of the wisent is less hairy, though its tail is hairier than that of the American species. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of their faces, making them more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favours charging. European bison are less tameable than the American ones, and breed with domestic cattle less readily.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In terms of behavioural capability, European bison runs slower and with less stamina yet jumps higher and longer than American bisons, showing signs of more developed adaptations into mountainous habitats.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Behaviour and biology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The protection of the European bison has a long history; between the 15th and 18th centuries, those in the forest of Białowieża were protected and their diet supplemented. Efforts to restore this species to the wild began in 1929, with the establishment of the Bison Restitution Centre at Białowieża, Poland. Subsequently, in 1948, the Bison Breeding Centre was established within the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 18411315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 385, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The modern herds are managed as two separate lines – one consisting of only Bison bonasus bonasus (all descended from only seven animals) and one consisting of all 12 ancestors, including the one B. b. caucasicus bull. The latter is generally not considered a separate subspecies because they contain DNA from both B. b. bonasus and B. b. caucasicius, although some scientists classify them as a new subspecies, B. b. montanus. Only a limited amount of inbreeding depression from the population bottleneck has been found, having a small effect on skeletal growth in cows and a small rise in calf mortality. Genetic variability continues to shrink. From five initial bulls, all current European bison bulls have one of only two remaining Y chromosomes.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 2890996, 186409, 246891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 453, 474 ], [ 484, 505 ], [ 737, 749 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beginning in 1951, European bison have been reintroduced into the wild, including some areas where they were never found wild. Free-ranging herds are currently found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Latvia, Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan, Germany, and in forest preserves in the Western Caucasus. The Białowieża Primeval Forest, an ancient woodland that straddles the border between Poland and Belarus, continues to have the largest free-living European bison population in the world with around 1000 wild bison counted in 2014. Herds have also been introduced in Moldova (2005), Spain (2010), Denmark (2012), and the Czech Republic (2014). The Wilder Blean project, headed up by the Wildwood Trust and Kent Wildlife Trust, introduced European bison to the UK for the first time in 6000 years (although the European bison is not native to England, the British Isles once used to be home to its now-extinct close relative the forest bison). The herd of 3 females, with plans to also release a male in the following months, was set free in July 2022 within a 2,500-acre conservation area in West Blean and Thornden Woods, near Canterbury. In March 2022, five animals (one bull and four cows) were reintroduced in Serbia, where bison went extinct c.1800. Animals were transported from the Białowieża Forest and reintroduced on the Fruška Gora mountain.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 477117, 113261, 2127346, 1064603, 807406, 3736, 56734088, 2167268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 292, 308 ], [ 316, 332 ], [ 369, 385 ], [ 740, 759 ], [ 889, 902 ], [ 1126, 1155 ], [ 1365, 1376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total worldwide population recorded in 2019 was around 7,500 – about half of this number being in Poland and Belarus, with over 25% of the global population based in Poland alone. For 2016, the number was 6,573 (including 4,472 free-ranging) and has been increasing. Some local populations are estimated as:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 22936, 3457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 108 ], [ 113, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": 10 animals", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": 1,962 animals in 2019.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": Around 150 animals in northeastern Bulgaria; a smaller population has been reintroduced in the eastern Rhodope Mountains.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 307142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": 106 animals in 2017.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": Two herds were established in the summer of 2012, as part of conservation of the species. First, 14 animals were released near the town of Randers, and later, seven animals on Bornholm. In June 2012, one male and six females were moved from Poland to the Danish island Bornholm. The plan was to examine if it is possible to establish a wild population of bison on the island over a five-year period. In 2018 it was decided to keep the bison on Bornholm, but fenced. The hope is that these animals will aid biodiversity by naturally maintaining open grassland and creating open gaps in the forest. The bison have become a great attraction with more than 100,000 visitors every year.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 3776, 3776, 45086, 198842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 186 ], [ 271, 279 ], [ 508, 520 ], [ 551, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": One herd was established in 2005 in the Alps near the village of Thorenc (close to the city of Grasse), as part of conservation of the species. In 2015, it contained around 50 animals.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": A herd of eight wisents was released into nature in April 2013 at the Rothaarsteig natural reserve near Bad Berleburg (North Rhine-Westphalia). As of May 2015, 13 free-roaming wisents lived there. In September 2017 one of the free-living Polish animals swam the border river Oder and migrated to Germany. It was the first wild bison seen in Germany for more than 250 years. German authorities ordered the animal to be killed and it was shot dead by hunters in September 2017. As of 2020, the population has steadily increased to 26 individuals, living in one subpopulation.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 24167835, 4151806, 38414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 84 ], [ 106, 119 ], [ 121, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": 11 animals in the Őrség National Park and few more in the Körös-Maros National Park.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 41584947, 11438738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 39 ], [ 60, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": a small herd can be found in the Natura Viva Park near Verona, Italy, where the animals are protected and are prepared to be put in nature again in the wild areas of Romania.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": 214 free-ranging animals as of 2017.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": Extirpated from Moldova since the 18th century, wisents were reintroduced with the arrival of three European bison from Białowieża Forest in Poland several days before Moldova's Independence Day on 27 August 2005. Moldova is currently interested in expanding their wisent population, and began talks with Belarus in 2019 regarding a bison exchange program between the two countries. Bisons can be found in Pădurea Domnească.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 27379859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 408, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": Natuurpark Lelystad: In 1976, the first Wisent arrived from Białowieża. Natuurpark Lelystad is a breeding centre with a herd of approx. 25 animals living together with Przewalski horses. All Wisents are registered in the European Studbook and are of the Lowland line. It is one of the suppliers for re-introduction projects in Europe. Kraansvlak herd established in 2007 with three wisents, and expanded to six in 2008; the Maashorst herd established in 2016 with 11 wisents; and the Veluwe herd established in 2016 with a small herd. In 2020 a new herd of 14 bison was established in the Slikken van de Heen. Numbers at the end of 2017 were: Lelystad 24, Kraansvlak 22, Maashorst 15 and the Veluwe 5, for a total of 66 animals.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 14690875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 337, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": By the end of 2019 the number was 2,269, of which 2,048 were free-roaming and 221 were living in captivity, including zoos. A total of 770 belonged to the wild population in the Białowieża Forest and 668 to Bieszczady National Park. The total population has been increasing by around 15% to 18% yearly. Between 1995 and 2017 the number of bison in Poland doubled; from 2012 to 2017 it rose by 30%. Poland has been described as the world's breeding centre of the European bison. Zubr from Poland have also been transported beyond the country's borders to boost the local populations of other countries – among them Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Moldova, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and others. As the number of animals is growing, more bison are spotted in areas where they have not been seen in centuries, especially migrating males in Spring. The placement of about 40 free-roaming bison in the Lasy Janowskie in 2020/2021 resulted in ecologists' efforts to redesign some bridges of the S19 highway (constructed in 2020-2022) to allow large animals to cross it.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 213749, 17738065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 197 ], [ 897, 911 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": The wisents were reintroduced in 1958, when the first two animals were brought from Poland and kept in a reserve in Hațeg. Similar locations later appeared in Vama Buzăului (Valea Zimbrilor Nature Reserve) and Bucșani, Dâmbovița. The idea of free bison, on the Romanian territory, was born in 1999, through a program supported by the World Bank and the European Union. Almost 100 free-roaming animals, as of 2019, population slowly increasing in the three areas where wild bison can be found: Northern Romania – Vânători-Neamț Natural Park, and South-West Romania – Țarcu Mountains and Poiana Ruscă Mountains, as part of the Life-Bison project initiated by WWF Romania and Rewilding Europe, with co-funding from the EU through its LIFE Programme.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 2256978, 13483476, 17651812, 2246833, 4253648, 21763114, 49442271, 26422122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 123 ], [ 161, 174 ], [ 212, 230 ], [ 514, 541 ], [ 568, 583 ], [ 588, 610 ], [ 675, 691 ], [ 733, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": As of 2020, the population of Wisents in Russia has greatly recovered and stands at 1,588 individuals.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": A bison reserve was established in Topoľčianky in 1958. The reserve has a maximum capacity of 13 animals but has bred around 180 animals for various zoos. As of 2020, there was also a wild breeding herd of 48 animals in Poloniny National Park with an increasing population.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 7453087, 8484993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 48 ], [ 222, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": Two herds in northern Spain were established in 2010. As of 2018, the total population neared a hundred animals, half of them in Castile and León, but also in Asturias, Valencia, Extremadura and the Pyrenees.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 70260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": There are approximately 139 animals.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": More than 50 animals. Coming from Poland, one male and four females were introduced in November 2019 into the natural reserve and forest of Suchy, Vaud Canton, western Switzerland. On 15 June 2020, the first baby of that population was born. Besides the Suchy breeding station, several zoos in Switzerland are keeping bison too. From September 2022, at least five animals will be kept in semi-freedom in Welschenrohr, with hiking paths cutting through the enclosure.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 2302944, 288702, 66297625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 147 ], [ 149, 160 ], [ 406, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ": A population of around 240 animals, population is unstable and decreasing.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": Bison were introduced to the West Blean and Thornden Woods in Kent, England on 18 July 2022.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 56734088, 16766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 60 ], [ 64, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The largest European bison herds — of both captive and wild populations — are still based in Poland and Belarus, the majority of which can be found in the Białowieża Forest including the most numerous population of free-living European bison in the world with most of the animals living on the Polish side of the border. Poland remains the world's breeding centre for the wisent. In the years 1945 to 2014, from the Białowieża National Park alone, 553 specimens were sent to most captive populations of the bison in Europe as well as all breeding sanctuaries for the species in Poland.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 213749, 7098581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 172 ], [ 416, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1983, a small reintroduced population lives in the Altai Mountains. This population suffers from inbreeding depression and needs the introduction of unrelated animals for \"blood refreshment\". In the long term, authorities hope to establish a population of about 1,000 animals in the area. One of the northernmost current populations of the European bison lives in Vologodskaya Oblast in the Northern Dvina valley at about 60°N. It survives without supplementary winter feeding. Another Russian population lives in the forests around the Desna River on the border between Russia and Ukraine. The north-easternmost population lives in Pleistocene Park south of Chersky in Siberia, a project to recreate the steppe ecosystem which began to be altered 10,000 years ago. Five wisents were introduced on 24 April 2011. The wisents were brought to the park from the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve near Moscow. Winter temperatures often drop below −50°C. Four of the five bison have subsequently died due to problems acclimatizing to the low winter temperature.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 56896, 463945, 463875, 651653, 26893816, 8160466, 29639, 54048, 18411315, 19004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 72 ], [ 370, 389 ], [ 397, 411 ], [ 543, 554 ], [ 639, 655 ], [ 665, 672 ], [ 676, 683 ], [ 711, 717 ], [ 865, 897 ], [ 903, 909 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, three bison were introduced into Alladale Wilderness Reserve in Scotland. Plans to move more into the reserve were made, but the project failed due to not being \"well thought through\". In April 2013, eight European bison (one male, five females, and two calves) were released into the wild in the Bad Berleburg region of Germany, after 850 years of absence since the species became extinct in that region.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 38391354, 4151806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 69 ], [ 306, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plans are being made to reintroduce two herds in Germany and in the Netherlands in Oostvaardersplassen Nature Reserve in Flevoland as well as the Veluwe. In 2007, a bison pilot project in a fenced area was begun in Zuid-Kennemerland National Park in the Netherlands. Because of their limited genetic pool, they are considered highly vulnerable to illnesses such as foot-and-mouth disease. In March 2016, a herd was released in the Maashorst Nature Reserve in North Brabant. Zoos in 30 countries also have quite a few bison involved in captive-breeding programs.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Conservation", "target_page_ids": [ 480747, 42997, 869389, 3541802, 14690875, 21438755, 55264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 102 ], [ 121, 130 ], [ 146, 152 ], [ 171, 184 ], [ 215, 246 ], [ 365, 387 ], [ 459, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Representations of the European bison from different ages, across millennia of human society's existence, can be found throughout Eurasia in the form of drawings and rock carvings; one of the oldest and most famous instances of the latter can be found in the Cave of Altamira, present-day Spain, where cave art featuring the wisent from the Upper Paleolithic was discovered. The bison has also been represented in a wide range of art in human history, such as sculptures, paintings, photographs, glass art, and more. Sculptures of the wisent constructed in the 19th and 20th centuries continue to stand in a number of European cities; arguably the most notable of these are the zubr statue in Spała from 1862 designed by Mihály Zichy and the two bison sculptures in Kiel sculpted by August Gaul in 1910–1913. However, a number of other monuments to the animal also exist, such as those in Hajnówka and Pszczyna or at the Kyiv Zoo entrance. Mikołaj Hussowczyk, a poet writing in Latin about the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the early 16th century, described the bison in a historically significant fictional work from 1523.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 305738, 402418, 1158651, 26608557, 3730469, 59673, 5833175, 390445, 387080, 4303988, 5542711, 380252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 179 ], [ 259, 275 ], [ 341, 358 ], [ 496, 505 ], [ 721, 733 ], [ 766, 770 ], [ 783, 794 ], [ 889, 897 ], [ 902, 910 ], [ 921, 929 ], [ 940, 958 ], [ 994, 1018 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European bison is considered one of the national animals of Poland and Belarus. Due to this and the fact that half of the worldwide European bison population can be found spread across these two countries, the wisent is still featured prominently in the heraldry of these neighbouring states (especially in the overlapping region of Eastern Poland and Western Belarus). Examples in Poland include the coats of arms of: the counties of Hajnówka and Zambrów, the towns Sokółka and Żywiec, the villages Białowieża and Narewka, as well as the coats of arms of the Pomian and Wieniawa families. Examples in Belarus include the Grodno and Brest voblasts, the town of Svislach, and others. The European bison can also be found on the coats of arms of places in neighbouring countries: Perloja in southern Lithuania, Lypovets in west-central Ukraine, and Zubří in east Czechia – as well as further outside the region, such as Kortezubi in the Basque Country, and Jabel in Germany.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 13610, 28856397, 3378626, 5408590, 5420273, 390455, 390467, 902895, 16987247, 1065170, 1076137, 215313, 214070, 1203459, 5288269, 6861864, 6644460, 2882687, 13198752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 266 ], [ 337, 351 ], [ 356, 371 ], [ 439, 447 ], [ 452, 459 ], [ 471, 478 ], [ 483, 489 ], [ 504, 514 ], [ 519, 526 ], [ 564, 570 ], [ 575, 583 ], [ 626, 632 ], [ 637, 642 ], [ 665, 673 ], [ 782, 789 ], [ 813, 821 ], [ 851, 856 ], [ 922, 931 ], [ 959, 964 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A flavoured vodka called Żubrówka (), originating as a recipe of the szlachta of the Kingdom of Poland in the 14th century, has since 1928 been industrially produced as a brand in Poland. In the decades that followed, it became known as the \"world's best known Polish vodka\" and sparked the creation of a number of copy brands inspired by the original in Belarus, Russia, Germany, as well as other brands in Poland. The original Polish brand is known for placing a decorative blade of bison grass from the Białowieża Forest in each bottle of their product; both the plant's name in Polish and the vodka are named after żubr, the Polish name for the European bison. The bison also appears commercially as a symbol of a number of other Polish brands, such as the popular beer brand Żubr and on the logo of Poland's second largest bank, Bank Pekao S.A.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Cultural significance", "target_page_ids": [ 584546, 29050, 393169, 4734984, 213749, 26894275, 15439047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 33 ], [ 69, 77 ], [ 85, 102 ], [ 485, 496 ], [ 506, 523 ], [ 780, 784 ], [ 834, 849 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Białowieża National Park", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7098581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vânători-Neamț Natural Park", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2246833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bubalus murrensis", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 49008565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wood bison", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3074097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pubal", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 62462036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eriksberg Natural Reserve, Blekinge, Sweden", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bison entry from Walker's Mammals of the World", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Extinction Website – Caucasian European bison (Bison bonasus caucasicus).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Extinction Website – Carpathian European bison (Bison bonasus hungarorum).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European bison/wisent", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "BBC NEWS Reversal fortunes", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "I. Parnikoza, V. Boreiko, V. Sesin, M. Kaliuzhna History, current state and perspectives of conservation of European bison in Ukraine // European Bison Conservation Newsletter Vol 2 (2009) pp: 5–16", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Species fact sheet on LHNet database", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Wisent online\" from Browsk Forest District in Białowieża National Park, Poland", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Geographic – Rewilding Europe Brings Back the Continent's Largest Land Animal", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European Bison Conservation Center", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rewilding bison in Romania", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Distribution and quantity of the European bison in 2014 (PDF; 213kB)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bison", "Mammals_of_Europe", "Near_threatened_animals", "Near_threatened_biota_of_Europe", "Mammals_described_in_1758", "Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" ]

[ "European bison", "wisent" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Argumentum ad baculum (Latin for \"argument to the cudgel\" or \"appeal to the stick\") is the fallacy committed when one makes an appeal to force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. One participates in argumentum ad baculum when one emphasizes the negative consequences of holding the contrary position, regardless of the contrary position's truth value — particularly when the argument-maker himself causes (or threatens to cause) those negative consequences. It is a special case of the appeal to consequences.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 874623, 53986, 161711, 224012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 28 ], [ 50, 56 ], [ 91, 98 ], [ 350, 361 ], [ 497, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives this example of argumentum ad baculum:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 357356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " If you don’t join our demonstration against the expansion of the park, we will evict you from your apartment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 538394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " So, you should join our demonstration against the expansion of the park.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The phrase has also been used to describe the 1856 caning of Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Senator, by one of his pro-slavery opponents, Preston Brooks, on the floor of the United States Senate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 38537005, 273845, 38894, 755515, 24909346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 57 ], [ 61, 75 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 139, 153 ], [ 175, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Argument from authority", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37568781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conformity (psychology)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20757984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Formal fallacy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3637937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In terrorem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2104167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legal threat", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18429775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Management by perkele", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2747989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Might makes right", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1087195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proof by intimidation", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15889648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] } ]

[ "Causal_fallacies", "Latin_logical_phrases", "Informal_fallacies", "Relevance_fallacies" ]

[ "appeal to the stick", "argument to the cudgel", "appeal to force" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19039354, 4721, 216862, 21217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 75 ], [ 125, 139 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 206, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two years into the French and Indian War, in 1756, Great Britain declared war on France, beginning the worldwide Seven Years' War. Many view the French and Indian War as being merely the American theater of this conflict; however, in the United States the French and Indian War is viewed as a singular conflict which was not associated with any European war. French Canadians call it the ('War of the Conquest').", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19039354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee tribes, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy member tribes Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and the Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot (Huron) tribes. Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from the Province of Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne at the location that later became Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19195965, 714258, 50490, 13231954, 55012, 41851387, 252768, 230270, 219064, 586095, 586227, 140832, 188900, 21980, 51822, 201862, 2027075, 88940, 25101, 1929790, 11968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 69 ], [ 71, 78 ], [ 84, 92 ], [ 144, 164 ], [ 179, 186 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 208, 217 ], [ 219, 225 ], [ 227, 233 ], [ 235, 241 ], [ 243, 250 ], [ 256, 263 ], [ 384, 404 ], [ 421, 433 ], [ 510, 525 ], [ 530, 547 ], [ 559, 576 ], [ 605, 618 ], [ 653, 663 ], [ 720, 745 ], [ 825, 842 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1755, six colonial governors met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded, and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755, and died a few days later. British operations failed in the frontier areas of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of New York during 1755–57 due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Native warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia, and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians (1755–64) soon afterwards. Orders for the deportation were given by Commander-in-Chief William Shirley without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians were expelled, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to the King. Natives likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 176069, 224306, 1614533, 487629, 486947, 2071595, 21184, 128607, 397920, 224675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ], [ 174, 189 ], [ 233, 258 ], [ 358, 382 ], [ 391, 411 ], [ 595, 610 ], [ 636, 647 ], [ 653, 659 ], [ 682, 707 ], [ 795, 810 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British colonial government fell in the region of Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757, including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry; this last was followed by the Natives torturing and massacring their colonial victims. William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France, preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies who were now engaged in the Seven Years' War in Europe. The conflict in Ohio ended in 1758 with the British–American victory in the Ohio Country. Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture French Canada. They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec (1759). The following year the British were victorious in the Montreal Campaign in which the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1763).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25227996, 2071836, 33632, 371248, 1110101, 157957, 63148725, 191924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 158 ], [ 167, 194 ], [ 283, 295 ], [ 541, 548 ], [ 785, 798 ], [ 877, 895 ], [ 958, 975 ], [ 1032, 1054 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "France also ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain, as well as French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Spanish Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in northern America.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1989580, 19579, 2716954, 49719, 27218, 1649898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 101 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 197, 212 ], [ 280, 286 ], [ 375, 400 ], [ 472, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. There had already been a King George's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II, so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This continues as the standard name for the war in the United States, although Indians fought on both sides of the conflict. It also led into the Seven Years' War overseas, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain that did not involve the American colonies; some historians make a connection between the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War overseas, but most residents of the United States consider them as two separate conflicts—only one of which involved the American colonies, and American historians generally use the traditional name. Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nomenclature", "target_page_ids": [ 224593, 119954, 120223, 46389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 103 ], [ 107, 123 ], [ 150, 167 ], [ 201, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Europe, the French and Indian War is conflated into the Seven Years' War and not given a separate name. \"Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756—two years after the French and Indian War had started—to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. The French and Indian War in America, by contrast, was largely concluded in six years from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nomenclature", "target_page_ids": [ 1929790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 387, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Canadians conflate both the European and American conflicts into the Seven Years' War (). French Canadians also use the term \"War of Conquest\" (), since it is the war in which New France was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire. In Quebec, this term was promoted by popular historians Jacques Lacoursière and Denis Vaugeois, who borrowed from the ideas of Maurice Séguin in considering this war as a dramatic tipping point of French Canadian identity and nationhood.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nomenclature", "target_page_ids": [ 159828, 12433404, 12432199, 22903870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 186 ], [ 311, 330 ], [ 335, 349 ], [ 382, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At this time, North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France. Large areas had no colonial settlements. The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia), including Île Royale (Cape Breton Island). Fewer lived in New Orleans; Biloxi, Mississippi; Mobile, Alabama; and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local Indian tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 45948, 21182, 21184, 5724, 53842, 122281, 20952, 554924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 255 ], [ 302, 315 ], [ 329, 340 ], [ 365, 383 ], [ 401, 412 ], [ 414, 433 ], [ 435, 450 ], [ 481, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5million ranged along the Atlantic coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and the Colony of Newfoundland in the north to the Province of Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies' land claims extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted. Their population centers were along the coast, but the settlements were growing into the interior. The British captured Nova Scotia from France in 1713, which still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 30537264, 487081, 153359, 13297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 182 ], [ 203, 222 ], [ 647, 660 ], [ 671, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between the French and British colonists, large areas were dominated by Indian tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although Ohio also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingos. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements. The Iroquois Confederation initially held a stance of neutrality to ensure continued trade with both French and British. Though maintaining this stance proved difficult as the Iroquois Confederation tribes sided and supported French or British causes depending on which side provided the most beneficial trade.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 312280, 55012, 30098686, 1110101, 19195965, 505873, 52115, 230270, 586227, 676485, 23953621 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 112 ], [ 121, 129 ], [ 146, 168 ], [ 254, 272 ], [ 304, 326 ], [ 370, 382 ], [ 412, 422 ], [ 447, 455 ], [ 460, 467 ], [ 480, 489 ], [ 499, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawbas, Muskogee-speaking Creeks and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region, which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British; these included the Hurons, Mississaugas, Ojibwas, Winnebagos, and Potawatomi.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 714258, 1255311, 57190, 7222, 50490, 432536, 140832, 328215, 219064, 694895, 351662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 64 ], [ 66, 74 ], [ 84, 90 ], [ 95, 102 ], [ 131, 139 ], [ 279, 297 ], [ 397, 403 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 419, 426 ], [ 428, 438 ], [ 444, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees, until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758, the Province of Pennsylvania successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 19195965, 1818864, 487629, 705053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 75 ], [ 133, 151 ], [ 174, 198 ], [ 227, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At this time, Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern America. It controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years' War. Florida's European population was a few hundred, concentrated in St. Augustine.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 5574915, 109790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 136 ], [ 259, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were no French regular army troops stationed in America at the onset of war. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. The British had few troops. Most of the British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, but they did not have any standing forces. Virginia, by contrast, had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1456273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When hostilities began, the British colonial governments preferred operating independently of one another and of the government in London. This situation complicated negotiations with Indian tribes, whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies. As the war progressed, the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New France's Governor-General Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan. In June 1747, he ordered Pierre-Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area. Its objectives were:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 3892323, 1106307, 4375390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 69 ], [ 184, 198 ], [ 226, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " to reaffirm to New France's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion, unauthorized trading expeditions, and general trespass against French claims", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians, and they covered about between June and November 1749. They went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona, New York, the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur-traders, he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1456273, 17947, 17946, 5174149, 259679, 51822, 25101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 70 ], [ 212, 224 ], [ 293, 302 ], [ 311, 329 ], [ 335, 354 ], [ 391, 406 ], [ 441, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French. He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton\". Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists, but Old Briton ignored the warning. Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 4348818, 553025, 3832955, 101664, 2711493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 279, 284 ], [ 332, 344 ], [ 362, 367 ], [ 384, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report. \"All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French,\" he wrote, \"and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back.\" Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 502904, 224675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 418, 431 ], [ 441, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission, but it reached no decision. Frontier areas were claimed by both sides, from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 52266, 1525391, 698, 345394, 26304966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 34 ], [ 73, 98 ], [ 456, 470 ], [ 533, 544 ], [ 549, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1749, the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country. The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection. But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims. In 1750, Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown. He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their \"Half-King\" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative. These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 700378, 1419982, 4348818, 1129640, 201862, 25101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 73 ], [ 394, 410 ], [ 571, 594 ], [ 664, 676 ], [ 785, 802 ], [ 825, 835 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Governor-General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17, 1752, and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne, but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post. The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British. On June 21, the French war party attacked the trading center at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians, including Old Briton. He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 3735461, 1132242, 6965655, 144743, 586095, 3832955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 54 ], [ 181, 201 ], [ 412, 438 ], [ 518, 534 ], [ 555, 567 ], [ 733, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier. Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie's south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford, Pennsylvania, designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father. He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 3755531, 3611720, 132482, 18834627, 2916445, 132509, 1129640, 23953621 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 46 ], [ 433, 450 ], [ 483, 501 ], [ 548, 561 ], [ 600, 613 ], [ 617, 640 ], [ 798, 810 ], [ 830, 835 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York, who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond. Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning \"he who does great things.\" He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area, and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 230728, 19195965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 57 ], [ 330, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor George Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany, New York. Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council, and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, and Hendrick said that the \"Covenant Chain\" was broken, a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 614559, 52106, 307384, 1640385, 1216133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 71 ], [ 130, 146 ], [ 148, 154 ], [ 155, 169 ], [ 372, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. He ordered 21-year-old Major George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753. Washington left with a small party, picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter, Christopher Gist (a company surveyor working in the area), and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 967090, 11968, 8156515, 6817053, 12501000, 1419982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ], [ 162, 179 ], [ 237, 254 ], [ 258, 301 ], [ 366, 381 ], [ 401, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29, and he invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, \"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.\" He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 3731699, 189917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ], [ 502, 541 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Washington's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16, 1754. He stated in his report, \"The French had swept south\", detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area, and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 91234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. These forces arrived at the fort on April 16, but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 3058140, 1132265, 25945020, 88940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 91 ], [ 147, 155 ], [ 245, 280 ], [ 584, 597 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work, and Washington learned of Trent's retreat while he was en route. Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him. He then learned of a French scouting party in the area from a warrior sent by Tanaghrisson, so he added Tanaghrisson's dozen Mingo warriors to his own party. Washington's combined force of 52 ambushed 40 Canadiens (French colonists of New France) on the morning of May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadiens, including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire. Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America, and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 144743, 159828, 1929790, 1595291, 4928974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 480, 489 ], [ 511, 521 ], [ 576, 601 ], [ 673, 700 ], [ 782, 795 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the battle, Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity, which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jumonville's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3. Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms. One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo warriors—just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 2434350, 1594820, 586227, 7930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 89 ], [ 169, 193 ], [ 335, 342 ], [ 344, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British sent out their fleet in February 1755, intending to blockade French ports, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 308985, 176069, 54247, 415519, 246257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 128 ], [ 232, 247 ], [ 389, 402 ], [ 463, 476 ], [ 622, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a second British action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8, 1755, capturing her and two troop ships. The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755, seizing ships and capturing seamen. These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 224092, 14397797, 26857804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ], [ 65, 83 ], [ 101, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with the Indians, since the allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved by the Crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 225544, 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 108 ], [ 584, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755. General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne, while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara. Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at Crown Point, New York, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 224675, 210807, 364550, 230728, 1338710, 126431, 2770166, 1725188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 168 ], [ 202, 213 ], [ 228, 240 ], [ 242, 261 ], [ 277, 294 ], [ 298, 319 ], [ 344, 359 ], [ 375, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on the Braddock expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne, with George Washington as one of his aides. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French regulars, Canadian Militiamen, and Indian warriors ambushing them from hiding places up in trees and behind logs, and Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia, led by Washington. Washington and Thomas Gage played key roles in organizing the retreat—two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 224306, 1614533, 8767835, 223419, 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 86 ], [ 205, 213 ], [ 234, 250 ], [ 542, 553 ], [ 625, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British government initiated a plan to increase their military capability in preparation for war following news of Braddock's defeat and the start of parliament's session in November 1755. Among the early legislative measures were the Recruiting Act 1756, the Commissions to Foreign Protestants Act 1756 for the Royal American Regiment, the Navigation Act 1756, and the Continuance of Acts 1756. England passed the Naval Prize Act 1756 following the proclamation of war on May 17 to allow the capture of ships and establish privateering.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 17330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 316, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, he was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, he left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams, the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at Rome, New York. Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 13826642, 5341334, 292708, 22702699, 126858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 437, 446 ], [ 495, 507 ], [ 520, 532 ], [ 537, 547 ], [ 551, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil. Vaudreuil had been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack. The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after the British captured it in 1759).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 732682, 28163294, 47911, 3852928, 324717, 230055, 46710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 125 ], [ 466, 477 ], [ 516, 528 ], [ 664, 685 ], [ 710, 728 ], [ 939, 952 ], [ 968, 984 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year, cutting off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities. Cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff, in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq, with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg, among others. The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757, other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 2071595, 233101, 1327403, 44515, 981111, 397920, 28659620, 26833191, 19178586, 16268255, 1641126, 28886563, 28758715, 27067390, 44441256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 41 ], [ 117, 136 ], [ 229, 245 ], [ 293, 300 ], [ 369, 384 ], [ 386, 402 ], [ 687, 696 ], [ 701, 710 ], [ 763, 774 ], [ 790, 802 ], [ 808, 823 ], [ 899, 911 ], [ 920, 931 ], [ 936, 944 ], [ 957, 971 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America, and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755. He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point, and Duquesne, with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. His plan, however, got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, and consequently gained little support.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 1130983, 583054, 2425168, 100727, 1187663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 287 ], [ 371, 385 ], [ 399, 414 ], [ 429, 443 ], [ 573, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. On May 18, 1756, Britain formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years' War.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 701225, 250479, 190387, 8085718, 52266, 19039354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 77, 94 ], [ 324, 348 ], [ 369, 387 ], [ 467, 497 ], [ 620, 636 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief, in addition to his role as governor, and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 7381568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 345, 364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The new British command was not in place until July. Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them, and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. He built on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 943590, 1297274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 296 ], [ 465, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, and he planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital of Quebec. He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies. The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia, in early August. In the meantime, French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 7954867, 226146, 731832, 2071836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 156 ], [ 344, 362 ], [ 476, 496 ], [ 748, 793 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January, they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February, they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations, as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward. Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers, although no proof exists.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 23043563, 16829895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 158 ], [ 748, 756 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing \"bad medicine\" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 3512365, 342354, 16829895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 286 ], [ 292, 318 ], [ 470, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years. The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland, his principal military advisor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757. Pitt's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 22954210, 2074514, 15536212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 48 ], [ 492, 505 ], [ 510, 520 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September–October 1758, with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country. The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley. The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 21053876, 454958, 233101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 105, 116 ], [ 305, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia, and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 157366, 1174444, 1511570, 59465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 91 ], [ 339, 354 ], [ 390, 414 ], [ 556, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war. The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul, and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland. The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain's mainland ally of Prussia, while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. In one piece of good fortune, some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 148453, 21695631, 2163628, 477859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 123 ], [ 155, 174 ], [ 480, 485 ], [ 490, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British proceeded to wage a campaign in the northwest frontier of Canada in an effort to cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south. They captured Ticonderoga and Fort Niagara, and they defeated the French at the Thousand Islands in the summer of 1759. In September 1759, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham which claimed the lives of both commanders. After the battle, the French capitulated the city to the British.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 404373, 2087916, 3632103, 180711, 157957, 732450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 175 ], [ 180, 192 ], [ 230, 246 ], [ 289, 300 ], [ 326, 357 ], [ 431, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 1760, François Gaston de Lévis led French forces to launch an attack to retake Quebec. Although he won the Battle of Sainte-Foy, Lévis' subsequent siege of Quebec ended in defeat when British ships arrived to relieve the garrison. After Lévis had retreated he was given another blow when a British naval victory at Restigouche brought the loss of French ships meant to resupply his army. In July Jeffrey Amherst then led British forces numbering around 18,000 men in a three pronged attack on Montreal. After eliminating French positions along the way all three forces met up and surrounded Montreal in September. Many Canadians deserted or surrendered their arms to British forces while the Native allies of the French sought peace and neutrality. De Lévis and the Marquis de Vaudreuil reluctantly signed the Articles of Capitulation of Montreal on September 8 which effectively completed the British conquest of New France.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 8085718, 157117, 62989157, 7535229, 59465, 63148725, 732682, 732485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 39 ], [ 116, 136 ], [ 156, 171 ], [ 307, 335 ], [ 405, 420 ], [ 478, 510 ], [ 775, 795 ], [ 819, 855 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the fighting ended in America in 1760, although it continued in Europe between France and Britain. The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John's, Newfoundland. General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst, who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762. Many of the British troops who were stationed in America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies, including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France, and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Course of war", "target_page_ids": [ 70581, 15464219, 7567032, 15555763, 15809891, 2770166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 179 ], [ 278, 293 ], [ 342, 363 ], [ 532, 557 ], [ 629, 673 ], [ 703, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760. Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, to own property, and to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers, and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Peace", "target_page_ids": [ 732485, 59465, 606848, 611740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 56 ], [ 62, 77 ], [ 241, 255 ], [ 411, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "General Amherst also oversaw the transfer of French fortifications to British control on the western frontier. The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to the outbreak of Pontiac's War in 1763. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Peace", "target_page_ids": [ 437415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A series of Indian attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British forces, and the conflict was not fully concluded until 1766.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Peace", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Beginning from the 1750's and lasting until the 1760's, a smallpox outbreak devastated several Indian communities throughout the American Midwest. The outbreak was brought on in part by victorious Indian warriors who had fought on the side of the French bringing home prizes of war which had been infected with the disease; the Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi peoples were most affected by the outbreak. An oral account from Odawa tribal leader and historian Andrew Blackbird claimed that the outbreak had \"entirely depopulated and laid waste\" to Waganagisi, a large Odawa settlement.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Peace", "target_page_ids": [ 104697, 5500932, 219064, 586095, 351662, 81724, 5545871, 25123439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 145 ], [ 268, 281 ], [ 328, 334 ], [ 336, 341 ], [ 346, 356 ], [ 404, 416 ], [ 456, 472 ], [ 544, 554 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The war in North America, along with the global Seven Years War, officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, however, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue (though the absence of that threat caused many colonists to conclude they no longer needed British protection). Britain also had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba, but they also gained Louisiana from France, including New Orleans, in compensation for their losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Peace", "target_page_ids": [ 191924, 12343, 19169, 27218, 32375, 513063, 19579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 121 ], [ 379, 389 ], [ 394, 404 ], [ 521, 546 ], [ 790, 798 ], [ 853, 872 ], [ 1386, 1403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations among the three European powers, their colonies, and the people who inhabited those territories. France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long-term consequences.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its American provinces, but many went to France and some went to New Orleans, which they expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands, but these efforts were unsuccessful. The Louisiana population contributed to founding the Cajun population. (The French word \"Acadien\" changed to \"Cadien\" then to \"Cajun\".)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 1110101, 397920, 21350970, 7550182, 57164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ], [ 149, 172 ], [ 493, 506 ], [ 515, 531 ], [ 623, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers. The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 42029, 132989, 315239, 85023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 27, 53 ], [ 248, 261 ], [ 331, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Quebec Act of 1774 addressed issues brought forth by Roman Catholic French Canadians from the 1763 proclamation, and it transferred the Indian Reserve into the Province of Quebec. The Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution. The Quebec Act was a major concern for the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of \"popery\". It is typically associated with other Intolerable Acts, legislation that eventually led to the American Revolutionary War. The Quebec Act served as the constitutional document for the Province of Quebec until it was superseded by the Constitutional Act 1791.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 55000, 9895830, 391225, 247036, 11188, 34681, 284689, 771, 241211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 164, 182 ], [ 235, 253 ], [ 318, 335 ], [ 399, 416 ], [ 485, 501 ], [ 542, 568 ], [ 681, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Seven Years' War nearly doubled Great Britain's national debt. The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies. These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance, until troops were called in to enforce the Crown's authority, and they ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War. France attached comparatively little value to its American possessions, apart from the highly profitable sugar-producing Antilles islands which it retained. Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris, and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost a few acres of snow. However, the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the French monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 771, 250125, 6489245, 32375, 513063, 11188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 360 ], [ 483, 491 ], [ 528, 536 ], [ 605, 613 ], [ 643, 662 ], [ 796, 813 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The elimination of French power in America meant the disappearance of a strong ally for some Indian tribes. The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes. The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769, and it had modest repercussions. The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them. This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies who were competing for land. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 2529222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 754, 761 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "France returned to America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco-American alliance against Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as French \"revenge for Montcalm's death\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 23216526, 771, 41634712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 87 ], [ 117, 143 ], [ 163, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American Indian Wars", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 386555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Colonial American military history", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25885927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " French and Indian Wars", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 121299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Military history of Canada", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 384176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Military history of Nova Scotia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34310242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Military history of the Acadians", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 41942385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Military history of the Mi'kmaq", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 41851387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Troupes coloniales", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1712328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " – Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 29697498, 1924507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 45 ], [ 57, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eckert, Allan W. Wilderness Empire. Bantam Books, 1994, originally published 1969. . Second volume in a series of historical narratives, with emphasis on Sir William Johnson. Academic historians often regard Eckert's books, which are written in the style of novels, to be unreliable, as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 201447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gipson, Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire: The Years of Defeat, 1754–1757 (1948); The Great War for the Empire: The Victorious Years, 1758–1760 (1950) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jacobs, Wilbur R. Diplomacy and Indian Gifts: Anglo-French Rivalry Along the Ohio and Northwest Frontiers, 1748–1763 (1949) excerpt", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nester, William R. The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France (2015). excerpt", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Parkman, Francis. Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War. Originally published 1884. New York: Da Capo, 1984. .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 436834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " West, Doug (2016) French and Indian War – A Short History 30 Minute Book Series", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The French and Indian War Website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Map of French and Indian War. French and British forts and settlements, Indian tribes.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " French and Indian War Profile and Videos – Chickasaw.TV", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The War That Made America from PBS", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 29697498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FORGOTTEN WAR: Struggle for North America from PBS", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 29697498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seven Years' War timeline", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman online ebook", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated.com", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "French_and_Indian_War", "Anglo-French_wars", "Seven_Years'_War", "1750s_conflicts", "1760s_conflicts", "1750s_in_Canada", "1760s_in_Canada", "1750s_in_New_France", "1760s_in_New_France", "1750s_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies", "1760s_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies", "Colonization_history_of_the_United_States", "Conflicts_in_New_Brunswick", "Conflicts_in_Nova_Scotia", "Events_in_New_France", "Military_history_of_Acadia", "Military_history_of_New_England", "Military_history_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies", "Military_history_of_Canada", "Military_history_of_the_Great_Lakes", "New_France", "Wabanaki_Confederacy", "Wars_involving_France", "Wars_involving_Great_Britain", "Wars_involving_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America", "Wars_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_North_America", "18th_century_in_Canada", "18th_century_in_New_France", "18th_century_in_the_British_Empire", "18th_century_in_the_French_colonial_empire", "18th_century_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Casimir IV (in full Casimir IV Andrew Jagiellon; ; Lithuanian: ; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death. He was one of the most active Polish-Lithuanian rulers, under whom Poland, by defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War recovered Pomerania, and the Jagiellonian dynasty became one of the leading royal houses in Europe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 77242, 70287700, 26288, 30776, 21744294, 24261, 34960337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 102, 125 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 275, 291 ], [ 299, 318 ], [ 329, 338 ], [ 348, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The great triumph of his reign was bringing Prussia under Polish rule. The rule of Casimir corresponded to the age of \"new monarchies\" in western Europe. By the 15th century Poland had narrowed the distance separating it from western Europe and become a significant factor in international relations. The demand for raw materials and semi-finished goods stimulated trade, producing a positive balance, and contributed to the growth of crafts and mining in the entire country. He was a recipient of the English Order of the Garter (KG), the highest order of chivalry and the most prestigious honour in England.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 371248, 13772, 33800, 261177, 20381, 73259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ], [ 161, 180 ], [ 226, 240 ], [ 435, 441 ], [ 446, 452 ], [ 510, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following Casimir's death in 1492, John I Albert succeeded him as King of Poland, and Alexander Jagiellon was proclaimed Grand Duke of Lithuania.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 449864, 1589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 48 ], [ 86, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Casimir Jagiellon was the third and youngest son of King Władysław II Jagiełło and his fourth wife, Sophia of Halshany. He often relied on his instinct and feelings and had little political knowledge, but shared a great interest in the diplomacy and economic affairs of the country. Throughout Casimir's youth, Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki was his mentor and tutor, however, the cleric felt a strong reluctance towards him, believing that he would be an unsuccessful monarch following Władysław's death.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Youth", "target_page_ids": [ 42586, 5152452, 2041677 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 78 ], [ 100, 118 ], [ 318, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sudden death of Sigismund Kęstutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania empty. The Voivode of Trakai, Jonas Goštautas, and other magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir as a candidate to the throne. However many Polish noblemen hoped that the thirteen-year-old boy would become a Vice-regent for the Polish King in Lithuania. Casimir was invited by the Lithuanian magnates to Lithuania, and when he arrived in Vilnius in 1440, he was proclaimed as the Grand Duke of Lithuania on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords, contrary to the wishes of the Polish noble lords—an act supported and coordinated by Jonas Goštautas. When the news arrived in the Kingdom of Poland concerning the proclamation of Casimir as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, it was met with hostility, even to the point of military threats against Lithuania. Since the young Grand Duke was underage, the supreme control over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in the hands of the Lithuanian Council of Lords, presided by Jonas Goštautas. Casimir was taught Lithuanian language and the customs of Lithuania by appointed court officials.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Grand Duke of Lithuania", "target_page_ids": [ 3358687, 380252, 1280280, 7184292, 1871477, 32597, 70287700, 9873308, 9873308, 7184292, 77242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 41 ], [ 65, 89 ], [ 101, 118 ], [ 120, 135 ], [ 299, 310 ], [ 429, 436 ], [ 471, 494 ], [ 518, 534 ], [ 959, 986 ], [ 1000, 1015 ], [ 1036, 1055 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Casimir's rule the rights of the Lithuanian nobility—dukes, magnates, and boyars (lesser nobles), irrespective of their religion and ethnicity—were put on an equal footing to those of the Polish szlachta. Additionally, Casimir promised to protect the Grand Duchy's borders and not to appoint persons from the Polish Kingdom to the offices of the Grand Duchy. He accepted that decisions on matters concerning the Grand Duchy would not be made without the Council of Lords' consent. He also granted the subject region of Samogitia the right to elect its own elder. Casimir was the first ruler of Lithuania baptized at birth, becoming the first native Roman Catholic Grand Duke.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Grand Duke of Lithuania", "target_page_ids": [ 64696, 29050, 393169, 1779226, 1222456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 86 ], [ 202, 210 ], [ 316, 330 ], [ 526, 535 ], [ 563, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1427, the Polish nobility initiated an anti-Jagiellonian opposition and attempted to have Władysław II Jagiełło's sons Władysław III and Casimir IV Jagiellon declared illegitimate to the Polish throne as they, being sons of a Lithuanian noblewoman Sophia of Halshany, had no blood link to the previous ruling Polish dynasty, the Piasts, however Casimir's father ensured the succession for his sons.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of Poland", "target_page_ids": [ 29050, 34960337, 42586, 42584, 475283, 5152452, 60738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ], [ 47, 59 ], [ 93, 114 ], [ 122, 135 ], [ 229, 250 ], [ 251, 269 ], [ 332, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Casimir succeeded his brother Władysław III (killed at the Battle of Varna in 1444) as King of Poland after a three-year interregnum on 25 June 1447. In 1454, he married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of King Albert II of Germany and Elizabeth of Luxembourg, a descendant of King Casimir III of Poland. Her distant relative was Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage strengthened the ties between the house of Jagiellon and the sovereigns of Hungary-Bohemia and put Casimir at odds with the emperor through internal Habsburg rivalry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of Poland", "target_page_ids": [ 42584, 159104, 4158466, 38447, 1934139, 7362, 11472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 43 ], [ 59, 74 ], [ 170, 190 ], [ 209, 229 ], [ 234, 257 ], [ 280, 301 ], [ 328, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "That same year, Casimir was approached by the Prussian Confederation for aid against the Teutonic Order, which he promised, by making the separatist Prussian regions a protectorate of the Polish Kingdom. However, when the insurgent cities rebelled against the Order, it resisted and the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) ensued. After a long and expensive war, Casimir and the Prussian Confederation defeated the Teutonic Order. In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the Order recognized Polish sovereignty over the seceded western Prussian regions, Royal Prussia, and the Polish crown's overlordship over the remaining Teutonic Monastic State, transformed in 1525 into a duchy, Ducal Prussia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of Poland", "target_page_ids": [ 24187, 30776, 371247, 393169, 21744294, 30776, 51040, 152092, 1038535, 152173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 68 ], [ 89, 103 ], [ 149, 157 ], [ 188, 202 ], [ 287, 306 ], [ 411, 425 ], [ 434, 462 ], [ 547, 560 ], [ 617, 640 ], [ 676, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Elisabeth's only brother Ladislaus, king of Bohemia and Hungary, died in 1457, and after that Casimir and Elisabeth's dynastic interests were directed also towards her brother's kingdoms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of Poland", "target_page_ids": [ 161735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Casimir IV died on 7 June 1492 in the Old Grodno Castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was in a personal union with Poland.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of Poland", "target_page_ids": [ 21746123, 380252, 1270052, 22936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 60 ], [ 68, 92 ], [ 109, 123 ], [ 129, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The intervention of the Roman curia, which hitherto had been hostile to Casimir, was due to the permutations of European politics. The pope was anxious to get rid of the Hussite King of Bohemia, George Podebrad, as the first step towards the formation of a league against the Ottoman Turks. Casimir was to be a leading factor in this combination, and he took advantage of it to procure the election of his son Vladislaus II as the King of Bohemia. But he would not commit himself too far, and his ulterior plans were frustrated by the rivalry of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, who even went so far as to stimulate the Teutonic Order to rise against Casimir. The death of Matthias in 1490 was a great relief to Poland, and Casimir employed the two remaining years of his reign in consolidating his position still further.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Foreign policies", "target_page_ids": [ 26538, 1286372, 14291, 22278, 21756351, 1625048, 272105, 30776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ], [ 112, 129 ], [ 170, 177 ], [ 276, 289 ], [ 410, 423 ], [ 431, 446 ], [ 546, 563 ], [ 623, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1490, Casimir's son John Albert was elected the King of Hungary by a party among the Hungarian nobles. He was, however, defeated by his older brother, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia. Casimir, who wanted to secure a separate realm for his sons, proposed John Albert. Most Hungarian barons and prelates preferred Vladislaus because his rule in Bohemia had indicated that he would respect their liberties. Vladislaus was crowned King of Hungary on 18 September 1490 in Székesfehérvár.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Foreign policies", "target_page_ids": [ 449864, 879716, 998432, 847836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 34 ], [ 51, 66 ], [ 88, 104 ], [ 468, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around 1480 Casimir was allied with the Great Horde against Muscovy and Crimea. His failure to support Khan Akhmed at the Great stand on the Ugra River contributed to Russia's gaining its independence from the steppe nomads.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Foreign policies", "target_page_ids": [ 2683992, 21476285, 966167, 34769747, 868530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 51 ], [ 60, 67 ], [ 72, 78 ], [ 103, 114 ], [ 122, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vladislaus (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516); combined the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia as Vladislaus II.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 21756351, 13275, 4345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 68, 75 ], [ 80, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hedwig Jagiellon (21 September 1457 – 18 February 1502); married George the Rich, of the Wittelsbach dynasty of Bavaria. Delegates had gone to Kraków to negotiate the marriage, and their \"Landshut Wedding\" took place in Bavaria with much pomp and celebration in 1475, starting a tradition which continues to this day.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 3766412, 3485175, 38848, 3764, 16815, 3771816, 3764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 90, 101 ], [ 113, 120 ], [ 144, 150 ], [ 189, 205 ], [ 221, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Casimir Jagiellon (3 October 1458 – 4 March 1484); was to have married Kunigunde of Austria, but instead chose religious life, eventually being canonized as Saint Casimir.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 37290, 4249755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 72, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John I of Poland (27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501); succeeded Casimir IV as the king of Poland (1492–1501)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 449864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alexander I of Poland (5 August 1461 – 19 August 1506); King of Poland (1501–1506)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 1589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sophie (6 May 1464 – 5 October 1512); married to Margrave Frederick V of Brandenburg-Ansbach", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 24552291, 11788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 59, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sigismund I the Old (1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548); King of Poland (1506–1548)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 42583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frederick Jagiellon (27 April 1468 – 14 March 1503); Bishop of Kraków (1488–1503), Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland (1493–1503).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 32949966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anna Jagiellon (12 March 1476 – 12 August 1503); married Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania; they had eight children, including Sophie of Pomerania, who became queen of Denmark", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 45295591, 18289384, 4162098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 58, 87 ], [ 124, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barbara (15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534); married Duke Georg dem Bärtigen of the Saxony", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 4170416, 13168, 6488945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 52, 75 ], [ 83, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elizabeth Jagiellon (13 November 1482 – 16 February 1517); married Frederick II of Legnica", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 21181961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Two additional daughters named Elizabeth", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27057199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of Lithuania", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Statutes of Nieszawa", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3482549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of Poles", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 158834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "1427_births", "1492_deaths", "15th-century_Polish_monarchs", "Polish_Roman_Catholics", "Nobility_from_Kraków", "Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania", "Jagiellonian_dynasty", "Knights_of_the_Garter", "Medieval_child_rulers", "Burials_at_Wawel_Cathedral" ]

[ "Casimir IV" ]

[ { "plaintext": "While the word religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion used in religious studies courses defines it as a", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25414, 354220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ], [ 82, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, which at some point in the future will be countless.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24698694, 37673, 30067, 9542238, 20347, 19179706, 43254, 9258, 201285, 190041, 38737, 4744384, 45413, 19159508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 30 ], [ 32, 38 ], [ 41, 50 ], [ 56, 72 ], [ 99, 114 ], [ 133, 147 ], [ 185, 193 ], [ 195, 201 ], [ 203, 216 ], [ 234, 243 ], [ 271, 277 ], [ 282, 294 ], [ 417, 422 ], [ 425, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words \"faith\" or \"belief system\", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11064, 13774844, 50405, 3125398, 353930, 185441, 45087159, 25042, 465979, 23410414, 351269, 86364, 203221, 5042765, 80329, 67500, 838244, 28867511, 102920, 86364, 167326, 70364, 181626, 11182, 19728, 20062, 265635, 2269697, 149840, 255514, 1543851, 586834, 23754, 60931, 122329, 19008500, 25806, 156861, 55382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 73 ], [ 198, 208 ], [ 220, 240 ], [ 300, 313 ], [ 317, 322 ], [ 373, 383 ], [ 389, 394 ], [ 402, 408 ], [ 410, 421 ], [ 459, 473 ], [ 506, 521 ], [ 536, 546 ], [ 601, 607 ], [ 647, 650 ], [ 660, 669 ], [ 672, 680 ], [ 683, 689 ], [ 691, 697 ], [ 699, 705 ], [ 708, 717 ], [ 719, 729 ], [ 731, 738 ], [ 740, 750 ], [ 753, 760 ], [ 763, 771 ], [ 774, 784 ], [ 786, 796 ], [ 798, 808 ], [ 810, 815 ], [ 817, 820 ], [ 822, 827 ], [ 829, 843 ], [ 928, 945 ], [ 946, 955 ], [ 964, 986 ], [ 989, 1010 ], [ 1016, 1029 ], [ 1053, 1063 ], [ 1068, 1080 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths. One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings, and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 354220, 348450, 178693, 344406, 201588, 203510, 28387, 70364, 13906453, 10822899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 88, 103 ], [ 128, 141 ], [ 165, 185 ], [ 270, 292 ], [ 378, 400 ], [ 459, 468 ], [ 482, 489 ], [ 521, 540 ], [ 679, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism, Confucianism, Shenism, Muism and Shintoism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 19605700, 30365, 5820, 11759764, 324122, 28272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 38 ], [ 78, 84 ], [ 86, 98 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 109, 114 ], [ 119, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Confucian churches", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 43405831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Holy Confucian Church", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 47458946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hong Kong Confucian Academy", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 26604502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Indonesian Confucian Church", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7931369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shanrendao", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 47211116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shengdao", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1814230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Taigu school", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 47212002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Luanism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 46620001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Confucian philosophy schools", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Neo-Confucianism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 338680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Edo Neo-Confucianism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 32944047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " New Confucianism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 345081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Korean Confucianism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 337115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Koshintō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 13376858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoshida Shintō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 32504038 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Izumo-taishakyo", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 25704052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Konkōkyō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 750372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kurozumikyō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 5358353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 67175309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 58744107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Way of the Five Pecks of Rice", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 21570873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Way of the Celestial Masters", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8445173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zhengyi Dao (\"Way of the Right Oneness\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 14077372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shangqing School (\"School of the Highest Clarity\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8617012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lingbao School (\"School of the Numinous Treasure\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2530681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Quanzhen School (\"School of the Fulfilled Virtue\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 30873254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dragon Gate Taoism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 15818424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wuliupai (\"School of Wu-Liu\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 21794191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yao Taoism (a.k.a. \"Meishanism\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41749102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Faism (a.k.a. \"Redhead Taoism\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41884210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xuanxue (a.k.a. \"Neo-Taoism\")", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 12138139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Benzhuism (Bai people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41748485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bimoism (Yi people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41743406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese ancestral worship", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 20113632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese folk religion", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1491156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 44301517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Northeast China folk religion", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 43574212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese religions of fasting", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 25140940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese salvationist religions", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42662745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese shamanism (Wuism)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42276792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " De Jiao", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41511186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dongba (Nakhi people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 390810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guiyidao (Red Swastika Society)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1820306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Luoism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41564286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maitreyanism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 43604093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manchu shamanism (Manchu people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39447439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mazu worship", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 254847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Moism (Zhuang people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39449131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nuo folk religion (Tujia people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42248208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qiang folk religion (Qiang people)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 51244793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sanyiism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41538789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tiandiism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 16734354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wang Ye worship", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 24665688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Weixinism", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 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"section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Middle Eastern religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1546632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Some adherents do not consider their ways to be \"religion,\" preferring other cultural terms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Akan religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 26848063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Akamba religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1033291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Baluba mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6707204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bantu mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 29343636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kongo religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 57701128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zulu traditional religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 99495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Berber religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6824693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bushongo mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", 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"section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4881815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mbuti mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 285888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " San religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 38244129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Serer religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 33126817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tumbuka mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 99520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Urhobo people", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 27965798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Waaqeffanna", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 59354333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yoruba religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 682534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ifá", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 535179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abakuá", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1733114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Candomblé", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 482581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Candomblé Bantu", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 533851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Candomblé Jejé", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 576308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Candomblé Ketu", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 532114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Comfa", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60221674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Convince", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60127166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cuban Vodú", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 45178692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dominican Vudú", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 44514325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Espiritismo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8642050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Haitian Vodou", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 5542305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hoodoo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 190493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jamaican Maroon religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60091454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kromanti dance", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60411991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kélé", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 9994643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kumina", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1009795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Louisiana Voodoo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 10950407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montamentu", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 47827225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Myal", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60038795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Obeah", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 988708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Palo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1004529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quimbanda", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1767459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Santería", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 23736108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tambor de Mina", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 10781657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Trinidad Orisha", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 37498277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Umbanda", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 400236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winti", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 13466204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Evenki shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 58357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manchu shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39447439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Turko-Mongolic religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4168623, 14403153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 7, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tengrism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4504155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mongolian shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 34901253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aiyy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 62574218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burkhanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1794046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tengir Ordo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 62577871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vattisen Yaly", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 35750209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abenaki mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anishinaabe traditional beliefs", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Blackfoot mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 23839455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Californian religions", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7668419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Miwok mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6843044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ohlone mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7574385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pomo religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6831741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cherokee mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chilote mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8000786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Choctaw mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Creek mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guarani mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Haida mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 94129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ho-Chunk mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hopi mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inca mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 26569724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iroquois mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seneca mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wyandot religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Longhouse Religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3699602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jivaroan religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 20314797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 94078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lakota mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lenape mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mapuche religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7531121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mesoamerican religion ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 27091417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aztec religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4382952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maya religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4979116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Purépecha religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 35432202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Midewiwin", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3675032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Muisca religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 50428265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Navajo religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3007285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nuu-chah-nulth mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pawnee mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powhatan religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 5721479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tsimshian mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 93100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ute mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 94119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zuni mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 92854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sarnaism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41542381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vietnamese folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42056184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aliran Kepercayaan/Mythology of Indonesia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8294722, 35241478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 20, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Balinese Hinduism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 651019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Batak Parmalim", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7203503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dayak religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 170699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kaharingan", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1018399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Javanese Kejawèn ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3556522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Karo Pemena", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42753007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sumbese Marapu", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 976474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sundanese Wiwitan", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 27258545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saminism Movement", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 37446420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Malaysian folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 12739776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Datuk Keramat", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 14950749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Momolianism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 54179257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Philippine Dayawism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2571823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tagalog beliefs", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 54307546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Polynesian mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 95283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hawaiian religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 17990997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Māori religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 4682574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Assianism (Ossetian religion)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 53730030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kalash religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 21234742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ahom religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 59823664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mo religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39449131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tai folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 17893155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yao Taoism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41749102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bon", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 197394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burmese folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 42658519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Benzhuism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41748485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bimoism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 41743406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bathouism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 36562012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bongthingism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 37737694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Donyi-Polo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1352171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Heraka", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39589356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kiratism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 15356201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qiang folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 51244793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sanamahism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 10254359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mari Native Religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 15767599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mordvin Native Religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 40127633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sámi shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 627269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suomenusko", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1859653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Udmurt Vos", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 40130242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 94155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Circassian (Khabzeism)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 67424304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chinese folk religion ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1491156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dravidian folk religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 34437357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inuit religion", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 87508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Korean shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 324122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manchu shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 39447439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mongolian shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 34901253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Papuan mythology", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 9613777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Siberian shamanism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7135515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shinto", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions", "target_page_ids": [ 28272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1242881, 21920776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 74, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Frum", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 341871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson cult", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1747762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince Philip Movement", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 9524978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vailala Madness", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2935774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ausar Auset Society", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3192804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dini Ya Msambwa", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 14307365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Five-Percent Nation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 215905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Godianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 16351170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black Muslims", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 13371112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American Society of Muslims", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 21823895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moorish Science Temple of America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1072855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moorish Orthodox Church of America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5979920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mumboism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 37924473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nation of Islam", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 21709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "United Nation of Islam", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1178251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nuwaubian Nation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2291063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bobo Ashanti", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 320531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nyabinghi", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 39617533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Twelve Tribes of Israel", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1506833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 636475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of God and Saints of Christ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2599570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Commandment Keepers", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 6135198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nation of Yahweh", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2019094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One West Camp", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 60892961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 33669480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 19224516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ariosophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1790883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British Israelism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 71510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christian Identity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 190348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Creativity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 21708401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "French Israelism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17507309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nordic Israelism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 31906547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wotansvolk", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1471044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ghost Dance", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 185081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Indian Shaker Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2449732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mexicayotl", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 39649476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Native American Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 18952743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adidam", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 987712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brahmoism (Brahmo Samaj)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 16458826, 882192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 11, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adi Dharm", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17070297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sadharan Brahmo Samaj", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8603645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meivazhi", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 10334922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rajneesh movement", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2654482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Transcendental Meditation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 42734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Contemporary Sant Mat movements", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1003206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Advait Mat", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 9031931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radha Soami", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1835579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radha Soami Satsang Beas", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1840520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radha Soami Satsang Dayagbal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 55058281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17268490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ruhani Satsang", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 877100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manavta Mandir", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 24917784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Science of Spirituality (a.k.a. Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 57769310, 57494429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 33, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radha Soami-influenced", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1835579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Teachings of the Masters", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17516585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dera Sacha Sauda", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 10436741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eckankar", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 380782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2997243, 932915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 22, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5348970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ravidassia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5557796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antoinism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2582145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aum Shinrikyo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 34267361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of World Messianity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1265346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Happy Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1170317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Konkokyo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 750372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oomoto", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 346779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "PL Kyodan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 9908957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seicho-no-Ie", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 452800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shinmeiaishinkai", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2736409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tenrikyo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 53474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zenrinkyo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5847567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Armenian neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 40049745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Baltic neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3034558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dievturība", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 89028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Romuva", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 364489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Caucasian neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 40170788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Abkhaz neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 40159492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Council of Priests of Abkhazia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 39043016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vainakh religion", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 14513118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Celtic neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3754408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1975701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2527797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hellenism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 151992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Italo-Roman neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 20108462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nova Roma", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 434890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roman Traditional Movement", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 62109687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kemetism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3915610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kemetic Orthodoxy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2678885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Semitic neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 24023105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slavic Native Faith (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3034598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Native Polish Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5447029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peterburgian Vedism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 54180194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rodzima Wiara", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 13943692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rodnover Confederation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 53975365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "RUNVira (a.k.a. Sylenkoism)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 54205607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 55266312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ynglism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 39388154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Uralic neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 40170522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Estonian neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 31966969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finnish neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1859653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hungarian neopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 20121625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zalmoxianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 40244473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zuism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 48761599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adonism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 23577508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 29723360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christian Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 29723360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of All Worlds", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 310463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of Aphrodite", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 9721898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Druidry", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 33544044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ár nDraíocht Féin", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 468741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1194287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reformed Druids of North America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3297267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Feraferia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious 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}, { "plaintext": "Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 54678131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Summum", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 614337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Technopaganism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 819895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 33295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British Traditional Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 33295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gardnerian Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 12697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alexandrian Wicca", 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"section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 20130863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Celtic Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1317753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dianic Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Faery Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 37051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Feri Tradition", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 367427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Georgian Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 16074828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Odyssean Wicca", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2138327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wiccan church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2448437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Covenant of the Goddess", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1860542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of the Universe", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1538431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neo-American Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 21496295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Santo Daime", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2069127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Temple of the True Inner Light", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 57374459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tensegrity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 67129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "THC Ministry", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 574362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "União do Vegetal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1765974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A Course in Miracles", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 604372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Association for Research and Enlightenment", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2405374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chaos Magic", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 228484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Conversations with God", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 271622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eckankar", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 380782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Love Has Won", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 67579749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rainbow Family", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 585777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Family", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 12032717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Christian Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 125309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of Divine Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1429748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of the Truth", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 14466929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church Universal and Triumphant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 609606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Home of Truth", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 34030990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jewish Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2942557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychiana", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1830153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religious Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 699261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seicho-no-Ie", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 452800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Infinite Way", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 33614155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unity Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 80656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Universal Foundation for Better Living", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 34031549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of Euthanasia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 326609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. \"Pastafarianism\")", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2381268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Church of the SubGenius", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 73068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dinkoism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 50149041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Discordianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dudeism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 19807327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iglesia Maradoniana", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3989939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jediism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 19107682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kibology", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kopimism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 31592356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Landover Baptist Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 445210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Last Thursdayism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 22700 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 'Pataphysics", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 175149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Silinism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5838564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 733625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United Church of Bacon", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 46581940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Abrahamites", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1503458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1058208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christian Deism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 22404218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ethical movement", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1923228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freethought", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 277206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North Texas Church of Freethought", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2119574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "God-Building", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 24867436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Humanism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 290237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ietsism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8201921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moorish Orthodox Church of America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5979920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pandeism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 38920249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pantheism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 23590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Naturalistic pantheism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 412846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religion of Humanity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 13620318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Church of Humanity", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 17270398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theophilanthropy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 15654139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint-Simonianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5875569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Syntheism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 44839504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unitarian Universalism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 32059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Universal Life Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 61474256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aetherius Society", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1532436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ashtar Galactic Command", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5987837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chen Tao (\"True Way\")", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2594995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fiat Lux", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 8642216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ground Crew Project", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 46708654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heaven's Gate", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 20663238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Industrial Church of the New World Comforter", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 3961566 ], "anchor_spans": 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"section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 59709014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unarius Academy of Science", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2179356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Universe people", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2679456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Urantia movement", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 173592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Anthroposophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 2493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archeosophical Society", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 11287874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Builders of the Adytum", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 495138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fraternity of the Inner Light", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 5152024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hermeticism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 180786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 13787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 12880969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Illuminates of Thanateros", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 347259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Luciferianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1019093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fraternitas Saturni", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1052610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neo-Luciferian Church", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 26092095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Acropolis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 429826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Occultism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 22487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gaianism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 974449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mayanism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New 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48682704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theistic Satanism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 4144550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joy of Satan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 66888961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Order of Nine Angles", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 9323628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Our Lady of Endor Coven (Historical)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 21968099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Temple of the Black Light", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 4916337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Temple of Set", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 31117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thelema", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 30356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A∴A∴", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 695578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ordo Templi Orientis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 155528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Typhonian Order", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 1220177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theosophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 51429008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neo-Theosophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 4758232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thee 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"anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spiritualism (Spiritism)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 200732, 189740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 14, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Subud", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 28408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tai Ji Men", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Circle of Reason", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 37521571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Family International", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New religious movements", "target_page_ids": [ 7602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Prehistoric religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 67816622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paleolithic religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 14825120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harappan religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 46853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Egyptian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 10331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Atenism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1291882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Mesopotamian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 79183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sumerian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 23410226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Semitic 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"section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 22216191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Luwian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 52716669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Etruscan religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 85681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Basque mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1146191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Georgian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1205180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vainakh religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 14513118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proto-Indo-European mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 508376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proto-Indo-Iranian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1816154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Historical Vedic religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 201363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Iranian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 47286955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mazdaism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 759346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hittite mythology and religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3577877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Armenian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2533249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Albanian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 10373001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thracian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3008377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Greek religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 274099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Greco-Roman mysteries", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 37004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Orphism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1403568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gnosticism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 12471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hermeticism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 180786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Greco-Buddhism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 515258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in ancient Rome", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 214954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Imperial cult", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3828146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gallo-Roman religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2929895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mithraism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 20826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manichaeism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 19760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mazdakism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 948439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scythian religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 14499166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Germanic paganism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 850864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anglo-Saxon paganism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2624098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Continental Germanic mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 3852261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frankish mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 11701576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Old Norse religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 627183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Celtic religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2112366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Baltic mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2369290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Slavic paganism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 310584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Finnish mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 229651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hungarian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7473077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ainu religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Melanesian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 5734874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Micronesian mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6256335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nauruan indigenous religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 392530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cook Islands mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 36591921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rapa Nui mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 8771706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tongan religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 32237514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (religion of the Mississippian culture)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 2645499, 1279493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ], [ 49, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inca mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 26569724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Olmec religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1523052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zapotec religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 6845087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fuegian religions", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 7211183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Selk'nam mythology", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 46446732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guanche religions", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 148030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jamaican Maroon religion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 60091454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Din-i Ilahi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical religions", "target_page_ids": [ 1476496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of religious populations", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 742964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 39066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religion in Africa", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1032627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in Asia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 4752195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in Oceania", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 48541950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in Europe", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 4163014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in North America", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 9169274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion in South America", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 13678104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religion by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 13303099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of state-established religions", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 292285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Buddhism by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1328395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Buddhism in the United States", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1486241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Christianity by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 3436021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roman Catholicism by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1364343 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eastern Orthodoxy by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 39840613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Protestantism by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1571618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oriental Orthodoxy by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 59872611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hinduism by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1389609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Islam by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 47408687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ahmadiyya by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 41996534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Judaism by country, Jewish population by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 1395860, 1264936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 21, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sikhism by country", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other categorisations", "target_page_ids": [ 11800185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alchemy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ceremonial magic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 211676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chaos magic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 228484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Civil religion", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 185692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enochian magic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 285684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Goetia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 254791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Juche", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 225153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Catholic rites and churches", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30808267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of fictional religions", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1172843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of religious organizations", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 602131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lists of people by belief", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 170183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Tengrist movements", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 62498837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Magic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 48489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mythology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24698694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Religious fundamentalism", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Witchcraft", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " </ref>", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Patheos World Religions library", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Statistics on religious belief or adherence", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " BBC.co.uk section on major world religions", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Religion-related_lists", "Religious_faiths,_traditions,_and_movements", "Spirituality", "Dynamic_lists" ]

[ "list of religions" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them. This is in contrast to analog electronics and analog signals.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9663, 30889569, 1665281, 993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 166, 184 ], [ 189, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, often packaged in integrated circuits. Complex devices may have simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8707643, 18168, 15150, 54476844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ], [ 70, 80 ], [ 101, 119 ], [ 184, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The binary number system was refined by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (published in 1705) and he also established that by using the binary system, the principles of arithmetic and logic could be joined. Digital logic as we know it was the brain-child of George Boole in the mid 19th century. In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification of the Fleming valve in 1907 could be used as an AND gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for creating the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 238686, 12281, 38298, 6117, 32496, 256764, 9861384, 1924894, 17741, 25512250, 30062, 358425, 304774, 21201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 40, 65 ], [ 250, 262 ], [ 307, 329 ], [ 430, 441 ], [ 481, 494 ], [ 517, 530 ], [ 559, 567 ], [ 569, 588 ], [ 624, 635 ], [ 660, 690 ], [ 699, 712 ], [ 730, 749 ], [ 767, 778 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed, with the term digital being proposed by George Stibitz in 1942. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern PCs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13110872, 2428, 32927, 8276, 637628, 18457137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 11, 26 ], [ 141, 153 ], [ 305, 312 ], [ 379, 401 ], [ 500, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. Finished in 1941, it was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. Its operation was facilitated by the invention of the vacuum tube in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 152671, 13110872, 16810, 5311, 16291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 6 ], [ 14, 40 ], [ 53, 64 ], [ 117, 129 ], [ 242, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the same time that digital calculation replaced analog, purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents. John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the point-contact transistor at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by William Shockley inventing the bipolar junction transistor at Bell Labs in 1948.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8707643, 15737, 33133, 3512305, 3712, 33132, 49338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 177, 192 ], [ 206, 230 ], [ 234, 243 ], [ 265, 281 ], [ 296, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Their \"transistorised computer\", and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. From 1955 and onwards, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors were smaller, more reliable, had indefinite lifespans, and required less power than vacuum tubes - thereby giving off less heat, and allowing much denser concentrations of circuits, up to tens of thousands in a relatively compact space.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 83266, 766938, 30011, 12289014, 21629856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 31 ], [ 64, 75 ], [ 131, 141 ], [ 175, 198 ], [ 233, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While working at Texas Instruments in July 1958, Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit (IC), then successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on 12 September 1958. Kilby's chip was made of germanium. The following year, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor invented the silicon integrated circuit. The basis for Noyce's silicon IC was the planar process, developed in early 1959 by Jean Hoerni, who was in turn building on Mohamed Atalla's silicon surface passivation method developed in 1957. This new technique, the integrated circuit, allowed for quick, low-cost fabrication of complex circuits by having a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (\"chip\") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47768, 64069, 15150, 12242, 25808, 180263, 27114, 1251985, 562604, 39739775, 175622, 8707643, 27709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 102, 120 ], [ 242, 251 ], [ 273, 285 ], [ 289, 312 ], [ 326, 333 ], [ 395, 409 ], [ 438, 449 ], [ 479, 493 ], [ 496, 523 ], [ 673, 691 ], [ 724, 746 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The MOSFET's advantages include high scalability, affordability, low power consumption, and high transistor density. Its rapid on–off electronic switching speed also makes it ideal for generating pulse trains, the basis for electronic digital signals, in contrast to BJTs which, more slowly, generate analog signals resembling sine waves. Along with MOS large-scale integration (LSI), these factors make the MOSFET an important switching device for digital circuits. The MOSFET revolutionized the electronics industry, and is the most common semiconductor device.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 40345, 39739775, 37606600, 40345, 4469365, 8969189, 1615818, 30889569, 993, 324749, 15150, 39068, 4527879, 40344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 53 ], [ 114, 128 ], [ 133, 144 ], [ 199, 215 ], [ 264, 282 ], [ 301, 318 ], [ 363, 374 ], [ 402, 416 ], [ 468, 482 ], [ 494, 504 ], [ 521, 544 ], [ 616, 632 ], [ 664, 684 ], [ 709, 729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early days of integrated circuits, each chip was limited to only a few transistors, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple. Manufacturing yields were also quite low by today's standards. The wide adoption of the MOSFET transistor by the early 1970s led to the first large-scale integration (LSI) chips with more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip. Following the wide adoption of CMOS, a type of MOSFET logic, by the 1980s, millions and then billions of MOSFETs could be placed on one chip as the technology progressed, and good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to new design methods. The transistor count of devices and total production rose to unprecedented heights. The total amount of transistors produced until 2018 has been estimated to be (13sextillion).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15150, 15150, 49420, 2951035, 4469365, 682403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 40 ], [ 315, 338 ], [ 434, 438 ], [ 634, 652 ], [ 658, 674 ], [ 820, 830 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The wireless revolution (the introduction and proliferation of wireless networks) began in the 1990s and was enabled by the wide adoption of MOSFET-based RF power amplifiers (power MOSFET and LDMOS) and RF circuits (RF CMOS). Wireless networks allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables, leading to digital television, GPS, satellite radio, wireless Internet and mobile phones through the 1990s2000s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 185868, 33172, 6254418, 2659918, 16211452, 13485805, 61539255, 8271, 11866, 67066, 185868, 19644137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 63, 80 ], [ 154, 172 ], [ 175, 187 ], [ 192, 197 ], [ 203, 213 ], [ 216, 223 ], [ 324, 342 ], [ 344, 347 ], [ 349, 364 ], [ 366, 383 ], [ 388, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An advantage of digital circuits when compared to analog circuits is that signals represented digitally can be transmitted without degradation caused by noise. For example, a continuous audio signal transmitted as a sequence of 1s and 0s, can be reconstructed without error, provided the noise picked up in transmission is not enough to prevent identification of the 1s and 0s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 41415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a digital system, a more precise representation of a signal can be obtained by using more binary digits to represent it. While this requires more digital circuits to process the signals, each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware, resulting in an easily scalable system. In an analog system, additional resolution requires fundamental improvements in the linearity and noise characteristics of each step of the signal chain.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 185529, 26685290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 266, 274 ], [ 423, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With computer-controlled digital systems, new functions can be added through software revision and no hardware changes are needed. Often this can be done outside of the factory by updating the product's software. This way, the product's design errors can be corrected even after the product is in a customer's hands.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Information storage can be easier in digital systems than in analog ones. The noise immunity of digital systems permits data to be stored and retrieved without degradation. In an analog system, noise from aging and wear degrade the information stored. In a digital system, as long as the total noise is below a certain level, the information can be recovered perfectly. Even when more significant noise is present, the use of redundancy permits the recovery of the original data provided too many errors do not occur.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 1953582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 429, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat which increases the complexity of the circuits such as the inclusion of heat sinks. In portable or battery-powered systems this can limit the use of digital systems. For example, battery-powered cellular phones often use a low-power analog front-end to amplify and tune the radio signals from the base station. However, a base station has grid power and can use power-hungry, but very flexible software radios. Such base stations can easily be reprogrammed to process the signals used in new cellular standards.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 19644137, 9931, 903897, 83137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 334 ], [ 378, 385 ], [ 390, 394 ], [ 519, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many useful digital systems must translate from continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals. This causes quantization errors. Quantization error can be reduced if the system stores enough digital data to represent the signal to the desired degree of fidelity. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem provides an important guideline as to how much digital data is needed to accurately portray a given analog signal.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 317018, 605103, 37864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 134 ], [ 261, 269 ], [ 275, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In some systems, if a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change. For example, a single-bit error in audio data stored directly as linear pulse-code modulation causes, at worst, a single click. Nevertheless, many people use audio compression to save storage space and download time, even though a single bit error may cause a large disruption.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 25513330, 8013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 210, 238 ], [ 303, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the cliff effect, it can be difficult for users to tell if a particular system is right on the edge of failure, or if it can tolerate much more noise before failing. Digital fragility can be reduced by designing a digital system for robustness. For example, a parity bit or other error management method can be inserted into the signal path. These schemes help the system detect errors, and then either correct the errors, or request retransmission of the data.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 5952223, 194467, 10375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 271, 281 ], [ 414, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A digital circuit is typically constructed from small electronic circuits called logic gates that can be used to create combinational logic. Each logic gate is designed to perform a function of boolean logic when acting on logic signals. A logic gate is generally created from one or more electrically controlled switches, usually transistors but thermionic valves have seen historic use. The output of a logic gate can, in turn, control or feed into more logic gates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction", "target_page_ids": [ 18168, 89371, 54476844, 30011, 32496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 120, 139 ], [ 195, 208 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 349, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another form of digital circuit is constructed from lookup tables, (many sold as \"programmable logic devices\", though other kinds of PLDs exist). Lookup tables can perform the same functions as machines based on logic gates, but can be easily reprogrammed without changing the wiring. This means that a designer can often repair design errors without changing the arrangement of wires. Therefore, in small volume products, programmable logic devices are often the preferred solution. They are usually designed by engineers using electronic design automation software.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction", "target_page_ids": [ 73215, 216881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 107 ], [ 533, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Integrated circuits consist of multiple transistors on one silicon chip, and are the least expensive way to make large number of interconnected logic gates. Integrated circuits are usually interconnected on a printed circuit board which is a board which holds electrical components, and connects them together with copper traces.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction", "target_page_ids": [ 15150, 65910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 209, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Engineers use many methods to minimize logic redundancy in order to reduce the circuit complexity. Reduced complexity reduces component count and potential errors and therefore typically reduces cost. Logic redundancy can be removed by several well-known techniques, such as binary decision diagrams, Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, the Quine–McCluskey algorithm, and the heuristic computer method. These operations are typically performed within a computer-aided design system.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 12220009, 576855, 54476844, 10854684, 317263, 12152395, 37315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 55 ], [ 275, 299 ], [ 301, 316 ], [ 318, 330 ], [ 337, 362 ], [ 372, 397 ], [ 449, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Embedded systems with microcontrollers and programmable logic controllers are often used to implement digital logic for complex systems that don't require optimal performance. These systems are usually programmed by software engineers or by electricians, using ladder logic.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 46630, 21017, 24992, 27010, 66251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 22, 37 ], [ 43, 72 ], [ 216, 234 ], [ 261, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Representations are crucial to an engineer's design of digital circuits. To choose representations, engineers consider different types of digital systems.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The classical way to represent a digital circuit is with an equivalent set of logic gates. Each logic symbol is represented by a different shape. The actual set of shapes was introduced in 1984 under IEEE/ANSI standard 91-1984 and is now in common use by integrated circuit manufacturers. Another way is to construct an equivalent system of electronic switches (usually transistors). This can be represented as a truth table.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 18168, 30011, 25512250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 89 ], [ 370, 380 ], [ 413, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most digital systems divide into combinational and sequential systems. A combinational system always presents the same output when given the same inputs. A sequential system is a combinational system with some of the outputs fed back as inputs. This makes the digital machine perform a sequence of operations. The simplest sequential system is probably a flip flop, a mechanism that represents a binary digit or \"bit\". Sequential systems are often designed as state machines. In this way, engineers can design a system's gross behavior, and even test it in a simulation, without considering all the details of the logic functions.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 89371, 89374, 32186638, 238686, 280582, 3364, 10931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 51, 69 ], [ 358, 367 ], [ 399, 405 ], [ 406, 411 ], [ 416, 419 ], [ 463, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sequential systems divide into two further subcategories. \"Synchronous\" sequential systems change state all at once when a clock signal changes state. \"Asynchronous\" sequential systems propagate changes whenever inputs change. Synchronous sequential systems are made of well-characterized asynchronous circuits such as flip-flops, that change only when the clock changes, and which have carefully designed timing margins.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 1627129, 182693, 3801097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 90 ], [ 123, 135 ], [ 152, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For logic simulation, digital circuit representations have digital file formats that can be processed by computer programs.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 3506842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The usual way to implement a synchronous sequential state machine is to divide it into a piece of combinational logic and a set of flip flops called a state register. The state register represents the state as a binary number. The combinational logic produces the binary representation for the next state. On each clock cycle, the state register captures the feedback generated from the previous state of the combinational logic and feeds it back as an unchanging input to the combinational part of the state machine. The clock rate is limited by the most time-consuming logic calculation in the combinational logic.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Most digital logic is synchronous because it is easier to create and verify a synchronous design. However, asynchronous logic has the advantage of its speed not being constrained by an arbitrary clock; instead, it runs at the maximum speed of its logic gates. Building an asynchronous system using faster parts makes the circuit faster.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nevertheless, most systems need to accept external unsynchronized signals into their synchronous logic circuits. This interface is inherently asynchronous and must be analyzed as such. Examples of widely used asynchronous circuits include synchronizer flip-flops, switch debouncers and arbiters.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 28284, 2827226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 280 ], [ 287, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Asynchronous logic components can be hard to design because all possible states, in all possible timings must be considered. The usual method is to construct a table of the minimum and maximum time that each such state can exist and then adjust the circuit to minimize the number of such states. The designer must force the circuit to periodically wait for all of its parts to enter a compatible state (this is called \"self-resynchronization\"). Without careful design, it is easy to accidentally produce asynchronous logic that is unstable—that is—real electronics will have unpredictable results because of the cumulative delays caused by small variations in the values of the electronic components.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Many digital systems are data flow machines. These are usually designed using synchronous register transfer logic and written with hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 1325032, 963084, 74554, 43410, 63863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 43 ], [ 91, 114 ], [ 132, 161 ], [ 171, 175 ], [ 179, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In register transfer logic, binary numbers are stored in groups of flip flops called registers. A sequential state machine controls when each register accepts new data from its input. The outputs of each register are a bundle of wires called a bus that carries that number to other calculations. A calculation is simply a piece of combinational logic. Each calculation also has an output bus, and these may be connected to the inputs of several registers. Sometimes a register will have a multiplexer on its input so that it can store a number from any one of several buses.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 486432, 6631, 38542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 94 ], [ 244, 247 ], [ 492, 503 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Asynchronous register-transfer systems (such as computers) have a general solution. In the 1980s, some researchers discovered that almost all synchronous register-transfer machines could be converted to asynchronous designs by using first-in-first-out synchronization logic. In this scheme, the digital machine is characterized as a set of data flows. In each step of the flow, a synchronization circuit determines when the outputs of that step are valid and instructs the next stage when to use these outputs.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The most general-purpose register-transfer logic machine is a computer. This is basically an automatic binary abacus. The control unit of a computer is usually designed as a microprogram run by a microsequencer. A microprogram is much like a player-piano roll. Each table entry of the microprogram commands the state of every bit that controls the computer. The sequencer then counts, and the count addresses the memory or combinational logic machine that contains the microprogram. The bits from the microprogram control the arithmetic logic unit, memory and other parts of the computer, including the microsequencer itself. In this way, the complex task of designing the controls of a computer is reduced to a simpler task of programming a collection of much simpler logic machines.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 7878457, 189749, 655, 6557, 19999, 127509, 27046146, 31217535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 94, 103 ], [ 111, 117 ], [ 123, 135 ], [ 175, 187 ], [ 197, 211 ], [ 532, 553 ], [ 555, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Almost all computers are synchronous. However, asynchronous computers have also been built. One example is the ASPIDA DLX core. Another was offered by ARM Holdings. They don't, however, have any speed advantages because modern computer designs already run at the speed of their slowest component, usually memory. They do use somewhat less power because a clock distribution network is not needed. An unexpected advantage is that asynchronous computers do not produce spectrally-pure radio noise. They are used in some radio-sensitive mobile-phone base-station controllers. They may be more secure in cryptographic applications because their electrical and radio emissions can be more difficult to decode.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 1627162, 482305, 21896483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 68 ], [ 111, 121 ], [ 151, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Computer architecture is a specialized engineering activity that tries to arrange the registers, calculation logic, buses and other parts of the computer in the best way possible for a specific purpose. Computer architects have put a lot of work into reducing the cost and increasing the speed of computers in addition to boosting their immunity to programming errors. An increasingly common goal of computer architects is to reduce the power used in battery-powered computer systems, such as smartphones.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 25652303, 167079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 495, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Digital circuits are made from analog components. The design must assure that the analog nature of the components doesn't dominate the desired digital behavior. Digital systems must manage noise and timing margins, parasitic inductances and capacitances.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bad designs have intermittent problems such as glitches, vanishingly fast pulses that may trigger some logic but not others, runt pulses that do not reach valid threshold voltages.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 310005, 309987, 1422246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 53 ], [ 125, 135 ], [ 161, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additionally, where clocked digital systems interface to analog systems or systems that are driven from a different clock, the digital system can be subject to metastability where a change to the input violates the setup time for a digital input latch.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 2277871, 32186638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 173 ], [ 215, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since digital circuits are made from analog components, digital circuits calculate more slowly than low-precision analog circuits that use a similar amount of space and power. However, the digital circuit will calculate more repeatably, because of its high noise immunity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Much of the effort of designing large logic machines has been automated through the application of electronic design automation (EDA).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 216881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Simple truth table-style descriptions of logic are often optimized with EDA that automatically produce reduced systems of logic gates or smaller lookup tables that still produce the desired outputs. The most common example of this kind of software is the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer. Optimizing large logic systems may be done using the Quine–McCluskey algorithm or binary decision diagrams. There are promising experiments with genetic algorithms and annealing optimizations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 12152395, 317263, 576855, 40254, 172244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 289 ], [ 344, 369 ], [ 373, 396 ], [ 436, 453 ], [ 459, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To automate costly engineering processes, some EDA can take state tables that describe state machines and automatically produce a truth table or a function table for the combinational logic of a state machine. The state table is a piece of text that lists each state, together with the conditions controlling the transitions between them and their associated output signals.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 548857, 10931, 234953, 89371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ], [ 87, 100 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 170, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Often, real logic systems are designed as a series of sub-projects, which are combined using a tool flow. The tool flow is usually controlled with the help of a scripting language, a simplified computer language that can invoke the software design tools in the right order. Tool flows for large logic systems such as microprocessors can be thousands of commands long, and combine the work of hundreds of engineers. Writing and debugging tool flows is an established engineering specialty in companies that produce digital designs. The tool flow usually terminates in a detailed computer file or set of files that describe how to physically construct the logic. Often it consists of instructions on how to draw the transistors and wires on an integrated circuit or a printed circuit board.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 21490336, 19553, 30011, 65910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 180 ], [ 318, 332 ], [ 717, 728 ], [ 769, 790 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parts of tool flows are debugged by verifying the outputs of simulated logic against expected inputs. The test tools take computer files with sets of inputs and outputs and highlight discrepancies between the simulated behavior and the expected behavior. Once the input data is believed to be correct, the design itself must still be verified for correctness. Some tool flows verify designs by first producing a design, then scanning the design to produce compatible input data for the tool flow. If the scanned data matches the input data, then the tool flow has probably not introduced errors.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The functional verification data are usually called test vectors. The functional test vectors may be preserved and used in the factory to test whether newly constructed logic works correctly. However, functional test patterns don't discover all fabrication faults. Production tests are often designed by automatic test pattern generation software tools. These generate test vectors by examining the structure of the logic and systematically generating tests targeting particular potential faults. This way the fault coverage can closely approach 100%, provided the design is properly made testable (see next section).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 270054, 374448, 3731718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 306, 339 ], [ 512, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once a design exists, and is verified and testable, it often needs to be processed to be manufacturable as well. Modern integrated circuits have features smaller than the wavelength of the light used to expose the photoresist. Software that are designed for manufacturability add interference patterns to the exposure masks to eliminate open-circuits, and enhance the masks' contrast.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 3497359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several reasons for testing a logic circuit. When the circuit is first developed, it is necessary to verify that the design circuit meets the required functional, and timing specifications. When multiple copies of a correctly designed circuit are being manufactured, it is essential to test each copy to ensure that the manufacturing process has not introduced any flaws.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A large logic machine (say, with more than a hundred logical variables) can have an astronomical number of possible states. Obviously, factory testing every state of such a machine is unfeasible, for even if testing each state only took a microsecond, there are more possible states than there are microseconds since the universe began!", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Large logic machines are almost always designed as assemblies of smaller logic machines. To save time, the smaller sub-machines are isolated by permanently installed design for test circuitry, and are tested independently. One common testing scheme provides a test mode that forces some part of the logic machine to enter a test cycle. The test cycle usually exercises large independent parts of the machine.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Boundary scan is a common test scheme that uses serial communication with external test equipment through one or more shift registers known as scan chains. Serial scans have only one or two wires to carry the data, and minimize the physical size and expense of the infrequently used test logic. After all the test data bits are in place, the design is reconfigured to be in normal mode and one or more clock pulses are applied, to test for faults (e.g. stuck-at low or stuck-at high) and capture the test result into flip-flops or latches in the scan shift register(s). Finally, the result of the test is shifted out to the block boundary and compared against the predicted good machine result.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 1452497, 194114, 41699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 48, 68 ], [ 118, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a board-test environment, serial to parallel testing has been formalized as the JTAG standard.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 638112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several factors determine the practicality of a system of digital logic: cost, reliability, fan-out and speed. Engineers have explored numerous electronic devices to figure out a favourable combination of these factors.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 289955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cost of a logic gate is crucial, primarily because very many gates are needed to build a computer or other advanced digital system. Systems with more gates are more capable. Since the bulk of a digital computer is simply an interconnected network of logic gates, the overall cost of building a computer correlates strongly with the cost of a logic gate. In the 1930s, the earliest digital logic systems were constructed from telephone relays because these were inexpensive and relatively reliable.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest integrated circuits were constructed to save weight and permit the Apollo Guidance Computer to control an inertial guidance system for a spacecraft. The first integrated circuit logic gates cost nearly US$50, which in would be equivalent to $. Much to the surprise of many involved, by the time the circuits were mass-produced, they had become the least-expensive method of constructing digital logic. Improvements in this technology have driven all subsequent improvements in cost.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 188887, 24050869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 104 ], [ 119, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the rise of integrated circuits, reducing the absolute number of chips used represented another way to save costs. The goal of a designer is not just to make the simplest circuit, but to keep the component count down. Sometimes this results in more complicated designs with respect to the underlying digital logic but nevertheless reduces the number of components, board size, and even power consumption.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 15150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another major motive for reducing component count on printed circuit boards is to reduce the manufacturing defect rate due to failed soldered connections and increase reliability. Defect and failure rates tend to increase along with the total number of component pins.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Digital machines often have millions of logic gates. Most digital machines designers optimize to reduce their cost. The result is that often, the failure of a single logic gate will cause a digital machine to fail. It is possible to design machines to be more reliable by using redundant logic which will not malfunction as a result of the failure of any single gate, but this necessarily entails using more components, which raises the cost and also usually increases the weight of the machine and may increase the power it consumes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The reliability of a logic gate can be described by its mean time between failure (MTBF). Digital machines first became useful when the MTBF for a switch increased above a few hundred hours. Even so, many of these machines had complex, well-rehearsed repair procedures, and would be nonfunctional for hours because a tube burned-out, or a moth got stuck in a relay. Modern transistorized integrated circuit logic gates have MTBFs greater than 82 billion hours (). This level of reliability is required because integrated circuits have so many logic gates.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 63397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fan-out describes how many logic inputs can be controlled by a single logic output without exceeding the electrical current ratings of the gate outputs. The minimum practical fan-out is about five. Modern electronic logic gates using CMOS transistors for switches have higher fan-outs.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 289955, 49420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 236, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The switching speed describes how long it takes a logic output to change from true to false or vise versa. Faster logic can accomplish more operations in less time. Modern electronic digital logic routinely switches at , and some laboratory systems switch at more than ..", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Digital design started with relay logic which is relatively inexpensive and reliable, but slow. Occasionally a mechanical failure would occur. Fan-outs were typically about 10, limited by the resistance of the coils and arcing on the contacts from high voltages.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 11037203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later, vacuum tubes were used. These were very fast, but generated heat, and were unreliable because the filaments would burn out. Fan-outs were typically 5 to 7, limited by the heating from the tubes' current. In the 1950s, special computer tubes were developed with filaments that omitted volatile elements like silicon. These ran for hundreds of thousands of hours.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 32496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first semiconductor logic family was resistor–transistor logic. This was a thousand times more reliable than tubes, ran cooler, and used less power, but had a very low fan-out of 3. Diode–transistor logic improved the fan-out up to about 7, and reduced the power. Some DTL designs used two power-supplies with alternating layers of NPN and PNP transistors to increase the fan-out.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 27709, 417749, 417752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 41, 66 ], [ 186, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) was a great improvement over these. In early devices, fan-out improved to 10, and later variations reliably achieved 20. TTL was also fast, with some variations achieving switching times as low as 20ns. TTL is still used in some designs.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 47769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emitter coupled logic is very fast but uses a lot of power. It was extensively used for high-performance computers, such as the Illiac IV, made up of many medium-scale components.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 205936, 195963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 128, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By far, the most common digital integrated circuits built today use CMOS logic, which is fast, offers high circuit density and low power per gate. This is used even in large, fast computers, such as the IBM System z.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Logic families", "target_page_ids": [ 49420, 3968088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 78 ], [ 203, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2009, researchers discovered that memristors can implement a boolean state storage and provides a complete logic family with very small amounts of space and power, using familiar CMOS semiconductor processes.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 14246162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The discovery of superconductivity has enabled the development of rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) circuit technology, which uses Josephson junctions instead of transistors. Most recently, attempts are being made to construct purely optical computing systems capable of processing digital information using nonlinear optical elements.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 26884, 667564, 446712, 2878626, 146103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ], [ 66, 91 ], [ 130, 148 ], [ 233, 250 ], [ 307, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " De Morgan's laws", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 64669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Logical effort", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 399366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Logic optimization", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7457346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Microelectronics", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unconventional computing", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3925795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Douglas Lewin, Logical Design of Switching Circuits, Nelson,1974.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " R. H. Katz, Contemporary Logic Design, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " P. K. Lala, Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing, Prentice Hall, 1996.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Y. K. Chan and S. Y. Lim, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 1, 269–290, 2008, \"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signal Generation, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka 75450, Malaysia.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Digital Circuit Projects: An Overview of Digital Circuits Through Implementing Integrated Circuits (2014)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIT OpenCourseWare introduction to digital design class materials (\"6.004: Computation Structures\")", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Digital_electronics", "Electronic_design", "Electronic_design_automation" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself Elected Emperor in 1508 (Pope Julius II later recognized this) at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. Maximilian was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. Since his coronation as King of the Romans in 1486, he ran a double government, or Doppelregierung (with a separate court), with his father until Frederick's death in 1493.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 302609, 50853, 24755, 45882, 11472, 2439341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 69 ], [ 84, 102 ], [ 265, 279 ], [ 306, 311 ], [ 444, 477 ], [ 483, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the ruler of the Burgundian State, heir of Charles the Bold, though he also lost his family's original lands in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy. Through marriage of his son Philip the Handsome to eventual queen Joanna of Castile in 1498, Maximilian helped to establish the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, which allowed his grandson Charles to hold the thrones of both Castile and Aragon. The historian Thomas A. Brady Jr. describes him as \"the first Holy Roman Emperor in 250 years who ruled as well as reigned\" and also, the \"ablest royal warlord of his generation.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13824, 151337, 63472761, 151328, 6754871, 151288, 151276, 938546, 70716, 4711133, 824490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 58 ], [ 99, 115 ], [ 134, 150 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 256, 273 ], [ 303, 322 ], [ 341, 358 ], [ 403, 428 ], [ 457, 464 ], [ 493, 500 ], [ 505, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nicknamed \"Coeur d’acier\" (“Heart of steel”) by Olivier de la Marche and later historians (either as praise for his courage and martial qualities or reproach for his ruthlessness as a warlike ruler), Maximilian has entered the public consciousness as \"the last knight\" (der letzte Ritter), especially since the eponymous poem by Anastasius Grün was published (although the nickname likely existed even in Maximilian's lifetime). Scholarly debates still discuss whether he was truly the last knight (either as an idealized medieval ruler leading people on horseback, or a Don Quixote-type dreamer and misadventurer), or the first Renaissance prince — an amoral Machiavellian politician who carried his family \"to the European pinnacle of dynastic power\" largely on the back of loans. Historians of the second half of the nineteenth century like Leopold von Ranke tended to criticize Maximilian for putting the interest of his dynasty above that of Germany, hampering the nation's unification process. Ever since Hermann Wiesflecker's Kaiser Maximilian I. Das Reich, Österreich und Europa an der Wende zur Neuzeit (1971-1986) became the standard work, a much more positive image of the emperor has emerged. He is seen as an essentially modern, innovative ruler who carried out important reforms and promoted significant cultural achievements, even if the financial price weighed hard on the Austrians and his military expansion caused the deaths and sufferings of tens of thousands of people.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6295576, 2209966, 8237, 61851709, 237925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 68 ], [ 329, 344 ], [ 571, 582 ], [ 660, 673 ], [ 844, 861 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Through an \"unprecedented\" image-building program, with the help of many notable scholars and artists, in his lifetime, the emperor – \"the promoter, coordinator, and prime mover, an artistic impresario and entrepreneur with seemingly limitless energy and enthusiasm and an unfailing eye for detail\" – had built for himself \"a virtual royal self\" of a quality that historians call \"unmatched\" or \"hitherto unimagined\". To this image, new layers have been added by the works of later artists in the centuries following his death, both as continuation of deliberately crafted images developed by his program as well as development of spontaneous sources and exploration of actual historical events, creating what Elaine Tennant dubs the \"Maximilian industry\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 69884422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 735, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was born at Wiener Neustadt on 22 March 1459. His father, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, named him for an obscure saint, Maximilian of Tebessa, who Frederick believed had once warned him of imminent peril in a dream. In his infancy, he and his parents were besieged in Vienna by Albert of Austria. One source relates that, during the siege's bleakest days, the young prince wandered about the castle garrison, begging the servants and men-at-arms for bits of bread. He was the favourite child of his mother, whose personality was a contrast to his father (although there seemed to be communication problems between mother and son, as she spoke Portuguese). Reportedly she told Maximilian that, \"If I had known, my son, that you would become like your father, I would have regretted having born you for the throne.\" Her early death pushed him even more towards a man's world, where one grew up first as a warrior rather than a politician.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and childhood", "target_page_ids": [ 1030100, 11472, 4999820, 1220240, 23915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 38 ], [ 69, 102 ], [ 136, 157 ], [ 294, 311 ], [ 659, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the efforts of his father Frederick and his tutor Peter Engelbrecht (whom Maximilian held in contempt all his life because of his violent teaching methods which, according to Cuspinianus, only made Maximilian hate science), Maximilian became an indifferent, at times belligent student, who much preferred physical activities than learning (he would later rediscover the love of science and culture on his own terms though, especially during his time in Burgundy, under the influence of Mary of Burgundy). Although the two remained on good terms overall and the emperor encouraged Maximilian's interest in weapons and the hunt, as well as let him attend important meetings, Frederick was horrified by his only surviving son and heir's overzealousness in chivalric contests, extravagance, and especially a heavy tendency towards wine, feasts and young women, which became evident during their trips in 1473–74. Even though he was still very young, the prince's skills and physical attractiveness made him the center everywhere he went. Although Frederick had forbidden the princes of the Empire from fighting with Maximilian in tournaments, Maximilian gave himself the necessary permission at the first chance he got. Frederick did not allow him to participate in the 1474 war against Burgundy though and placed him under the care of the Bishop of Augsburg instead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and childhood", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent of Maximilian's father Frederick III. Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansionist tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and, to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles' only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), he was successful.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and childhood", "target_page_ids": [ 151328, 13277, 2585523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 183, 200 ], [ 353, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Perhaps as preparation for his task in the Netherlands, in 1476, at the age of 17, in the name of his father, apparently Maximilian commanded a military campaign against Hungary – the first actual battlefield experience in his life (command responsibility was likely shared with more experienced generals though).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and childhood", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on 19 August 1477.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and childhood", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian's wife had inherited the large Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 5843419, 51402, 9180881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 70 ], [ 79, 92 ], [ 124, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law, with Louis XI of France vigorously asserted his claim by means of military force. Maximilian at once undertook the defence of his wife's dominions. Without support from the Empire and with an empty treasury left by Charles the Bold's campaigns (Mary had to pawn her jewels to obtain loans), he carried out a campaign against the French during 1478–1479 and reconquered Le Quesnoy, Conde and Antoing. He defeated the French forces at Battle of Guinegate (1479), the modern Enguinegatte, on 7 August 1479. Despite winning, Maximilian had to abandon the siege of Thérouanne and disband his army, either because the Netherlanders did not want him to become too strong or because his treasury was empty. The battle was an important mark in military history though: the Burgundian pikemen were the precursors of the Landsknechte, while the French side derived the momentum for military reform from their loss.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 441671, 77740, 70506, 3568876, 10543222, 175351, 9312159, 2938329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 65, 74 ], [ 81, 99 ], [ 445, 455 ], [ 457, 462 ], [ 467, 474 ], [ 509, 535 ], [ 548, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to some, Maximilian and Mary's wedding contract stipulated that their children would succeed them but that the couple could not be each other's heirs. Mary tried to bypass this rule with a promise to transfer territories as a gift in case of her death, but her plans were confounded. After Mary's death in a riding accident on 27 March 1482 near the Wijnendale Castle, Maximilian's aim was now to secure the inheritance to his and Mary's son, Philip the Handsome. According to Haemers and Sutch, the original marriage contract stipulated that Maximilian could not inherit her Burgundian lands if they had children.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 12281307, 151288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 360, 377 ], [ 453, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Guinegate victory made Maximilian popular, but as an inexperienced ruler, he hurt himself politically by trying to centralize authority without respecting traditional rights and consulting relevant political bodies. The Belgian historian Eugène Duchesne comments that these years were among the saddest and most turbulent in the history of the country, and despite his later great imperial career, Maximilian unfortunately could never compensate for the mistakes he made as regent in this period. Some of the Netherlander provinces were hostile to Maximilian, and, in 1482, they signed a treaty with Louis XI in Arras that forced Maximilian to give up Franche-Comté and Artois to the French crown. They openly rebelled twice in the period 1482–1492, attempting to regain the autonomy they had enjoyed under Mary. Flemish rebels managed to capture Philip and even Maximilian himself, but they released Maximilian when Frederick III intervened. In 1489, as he turned his attention to his hereditary lands, he left the Low Countries in the hands of Albert of Saxony, who proved to be an excellent choice, as he was less emotionally committed to the Low Countries and more flexible as a politician than Maximilian, while also being a capable general. By 1492, rebellions were completely suppressed. Maximilian revoked the Great Privilege and established a strong ducal monarchy undisturbed by particularism. But he would not reintroduce Charles the Bold's centralizing ordinances. Since 1489 (after his departure), the government under Albert of Saxony had made more efforts in consulting representative institutions and showed more restraint in subjugating recalcitrant territories. Notables who had previously supported rebellions returned to city administrations. The Estates General continued to develop as a regular meeting place of the central government. The harsh suppression of the rebellions did have an unifying effect, in that provinces stopped behaving like separate entities each supporting a different lord. Helmut Koenigsberger opines that it was not the erratic leadership of Maximilian, who was brave but hardly understood the Netherlands, but the Estates' desire for the survival of the country that made the Burgundian monarchy survive. Jean Berenger and C.A. Simpson argue that Maximilian, as a gifted military champion and organizer, did save the Netherlands from France, although the conflict between the Estates and his personal ambitions caused a catastrophic situation in the short term. Peter Spufford opines that the invasion was prevented by a combination of the Estates and Maximilian, although the cost of war, Maximilian's spendthrift liberality and the interests enforced by his German bankers did cause huge expenditure while income was falling. Jelle Haemers comments that the Estates stopped their support towards the young and ambitious impresario (director) of war (who took personal control of both the military and financial details during the war) because they knew that after Guinegate, the nature of the war was not defensive anymore. Maximilian and his followers had managed to achieve remarkable success in stabilizing the situation though, and a stalemate was kept in Ghent as well as in Bruges, before the tragic death of Mary in 1482 completely turned the political landscape in the whole country upside down. According to Haemers, while Willem Zoete's indictment of Maximilian's government was a one-sided picture that exaggerated the negative points and the Regency Council displayed many of the same problems, Maximilian and his followers could have been more prudent when dealing with the complaints of their opponents before matters became bigger.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 1828203, 105054, 38476, 38484, 41921682, 17604567, 3270, 42335296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 590, 598 ], [ 616, 621 ], [ 656, 669 ], [ 674, 680 ], [ 707, 722 ], [ 779, 787 ], [ 1050, 1066 ], [ 2024, 2044 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his time in the Low Countries, he had experimented with all kinds of military models available, first urban militia and vassalic troops, then French-style companies that were too rigid and costly, and finally Germanic mercenaries (when Albert of Saxony came to the scene, these became their main force). The brutal efficiency of Germanic mercenaries, together with the financial support of cities outside Flanders like Antwerp, Amsterdam, Mechelen and Brussels as well as a small group of loyal landed nobles proved decisive in the Burgundian-Habsburg regime's final triumph. Reviewing the French historian Amable Sablon du Corail's La Guerre, le prince et ses sujets. Les finances des Pays-Bas bourguignons sous Marie de Bourgogne et Maximilien d’Autriche (1477-1493), Marc Boone comments that the brutality described shows Maximilian and the Habsburg dynasty's insatiable greed of expansion and inability to adapt to local traditions, while Jean-François Lassalmonie opines that the nation building process (successful, with the establishment of a common tax) was remarkably similar to the same process in France, including the hesitation in working with local levels of the political society, except that the struggle was shorter and after 1494 a peaceful dialogue between the prince and the estates was reached. Jelle Haemers opines that the level of violence associated with the suppression of the revolts as traditionally imagined has been exaggerated and that most of the violence happened in a symbolical manner, but also cautions against the tendency to consider the \"central state\" in the sense of a modern state.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While it has been suggested that Maximilian displayed a class-based mentality that favoured the aristocrats (a modern historian who shares this viewpoint is Koenigsberger), recent studies suggest that, as evidenced by the court ordinance of 1482 (at this point, before Mary's death, threats to his rule seemed to have been eliminated) among others, he sought to promote \"parvenus\" who were beholden to himself (often either functionaries who had risen under Charles the Bold and then proved loyalty to Maximilian, or representatives of the mercantile elites), and at an alarming speed for the traditional elites. After the rebellions, concerning the aristocracy, although Maximilian punished few with death (unlike what he himself later desbribed in Theuerdank), their properties were largely confiscated and they were replaced with a new elite class loyal to the Habsburgs – among whom, there were noblemen who had been part of traditional high nobility but elevated to supranational importance only in this period. The most important of these were John III and Frederik of Egmont, Engelbrecht II of Nassau, Henry of Witthem and the brothers of Glymes–Bergen.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 28623727, 34880009, 29838329, 38476839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1050, 1058 ], [ 1063, 1081 ], [ 1083, 1107 ], [ 1134, 1159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1486, he retook Mortaigne, l'Ecluse, Honnecourt and even Thérouanne, but the same thing like in 1479 happened – he lacked financial resources to exploit and keep his gains. Only in 1492, with a stable internal situation, he was able to reconquer and keep Franche-Comté and Arras on the pretext that the French had repudiated his daughter. In 1493, Maximilian and Charles VIII of France signed the Treaty of Senlis, with which Artois and Franche-Comté returned to Burgundian rule while Picardy was confirmed as French possession. The French also continued to keep the Duchy of Burgundy. Thus a large part of the Netherlands (known as the Seventeen Provinces) stayed in the Habsburg patrimony.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 11308276, 73588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 422 ], [ 646, 665 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 8 January 1488, using a similar 1373 French ordinance as the model, together with Philip, he issued the Ordinance of Admiralty, that organized the Admiralty as a state institution and strove to centralize maritime authority (this was a departure from the policy of Philip the Good, whose 1458 ordinance tried to restore maritime order by decentralizing power). This was the beginning of the Dutch navy, although initially the policy faced opposition and unfavourable political climate, which only improved with the appointment of Philip of Burgundy-Beveren in 1491. A permanent navy only took shape after 1555 under the governorship of his granddaughter Mary of Hungary.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 198478, 28299697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 377, 404 ], [ 533, 559 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1493, Frederick III died, thus Maximilian I became de facto leader of the Holy Roman Empire. He decided to transfer power to the 15-year-old Philip. During the time in the Low Countries, he contracted such emotional problems that except for rare, necessary occasions, he would never return to the land again after gaining control. When the Estates sent a delegation to offer him the regency after Philip's death in 1506, he evaded them for months.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 11472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As suzerain, Maximilian continued to involve himself with the Low Countries from afar. His son's and daughter's governments tried to maintain a compromise between the states and the Empire. Philip, in particular, sought to maintain an independent Burgundian policy, which sometimes caused disagreements with his father. As Philip preferred to maintain peace and economic development for his land, Maximilian was left fighting Charles of Egmond over Guelders on his own resources. At one point, Philip let French troops supporting Guelders's resistance to his rule pass through his own land. Only at the end of his reign, Philip decided to deal with this threat together with his father. By this time, Guelders had been affected by the continuous state of war and other problems. The duke of Cleves and the bishop of Utrecht, hoping to share spoils, gave Philip aid. Maximilian invested his own son with Guelders and Zutphen. Within months and with his father's skilled use of field artillery, Philip conquered the whole land and Charles of Egmond was forced to prostrate himself in front of Philip. Maximilian would like to see the Guelders matter to be dealt with once and for all, but as Charles later escaped and Philip was at haste to make his 1506 fatal journey to Spain, troubles would soon arise again, leaving Margaret to deal with the problems. Maximilian was exasperated by the attitude of Philip (whom, in Maximilian's imagination, was probably influenced by insidious French agency) and the Estates, whom he considered to be unbelievably nonchalant and tightfisted about a threat to their own country's security. Philip's death in Burgos was a heavy blow personally (Maximilian's entourage seemed to have concealed the incident from him for more than ten days) and also politically, as by this time, he had become his father's most important international ally, although he retained his independent judgement. All their joint ventures fell apart, including the planned Italian expedition in 1508.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 327949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 426, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Estates preferred to maintain peace with France and Guelders. But Charles of Egmont, the de facto lord of Guelders continued to cause trouble. In 1511, Margaret made an alliance with England and besieged Venlo, but Charles of Egmont invaded Holland so the siege had to be lifted. James D. Tracy opines that Maximilian and Margaret were reasonable in demanding more stern measures against Guelders, but their critics in the Estates General (that had continuously voted against providing funds for wars against Guelders) and among the nobles naively thought that Charles of Egmont could be controlled by maintaining the peaceful relationship with the King of France, his patron. Leading Humanists in the Netherlands like Erasmus and Hadrianus Barlandus displayed a distrust towards the government and especially the person of Maximilian, whom they believed to be a warlike and greedy prince. After the brutal 1517 campaign of Charles of Egmont in Friesland and Holland, these Humanists, in their mistaken belief, spread the stories that the emperor and other princes were concocting clever schemes and creating wars just to expand the Habsburg dominion and extracting money.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 68765642, 10152, 7442041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 298 ], [ 723, 730 ], [ 735, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time Margaret became Regent, Maximilian was less inclined to help regarding the Guelders matter. He suggested to her that the Estates in the Low Countries should defend themselves, forcing her to sign the 1513 treaty with Charles. Habsburg Netherlands would only be able to incorporate Guelders and Zutphen under Charles V.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Following Margaret's strategy of defending the Low Countries with foreign armies, in 1513, at the head of Henry VIII's army, Maximilian gained a victory against the French at the Battle of the Spurs, at little cost to himself or his daughter (in fact according to Margaret, the Low Countries got a profit of one million of gold from supplying the English army). For the sake of his grandson Charles's Burgundian lands, he ordered Thérouanne's walls to be demolished (the stronghold had often served as a backdoor for French interference in the Low Countries).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands", "target_page_ids": [ 14187, 239522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 116 ], [ 179, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was elected King of the Romans on 16 February 1486 in Frankfurt-am-Main at his father's initiative and crowned on 9 April 1486 in Aachen. Much of the Austrian territories and Vienna were under the rule of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, as a result of the Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488). Maximilian was now a king without lands. King Matthias died in 1490 without legitimate heir, and civil war broke out in Hungary between the supporters of Matthias' illegitimate child John Corvinus and the supporters of king Vladislaus of Bohemia. Due to the Hungarian civil war, new possibilities were opened for Maximilan. From July 1490, Maximilian began a series of short sieges that reconquered cities and fortresses that his father had lost in Austria. Maximilian entered Vienna without siege, already evacuated by the Hungarians, in August 1490. He was injured while attacking the citadel guarded by a garrison of 400 Hungarians troops who twice repelled his forces, but after some days they surrendered. With money from Innsbruck and southern German towns, he raised enough cavalry and Landsknechte to campaign into Hungary itself. Despite Hungary's lower nobility, the gentry's hostility to the Habsburg, he managed to gain many supporters from higher aristocracy, including several of Corvinus's former supporters. One of them, Jakob Székely, handed over the Styrian castles to him. He claimed his status as King of Hungary, demanding allegiance through Stephen of Moldavia. In seven weeks, they conquered a quarter of Hungary. His mercenaries committed the atrocity of totally sacking Székesfehérvár, the country's main fortress. When encountering the frost, the troops refused to continue the war though, requesting Maximilian to double their pay, which he could not afford. The revolt turned the situation in favour of the Jagiellonian forces. Maximilian was forced to return. He depended on his father and the territorial estates for financial support. Soon he reconquered Lower and Inner Austria for his father, who returned and settled at Linz. Worrying about his son's adventurous tendencies, Frederick decided to starve him financially though.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 10992, 1520, 272105, 36253902, 3103491, 21756351, 55857, 847836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 82 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 221, 249 ], [ 270, 304 ], [ 489, 502 ], [ 530, 551 ], [ 1033, 1042 ], [ 1601, 1615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beatrice of Naples (1457–1508), Mathias Corvinus's widow, initially supported Maximilian out of hope that he would marry her, but Maximilian did not want this liaison. The Hungarian magnates found Maximilian impressive, but they wanted a king they could dominate. The crown of Hungary thus fell to King Vladislaus II, who was deemed weaker in personality and also agreed to marry Beatrice. Tamás Bakócz, the Hungarian chancellor allied himself with Maximilian and helped him to circumvent the 1505 Diet which declared that no foreigner could be elected as King of Hungary. In 1491, they signed the peace treaty of Pressburg, which provided that Maximilian recognized Vladislaus as King of Hungary, but the Habsburgs would inherit the throne on the extinction of Vladislaus's male line and the Austrian side also received 100,000 golden florins as war reparations. It was with Maximilian that the Croatians began to harbour a connection to the House of Habsburg. Except the two most powerful noblemen (Duke Ivanis Corvinus and Bernardin Frankopan), the Croatian nobility wanted him as King. Worrying that a protracted, multi-fronted war would leave him overextended though, Maximilian evacuated from Croatia (he had conquered the whole northern part of the country previously) and accepted the treaty with the Jagiellons.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 20819679, 21756351, 143590, 36165707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 303, 316 ], [ 390, 402 ], [ 598, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, the County of Tyrol and Duchy of Bavaria went to war in the late 15th century. Bavaria demanded money from Tyrol that had been loaned on the collateral of Tyrolean lands. In 1490, the two nations demanded that Maximilian I step in to mediate the dispute. His Habsburg cousin, the childless Archduke Sigismund, was negotiating to sell Tyrol to their Wittelsbach rivals rather than let Emperor Frederick inherit it. Maximilian's charm and tact though led to a reconciliation and a reunited dynastic rule in the 1490. Because Tyrol had no law code at this time, the nobility freely expropriated money from the populace, which caused the royal palace in Innsbruck to fester with corruption. After taking control, Maximilian instituted immediate financial reform. Gaining control of Tyrol for the Habsburgs was of strategic importance because it linked the Swiss Confederacy to the Habsburg-controlled Austrian lands, which facilitated some imperial geographic continuity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 6493681, 1463463, 38715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 32 ], [ 37, 53 ], [ 303, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1493.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 13277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had secured borders in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan. In 1499–1500 he conquered it and drove the Sforza regent Lodovico il Moro into exile. This brought him into a potential conflict with Maximilian, who on 16 March 1494 had married Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan. However, Maximilian was unable to hinder the French from taking over Milan. The prolonged Italian Wars resulted in Maximilian joining the Holy League to counter the French. His campaigns in Italy generally were not successful, and his progress there was quickly checked. Maximilian's Italian campaigns tend to be criticized for being wasteful and gaining him little. Despite the emperor's work in enhancing his army technically and organization-wise, due to financial difficulties, the forces he could muster were always too small to make a decisive difference. In Italy, he gained the derisive nickname of \"Massimiliano di pochi denari\" (Maximilian the Moneyless). One particularly humiliating episode happened in 1508, with a force mustered largely from hereditary lands and with limited resources, the emperor decided to attack Venice. The diversionary force under Sixt Trautson were routed by Bartolomeo d'Alviano (Sixt Trautson himself was among the fallen), while Maximilian's own advance was blocked by the main Venetian force under Niccolò di Pitigliano and a French army under Alessandro Trivulzio. Bartolomeo d'Alviano then pushed into the Imperial territory, seizing Gorizia and Trieste, forcing Maximilian to sign a very unfavourable truce. Afterwards, he formed the League of Cambrai together with Spain, France and Pope Julius II and won back the territories he had conceded and some Venetian possessions. Most of the Slovene-inhabited areas were transferred to the Habsburgs. But atrocities and expenses for war devastated Austria and Carniola. Lack of financial means meant that he depended on allies' resources, and just like in the Low Countries, he sometimes practically functioned as the condottiero. When Schiner suggested that they should let war feed war though, he did not agree or was not brutal enough to do that. He acknowledged French control of Milan in 1515.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 77655, 679080, 239947, 1384003, 1191397, 239500, 892876, 1547967, 2026424, 892876, 2744183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 108 ], [ 206, 220 ], [ 279, 295 ], [ 401, 420 ], [ 436, 457 ], [ 564, 576 ], [ 612, 623 ], [ 1371, 1391 ], [ 1514, 1535 ], [ 1753, 1770 ], [ 2200, 2207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The situation in Italy was not the only problem Maximilian had at the time. The Swiss won a decisive victory against the Empire in the Battle of Dornach on 22 July 1499. Maximilian had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on 22 September 1499 in Basel that granted the Swiss Confederacy independence from the Holy Roman Empire.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 2398731, 2398726, 6754871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 152 ], [ 257, 262 ], [ 280, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jewish policy under Maximilian fluctuated greatly, usually influenced by financial considerations and the emperor's vacillating attitude when facing opposing views. In 1496, Maximilian issued a decree which expelled all Jews from Styria and Wiener Neustadt. Between 1494 and 1510, he authorized no less than thirteen expulsions of Jews in return of sizeable fiscal compensations from local government (The expelled Jews were allowed to resettle in Lower Austria. Buttaroni comments that this inconsistency showed that even Maximilian himself did not believe his expulsion decision was just.). After 1510 though, this happened only once, and he showed an unusually resolute attitude in resisting a campaign to expel Jews from Regensburg. David Price comments that during the first seventeen years of his reign, he was a great threat to the Jews, but after 1510, even if his attitude was still exploitative, his policy gradually changed. A factor that probably played a role in the change was Maximilian's success in expanding imperial taxing over German Jewry: at this point, he probably considered the possibility of generating tax money from stable Jewish communities, instead of temporary financial compensations from local jurisdictions who sought to expel Jews.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 224474, 1030100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 236 ], [ 241, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1509, relying on the influence of Kunigunde, Maximilian's pious sister and the Cologne Dominicans, the anti-Jewish agitator Johannes Pfefferkorn was authorized by Maximilian to confiscate all offending Jewish books (including prayer books), except the Bible. The confiscations happened in Frankfurt, Bingen, Mainz and other German cities. Responding to the order, the archbishop of Mainz, the city council of Frankfurt and various German princes tried to intervene in defense of the Jews. Maximilian consequently ordered the confiscated books to be returned. On 23 May 1510 though, influenced by a supposed \"host desecration\" and blood libel in Brandenburg, as well as pressure from Kunigunde, he ordered the creation of an investigating commission and asked for expert opinions from German universities and scholars. The prominent humanist Johann Reuchlin argued strongly in defense of the Jewish books, especially the Talmud. Reuchlin's arguments seemed to leave an impression on the emperor (who followed his advice, against the recommendation of his own commission), who gradually developed an intellectual interest in the Talmud and other Jewish books. Maximilian later urged the Hebraist Petrus Galatinus to defend Reuchlin's position. Galatinus dedicated his work De Arcanis Catholicae Veritatis, which provided 'a literary \"threshold\" where Jews and gentiles might meet', to the emperor. In 1514, he appointed Paulus Ricius, a Jew who converted to Christianity, as his personal physician. He was more interested in Ricius's Hebrew skills than in his medical abilities though. In 1515, he reminded his treasurer Jakob Villinger that Ricius was admitted for the purpose of translating the Talmud into Latin, and urged Villinger to keep an eye on him. Perhaps overwhelmed by the emperor's request, Ricius only managed to translate two out of sixty-three Mishna tractates before the emperor's death. Ricius managed to publish a translation of Joseph Gikatilla's Kabbalistic work The Gates of Light, which was dedicated to Maximilian, though.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 4249755, 3728879, 181116, 30345, 7982905, 9205944, 19518, 7564964, 16905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ], [ 127, 147 ], [ 844, 859 ], [ 923, 929 ], [ 1197, 1213 ], [ 1421, 1434 ], [ 1862, 1868 ], [ 1950, 1966 ], [ 1969, 1980 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within the Holy Roman Empire, there was also a consensus that deep reforms were needed to preserve the unity of the Empire. For most of his reign, Frederick III had considered reform as a threat to his imperial prerogatives and wanted to avoid direct confrontations with the princes on the matter. However, in his last years, mainly to secure election for Maximilian, he presided over the initial phase of reform. Maximilian though was more open to reform. From 1488 through his reign as sole ruler, he practiced a policy of brokerage, acting as the impartial judge between options suggested by the princes. Many measures were launched in the 1495 Reichstag at Worms. A new organ was introduced, the Reichskammergericht, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance the Empire's affairs (above all military campaigns), the Gemeine Pfennig. It was levied for the first time between 1495 and 1499, raising 136,000 florins, and another five times during the 1512–1551 period, before being supplanted by the matricular system which allowed common burdens to be assessed at imperial as well as Kreis level.To create a rival for the Reichskammergericht, Maximilian establish the Reichshofrat, which had its seat in Vienna. Unlike the Reichskammergericht, the Reichshofrat looked into criminal matters and even allowed the emperors the means to depose rulers who did not live up to expectations. Pavlac and Lott note that, during Maximilian's reign, this council was not popular though. According to Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger though, throughout the early modern period, the Reichshofrat remained by far the faster and more efficient among the two Courts. The Reichskammergericht on the other hand was often torn by matters related to confessional alliance. Around 1497–1498, as part of his administrative reforms, he restructured his Privy Council (Geheimer Rat), a decision which today induces much scholarly discussion. Apart from balancing the Reichskammergericht with the Reichshofrat, this act of restructuring seemed to suggest that, as Westphal quoting Ortlieb, the \"imperial ruler – independent of the existence of a supreme court – remained the contact person for hard pressed subjects in legal disputes as well, so that a special agency to deal with these matters could appear sensible\" (as also shown by the large number of supplications he received).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 37793940, 33896, 575833, 575833, 1004779, 18823164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 643, 657 ], [ 661, 666 ], [ 700, 719 ], [ 1170, 1189 ], [ 1216, 1228 ], [ 1536, 1562 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1500, as Maximilian urgently needed assistance for his military plans, he agreed to establish an organ called the Reichsregiment (central imperial government, consisting of twenty members including the Electors, with the Emperor or his representative as its chairman), first organized in 1501 in Nuremberg and consisted of the deputies of the Emperor, local rulers, commoners, and the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian resented the new organization as it weakened his powers, and the Estates failed to support it. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 31871552, 21287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 131 ], [ 299, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Thomas Brady Jr. and Jan-Dirk Müller, the most important governmental changes targeted the heart of the regime: the chancery. Early in Maximilian's reign, the Court Chancery at Innsbruck competed with the Imperial Chancery (which was under the elector-archbishop of Mainz, the senior Imperial chancellor). By referring the political matters in Tyrol, Austria as well as Imperial problems to the Court Chancery, Maximilian gradually centralized its authority. The two chanceries became combined in 1502. Jan-Dirk Müller opines that this chancery became the decisive government institution since 1502. In 1496, the emperor created a general treasury (Hofkammer) in Innsbruck, which became responsible for all the hereditary lands. The chamber of accounts (Raitkammer) at Vienna was made subordinate to this body. Under Paul von Liechtenstein, the Hofkammer was entrusted with not only hereditary lands' affairs, but Maximilian's affairs as the German king too.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Joachim Whaley points out that there are usually two opposite views on Maximilian's rulership: one side is represented by the works of nineteenth century historians like Heinrich Ullmann or Leopold von Ranke, which criticize him for selfishly exploiting the German nation and putting the interest of his dynasty over his Germanic nation, thus impeding the unification process; the more recent side is represented by Hermann Wiesflecker's biography of 1971–86, which praises him for being \"a talented and successful ruler, notable not only for his Realpolitik but also for his cultural activities generally and for his literary and artistic patronage in particular\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to Brady Jr., Ranke is right regarding the fact Berthold von Henneberg and other princes did play the leading role in presenting the proposals for creating institutions (that would also place the power in the hands of the princes) in 1495. However, what Maximilian opposed was not reform per se. He generally shared their sentiments regarding ending feuds, sounder administrative procedures, better record-keeping, qualifications for offices etc. Responding to the proposal that an Imperial Council (the later Reichsregiment) should be created, he agreed and welcomed the participation of the Estates, but he alone should be the one who appointed members and the council should function only during his campaigns. He supported modernizing reforms (which he himself pioneered in his Austrian lands), but also wanted to tie it to his personal control, above all by permanent taxation, which the Estates consistently opposed. In 1504, when he was strong enough to propose his own ideas of such a Council, the cowered Estates tried to resist. At his strongest point though, he still failed to find a solution for the common tax matter, which led to disasters in Italy later. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that had the Common Penny been successful, modern governmental structures would likely emerge on the Empire's level, but that was why it failed as it was not in the interest of territorial lords. Meanwhile, he explored Austria's potential as a base for Imperial power and built his government largely with officials drawn from the lower aristocracy and burghers in Southern Germany. Whaley notes that the real foundation of his Imperial power lay with his networks of allies and clients, especially the less powerful Estates, who helped him to recover his strength in 1502 - his first reform proposals as King of the Romans in 1486 were about the creation of a network of regional unions. According to Whaley, \"More systematically than any predecessor, Maximilian exploited the potential of regional leagues and unions to extend imperial influence and to create the possibility of imperial government in the Reich.\" To the Empire, the mechanisms involving such regional institutions bolstered the Land Piece (Ewiger Landfriede) declared in 1495 as well as the creation of the Reichskreise (Imperial Circles, which would serve the purpose of organize imperial armies, collect taxes and enforce orders of the imperial institutions: there were six at first; in 1512, the number increased to ten), between 1500 and 1512, although they were only fully functional some decades later. While Brady describes Maximilian's thinking as \"dynastic and early modern\", Heinz Angermeier (also focusing on his intentions at the 1495 Diet) writes that for Maximilian, \"the first politician on the German throne\", dynastic interests and imperial politics had no contradiction. Rather, the alliance with Spain, imperial prerogatives, anti-Ottoman agenda, European leadership and inner politics were all tied together. In Austria, Maximilian defined two administrative units: Lower Austria and Upper Austria (Further Austria was included in Upper Austria).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 2818647, 148988, 146894, 1105172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 80 ], [ 3062, 3075 ], [ 3080, 3093 ], [ 3095, 3110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another development arising from the reform was that, amidst the prolonged struggles between the monarchical-centralism of the emperor and the estates-based federalism of the princes, the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) became the all-important political forum and the supreme legal and constitutional institution (without any declared legal basis or inaugural act), which would act as a guarantee for the preservation of the Empire in the long run.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ultimately, the results of the reform movement presided over by Maximilian, as presented in the shape of newly formed structures as well as the general framework (functioning as a constitutional framework), were a compromise between emperor and estates, who more or less shared common cause but separate interests. Although the system of institutions arose from this were not complete, a flexible, adaptive problem-solving mechanism for the Empire was formed. Stollberg also links the development of the reform to the concentration of supranational power in the Habsburgs' hand, which manifested in the successful dynastic marriages of Maximilian and his descendants (and the successful defense of those lands, notably the rich Low Countries) as well as Maximilian's development of a revolutionary post system that helped the Habsburgs to maintain control of their territories (Additionally, the communication revolution created by the combination of the postal system with printing would boost the empire's capability of disseminating orders and policies as well as its coherence in general, elevating cultural life, and also help reformers like Luther to broadcast their views effectively.).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Recent German research explores the importance of the Reichstags that followed the 1495 one in Worms. The 1512 Reichstag in Trier that Maximilian assembled, for example, was decisive for the development of the Reichskammergericht, the Land Peace and the Gemeine Pfennig, although by this point it was clear that Maximilian was already past his best years (the early signs of crisis seemed to have showed already in Cologne, 1505) – which, according to Dietmar Heil, resulted in the fact that the Gemeine Pfennig was only partially approved and then partially implemented.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 30317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Whaley, if Maximilian ever saw Germany as a source of income and soldiers only, he failed miserably in extracting both. His hereditary lands and other sources always contributed much more (the Estates gave him the equivalent of 50,000 gulden per year, a lower than even the taxes paid by Jews in both the Reich and hereditary lands, while Austria contributed 500,000 to 1,000,000 gulden per year). On the other hand, the attempts he demonstrated in building the imperial system alone shows that he did consider the German lands \"a real sphere of government in which aspirations to royal rule were actively and purposefully pursued.\" Whaley notes that, despite struggles, what emerged at the end of Maximilian's rule was a strengthened monarchy and not an oligarchy of princes. If he was usually weak when trying to act as a monarch and using imperial instituations like the Reichstag, Maximilian's position was often strong when acting as a neutral overlord and relying on regional leagues of weaker principalities such as the Swabian league, as shown in his ability to call on money and soldiers to mediate the Bavaria dispute in 1504, after which he gained significant territories in Alsace, Swabia and Tyrol. His fiscal reform in his hereditary lands provided a model for other German princes. Benjamin Curtis opines that while Maximilian was not able to fully create a common government for his lands (although the chancellery and court council were able to coordinate affairs across the realms), he strengthened key administrative functions in Austria and created central offices to deal with financial, political and judicial matters - these offices replaced the feudal system and became representative of a more modern system that was administered by professionalized officials. After two decades of reforms, the emperor retained his position as first emong equals, while the empire gained common institutions through which the emperor shared power with the estates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope Julius II, took the title Erwählter Römischer Kaiser (\"Elected Roman Emperor\"), thus ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the Pope.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 24755, 50853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 54 ], [ 171, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1495 Diet of Worms, the Reception of Roman Law was accelerated and formalized. The Roman Law was made binding in German courts, except in the case it was contrary to local statutes. In practice, it became the basic law throughout Germany, displacing Germanic local law to a large extent, although Germanic law was still operative at the lower courts. Other than the desire to achieve legal unity and other factors, the adoption also highlighted the continuity between the Ancient Roman empire and the Holy Roman Empire. To realize his resolve to reform and unify the legal system, the emperor frequently intervened personally in matters of local legal matters, overriding local charters and customs. This practice was often met with irony and scorn from local councils, who wanted to protect local codes. Maximilian had a general reputation of justice and clemency, but could occasionally act in a violent and resentful manner if personally affronted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1499, as the ruler of Tyrol, he introduced the Maximilianische Halsgerichtsordnung (the Penal Code of Maximilian). This was the first codified penal law in the German speaking world. The law attempted to introduce regularity into contemporary discrete practices of the courts. This would be part of the basis for the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina established under Charles V in 1530. Regarding the use of torture, the court needed to decide whether someone should be tortured. If such a decision was made, three council members and a clerk should be present and observe whether a confession was made only because of the fear of torture or the pain of torture, or that another person would be harmed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 4743293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Austrian-Hungarian war (1477-1488), Maximilian's father Frederick III issued the first modern regulations to strengthen military discipline. In 1508, using this ordinance as the basis, Maximilian devised the first military code (“Articles”). This code included 23 articles. The first five articles prescribed total obedience to imperial authority. Article 7 established the rules of conduct in camps. Article 13 exempted churches from billeting while Article 14 forbade violence against civilians: “You shall swear that you will not harm any pregnant women, widows and orphans, priests, honest maidens and mothers, under the fear of punishment for perjury and death”. These actions that indicated the early developments of a \"military revolution\" in European laws had a tradition in the Roman concept of a just war and ideas of sixteenth-century scholars, who developed this ancient doctrine with a main thesis which advocated that war was a matter between two armies and thus the civilians (especially women, children and old people) should be given immunity. The code would be the basis for further ordinances by Charles V and new \"Articles\" by Maximilian II (1527-1576), which became the universal military code for the whole Holy Roman Empire until 1642.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 70716, 39380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1127, 1136 ], [ 1159, 1172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The legal reform seriously weakened the ancient Vehmic court (Vehmgericht, or Secret Tribunal of Westphalia, traditionally held to be instituted by Charlemagne but this theory is now considered unlikely), although it would not be abolished completely until 1811 (when it was abolished under the order of Jérôme Bonaparte).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 32696, 33165, 5314, 62356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 60 ], [ 97, 107 ], [ 148, 159 ], [ 304, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1518, after a general diet of all Habsburg hereditary lands, the emperor issued the Innsbrucker Libell which set out the general", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "defence order (Verteidigungsordnung) of Austrian provinces, which \"gathered together all the elements that had appeared and developed over the preceding centuries.\". The provincial army, based on noble cavalry, was for defence only; bonded labourers were conscripted using a proportional conscription system; upper and lower Austrian provinces agreed on a mutual defence pact in which they would form a joint command structure if either were attacked. The military system and other reforms were threatened after Maximilian's deạth but would be restored and reorganized later under Ferdinand I.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to Brady Jr., Maximilian was no reformer of the church though. Personally pious, he was also a practical caesaropapist who was only interested in the ecclesiastical organization as far as reforms could bring him political and fiscal advantages. He met Luther once at the Diet of Augsburg in 1518, \"a rehearsal for Worms in 1521\". He saw the grievances and agreed with Luther on some points. However as the religious question was a matter of money and power to him, he had no interest in stopping the indulgences. At this point, he was too busy with his grandson's election. As Luther was about to be arrested by the papal legate, he granted him a letter of safe passage. Brady notes that blindness to the need to reform from above would lead to the reform from below.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 509436, 7567080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 128 ], [ 262, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was always troubled by financial shortcomings; his income never seemed to be enough to sustain his large-scale goals and policies. For this reason he was forced to take substantial credits from Upper German banker families, especially from the Gossembrot, Baumgarten, Fugger and Welser families. Jörg Baumgarten even served as Maximilian's financial advisor. The connection between the emperor and banking families in Augsburg was so widely known that Francis I of France derisively nicknamed him \"the Mayor of Augsburg\" (another story recounts that a French courtier called him the alderman of Augsburg, to which Louis XII replied: \"Yes, but every time that this alderman rings the tocsin from his belfry, he makes all France tremble.\", referring to Maximilian's military ability). Around 70 percent of his income went to wars (and by the 1510s, he was waging wars on almost all sides of his border). At the end of Maximilian's rule, the Habsburgs' mountain of debt totalled six million gulden to six and a half million gulden, depending on the sources. By 1531, the remaining amount of debt was estimated at 400,000 gulden (about 282,669 Spanish ducats). In his entire reign, he had spent around 25 million gulden, much of which was contributed by his most loyal subjects – the Tyrolers. The historian Thomas Brady comments: \"The best that can be said of his financial practices is that he borrowed democratically from rich and poor alike and defaulted with the same even-handedness\". By comparison, when he abdicated in 1556, Charles V left Philip a total debt of 36 million ducats (equal to the income from Spanish America for his entire reign), while Ferdinand I left a debt of 12.5 million gulden when he died in 1564.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [ 69812382, 149300, 54386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 265 ], [ 279, 285 ], [ 1555, 1561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economy and economic policies under the reign of Maximilian is a relatively unexplored topic, according to Benecke.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Overall, according to Whaley, \"The reign of Maximilian I saw recovery and growth but also growing tension. This created both winners and losers.\", although Whaley opines that this is no reason to expect a revolutionary explosion (in connection to Luther and the Reformation). Whaley points out, though, that because Maximilian and Charles V tried to promoted the interests of the Netherlands, after 1500, the Hanseatic League was negatively affected and their growth relative to England and the Netherlands declined.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Low Countries, during his regency, to get more money to pay for his campaigns, he resorted to debase coins in the Burgundian mints, causing more conflicts with the interests of the Estates and the merchant class.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Austria, although this was never enough for his needs, his management of mines and salt works proved efficient, with a marked increase in revenue, the fine silver production in Schwaz increased from 2,800kg in 1470 to 14,000kg in 1516. Benecke remarks that Maximilian was a ruthless, exploitative businessman while Holleger sees him as a clearheaded manager with sober cost-benefit analysis. Ultimately, he had to mortgage these properties to the Fuggers to get quick cash. The financial price would ultimately fall on the Austrian population. Fichtner states that Maximilian's pan-European vision was very expensive, and his financial practices antagonized his subjects both high and low in Burgundy, Austria and Germany (who tried to temper his ambitions, although they never came to hate the charismatic ruler personally), this was still modest in comparison with what was about to come, and the Ottoman threat gave the Austrians a reason to pay.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Leipzig started its rise into one of the largest European trade fair cities after Maximilian granted them wide-ranged privileges in 1497 (and raised their three markets to the status of Imperial Fair in 1507).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reign in the Holy Roman Empire", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, German dynasties had exploited the potential of the imperial title to bring Eastern Europe into the fold, in addition to their lands north and south of the Alps. Under Sigismund, the predecessors of the Habsburgs, the Luxemburgs, had managed to gain an empire almost comparable in scale to the later Habsburg empire, although at the same time they lost the Kingdom of Burgundy and control over Italian territories. Their focus on the East, especially Hungary (which was outside the Holy Roman Empire and also gained by the Luxemburgs with a marriage), allowed the new Burgundian rulers from the Valois dynasty to foster discontent among German princes. Thus, the Habsburgs were forced to refocus their attention on the West. Frederick III's cousin and predecessor, Albert II (who was Sigismund's son-in-law and heir through his marriage with Elizabeth of Luxembourg) had managed to combine the crowns of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia under his rule, but he died young. During his rule, Maximilian had a double focus on both the East and the West. The successful expansion (with the notable role of marriage policy) under Maximilian bolstered his position in the Empire, and also created more pressure for an imperial reform, so that they could get more resources and coordinated help from the German territories to defend their realms and counter hostile powers such as France.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 38889, 2875095, 38447, 1934139, 234986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 192 ], [ 372, 391 ], [ 780, 789 ], [ 857, 880 ], [ 1231, 1246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As part of the Treaty of Arras, Maximilian betrothed his three-year-old daughter Margaret to the Dauphin of France (later Charles VIII), son of his adversary Louis XI. The betrothal was the result of clandestine negotiations between Louis XI and Ghent – as Maximilian's position was temporarily weakened by his wife's death, he had no say in the matter.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 1828203, 959186, 77606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ], [ 81, 89 ], [ 122, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dying shortly after signing the Treaty of Le Verger, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, left his realm to his daughter Anne. In her search of alliances to protect her domain from neighboring interests, she betrothed Maximilian I in 1490. About a year later, they married by proxy.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 11966764, 642196, 642214, 2515100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 51 ], [ 53, 81 ], [ 114, 118 ], [ 258, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Charles VIII and his sister Anne wanted her inheritance for France. So, when the former came of age in 1491, and taking advantage of Maximilian and his father's interest in the succession of their adversary Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Charles repudiated his betrothal to Margaret, invaded Brittany, forced Anne of Brittany to repudiate her unconsummated marriage to Maximilian, and married Anne of Brittany himself.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 272105, 324235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 216, 232 ], [ 234, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margaret then remained in France as a hostage of sorts until 1493, when she was finally returned to her father with the signing of the Treaty of Senlis.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the same year, as the hostilities of the lengthy Italian Wars with France were in preparation, Maximilian contracted another marriage for himself, this time to Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, with the intercession of his brother, Ludovico Sforza, then regent of the duchy after the former's death.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 239500, 235467, 239947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 219, 232 ], [ 272, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the East, Maximilian faced the need to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to bolster his dynasty's position – temporarily threatened by the union between Anne of Foix-Candale and Vladislaus II of Hungary, in addition to resistance of the Hungarian magnates – in Bohemia and Hungary (that the Habsburgs claimed through inheritance and overlordship). Maximilian met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. There they arranged for Maximilian's granddaughter Mary to marry Louis, the son of Ladislaus, and for Anne (the sister of Louis) to marry Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand (both grandchildren being the children of Philip the Handsome, Maximilian's son, and Joanna of Castile). The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526. In 1515, Louis was adopted by Maximilian. Maximilian had to serve as the proxy groom to Anna in the betrothal ceremony, because only in 1516 did Ferdinand agree to enter into the marriage, which would happen in 1521.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 4345, 4157075, 21756351, 34960337, 21756351, 42583, 17495706, 879852, 46209, 5496501, 151069, 151288, 151276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 165 ], [ 270, 290 ], [ 295, 319 ], [ 489, 501 ], [ 508, 543 ], [ 548, 569 ], [ 577, 601 ], [ 662, 666 ], [ 676, 681 ], [ 713, 717 ], [ 771, 780 ], [ 823, 842 ], [ 866, 883 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These political marriages were summed up in the following Latin elegiac couplet, reportedly spoken by Matthias Corvinus: Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe/ Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus, \"Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 9755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 63 ], [ 64, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Contrary to the implication of this motto though, Maximilian waged war aplenty (In four decades of ruling, he waged 27 wars in total). Late in his life though, only the military situation in the East worked well - the Magyars was said to fear him more than the Turks or the Devil. In the West, he could do no more than blocking French expansion and only with Spanish aid. His general strategy was to combine his intricate systems of alliance, military threats and offers of marriage to realize his expansionist ambitions. Using overtures to Russia, Maximilian succeeded in coercing Bohemia, Hungary and Poland into acquiesce in the Habsburgs' expansionist plans. Combining this tactic with military threats, he was able to gain the favourable marriage arrangements In Hungary and Bohemia (which were under the same dynasty).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the same time, his sprawling panoply of territories as well as potential claims constituted a threat to France, thus forcing Maximilian to continuously launch wars in defense of his possessions in Burgundy, the Low Countries and Italy against four generations of French kings (Louis XI, Charles VIII, Louis XII, Francis I). Coalitions he assembled for this purpose sometimes consisted of non-imperial actors like England. Edward J. Watts comments that the nature of these wars was dynastic, rather than imperial.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fortune was also a factor that helped to bring about the results of his marriage plans. The double marriage could have given the Jagiellon a claim in Austria, while a potential male child of Margaret and John, a prince of Spain, would have had a claim to a portion of the maternal grandfather's possessions as well. But as it turned out, Vladislaus's male line became extinct, while the frail John died without offsprings, so Maximilian's male line was able to claim the thrones.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tu felix Austria nube", "target_page_ids": [ 2648092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his last years, Maximilian began to focus on the question of his succession. His goal was to secure the throne for Charles. According to the traditional view, a credit of one million gulden was provided (to Charles, after Maximilian's death, according to Wiesflecker and Koenigsberger) by the Fuggers (the Cortes had voted over 600,000 crowns for Charles's election campaign, but money from Spain could not arrive quick enough), which was used for advertising and to bribe the prince-electors, and that this was the decisive factor in Charles's successful election. Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. The death of Maximilian in 1519 seemed to put the succession at risk, but in a few months the election of Charles V was secured.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 519703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 313, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1501, Maximilian fell from his horse and badly injured his leg, causing him pain for the rest of his life. Some historians have suggested that Maximilian was \"morbidly\" depressed: from 1514, he travelled everywhere with his coffin. In 1518, feeling his death near after seeing an eclipse, he returned to his beloved Innsbruck, but the city's innskeepers and purveyors did not grant the emperor's entourage further credit. The resulting fit led to a stroke that left him bedridden on 15 December 1518. He continued to read documents and received foreign envoys right until the end though. Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, at three o'clock in the morning on 12 January 1519. Different historians have listed different diseases as the main cause of death, including cancer (likely stomach cancer or intestinal cancer), pneumonia, syphilis, gall stones, stroke (he did have a combination of dangerous medical problems) etc.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 239441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 610, 614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip the Handsome having died in 1506. For penitential reasons, Maximilian gave very specific instructions for the treatment of his body after death. He wanted his hair to be cut off and his teeth knocked out, and the body was to be whipped and covered with lime and ash, wrapped in linen, and \"publicly displayed to show the perishableness of all earthly glory\". Gregor Reisch, the emperor's friend and confessor who closed his eyes, did not obey the instruction though. He placed a rosary in Maximilian's hand and other sacred objects near the corpse. He was buried in the Castle Chapel at Wiener Neustadt on borrowed money. The casket was opened during renovation under Maria Theresa. After that, the body was reinterred in a Baroque sarcophagus, that later was found unscathed amidst the wreckage of the chapel (due to the Second World War) on 6 August 1946. The emperor was ceremoniously buried again in 1950.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 23512216, 48449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 648, 661 ], [ 746, 759 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite his reputation as \"the last knight\" (and his penchant for personally commanding battles and leading a peripatetic court), as a politician, Maximilian also carried out \"herculean tasks of bureaucracy\" every day of his adult life (the emperor boasted that he could dictate, simultaneously, to half a dozen secretaries). At the same time, James M. Bradburne remarks that, \"Naturally every ruler wanted to be seen as a victor, but Maximilian aspired to the role of Apollo Musagetes.\" The circle of humanists gathered around him and other contemporary admirers also tended to depict him as such. Maximilian was a universal patron, whose intellect and imagination, according to historian Sydney Anglo, made the courtier of Castiliogne look like a scaled-down version. Anglo points out, though, that the emperor treated his artists and scholars like mere tools (whom he also tended to fail to pay adequately or timely) to serve his purposes, and never autonomous forces. Maximilian did not play the roles of the sponsor and commissioner only, but as organizer, stimulator and planner, he joined the creative processes, drew up the programmes, suggested improvements, checked and decided on the details, invented devices, almost regardless of the time and material resources required. His creativity was not limited to the practical issues of politics, economy and war, but extended to the areas of arts, sciences, hunting, fishing and especially technical innovations, inclụding the creation of all kinds of military equipments, fortifications, precious metal processing or the mining industry. These activities though were time-consuming and the effort the emperor poured in such activities was sometimes criticized as excessive, or that they distracted him from the main tasks of a ruler. In the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, some even criticized him for possessing the qualities that befitted a genius more than a ruler, or that his intellect that saw too far made him unwisely try to force the march of time.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 469, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was a capable commander (Although, he lost many wars, usually due to the lack of financial resources. The notable commentators of his time, including Machiavelli, Piero Vettori and Guicciardini rated him as a great general, or in the words of Machivelli, \"second to none\", but pointed out that extravagance, terrible management of financial resources and other character defects tended to lead to the failures of grand schemes. According to Matthias Pfaffenbichler, he did not accept the truth that war depended on money, and thus the problem was that despite his military-tactical talents, he rarely managed to convert military victories into long-term political successes). and a military innovator who contributed to the modernization of warfare. He and his condottiero George von Frundsberg organized the first formations of the Landsknechte based on inspiration from Swiss pikemen, but increased the ratio of pikemen and favoured handgunners over the crossbowmen, with new tactics being developed, leading to improvement in performance. Discipline, drilling and a highly developed staff by the standard of the era were also instilled. The \"war apparatus\" he created later played an essential role in Austria's rank as great power. Maximilian was the founder and organiser of the arms industry of the Habsburgs. He started the standardization of the artillery (according to the weight of the cannonballs) and made them more mobile. He sponsored new types of cannons, initiated many innovations that improved the range and damage so that cannons worked better against thick walls, and concerned himself with the metallurgy, as cannons often exploded when ignited and caused damage among his own troops. According to contemporary accounts, he could field an artillery of 105 cannons, including both iron and bronze guns of various sizes. The artillery force is considered by some to be the most developed of the day. The arsenal in Innsbruck, created by Maximilian, was one of the most notable artillery arsenals in Europe. His typical tactic was: artillery should attack first, the cavalry would act as shock troops and attack the flanks, infantry fought in tightly knitted formation at the middle.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30638947, 697938, 1880884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 187 ], [ 192, 204 ], [ 784, 805 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A figure who contributed greatly to the development of the Innsbruck arsenal was Gregor Löffler. He entered Maximilian's service in 1513, following in the footsteps of his father Peter; his son Hans Christoph would also be the leading gunfounder in Europe. Löffler was the first gun master who became an arms manufacturer (who produced weapons on an industrial scale), and was also responsible for casting many of the statues in Maximilian's cenotaph. In addition to the central arsenal in Innsbruck, Maximilian built a chain of arsenals to protect his border: those in Sigmundskron and Trent against Italians, in Lindau against the Swiss, in Breisach against the French, in Vienna against the Hungarians, in Graz, Hochosterwitz, Laibach, Gorizia against the Turks and Venetians. In addition, there were the old Burgundian arsenals against France. On the other hand, Wilfried Tittmann stresses the central importance of the arms manufacturing center in Nuremberg (where the earliest handguns, which proved suitable for the field and export, were developed), not only concerning Maximilian's military system but also the early modern military revolution in general. Puype notices that Tittmann and Eugen Heer share the view that Maximilian's industrialization policy made Nuremberg \"the metropole of the Upper German armament industry.\" Marius Mutz opines that Tittmann's demonstration of Nuremberg's importance is generally convincing, but that some of his points, notably that Hans Kalteisen (who served Maximilian and was Löffler's rival) had a Nuremberg origin or that developments in Innsbruck were based on Nuremberg's technology as well, are a bit overambitious.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was described by the nineteenth-century politician Anton Alexander Graf von Auersperg as \"the last knight\" (der letzte Ritter), and this epithet has stuck to him. Some historians note that the epithet rings true yet is ironic, because, as the father of the Landsknechte (of which the paternity he shared with George von Frundsberg) and \"the first cannoneer of the nation\", he ended the combat supremacy of the cavalry, and his death heralded the military revolution of the next two centuries. Moreover, his multifaceted reforms broke the back of the knight class both militarily and politically. He threw his own weight behind the promotion of the infantry soldier, leading them in battles on foot with a pike on his shoulder and giving the commanders honours and titles. To Maximilian, the rise of the new martial ethic — including even its violent aspect — associated with the rise of the Landsknechte, was also an unextractable part of his own masculine identity. He believed that fighting alongside his foot soldiers legitimized his right to rule more than did any noble trapping or title. In his time, though, social tensions were brewing, and the nobles resisted this belief. At the Siege of Padua 1509, commanding a French-German allied army, Maximilian ordered the noble knights to dismount to help the Landsknechte to storm a breach, but Chevalier Bayard criticized him for putting noblemen at risk alongside \"cobblers, blacksmiths, bakers, and laborers, and who do not hold their honor in like esteem as gentlemen.\" Even merely mixing the two on the same battlefield was considered insulting. The French then refused to obey. The siege broke when the German knights refused to continue their assaults on foot and demanded to fight on horseback, also on basis of status. A furious Maximilian left the camp and ordered the army to retreat.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 308070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1358, 1374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Maximilian's establishment and use of the Landsknechte, the military organisation in Germany was altered in a major way. Here began the rise of military enterprisers, who raised mercenaries with a system of subcontractors to make war on credit, and acted as the commanding generals of their own armies. Maximilian became an expert military enterpriser himself, leading his father to consider him a spendthrift military adventurer who wandered into new wars and debts while still recovering from the previous campaigns.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Regarding the cavalry, in 1500, using the French gendarmes as a model, he organized his heavy cavalry, called the kyrisser. These cavalrymen, still mostly noblemen, were still fully armed, but more lightly – these were the predecessors of cuirassiers. Non-nobles began to be accepted into the cavalry (mostly serving as light cavalry – each lanze, or lance, contained one kyrisser and six to seven light cavalrymen) and occasionally, he knighted them too. For heavy as well as light cavalry, firearms began to replace cold weapons.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 7415026, 504031, 48774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 58 ], [ 239, 249 ], [ 351, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "{{multiple image", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|background color = #F2CECE", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|image1 = Große Hakenbüchsen, Zeugbuch Maximilians.jpg", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|caption1 = Great arquebus for two shooters, fol.72r. In battles, the main force of a Landskneckt regiment created a formation called Gewalthaufen. After the first encounter, those armed with melee weapons attacked the enemies at close range while arquebusiers moved in front or between various formations, while the artillery would be covered by the rear guards.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|image2 = Das Hauptstück Der Leo, Zeugbuch Maximilians.jpg", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|caption2 = Hauptstück (main gun) Der Leo, used in the Siege of Kufstein (1504). Although one of the heaviest cannons, it failed to breach Kufstein's walls together with other cannons that shot stone balls. Only the Purlepaus and the Weckauf, the two largest cannons of the time, destroyed Kufstein almost all on their own with iron balls.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|total_width = 400", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|align = right", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|footer_align = center", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|footer = Images from [[c:File:Book_of_Armaments_of_Emperor_Maximilian_I_WDL8971.pdf|Book of Armaments' (Zeugbuch) of Maximilian]]", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "}}", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In military medicine, Maximilian introduced structured triage (triage itself had existed since the Ancient Egypt). It was in his armies that the wounded was first categorized and treated according to an order of priority – in times of war, higher priority was given to military personnel over civilians and the higher-ranked over the lower-ranked. The practice spread to other armies in the following centuries and coined “triage” by the French. During the Middle Age, European armies tended to bring with them workers who served the soldiers both as barbers (this was their chief function, thus the origin of their name in German, Feldscherer, or field shearer) and low-skilled paramedics (as opposed to a trained medicus) who worked on their external wounds. Beginning with Maximilian, each captain of a detachment (of 200–500 men) was compelled to bring a capable Feldscherer and provide him with medicine and equipments. These paramedics were subject to a level of control under a Oberfeldarzt (chief field doctor), although their organization was not stabilized until the seventeenth century and it also took a long time before the average level of these paramedics was raised substantially. The birth of the modern feldsher led to the formation of a military medical service, whose primary task, other than giving first aid, was to transport the wounded out of the battlefield as fast as possible with palanquins and wheelbarrows.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1543288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 632, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The emperor would not live to see the fruits of his military reforms, which were also widely adopted by the territories in the Empire and other nations in Europe. Moreover, the landsknechte's mode of fighting boosted the strength of the territorial polities, while more centralized nations were able to utilize them in ways German rulers could not. Kleinschmidt concludes that, in the end, Maximilian did good service to the competitors of his own grandson.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While favouring more modern methods in his actual military undertakings, Maximilian had a genuine interest in promoting chivalric traditions like the tournament, being an exceptional jouster himself. The tournaments helped to enhance his personal image and solidify a network of princes and nobles over whom he kept a close watch, fostering fidelity and fraternity among the competitors. Taking inspiration from the Burgundy tournament, he developed the German tournament into a distinctive entity. In addition, during at least two occasions in his campaigns, he challenged and killed French knights in duel-like preludes to battles.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Knights reacted to their decreased condition and loss of privileges in different ways. Some asserted their traditional rights in violent ways and became robber knights like Götz von Berlichingen. The knights as a social group became an obstacle to Maximilian's law and order and the relationship between them and \"the last knight\" became antagonistic. Some probably also felt slighted by the way imperial propaganda presented Maximilian as the sole defender of knightly values. In the Diet of Worms in 1495, the emperor, the archbishops, great princes and free cities joined force to initiate the Perpetual Land Peace (Ewige Landfriede), forbidding all private feuding, in order to protect the rising tide of commerce. The tournament sponsored by the emperor was thus a tool to appease the knights, although it became a recreational, yet still deadly extreme sport. After spending 20 years creating and supporting policies against the knights though, Maximilian changed his ways and began trying to engage them to integrate them into his frame of rulership. In 1517, he lifted the ban on Franz von Sickingen, a leading figure among the knights and took him into his service. In the same year, he summoned the Rhenish knights and introduced his Ritterrecht (Knight's Rights), which would provide the free knight with a special law court, in exchange of their oaths for being obedient to the emperor and abstaining from evil deeds. He did not succeed in collecting taxes from them or creating a knights' association, but an ideology or frame emerged, that allowed the knights to retain their freedom while fostering the relationship between the crown and the sword.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1880116, 180754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 194 ], [ 1088, 1107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian had a great passion for armour, not only as equipment for battle or tournaments, but as an art form. He prided himself on his armor designing expertise and knowledge of metallurgy. Under his patronage, \"the art of the armorer blossomed like never before.\" Master armorers across Europe like Lorenz Helmschmid, Konrad Seusenhofer, Franck Scroo and Daniel Hopfer (who was the first to etch on iron as part of an artistic process, using an acid wash) created custom-made armors that often served as extravagant gifts to display Maximilian's generosity and devices that would produce special effects (often initiated by the emperor himself) in tournaments. The style of armour that became popular during the second half of his reign featured elaborate fluting and metalworking, and became known as Maximilian armour. It emphasized the details in the shaping of the metal itself, rather than the etched or gilded designs popular in the Milanese style. Maximilian also gave a bizarre jousting helmet as a gift to King Henry VIII – the helmet's visor features a human face, with eyes, nose and a grinning mouth, and was modelled after the appearance of Maximilian himself. It also sports a pair of curled ram's horns, brass spectacles, and even etched beard stubble. Knowing that the extinct Treizsaurbeyn (likely Treitzsauerwein) family had a method to make extra tough armours that could not be shot through by any crossbow, he sought their servant Caspar Riederer, who helped Konrad Seusenhofer to recreate the armour type. With knowledge gained from Riederer, Maximilian invented a method \"so that in his workshops 30 front and back plates could be made at once\", in order to help his soldiers and especially his Landsknechte. The details of the process described are currently not known, but likely utilizing matrices with where armour parts could be stamped out from sheet metal.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2147, 25948923, 24506266, 8583897, 69070889, 14187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 302, 319 ], [ 321, 339 ], [ 358, 371 ], [ 981, 1004 ], [ 1023, 1033 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian associated the practical art of hunting (as well as fishing and falconry) with his status as prince and knight. He introduced parforce and park hunting to Germany. He also published essays on these topics. In this he followed Frederick II Hohenstaufen and was equally attentive to naturalist details but less scientific. His Tyrol Fishery Book (Tiroler Fischereibuch) was composed with the help from his fish master Martin Fritz and Wolfgang Hohenleiter. To keep fish fresh, he invented a special kind of fish container. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 68974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While he was unconcerned with the disappearance or weakening of the knight class due to the development of artillery and infantry, Maximilian worried greatly about the vulnerability of ibexes, described by him as \"noble creatures\", in front of handguns and criticized the peasants in particular for having no moderation. In 1517, the emperor banned the manufacturing and possession of the wheellock, which was designed and especially effective for hunting. Another possible reason for this earliest attempt at gun control might be related to worries about the spreading of crimes. He investigated, classified and protected game reserves, which also damaged the farmers' crops as he forbade them to erect fences. Game population quickly increased though. In one case, he became an unintentional species conservationist: As he had Tyrolean mountain lakes stocked with trouts, a variety of the last trout originating from the Danube, the Kaiser Max trout, has survived until this day in Gossenköllesee.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 47326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 866, 871 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since he was young, in Germany and especially in the Low Countries, he paid attention to the burghers' art of archery, joined archery competitions and gave patronage to crossbow and archery guilds (in military affairs though, he officially abolished the crossbow in 1517 despite its continued use in other countries). Although he never gained complete popular support in Flanders, these patronage activities helped him to build up a relationship with guild members who participated in his campaigns, notably for Guinegate (1479), and rally urban support during his time in the Low Countries. His name heads the list of lords in the huge 1488 Saint George guild-book in Ghent. In the early sixteenth century, he built a Guildhouse for the St.Sebastian's Archers at The Hague.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 764, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1511 Landlibell (a military statue and \"a cornerstone of Tyrol's democracy\", which established the foundation for Tyrol's separate defence organization by exempting the population from military service outside their borders but requiring them to serve in the defence of their region, and recognizing the connection between freedom and the rights to bear arms), which remained largely in effect until the fall of monarchy, led to the establishment of armed militia formations called (Tiroler) Schützen. The term Schützen had been used to refer to men armed with crossbows, but Maximilian enthusiastically encouraged riflemen and firearms. These formations still exist, although they have become non-governmental since 1918. In 2019, they organized a great shooting event in commemoration of the emperor.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another art associated with chivalry and military activities was dancing. As the landsknechte's fighting techniques were developed, they no longer preferred fighting along a straight line (as exercised by even the Swiss until the end of the fifteenth century), but leaned towards a circle-wise movement that enhanced the use of the space around the combatant and allowed them to attack the opponents from different angles. The circle-wise formation described by Jean Molinet as the \"snail\" would become the hallmark of landsknechte's combat. The new types of combat also required the maintenance of a stable bodily equilibrium. Maximilian, an innovator of these types of movements, also saw value in their effects over the maintenance of group discipline (apart from the control of centralized institutions). As Maximilian and his commanders sought to popularize these forms of movements (which only became daily practice at the end of the fifteen century and gained dominance after Maximilian's death in 1519), he promoted them in tournaments, in fencing and in dancing as well – which started to focus on steps and the movements of the feet over the movements of the head and the arms. The courtly festivals became a playground for innovations, foreshadowing developemts in military practices. Regarding dancing, other elements favoured by Maximilian's court were the Moriskentan (\"Moors' dance\", \"Morris-dance\", or Moresca), the masquerades (mummerei) and the use of torchbearers. Torchbearers are a part of almost all of the illustrated costumed circle dances in the Weisskunig and Freydal, with Maximilian himself usually being one of them. Masquerades usually included dancing to the music of fifes and drums, performed by the same musicians who served the new infantry forces. The famous humanist philosopher Julius Caesar Scaliger, who grew up as a page at Maximilian's court, reportedly performed the Pyrrhic war dance, which he reconstructed from ancient sources, in front of the emperor. The annual Tänzelfest, the oldest children's festival in Bavaria, reportedly founded by Maximilian in 1497 (the event only appeared in written sources from 1658), includes dancing, processions, and reenactment of city life under Maximilian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2050967, 18593127, 476923, 165537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 462, 474 ], [ 1418, 1425 ], [ 1699, 1703 ], [ 1816, 1838 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was a keen supporter of the arts and sciences, and he surrounded himself with scholars such as Joachim Vadian and Andreas Stoberl (Stiborius), promoting them to important court posts. Many of them were commissioned to assist him complete a series of projects, in different art forms, intended to glorify for posterity his life and deeds and those of his Habsburg ancestors. He referred to these projects as Gedechtnus (\"memorial\"), which included a series of stylised autobiographical works: the epic poems Theuerdank and Freydal, and the chivalric novel Weisskunig, both published in editions lavishly illustrated with woodcuts. In this vein, he commissioned a series of three monumental woodblock prints: The Triumphal Arch (1512–18, 192 woodcut panels, 295cm wide and 357cm high – approximately 9'8\" by 11'8½\"); and a Triumphal Procession (1516–18, 137 woodcut panels, 54m long), which is led by a Large Triumphal Carriage (1522, 8 woodcut panels, 1½' high and 8' long), created by artists including Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer and Hans Burgkmair. According to The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I, Maximilian dictated large parts of the books to his secretary and friend Marx Treitzsaurwein who did the rewriting. Authors of the book Emperor Maximilian I and the Age of Durer cast doubt on his role as a true patron of the arts though, as he tended to favor pragmatic elements over high arts. On the other hand, he was a perfectionist who involved himself with every stage of the creative processes. His goals extended far beyond the emperor's own glorification too: commemoration also included the documentation in details of the presence and the restoration of source materials and precious artifacts.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2018953, 2826322, 47984019, 62774541, 47954348, 1619933, 17431103, 37055058, 37055399, 2402, 2440, 2326057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 120 ], [ 125, 140 ], [ 518, 528 ], [ 533, 540 ], [ 566, 576 ], [ 700, 716 ], [ 718, 736 ], [ 832, 852 ], [ 912, 936 ], [ 1014, 1028 ], [ 1030, 1048 ], [ 1053, 1067 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notorious for his micro-managing, there was a notable case in which the emperor allowed and encouraged free-ranging, even wild improvisations: his Book of Prayers. The work shows a lack of constraint, and no consistent iconographic program on the part of the artist (Dürer), which would be realized and highly praised by Goethe in 1811.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1504, Maximilian commissioned the Ambraser Heldenbuch, a compendium of German medieval narratives (the majority was heroic epics), which was written by Hans Ried. The work was of great importance to German literature because among its twenty five narratives, fifteen was unique. This would be the last time the Nibelungenlied was enshrined in German literature before being rediscovered again 250 years later. Maximilian was also a patron of Ulrich von Hutten whom he crowned as Poet Laureate in 1517 and the humanist Willibald Pirckheimer, who was one of Germany's most important patrons of arts in his own right.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 56640745, 85818, 858701, 4246397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 56 ], [ 314, 328 ], [ 445, 462 ], [ 521, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Rex litteratus, he supported all the literary genres that had been supported by his predecessors, in addition to drama, a genre that had been gaining in popularity in his era. Joseph Grünpeck attracted his attention with Comoediae duae, presumably the first German Neo-Latin festival plays. He was impressed with Joseph Grünpeck's Streit zwischen Virtus und Fallacicaptrix, a morality play in which Maximilian himself was asked to choose between virtue and base pleasure. Celtis wrote for him Ludus Dianae and Rhapsodia de laudibus et victoria Maximiliani de Boemannis. The Ludus Dianae displays the symbiotic relationship between ruler and humanist, who are both portrayed as Apollonian or Phoebeian, while Saturn – as counterpole of Phoebus – is a negative force and Bacchus as well as Venus display dangerous aspects in tempting humans towards a depraving life. Locher wrote the first German Neo-Latin tragedy, also the first German Humanist tragedy, the Historia de Rege Frantie. Other notable authors included Benedictus Chelidonius and Hieronymus Vehus. These plays often doubled as encomium or dramatized newe zeittung (news reports) in support of imperial or princely politics. Douglas A.Russel remarks that the academic mode of theater associated with the new interest Humanism and the Classics at that time that was mainly the work of Konrad Celtis, Joachim von Watt (who was a poet laureate crowned by Maximilian and at age 32 was Rector at the University of Vienna), and Benedictus Chelidonius. William Cecil MacDonald comments that, in the context of German medieval literary patronage, \"Maximilian's literary activities not only 'summarize' the literary patronage of the Middle Ages, but also represent a point of departure — a beacon for a new age.\" Moreover, \"Like Charlemagne, Otto the Great, Henry II, and Frederick Barbarossa, Maximilian was a fostering spirit, i.e. he not only commissioned literature, but through his policies and the force of his personality he created a climate conducive to the flowering of the arts.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 38605001, 2018953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1018, 1040 ], [ 1363, 1379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under his rule, the University of Vienna reached its apogee as a centre of humanistic thought. He established the College of Poets and Mathematicians which was incorporated into the university. Maximilian invited Conrad Celtis, the leading German scientist of their day to University of Vienna. Celtis found the Sodalitas litteraria Danubiana (which was also supported by Maximilian), an association of scholars from the Danube area, to support literature and humanist thought. Maximilian also promoted the development of the young Habsburg University of Freiburg and its host city, in consideration of the city's strategic position. He gave the city privileges, helped it to turn the corner financially while utilizing the university's professors for important diplomatic missions and key positions at the court. The Chancellor Konrad Stürtzel, twice the university's rector, acted as the bridge between Maximilian and Freiburg. Maximilian supported and utilized the humanists partly for propaganda effect, partly for his genealogical projects, but he also employed several as secretaries and counsellors - in their selection he rejected class barriers, believing that \"intelligent minds deriving their nobility from God\", even if this caused conflicts (even physical attacks) with the nobles. He relied on his humanists to create a nationalistic imperial myth, in order to unify the Reich against the French in Italy, as pretext for a later Crusade (the Estates protested against investing their resources in Italy though). Maximilian told his Electors each to establish a university in their realm. Thus in 1502 and 1506, together with the Elector of Saxony and the Elector of Brandenburg, respectively, he co-found the University of Wittenberg and the University of Frankfurt. The University of Wittenberg was the first German university established without a Papal Bull, signifying the secular imperial authority concerning universities. This first center in the North where old Latin scholarly traditions were overthrown would become the home of Luther and Melanchthon.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 47157, 298971, 101832, 33565249, 539100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 226 ], [ 542, 564 ], [ 573, 582 ], [ 1724, 1748 ], [ 1757, 1780 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As he was too distant, his patronage of Humanism and humanistic books in particular did not reach the Netherlands (and as Mary of Burgundy died too young while Philip the Fair and Charles V were educated in the Burgundian tradition, there was no sovereign who fostered humanistic Latin culture in the Netherlands, although they had their own mode of learning). There were exchanges and arguments over political ideas and values between the two sides though. Maximilian greatly admired his father-in-law Charles the Bold (he even adopted Charles's motto as one of his own, namely, \"I dared it!\", or \"Je l'ay emprint!\") and promoted his conception that the sovereign's power and magnificence came directly from God and not through the mediation of the Church. This concept was part of Maximilian's political program (including other elements such as the recovery of Italy, the position of the Emperor as dominus mundi, expansionism, the crusade...etc.), supported in the Netherlands by Paul of Middelburg but considered extreme by Erasmus. Concerning heroic models that rulers should follow (especially concerning the education of Archiduke Charles, who would later be influenced much by his grandfather's knightly image), Antoine Haneron proposed ancient heroes, above all Alexander (who Charles also adopted as a great role model for all his life) while Molinet presented Alexander, Caesar and Semiramis, but Erasmus protested Alexander, Caesar and Xerxes as models. Maximilian strongly promoted the first two though, as well as St.George (both in \"Frederican\" and \"Burgundian\" forms). The idea of peace also became more pronounced in Maximilian's court in his last years though, likely influenced by Flemish humanism, especially Erasmian (Maximilian himself was an unabashed warlike prince, but late in his life, he did recognize that his 27 wars only served the devil). Responding to the intense Burgundian humanistic discourse on nobility by birth and nobility by virtue, the emperor pushed his own modification: office versus birth (with a strong emphasis on the primacy of office over birth). Noflatscher opines that the emperor was probably the most important mediator of the Burgundian model himself, with Bianca Maria also having influence (although she could only partially fulfill her role).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 6110326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 984, 1002 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Italian philosopher Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola dedicated his 1500 work De imaginatione, a treatise on the human mind (in which he synthesized Aristotle, Neoplatonism and Girolamo Savonarola), to Maximilian. The Italian philosopher and theologian Tommaso Radini Tedeschi also dedicated his 1511 work La Calipsychia sive de pulchritudine animae to the emperor.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4745732, 308, 23385833, 50139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 58 ], [ 154, 163 ], [ 165, 177 ], [ 182, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In philosophy, besides Humanism, esotericism had a notable influence during Maximilian's time. In 1505, he sent Johannes Trithemius eight questions concerning spiritual and religious matters (Questions 3, 5, 6, 7 were concerned with witchcraft) that Trithemius answered and later published in the 1515 book Liber octo questionum (Books of eight questions). Maximilian displayed a skeptical aspect, posing questions such as why God permitted witches and their powers to control evil spirits. The authors (now usually identified as Heinrich Kramer alone) of the most notorious work on witchcraft of the time, Malleus Maleficarum, claimed that they had his letter of approval (supposedly issued in November 1486) to act as inquisitors, but according to Behringer, Durrant and Bailey, he likely never supported them (although Kramer apparently went to Brussels, the Burgundian capital, in 1486, hoping to influence the young King – they did not dare to involve Frederick III, whom Kramer had offended some years earlier). Trithemius dedicated the De septem secundeis (\"The Seven Secondary Intelligences\"), which argued that the cycle of ages was ruled by seven planetary angels, in addition to God (the First Intelligence). The historian Martin Holleger notes though that Maximilian himself did not share the cyclical view of history, typical for their contemporaries, nor believed that their age would be the last age. He had a linear understanding of time – that progresses would make the world better. The kabbalistic elements in the court as well as Trithemius himself influenced the thinking of the famous polymath and occultist Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (who in Maximilian's time served mainly as secretary, soldier and diplomatic spy). The emperor, having interest in the occult himself, intended to write two books on magic (Zauberpuech) and black magic (Schwartzcunnstpuech) but did not have time for them.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 495185, 175982, 20561, 2279663, 198827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 44 ], [ 530, 545 ], [ 607, 626 ], [ 1305, 1329 ], [ 1630, 1656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like his father, Maximilian was an alchemist, who at times locked himself up in his room for days to experiment. He collaborated with his sister-in-law Caterina Sforza (her work Experiments records a recipe for an emetic powder attributed to him). He sponsored such experiments too. According to Leonhard Thurneysser, in 1499 an alchemist named Schwichard Fronberger set up for him an astro-alchemical project that would theoretically produce silver in 1547 and gold in 1598 (Maximilian was 40 in 1499). In his circle, Reisch and Agrippa were also interested in alchemy, although Agrippa joined a secret society that did not allow publishing about this topic.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1835849, 31818149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 167 ], [ 296, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The establishment of the new Courts and the formal Reception of Roman Law in 1495 led to the formation of a professional lawyer class as well as a bureaucratic judiciary. Legal scholars trained in mos italicus (either in Italian universities or in newly established German universities) became in demand. Among the prominent lawyers and legal scholars who served Maximilian in various capacities and provided legal advices to the emperor were Mercurino Gattinara, Sebastian Brandt and Ulrich Zasius. Together with the aristocrats and the literati (who participated in Maximilian's propaganda and intellectual projects), the lawyers and legal scholars became one of three main groups in Maximilian's court. Konrad Stürtzel, the Chancellor, belonged to this group. In Maximilian's court – more egalitarian than any previous German or Imperial court, with its burghers and peasants – all these groups were treated equally in promotions and rewards. The individuals were also blending in many respects, usually through marriage alliances.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1386450, 2490238, 20947894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 445, 464 ], [ 487, 500 ], [ 708, 723 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was an energetic patron of the library. Previous Habsburg rulers such as Albert III and Maximilian's father Frederick III (who collected the 110 books that were the core inventory of the later library) had also been instrumental in centralizing art treasures and book collections. Maximilian became a bibliophile during the time he was in the Low Countries. As husband of Mary of Burgundy, he would come into possession of the huge Burgundian library, which according to some sources was brought to Austria when he returned to his native land. According to the official website of the Austrian National Library though, the Habsburgs only brought the collection to Vienna in 1581. Maximilian also inherited the Tyrol library of his uncle Sigismund, also a great cultural patron (which had received a large contribution from Eleanor of Scotland, Sigismund's wife and also a great lover of books). When he married Bianca Maria, Italian masterpieces were incorporated into the collection. The collection became more organized when Maximilian commissioned Ladislaus Sunthaim, Jakob Mennel and Johannes Cuspinian to acquire and compose books. By the beginning of the sixteenth century, the library had acquired significant Bohemian, French and Italian book art. In 1504, Conrad Celtis spoke the first time of the Bibliotheca Regia (which would evolve into the Imperial Library, and as it is named today, the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek or the Austrian National Library), an organized library that had been expanded through purchases. Maximilian's collection was dispersed between Innsbruck, Vienna and Wiener Neustadt. The Wiener Neustadt part was under Conrad Celtis's management. The more valuable part was in Innbruck. Already in Maximilian's time, the idea and function of libraries were changing and it became important that scholars gained access to the books. Under Maximilian, who was casual in his attitude to scholars (which marvelled the French chronicler Pierre Frossart, it was fairly easy for a scholar to gain access to the emperor, the court and thus the library. But despite the intention of rulers like Maximilian II (and his chief Imperial Librarian Blotius) and Charles VI to make the library open to the general public, the process was only completed in 1860.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1163286, 12994311, 41638992, 2073193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 94 ], [ 834, 853 ], [ 1062, 1080 ], [ 1455, 1480 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Maximilian's time, there were several projects of an encyclopaedic nature, among them the incomplete projects of Conrad Celtis. However, as the founder of the Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum and a \"program thinker\" (programmdenker, term used by Jan-Dirk Müller and Hans-Joachim Ziegeler), Celtis established an encyclopaedic-scientific model that increasingly integrated and favoured mechanical arts in relation to the combination between natural sciences and technology and associated them with divina fabrica (God's creation in the six days). In consistence with Celtis's design, the university's curriculum and the political and scientific order of Maximilian's time (which was also influenced by developments in the previous eras), the humanist Gregor Reisch, who was also Maximilian's confessor, produced the Margarita Philosophica, \"the first modern encyclopaedia of any importance\", first published in 1503. The work covers rhetoric, grammar, logic, music, mathematical topics, childbirth, astronomy, astrology, chemical topics (including alchemy), and hell.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An area that saw many new developments under Maximilian was cartography, of which the important center in Germany was Nuremberg. In 1515 Dürer and Johannes Stabius created the first world map projected on a solid geometric sphere. Bert De Munck and Antonella Romano make a connection between the mapmaking activities of Dürer and Stabius with efforts to grasp, manipulate and represent time and space, which was also associated with Maximilian's \"unprecedented dynastic mythmaking\" and pioneering printed works like the Triumphal Arch and the Triumphal Procession. Maximilian assigned Johannes Cuspinianus and Stabius to compile a topography of Austrian lands and a set of regional maps. Stabius and his friend Georg Tannstetter worked together on the maps. The work appeared in 1533 but without maps. The 1528 Lazarus-Tannstetter map of Tabulae Hungariae (one of the first regional maps in Europe) though seemed to be related to the project. The cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann dedicated their famous work Universalis Cosmographia to Maximilian, although the direct backer was Rene II of Loraine. The 1513 edition of Geography, which contained this map and was also dedicated to Maximilian, by Jacobus Aeschler and Georgius Ubelin, is considered by Armando Cortes to be the climax of a cartography revolution. The emperor himself dabbled in cartography. According to Buisseret, Maximilian could \"call upon a variety of cartographic talent unrivalled anywhere else in Europe at that time\" (that included Celtis, Stabius, Cuspinianus, Jacob Ziegler, Johannes Aventinus and Tannstetter). The development in cartography was tied to the emperor's special interest in sea route exploration, as an activity concerning his global monarchy concept, and his responsibilities as Duke consort to Mary of Burgundy, grandfather of the future ruler of Spain as well as ally and close relation to Portuguese kings. He sent men like Martin Behaim und Hieronymus Münzer to the Portuguese court to cooperate in their exploration efforts as well as to act as his own representatives. Another involved in the network was the Flemish Josse van Huerter or Joss de Utra who would become the first settler of the island of Faial in the Portuguese Azores. Maximilian also played an essential role in connecting the financial houses in Augsburg and Nuremberg (including the companies of Höchstetter, Fugger and Welser etc.) to Portuguese expeditions. In exchange for financial backing, King Manuel provided German investors with generous privileges. The humanist Conrad Peutinger was an important agent who acted as advisor to financiers, translator of voyage records and imperial councillor. Harald Kleinschmidt opines that regarding the matter of world exploration as well as the \"transformation of European world picture\" in general, Maximilian was \"a crucial though much underestimated figure\" of his time.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5136272, 5299541, 2035160, 20651, 1692198, 10269251, 1350923, 236316, 17845513, 26394529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 163 ], [ 585, 605 ], [ 711, 728 ], [ 961, 981 ], [ 986, 1003 ], [ 1559, 1572 ], [ 1574, 1592 ], [ 1942, 1955 ], [ 1960, 1977 ], [ 2138, 2155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The evolution of cartography was connected to development in ethnography and the new Humanist science of chorography (promoted by Celtis at the University of Vienna). As Maximilian already promoted the Ur-German after much archaeological and textual excavation as well as embraced the early German wildness, Peutinger correctly deduced that he would support German exploration of another primitive people as well. Using the Welser's commercial ventures as a pretext, Peutinger goaded Maximilian into backing his ethnographical interests in the Indians and supporting the 1505–1506 voyage of Balthasar Springer around Africa to India. Besides, this endeavour added to the emperor's image as a conqueror and ruler, also to rival the claims of his arch-rival Suleiman the Magnificent regarding a global empire. Based on an instruction dictated by Maximilian in 1512 regarding Indians in the Triumphal Procession, Jörg Kölderer executed a series of (now lost) drawings, which served as the guideline for Altdorfer's miniatures in 1513–1515, which in turn became the model for woodcuts (half of them based on now lost 1516–1518 drawings by Burgkmair) showing \"the people of Calicut.\" In 1508, Burgkmair produced the People of Africa and India series, focusing on depicting the peoples whom Springer encountered along coastal Africa and India. The series brought into being \"a basic set of analytic categories that ethnography would take as its methodological foundation\". As part of his dealings with Moscow, the Jagiellons and the Slavic East in general, Maximilian surrounded himself with people from the Slovenian territories and familiar with Slavic languages, such as Sigismund von Herberstein (himself a prominent ethnographer), Petrus Bonomo, George Slatkonia and Paulus Oberstain. Political necessities overcame the prejudice against living languages, which started to find a place along Latin throughout central Europe, also in scholarly areas.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 37055058, 44104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 888, 908 ], [ 1668, 1693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The emperor's program of restoring the University of Vienna to its former pre-eminence was also concerned with astrology and astronomy. He realized the potential of the print press when combined with these branches of learning, and employed Georg Tannstetter (who, in 1509, was appointed by Maximilian as the Professor of Astronomy at the University of Vienna and also worked for a joint calendar reform attempt with the Pope) to produce yearly practica and wall calendars. In 1515, Stabius (who also acted as the court astronomer), Dürer and the astronomer Konrad Heinfogel produced the first planispheres of both southern and northerns hemispheres, also the first printed celestial maps. These maps prompted the revival of interest in the field of uranometry throughout Europe. The Ensisheim meteorite fell on earth during the reign of Maximilian (7 November 1492). This was one of the oldest meteorite impacts in recorded history. King Maximilian, who was on his way to a campaign against France, ordered for it to be dug up and preserved at a local church. The meteorite, as a good omen, was utilized for propaganda against France through the use of broadsheets with dramatic pictures under the direction of the poet Sebastian Brandt (as Maximilian defeated a far larger French army to his own in Senlis two months later, the news would spread even more). On the subject of calendars and calendar reform, already in 1484, the famous Flemish scientist Paul of Middelburg dedicated his Praenostica ad viginti annos duratura to Maximilian. His 1513 magnum opus Paulina de recta Paschae celebratione was also dedicated to Maximilian, together with Leo X.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 18435438, 353934, 6110326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 784, 803 ], [ 1221, 1237 ], [ 1456, 1474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to maps, other astrological, geometrical and horological instruments were also developed, chiefly by Stiborius and Stabius, who understood the need to cooperate with the emperors to make these instruments into useful tools for propaganda also. The extraordinarily luxurious planetarium, that took twelve men to carry and was given as a diplomatic gift by Ferdinand I to Suleiman the Magnificent in 1541, originally belonged to Maximilian. He loved to introduce newly invented musical instruments. In 1506, he had a special regal, likely the apfelregal seen in one of Hans Weiditz's woodcuts, built for Paul Hofhaimer. The emperor's favourite musical instrument maker was Hans Georg Neuschel of Nuremberg, who created an improved trombone (Neuschel was a talented trombonist himself). In 1500, an elaborated lathe (Drehbank) was created for the emperor's personal carpentry hobby. This is the earliest extant lathe, the earliest known surviving lapidary instrument as well as one of the earliest examples of scientific and technological furniture. The earliest surviving screwdriver has also been found attached to one of his suits of armour. Regiomontanus reportedly made an eagle automaton that moved and greeted him when he came to Nuremberg. Augsburg also courted “their” emperor by building the legendary Nachttor or Night Gate (famous for its many secret mechanisms), intended to make his entrance safer if he returned to the city at night, in 1514. The gate was destroyed in 1867, but plans and descriptions remain so recently Ausburg has created a virtual version. He liked to end his festivals with fireworks. In 1506, on the surface of Lake Konstanz, on the occasion of the gathering of the Reichstag, he staged a show of firework (this was the first recorded German firework, inspired by the example of Italian princes), completed with firework music provided by singers and court trumpeters. Machiavelli judged him as extravagant, but these were not fireworks done for pleasure, peaceful celebration or religious purpose as the type often seen in Italy, but a core ritual of Maximilian's court, that demonstrated the link between pyrotechnics and military technology. The show caused a stir (the news about the event was distributed through a Briefzeitung, or \"letter newspaper\"), leading to fireworks becoming fashionable. In the Baroque era, it would be a common form of self-stylization for monarchs.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 149993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 920, 925 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A lot of these scientific and artistic instruments and technical marvels came from Nuremberg, by then the great mechanical, metalworking and precision industry centre of German Renaissance. From 1510, Stabius also took up permanent residence there after travelling with the emperor for years. The city's precision industry and its secondary manufacturing industries were connected to the mining industry, that the leading financiers from the neighbouring Augsburg (which had a flourishing printing industry and was also important for the emperor politically) heavily invested into in partnership with princes like Maximilian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The development in astronomy, astrology, cosmography and cartography as well as a developing economy with demand for training in book-keeping were tied with the change in status and professionalization of mathematical studies (that once stood behind medicine, jurisprudence and theology as the lowest art) in the universities. The leading figure was George Tanstetter (also the emperor's astrologer and physician), who provided his students with reasonably priced books through the collection and publication of works done by Joannes de Muris, Peuerbach and Regiomontanus and others, as well as wrote Viri Mathematici (Lives of Mathematicians), the first historical study of mathematics of Austria (and also a work to consolidate the position of astronomers, astrologers in Maximilian's court, in imitation of Maximilian's genealogical projects that reinforced his imperial titles). The foremost exponent (and one of the founders) of \"descriptive geometry\" was Albrecht Dürer himself, whose work Melencolia I was a prime representation and inspired a lot of discussions, including its relation or non-relation to Maximilian's status as the most known melancholic of the time, his and his humanists' fear of the influence of the planet Saturn (some say that the engraving was a self-portrayal of Dürer while others think that it was a talisman for Maximilian to counter Saturn), the Triumphal Arch, hieroglyphics and other esoteric developments in his court, respectively etc.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 23962034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 996, 1008 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian continued with the strong tradition of supporting physicians at court, started by his father Frederick III, despite Maximilian himself had little personal use for them (he usually consulted everyone's opinions and then opted for some self-curing folk practices). He kept on his payroll about 23 court physicians, whom he \"poached\" during his long travels from the courts of his relatives, friends, rivals and urban hosts. An innovative solution was entrusting these physicians with healthcare in the most important cities, for which purpose an allowance and horses were made available to them. Alessandro Benedetti dedicated his Historia Corporis Humani: sive Anatomice (The Account of Human Body: or Anatomy) to the emperor. As Humanism was established, the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna increasingly abandoned Scholasticism and focused on studying laws of disease and anatomy based on actual experiences. the early fifteenth century, the Medical Faculty of the university tried to gain influence upon the apothecaries of the city in order to enhance the dispensed medicines' quality and to enforce uniform preparation modes. Finally, in 1517, Maximilian granted them a privilege which allowed the faculty to inspect the Viennese pharmacies and to check the identity, quality and proper storage of the ingredients as well as the formulated preparations. Likely a victim of syphilis (dubbed the \"French disease\" and used by Maximilian and his humanists like Joseph Grünpeck in their propaganda and artistic works against France) himself, Maximilian had an interest in the disease, which led him to establish eight hospitals in various hereditary lands. He also retained an interest in the healing properties of berries and herbs all his life and invented a recipe for an invigorating stone beer. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 38805765, 25815140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 605, 625 ], [ 1809, 1819 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian had an interest in archaeology, \"creative and participatory rather than objective and distancing\" (and sometimes destructive), according to Christopher S.Wood. His chief advisor on archaeological matters was Konrad Peutinger, who was also the founder of classical Germanic and Roman studies. Peutinger commenced an ambitious project, the Vitae Imperatorum Augustorum, a series of biographies of emperors from Augustus to Maximilian (each biography would also include epigraphic and numismatic evidences), but only the early sections were completed. The search for medals ultimately led to a broad craze in Germany for medals as an alternative for portraiture. At the suggestion of the emperor, the scholar published his collection of Roman inscriptions. Maximilian did not distinguish between the secular and the sacred, the Middle Ages and antiquity, and considered equal in archaeological value the various searches and excavations of the Holy Tunic (rediscovered in Trier in 1513 after Maximilian demanded to see it, and then exhibited, reportedly attracting 100,000 pilgrims), Roman and German reliefs and inscriptions, etc. and the most famous quest of all, the search for the remains of hero Siegfried. Maximilian's private collection activities were carried out by his secretary, the humanist Johann Fuchsmagen, on his behalf. Sometimes, the emperor came in contact with antiquities during his campaigns – for example, an old German inscription found in Kufstein in 1504, that he immediately sent to Peutinger. Around 1512–1514, Pirckheimer translated and presented Maximilian with Horapollo's Hieroglyphica. The hieroglyphics would be incorporated by Dürer into the Triumphal Arch, which Rudolf Wittkower considers \"the greatest hieroglyphic monument\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1525227, 30317, 20936349, 4384827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 235 ], [ 980, 985 ], [ 1209, 1218 ], [ 1707, 1723 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian's time was an era of international development for cryptography. His premier expert on cryptography was the Abbot Trithemius, who dedicated Polygraphiae libri sex (controversially disguised as a treatise on occult, either because its real target audience was the selected few such as Maximilian or to attract public attention to a tedious field) to the emperor and wrote another work on steganography (Steganographia, posthumously published). As practitioner, Maximilian functioned as the Empire's first cipher expert himself. It was under his reign that proven use of encrypted messages in the German chancellery was first recorded, although it was not as elaborate as the mature Italian and Spanish systems. Maximilian experimented with different encryption methods, even in his private correspondence, often based on the Upper Italian models.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 314528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the fields of history and historiography, Trithemius was also a notable forger and inventive historian who helped to connect Maximilian to Trojan heroes, the Merovingians and the Carolingians. The project had contributions from Maximilian's other court historiographers and genealogists such as Ladislaus Suntheim, Johann Stabius, Johannes Cuspinian and Jakob Mennel. While his colleagues like Jakob Mennel and Ladislaus Suntheim often inserted invented ancient ancestors for the missing links, Trithemius invented entire sources, such as Hunibald (supposedly a Scythian historian), Meginfrid and Wastald. The historiographer Josef Grünpeck wrote the work Historia Friderici III et Maximiliani I (which would be dedicated to Charles V). The first history of Germany based on original sources (patronized by Maximilian and cultivated by Peutinger, Aventin, Pirchkheimer, Stabius, Cuspianian and Celtis) was the Epitome Rerum Germanicarum written by Jakob Wimpheling, in which it was argued that the Germans possessed their own flourishing culture.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 41638992, 4254245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 316 ], [ 951, 967 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian's time was the age of great world chronicles. The most famous and influential is the Nuremberg Chronicle, of which the author, Hartmann Schedel, is usually considered one of the important panegyrists and propagandists, hired and independent, of the emperor and his anti-Ottoman propaganda agenda.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1513918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Maria Golubeva, Maximilian and his court preferred the fictional settings and reimagination of history (such as the Weisskunig, a \"unique mixture of history and heroic romance\"), so no outstanding works of historiography (such as those of Molinet and Chastelain at the Burgundian court) were produced. The authors of The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 point out three major distinctives in the historical literature within the imperial circle. The first was genealogical research, which Maximilian elevated to new heights and represented most prominently by the Fürstliche Chronik, written by Jakob Mennel. The second encompassed projects associated with the printing revolution, such as Maximilian's autobiographical projects and Dürer's Triumphal Arch. The third, and also the most sober strain of historical scholarship, constituted \"a serious engagement with imperial legacy\", with the scholar Johannes Cuspinianus being its most notable representative. Seton-Watson remarks that all his important works show the connection to Maximilian, with the Commentarii de Romanorum Consulibus being \"the most profound and critical\"; the De Caesaribus et Imperatoribus Romanorum (also considered by Cesc Esteve as his greatest work) possessing the most practical interest, especially regarding Maximilian's life, and the Austria giving a complete history of the nation up to 1519.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 65214583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He had notable influence on the development of the musical tradition in Austria and Germany as well. Several historians credit Maximilian with playing the decisive role in making Vienna the music capital of Europe. Under his reign, the Habsburg musical culture reached its first high point and he had at his service the best musicians in Europe. He began the Habsburg tradition of supporting large-scale choirs, which he staffed with the brilliant musicians of his days like Paul Hofhaimer, Heinrich Isaac and Ludwig Senfl. His children inherited the parents' passion for music and even in their father's lifetime, supported excellent chapels in Brussels and Mechelen, with masters such as Alexander Agricola, Marbriano de Orto (who worked for Philip), Pierre de La Rue and Josquin Desprez (who worked for Margaret). After witnessing the brilliant Burgundian court culture, he looked to the Burgundian court chapel to create his own imperial chapel. As he was always on the move, he brought the chapel as well as his whole peripatetic court with him. In 1498 though, he established the imperial chapel in Vienna, under the direction of George Slatkonia, who would later become the Bishop of Vienna. Music benefitted greatly through the cross-fertilization between several centres in Burgundy, Italy, Austria and Tyrol (where Maximilian inherited the chapel of his uncle Sigismund).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3024523, 99478, 2079244, 156169, 924406, 10821559, 929982, 55021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 475, 489 ], [ 491, 505 ], [ 510, 522 ], [ 659, 667 ], [ 690, 708 ], [ 710, 727 ], [ 753, 769 ], [ 774, 789 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the service of Maximilian, Isaac (the first Continental composer who provided music on demand for the monarch-employer) cultivated \"the mass-proper genre with an intensity unrivalled anywhere else in Europe\". He created a huge cycle of polyphonic Mass Propers, most of which was published posthumously in the collection Choralis Constantinus, printed between 1550 and 1555 – David J. Rothenberg comments that, like many of the other artistic projects commissioned (and instilled with Maximilian's bold artistic vision and imperial ideology), it was never completed. A notable artistic monument, seemingly of great symbolic value to the emperor, was Isaac's motet Virgo prudentissima, which affiliated the reigns of two sovereign monarches – the Virgin Mary of Heaven and Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire. The motet describes the Assumption of the Virgin, in which Mary, described as the most prudent Virgin (allusion to Parable of the Ten Virgins), “beautiful as the moon”, “excellent as the sun\" and “glowing brightly as the dawn”, was crowned as Queen of Heaven and united with Christ, her bridegroom and son, at the highest place in Heaven. Rothenberg opines that Dürer's Festival of the Rose Garlands (see below) was its \"direct visual counterpart\". The idea was also reflected in the scene of the Assumption seen in the Berlin Book of hours of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian (commissioned when Mary of Burgundy was still alive, with some images added posthumously).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 11658057, 70017800, 2137053, 32135704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 344 ], [ 666, 685 ], [ 926, 952 ], [ 1181, 1210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among some authors, Maximilian has a reputation as the \"media emperor\". The historian Larry Silver describes him as the first ruler who realized and exploited the propaganda potential of the print press both for images and texts. The reproduction of the Triumphal Arch (mentioned above) in printed form is an example of art in service of propaganda, made available for the public by the economical method of printing (Maximilian did not have money to actually construct it). At least 700 copies were created in the first edition and hung in ducal palaces and town halls through the Reich.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Joachim Whaley comments that: \"By comparison with the extraordinary range of activities documented by Silver, and the persistence and intensity with which they were pursued, even Louis XIV appears a rather relaxed amateur.\" Whaley notes, though, that Maximilian had an immediate stimulus for his \"campaign of self-aggrandizement through public relation\": the series of conflicts that involved Maximilian forced him to seek means to secure his position. Whaley further suggests that, despite the later religious divide, \"patriotic motifs developed during Maximilian's reign, both by Maximilian himself and by the humanist writers who responded to him, formed the core of a national political culture.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Manfred Hollegger notes though that the emperor's contemporaries certainly did not see Maximilian as a \"media emperor\": \"He achieved little political impact with pamphlets, leaflets and printed speeches. Nevertheless, it is certainly true that he combined brilliantly all the media available at that time for his major literary and artistic projects\". Tupu Ylä-Anttila notes that while his daughter (to whom Maximilian entrusted a lot of his diplomacy) often maintained a sober tone and kept a competent staff of advisors who helped her with her letters, her father did not demonstrate such an effort and occasionally sent emotional and erratic letters (the letters of Maximilian and Margaret were often presented to foreign diplomats to prove their trust in each other). Maria Golubeva opines that with Maximilian, one should use the term \"propaganda\" in the sense suggested by Karl Vocelka: \"opinion-making\". Also, according to Golubeva, unlike the narrative usually presented by Austrian historians including Wiesflecker, Maximilian's \"propaganda\", that was associated with 'militarism', universal imperial claims and court historiography, with a tendency towards world domination, was not the simple result of his Burgundian experience – his 'model of political competition' (as shown in his semi-autobiographical works), while equally secular, ignored the negotiable and institutional aspects inherent in the Burgundian model and, at the same time, emphasized top-down decision making and military force.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During Maximilian's reign, with encouragement from the emperor and his humanists, iconic spiritual figures were reintroduced or became notable. The humanists rediscovered the work Germania, written by Tacitus. According to Peter H. Wilson, the female figure of Germania was reinvented by the emperor as the virtuous pacific Mother of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Inheriting the work of Klosterneuburg canons and his father Frederick III, he promoted Leopold III, Margrave of Austria (who had family ties to the emperor), who was canonized in 1485 and became the Patron of Austria in 1506. To maximize the effect that consolidated his rule, the emperor delayed the translation of Leopold's bones for years until he could personally be there.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 647512, 2092281, 1100736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 188 ], [ 261, 269 ], [ 461, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He promoted the association between his own wife Mary of Burgundy and the Virgin Mary, that had already been started in her lifetime by members of the Burgundian court before his arrival. These activities included the patronage (by Maximilian, Philip the Fair and Charles V) of the devotion of the Seven Sorrows as well as the commission (by Maximilian and his close associates) of various artworks dedicating to the topic such as the famous paintings Feast of the Rosary (1506) and Death of the Virgin (1518, one year before the emperor's death) by Albrecht Dürer, the famous diptych of Maximilian's extended family (after 1515) by Strigel, the Manuscript VatS 160 by the composer Pierre Alamire.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 985785, 2402, 3075588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 311 ], [ 550, 564 ], [ 682, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian's reign witnessed the gradual emergence of the German common language. His chancery played a notable role in developing new linguistic standards. Martin Luther credited Maximilian and the Wettin Elector Frederick the Wise with the unification of German language. Tennant and Johnson opine that while other chanceries have been considered significant and then receded in important when the research direction changes, the chanceries of these two rulers have always been considered important from the beginning. As a part of his influential literary and propaganda projects, Maximilian had his autobiographical works embellished, reworked and sometimes ghostwritten in the chancery itself. He is also credited with a major reform of the imperial chancery office: \"Maximilian is said to have caused a standardization and streamlining in the language of", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 7567080, 256460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 170 ], [ 214, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "his Chancery, which set the pace for chanceries and printers throughout the Empire.\" The form of written German language he introduced into his chancery was called Maximilian's Chancery Speech (Maximilianische Kanzleisprache) and considered a form of Early New High German. It replaced older forms of written language that were close to Middle High German. This new form was used by the imperial chanceries until the end of the 17th century and therefore also referred to as the Imperial speech.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 406302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Always short of money, Maximilian could not afford large scale building projects. However, he left a few notable constructions, among which the most remarkable is the cenotaph (designed by Maximilian) he began in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck, which was completed long after his death, and has been praised as the most important monument of Renaissance Austria and considered the \"culmination of Burgundian tomb tradition\" (especially for the groups of statues of family members) that displayed Late Gothic features, combined with Renaissance traditions like reliefs and busts of Roman emperors. The monument was vastly expanded under his grandson Ferdinand I, who added the tumba, the portal, and on the advice of his Vice Chancellor Georg Sigmund Seld, commissioned the 24 marble reliefs based on the images on the Triumphal Arch. The work was only finished under Archduke Ferdinand II (1529-1595). The reliefs were carved by the Flemish sculptor Alexander Colyn while the statues were cast by the bronze-founder Stefan Godl following the designs of Gilg Sesshelschreiber and Jörg Kölderer. The bronze busts of Roman emperors were created by Jörg Muskat.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 16538354, 1196405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 226 ], [ 861, 882 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After taking Tyrol, in order to symbolize his new wealth and power, he built the Golden Roof, the roof for a balcony overlooking the town center of Innsbruck, from which to watch the festivities celebrating his assumption of rule over Tyrol. The roof is made with gold-plated copper tiles. The structure was a symbol of the presence of the ruler, even when he was physically absent. It began the vogue of using reliefs to decorate oriel windows. The Golden Roof is also considered one of the most notable Habsburg monuments. Like Maximilian's cenotaph, it is in an essentially Gothic idiom. The structure was built by Niclas Türing (Nikolaus Turing) while the paintings was done by Jörg Kölderer.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3519988, 1042755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 92 ], [ 431, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Innsbruck Hofburg was redesigned and expanded, chiefly under Niclas Türing. By the time Maximilian died in 1519, the palace was one of the most beautiful and renowned secular structures of the era (but would be rebuilt later in the Baroque style by Maria Theresa).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 40825441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The famous sculpture Schutzmantelmadonna (Virgin of Mercy), donated in 1510 by Maximilian to the Frauenstein Pilgrimage Church in Molln, was a work by Gregor Erhart.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19559106, 12225144 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 57 ], [ 151, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1498 onwards, Maximilian caused many castles and palaces in Vienna, Graz, Wiener Neustadt, Innsbruck and Linz to be renovated and modernized. Not only the facade was redesigned and glazed bricks were integrated, Maximilian also paid special attention to the sanitation aspect, issuing precise instructions concerning the \"secret chamber\", the deflection of waste into a cesspit through pipes and the purification of smells through the use of \"herbal essences\". In many towns, he caused streets and alleys to be cobbled and added gutters for rain water. He issued regulations that ordered open drains for waste water to be bricked up and forbade the keeping of animals in the towns. It was also ordained that no rubbish was allowed in the streets overnight. Directions related to fire prevention were also issued, leading to fire walls being constructed between the houses and tiled roofs in many towns. In the hereditary lands and Southern Germany, through his financial blessings, there were wooden cities that were transformed into stone ones.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Together with Franz von Taxis, in 1490, Maximilian developed the first modern postal service in the world. The system was originally built to improve communication between his scattered territories, connecting Burgundy, Austria, Spain and France and later developing to a Europe-wide, fee-based system. Fixed postal routes (the first in Europe) were developed, together with regular and reliable service. From the beginning of the sixteenth century, the system became open to private mail. The initiative was immediately emulated by France and England, although rulers there restricted the spread of private mails and private postal networks. Systematic improvement allowed communication to reach Maximilian, wherever he was, twice as fast as normal, to the point Wolfgang Behringer remarks that \"perception of temporal and spatial dimensions was changed\". The new development, usually described as the communcation revolution, could largely be traced back to Maximilian's initiative, with contributions from Frederick III and Charles the Bold in developing the messenger networks, the Italian courier model and possibly influence from the French model.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 155654, 54103386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ], [ 61, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The establishment of the postal network also signaled the beginning of a commercial market for news, together with the emergence of commercial newsagents and news agencies, which the emperor actively encouraged. According to Michael Kunczik, he was the first to utilize one-sided battle reports targeting the mass, including the use of the early predecessors of modern newspapers (neue zeitungen). ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 23203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The capital resources he poured into the postage system as well as support for the related printing press (when Archduke, he opened a school for sophisticated engraving techniques) were on a level unprecedented by European monarches, and earned him stern rebuke from the father.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His patronage drew to Augsburg printmakers from the Netherlands (especially from Antwerp) like Jost de Negker and the brothers Cornelis I (died 1528) and Willem Liefrinck, who came there as teens. After his death, as teams dispersed, Negker remained in Augsburg while the Liefrincks returned to their homeland, established there a printmaking dynasty and introduced German-styled workshops. According to Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions, there was a dramatic drop in both quantity and quality of print projects in Augsburg as a whole once Charles V took over.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19229104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The development of the printing press led to a search for a national font. In 1508 or 1510, Maximilian (possibly with Dürer's advice) commissioned the calligrapher Leonhard Wagner to create a new font. Wagner dedicated his calligraphy work Proba centum scripturatum (including one hundred fonts) to Maximilian, who chose the Schwabacher-based font Fraktur, deemed the most beautiful one. While he originally envisioned this font for Latin works, it became the predominant font for German writings, while German printers would use Antiqua for works written in foreign languages. The font would spread to German-influenced countries and remain popular in Germany until being banned in 1941 by the Nazi government as a \"Jewish\" font. Burgkmair was the chief designer for most of his printing projects. Augsburg was the great center of the printing industry, where the emperor patronized printing and other types of craft through the agency of Conrad Peutinger, giving impetus for the formation of an \"imperial\" style. Burgkmair and Erhard Ratdolt created new printing techniques. As for his own works, as he wanted to produce the appearance of luxury manuscripts, he mixed handcrafted elements with printing: his Book of Prayers and Theuerdank (Weisskunig and Freydal were unfinished before the emperor's death) were printed with a type that resembled calligraphy (the Imperial Fraktur created by Johannes Schönperger). For prestigious recipients, he used parchment rather than paper. At least one copy of the Book of Hours was decorated by hand by Burgkmair, Dürer, Hans Baldung, Jörg Breu and Cranach.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1554000, 168760, 758565, 14068, 1361150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 342 ], [ 348, 355 ], [ 530, 537 ], [ 1564, 1576 ], [ 1578, 1587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian had appointed his daughter Margaret as the Regent of the Netherlands, and she fulfilled this task well. Tupu Ylä-Anttila opines that Margaret acted as de facto queen consort in a political sense, first to her father and then Charles V, \"absent rulers\" who needed a representative dynastic presence that also complemented their characteristics. Her queenly virtues helped her to play the role of diplomat and peace-maker, as well as guardian and educator of future rulers, whom Maximilian called \"our children\" or \"our common children\" in letters to Margaret. This was a model that developed as part of the solution for the emerging Habsburg composite monarchy and would continue to serve later generations.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 959186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Through wars and marriages he extended the Habsburg influence in every direction: to the Netherlands, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Italy. This influence lasted for centuries and shaped much of European history. The Habsburg Empire survived as the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it was dissolved 3 November 1918 – 399 years 11 months and 9 days after the passing of Maximilian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Geoffrey Parker summarizes Maximilian's political legacy as follows:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4274137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time Charles received his presentation copy of Der Weisskunig in 1517, Maximilian could point to four major successes. He had protected and reorganized the Burgundian Netherlands, Whose political future had seemed bleak when he became their ruler forty years earlier. Likewise, he had overcome the obstacles posed by individual institutions, traditions and languages to forge the sub-Alpine lands he inherited from his father into a single state: ‘Austria’, ruled and taxed by a single administration that he created at Innsbruck. He had also reformed the chaotic central government of the Holy Roman Empire in ways that, though imperfect, would last almost until its demise three centuries later. Finally, by arranging strategic marriages for his grandchildren, he had established the House of Habsburg as the premier dynasty in central and eastern Europe, creating a polity that his successors would expand over the next four centuries.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Britannica Encyclopaedia comments on Maximilian's achievements:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian I [...] made his family, the Habsburgs, dominant in 16th-century Europe. He added vast lands to the traditional Austrian holdings, securing the Netherlands by his own marriage, Hungary and Bohemia by treaty and military pressure, and Spain and the Spanish empire by the marriage of his son Philip [...] Great as Maximilian's achievements were, they did not match his ambitions; he had hoped to unite all of western Europe by reviving the empire of Charlemagne [...] His military talents were considerable and led him to use war to attain his ends. He carried out meaningful administrative reforms, and his military innovations would transform Europe's battlefields for more than a century, but he was ignorant of economics and was financially unreliable.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Holleger notes that, as Maximilian could not persuade his imperial estates to support his plans, he cultivated a system of alliances, in which the germ of modern European powers could be seen – like in the game of chess, no piece could be moved without thinking ahead about the others.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to Cauchies, it was after the fifteen struggling years of Mary and Maximilian's joint rule and then of Maximilian's sole rule, the state building project first envisioned by the Burgundian dukes showed concrete results: \"a consortium of territories nevertheless emerged which found its place in the West under the heirs, Philip the Handsome and Charles V.\". Nevertheless, even though an innovative leader of stature, Maximilian's zealous anti-French sentiments (to which, even the Senlis Treaty was a failure), his project of imperial universality and his Habsburg heritage tended to make him out of touch with the Burgundian perspective, as displayed by his son Philip, a peace-loving monarch, and his court (although in his mind, Maximilian probably imagined himself as the true defender of the Low Countries, that inexplicably always rejected him so much). Haemers notes that, for the Dutch, it is impossible to celebrate him the way Germans or Austrians do, even if that is about the troubled feelings Maximilian left and national pride, rather than true reflection of the past.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hugh Trevor-Roper opines that, although Maximilian's politics and wars accomplished little, \"By harnessing the arts, he surrounded his dynasty with a lustrous aura it had previously lacked. It was to this illusion that his successors looked for their inspiration. To them, he was not simply the second founder of the dynasty; he was the creator of its legend - one that transcended politics, nationality, even religion.\" Paula Sutter Fichtner opines that Maximilian was the author of a \"basic but imperfect script for the organization of a Habsburg government now charged with administering a territorial complex that extended far beyond the dynasty's medieval patrimony in central Europe.\" – He used his revenues profligately for wars. Although aware of the dangers of over-extended credit, in order to protect his borders, imperial prerogatives and advance Habsburg interests, all of which he considered seriously, he could not internalize fiscal discipline. The role of the emperor in the government was very personalized – only when Maximilian's health failed him badly in 1518 did he set up a Hofrat including 18 jurists and nobles from the Empire and Austrian lands to assist him with the responsibilities he was incapable of handling anymore. The alliance between crown and cities for which he laid the foundation never culminated in a southern centralized Habsburg monarchy: the rise of the common man in the crucial years of mid-1250s forced Imperial Cities in Upper Germany to master the Reformation in a way that estranged them from the emperor – a situation which Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to manage.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 140453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian's life is still commemorated in Central Europe centuries later. The Order of St. George, which he sponsored, still exists. In 2011, for example, a monument was erected for him in Cortina d’Ampezzo. Also in 1981 in Cormons on the Piazza della Libertà a statue of Maximilian, which was there until the First World War, was put up again. On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of his death there were numerous commemorative events in 2019 at which Karl von Habsburg, the current head of the House of Habsburg, represented the imperial dynasty. A barracks in Wiener Neustadt, Maximilian-Kaserne (formerly Artilleriekaserne), a military base for the Jagdkommando of the Austrian Armed Forces, was named after Maximilian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 57466114, 568829, 6719141, 2046523, 1956776, 67549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 98 ], [ 190, 207 ], [ 225, 232 ], [ 458, 475 ], [ 658, 670 ], [ 678, 699 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Amsterdam still retains close ties with the emperor. His 1484 pilgrimage to Amsterdam boosted the popularity of the Heilige Stede and the city's \"miracle industry\" to new heights. The city supported him financially in his military expeditions, he granted its citizens the right to use the image of his crown, which remains a symbol of the city as part of its coat-of-arms. The practice survived the later revolt against Habsburg Spain. The central canal in Amsterdam was named in 1615 as the Keizersgracht (Emperor's Canal) after Maximilian. The city beer (Brugse Zot, or The Fools of Bruges) of Bruges, which suffered a four century long decline that was partially inflicted by Maximilian's orders (that required foreign merchants to transfer operations to Antwerp – later he would withdraw the orders but it proved too late.), is associated with the emperor, who according to legend told the city in a conciliatory celebration that they did not need to build an asylum, as the city was full of fools. The swans of the city are considered a perpetual remembrance (allegedly ordered by Maximilian) for Lanchals (whose name meant \"long necks\" and whose emblem was a swan), the loyalist minister who got beheaded while Maximilian was forced to watch. In Mechelen, Burgundian capital under Margaret of Austria, every 25 years, an ommegang that commemorates Maximilian's arrival as well as other major events is organized.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 14344568, 10677886, 156169 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 130 ], [ 493, 506 ], [ 1253, 1261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We, Maximilian, by the Grace of God, elected Roman Emperor, always Augmenter of the Empire, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, etc. Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Britany, Lorrain, Brabant, Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, Limbourg, Luxembourg, and Guldres; Count of Flanders, Habsburg, Tyrol, Pfiert, Kybourg, Artois, and Burgundy; Count Palatine of Haynault, Holland, Zeland, Namur, and Zutphen; Marquess of the Roman Empire and of Burgau, Landgrave of Alsatia, Lord of Friesland, the Wendish Mark, Portenau, Salins, and Malines, etc. etc.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Official style", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 30 April 1478, Maximilian was knighted by Adolf of Cleves (1425-1492), a senior member of the Order of the Golden Fleece and on the same day he became the sovereign of this exalted order. As its head, he did everything in his power to restore its glory as well as associate the order with the Habsburg lineage. He expelled the members who had defected to France and rewarded those loyal to him, and also invited foreign rulers to join its ranks.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Official style", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian I was a member of the Order of the Garter, nominated by King Henry VII of England in 1489. His Garter stall plate survives in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Official style", "target_page_ids": [ 73259, 14186, 41150479, 23910568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 52 ], [ 72, 92 ], [ 106, 124 ], [ 137, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was patron of the Order of Saint George founded by his father, and also the founder of its secular confraternity.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Official style", "target_page_ids": [ 52442856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was strongly built with an upright posture (he was over six feet tall), had blue eyes, neck length blond or reddish hair, a large hooked nose and a jutting jaw (like his father, he always shaved his beard, as the jutting jaw was considered a noble feature). Although not conventionally handsome, he was well-proportioned and considered physically attractive, with abiding youthfulness and an affable, pleasing manner. A womanizer since his teenager days, he increasingly sought distraction from the tragedy of the first marriage and the frustration of the second marriage in the company of \"sleeping women\" in all corners of his empire. Sigrid-Maria Grössing describes him as a charming heartbreaker for all his life. He could manoeuvre with one hand a seven-meter lance comfortably.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was a late developer. According to his teacher Johannes Cuspinian, he did not speak until he was nine-year-old, and after that only developed slowly. Frederick III recalled that when his son was twelve, he still thought that the boy was either mute or stupid. In his adulthood, he spoke six languages (he learned French from his wife Mary) and was a genuinely talented author. Other than languages, mathematics and religion, he painted and played various instruments and was also trained in farming, carpentry and blacksmithing, although the focus of his education was naturally kingship. According to Fichtner, he did not learn much from formal training though, because even as a boy, he never sat still and tutors could not do much about that. Gerhard Benecke opines that by nature he was the man of action, a \"vigorously charming extrovert\" who had a \"conventionally superficial interest in knowledge, science and art combined with excellent health in his youth\" (he remained virile into his late thirties and only stopped jousting after an accident damaged a leg). He was brave to the point of recklessness, and this did not only show in battles. He once entered a lion's enclosure in Munich alone to tease the lion, and at another point climbed to the top of the Cathedral of Ulm, stood on one foot and turned himself round to gain a full view, at the trepidation of his attendants. In the nineteenth century, an Austrian officer lost his life trying to repeat the emperor's \"feat\", while another succeeded. While he paid magnificently for a princely style, he required little for personal needs. In his mature years, he exerted restraint on personal habits, except during his depressive phases (when he drank night and day, sometimes incapacitating the government, to the great annoyance of Chancellor Zyprian von Sernteiner) or in the companion of his artist friends. The artists got preferential treatment in criminal matters too, such as the case of Veit Stoss, whose sentence (imprisonment and having his hands chop off for an actual crime) issued by Nuremberg got cancelled on the sole basis of genius. The emperor's reasoning was that, what came as a gift from God should not be treated according to usual norms or human proportions. To the astonishment of contemporaries, he laughed at the satire directed against his person and organized celebrations after defeats.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [ 853115, 32699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1279, 1295 ], [ 1971, 1981 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Ernst Bock, with whom Benecke shares the same sentiment, writes the following about him:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His rosy optimism and utilitarianism, his totally naive amorality in matters political, both unscrupulous and machiavellian; his sensuous and earthy naturalness, his exceptional receptiveness towards anything beautiful especially in the visual arts, but also towards the various fashions of his time whether the nationalism in politics, the humanism in literature and philosophy or in matters of economics and capitalism; further his surprising yearning for personal fame combined with a striving for popularity, above all the clear consciousness of a developed individuality: these properties Maximilian displayed again and again.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Paula Fichtner describes Maximilian as a leader who was ambitious and imaginative to a fault, with self-publicizing tendencies as well as territorial and administrative ambitions that betrayed a nature both \"soaring and recognizably modern\", while dismissing Benecke's presentation of Maximilian as \"an insensitive agent of exploitation\" as influenced by the author's personal political leaning.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Berenger and Simpson consider Maximilian a greedy Renaissance prince, and also, \"a prodigious man of action whose chief fault was to have 'too many irons in the fire'\". On the other hand, Steven Beller criticizes him for being too much of a medieval knight who had a hectic schedule of warring, always crisscrossing the whole continent to do battles (for example, in August 1513, he commanded Henry VIII's English army in the second Guinegate, and a few weeks later joined the Spanish forces in defeating the Venetians) with little resources to support his ambitions. According to Beller, Maximilian should have spent more time at home persuading the estates to adopt a more efficient governmental and fiscal system.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas A. Brady Jr. praises the emperor's sense of honour, but criticizes his financial immorality — according to Geoffrey Parker, both points, together with Maximilian's martial qualities and hard-working nature, would be inherited from the grandfather by Charles V:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "[...]though punctilious to a fault about his honor, he lacked all morals about money. Every florin was spent, mortgaged, and promised ten times over before it ever came in; he set his courtiers a model for their infamous venality; he sometimes had to leave his queen behind as pledge for his debts; and he borrowed continuously from his servitors—large sums from top officials, tiny ones from servants — and never repaid them. Those who liked him tried to make excuses.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Certain English sources describe him as a ruler who habitually failed to keep his words. According to Wiesflecker, people could often depend on his promises more than those of most princes of his days, although he was no stranger to the \"clausola francese“ and also tended to use a wide variety of statements to cover his true intentions, which unjustly earned him the reputation of being fickle. Holleger concurs that Maximilian's court officials, except Eitelfriedrich von Zollern and Wolfgang von Fürstenberg, did expect gifts and money for tips and help, and the emperor usually defended his counselors and servants even if he acted against the more blatant displays of material greed. Maximilian though was not a man who could be controlled or influenced easily by his officials. Holleger also opines that while many of his political and artistic schemes leaned towards megalomania, there was a sober realist who believed in progression and relied on modern modes of management underneath. Personally, \"frequently described as humane, gentle, and friendly, he reacted with anger, violence, and vengefulness when he felt his rights had been injured or his honor threatened, both of which he valued greatly.\" The price for his warlike ruling style and his ambition for a globalized monarchy (that ultimately achieved considerable successes) was a continuous succession of war, that earned him the sobriquet “Heart of steel” (Coeur d’acier).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Appearance and personality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maximilian was married three times, but only the first marriage produced offspring:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maximilian's first wife was Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482). They were married in Ghent on 19 August 1477, and the marriage was ended by Mary's death in a riding accident in 1482. Mary was the love of his life. Even in old age, the mere mention of her name moved him to tears (although, his sexual life, contrary to his chivalric ideals, was unchaste). The grand literary projects commissioned and composed in large part by Maximilian many years after her death were in part tributes to their love, especially Theuerdank, in which the hero saved the damsel in distress like he had saved her inheritance in real life. His heart is buried inside her sarcophagus in Bruges according to his wish. Beyond her beauty, the inheritance and the glory she brought, Mary corresponded to Maximilian's ideal of a woman: the spirited grand \"Dame\" who could stand next to him as sovereigns. To their daughter Margaret, he described Mary: from her eyes shone the power (Kraft) that surpassed any other woman.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 151337, 12341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ], [ 80, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The marriage produced three children:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Philip I of Castile (1478–1506) who inherited his mother's domains following her death, but predeceased his father. He married Joanna of Castile, becoming king-consort of Castile upon her accession in 1504, and was the father of the Holy Roman Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 151288, 151276, 70716, 151069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 128, 145 ], [ 254, 263 ], [ 268, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Margaret of Austria (1480–1530), who was first engaged at the age of 2 to the French dauphin (who became Charles VIII of France a year later) to confirm peace between France and Burgundy. She was sent back to her father in 1492 after Charles repudiated their betrothal to marry Anne of Brittany. She was then married to the crown prince of Castile and Aragon John, Prince of Asturias, and after his death to Philibert II of Savoy, after which she undertook the guardianship of her deceased brother Philip's children, and governed Burgundy for the heir, Charles.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 959186, 77606, 642214, 2648092, 69516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 106, 128 ], [ 279, 295 ], [ 360, 384 ], [ 409, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Francis of Austria, who died shortly after his birth in 1481.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maximilian's second wife was Anne of Brittany (1477–1514) – they were married by proxy in Rennes on 18 December 1490, but the contract was dissolved by the pope in early 1492, by which time Anne had already been forced by the French king, Charles VIII (the fiancé of Maximilian's daughter Margaret of Austria) to repudiate the contract and marry him instead.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 642214, 46132, 24643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ], [ 91, 97 ], [ 153, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The drive behind this marriage, to the great annoyance of Frederick III (who characterized it as \"disgraceful\"), was the desire of personal revenge against the French (Maximilian blamed France for the great tragedies of his life up to and including Mary of Burgundy's death, political upheavals that followed, troubles in the relationship with his son and later, Philip's death ). The young King of the Romans had in mind a pincer grip against the Kingdom of France, while Frederick wanted him to focus on expansion towards the East and maintenance of stability in newly reacquired Austria. But Brittany was so weak that it could not resist French advance by itself even briefly like the Burgundian State had done, while Maximilian could not even personally come to Brittany to consummate the marriage.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 158244, 63472761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 424, 435 ], [ 688, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maximilian's third wife was Bianca Maria Sforza (1472–1510) – they were married in 1493, the marriage bringing Maximilian a rich dowry and allowing him to assert his rights as imperial overlord of Milan. The marriage was unhappy, and they had no children. In Maximilian's view, while Bianca might surpass his first wife Mary in physical beauty, she was just a \"child\" with \"a mediocre mind\", who could neither make decisions nor be presented as a respectable lady to the society. Benecke opines that this seems unfair, as while Bianca was always concerned with trivial, private matters (Recent research though indicates that Bianca was an educated woman who was politically active), she was never given the chance to develop politically, unlike the other women in Maximilian's family including Margaret of Austria or Catherine of Saxony. Despite her unsuitability as an empress, Maximilian tends to be criticized for treating her with coldness and neglect, which after 1500 only became worse. Bianca, on the other hand, loved the emperor deeply and always tried to win his heart with heartfelt letters, expensive jewels and allusions to sickness, but did not even get back a letter, developed eating disorders and mental illness, and died a childless woman. Joseph Grünpeck, the court historian and physician, criticized the emperor, who, in Grünpeck's opinion, was responsible for Bianca's death through neglect.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 1384003, 31713455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 48 ], [ 818, 837 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, he had several illegitimate children, but the number and identities of those are a matter of great debate. Johann Jakob Fugger writes in Ehrenspiegel (Mirror of Honour'') that the emperor began fathering illegitimate children after becoming a widower, and there were eight children in total, four boys and four girls.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 56587226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " By a widow in Den Bosch, whom Maximilian met in a campaign:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Barbara Disquis (1482 – 1568): Her birth and Mary of Burgundy's death seemed to connect to Maximilian's near fatal illness in 1482 and later pilgrimage to Amsterdam in 1484. In her teenage years, she rebelled against her father and entered St Gertrude's convent. Philip the Fair was introduced to her in 1504 when he and Maximilian went to Den Bosch to preparing for the war against Guelders. Philip tried to persuade her to leave the convent and get married on their father's behalf, but she refused. The place she was buried was now a square named after her. In 2021, a recently built city walk has been named \"Mijn lieven dochter\" (\"My dear daughter\") and also close to Maximilian's statue.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " By unknown mistress:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martha von Helfenstein or Margaretha, Mathilde, Margareta, née von Edelsheim (?-1537), wife of Johann von Hille (died 1515), remarried Ludwig Helferich von Helfenstein (1493-1525, married in 1517 or 1520); Ludwig was killed by peasants on 16 April 1525 in the Massacre of Weinsberg during the German Peasants' War. They had a surviving son named Maximilian (1523-1555) Some sources reported that she was born in 1480 or her mother was Margareta von Edelsheim, née Rappach.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 41207308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 294, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " By Margareta von Edelsheim, née Rappach (?-1522) Dingel reports that she was born around 1470 while others report that in 1494 she was still a minor when she married von Rottal:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Barbara von Rottal (1500–1550), wife of Siegmund von Dietrichstein. Some report that she was the daughter of Margareta von Edelsheim, née Rappach, while Benecke lists the mother as unidentified. ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " George of Austria (1505–1557), Prince-Bishop of Liège.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 32617317, 1835742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 32, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By Anna von Helfenstein:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cornelius (1507–).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maximilian Friedrich von Amberg (1511–1553), Lord of Feldkirch.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Anna Maria (1512-1562) wife of Bartold Dienger ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Leopold (), bishop of Córdoba, Spain (1541–1557), with illegitimate succession.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 55776002, 15541190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 13, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dorothea (1516–1572), heiress of Falkenburg, Durbuy and Halem, lady in waiting to Queen Maria of Hungary; wife of Johan I of East Frisia.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 879852, 32988096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 105 ], [ 115, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anna Margareta (1517–1545), lady in waiting to Queen Maria of Hungary; wife of François de Melun ( –1547), 2nd count of Epinoy. ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [ 13022157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anne (1519–?). She married Louis d'Hirlemont.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Elisabeth (d. 1581–1584), wife of Ludwig III von der Marck, Count of Rochefort.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Barbara, wife of Wolfgang Plaiss.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Christoph Ferdinand ().", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " By unknown mistress (parentage uncertain):", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Guielma, wife of Rudiger (Rieger) von Westernach.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Marriages and offspring", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A set of woodcuts called the Triumph of Emperor Maximilian I. See also Category:Triumphal Procession of Maximilian I – Wikimedia Commons", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Triumphal woodcuts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Family tree of the German monarchs. He was related to every other king of Germany.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17767437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First Congress of Vienna - The First Congress of Vienna was held in 1515, attended by the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, and the Jagiellonian brothers, Vladislaus II, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, and Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17495706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Landsknecht - The German Landsknechts, sometimes also rendered as Landsknechte were colorful mercenary soldiers with a formidable reputation, who became an important military force through late 15th- and 16th-century Europe", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 285423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 5 volumes. ", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " López Poza, Sagrario, “The Devices of Emperor Maximilian I of Austria” . In Spanish: “Divisas del emperador Maximiliano I de Austria”, Janus 10 (2021), pp.319–349. <DOI: >", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Austria Family Tree", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AEIOU Encyclopedia | Maximilian I", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor", "1459_births", "1519_deaths", "15th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors", "16th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors", "15th-century_archdukes_of_Austria", "16th-century_archdukes_of_Austria", "House_of_Valois", "Rulers_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands", "Dukes_of_Styria", "Dukes_of_Carinthia", "Counts_of_Tyrol", "Knights_of_the_Garter", "Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece", "Margraves_of_Namur", "Pretenders_to_the_Hungarian_throne", "People_from_Wiener_Neustadt", "Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece", "Jure_uxoris_officeholders", "Burials_in_Wiener_Neustadt,_Austria", "15th-century_peers_of_France", "Sons_of_kings", "Dukes_of_Carniola" ]

[ "Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I", "Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico Maximiliano I", "Holy Roman Emperor Maximilien I", "Holy Roman Emperor Massimiliano I", "imperatore del Sacro romano impero Maximilian I", "Kaiser Maximilian I. Heiliges Römisches Reich", "Holy Roman Emperor Maximiliano I", "empereur germanique Maximilien I", "Maximilian I.", "Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germanico Maximiliano I", "Maximilian I" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Samuel de Champlain (; c. 13 August 1567 – 25 December 1635) was a French colonist, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean, and founded Quebec, and New France, on 3 July 1608. An important figure in Canadian history, Champlain created the first accurate coastal map during his explorations, and founded various colonial settlements.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7954867, 159828, 52477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 267 ], [ 273, 283 ], [ 324, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born into a family of sailors, Champlain began exploring North America in 1603, under the guidance of his uncle, François Gravé Du Pont. After 1603, Champlain's life and career consolidated into the path he would follow for the rest of his life.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23446649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1604 to 1607, he participated in the exploration and creation of the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, Port Royal, Acadia (1605).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 905190, 128607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 138 ], [ 140, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 100727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain was the first European to describe the Great Lakes, and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the French living among the Natives.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12010, 1236047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 60 ], [ 154, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He formed long time relationships with local Montagnais and Innu, and, later, with others farther west—tribes of the Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, and Georgian Bay, and with Algonquin and Wendat; he also agreed to provide assistance in the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois. He also learned and mastered their languages.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 81430, 73458, 527777, 289919, 252768, 140832, 384160, 19195965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 64 ], [ 117, 129 ], [ 131, 145 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 174, 183 ], [ 188, 194 ], [ 240, 251 ], [ 264, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Late in the year of 1615, Champlain returned to the Wendat and stayed with them over the winter, which permitted him to make the first ethnographic observations of this important nation, the events of which form the bulk of his book Voyages et Decouvertes faites en la Nouvelle France, depuis l’année 1615 published in 1619.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1620, Louis XIII of France ordered Champlain to cease exploration, return to Quebec, and devote himself to the administration of the country.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 77062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In every way but formal title, Samuel de Champlain served as Governor of New France, a title that may have been formally unavailable to him owing to his non-noble status. Champlain established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the St. Lawrence River valley until his death, in 1635. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 324998, 45948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 83 ], [ 298, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many places, streets, and structures in northeastern North America today bear his name, most notably Lake Champlain.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain was born to Antoine Champlain (also written \"Anthoine Chappelain\" in some records) and Marguerite Le Roy, in either Hiers-Brouage, or the port city of La Rochelle, in the French province of Aunis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 1448782, 105048, 2504997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 139 ], [ 161, 172 ], [ 200, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was born on or before 13 August 1574, according to a recent baptism record found by Jean-Marie Germe, French genealogist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although in 1870, the Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière, in the first chapter of his Œuvres de Champlain, accepted Pierre-Damien Rainguet's estimate of Champlain's birth in 1567 and tried to justify it, his calculations were based on assumptions now believed or proven, to be incorrect.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although Léopold Delayant (member, secretary, then president of l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de La Rochelle) wrote as early as 1867 that Rainguet's estimate was wrong, the books of Rainguet and Laverdière have had a significant influence. The 1567 date was carved on numerous monuments dedicated to Champlain and is widely regarded as accurate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 525098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 295, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the first half of the 20th century, some authors disagreed, choosing 1570 or 1575 instead of 1567. In 1978 Jean Liebel published groundbreaking research about these estimates of Champlain's birth year and concluded, \"Samuel Champlain was born about 1580 in Brouage, France.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Liebel asserts that some authors, including the Catholic priests Rainguet and Laverdière, preferred years when Brouage was under Catholic control (which include 1567, 1570, and 1575).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book and to be Saintongeois in the title of his second book (1613).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He belonged to either a Protestant family, or a tolerant Roman Catholic one since Brouage was most of the time a Catholic city in a Protestant region, and his Old Testament first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children. The exact location of his birth is thus also not known with certainty, but at the time of his birth his parents were living in Brouage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 25814008, 606848, 22326, 28354, 1448782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 34 ], [ 57, 71 ], [ 159, 172 ], [ 185, 191 ], [ 364, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born into a family of mariners (both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors, or navigators), Samuel Champlain learned to navigate, draw, make nautical charts, and write practical reports. His education did not include Ancient Greek or Latin, so he did not read or learn from any ancient literature.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 238244, 148363, 17730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 158 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 237, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As each French fleet had to assure its own defense at sea, Champlain sought to learn to fight with the firearms of his time: he acquired this practical knowledge when serving with the army of King Henry IV during the later stages of France's religious wars in Brittany from 1594 or 1595 to 1598, beginning as a quartermaster responsible for the feeding and care of horses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 57876, 141480, 38748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 205 ], [ 233, 256 ], [ 260, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this time he claimed to go on a \"certain secret voyage\" for the king, and saw combat (including maybe the Siege of Fort Crozon, at the end of 1594). By 1597 he was a \"capitaine d'une compagnie\" serving in a garrison near Quimper.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth year, location and family", "target_page_ids": [ 24211167, 290281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 133 ], [ 228, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In year 3 his uncle-in-law, a navigator whose ship Saint-Julien was to transport Spanish troops to Cádiz pursuant to the Treaty of Vervins, gave Champlain the opportunity to accompany him.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 52738, 311024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 104 ], [ 121, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cádiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the West Indies, again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Valaebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 5574915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This journey lasted two years and gave Champlain the opportunity to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to Mexico City. Along the way, he took detailed notes, wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry, who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 18987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This report was published for the first time in 1870, by Laverdière, as Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite (and in English as Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on a number of points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Champlain's return to Cádiz in August 1600, his uncle Guillermo Elena (Guillaume Allene), who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near La Rochelle, commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 105048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 288, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he did not need to rely on the financial backing of merchants and other investors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry IV. As part of his duties, he traveled to French ports and learned much about North America from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from Nantucket to Newfoundland to capitalize on the rich fishing grounds there.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 62254, 26304966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 245 ], [ 249, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of Pierre de Chauvin at Tadoussac. When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on the fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to Aymar de Chaste. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 23450594, 558980, 3524728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 113 ], [ 117, 126 ], [ 258, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain's first trip to North America was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by François Gravé Du Pont. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm lifelong friendship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 23446649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the Saint Lawrence River, and in dealing with the natives there (and in Acadia after). The Bonne-Renommée (the Good Fame) arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see for himself all of the places that Jacques Cartier had seen and described sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 45948, 128607, 70602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 91 ], [ 139, 145 ], [ 293, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain created a map of the Saint Lawrence on this trip and, after his return to France on 20 September, published an account as Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 (\"Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in New France in the year 1603\").", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Included in his account were meetings with Begourat, chief of the Montagnais at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some Algonquin friends.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 23450913, 81430, 252768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 51 ], [ 66, 76 ], [ 209, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as Acadia. It was led by Pierre Dugua de Mons, a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 128607, 576391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 311, 317 ], [ 333, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After exploring possible sites in the Bay of Fundy, Champlain selected Saint Croix Island in the St. Croix River as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established Port Royal. Until 1607, Champlain used that site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 66769, 473419, 496598, 905190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 50 ], [ 71, 89 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 281, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as Cape Cod, searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Minor skirmishes with the resident Nausets dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day Chatham, Massachusetts. He named the area Mallebar (\"bad bar\").", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early travels", "target_page_ids": [ 38743, 2249468, 259379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 86 ], [ 171, 177 ], [ 244, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the spring of 1608, Dugua wanted Champlain to start a new French colony and fur trading centre on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Dugua equipped, at his own expense, a fleet of three ships with workers, that left the French port of Honfleur. The main ship, called the Don-de-Dieu (French for the Gift of God), was commanded by Champlain. Another ship, the Lévrier (the Hunt Dog), was commanded by his friend Du Pont. The small group of male settlers arrived at Tadoussac on the lower St. Lawrence in June. Because of the dangerous strength of the Saguenay River ending there, they left the ships and continued up the \"Big River\" in small boats bringing the men and the materials.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Founding of Quebec", "target_page_ids": [ 630984, 14541616, 558980, 189555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 243 ], [ 271, 282 ], [ 464, 473 ], [ 550, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon arriving in Quebec, Champlain later wrote: \"I arrived there on the third of July, when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement; but I could find none more convenient or better suited than the point of Quebec, so called by the savages, which was covered with nut-trees.\" Champlain ordered his men to gather lumber by cutting down the nut-trees for use in building habitations.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Founding of Quebec", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some days after Champlain's arrival in Quebec, Jean du Val, a member of Champlain's party, plotted to kill Champlain to the end of securing the settlement for the Basques or Spaniards and making a fortune for himself. Du Val's plot was ultimately foiled when an associate of Du Val confessed his involvement in the plot to Champlain's pilot, who informed Champlain. Champlain had a young man deliver Du Val, along with 3 co-conspirators, two bottles of wine and invite the four worthies to an event on board a boat. Soon after the four conspirators arrived on the boat, Champlain had them arrested. Du Val was strangled and hung in Quebec and his head was displayed in the \"most conspicuous place\" of Champlain's fort. The other three were sent back to France to be tried.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Founding of Quebec", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local First Nations tribes. He made alliances with the Wendat (called Huron by the French) and with the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the St. Lawrence River. These tribes sought Champlain's help in their war against the Iroquois, who lived farther south. Champlain set off with nine French soldiers and 300 natives to explore the Rivière des Iroquois (now known as the Richelieu River), and became the first European to map Lake Champlain. Having had no encounters with the Haudenosaunee at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Relations and war with Native Americans", "target_page_ids": [ 315239, 140832, 252768, 81430, 45948, 19195965, 276832, 18201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 107 ], [ 136, 142 ], [ 185, 194 ], [ 200, 210 ], [ 258, 276 ], [ 340, 348 ], [ 489, 504 ], [ 544, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 29 July, somewhere in the area near Ticonderoga and Crown Point, New York (historians are not sure which of these two places, but Fort Ticonderoga historians claim that it occurred near its site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Haudenosaunee. In a battle that began the next day, two hundred and fifty Haudenosaunee advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the three chiefs. In his account of the battle, Champlain recounts firing his arquebus and killing two of them with a single shot, after which one of his men killed the third. The Haudenosaunee turned and fled. While this cowed the Iroquois for some years, they would later return to successfully fight the French and Algonquin for the rest of the century.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Relations and war with Native Americans", "target_page_ids": [ 126447, 126431, 46710, 148383, 384160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ], [ 55, 76 ], [ 133, 149 ], [ 481, 489 ], [ 735, 758 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Battle of Sorel occurred on 19 June 1610, with Samuel de Champlain supported by the Kingdom of France and his allies, the Wendat people, Algonquin people and Innu people against the Mohawk people in New France at present-day Sorel-Tracy, Quebec. Champlain's forces armed with the arquebus engaged and slaughtered or captured nearly all of the Mohawks. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawks for twenty years.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Relations and war with Native Americans", "target_page_ids": [ 41459985, 2687967, 140832, 252768, 81430, 307384, 731970, 7954867, 148383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 88, 105 ], [ 126, 139 ], [ 141, 157 ], [ 162, 173 ], [ 186, 199 ], [ 229, 240 ], [ 242, 248 ], [ 284, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the twelve-year-old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on 27 December 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father, and the couple was married three days later. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rallied against joining him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years. Hélène lived in Quebec for several years, but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had no children, and Champlain adopted three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627–28.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 29 March 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be proclaimed. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the \"northern sea\" he had heard about (probably Hudson Bay). He travelled the Ottawa River, later giving the first description of this area. Along the way, he apparently dropped or left behind a cache of silver cups, copper kettles, and a brass astrolabe dated 1603 (Champlain's Astrolabe), which was later found by a farm boy named Edward Lee near Cobden, Ontario. It was in June that he met with Tessouat, the Algonquin chief of Allumettes Island, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exploration of New France", "target_page_ids": [ 1523842, 58635, 73458, 3155101, 4022831, 17038670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 107 ], [ 258, 268 ], [ 288, 300 ], [ 559, 574 ], [ 608, 616 ], [ 641, 658 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 26 August, Champlain was back in Saint-Malo. There, he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his Voyages and published another map of New France. In 1614, he formed the \"Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo\" and \"Compagnie de Champlain\", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four Recollects in order to further religious life in the new colony. The Roman Catholic Church was eventually given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land, estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exploration of New France", "target_page_ids": [ 196794, 3885612, 606848, 247036, 62519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 46 ], [ 423, 433 ], [ 492, 513 ], [ 535, 548 ], [ 640, 652 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1615, Champlain reunited with Étienne Brûlé, his capable interpreter, following separate four-year explorations. There, Brûlé reported North American explorations, including that he had been joined by another French interpreter named Grenolle with whom he had travelled along the north shore of la mer douce (the calm sea), now known as Lake Huron, to the great rapids of Sault Ste. Marie, where Lake Superior enters Lake Huron, some of which was recorded by Champlain.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exploration of New France", "target_page_ids": [ 267573, 51056, 33657371, 17951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 340, 350 ], [ 375, 391 ], [ 399, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives, promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides, he explored further up the Ottawa River and reached Lake Nipissing. He then followed the French River until he reached Lake Huron.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exploration of New France", "target_page_ids": [ 73458, 527777, 597908, 51056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 194 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 244, 256 ], [ 274, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now Peterborough, Ontario by a group of Wendat. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road) and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Exploration of New France", "target_page_ids": [ 223578, 600211, 57706140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 82 ], [ 141, 153 ], [ 158, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 September 1615, at Cahiagué (a Wendat community on what is now called Lake Simcoe), he and the northern tribes started a military expedition against the Iroquois. The party passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they arrived at the main Onondaga fort on October 10. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archaeologists, many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle, south of Canastota, New York. Champlain attacked the stockaded Oneida village. He was accompanied by 10 Frenchmen and 300 Wendat. Pressured by the Huron Wendat to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French Wendat were forced to flee.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Military expedition", "target_page_ids": [ 276009, 17947, 1287345, 126607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 86 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 300, 312 ], [ 627, 646 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although he did not want to, the Wendat insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay, he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of First Nations people by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning \"their country, their manners, customs, modes of life\". On 22 May 1616, he left the Wendat country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on 2 July.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Military expedition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the territory rather than exploration. Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cape Diamond. By mid-May, he learned that the fur trading monopoly had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also negotiated a peace treaty with the Iroquois.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Improving administration in New France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain continued to work on the fortifications of what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on 6 May 1624. On 15 August he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue looking for a passage to China, something widely believed to exist at the time. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Improving administration in New France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1627 the Caen brothers' company lost its monopoly on the fur trade, and Cardinal Richelieu (who had joined the Royal Council in 1624 and rose rapidly to a position of dominance in French politics that he would hold until his death in 1642) formed the Compagnie des Cent-Associés (the Hundred Associates) to manage the fur trade. Champlain was one of the 100 investors, and its first fleet, loaded with colonists and supplies, set sail in April 1628.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Improving administration in New France", "target_page_ids": [ 85254, 1463771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 93 ], [ 254, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain had overwintered in Quebec. Supplies were low, and English merchants sacked Cap Tourmente in early July 1628. A war had broken out between France and England, and Charles I of England had issued letters of marque that authorized the capture of French shipping and its colonies in North America. Champlain received a summons to surrender on July 10 from the Kirke brothers, two Scottish brothers who were working for the English government. Champlain refused to deal with them, misleading them to believe that Quebec's defenses were better than they actually were (Champlain had only 50 pounds of gunpowder to defend the community). Successfully bluffed, they withdrew, but encountered and captured the French supply fleet, cutting off that year's supplies to the colony. By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to Gaspé and into Indian communities to conserve rations. On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived before Quebec after intercepting Champlain's plea for help, and Champlain was forced to surrender the colony. Many colonists were transported first to England and then to France by the Kirkes, but Champlain remained in London to begin the process of regaining the colony. A peace treaty had been signed in April 1629, three months before the surrender, and, under the terms of that treaty, Quebec and other prizes that were taken by the Kirkes after the treaty were to be returned. It was not until the 1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, however, that Quebec was formally given back to France. (David Kirke was rewarded when Charles I knighted him and gave him a charter for Newfoundland.) Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu on 1 March 1633, having served in the intervening years as commander in New France \"in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu\" from 1629 to 1635. In 1632 Champlain published Voyages de la Nouvelle-France, which was dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu, and Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier, a treatise on leadership, seamanship, and navigation. (Champlain made more than twenty-five round-trip crossings of the Atlantic in his lifetime, without losing a single ship.)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Improving administration in New France", "target_page_ids": [ 238417, 22666513, 7426, 54737, 555733, 407950, 70734, 9563243, 6604558, 26304966, 85254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 99 ], [ 120, 125 ], [ 173, 193 ], [ 205, 222 ], [ 367, 381 ], [ 430, 448 ], [ 876, 881 ], [ 1244, 1272 ], [ 1473, 1509 ], [ 1648, 1660 ], [ 1856, 1877 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain returned to Quebec on 22 May 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as Lieutenant General of New France, along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of governor. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as \"our governor\". On 18 August 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at Trois-Rivières. He also began an offensive against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or \"brought to reason\".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Last return, and last years working in Quebec", "target_page_ids": [ 3892446, 324998, 247035, 384160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 144 ], [ 208, 216 ], [ 617, 631 ], [ 647, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain had a severe stroke in October 1635, and died on 25 December, leaving no immediate heirs. Jesuit records state he died in the care of his friend and confessor Charles Lallemant.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death and burial", "target_page_ids": [ 625404, 16083, 4148295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 29 ], [ 100, 106 ], [ 169, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although his will (drafted on 17 November 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène Boullé, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death and burial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Samuel de Champlain was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. Unfortunately, this small building, along with many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist anymore: his exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death and burial", "target_page_ids": [ 762883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 560, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer Louise Penny's 2010 novel, Bury Your Dead.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death and burial", "target_page_ids": [ 18799507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who was a prominent figure in many parts of Acadia, Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. Memorialized as the \"Father of New France\" and \"Father of Acadia\", his historic significance endures in modern times. Lake Champlain, which straddles the border between northern New York and Vermont, extending slightly across the border into Canada, was named by him, in 1609, when he led an expedition along the Richelieu River, exploring a long, narrow lake situated between the Green Mountains of present-day Vermont and the Adirondack Mountains of present-day New York. The first European to map and describe it, Champlain claimed the lake as his namesake.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 128607, 22218, 7954867, 8210131, 32578, 128607, 18201, 8210131, 32578, 276832, 521031, 32578, 54980, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 112 ], [ 114, 121 ], [ 123, 129 ], [ 131, 139 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 212, 218 ], [ 272, 286 ], [ 332, 340 ], [ 345, 352 ], [ 467, 482 ], [ 535, 550 ], [ 566, 573 ], [ 582, 602 ], [ 618, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Memorials include:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lake Champlain, Champlain Valley, the Champlain Trail Lakes.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 18201, 967263, 3997072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 33 ], [ 39, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain Sea: a past inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in North America, over the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay, and the Richelieu rivers, to over Lake Champlain, which inlet disappeared many thousands years before Champlain was born.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30873796, 45948, 189555, 276832, 18201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 78, 90 ], [ 96, 104 ], [ 114, 123 ], [ 140, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain Mountain, Acadia National Park – which he first observed in 1604.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 62671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A town and village in New York, as well as a township in Ontario and a municipality in Quebec.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 259710, 259709, 424276, 12356650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 7 ], [ 12, 19 ], [ 46, 65 ], [ 72, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The provincial electoral district of Champlain, Quebec, and several defunct electoral districts elsewhere in Canada.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 11190246, 7954867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ], [ 49, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park, a provincial park in northern Ontario near the town of Mattawa.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4701465, 2612960, 2080240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ], [ 40, 55 ], [ 93, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain Bridge, which connects the island of Montreal to Brossard, Quebec across the St. Lawrence.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 61225323, 73277, 731915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 38, 56 ], [ 60, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain Bridge, which connects the cities of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2590714, 22219, 100709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 48, 54 ], [ 68, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain College, one of six colleges at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, is named in his honour.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 261859, 223578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 59 ], [ 63, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fort Champlain, a dormitory at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario; named in his honour in 1965, it houses the 10th cadet squadron.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 317328, 364114, 114562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 28 ], [ 36, 68 ], [ 72, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A French school in Saint John, New Brunswick; École Champlain, an elementary school in Moncton, New Brunswick and one in Brossard; Champlain College, in Burlington, Vermont; and Champlain Regional College, a CEGEP with three campuses in Quebec.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 28866, 19857, 731915, 533081, 67258, 431942, 189187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 45 ], [ 88, 110 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 132, 149 ], [ 154, 173 ], [ 179, 205 ], [ 209, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marriott Château Champlain hotel, in Montreal.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2912749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Quebec, Shawinigan, the city of Dieppe in the province of New Brunswick, in Plattsburgh, and no less than eleven communities in northwestern Vermont.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 573458, 170916, 259718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 73 ], [ 87, 93 ], [ 131, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A garden called Jardin Samuel-de-Champlain in Paris, France.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A memorial statue on Cumberland Avenue in Plattsburgh, New York on the shores of Lake Champlain in a park named for Champlain.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 259718, 18201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 64 ], [ 82, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A memorial statue in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada in Queen Square that commemorates his discovery of the Saint John River.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 28866, 529173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 47 ], [ 111, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A memorial statue in Isle La Motte, Vermont, on the shore of Lake Champlain.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 137338, 18201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 44 ], [ 62, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The lighthouse at Crown Point, New York features a statue of Champlain by Carl Augustus Heber.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 17725, 126431, 5761113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 15 ], [ 19, 40 ], [ 75, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A commemorative stamp issue in May 2006 jointly by the United States Postal Service and Canada Post.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 318418, 50591, 179241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 22 ], [ 56, 84 ], [ 89, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A statue in Ticonderoga, New York, unveiled in 2009 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Champlain's exploration of Lake Champlain.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 126447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A statue in Orillia, Ontario at Couchiching Beach Park on Lake Couchiching. This statue was removed by Parks Canada, and is not likely to be returned, as it incorporated offensive depictions of First Nations peoples.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 180484, 981770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 20 ], [ 59, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " HMCS Champlain (1919), a S class destroyer that served in the Royal Canadian Navy from 1928 to 1936.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5739558, 293382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 63, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " HMCS Champlain, a Canadian Forces Naval Reserve division based in Chicoutimi, Quebec since activation in 1985.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 13648999, 26058869, 184442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 19, 48 ], [ 67, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain Place, a shopping centre located in Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada. ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4417353, 170916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 47, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Champlain Society, a Canadian historical and text publication society, chartered in 1927.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 43892277, 10849474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 22 ], [ 50, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A memorial statue in Ottawa at Nepean Point, by Hamilton MacCarthy. The statue depicts Champlain holding an astrolabe (upside-down, as it happens). It did previously include an \"Indian Scout\" kneeling at its base. In the 1990s, after lobbying by Indigenous people, it was removed from the statue's base, renamed and placed as \"Anishinaabe Scout\" in Major's Hill Park.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 22219, 35971627, 1105972, 931293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 28 ], [ 49, 67 ], [ 328, 339 ], [ 350, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These are works that were written by Champlain:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite (first French publication 1870, first English publication 1859 as Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 (first French publication 1604, first English publication 1625)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Voyages de la Nouvelle-France (first French publication 1632)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier (first French publication 1632)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notes and references", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Citations", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notes and references", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Note: Mathieu d'Avignon (Ph.D. in history, Laval University, 2006) is an affiliate researcher into the University of Quebec at Chicoutimi Research Group on History. He is preparing a special new full edition, in modern French, of Champlain's Voyages in New France.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notes and references", "target_page_ids": [ 352708, 1018556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 61 ], [ 105, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dix, Edwin Asa. (1903). Champlain, the Founder of New France, IndyPublish ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morison, Samuel Eliot, (1972). Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France Little Brown, ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From Marcel Trudel: Champlain, Samuel de (at The Canadian Encyclopedia)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 350558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Champlain in Acadia", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biography at the Museum of Civilization", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "They Didn't Name That Lake for Nothing, Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, October 31, 2008", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dead Reckoning – Champlain in America, PBS documentary 2009", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "World Digital Library presentation of Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridienor Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France. Library of Congress. Primary source portolan style chart on vellum with summary description, image with enhanced view and zoom features, text to speech capability. French. Links to related content. Content available as TIF. One of the major cartographic resources, this map offers the first thorough delineation of the New England and Canadian coasts from Cape Sable to Cape Cod.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 3225920, 18944081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 204, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A book from 1603 of Champlain's first voyage to New France from the World Digital Library", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 3225920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Inquiry", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " From Samuel de Champlain: Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France... (1632) (at Rare Book Room)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 10017808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Baptismal parish register, August 13, 1574, protestant temple Saint.Yon, La Rochelle", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(in French) Digitized copy of Champlain's Des Sauvages from the John Carter Brown Library", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 10124637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 89 ] ] } ]

[ "Samuel_de_Champlain", "French_explorers_of_North_America", "French_explorers", "French_geographers", "Governors_of_New_France", "French_people_in_New_France", "17th-century_explorers", "16th-century_births", "1635_deaths", "People_from_Charente-Maritime", "17th_century_in_Quebec", "Explorers_of_Canada", "Explorers_of_the_United_States", "Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)", "Quebec_City", "17th-century_Canadian_politicians", "French_city_founders" ]

[ "Samuel Champlain" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A sifaka (; ) is a lemur of the genus Propithecus from the family Indriidae within the order Primates. The name of their family is an onomatopoeia of their characteristic \"shi-fak\" alarm call. Like all lemurs, they are found only on the island of Madagascar. All species of sifakas are threatened, ranging from endangered to critically endangered.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 477917, 38493, 14544, 61763, 22984, 22529, 18964, 478706, 20110668, 7451605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 25 ], [ 33, 38 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 88, 93 ], [ 94, 101 ], [ 135, 147 ], [ 248, 258 ], [ 287, 297 ], [ 312, 322 ], [ 326, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sifakas are medium-sized indrids with a head and body length of and a weight of . Their tail is just as long as their body, which differentiates them from the Indri. Their fur is long and silky, with coloration varying by species from yellowish-white to blackish-brown. Their round, hairless face is always black. As with all lemurs, the sifaka has special adaptations for grooming, including a toilet-claw on its second toe and a toothcomb.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Anatomy and physiology", "target_page_ids": [ 77895, 530013, 19078817, 18802137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 165 ], [ 375, 383 ], [ 397, 408 ], [ 433, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sifakas move by vertical clinging and leaping, meaning they maintain an upright position leaping from tree trunk to tree trunk and moving along branches. They are skillful climbers and powerful jumpers, able to make leaps up to from one tree to the next. On the ground, they move like all indrids, with bipedal, sideways hopping movements of the hind legs, holding their fore limbs up for balance. Sifakas are diurnal and arboreal. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Anatomy and physiology", "target_page_ids": [ 3104473, 12773567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 411, 418 ], [ 423, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sifakas are herbivores, eating leaves, flowers, and fruits. When not searching for food, they spend a good part of the day sunbathing, stretched on the branches. Sifakas live in larger groups than the other indrids (up to 13 animals). They have a firm territory, which they mark with scent glands. Edges of different sifaka territories can overlap. Though they defend their territory from invasion by others of their species, they may peacefully co-exist with other lemur species such as the red-bellied lemur and the common brown lemur. Successful invasions are known to result in death of male members, group takeover, and infanticide.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Anatomy and physiology", "target_page_ids": [ 44568, 2952611, 12516340, 15474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 21 ], [ 493, 510 ], [ 519, 537 ], [ 626, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Predators of the sifaka include the fossa, a puma-like mammal native to Madagascar, and aerial hunters such as hawks. The sifaka usually avoids these attacks with its agile acrobatics through the trees high above the ground. However, they have been known to attack by biting and scratching and have even been witnessed fighting off a Madagascar ground boa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Anatomy and physiology", "target_page_ids": [ 1965396, 4818928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 41 ], [ 334, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A four- to five-month gestation period ends with the birth of a single offspring in July. The young holds fast to the mother's belly when small, but then later is carried on her back. Young are weaned after about six months and reach full maturity at the age of two to three years. The life expectancy of the sifakas is up to 20 years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Anatomy and physiology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Family Indriidae", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 14544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Genus Indri", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 77895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Genus Avahi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 477460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Genus Propithecus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " P. diadema group", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Diademed sifaka, P. diadema", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 5488111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Milne-Edwards's sifaka, P. edwardsi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 29815227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Silky sifaka, P. candidus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 17236408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Perrier's sifaka, P. perrieri", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 17513328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " P. verreauxi group", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coquerel's sifaka, P. coquereli", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 9022611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Verreaux's sifaka, P. verreauxi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 1206627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Von der Decken's sifaka, P. deckenii", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 17513633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crowned sifaka, P. coronatus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 17513871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Golden-crowned sifaka, P. tattersalli", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 9025199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Primate Info Net Propithecus Factsheets", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New York Academy of Sciences Podcast", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Geographic's Sifaka page", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Sifakas", "Taxa_named_by_Edward_Turner_Bennett" ]

[ "Propithecus" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918– September 17, 1996) was the 39th vice president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second vice president to resign the position, the other being John C. Calhoun in 1832. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 52110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 108 ], [ 231, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew was born in Baltimore to a Greek immigrant father and an American mother. He attended Johns Hopkins University and graduated from the University of Baltimore School of Law. He worked as an aide to U.S. Representative James Devereux before he was appointed to the Baltimore County Board of Zoning Appeals in 1957. In 1962, he was elected Baltimore County Executive. In 1966, Agnew was elected Governor of Maryland, defeating his Democratic opponent George P. Mahoney and independent candidate Hyman A. Pressman.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138, 42056, 38420, 8996789, 19468510, 3216012, 47727, 1649637, 101141, 5043544, 12389711, 15773033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 33, 38 ], [ 92, 116 ], [ 140, 177 ], [ 203, 222 ], [ 223, 237 ], [ 269, 285 ], [ 343, 369 ], [ 398, 418 ], [ 434, 444 ], [ 454, 471 ], [ 498, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Richard Nixon asked Agnew to place his name in nomination, and named him as running mate. Agnew's centrist reputation interested Nixon; the law and order stance he had taken in the wake of civil unrest that year appealed to aides such as Pat Buchanan. Agnew made a number of gaffes during the campaign, but his rhetoric pleased many Republicans, and he may have made the difference in several key states. Nixon and Agnew defeated the Democratic ticket of incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey and his running mate, Senator Edmund Muskie. As vice president, Agnew was often called upon to attack the administration's enemies. In the years of his vice presidency, Agnew moved to the right, appealing to conservatives who were suspicious of moderate stances taken by Nixon. In the presidential election of 1972, Nixon and Agnew were re-elected for a second term, defeating Senator George McGovern and his running mate Sargent Shriver in one of the largest landslides in American history.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1867194, 25473, 1630932, 168890, 42636, 307962, 40568, 62896, 234508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 42 ], [ 44, 57 ], [ 184, 197 ], [ 282, 294 ], [ 524, 539 ], [ 570, 583 ], [ 825, 854 ], [ 925, 940 ], [ 962, 977 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1973, Agnew was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on suspicion of criminal conspiracy, bribery, extortion and tax fraud. Agnew took kickbacks from contractors during his time as Baltimore County Executive and Governor of Maryland. The payments had continued into his time as vice president; they had nothing to do with the Watergate scandal, in which he was not implicated. After months of maintaining his innocence, Agnew pleaded no contest to a single felony charge of tax evasion and resigned from office. Nixon replaced him with House Republican leader Gerald Ford. Agnew spent the remainder of his life quietly, rarely making public appearances. He wrote a novel and a memoir; both defended his actions. Agnew died at his home of undiagnosed acute leukemia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1066769, 35545035, 52382, 21746, 2256795, 5030380, 18539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 90 ], [ 173, 182 ], [ 364, 381 ], [ 472, 482 ], [ 512, 523 ], [ 598, 609 ], [ 794, 802 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spiro Agnew's father was born Theophrastos Anagnostopoulos in about 1877, in the Greek town of Gargalianoi. The family may have been involved in olive growing and been impoverished during a crisis in the industry in the 1890s. Anagnostopoulos emigrated to the United States in 1897 (some accounts say 1902) and settled in Schenectady, New York, where he changed his name to Theodore Agnew and opened a diner. A passionate self-educator, Agnew maintained a lifelong interest in philosophy; one family member recalled that \"if he wasn't reading something to improve his mind, he wouldn't read.\" Around 1908, he moved to Baltimore, where he purchased a restaurant. Here he met William Pollard, who was the city's federal meat inspector. The two became friends; Pollard and his wife Margaret were regular customers of the restaurant. After Pollard died in April 1917, Agnew and Margaret Pollard began a courtship which led to their marriage on December 12, 1917. Spiro Agnew was born 11 months later, on November 9, 1918.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1080128, 55412, 269067, 55728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 106 ], [ 322, 343 ], [ 402, 407 ], [ 710, 732 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margaret Pollard, born Margaret Marian Akers in Bristol, Virginia, in 1883, was the youngest in a family of 10 children. As a young adult she moved to Washington, D.C., and found employment in various government offices before marrying Pollard and moving to Baltimore. The Pollards had one son, Roy, who was 10 years old when Pollard died. After the marriage to Agnew in 1917 and Spiro's birth the following year, the new family settled in a small apartment at 226 West Madison Street, near downtown Baltimore.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 91346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In accordance with his mother's wishes, the infant Spiro was baptized as an Episcopalian, rather than into the Greek Orthodox Church of his father. Nevertheless, Agnew senior was the dominant figure within the family, and a strong influence on his son. When in 1969, after his vice presidential inauguration, Baltimore's Greek community endowed a scholarship in Theodore Agnew's name, Spiro Agnew told the gathering: \"I am proud to say that I grew up in the light of my father. My beliefs are his.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1214, 224731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 88 ], [ 111, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the early 1920s, the Agnews prospered. Theodore acquired a larger restaurant, the Piccadilly, and moved the family to a house in the Forest Park northwest section of the city, where Spiro attended Garrison Junior High School and later Forest Park High School. This period of affluence ended with the crash of 1929, and the restaurant closed. In 1931, the family's savings were wiped out when a local bank failed, forcing them to sell the house and move to a small apartment. Agnew later recalled how his father responded to these misfortunes: \"He just shrugged it off and went to work with his hands without complaint.\" Theodore Agnew sold fruit and vegetables from a roadside stall, while the youthful Spiro helped the family's budget with part-time jobs, delivering groceries and distributing leaflets. As he grew up, Spiro was increasingly influenced by his peers, and began to distance himself from his Greek background. He refused his father's offer to pay for Greek language lessons, and preferred to be known by a nickname, \"Ted\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 11505744, 11761651, 157649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 151 ], [ 242, 265 ], [ 307, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1937, Agnew entered Johns Hopkins University at their new Homewood campus in north Baltimore as a chemistry major. After a few months, he found the pressure of the academic work increasingly stressful, and was distracted by the family's continuing financial problems and worries about the international situation, in which war seemed likely. In 1939 he decided that his future lay in law rather than chemistry, left Johns Hopkins and began night classes at the University of Baltimore School of Law. To support himself, he took a day job as an insurance clerk with the Maryland Casualty Company at their \"Rotunda\" building on 40th Street in Roland Park.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 29675501, 2249444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 78 ], [ 653, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the three years Agnew spent at the company he rose to the position of assistant underwriter. At the office, he met a young filing clerk, Elinor Judefind, known as \"Judy\". She had grown up in the same part of the city as Agnew, but the two had not previously met. They began dating, became engaged, and were married in Baltimore on May 27, 1942. They had four children; Pamela Lee, James Rand, Susan Scott, and Elinor Kimberly.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 6514039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time of the marriage, Agnew had been drafted into the United States Army. Shortly after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he began basic training at Camp Croft in South Carolina. There, he met people from a variety of backgrounds: \"I had led a very sheltered life—I became unsheltered very quickly.\" Eventually, Agnew was sent to the Officer Candidate School at Fort Knox in Kentucky, and on May 24, 1942—three days before his wedding—he was commissioned as a second lieutenant.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "War and after", "target_page_ids": [ 1029446, 60098, 12317196, 68685105, 27956, 1877122, 76436, 16846, 201930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ], [ 99, 121 ], [ 149, 163 ], [ 167, 177 ], [ 181, 195 ], [ 352, 376 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 393, 401 ], [ 478, 495 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After a two-day honeymoon, Agnew returned to Fort Knox. He served there, or at nearby Fort Campbell, for nearly two years in a variety of administrative roles, before being sent to England in March 1944 as part of the pre-D-Day build-up. He remained on standby in Birmingham until late in the year, when he was posted to the 54th Armored Infantry Battalion in France as a replacement officer. After briefly serving as a rifle platoon leader, Agnew commanded the battalion's service company. The battalion became part of 10th Armored Combat Command \"B\", which saw action in the Battle of the Bulge, including the Siege of Bastogne—in all, \"thirty-nine days in the hole of the doughnut\", as one of Agnew's men put it. Thereafter, the 54th Battalion fought its way into Germany, seeing action at Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Crailsheim, before reaching Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria as the war concluded. Agnew returned home for discharge in November 1945, having been awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge and the Bronze Star.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "War and after", "target_page_ids": [ 638423, 252854, 13882056, 8634343, 57998, 886493, 99627, 46743, 2678292, 412433, 586926, 765126, 4972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 99 ], [ 222, 227 ], [ 264, 274 ], [ 325, 356 ], [ 577, 596 ], [ 612, 629 ], [ 793, 801 ], [ 803, 813 ], [ 819, 829 ], [ 847, 869 ], [ 927, 936 ], [ 979, 1003 ], [ 1012, 1023 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On return to civilian life, Agnew resumed his legal studies, and secured a job as a law clerk with the Baltimore firm of Smith and Barrett. Until now, Agnew had been largely non-political; his nominal allegiance had been to the Democratic Party, following his father's beliefs. The firm's senior partner, Lester Barrett, advised Agnew that if he wanted a career in politics, he should become a Republican. There were already many ambitious young Democrats in Baltimore and its suburbs, whereas competent, personable Republicans were scarcer. Agnew took Barrett's advice; on moving with family to the suburb of Lutherville in 1947, Agnew registered as a Republican, though he did not immediately become involved in politics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "War and after", "target_page_ids": [ 1660748, 26997138, 5043544, 32070, 5439978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 93 ], [ 103, 112 ], [ 228, 244 ], [ 394, 404 ], [ 610, 621 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1947, Agnew graduated with a Bachelor of Laws and passed the bar examination in Maryland. He started a law practice in downtown Baltimore, but was not successful, and took a job as an insurance investigator. A year later, Agnew moved to Schreiber's, a supermarket chain, where his role was store detective. He remained there for four years, a period briefly interrupted in 1951 by a recall to the Army after the outbreak of the Korean War. Agnew resigned from Schreiber's in 1952, and resumed his legal practice, specializing in labour law.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "War and after", "target_page_ids": [ 299903, 64637601, 18858, 2553895, 51862, 16772, 18657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 48 ], [ 64, 79 ], [ 83, 91 ], [ 187, 209 ], [ 255, 272 ], [ 431, 441 ], [ 532, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955, Barrett was appointed a judge in Towson, the county seat of Baltimore. Agnew moved his office there; at the same time, he moved his family from Lutherville to Loch Raven. There, he led a typical suburban lifestyle, serving as president of the local school district's Parent-Teacher Association, joining Kiwanis, and participating in a range of social and community activities. Historian William Manchester summed up Agnew in those days: \"His favorite musician was Lawrence Welk. His leisure interests were all : watching the Baltimore Colts on television, listening to Mantovani, and reading the sort of prose the Reader's Digest liked to condense. He was a lover of order and an almost compulsive conformist.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "War and after", "target_page_ids": [ 116362, 51509, 11505082, 392734, 397670, 377332, 58576, 35582076, 1679653, 465434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 48 ], [ 54, 65 ], [ 168, 178 ], [ 276, 302 ], [ 312, 319 ], [ 396, 414 ], [ 473, 486 ], [ 534, 549 ], [ 578, 587 ], [ 623, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew made his first bid for political office in 1956, when he sought to be a Republican candidate for Baltimore County Council. He was turned down by local party leaders, but nevertheless campaigned vigorously for the Republican ticket. The election resulted in an unexpected Republican majority on the council, and in recognition for his party work, Agnew was appointed for a one-year term to the county Zoning Board of Appeals at a salary of $3,600 per year. This quasi-judicial post provided an important supplement to his legal practice, and Agnew welcomed the prestige connected with the appointment. In April 1958, he was reappointed to the Board for a full three-year term and became its chairman.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [ 2847102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 467, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the November 1960 elections, Agnew decided to seek election to the county circuit court, against the local tradition that sitting judges seeking re-election were not opposed. He was unsuccessful, finishing last of five candidates. This failed attempt raised his profile, and he was regarded by his Democratic opponents as a Republican on the rise. The 1960 elections saw the Democrats win control of the county council, and one of their first actions was to remove Agnew from the Zoning Appeals Board. According to Agnew's biographer, Jules Witcover, \"The publicity generated by the Democrats' crude dismissal of Agnew cast him as the honest servant wronged by the machine.\" Seeking to capitalize on this mood, Agnew asked to be nominated as the Republican candidate in the 1962 U.S. Congressional elections, in Maryland's 2nd congressional district. The party chose the more experienced J. Fife Symington, but wanted to take advantage of Agnew's local support. He accepted their invitation to run for county executive, the county's chief executive officer, a post which the Democrats had held since 1895.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [ 23892828, 11489764, 3275166, 14791715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 90 ], [ 538, 552 ], [ 815, 852 ], [ 891, 908 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew's chances in 1962 were boosted by a feud in the Democrat ranks, as the retired former county executive, Michael Birmingham, fell out with his successor and defeated him in the Democratic primary. By contrast with his elderly opponent, Agnew was able to campaign as a \"White Knight\" promising change; his program included an anti-discrimination bill requiring public amenities such as parks, bars and restaurants be open to all races, policies that neither Birmingham nor any Maryland Democrat could have introduced at that time without angering supporters. In the November election, despite an intervention by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson on Birmingham's behalf, Agnew beat his opponent by 78,487 votes to 60,993. When Symington lost to Democrat Clarence Long in his congressional race, Agnew became the highest-ranking Republican in Maryland.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [ 54533, 2025760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 631, 648 ], [ 756, 769 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew's four-year term as county executive saw a moderately progressive administration, which included the building of new schools, increases to teachers' salaries, reorganization of the police department, and improvements to the water and sewer systems. His anti-discrimination bill passed, and gave him a reputation as a liberal, but its impact was limited in a county where the population was 97 percent white. His relations with the increasingly militant civil rights movement were sometimes troubled. In a number of desegregation disputes involving private property, Agnew appeared to prioritize law and order, showing a particular aversion to any kind of demonstration. His reaction to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Alabama, in which four children died, was to refuse to attend a memorial service at a Baltimore church, and to denounce a planned demonstration in support of the victims.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [ 49001, 341043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 459, 480 ], [ 696, 730 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As county executive, Agnew was sometimes criticized for being too close to rich and influential businessmen, and was accused of cronyism after bypassing the normal bidding procedures and designating three of his Republican friends as the county's insurance brokers of record, ensuring them large commissions. Agnew's standard reaction to such criticisms was to display moral indignation, denounce his opponents' \"outrageous distortions\", deny any wrongdoing and insist on his personal integrity; tactics which, Cohen and Witcover note, were to be seen again as he defended himself against the corruption allegations that ended his vice presidency.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1964 presidential election, Agnew was opposed to the Republican frontrunner, the conservative Barry Goldwater, initially supporting the moderate California senator Thomas Kuchel, a candidacy that, Witcover remarks, \"died stillborn\". After the failure of moderate Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton's candidacy at the party convention, Agnew gave his reluctant support to Goldwater, but privately opined that the choice of so extremist a candidate had cost the Republicans any chance of victory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Beginnings in public life", "target_page_ids": [ 40566, 4792, 864389, 1429354, 1800787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 33 ], [ 101, 116 ], [ 171, 184 ], [ 292, 308 ], [ 328, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As his four-year term as executive neared its end, Agnew knew that his chances of re-election were slim, given that the county's Democrats had healed their rift. Instead, in 1966 he sought the Republican nomination for governor, and with the backing of party leaders won the April primary by a wide margin.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Democratic party, three candidates—a moderate, a liberal and an outright segregationist—battled for their party's gubernatorial nomination, which to general surprise was won by the segregationist George P. Mahoney, a perennially unsuccessful candidate for office. Mahoney's candidacy split his party, provoking a third-party candidate, Comptroller of Baltimore City Hyman A. Pressman. In Montgomery County, the state's wealthiest area, a \"Democrats for Agnew\" organization flourished, and liberals statewide flocked to the Agnew standard. Mahoney, a fierce opponent of integrated housing, exploited racial tensions with the slogan: \"Your Home is Your Castle. Protect it!\" Agnew painted him as the candidate of the Ku Klux Klan, and said voters must choose \"between the bright, pure, courageous flame of righteousness and the fiery cross\". In the November election Agnew, helped by 70 percent of the black vote, beat Mahoney by 455,318 votes (49.5percent) to 373,543, with Pressman taking 90,899 votes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 56231, 43482, 16779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 134 ], [ 395, 412 ], [ 721, 733 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the campaign, it emerged that Agnew had failed to report three alleged attempts to bribe him that had been made on behalf of the slot-machine industry, involving sums of $20,000, $75,000 and $200,000, if he would promise not to veto legislation keeping the machines legal in Southern Maryland. He justified his silence on the grounds that no actual offer had been made: \"Nobody sat down in front of me with a suitcase of money.\" Agnew was also criticized over his part-ownership of land close to the site of a planned, but never-built second bridge over Chesapeake Bay. Opponents claimed a conflict of interest, since some of Agnew's partners in the venture were simultaneously involved in business deals with the county. Agnew denied any conflict or impropriety, saying that the property involved was outside Baltimore County and his jurisdiction. Nevertheless, he sold his interest.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 1222685, 59473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 298 ], [ 560, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew's term as governor was marked by an agenda which included tax reform, clean water regulations, and the repeal of laws against interracial marriage. Community health programs were expanded, as were higher educational and employment opportunities for those on low incomes. Steps were taken towards ending segregation in schools. Agnew's fair housing legislation was limited, applying only to new projects above a certain size. These were the first such laws passed south of the Mason–Dixon line. Agnew's attempt to adopt a new state constitution was rejected by the voters in a referendum.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 29930118, 82334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 353 ], [ 482, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the most part, Agnew remained somewhat aloof from the state legislature, preferring the company of businessmen. Some of these had been associates in his county executive days, such as Lester Matz and Walter Jones, who had been among the first to encourage him to seek the governorship. Agnew's close ties to the business community were noted by officials in the state capital of Annapolis: \"There always seemed to be people around him who were in business.\" Some suspected that, while not himself corrupt, he \"allowed himself to be used by the people around him.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 57839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 383, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew publicly supported civil rights, but deplored the militant tactics used by some black leaders. During the 1966 election, his record had won him the endorsement of Roy Wilkins, leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In mid-1967, racial tension was rising nationally, fueled by black discontent and an increasingly assertive civil rights leadership. Several cities exploded in violence, and there were riots in Cambridge, Maryland, after an incendiary speech there on July 24, 1967, by radical student leader H. Rap Brown. Agnew's principal concern was to maintain law and order, and he denounced Brown as a professional agitator, saying, \"I hope they put him away and throw away the key.\" When the Kerner Commission, appointed by President Johnson to investigate the causes of the unrest, reported that the principal factor was institutional white racism, Agnew dismissed these findings, blaming the \"permissive climate and misguided compassion\" and adding: \"It is not the centuries of racism and deprivation that have built to an explosive crescendo, but... that lawbreaking has become a socially acceptable and occasionally stylish form of dissent\". In March 1968, when faced with a student boycott at Bowie State College, a historically black institution, Agnew again blamed outside agitators and refused to negotiate with the students. When a student committee came to Annapolis and demanded a meeting, Agnew closed the college and ordered more than 200 arrests.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 1070488, 25624937, 116411, 84717, 259351, 498816, 363831, 56550591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 180 ], [ 196, 254 ], [ 458, 477 ], [ 556, 568 ], [ 746, 763 ], [ 1252, 1271 ], [ 1275, 1305 ], [ 1326, 1343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, there was widespread rioting and disorder across the US. The trouble reached Baltimore on April 6, and for the next three days and nights the city burned. Agnew declared a state of emergency and called out the National Guard. When order was restored there were six dead, more than 4,000 were under arrest, the fire department had responded to 1,200 fires, and there had been widespread looting. On April 11, Agnew summoned more than 100 moderate black leaders to the state capitol, where instead of the expected constructive dialogue he delivered a speech roundly castigating them for their failure to control more radical elements, and accused them of a cowardly retreat or even complicity. One of the delegates, the Rev. Sidney Daniels, rebuked the governor: \"Talk to us like we are ladies and gentlemen\", he said, before walking out. Others followed him; the remnant was treated to further accusations as Agnew rejected all socio-economic explanations for the disturbances. Many white suburbanites applauded Agnew's speech: over 90 percent of the 9,000 responses by phone, letter or telegram supported him, and he won tributes from leading Republican conservatives such as Jack Williams, governor of Arizona, and former senator William Knowland of California. To members of the black community the April 11 meeting was a turning point. Having previously welcomed Agnew's stance on civil rights, they now felt betrayed, one state senator observing: \"He has sold us out ... he thinks like George Wallace, he talks like George Wallace\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)", "target_page_ids": [ 21189400, 36474617, 37988, 534010, 1349513, 759334, 259897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 53 ], [ 93, 113 ], [ 282, 296 ], [ 539, 552 ], [ 1248, 1261 ], [ 1303, 1319 ], [ 1562, 1576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At least until the April 1968 disturbances, Agnew's image was that of a liberal Republican. Since 1964 he had supported the presidential ambitions of Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York, and early in 1968, with that year's elections looming, he became chairman of the \"Rockefeller for President\" citizens' committee. When in a televised speech on March 21, 1968, Rockefeller shocked his supporters with an apparently unequivocal withdrawal from the race, Agnew was dismayed and humiliated; despite his very public role in the Rockefeller campaign, he had received no advance warning of the decision. He took this as a personal insult and as a blow to his credibility.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 19283265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within days of Rockefeller's announcement, Agnew was being wooed by supporters of the former vice president Richard Nixon, whose campaign for the Republican nomination was well under way. Agnew had no antagonism towards Nixon, and in the wake of Rockefeller's withdrawal had indicated that Nixon might be his \"second choice\". When the two met in New York on March 29 they found an easy rapport. Agnew's words and actions after the April disturbances in Baltimore delighted conservative members of the Nixon camp such as Pat Buchanan, and also impressed Nixon. When on April 30 Rockefeller re-entered the race, Agnew's reaction was cool. He commended the governor as potentially a \"formidable candidate\" but did not commit his support: \"A lot of things have happened since his withdrawal... I think I've got to take another look at this situation\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 23891212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In mid-May, Nixon, interviewed by David Broder of The Washington Post, mentioned the Maryland governor as a possible running mate. As Agnew continued to meet with Nixon and with the candidate's senior aides, there was a growing impression that he was moving into the Nixon camp. At the same time, Agnew denied any political ambitions beyond serving his full four-year term as governor.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 915720, 102226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ], [ 50, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Nixon prepared for the August 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, he discussed possible running mates with his staff. Among these were Ronald Reagan, the conservative Governor of California; and the more liberal Mayor of New York City, John Lindsay. Nixon felt that these high-profile names could split the party, and looked for a less divisive figure. He did not indicate a preferred choice, and Agnew's name was not raised at this stage. Agnew was intending to go to the convention with his Maryland delegation as a favorite son, uncommitted to any of the main candidates.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 109449, 25433, 62517, 206327, 279089, 359763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 83 ], [ 154, 167 ], [ 186, 208 ], [ 231, 253 ], [ 255, 267 ], [ 537, 549 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the convention, held August 5–8, Agnew abandoned his favorite son status, placing Nixon's name in nomination. Nixon narrowly secured the nomination on the first ballot. In the discussions that followed about a running mate, Nixon kept his counsel while various party factions thought they could influence his choice: Strom Thurmond, the senator from South Carolina, told a party meeting that he held a veto on the vice presidency. It was evident that Nixon wanted a centrist, though there was little enthusiasm when he first proposed Agnew, and other possibilities were discussed. Some party insiders thought that Nixon had privately settled on Agnew early on, and that the consideration of other candidates was little more than a charade. On August 8, after a final meeting of advisers and party leaders, Nixon declared that Agnew was his choice, and shortly afterwards announced his decision to the press. Delegates formally nominated Agnew for the vice presidency later that day, before adjourning.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 44642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his acceptance speech, Agnew told the convention he had \"a deep sense of the improbability of this moment\". Agnew was not yet a national figure, and a widespread reaction to the nomination was \"Spiro who?\" In Atlanta, three pedestrians gave their reactions to the name when interviewed on television: \"It's some kind of disease\"; \"It's some kind of egg\"; \"He's a Greek that owns that shipbuilding firm.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 3138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1968, the Nixon-Agnew ticket faced two principal opponents. The Democrats, at a convention marred by violent demonstrations, had nominated Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Maine Senator Edmund Muskie as their standard-bearers. The segregationist former Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, ran as a third-party candidate, and was expected to do well in the Deep South. Nixon, mindful of the restrictions he had labored under as Dwight Eisenhower's running mate in 1952 and 1956, was determined to give Agnew a much freer rein and to make it clear his running mate had his support. Agnew could also usefully play an \"attack dog\" role, as Nixon had in 1952.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 42627, 42636, 307962, 1286, 259897, 401342, 8182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 93 ], [ 157, 172 ], [ 191, 204 ], [ 258, 277 ], [ 279, 293 ], [ 362, 372 ], [ 434, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, Agnew played the centrist, pointing to his civil rights record in Maryland. As the campaign developed, he quickly adopted a more belligerent approach, with strong law-and-order rhetoric, a style which alarmed the party's Northern liberals but played well in the South. John Mitchell, Nixon's campaign manager, was impressed, some other party leaders less so; Senator Thruston Morton described Agnew as an \"asshole\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 84570, 840838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 293 ], [ 378, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout September, Agnew was in the news, generally as a result of what one reporter called his \"offensive and sometimes dangerous banality\". He used the derogatory term \"Polack\" to describe Polish-Americans, referred to a Japanese-American reporter as \"the fat Jap\", and appeared to dismiss poor socio-economic conditions by stating that \"if you've seen one slum you've seen them all.\" He attacked Humphrey as soft on communism, an appeaser like Britain's prewar prime minister Neville Chamberlain. Agnew was mocked by his Democratic opponents; a Humphrey commercial displayed the message \"Agnew for Vice President?\" against a soundtrack of prolonged hysterical laughter that degenerated into a painful cough, before a final message: \"This would be funny if it weren't so serious...\" Agnew's comments outraged many, but Nixon did not rein him in; such right-wing populism had a strong appeal in the Southern states and was an effective counter to Wallace. Agnew's rhetoric was also popular in some Northern areas, and helped to galvanize \"white backlash\" into something less racially defined, more attuned to the suburban ethic defined by historian Peter B. Levy as \"orderliness, personal responsibility, the sanctity of hard work, the nuclear family, and law and order\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 21453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 482, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late October, Agnew survived an exposé in The New York Times that questioned his financial dealings in Maryland, with Nixon denouncing the paper for \"the lowest kind of gutter politics\". In the election on November 5, the Republicans were victorious, with a narrow popular vote plurality – 500,000 out of a total of 73million votes cast. The Electoral College result was more decisive: Nixon 301, Humphrey 191 and Wallace 46. The Republicans narrowly lost Maryland, but Agnew was credited by pollster Louis Harris with helping his party to victory in several border and Upper South states that might easily have fallen to Wallace – South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky – and with bolstering Nixon's support in suburbs nationally. Had Nixon lost those five states, he would have had only the minimum number of electoral votes needed, 270, and any defection by an elector would have thrown the election to the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Vice presidential candidate (1968)", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 6506535, 427798, 8152135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 63 ], [ 504, 516 ], [ 562, 568 ], [ 573, 584 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Immediately after the 1968 election, Agnew was still uncertain what Nixon would expect of him as vice president. He met with Nixon several days after the election in Key Biscayne, Florida. Nixon, vice president himself for eight years under Eisenhower, wanted to spare Agnew the boredom and lack of a role he had sometimes experienced in that office. Nixon initially gave Agnew an office in the West Wing of the White House, a first for a vice president, although in December 1969 it was given to deputy assistant Alexander Butterfield and Agnew had to move to an office in the Executive Office Building. When they stood before the press after the meeting, Nixon pledged that Agnew would not have to undertake the ceremonial roles usually undertaken by the holders of the vice presidency, but would have \"new duties beyond what any vice president has previously assumed\". Nixon told the press that he planned to make full use of Agnew's experience as county executive and as governor in dealing with matters of federal-state relations and in urban affairs.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 109444, 645101, 2266416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 187 ], [ 514, 535 ], [ 578, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon established transition headquarters in New York, but Agnew was not invited to meet with him there until November 27, when the two met for an hour. When Agnew spoke to reporters afterwards, he stated that he felt \"exhilarated\" with his new responsibilities, but did not explain what those were. During the transition period, Agnew traveled extensively, enjoying his new status. He vacationed on St. Croix, where he played a round of golf with Humphrey and Muskie. He went to Memphis for the 1968 Liberty Bowl, and to New York to attend the wedding of Nixon's daughter Julie to David Eisenhower. Agnew was a fan of the Baltimore Colts; in January, he was the guest of team owner Carroll Rosenbloom at Super Bowl III, and watched Joe Namath and the New York Jets upset the Colts, 16–7. There was as yet no official residence for the vice president, and Spiro and Judy Agnew secured a suite at the Sheraton Hotel in Washington formerly occupied by Johnson while vice president. Only one of their children, Kim, the youngest daughter, moved there with them, the others remaining in Maryland.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 229431, 15999251, 567736, 1780698, 3526974, 28975, 285712, 9976582, 32934216, 54533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 400, 409 ], [ 496, 513 ], [ 573, 578 ], [ 582, 598 ], [ 683, 701 ], [ 705, 719 ], [ 733, 743 ], [ 752, 765 ], [ 900, 914 ], [ 950, 957 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the transition, Agnew hired a staff, choosing several aides who had worked with him as county executive and as governor. He hired Charles Stanley Blair as chief of staff; Blair had been a member of the House of Delegates and served as Maryland Secretary of State under Agnew. Arthur Sohmer, Agnew's long-time campaign manager, became his political advisor, and Herb Thompson, a former journalist, became press secretary.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 21805505, 36887966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 158 ], [ 283, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew was sworn in along with Nixon on January 20, 1969; as was customary, he sat down immediately after being sworn in, and did not make a speech. Soon after the inauguration, Nixon appointed Agnew as head of the Office of Intergovernmental Relations, to head government commissions such as the National Space Council and assigned him to work with state governors to bring down crime. It became clear that Agnew would not be in the inner circle of advisors. The new president preferred to deal directly with only a trusted handful, and was annoyed when Agnew tried to call him about matters Nixon deemed trivial. After Agnew shared his opinions on a foreign policy matter in a cabinet meeting, an angry Nixon sent Bob Haldeman to warn Agnew to keep his opinions to himself. Nixon complained that Agnew had no idea how the vice presidency worked, but did not meet with Agnew to share his own experience of the office. Herb Klein, director of communications in the Nixon White House, later wrote that Agnew had allowed himself to be pushed around by senior aides such as Haldeman and John Mitchell, and that Nixon's \"inconsistent\" treatment of Agnew had left the vice president exposed.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 54112755, 18716701, 144113, 18101333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 251 ], [ 296, 318 ], [ 715, 727 ], [ 918, 928 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew's pride had been stung by the negative news coverage of him during the campaign, and he sought to bolster his reputation by assiduous performance of his duties. It had become usual for the vice president to preside over the Senate only if he might be needed to break a tie, but Agnew opened every session for the first two months of his term, and spent more time presiding, in his first year, than any vice president since Alben Barkley, who held that role under Harry S. Truman. The first postwar vice president not to have previously been a senator, he took lessons in Senate procedures from the Parliamentarian and from a Republican committee staffer. He lunched with small groups of senators, and was initially successful in building good relations. Although silenced on foreign policy matters, he attended White House staff meetings and spoke on urban affairs; when Nixon was present, he often presented the perspective of the governors. Agnew earned praise from the other members when he presided over a meeting of the White House Domestic Council in Nixon's absence but, like Nixon during Eisenhower's illnesses, did not sit in the president's chair. Nevertheless, many of the commission assignments Nixon gave Agnew were sinecures, with the vice president only formally the head.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 92221, 3418303, 5626083, 248322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 429, 442 ], [ 469, 484 ], [ 600, 619 ], [ 1235, 1243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The public image of Agnew as an uncompromising critic of the violent protests that had marked 1968 persisted into his vice presidency. At first, he tried to take a more conciliatory tone, in line with Nixon's own speeches after taking office. Still, he urged a firm line against violence, stating in a speech in Honolulu on May 2, 1969, that \"we have a new breed of self-appointed vigilantes arising—the counterdemonstrators—taking the law into their own hands because officials fail to call law enforcement authorities. We have a vast faceless majority of the American public in quiet fury over the situation—and with good reason.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On October 14, 1969, the day before the anti-war Moratorium, North Vietnamese premier Pham Van Dong released a letter supporting demonstrations in the United States. Nixon resented this, but on the advice of his aides, thought it best to say nothing, and instead had Agnew give a press conference at the White House, calling upon the Moratorium protesters to disavow the support of the North Vietnamese. Agnew handled the task well, and Nixon tasked Agnew with attacking the Democrats generally, while remaining above the fray himself. This was analogous to the role Nixon had performed as vice president in the Eisenhower White House; thus Agnew was dubbed \"Nixon's Nixon\". Agnew had finally found a role in the Nixon administration, one he enjoyed.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 2157962, 80074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 59 ], [ 86, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon had Agnew deliver a series of speeches attacking their political opponents. In New Orleans on October 19, Agnew blamed liberal elites for condoning violence by demonstrators: \"a spirit of national masochism prevails, encouraged by an effete corps of impudent snobs who characterize themselves as intellectuals\". The following day, in Jackson, Mississippi, Agnew told a Republican dinner, \"for too long the South has been the punching bag for those who characterize themselves as liberal intellectuals... their course is a course that will ultimately weaken and erode the very fiber of America.\" Denying Republicans had a Southern Strategy, Agnew stressed that the administration and Southern whites had much in common, including the disapproval of the elites. Levy argued that such remarks were designed to attract Southern whites to the Republican Party to help secure the re-election of Nixon and Agnew in 1972, and that Agnew's rhetoric \"could have served as the blueprint for the culture wars of the next twenty-to-thirty years, including the claim that Democrats were soft on crime, unpatriotic, and favored flag burning rather than flag waving\". The attendees at the speeches were enthusiastic, but other Republicans, especially from the cities, complained to the Republican National Committee that Agnew's attacks were overbroad.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 16167, 454963, 326350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 340, 360 ], [ 627, 644 ], [ 1276, 1305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the wake of these remarks, Nixon delivered his Silent Majority speech on November 3, 1969, calling on \"the great silent majority of my fellow Americans\" to support the administration's policy in Vietnam. The speech was well received by the public, but less so by the press, who strongly attacked Nixon's allegations that only a minority of Americans opposed the war. Nixon speechwriter Pat Buchanan penned a speech in response, to be delivered by Agnew on November 13 in Des Moines, Iowa. The White House worked to assure the maximum exposure for Agnew's speech, and the networks covered it live, making it a nationwide address, a rarity for vice presidents. According to Witcover, \"Agnew made the most of it\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 88270, 9163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 65 ], [ 474, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, the press had enjoyed considerable prestige and respect to that point, though some Republicans complained of bias. But in his Des Moines speech, Agnew attacked the media, complaining that immediately after Nixon's speech, \"his words and policies were subjected to instant analysis and querulous criticism... by a small band of network commentators and self-appointed analysts, the majority of whom expressed in one way or another their hostility to what he had to say... It was obvious that their minds were made up in advance.\" Agnew continued, \"I am asking whether a form of censorship already exists when the news that forty million Americans receive each night is determined by a handful of men... and filtered through a handful of commentators who admit their own set of biases\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew thus put into words feelings that many Republicans and conservatives had long felt about the news media. Television network executives and commentators responded with outrage. Julian Goodman, president of NBC, stated that Agnew had made an \"appeal to prejudice... it is regrettable that the Vice President of the United States should deny to TV freedom of the press\". Frank Stanton, head of CBS, accused Agnew of trying to intimidate the news media, and his news anchor, Walter Cronkite, agreed. The speech was praised by conservatives from both parties, and gave Agnew a following among the right. Agnew deemed the Des Moines speech one of his finest moments", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 2883768, 21780, 788240, 37653, 167289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 196 ], [ 211, 214 ], [ 374, 387 ], [ 397, 400 ], [ 477, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 20 in Montgomery, Alabama, Agnew reinforced his earlier speech with an attack on The New York Times and The Washington Post, again originated by Buchanan. Both papers had enthusiastically endorsed Agnew's candidacy for governor in 1966 but had castigated him as unfit for the vice presidency two years later. The Post in particular had been hostile to Nixon since the Hiss case in the 1940s. Agnew accused the papers of sharing a narrow viewpoint alien to most Americans. Agnew alleged that the newspapers were trying to circumscribe his First Amendment right to speak of what he believed, while demanding unfettered freedom for themselves, and warned, \"the day when the network commentators and even the gentlemen of The New York Times enjoyed a form of diplomatic immunity from comment and criticism of what they said is over.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 57690, 86348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 380, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Montgomery, Nixon sought a détente with the media, and Agnew's attacks ended. Agnew's approval rating soared to 64 percent in late November, and the Times called him \"a formidable political asset\" to the administration. The speeches gave Agnew a power base among conservatives, and boosted his presidential chances for the 1976 election.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew's attacks on the administration's opponents, and the flair with which he made his addresses, made him popular as a speaker at Republican fundraising events. He traveled over on behalf of the Republican National Committee in early 1970, speaking at a number of Lincoln Day events, and supplanted Reagan as the party's leading fundraiser. Agnew's involvement had Nixon's strong support. In his Chicago speech, the vice president attacked \"supercilious sophisticates\", while in Atlanta, he promised to continue speaking out lest he break faith with \"the Silent Majority, the everyday law-abiding American who believes his country needs a strong voice to articulate his dissatisfaction with those who seek to destroy our heritage of liberty and our system of justice\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 1427422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew continued to try to increase his influence with Nixon, against the opposition of Haldeman, who was consolidating his power as the second most powerful person in the administration. Agnew was successful in being heard at an April 22, 1970, meeting of the National Security Council. An impediment to Nixon's plan for Vietnamization of the war in Southeast Asia was increasing Viet Cong control of parts of Cambodia, beyond the reach of South Vietnamese troops and used as sanctuaries. Feeling that Nixon was getting overly dovish advice from Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, Agnew stated that if the sanctuaries were a threat, they should be attacked and neutralized. Nixon chose to attack the Viet Cong positions in Cambodia, a decision that had Agnew's support, and that he remained convinced was correct after his resignation.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 44026, 418338, 68286, 400858, 80225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 285 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 565, 582 ], [ 608, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The continuing student protests against the war brought Agnew's scorn. In a speech on April 28 in Hollywood, Florida, Agnew stated that responsibility of the unrest lay with those who failed to guide them, and suggested that the alumni of Yale University fire its president, Kingman Brewster. The Cambodia incursion brought more demonstrations on campus, and on May 3, Agnew went on Face the Nation to defend the policy. Reminded that Nixon, in his inaugural address, had called for the lowering of voices in political discourse, Agnew commented, \"When a fire takes place, a man doesn't run into the room and whisper... he yells, 'Fire!' and I am yelling 'Fire!' because I think 'Fire!' needs to be called here\". The Kent State shootings took place the following day, but Agnew did not tone down his attacks on demonstrators, alleging that he was responding to \"a general malaise that argues for violent confrontation instead of debate\". Nixon had Haldeman tell Agnew to avoid remarks about students; Agnew strongly disagreed and stated that he would only refrain if Nixon directly ordered it.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 34273, 357072, 461212, 11134596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 254 ], [ 275, 291 ], [ 383, 398 ], [ 717, 737 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon's agenda had been impeded by the fact that Congress was controlled by Democrats and he hoped to take control of the Senate in the 1970 midterm elections. Worried that Agnew was too divisive a figure, Nixon and his aides initially planned to restrict Agnew's role to fundraising and the giving of a standard stump speech that would avoid personal attacks. The president believed that appealing to white, middle- and lower-class voters on social issues would lead to Republican victories in November. He planned not to do any active campaigning, but to remain above the fray and let Agnew campaign as spokesman for the Silent Majority.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On September 10 in Springfield, Illinois, speaking on behalf of Republican Senator Ralph Smith, Agnew began his campaign, which would be noted for harsh rhetoric and memorable phrases. Agnew attacked the \"pusillanimous pussyfooting\" of the liberals, including those in Congress, who Agnew said cared nothing for the blue- and white-collar workers, the \"Forgotten Man of American politics\". Addressing the California Republican Convention in San Diego, Agnew targeted \"the nattering nabobs of negativism. They have formed their own 4-H Club—the 'Hopeless, Hysterical, Hypochondriacs of History'.\" He warned that candidates of any party who espoused radical views should be voted out, a reference to New York Senator Charles Goodell, who was on the ballot that November, and who opposed the Vietnam War. Believing that the strategy was working, Nixon met with Agnew at the White House on September 24, and urged him to continue.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 57706, 2824690, 34741295, 392754, 1178163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 40 ], [ 83, 94 ], [ 482, 487 ], [ 531, 539 ], [ 715, 730 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon wanted to get rid of Goodell, a Republican who had been appointed by Governor Rockefeller after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, and who had shifted considerably to the left while in office. Goodell could be sacrificed as there was a Conservative Party candidate, James Buckley, who might win the seat. Nixon did not want to be seen as engineering the defeat of a fellow Republican, and did not have Agnew go to New York until after Nixon left on a European trip, hoping Agnew would be perceived as acting on his own. After dueling long-distance with Goodell over the report of the Scranton Commission on campus violence (Agnew considered it too permissive), Agnew gave a speech in New York in which, without naming names, he made it clear he supported Buckley. That Nixon was behind the machinations did not remain secret long, as both Agnew and Nixon adviser Murray Chotiner disclosed it; Goodell stated he still believed he had Nixon's support. Although it was by then deemed unlikely the Republicans could gain control of the Senate, both Nixon and Agnew went on the campaign trail for the final days before the election. The outcome was disappointing: Republicans gained only two seats in the Senate, and lost eleven governorships. For Agnew, one bright spot was Goodell's defeat by Buckley in New York, but he was disappointed when his former chief of staff, Charles Blair, failed to unseat Governor Marvin Mandel, Agnew's successor and a Democrat, in Maryland.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 21131596, 635592, 871727, 15756401, 7771428, 1096973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 140 ], [ 247, 265 ], [ 277, 290 ], [ 595, 614 ], [ 874, 889 ], [ 1419, 1432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Through 1971, it was uncertain if Agnew would be retained on the ticket as Nixon sought a second term in 1972. Neither Nixon nor his aides were enamored of Agnew's independence and outspokenness, and were less than happy at Agnew's popularity among conservatives suspicious of Nixon. The President considered replacing him with Treasury Secretary John Connally, a Democrat and former Governor of Texas. For his part, Agnew was unhappy with many of Nixon's stances, especially in foreign policy, disliking Nixon's rapprochement with China (on which Agnew was not consulted) and believing that the Vietnam War could be won with sufficient force. Even after Nixon announced his re-election bid at the start of 1972, it was unclear if Agnew would be his running mate, and it was not until July 21 that Nixon asked Agnew and the vice president accepted. A public announcement was made the following day.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 300265, 214883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 347, 360 ], [ 384, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon instructed Agnew to avoid personal attacks on the press and the Democratic presidential nominee, South Dakota Senator George McGovern, to stress the positives of the Nixon administration, and not to comment on what might happen in 1976. At the 1972 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Agnew was greeted as a hero by delegates who saw him as the party's future. After being nominated for a second term, Agnew delivered an acceptance speech focused on the administration's accomplishments, and avoided his usual slashing invective, but he condemned McGovern for supporting busing, and alleged that McGovern, if elected, would beg the North Vietnamese for the return of American prisoners of war. The Watergate break-in was a minor issue in the campaign; for once, Agnew's exclusion from Nixon's inner circle worked in his favor, as he knew nothing of the matter until reading of it in the press, and upon learning from Jeb Magruder that administration officials were responsible for the break-in, cut off discussion of the matter. He viewed the break-in as foolish, and felt that both major parties routinely spied on each other. Nixon had instructed Agnew not to attack McGovern's initial running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, and after Eagleton withdrew amid revelations concerning past mental health treatment, Nixon renewed those instructions for former ambassador Sargent Shriver, who had become the new candidate for vice president.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 62896, 2769398, 353942, 52382, 295799, 291836, 234508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 139 ], [ 250, 285 ], [ 588, 594 ], [ 715, 724 ], [ 934, 946 ], [ 1236, 1251 ], [ 1394, 1409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon took the high road in the campaign, but still wanted McGovern attacked for his positions, and the task fell in part to Agnew. The vice president told the press he was anxious to discard the image he had earned as a partisan campaigner in 1968 and 1970, and wanted to be perceived as conciliatory. He defended Nixon on Watergate, and when McGovern alleged that the Nixon administration was the most corrupt in history, made a speech in South Dakota, describing McGovern as a \"desperate candidate who can't seem to understand that the American people don't want a philosophy of defeat and self-hate put upon them\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The race was never close, as the McGovern/Shriver ticket's campaign was effectively over before it even began, and the Nixon/Agnew ticket won 49 states and over 60 percent of the vote in gaining re-election; Massachusetts and the District of Columbia being alone in the Nixon/Agnew ticket not carrying them. Trying to position himself as the front-runner for 1976, Agnew campaigned widely for Republican candidates, something Nixon would not do. Despite Agnew's efforts, Democrats easily held both houses of Congress, gaining two seats in the Senate, though the Republicans gained twelve in the House.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1972, George Beall, the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland, opened an investigation of corruption in Baltimore County, involving public officials, architects, engineering firms, and paving contractors. Beall's target was the current political leadership in Baltimore County. There were rumors that Agnew might be involved, which Beall initially discounted; Agnew had not been county executive since December 1966, so any wrongdoing potentially committed while he held that office could not be prosecuted because the statute of limitations had expired. As part of the investigation, Lester Matz's engineering firm was served with a subpoena for documents, and through his counsel he sought immunity in exchange for cooperation in the investigation. Matz had been kicking back to Agnew five percent of the value of contracts received through his influence, first county contracts during his term in Towson, and subsequently state contracts while Agnew was governor.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 52923160, 26917, 559856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 542, 564 ], [ 657, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Investigative reporters and Democratic operatives had pursued rumors that Agnew had been corrupt during his years as a Maryland official, but they had not been able to substantiate them. In February 1973, Agnew heard of the investigation and had Attorney General Richard Kleindienst contact Beall. The vice president's personal attorney, George White, visited Beall, who stated that Agnew was not under investigation, and that prosecutors would do their best to protect Agnew's name. In June, Matz's attorney disclosed to Beall that his client could show that Agnew not only had been corrupt, but that payments to him had continued into his vice presidency. The statute of limitations would not prevent Agnew from being prosecuted for these later payments. On July 3, Beall informed the new Attorney General, Elliot Richardson. At the end of the month Nixon, through his chief of staff, Alexander Haig, was informed. Agnew had already met with both Nixon and Haig to assert his innocence. On August 1, Beall sent a letter to Agnew's attorney, formally advising that the vice president was under investigation for tax fraud and corruption. Matz was prepared to testify that he had met with Agnew at the White House and given him $10,000 in cash Another witness, Jerome B. Wolff, head of Maryland's road commission, had extensive documentation that detailed, as Beall put it, \"every corrupt payment he participated in with then-Governor Agnew\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 803968, 324039, 212934, 80140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 263, 282 ], [ 809, 826 ], [ 871, 885 ], [ 887, 901 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richardson, whom Nixon had ordered to take personal responsibility for the investigation, met with Agnew and his attorneys on August 6 to outline the case, but Agnew denied culpability, saying the selection of Matz's firm had been routine, and the money campaign contributions. The story broke in The Wall Street Journal later that day. Agnew publicly proclaimed his innocence and on August 8 held a press conference at which he called the stories \"damned lies\". Nixon, at a meeting on August 7, assured Agnew of his complete confidence, but Haig visited Agnew at his office and suggested that if the charges could be sustained, Agnew might want to take action prior to his indictment. By this time, the Watergate investigation that would lead to Nixon's resignation was well advanced, and for the next two months, fresh revelations in each scandal were almost daily fare in the newspapers.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 173070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under increasing pressure to resign, Agnew took the position that a sitting vice president could not be indicted and met with Speaker of the House Carl Albert on September 25, asking for an investigation. He cited as precedent an 1826 House investigation of Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was alleged to have taken improper payments while a cabinet member. Albert, second in line to the presidency under Agnew, responded that it would be improper for the House to act in a matter before the courts. Agnew also filed a motion to block any indictment on the grounds that he had been prejudiced by improper leaks from the Justice Department, and tried to rally public opinion, giving a speech before a friendly audience in Los Angeles asserting his innocence and attacking the prosecution. Nevertheless, Agnew entered into negotiations for a plea bargain on the condition that he would not serve jail time. He wrote in his memoirs that he entered the plea bargain because he was worn out from the extended crisis, to protect his family, and because he feared he could not get a fair trial. He made his decision on October 5, and plea negotiations took place over the following days. On October 9, Agnew visited Nixon at the White House and informed the President of his impending resignation.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 265831, 52110, 23476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 158 ], [ 273, 288 ], [ 844, 856 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded nolo contendere (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three years' unsupervised probation. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Vice presidency (1969–1973)", "target_page_ids": [ 21746, 13765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 102 ], [ 456, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after his resignation, Agnew moved to his summer home at Ocean City. To cover urgent tax and legal bills, and living expenses, he borrowed $200,000 (~$1.3 million in 2022) from his friend Frank Sinatra. He had hoped he could resume a career as a lawyer, but in 1974, the Maryland Court of Appeals disbarred him, calling him \"morally obtuse\". To earn his living, he founded a business consultancy, Pathlite Inc., which in the following years attracted a widespread international clientele. One deal concerned a contract for the supply of uniforms to the Iraqi Army, involving negotiations with Saddam Hussein and Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 116633, 11181, 1089553, 29490, 49562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 72 ], [ 193, 206 ], [ 276, 301 ], [ 598, 612 ], [ 617, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew pursued other business interests: an unsuccessful land deal in Kentucky, and an equally fruitless partnership with golfer Doug Sanders over a beer distributionship in Texas. In 1976 he published a novel, The Canfield Decision, about an American vice president's troubled relationship with his president. The book received mixed reviews, but was commercially successful, with Agnew receiving $100,000 for serialization rights alone. The book landed Agnew in controversy; his fictional counterpart, George Canfield, refers to \"Jewish cabals and Zionist lobbies\" and their hold over the American media, a charge which Agnew, while on a book tour, asserted was true in real life. This brought complaints from Seymour Graubard, of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, and a rebuke from President Ford, then campaigning for re-election. Agnew denied any antisemitism or bigotry: \"My contention is that routinely the American news media ... favors the Israeli position and does not in a balanced way present the other equities\". Also in 1976, Agnew announced that he was establishing a charitable foundation \"Education for Democracy\", but nothing more was heard of this after B'nai B'rith accused it of being a front for Agnew's anti-Israeli views. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 901190, 218593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 140 ], [ 762, 774 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1977 Agnew was wealthy enough to move to a new home at The Springs Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California, and shortly afterwards to repay the Sinatra loan. That year, in a series of televised interviews with British TV host David Frost, Nixon claimed that he had had no direct role in the processes that had led to Agnew's resignation and implied that his vice president had been hounded by the liberal media: \"He made mistakes ... but I do not think for one minute that Spiro Agnew consciously felt that he was violating the law\". ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 107941, 20647153, 399078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 111 ], [ 177, 209 ], [ 231, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1980, Agnew wrote to Fahd bin Abdulaziz, at the time Crown Prince and de facto Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia, claiming that he had been bled dry by attacks on him by Zionists, whom he blamed for forcing him out of office. He requested an interest-free three-year loan of $2 million, to be deposited in a Swiss bank account, on which the interest would be available to Agnew. He stated that he would use the funds to \"continue my effort to inform the American people of their (i.e., Zionists') control of the media and other influential sectors of American society.\" He also congratulated the crown prince on his call for jihad against Israel, whose declaration of Jerusalem as its capital he characterized as \"the final provocation\". A month later he thanked the crown prince for giving him \"the resources to continue the battle against the Zionist community here in the U.S.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 301839, 349303, 16203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ], [ 100, 112 ], [ 625, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1980, Agnew published a memoir, Go Quietly ... or Else. In it, he protested his total innocence of the charges that had brought his resignation. His assertions of innocence were undermined when his former lawyer George White testified that his client had admitted statehouse bribery to him, saying it had been going on \"for a thousand years\". Agnew also made a new claim: that he resigned because he had been warned by White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig to \"go quietly\" or face an unspoken threat of possible assassination. Haig denied the story, saying that it was \"preposterous\", and the Agnew aide who supposedly reported this warning to Agnew also denied it, saying there was \"never any threat of bodily harm\". Agnew biographer Joseph P. Coffey describes the claim as \"absurd\". ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 80140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 449, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the publication of Go Quietly, Agnew largely disappeared from public view. In a rare TV interview in 1980, he advised young people not to go into politics because too much was expected of those in high public office. Students of Professor John F. Banzhaf III from the George Washington University Law School found three residents of the state of Maryland willing to put their names on a case that sought to have Agnew repay the state $268,482, the amount it was said he had taken in bribes, including interest and penalties, as a public employee. In 1981, a judge ruled that \"Mr. Agnew had no lawful right to this money under any theory,\" and ordered him to pay the state $147,500 for the kickbacks and $101,235 in interest. After two unsuccessful appeals by Agnew, he finally paid the sum in 1983. In 1989, Agnew applied unsuccessfully for this sum to be treated as tax-deductible.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 1754505, 1878671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 265 ], [ 275, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnew also was briefly in the news in 1987, when as the plaintiff in Federal District Court in Brooklyn, he revealed information about his then-recent business activities through his company, Pathlite, Inc. Among other activities, Agnew arranged contracts in Taiwan and Saudi Arabia, and represented a conglomerate based in South Korea, a German aircraft manufacturer, a French company that made uniforms, and a dredging company from Greece. He also represented the Hoppmann Corporation, an American company attempting to arrange for communications work in Argentina. He also discussed with local businessmen a potential concert by Frank Sinatra in Argentina. Agnew wrote in court papers \"I have one utility, and that's the ability to penetrate to the top people.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 47384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the remainder of his life, Agnew kept distant from news media and Washington politics. Stating he felt \"totally abandoned\", Agnew declined to take any and all phone calls from President Nixon. When Nixon died in 1994, his daughters invited Agnew to attend the funeral at Yorba Linda, California. At first he refused, still bitter over how he had been treated by the White House in his final days as vice president; over the years he had rejected various overtures from the Nixon camp to mend fences. He was persuaded to accept the invitation, and received a warm welcome there from his former colleagues. \"I decided after twenty years of resentment to put it aside\", he said. A year later, Agnew appeared at the Capitol in Washington for the dedication of a bust of him, to be placed with those of other vice presidents. Agnew commented: \"I am not blind or deaf to the fact that some people feel that ... the Senate by commissioning this bust is giving me an honor I don't deserve. I would remind these people that ... this ceremony has less to do with Spiro Agnew than with the office I held\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 107841, 25004018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 286 ], [ 793, 823 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 16, 1996, Agnew collapsed at his summer home in Ocean City, Maryland. He was taken to Atlantic General Hospital in Berlin, Maryland, where he died the following evening. The cause of death was undiagnosed acute leukemia. Agnew remained fit and active into his seventies, playing golf and tennis regularly, and was scheduled to play tennis with a friend on the day of his death. The funeral, at Timonium, Maryland, was mainly confined to family; Buchanan and some of Agnew's former Secret Service detail also attended to pay their final respects. In recognition of his service as vice president, an honor guard of the combined military services fired a 21-gun salute at the graveside. Agnew's wife Judith survived him by 16 years, dying at Rancho Mirage on June 20, 2012.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)", "target_page_ids": [ 116630, 18539, 1109658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 144 ], [ 224, 232 ], [ 407, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of his death, Agnew's legacy was perceived largely in negative terms. The circumstances of his fall from public life, particularly in the light of his declared dedication to law and order, did much to engender cynicism and distrust towards politicians of every stripe. His disgrace led to a greater degree of care in the selection of potential vice presidents. Most of the running mates selected by the major parties after 1972 were seasoned politicians—Walter Mondale, George H. W. Bush, Lloyd Bentsen, Al Gore, Jack Kemp, Joe Lieberman, Dick Cheney and Joe Biden—some of whom themselves became their party's nominee for president.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 42172, 11955, 299257, 5042706, 16200, 74456, 5058628, 145422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 466, 480 ], [ 482, 499 ], [ 501, 514 ], [ 516, 523 ], [ 525, 534 ], [ 536, 549 ], [ 551, 562 ], [ 567, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some recent historians have seen Agnew as important in the development of the New Right, arguing that he should be honored alongside the acknowledged founding fathers of the movement such as Goldwater and Reagan; Victor Gold, Agnew's former press secretary, considered him the movement's \"John the Baptist\". Goldwater's crusade in 1964, at the height of Johnsonian liberalism, came too early, but by the time of Agnew's election, liberalism was on the wane, and as Agnew moved to the right after 1968, the country moved with him. Agnew's fall shocked and saddened conservatives, but it did not inhibit the growth of the New Right. Agnew, the first suburban politician to achieve high office, helped to popularize the view that much of the national media was controlled by elitist and effete liberals. Levy noted that Agnew \"helped recast the Republicans as a Party of 'Middle Americans' and, even in disgrace, reinforced the public's distrust of government.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 333245, 22672762, 16125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ], [ 213, 224 ], [ 289, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For Agnew himself, despite his rise from his origins in Baltimore to next in line to the presidency, \"there could be little doubt that history's judgment was already upon him, the first Vice President of the United States to have resigned in disgrace. All that he achieved or sought to achieve in his public life... had been buried in that tragic and irrefutable act\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Levy sums up the \"might-have-been\" of Agnew's career thus:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is not a far stretch to imagine that if Agnew had contested corruption charges half as hard as Nixon denied culpability for Watergate – as Goldwater and several other stalwart conservatives wanted him to – today we might be speaking of Agnew-Democrats and Agnewnomics, and deem Agnew the father of modern conservatism.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " FBI files on Spiro Agnew", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Papers of Spiro T. Agnew at the University of Maryland Libraries", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prosecution's summary of the evidence against Agnew", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1918_births", "1968_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates", "1972_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates", "1996_deaths", "20th-century_American_memoirists", "20th-century_American_novelists", "20th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States", "Anti-Zionism_in_the_United_States", "American_government_officials_convicted_of_crimes", "American_people_convicted_of_tax_crimes", "American_politicians_of_Greek_descent", "American_politicians_convicted_of_bribery", "American_Episcopalians", "Baltimore_County_Executives", "Burials_at_Dulaney_Valley_Memorial_Gardens", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_Maryland", "Deaths_from_leukemia", "Disbarred_American_lawyers", "Episcopalians_from_Maryland", "Governors_of_Maryland", "Greek_Protestants", "Johns_Hopkins_University_alumni", "Lawyers_from_Baltimore", "Maryland_lawyers", "Maryland_politicians_convicted_of_crimes", "Maryland_Republicans", "Military_personnel_from_Baltimore", "Nixon_administration_cabinet_members", "Nixon_administration_controversies", "People_from_Rancho_Mirage,_California", "People_from_Towson,_Maryland", "Politicians_from_Baltimore", "Republican_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees", "Republican_Party_state_governors_of_the_United_States", "Republican_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States", "Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign", "United_States_Army_officers", "United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II", "University_of_Baltimore_School_of_Law_alumni", "Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" ]

[ "Spiro T. Agnew", "Spiro Theodore Agnew" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Battle of Mohács (; , or Mohaç Savaşı) was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary and its allies, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania. Further, the death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to the House of Habsburg.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2592753, 879716, 46209, 22278, 26992, 1041515, 6258616, 34960337, 13824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 84 ], [ 86, 104 ], [ 174, 182 ], [ 201, 215 ], [ 224, 248 ], [ 356, 373 ], [ 383, 411 ], [ 488, 508 ], [ 569, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the death of the absolutist King Matthias Corvinus in 1490, the Hungarian magnates, who did not want another heavy-handed king, procured the accession of the notoriously weak-willed King Vladislaus of Bohemia, who reigned as King Vladislaus II of Hungary from 1490 to 1516. He was known as King Dobře (or Dobzse in Hungarian orthography), meaning \"all right\", for his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and document laid before him. The freshly-elected King Vladislaus II donated most of the Hungarian royal estates, régales, and royalties to the nobility. Thus the king tried to stabilize his new reign and preserve his popularity among the magnates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 67366, 272105, 416853, 21756351, 4345, 15252728, 305567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ], [ 39, 56 ], [ 80, 87 ], [ 193, 203 ], [ 207, 214 ], [ 541, 547 ], [ 554, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given the naive fiscal and land policy of the royal court, the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal lands at royal expense. The noble estate of the parliament succeeded in reducing their tax burden by 70–80%, at the expense of the country's ability to defend itself. Vladislaus became the magnates' helpless \"prisoner\"; he could make no decision without their consent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The standing mercenary army (the Black Army) of Matthias Corvinus was dissolved by the aristocracy. The magnates also dismantled the national administration systems and bureaucracy throughout the country. The country's defenses sagged as border-guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken; social progress was deadlocked. The arrival of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 11302663, 25814008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 43 ], [ 506, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1514, the weakened and old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by John Zápolya. After the Dózsa Rebellion, the brutal suppression of the peasants greatly aided the 1526 Turkish invasion as the Hungarians were no longer a politically united people. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman pre-eminence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1076695, 998432, 558193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 100 ], [ 138, 144 ], [ 153, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Louis II of Hungary married Mary of Habsburg in 1522. The Ottomans saw this Jagiellonian-Habsburg marital alliance as a threat to their power in the Balkans and worked to break it. After Suleiman I came to power in Constantinople in 1520, the High Porte made the Hungarians at least one and possibly two offers of peace. For unclear reasons, Louis refused. It is possible that Louis was well aware of Hungary's situation (especially after the Ottomans defeated Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) and the Polish-Ottoman peace from 1525) and believed that war was a better option than peace. Even in peacetime, the Ottomans raided Hungarian lands and conquered small territories (with border castles), but a final battle still offered Louis a glimmer of hope. Accordingly, another Ottoman–Hungarian war ensued, and in June 1526 an Ottoman expedition advanced up the Danube.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 879852, 4829, 26992, 226898, 1003888, 14439289, 21209639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 49 ], [ 154, 161 ], [ 192, 202 ], [ 248, 258 ], [ 480, 499 ], [ 790, 811 ], [ 875, 881 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 1500s, Vladislav II (ruled 1490–1516), Louis II and Croatian nobles repeatedly asked Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I for help, but during Maximilian's reign, assistance for Hungary remained a plan. After the first chain of fortresses fell however, assessing the threat to his own provinces, Archduke Ferdinand (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) made a significant effort to help his brother-in-law. When Nándorfehérvár was being sieged, he summoned his estates and proposed sending troops to Hungary. In the end, 2,000 German infantry troops were sent. From 1522 to the 1526 defeat at Mohács, field troops from Austria frequently arrived but were not placed into fortresses at the border as regular garrisons yet. Even though this military aid purportedly strengthened this area of the border, it had the undesired effect of dissolving the unified leadership that the ban had held until that time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 39070, 151069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 129 ], [ 349, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alfred Kohler opines that the coordination effort attempted by Ferdinand, Mary and Louis failed because the young Hungarian king showed a lack of vigour, which was also recognized by Hungarian nobles. Mary, on the other hand, was much more decisive and vigorous, but the non-Hungarian advisors she relied on created distrust.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "King Francis I of France was defeated at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 by the troops of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 50012, 301580, 13824, 70716, 3016271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 24 ], [ 45, 60 ], [ 102, 110 ], [ 131, 140 ], [ 207, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis formed a formal Franco-Ottoman alliance with Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent as an ally against Charles V. The French-Ottoman strategic, and sometimes tactical, alliance lasted for about three centuries.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 22210511, 26992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 92 ], [ 105, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To relieve the Habsburg pressure on France, in 1525 Francis asked Suleiman to make war on the Holy Roman Empire, and the road from Turkey to the Holy Roman Empire led across Hungary. The request of the French king coincided well with the ambitions of Suleiman in Europe and gave him an incentive to attack Hungary in 1526, leading to the Battle of Mohács.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Hungarians had long opposed Ottoman expansion in southeastern Europe, but in 1521 the Turks advanced up the Danube River and took Nándorfehérvár (present-day Belgrade, Serbia) – the strongest Hungarian fortress on the Danube – and Szabács (now Šabac, Serbia). This left most of southern Hungary indefensible.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 55904, 55904, 29265, 163027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 148 ], [ 162, 170 ], [ 172, 178 ], [ 248, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The loss of Nándorfehérvár caused great alarm in Hungary, but the huge 60,000 strong royal army – led by the king, but recruited too late and too slowly – neglected to take food along. Therefore, the army disbanded spontaneously under pressure from hunger and disease without even trying to recapture Belgrade from the newly installed Turkish garrisons. In 1523, Archbishop Pál Tomori, a valiant priest-soldier, was made Captain of Southern Hungary. The general apathy that had characterized the country forced him to lean on his own bishopric revenues when he started to repair and reinforce the second line of Hungary's border defense system. Pétervárad fell to the Turks on July 15, 1526, due to the chronic lack of castle garrisons. For about 400km along the Danube between Pétervárad and Buda there was no single Hungarian town, village, or fortification of any sort.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 2995746, 224243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 375, 385 ], [ 646, 656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three years later, an Ottoman army set out from Constantinople on 16 April 1526, led by Suleiman the Magnificent personally. The Hungarian nobles, who still did not realize the magnitude of the approaching danger, did not immediately heed their King's call for troops. Eventually, the Hungarians assembled in three main units: the Transylvanian army under John Zápolya, charged with guarding the passes in the Transylvanian Alps, with between 8,000 and 13,000 men; the main army, led by Louis himself (beside numerous Spanish, German, Czech, and Serbian mercenaries); and another smaller force, commanded by the Croatian count Christoph Frankopan, numbering around 5,000 men. The Ottomans deployed the largest field artillery of the era, comprising some 300 cannons, while the Hungarians had only 85 cannons, though even this number was greater than other contemporary Western European armies deployed on the battlefields during the major conflicts of Western European powers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 3391396, 30853, 558193, 1242025, 69801, 31363726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 62 ], [ 331, 343 ], [ 356, 368 ], [ 410, 428 ], [ 612, 620 ], [ 627, 646 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The geography of the area meant that the Hungarians could not know the Ottomans' ultimate goal until the latter crossed the Balkan Mountains, and when they did, the Transylvanian and Croatian forces were farther from Buda than the Ottomans were. Contemporary historical records, though sparse, indicate that Louis preferred a plan of retreat, in effect ceding the country to Ottoman advances, rather than directly engaging the Ottoman army in open battle. The Hungarian war council – without waiting for reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania only a few days march away – made a serious tactical error by choosing the battlefield near Mohács, an open but uneven plain with some swampy marshes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 364825, 95472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 140 ], [ 217, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Ottomans had advanced toward Mohács almost unopposed. While Louis waited in Buda, they had besieged several towns (Petervarad, Ujlak, and Eszek), and crossed the Sava and Drava Rivers. At Mohács the Hungarians numbered some 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers. The only external help was a small contingent of Polish troops (1,500 soldiers and knights) led by the royal captain Lenart Gnoiński (but organized and equipped by the Papal State). The Ottoman army numbered perhaps 50,000, though some contemporary and modern-day historians put the number of the Ottoman troops at 100,000. Most of the Ottoman Balkan forces registered before this battle were described as Bosnians or Croats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [ 224243, 3491348, 149282, 587845, 149344, 393229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 129 ], [ 131, 136 ], [ 142, 147 ], [ 166, 170 ], [ 175, 180 ], [ 304, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hungarian army was arrayed to take advantage of the terrain and hoped to engage the Ottoman army piecemeal. They had the advantage that their troops were well-rested, while the Turks had just completed a strenuous march in scorching summer heat.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Preparations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hungary built up an expensive but obsolete army, structured similarly to that of King Francis I at the Battle of Pavia and mostly reliant on heavily armoured cavalrymen on barded warhorses similar to gendarmes. The Hungarian deployment for battle consisted of two lines. The first had a center of mercenary infantry and artillery and the majority of the cavalry on either flank. The second was a mix of levy infantry and cavalry. The Ottoman army was a more modern force built around artillery and the elite, musket-armed Janissaries. The remainder consisted of feudal Timarli cavalry and conscripted levies from Rumelia and the Balkans.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 50012, 301580, 2374432, 7415026, 185324, 206394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 95 ], [ 103, 118 ], [ 172, 178 ], [ 200, 209 ], [ 509, 515 ], [ 569, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the first of Suleiman's troops, the Rumelian army, advanced onto the battlefield, they were attacked and routed by Hungarian troops led by Pál Tomori. This attack by the Hungarian right caused considerable chaos among the irregular Ottoman troops, but even as the Hungarian attack pressed forward, the Ottomans rallied with the arrival of Ottoman regulars deployed from the reserves. While the Hungarian right advanced far enough at one time to place Suleiman in danger from Hungarian bullets that struck his cuirass, the superiority of the Ottoman regulars and the timely charge of the Janissaries, overwhelmed the attackers, particularly on the Hungarian left. The Hungarians took serious casualties from the skillfully handled Turkish artillery and musket volleys. The Hungarians could not hold their positions, and those who did not flee were surrounded and killed or captured. The result was catastrophic for the Hungarians, with their lines advancing into withering fire and flank attacks, and falling into the same trap that John Hunyadi had so often used successfully against the Ottomans. The king left the battlefield sometime around twilight but was thrown from his horse in a river at Csele and drowned, weighed down by his heavy armor. Some 1,000 other Hungarian nobles and leaders were also killed. It is generally accepted that more than 14,000 Hungarian soldiers were killed in the initial battle.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 296425, 2995746, 226507, 166311, 285013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 46 ], [ 142, 152 ], [ 512, 519 ], [ 590, 601 ], [ 1035, 1047 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suleiman could not believe that this small, suicidal army was all that the once powerful country could muster against him, so he waited at Mohacs for a few days before moving cautiously against Buda. On 31 August, 2,000 Hungarian prisoners were massacred as the Sultan watched from a golden throne.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The victory did not give the Ottomans the security they wanted. Buda was left undefended; only the French and Venetian ambassadors waited for the Sultan to congratulate him on his great victory. Though they entered the unguarded evacuated Buda and pillaged the castle and surroundings, they retreated soon afterwards. It was not until 1541 that the Ottomans finally captured and occupied Buda following the 1541 Siege of Buda. However, for all intents and purposes, the Battle of Mohács meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary as a unified entity. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, John Zápolya in 1526 and Ferdinand of Austria in 1527. The Ottoman occupation was contested by the Habsburg Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Vladislaus II.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 95472, 25241362, 879716, 998432, 558193, 151069, 13824, 21756351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 243 ], [ 407, 425 ], [ 520, 538 ], [ 595, 613 ], [ 648, 660 ], [ 673, 693 ], [ 747, 755 ], [ 847, 860 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bohemia fell to the Habsburgs, who also dominated the northern and western parts of Hungary and the remnants of the Kingdom of Croatia, while the Ottomans held central Hungary and suzerainty over semi-independent Transylvania. This provided the Hungarians with sufficient impetus to continue to resist the Ottoman occupation, which they did for another seventy years.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 13824, 11887947, 30853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 213, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. Despite these territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained economically more important than Austria or the Kingdom of Bohemia even at the end of the 16th century. Of Ferdinand's territories, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was at that time his largest source of revenue.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 1598647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The subsequent near constant warfare required a sustained commitment of Ottoman forces, proving a drain on resources that the largely rural and war-torn kingdom proved unable to repay. Crusader armies besieged Buda several times during the 16th century. Sultan Suleiman himself died of natural causes in Hungary during the Battle of Szigetvár in 1566. There were also two unsuccessful Ottoman sieges of Eger, which did not fall until 1596, seventy years after the Ottoman victory at Mohács. The Turks proved unable to conquer the northern and western parts of Hungary, which belonged to the Habsburg monarchs.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 599527, 419629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 342 ], [ 403, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A book on the Turkish culture was written by Georgius Bartholomaeus with information obtained from Christian troops released by the Ottomans after the battle.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mohács is seen by many Hungarians as the decisive downward turning point in the country's history, a national trauma that persists in the nation's folk memory. To indicate magnitude of bad luck at hand, Hungarians still say: \"more was lost at Mohács\" (). Hungarians view Mohács as marking the end of Hungary as an independent and powerful European nation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 9056009, 466559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 116 ], [ 147, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whilst Mohács was a decisive loss, it was the aftermath that truly put an end to fully independent Hungary. The ensuing two hundred years of near constant warfare between the two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, turned Hungary into a perpetual battlefield and its territories were split into three parts. The countryside was regularly ravaged by armies moving back and forth, in turn devastating the population. Only in the 19th century would Hungary reestablish its former boundaries; with full independence from Habsburg rule coming only after the First World War. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 387987, 4764461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 441, 482 ], [ 548, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The battlefield, beside the village of Sátorhely, became an official national historical memorial site in 1976 on the 450th anniversary of the battle. The memorial was designed by architect György Vadász. A new reception hall and exhibition building, also designed by Vadász and partially funded by the European Union, was completed in 2011.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30515548, 9317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 48 ], [ 303, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The year of battle of Mohács marks the end of Middle Ages in the Central European historiography.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Europe's Muslim Emperors", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brodarics, Istvan[Stephanus Brodericus 1480–1539]: De conflictu Hungarorum cum Turcis ad Mohacz verissima historia. 1527, Krakow [It was originally a written report for the Polish king Sigismund I.] ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Király, Béla K., and Gunther Erich Rothenberg. War and Society in East Central Europe: The fall of medieval kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526 – Buda 1541 (Brooklyn College Press, 1989).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, (Greenwood Press, 2000).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary (Cambridge UP, 2001).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568 (Osprey, 1988).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 57488566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pálosfalvi, Tamás. From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389–1526 (Brill, 2018) ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rady, Martyn. \"Rethinking Jagiełło Hungary (1490–1526).\" Central Europe 3.1 (2005): 3–18. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453 (C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Szabó, János B. \"The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results.\" in The Battle for Central Europe (Brill, 2019) pp.263–275.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "I. Szulejmán [hadi] naplói. (az 1521, 1526, 1529, 1532-ik év).[Selection of war diaries of Suleiman sultan translated from Turiksh to Hungarian] 277–363 p. In: Thúry József: Török-Magyarkori Történelmi emlekek I.Török történetírók. Budapest, 1893, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. 434 p. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Turnbull, Stephen. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 (Osprey, 2003).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Verancsics, Antal [1507–1573]: Memoria rerum que in Hungária nato rege Ludovico ultimo acciderunt, qui fuit ultimi Ladislai filius. Összes munkái között [among all of his works]: Monumenta Hungáriáé Historica Scriptores III. Közli: Szalay László. Pest. 1857", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History Foundation, Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Fall of The Medieval Kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526 – Buda 1541", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " War diary of Suleiman in 1526", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire", "Battles_involving_Hungary", "Battles_involving_Bohemia", "Battles_of_the_Ottoman–Hungarian_Wars", "Battles_involving_Serbia", "1526_in_Hungary", "Battles_involving_Poland", "Battles_involving_Bavaria", "Conflicts_in_1526", "Massacres_in_Hungary", "Ottoman_period_in_Hungary", "Battles_involving_medieval_Croatia", "Suleiman_the_Magnificent", "1526_in_the_Ottoman_Empire", "Massacres_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire", "Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" ]

[ "Battle of Mohacs" ]

[ { "plaintext": "\"Professor\" Peter Schickele (; born July 17, 1935) is an American composer, musical educator, and parodist, best known for comedy albums featuring his music, but which he presents as being composed by the fictional P. D. Q. Bach. He also hosted a long-running weekly radio program called Schickele Mix.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18960192, 336025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 106 ], [ 215, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1990 to 1993, Schickele's P. D. Q. Bach recordings earned him four consecutive wins for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 185416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele was born in Ames, Iowa, United States, to Alsatian immigrant parents. His father, Rainer Schickele (1905, Berlin – 1989, Berkeley, California), son of the writer René Schickele, was an agricultural economist teaching at Iowa State University. In 1945, Schickele's father took a position at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; then, in 1946, became chairman of the Agricultural Sciences Department at North Dakota Agricultural College (now North Dakota State University) in Fargo, North Dakota.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1298, 48129, 3354, 4860, 24908995, 14875, 268451, 339837, 128485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ], [ 52, 60 ], [ 116, 122 ], [ 131, 151 ], [ 172, 186 ], [ 230, 251 ], [ 300, 328 ], [ 463, 492 ], [ 497, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Fargo, the younger Schickele studied composition with Sigvald Thompson. He attended Fargo Central High School, graduating in 1952. He then attended Swarthmore College, graduating in 1957 with a degree in music; he was the first student at Swarthmore, and the only student in his class, to earn a music degree. He was a contemporary of Ted Nelson at Swarthmore, and he scored Nelson's experimental film, The Epiphany of Slocum Furlow. It was his first film score. He graduated from the Juilliard School in 1960 with a master's degree in musical composition.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 7864790, 145245, 31550, 176634, 47962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 73 ], [ 151, 169 ], [ 338, 348 ], [ 488, 504 ], [ 539, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele wrote music for a number of folk musicians, most notably Joan Baez, for whom he also orchestrated and arranged three albums during the mid-1960s, Noël (1966), Joan (1967), and Baptism (1968). He also composed the original score for the 1972 science fiction film Silent Running.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 10623, 50960, 2965725, 2101218, 539816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 42 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 156, 160 ], [ 169, 173 ], [ 272, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele, an accomplished bassoonist, was also a member of the chamber rock trio The Open Window, which wrote and performed music for the 1969 revue, Oh! Calcutta! and released three albums.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 4207, 776763, 23386799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 144, 149 ], [ 151, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The humorous aspect of Schickele's musical career came from his early interest in the music of Spike Jones, whose musical ensemble lampooned popular music in the 1940s and 1950s. While at Juilliard (1959), Schickele teamed with conductor Jorge Mester to present a humorous concert, which became an annual event at the college. In 1965, Schickele moved the concept to The Town Hall (New York City) and invited the public to attend; Vanguard Records released an album of that concert, and the character of \"P. D. Q. Bach\" was launched. By 1972, the concerts had become so popular that they were moved to Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 194036, 19011267, 3495562, 974897, 956552, 211237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 106 ], [ 238, 250 ], [ 367, 396 ], [ 431, 447 ], [ 602, 619 ], [ 623, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Besides composing music under his own name, Schickele has developed an elaborate parodic persona built around his studies of the fictional \"youngest and the oddest of the twenty-odd children\" of Johann Sebastian Bach, P. D. Q. Bach. Among the fictional composer's \"forgotten\" repertory supposedly \"uncovered\" by Schickele are such farcical works as The Abduction of Figaro, Canine Cantata: \"Wachet Arf!\" (S. K9), Good King Kong Looked Out, the Trite Quintet (S. 6 of 1), \"O Little Town of Hackensack\", A Little Nightmare Music, the cantata Iphigenia in Brooklyn, the Concerto for Horn and Hardart, The Art of The Ground Round (S. $1.19/lb.), Blaues Grasse (The Bluegrass Cantata), and perhaps best known of all, the dramatic oratorio, Oedipus Tex, featuring the \"O.K. Chorale\". Though P. D. Q. Bach is ostensibly a Baroque composer, Schickele extends his repertoire to parody much more modern works such as Einstein on the Fritz, a parody of his Juilliard classmate Philip Glass.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [ 9906294, 39145, 79258, 47384, 5055776, 3957, 176634, 24540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 216 ], [ 349, 372 ], [ 540, 549 ], [ 553, 561 ], [ 567, 596 ], [ 815, 822 ], [ 946, 955 ], [ 966, 978 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His fictitious \"home establishment\", where he reports having tenure as \"Very Full Professor Peter Schickele\" of \"musicolology\" and \"musical pathology\", is the \"University of Southern North Dakota at Hoople\", which is described as \"a little-known institution which does not normally welcome out-of-state visitors\". To illustrate the work of his uncovered composer, Schickele invented a range of rather unusual instruments. The most complicated of these is the Hardart, a variety of tone-generating devices mounted on the frame of an \"automat\", a coin-operated food dispenser. The modified automat is used in the Concerto for Horn and Hardart, a play on the name of proprietors Horn & Hardart, who pioneered the North American use of the automat in their restaurants.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [ 20458, 48791, 925999, 5055776, 336037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 125 ], [ 140, 149 ], [ 533, 540 ], [ 611, 640 ], [ 676, 690 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele also invented the \"dill piccolo\" for playing sour notes; the \"left-handed sewer flute\"; the \"tromboon\" (\"a cross between a trombone and a bassoon, having all the disadvantages of both\"); the \"lasso d'amore\"; the double-reed slide music stand, which he described as having \"a range of major third and even less expressiveness\"; the \"tuba mirum\", a flexible tube filled with wine; and the \"pastaphone\", an uncooked tube of manicotti pasta played as a horn. Further invented instruments of his include the \"pumpflute\" (an instrument that requires two people to play: one to pump, and one to flute) and the \"proctophone\" (a latex glove attached to a mouthpiece, and \"the less said about it, the better\"). The überklavier or super piano, with a 15-octave keyboard ranging from sounds which only dogs can hear down to sounds which only whales can make, was invented in 1797 by Klarck Känt (pronounced \"Clark Kent\"), a Munich piano-maker who demonstrated the instrument for P.D.Q. A sample of a piece written for the überklavier, The Trance and Dental Etudes, appeared in P.D.Q.'s unauthorized autobiography, published in 1976. P.D.Q's Pervertimento for Bagpipes, Bicycle and Balloons (1965) demonstrated the inherent musical qualities of everyday objects in ways not equally agreeable to all who listen to them.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [ 18978668, 82848, 336025, 29837, 4207, 28450531, 2436101, 28381, 15989962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 33 ], [ 34, 41 ], [ 103, 111 ], [ 133, 141 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 202, 215 ], [ 431, 440 ], [ 906, 916 ], [ 1139, 1187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To a large degree, Schickele's music as P. D. Q. Bach has overshadowed his work as a \"serious\" composer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1970s and early 1980s, performances by Schickele of the music of P. D. Q. Bach often featured guest appearances by the Swarthmore College Choir, usually advertised as \"fresh from their recent tour of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [ 145245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele performed two concerts, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his first concert at The Town Hall, in New York on December 28 and 29, 2015. He has since reduced his concert appearances due to health issues, but continued to schedule live concert performances through 2018.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "P. D. Q. Bach", "target_page_ids": [ 3495562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele has composed more than 100 original works for symphony orchestra, choral groups, chamber ensemble, voice, television and an animated adaptation of Where the Wild Things Are (which he also narrated). He made a brief foray into cinema with the Bruce Dern film Silent Running (1972), for which he composed the musical score and co-wrote the original songs \"Silent Running\" and \"Rejoice in the Sun\" with Diane Lampert. He has also written music for school bands, as well as for a number of musicals, including Oh! Calcutta!, and has organized numerous concert performances as both musical director and performer. Schickele was active on the international and North American concert circuit.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other musical career", "target_page_ids": [ 22706, 82991, 1229351, 649481, 299085, 539816, 176945, 23386799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 74 ], [ 91, 107 ], [ 157, 182 ], [ 236, 242 ], [ 252, 262 ], [ 268, 282 ], [ 317, 330 ], [ 516, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele's musical creations have won him multiple awards. His extensive body of work is marked by a distinctive style which integrates the European classical tradition with an unmistakable American idiom.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other musical career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele has also created such not-quite-P. D. Q. Bach albums as Hornsmoke, Sneaky Pete and the Wolf, and The Emperor's New Clothes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other musical career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele's music is published by the Theodore Presser Company.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other musical career", "target_page_ids": [ 3498051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a musical educator he also hosted the classical music educational radio program Schickele Mix, which aired on many public radio stations in the United States (and internationally on Public Radio International). The program began in 1992; lack of funding ended the production of new programs by 1999, and rebroadcasts of the existing programs finally ceased in June 2007. Only 119 of the 169 programs were in the rebroadcast rotation, because earlier shows contained American Public Radio production IDs rather than ones crediting Public Radio International. In March 2006, some of the other \"lost episodes\" were added back to the rotation, with one notable program remnant of the \"Periodic Table of Musics\", listing the names of musicians and composers as mythical element names in a format reminiscent of the periodic table.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Radio", "target_page_ids": [ 178808, 309808, 309808, 23053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 139 ], [ 185, 211 ], [ 469, 490 ], [ 813, 827 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele's two children, Matt and Karla, are both indie rock musicians. The two played together in the indie rock trio Beekeeper in the 1990s.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life and family", "target_page_ids": [ 143486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karla Schickele then joined the band Ida, has recorded solo music under the name K. Matt Schickele, and is part of the M Shanghai String Band. She is also an orchestral music composer.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life and family", "target_page_ids": [ 2435891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schickele's brother, David Schickele (1937–1999), was a film director and musician.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life and family", "target_page_ids": [ 65726912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Schickele's page at Theodore Presser Company", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Peter Schickele Myspace (Maintained by a fan)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interview with Schickele, February 5, 1988", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bach Project – Peter Schickele", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Schickele interview", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Composing Thoughts\" radio interview", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schickele's papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1935_births", "Classical_music_radio_presenters", "20th-century_classical_composers", "21st-century_classical_composers", "American_classical_bassoonists", "American_male_classical_composers", "American_classical_composers", "American_opera_composers", "Male_opera_composers", "American_satirists", "American_comedy_musicians", "Aspen_Music_Festival_and_School_alumni", "Grammy_Award_winners", "Juilliard_School_alumni", "Living_people", "P._D._Q._Bach", "Vanguard_Records_artists", "Telarc_Records_artists", "People_from_Ames,_Iowa", "People_from_Fargo,_North_Dakota", "Swarthmore_College_alumni", "American_musicologists", "Humor_in_classical_music", "Classical_musicians_from_Iowa", "Classical_musicians_from_North_Dakota", "Pupils_of_Darius_Milhaud", "Pupils_of_Vincent_Persichetti", "Pupils_of_William_Bergsma", "21st-century_American_composers", "20th-century_American_composers", "20th-century_American_male_musicians", "21st-century_American_male_musicians" ]

[ "Johann Peter Schickele", "P. D. Q. Bach" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Stoned Guest is a \"half-act opera\" by Peter Schickele in the satirical persona of P. D. Q. Bach. The title is a play on the \"stone guest\" character in Don Giovanni by Mozart, as well as the opera The Stone Guest by Alexander Sergeyevich Dargomïzhsky after the play by Pushkin. The work is a parody of classical opera, although some critics consider it to be the equal of many classical works in technical ability. The opera appears on the 1970 album of the same name.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22348, 39082, 336025, 38092, 33163, 2015897, 2015715, 1399616, 22348, 161227, 10752649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 37 ], [ 42, 57 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 156, 168 ], [ 172, 178 ], [ 201, 216 ], [ 220, 254 ], [ 265, 269 ], [ 316, 321 ], [ 337, 343 ], [ 455, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The loose story combines elements of Don Giovanni with elements of Carmen by Georges Bizet. Some character names, such as \"Don Octave\" and \"Donna Ribalda\", play on the Mozart opera, referring to Don Ottavio and Donna Elvira respectively, while the castanet-clicking \"Carmen Ghia\" plays on the title character of Bizet's opera (and puns on the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia). The \"Commendatoreador\" plays on both operas at once, being a combination of \"Il Commendatore\" and the toreador Escamillo. The orchestral accompaniment for Donna Ribalda's opening aria, \"Let's face itI'm lost\", resembles the \"Rex tremendae majestatis\" from Mozart's Requiem.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38092, 37914, 67955, 8630375, 277553, 247089, 623857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 49 ], [ 67, 73 ], [ 77, 90 ], [ 248, 256 ], [ 343, 366 ], [ 471, 479 ], [ 634, 641 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At one point in the opera, the rival divas Carmen Ghia and Donna Ribalda break character in the middle of a recitative to hold a conversation (still in recitative) about their singing careers. At a subsequent point, they have a contest to see who can hold a note the longest. The final scenes of the opera parody first the stereotype (exemplified by Don Giovanni itself) of classical opera as having a tragic ending and then the stereotype of the Romantic narrative (as reflected in, e.g., Goethe's revision of the Faust legend) by revealing the tragic ending to have been a false ending and introducing deus ex machina to generate a happy conclusion not warranted by the earlier plot.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 98032, 284713, 25916, 84672, 8611599, 276728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 41 ], [ 108, 118 ], [ 449, 457 ], [ 517, 522 ], [ 577, 589 ], [ 606, 621 ] ] } ]

[ "P._D._Q._Bach", "Musical_parodies", "Operas", "English-language_operas", "Works_based_on_the_Don_Juan_legend" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Boris Godunov ( ) is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881). The work was composed between 1868 and 1873 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is Mussorgsky's only completed opera and is considered his masterpiece. Its subjects are the Russian ruler Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar (1598 to 1605) during the Time of Troubles, and his nemesis, the False Dmitriy (reigned 1605 to 1606). The Russian-language libretto was written by the composer, and is based on the 1825 drama Boris Godunov by Aleksandr Pushkin, and, in the Revised Version of 1872, on Nikolay Karamzin's History of the Russian State.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22348, 64710, 24320051, 971988, 64705, 39879893, 495373, 89343, 939051, 46950, 20913753, 6363079, 52790, 478982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 29 ], [ 33, 50 ], [ 111, 127 ], [ 233, 246 ], [ 247, 260 ], [ 277, 281 ], [ 308, 324 ], [ 334, 341 ], [ 347, 360 ], [ 406, 414 ], [ 469, 474 ], [ 475, 488 ], [ 492, 509 ], [ 551, 567 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among major operas, Boris Godunov shares with Giuseppe Verdi's Don Carlos (1867) the distinction of having an extremely complex creative history, as well as a great wealth of alternative material. The composer created two versions—the Original Version of 1869, which was rejected for production by the Imperial Theatres, and the Revised Version of 1872, which received its first performance in 1874 in Saint Petersburg.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12958, 37909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 60 ], [ 63, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boris Godunov has seldom been performed in either of the two forms left by the composer, frequently being subjected to cuts, recomposition, re-orchestration, transposition of scenes, or conflation of the original and revised versions.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several composers, chief among them Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov and Dmitri Shostakovich, have created new editions of the opera to \"correct\" perceived technical weaknesses in the composer's original scores. Although these versions held the stage for decades, Mussorgsky's individual harmonic style and orchestration are now valued for their originality, and revisions by other hands have fallen out of fashion.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 75847, 8520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 59 ], [ 64, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1980s, Boris Godunov was closer to the status of a repertory piece than any other Russian opera, even Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, and is the most recorded Russian opera.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5237926, 24503, 708937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 102 ], [ 109, 120 ], [ 123, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Dates provided in this article for events taking place in Russia before 1918 are Old Style.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 888602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the close of 1868, Mussorgsky had already started and abandoned two important opera projects—the antique, exotic, romantic tragedy Salammbô, written under the influence of Aleksandr Serov's Judith, and the contemporary, Russian, anti-romantic farce Marriage, influenced by Aleksandr Dargomïzhsky's The Stone Guest. Mussorgsky's next project would be a very original and successful synthesis of the opposing styles of these two experiments—the romantic-lyrical style of Salammbô, and the realistic style of Marriage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5903424, 3353002, 3681579, 5890681, 2015715, 2015897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 142 ], [ 175, 190 ], [ 193, 199 ], [ 252, 260 ], [ 276, 298 ], [ 301, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the autumn of 1868, Vladimir Nikolsky, a professor of Russian history and language, and an authority on Pushkin, suggested to Mussorgsky the idea of composing an opera on the subject of Pushkin's \"dramatic chronicle\" Boris Godunov. Boris the play, modelled on Shakespeare's histories, was written in 1825 and published in 1831, but was not approved for performance by the state censors until 1866, almost 30 years after the author's death. Production was permitted on condition that certain scenes were cut. Although enthusiasm for the work was high, Mussorgsky faced a seemingly insurmountable obstacle to his plans in that an Imperial ukaz of 1837 forbade the portrayal in opera of Russian Tsars (amended in 1872 to include only Romanov Tsars).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14115, 25431, 20913753, 6363079, 32897, 308807, 886193, 26240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 72 ], [ 77, 85 ], [ 199, 219 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 263, 276 ], [ 277, 286 ], [ 640, 644 ], [ 734, 741 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Original Version", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When Lyudmila Shestakova, the sister of Mikhail Glinka, learned of Mussorgsky's plans, she presented him with a volume of Pushkin's dramatic works, interleaved with blank pages and bound, and using this, Mussorgsky began work in October 1868 preparing his own libretto. Pushkin's drama consists of 25 scenes, written predominantly in blank verse. Mussorgsky adapted the most theatrically effective scenes, mainly those featuring the title character, along with a few other key scenes (Novodevichy, Cell, Inn), often preserving Pushkin's verses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 254773, 265893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 54 ], [ 334, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mussorgsky worked rapidly, composing first the vocal score in about nine months (finished 18 July 1869), and completed the full score five months later (15 December 1869), at the same time working as a civil servant. In 1870, he submitted the libretto to the state censor for examination, and the score to the literary and music committees of the Imperial Theatres. However, the opera was rejected (10 February 1871) by a vote of 6 to 1, ostensibly for its lack of an important female role. Lyudmila Shestakova recalled the reply made by conductor Eduard Nápravník and stage manager Gennadiy Kondratyev of the Mariinsky Theatre in response to her question of whether Boris had been accepted for production:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5867312, 2028206, 917386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 58 ], [ 548, 564 ], [ 610, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other questionable accounts, such as Rimsky-Korsakov's, allege that there were additional reasons for rejection, such as the work's novelty:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, Pushkin's drama (18 of the published 24 scenes, condensed into 16) finally received its first performance in 1870 at the Mariinsky Theatre, three years in advance of the premiere of the opera in the same venue, using the same scene designs by Matvey Shishkov that would be recycled in the opera.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 917386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Revised Version", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1871, Mussorgsky began recasting and expanding the opera with enthusiasm, ultimately going beyond the requirements of the directorate of the Imperial Theatres, which called simply for the addition of a female role and a scene to contain it. He added three scenes (the two Sandomierz scenes and the Kromï Scene), cut one (The Cathedral of Vasiliy the Blessed), and recomposed another (the Terem Scene). The modifications resulted in the addition of an important prima donna role (Marina Mniszech), the expansion of existing female roles (additional songs for the Hostess, Fyodor, and the Nurse), and the expansion of the first tenor role (the Pretender). Mussorgsky augmented his adaptation of Pushkin's drama with his own lyrics, assisted by a study of the monumental History of the Russian State by Karamzin, to whom Pushkin's drama is dedicated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1271862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 464, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Revised Version was finished in 1872 (vocal score, 14 December 1871; full score 23 June 1872), and submitted to the Imperial Theatres in the autumn.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Most Mussorgsky biographers claim that the directorate of the Imperial Theatres also rejected the revised version of Boris Godunov, even providing a date: 6 May 1872 (Calvocoressi), or 29 October 1872 (Lloyd-Jones). Recent researchers point out that there is insufficient evidence to support this claim, emphasizing that in his revision Mussorgsky had rectified the only objection the directorate is known to have made.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In any case, Mussorgsky's friends took matters into their own hands, arranging the performance of three scenes (the Inn and both Sandomierz scenes) at the Mariinsky Theatre on 5 February 1873, as a benefit for stage manager Gennadiy Kondratyev. César Cui's review noted the audience's enthusiasm:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 143810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The success of this performance led V. Bessel and Co. to announce the publication of the piano vocal score of Mussorgsky's opera, issued in January 1874.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5903140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Premiere", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The triumphant 1873 performance of three scenes paved the way for the first performance of the opera, which was accepted for production on 22 October 1873. The premiere took place on 27 January 1874, as a benefit for prima donna Yuliya Platonova. The performance was a great success with the public. The Mariinsky Theatre was sold out; Mussorgsky had to take some 20 curtain calls; students sang choruses from the opera in the street. This time, however, the critical reaction was exceedingly hostile [see Critical Reception in this article for details].", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62543159, 39085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 245 ], [ 506, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initial performances of Boris Godunov featured significant cuts. The entire Cell Scene was cut from the first performance, not, as is often supposed, due to censorship, but because Nápravník wished to avoid a lengthy performance, and frequently cut episodes he felt were ineffective. Later performances tended to be even more heavily cut, including the additional removal of the Kromï scene, likely for political reasons (starting 20 October 1876, the 13th performance). After protracted difficulties in obtaining the production of his opera, Mussorgsky was compliant with Nápravník's demands, and even defended these mutilations to his own supporters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Boris Godunov was performed 21 times during the composer's lifetime, and 5 times after his death (in 1881) before being withdrawn from the repertory on 8 November 1882. When Mussorgsky's subsequent opera Khovanshchina was rejected for production in 1883, the Imperial Opera Committee reputedly said: \"One radical opera by Mussorgsky is enough.\" Boris Godunov did not return to the stage of the Mariinsky Theatre until 9 November 1904, when the Rimsky-Korsakov edition was presented under conductor Feliks Blumenfeld with bass Feodor Chaliapin in the title role.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1250775, 2420744, 576250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 217 ], [ 498, 515 ], [ 526, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The reports of the antipathy of the Imperial family to Mussorgsky's opera are supported by the following accounts by Platonova and Stasov:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note: This section lists performance data for the Saint Petersburg and Moscow premieres of each important version, the first performance of each version abroad, and premieres in English-speaking countries. Dates provided for events taking place in Russia before 1918 are Old Style.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 44100110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Original interpreters", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1872, Saint Petersburg – Excerpts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Coronation Scene was performed on 5 February 1872 by the Russian Music Society, conducted by Eduard Nápravník. The Polonaise from Act 3 was performed (without chorus) on 3 April 1872 by the Free School of Music, conducted by Miliy Balakirev.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2028206, 143712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 113 ], [ 229, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1873, Saint Petersburg – Three scenes", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Three scenes from the opera—the Inn Scene, the Scene in Marina's Boudoir, and the Fountain Scene—were performed on 5 February 1873 at the Mariinsky Theatre. Eduard Nápravník conducted. The cast included Darya Leonova (Innkeeper), Fyodor Komissarzhevsky (Pretender), Osip Petrov (Varlaam), Vasiliy Vasilyev (or 'Vasilyev II') (Misail), Mikhail Sariotti (Police Officer), Yuliya Platonova (Marina), Josef Paleček (Rangoni), and Feliks Krzesiński (Old Polish Noble).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28846426, 3748713, 40213774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 252 ], [ 266, 277 ], [ 335, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1874, Saint Petersburg – World premiere", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Revised Version of 1872 received its world premiere on 27 January 1874 at the Mariinsky Theatre. The Cell Scene was omitted. The Novodevichiy and Coronation scenes were combined into one continuous scene: 'The Call of Boris to the Tsardom'. Matvey Shishkov's design for the last scene of Pushkin's drama, 'The House of Boris' (see illustration, right), was substituted for this hybrid of the Novodevichiy and Coronation scenes. The scenes were grouped in five acts as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 917386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Act 1: 'The Call of Boris to the Tsardom' and 'Inn'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Act 2: 'With Tsar Boris'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Act 3: 'Marina's Boudoir' and 'At the Fountain'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Act 4: 'The Death of Boris'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Act 5: 'The Pretender near Kromï'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Production personnel included Gennadiy Kondratyev (stage director), Ivan Pomazansky (chorus master), Matvey Shishkov, Mikhail Bocharov, and Ivan Andreyev (scene designers), and Vasiliy Prokhorov (costume designer). Eduard Nápravník conducted. The cast included Ivan Melnikov (Boris), Aleksandra Krutikova (Fyodor), Wilhelmina Raab (Kseniya), Olga Shryoder (nurse), Vasiliy Vasilyev, 'Vasilyev II' (Shuysky), Vladimir Sobolev (Shchelkalov), Vladimir Vasilyev, 'Vasilyev I' (Pimen, Lawicki), Fyodor Komissarzhevsky (Pretender), Yuliya Platonova (Marina), Josef Paleček (Rangoni), Osip Petrov (Varlaam), Pavel Dyuzhikov (Misail), Antonina Abarinova (Innkeeper), Pavel Bulakhov (Yuródivïy), Mikhail Sariotti (Nikitich), Lyadov (Mityukha), Sobolev (Boyar-in-Attendance), Matveyev (Khrushchov), and Sobolev (Czernikowski). The production ran for 26 performances over 9 years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11134283, 28846426, 3748713, 50335856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 274 ], [ 490, 512 ], [ 578, 589 ], [ 627, 645 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The premiere established traditions that have influenced subsequent Russian productions (and many abroad as well): 1) Cuts made to shorten what is perceived as an overlong work; 2) Declamatory and histrionic singing by the title character, often degenerating in climactic moments into shouting (initiated by Ivan Melnikov, and later reinforced by Fyodor Shalyapin); and 3) Realistic and historically accurate sets and costumes, employing very little stylization.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1879, Saint Petersburg – Cell Scene", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Cell Scene (Revised Version) was first performed on 16 January 1879 in Kononov Hall, at a concert of the Free School of Music, in the presence of Mussorgsky. Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov conducted. The cast included Vladimir Vasilyev, \"Vasilyev I\" (Pimen), and Vasiliy Vasilyev, 'Vasilyev II' (Pretender).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1888, Moscow – Bolshoy Theatre premiere", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Revised Version of 1872 received its Moscow premiere on 16 December 1888 at the Bolshoy Theatre. The Cell and Kromï scenes were omitted. Production personnel included Anton Bartsal (stage director), and Karl Valts (scene designer). Ippolit Altani conducted. The cast included Bogomir Korsov (Boris), Nadezhda Salina (Fyodor), Aleksandra Karatayeva (Kseniya), O. Pavlova (Nurse), Anton Bartsal (Shuysky), Pyotr Figurov (Shchelkalov), Ivan Butenko (Pimen), Lavrentiy Donskoy (Pretender), Mariya Klimentova (Marina), Pavel Borisov (Rangoni), Vladimir Streletsky (Varlaam), Mikhail Mikhaylov (Misail), Vera Gnucheva (Innkeeper), and Aleksandr Dodonov (Boyar-in-attendance). The production ran for 10 performances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 532264, 6812427, 6802206, 6227810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 99 ], [ 236, 250 ], [ 280, 294 ], [ 633, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1896, Saint Petersburg – Premiere of the Rimsky-Korsakov edition", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Rimsky-Korsakov edition premiered on 28 November 1896 in the Great Hall of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov conducted. The cast included Mikhail Lunacharsky (Boris), Gavriil Morskoy (Pretender), Nikolay Kedrov (Rangoni), and Fyodor Stravinsky (Varlaam). The production ran for 4 performances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 649290, 6060625, 3748464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 112 ], [ 225, 239 ], [ 255, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1898, Moscow – Fyodor Shalyapin as Boris", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bass Fyodor Shalyapin first appeared as Boris on 7 December 1898 at the Solodovnikov Theatre in a Private Russian Opera production. The Rimsky-Korsakov edition of 1896 was performed. Production personnel included Savva Mamontov (producer), and Mikhail Lentovsky (stage director). Giuseppe Truffi conducted. The cast also included Anton Sekar-Rozhansky (Pretender), Serafima Selyuk-Roznatovskaya (Marina), Varvara Strakhova (Fyodor), and Vasiliy Shkafer (Shuysky). The production ran for 14 performances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 576250, 6992798, 6989659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 21 ], [ 72, 92 ], [ 213, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1908, Paris – First performance outside Russia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Rimsky-Korsakov edition of 1908 premiered on 19 May 1908 at the Paris Opéra. The Cell Scene preceded the Coronation Scene, the Inn Scene and the Scene in Marina's Boudoir were omitted, the Fountain Scene preceded the Terem Scene, and the Kromï Scene preceded the Death Scene. Production personnel included Sergey Dyagilev (producer), Aleksandr Sanin (stage director), Aleksandr Golovin, Konstantin Yuon, Aleksandr Benua, and Yevgeniy Lansere (scene designers), Ulrikh Avranek (chorusmaster), and Ivan Bilibin (costume designer). Feliks Blumenfeld conducted. The cast included Fyodor Shalyapin (Boris), Klavdiya Tugarinova (Fyodor), Dagmara Renina (Kseniya), Yelizaveta Petrenko (Nurse), Ivan Alchevsky (Shuysky), Nikolay Kedrov (Shchelkalov), Vladimir Kastorsky (Pimen), Dmitri Smirnov (Pretender), Nataliya Yermolenko-Yuzhina (Marina), Vasiliy Sharonov (Varlaam), Vasiliy Doverin-Kravchenko (Misail), Mitrofan Chuprïnnikov (Yuródivïy), and Khristofor Tolkachev (Nikitich). The production ran for 7 performances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3453075, 28607, 51489038, 2480233, 2816195, 2065441, 4298705, 1212253, 2420744, 576250, 6060625, 16939053, 31986262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 79 ], [ 310, 325 ], [ 338, 353 ], [ 372, 389 ], [ 391, 406 ], [ 408, 423 ], [ 429, 445 ], [ 500, 512 ], [ 533, 550 ], [ 580, 596 ], [ 717, 731 ], [ 775, 789 ], [ 803, 830 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1913, New York – United States premiere", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The United States premiere of the 1908 Rimsky-Korsakov edition took place on 19 March 1913 at the Metropolitan Opera, and was based on Sergey Dyagilev's Paris production. The opera was presented in three acts. The Cell Scene preceded the Coronation Scene, the scene in Marina's Boudoir was omitted, and the Kromï Scene preceded the Death Scene. However, the Inn Scene, which was omitted in Paris, was included. Scenery and costume designs were the same as used in Paris in 1908—made in Russia by Golovin, Benua, and Bilibin, and shipped from Paris. Arturo Toscanini conducted. The cast included Adamo Didur (Boris), Anna Case (Fyodor), Leonora Sparkes (Kseniya), Maria Duchêne (Nurse), Angelo Badà (Shuysky), Vincenzo Reschiglian (Shchelkalov, Lawicki), Jeanne Maubourg (Innkeeper), Léon Rothier (Pimen), Paul Althouse (Pretender), Louise Homer (Marina), Andrés de Segurola (Varlaam), Pietro Audisio (Misail), Albert Reiss (Yuródivïy), Giulio Rossi (Nikitich), Leopoldo Mariani (Boyar-in-Attendance), and Louis Kreidler (Czernikowski). This performance was sung in Italian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 216641, 28607, 2065441, 1212253, 153560, 9980874, 26115420, 31134514, 31087349, 28165376, 28659202, 67437122, 16926981, 20550265, 8630456, 24884814, 20760288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 116 ], [ 135, 150 ], [ 505, 510 ], [ 516, 523 ], [ 549, 565 ], [ 595, 606 ], [ 616, 625 ], [ 636, 651 ], [ 663, 676 ], [ 686, 697 ], [ 709, 729 ], [ 754, 769 ], [ 783, 795 ], [ 805, 818 ], [ 832, 844 ], [ 855, 873 ], [ 910, 922 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1913, London – United Kingdom premiere", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The United Kingdom premiere of the 1908 Rimsky-Korsakov edition took place on 24 June 1913 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. Production personnel included Sergey Dyagilev (producer) and Aleksandr Sanin (stage director). Emil Cooper conducted. The cast included Fyodor Shalyapin (Boris), Mariya Davïdova (Fyodor), Mariya Brian (Kseniya), Yelizaveta Petrenko (Nurse, Innkeeper), Nikolay Andreyev (Shuysky), A.Dogonadze (Shchelkalov), Pavel Andreyev (Pimen), Vasiliy Damayev (Pretender), Yelena Nikolayeva (Marina), Aleksandr Belyanin (Varlaam), Nikolay Bolshakov (Misail), Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (Yuródivïy), and Kapiton Zaporozhets (Nikitich).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1503073, 28607, 51489038, 4586193, 576250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 123 ], [ 165, 180 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 230, 241 ], [ 271, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1927, Moscow – St. Basil's Scene", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The newly published St. Basil's Scene was performed on 18 January 1927 at the Bolshoy Theatre in the 1926 revision by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, commissioned in 1925 to accompany the Rimsky-Korsakov edition. Production personnel included Vladimir Lossky (stage director) and Fyodor Fedorovsky (scene designer). Ariy Pazovsky conducted. The cast included Ivan Kozlovsky (Yuródivïy), and Leonid Savransky (Boris). The production ran for 144 performances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 532264, 585843, 18883229, 7461952, 5275631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 93 ], [ 118, 142 ], [ 274, 291 ], [ 310, 323 ], [ 353, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1928, Leningrad – World premiere of the 1869 Original Version", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Original Version of 1869 premiered on 16 February 1928 at the State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet. Production personnel included Sergey Radlov (stage director), and Vladimir Dmitriyev (scene designer). Vladimir Dranishnikov conducted. The cast included Mark Reyzen (Boris), Aleksandr Kabanov (Shuysky), Ivan Pleshakov (Pimen), Nikolay Pechkovsky (Pretender), Pavel Zhuravlenko (Varlaam), Yekaterina Sabinina (Innkeeper), and V. Tikhiy (Yuródivïy).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 917386, 5312046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 108 ], [ 264, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1935, London – First performance of the 1869 Original Version outside Russia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first performance of the 1869 Original Version abroad took place on 30 September 1935 at the Sadler's Wells Theatre. The opera was sung in English. Lawrance Collingwood conducted. The cast included Ronald Stear (Boris).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 516156, 20388912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 119 ], [ 152, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1959, Leningrad – First performance of the Shostakovich orchestration", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The premiere of the Shostakovich orchestration of 1940 of Pavel Lamm's vocal score took place on 4 November 1959 at the Kirov Theatre. Sergey Yeltsin conducted. The cast included Boris Shtokolov (Boris).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 917386, 6872011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 133 ], [ 179, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1974, New York – First Russian Language Performance", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 16 December 1974, an adapted version of the original Mussorgsky orchestration was used for this New production, with Martti Talvela performing the title role by the Metropolitan Opera, which was also the first performance of Boris Godunov in the new Lincoln Center building since its opening in 1966.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1238995, 216641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 134 ], [ 168, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Musicologists are often not in agreement on the terms used to refer to the two authorial versions of Boris Godunov. Editors Pavel Lamm and Boris Asafyev used \"preliminary redaction\" and \"principal redaction\" for the 1st and 2nd versions, respectively, and David Lloyd-Jones designated them \"initial\" and \"definitive.\" This article, aiming for utmost objectivity, uses \"original\" and \"revised.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 1113259, 6039623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 158 ], [ 262, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The differences in approach between the two authorial versions are sufficient as to constitute two distinct ideological conceptions, not two variations of a single plan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1869 Original Version", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Original Version of 1869 is rarely heard. It is distinguished by its greater fidelity to Pushkin's drama and its almost entirely male cast of soloists. It also conforms to the recitative opera style (opéra dialogué) of The Stone Guest and Marriage, and to the ideals of kuchkist realism, which include fidelity to text, formlessness, and emphasis on the values of spoken theatre, especially through naturalistic declamation. The unique features of this version include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 284713, 2015897, 5890681, 75849, 21244047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 190 ], [ 223, 238 ], [ 243, 251 ], [ 274, 282 ], [ 283, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pimen's narrative of the scene of the murder of Dmitriy Ivanovich (Part2, Scene1)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 1172619 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original Terem Scene (Part3), which follows Pushkin's text more closely than does the revised version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The scene 'The Cathedral of Vasiliy the Blessed' (the 'St. Basil's Scene'—Part4, Scene1)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The terse Terem Scene of the 1869 version and the unrelieved tension of the two subsequent and final scenes make this version more dramatically effective to some critics (e.g., Boris Asafyev).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 1113259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1872 Revised Version", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Revised Version of 1872 represents a retreat from the ideals of Kuchkist realism, which had come to be associated with comedy, toward a more exalted, tragic tone, and a conventionally operatic style—a trend that would be continued in the composer's next opera, Khovanshchina. This version is longer, is richer in musical and theatrical variety, and balances naturalistic declamation with more lyrical vocal lines. The unique features of this version include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 1250775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 265, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two new offstage choruses of monks in the otherwise abbreviated Cell Scene (Act 1, Scene 1)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The innkeeper's 'Song of the Drake' (Act1, Scene2)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The revised Terem Scene (Act2), which presents the title character in a more tragic and melodramatic light, and includes new songs and new musical themes borrowed from Salammbô", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 254706, 5903424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 97 ], [ 168, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conventionally operatic 'Polish' act (Act3)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The novel final scene of anarchy (the Kromï Scene—Act4, Scene2)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mussorgsky rewrote the Terem Scene for the 1872 version, modifying the text, adding new songs and plot devices (the parrot and the clock), modifying the psychology of the title character, and virtually recomposing the music of the entire scene.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This version has made a strong comeback in recent years, and has become the dominant version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1874 Piano Vocal Score", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Piano Vocal Score of 1874 was the first published form of the opera, and is essentially the 1872 version with some minor musical variants and small cuts. The 1874 vocal score does not constitute a 'third version', but rather a refinement of the 1872 Revised Version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The distribution of scenes in the authorial versions is as follows:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Upon revising the opera, Mussorgsky initially replaced the St. Basil's Scene with the Kromï Scene. However, on the suggestion of Vladimir Nikolsky, he transposed the order of the last two scenes, concluding the opera with the Kromï Scene rather than the Faceted Palace Scene. This gives the overall structure of the 1872 Revised Version the following symmetrical form:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Editions by other hands", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, 1896", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [ 75847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rimsky-Korsakov, 1908", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Emilis Melngailis, 1924", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [ 47236026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dmitri Shostakovich, 1940", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Karol Rathaus, 1952", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [ 37269540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Rimsky-Korsakov Version of 1908 has been the most traditional version over the last century, but has recently been almost entirely eclipsed by Mussorgsky's Revised Version (1872). It resembles the Vocal Score of 1874, but the order of the last two scenes is reversed [see Versions by Other Hands in this article for more details].", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Scene structure", "target_page_ids": [ 39085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Roles designated with an asterisk (*) do not appear in the 1869 Original Version. 'Yuródivïy' is often translated as 'Simpleton' or 'Idiot'. However, 'Holy Fool' is a more accurate English equivalent. In other roles lists created by Mussorgsky, Pimen is designated a monk (инок), Grigoriy a novice (послушник), Rangoni a Cardinal (кардинал), Varlaam and Misail vagrant-monks (бродяги-чернецы), the Innkeeper a hostess (хозяйка), and Khrushchov a Voyevoda (воевода). Pimen, Grigoriy, Varlaam, and Misail were likely given non-clerical designations to satisfy the censor.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Roles", "target_page_ids": [ 649383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mussorgsky orchestration", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 32427, 32600, 6558, 8816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 15 ], [ 25, 30 ], [ 33, 38 ], [ 41, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Woodwinds: 3flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2oboes (2nd doubling english horn), 3clarinets, 2bassoons", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 10553, 82848, 22206, 87950, 6433, 4207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 17 ], [ 33, 40 ], [ 44, 48 ], [ 64, 76 ], [ 80, 88 ], [ 92, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brass: 4horns, 2trumpets, 3trombones, 1tuba", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 11456, 30353, 29837, 30961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 13 ], [ 16, 23 ], [ 27, 35 ], [ 39, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, tambourine, cymbals", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 140758, 42279, 27188, 29680, 5671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 19 ], [ 21, 30 ], [ 32, 42 ], [ 44, 54 ], [ 56, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other: piano, harp", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 23034, 13911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ], [ 14, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On/Offstage instruments: 1trumpet, bells, tam-tam", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 761242, 89555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 40 ], [ 42, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rimsky-Korsakov orchestration", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Woodwinds: 3flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2oboes (2nd doubling english horn), 3 clarinets (3rd doubling bass clarinet), 2bassoons", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 399942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brass: 4horns, 3trumpets, 3trombones, 1tuba", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, tambourine, cymbals", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other: piano, harp", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On/Offstage instruments: 1trumpet, bells, tam-tam", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Shostakovich orchestration", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Woodwinds: 3flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2oboes, english horn, 3clarinets (3rd doubling E-flat clarinet), bass clarinet, 3bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 2643426, 274721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 105 ], [ 147, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brass: 4horns, 3trumpets, 3trombones, 1tuba", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, tam-tam, triangle, bells, glockenspiel, xylophone", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 159494, 52873, 52867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 79, 91 ], [ 93, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other: piano, harp, celesta", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 52875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On/Offstage instruments: 4trumpets, 2cornets, 2horns, 2baritone horns, 2euphoniums, 2tubas, balalaika and domra ad libitum", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 7100, 92742, 10371, 4567, 1328020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 43 ], [ 55, 68 ], [ 72, 81 ], [ 92, 101 ], [ 106, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An understanding of the drama of Boris Godunov may be facilitated by a basic knowledge of the historical events surrounding the Time of Troubles, the interregnum of relative anarchy following the end of the Ryurik Dynasty (1598) and preceding the Romanov Dynasty (1613). Key events are as follows:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 495373, 368411, 21487138, 26240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 144 ], [ 150, 161 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 247, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1584 – Ivan IV \"The Terrible\", the first Grand Prince of Muscovy to officially adopt the title Tsar (Caesar), dies. Ivan's successor is his feeble son, Fyodor I, who cares only for spiritual matters and leaves the affairs of state to his capable brother-in-law, boyar Boris Godunov.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 750917, 21476285, 39879893, 148193, 64696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 54 ], [ 58, 65 ], [ 96, 100 ], [ 153, 161 ], [ 263, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1591 – Ivan's other son, the eight-year-old Tsarevich Dmitriy Ivanovich, dies under mysterious circumstances in Uglich. An investigation, ordered by Godunov and carried out by Prince Vasiliy Shuysky, determines that the Tsarevich, while playing with a knife, suffered an epileptic seizure, fell, and died from a self-inflicted wound to the throat. Dmitriy's mother, Maria Nagaya, banished with him to Uglich by Godunov, claims he was assassinated. Rumors linking Boris to the death are circulated by his enemies.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 459668, 1169618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 119 ], [ 367, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1598 – Tsar FyodorI dies. He is the last of the Ryurik Dynasty, who have ruled Russia for seven centuries. Patriarch Job of Moscow nominates Boris to succeed as Tsar, despite the rumors that Boris ordered the murder of Dmitriy. Boris agrees to accept the throne only if elected by the Zemsky Sobor. This the assembly does unanimously, and Boris is crowned the same year.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 21487138, 1234438, 213692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 63 ], [ 108, 131 ], [ 286, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1601 – The Russian famine of 1601–1603 undermines Boris Godunov's popularity and the stability of his administration.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 18904030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1604 – A pretender to the throne appears in Poland, claiming to be Tsarevich Dmitriy, but believed to be in reality one Grigoriy Otrepyev. He gains the support of the Szlachta, magnates, and, upon conversion to Roman Catholicism, the Apostolic Nuncio Claudio Rangoni. Obtaining a force of soldiers, he marches on Moscow. The False Dmitriy's retinue includes the Jesuits Lawicki and Czernikowski, and the monks Varlaam and Misail of the Chudov Monastery. Crossing into Russia, Dmitriy's invasion force is joined by disaffected Cossacks. However, after a few victories, the campaign falters. Polish mercenaries mutiny and desert.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 526207, 22936, 939051, 29050, 416853, 606848, 21819, 50287957, 19004, 58145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 19 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 121, 138 ], [ 168, 176 ], [ 178, 186 ], [ 212, 229 ], [ 235, 251 ], [ 252, 267 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 527, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1605 – Boris dies of unknown causes. He is succeeded by his son, Fyodor II. The death of Boris gives new life to the campaign of the False Dmitriy. Boyars who have gone over to the Pretender murder FyodorII and his mother. The False Dmitriy enters Moscow and is soon crowned. Prince Shuysky begins plotting against him.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 939051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1606 – The Russian boyars oppose Dmitriy's Polish and Catholic alliances. He is murdered shortly after wedding Marina Mniszech, and is succeeded by Vasiliy Shuysky, now Vasiliy IV.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1038224, 1223138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 127 ], [ 170, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1610 – Battle of Klushino and Polish seizure and occupation of Moscow. VasiliyIV is deposed, and dies two years later in a Polish prison. Another pretender claiming to be Dmitriy Ivanovich, False Dmitriy II, is murdered.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 394664, 581159, 1370884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ], [ 85, 92 ], [ 191, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1611 – Yet a third pretender, False Dmitriy III, appears. He is captured and executed in 1612.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1370898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1613 – The Time of Troubles comes to a close with the accession of Mikhail Romanov, son of Fyodor Romanov, who had been persecuted under Boris Godunov's reign.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1386528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: The culpability of Boris in the matter of Dmitriy's death can neither be proved nor disproved. Karamzin accepted his responsibility as fact, and Pushkin and Mussorgsky after him assumed his guilt to be true, at least for the purpose of creating a tragedy in the mold of Shakespeare. Modern historians, however, tend to acquit Boris.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Historical basis of the plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Shishkov and Bocharev designed the sets (samples below), some of which were used in the first complete performance in 1874.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "( ) = Arias and numbers", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "[ ] = Passages cut from or added to the 1872 Revised Version [see Versions in this article for details]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 39085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Setting", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Time: The years 1598 to 1605", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Place: Moscow; the Lithuanian frontier; a castle in Sandomierz; Kromï", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 19004, 17675, 386970, 37260657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 13 ], [ 19, 28 ], [ 52, 62 ], [ 64, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 1: The Courtyard of the Novodevichiy Monastery near Moscow (1598)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 2059498, 19004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 52 ], [ 58, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a brief introduction foreshadowing the 'Dmitriy Motif'. The curtain opens on a crowd in the courtyard of the monastery, where the weary regent Boris Godunov has temporarily retired. Nikitich the police officer orders the assembled people to kneel. He goads them to clamor for Boris to accept the throne. They sing a chorus of supplication (\"To whom dost thou abandon us, our father?\"). The people are bewildered about their purpose and soon fall to bickering with each other, resuming their entreaties only when the policeman threatens them with his club. Their chorus reaches a feverish climax. Andrey Shchelkalov, the Secretary of the Duma, appears from inside the convent, informs the people that Boris still refuses the throne of Russia (\"Orthodox folk! The boyar is implacable!\"), and requests that they pray that he will relent. An approaching procession of pilgrims sings a hymn (\"Glory to Thee, Creator on high\"), exhorting the people to crush the spirit of anarchy in the land, take up holy icons, and go to meet the Tsar. They disappear into the monastery.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 35348624, 64705, 1606373, 82288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 151 ], [ 152, 165 ], [ 605, 623 ], [ 646, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[Original 1869 Version only: The people discuss the statements of the pilgrims. Many remain bewildered about the identity of this Tsar. The police officer interrupts their discussion, ordering them to appear the next day at the Moscow Kremlin. The people move on, stoically exclaiming \"if we are to wail, we might as well wail at the Kremlin\".]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 381075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 2: [Cathedral] Square in the Moscow Kremlin (1598).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 3990105, 381075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 27 ], [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The orchestral introduction is based on bell motifs. From the porch of the Cathedral of the Dormition, Prince Shuysky exhorts the people to glorify Tsar Boris. As the people sing a great chorus of praise (\"Like the beautiful sun in the sky, glory\"), a solemn procession of boyars exits the cathedral. The people kneel. Boris appears on the porch of the cathedral. The shouts of \"Glory!\" reach a climax and subside. Boris delivers a brief monologue (\"My soul grieves\") betraying a feeling of ominous foreboding. He prays for God's blessing, and hopes to be a good and just ruler. He invites the people to a great feast, and then proceeds to the Cathedral of the Archangel to kneel at the tombs of Russia's past rulers. The people wish Boris a long life (\"Glory! Glory! Glory!\"). A crowd breaks toward the cathedral. The police officers struggle to maintain order. The people resume their shouts of \"Glory!\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 732701, 1223138, 64696, 161095, 1392402, 971988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 101 ], [ 103, 117 ], [ 273, 278 ], [ 438, 447 ], [ 644, 670 ], [ 696, 716 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In this scene, Mussorgsky has been hailed as ahead of his time musically. His use of the whole tone scale, which uses only whole steps, made the Coronation scene stand out. This technique was replicated by impressionistic composers about 20 years later who noted his success. Mussorgsky also combined different two-beat and three-beat meters to create a unique sound for his composition called polymeters. These techniques were uncommon during this era and were believed to be almost too overwhelming for the public. This led to his rejection on two different occasions by the Imperial Opera before they decided to perform.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 113040, 5237926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 105 ], [ 577, 591 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 1: Night. A Cell in the Chudov Monastery [within the Moscow Kremlin] (1603)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 1231350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pimen, a venerable monk, writes a chronicle (\"Yet one last tale\") of Russian history. The young novice Grigoriy awakes from a horrible (and prophetic) dream, which he relates to Pimen, in which he climbed a high tower, was mocked by the people of Moscow, and fell. Pimen advises him to fast and pray. Grigoriy regrets that he retired so soon from worldly affairs to become a monk. He envies Pimen's early life of adventure. Pimen speaks approvingly of Ivan the Terrible and his son Fyodor, who both exhibited great spiritual devotion, and draws a contrast with Boris, a regicide.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 70718, 148193, 157050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 452, 469 ], [ 482, 488 ], [ 570, 578 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[Original 1869 Version only: At Grigoriy's request, Pimen tells the vivid details of the scene of the murder of Dmitriy Ivanovich, which he witnessed in Uglich.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 459668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon discovering the similarity in age between himself and the murdered Tsarevich, Grigoriy conceives the idea of posing as the Pretender. As Pimen departs for Matins, Grigoriy declares that Boris shall escape neither the judgment of the people, nor that of God.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 570746, 526207, 890509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 81 ], [ 128, 137 ], [ 160, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 2: An Inn on the Lithuanian Border (1603)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is a brief orchestral introduction based on three prominent themes from this scene.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "[Revised 1872 Version only: The Hostess enters and sings the 'Song of the Drake' (\"I have caught a gray drake\"). It is interrupted towards the end by approaching voices].", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The vagrants Varlaam and Misail, who are dressed as monks and are begging for alms, and their companion Grigoriy, who is in secular garb, arrive and enter. After exchanging greetings, Varlaam requests some wine. When the Hostess returns with a bottle, he drinks and launches into a ferocious song (\"So it was in the city of Kazan\") of Ivan the Terrible's siege of Kazan. The two monks quickly become tipsy, and soon begin to doze. Grigoriy quietly asks the Hostess for directions to the Lithuanian border. The Hostess mentions that the police are watching the ordinary roads, but they are wasting their time, because there is an alternative, less well-known way to get to the border. Policemen appear in search of a fugitive heretic monk (Grigoriy) who has run off from the Chudov Monastery declaring that he will become Tsar in Moscow. Noticing Varlaam's suspicious appearance and behavior, the lead policeman thinks he has found his man. He cannot read the ukaz (edict) he is carrying, however, so Grigoriy volunteers to read it. He does so, but, eyeing Varlaam carefully, he substitutes Varlaam's description for his own. The policemen quickly seize Varlaam, who protests his innocence and asks to read the ukaz. Varlaam is only barely literate, but he manages to haltingly read the description of the suspect, which of course matches Grigoriy. Grigoriy brandishes a dagger, and leaps out of the window. The men set off in pursuit.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 70718, 7775222, 380252, 1231350, 886193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 354 ], [ 355, 369 ], [ 487, 497 ], [ 774, 790 ], [ 959, 963 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Interior of the Tsar's Terem in the Moscow Kremlin (1605)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 732684, 381075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 32 ], [ 40, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kseniya (or Xenia), clutching a portrait of \"Prince Ivan\", her betrothed who has died, sings a brief mournful aria (\"Where are you, my bridegroom?\"). Fyodor studies a great map of the Tsardom of Russia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 18876240, 4749211, 148195, 8527874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 44, 57 ], [ 150, 156 ], [ 184, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[Revised 1872 Version only: Fyodor tries to console Kseniya and shows her the magic of the clock, once it starts chiming].", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kseniya's nurse assures her that she will soon forget about \"Prince Ivan\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "[1872: The nurse and Fyodor attempt to cheer Kseniya up with some songs (\"A gnat was chopping wood\" and \"A little tale of this and that\").]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Boris abruptly enters, briefly consoles Kseniya, and then sends her and her nurse to their own quarters. Fyodor shows Boris the map of Russia. After encouraging his son to resume his studies, Boris delivers a long and fine soliloquy (\"I have attained supreme power\").", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 372984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[1872: At the end of this arioso he reveals that he has been disturbed by a vision of a bloody child begging for mercy. A commotion breaks out in his children's quarters. Boris sends Fyodor to investigate.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 4558097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The boyar-in-attendance brings word of the arrival of Prince Shuysky, and reports a denunciation against him for his intrigues.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 1223138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[1872: Fyodor returns to relate a whimsical tale (\"Our little parrot was sitting\") involving a pet parrot. Boris takes comfort in his son's imagination and advises Fyodor, when he becomes Tsar, to beware of evil and cunning advisors such as Shuysky.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Prince Shuysky now enters. Boris insults him, accusing him of conspiring with Pushkin, an ancestor of the poet. However, the prince brings grave tidings. A Pretender has appeared in Lithuania. Boris angrily demands to know his identity. Shuysky fears the Pretender might attract a following bearing the name of Tsarevich Dmitriy. Shaken by this revelation, Boris dismisses Fyodor. He orders Shuysky to seal the border with Lithuania, and, clearly on the edge of madness, asks Shuysky whether he has ever heard of dead children rising from their graves to question Tsars. Boris seeks assurance that the dead child the prince had seen in Uglich was really Dmitriy. He threatens Shuysky, if he dissembles, with a gruesome execution. The Prince describes the ghastly scene of Dmitriy's murder in a brief and beautiful aria (\"In Uglich, in the cathedral\"). But he gives hints that a miracle (incorruptibility) has occurred. Boris begins choking with guilt and remorse, and gives a sign for Shuysky to depart.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 526207, 17675, 459668, 1688154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 165 ], [ 182, 191 ], [ 636, 642 ], [ 887, 903 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[1872: The chiming clock again begins working.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Boris hallucinates (Hallucination or 'Clock' Scene). The spectre of the dead Dmitriy reaches out to him. Addressing the apparition, he denies his responsibility for the crime: \"Begone, begone child! I am not thy murderer... the will of the people!\" He collapses, praying that God will have mercy on his guilty soul.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 1: The Boudoir of Marina Mniszech in Sandomierz [Poland] (1604)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 386970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maidens sing a delicate, sentimental song (\"On the blue Vistula\") to entertain Marina as her chambermaid dresses her hair. Marina declares her preference for heroic songs of chivalry. She dismisses everyone. Alone, she sings of her boredom (\"How tediously and sluggishly\"), of Dmitriy, and of her thirst for adventure, power, and glory. The Jesuit Rangoni enters, bemoans the wretched state of the church, attempts to obtain Marina's promise that when she becomes Tsaritsa she will convert the heretics of Moscow (Russian Orthodox Church) to the true faith (Roman Catholicism), and encourages her to bewitch the Pretender. When Marina wonders why she should do this, Rangoni angrily insists that she stop short of nothing, including sacrificing her honor, to obey the dictates of the church. Marina expresses contempt of his hypocritical insinuations and demands he leave. As Rangoni ominously tells her she is in the thrall of infernal forces, Marina collapses in dread. Rangoni demands her obedience.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 25594515, 16083, 82258, 20611083, 40157, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 63 ], [ 341, 347 ], [ 464, 472 ], [ 494, 502 ], [ 514, 537 ], [ 558, 575 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 2: Mniszech's Castle in Sandomierz. A Garden. A Fountain. A Moonlit Night (1604)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Woodwind and harp accompany a pensive version of the 'Dmitriy Motif'. The Pretender dreams of an assignation with Marina in the garden of her father's castle. However, to his annoyance, Rangoni finds him. He brings news that Marina longs for him and wishes to speak with him. The Pretender resolves to throw himself at Marina's feet, begging her to be his wife and Tsaritsa. He entreats Rangoni to lead him to Marina. Rangoni, however, first begs the Pretender to consider him a father, allowing him to follow his every step and thought. Despite his mistrust of Rangoni, the Pretender agrees not to part from him if he will only let him see Marina. Rangoni convinces the Pretender to hide as the Polish nobles emerge from the castle dancing a polonaise (Polonaise). Marina flirts, dancing with an older man. The Poles sing of taking the Muscovite throne, defeating the army of Boris, and capturing him. They return to the castle. The Pretender comes out of hiding, cursing Rangoni. He resolves to abandon wooing Marina and begin his march on Moscow. But then Marina appears and calls to him. He is lovesick. She, however, only wants to know when he will be Tsar, and declares she can only be seduced by a throne and a crown. The Pretender kneels at her feet. She rejects his advances, and, attempting to spur him to action, dismisses him, calling him a lackey. Having reached his limit, he tells her he will depart the next day to lead his army to Moscow and to his father's throne. Furthermore, as Tsar he will take pleasure in watching her come crawling back looking for her own lost throne, and will command everyone to laugh at her. She quickly reverses course, tells him she adores him, and they sing a duet (\"O Tsarevich, I implore you\"). Rangoni observes the amorous couple from afar, and, joining them in a brief trio, cynically rejoices in his victory.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 222536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 743, 752 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 1 [1869 Version only]: The Square before the Cathedral of Vasiliy the Blessed in Moscow (1605)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A crowd mills about before the Cathedral of the Intercession (the Temple of Vasiliy the Blessed) in Red Square. Many are beggars, and policemen occasionally appear. A group of men enters, discussing the anathema the deacon had declared on Grishka (Grigoriy) Otrepyev in the mass. They identify Grishka as the Tsarevich. With growing excitement they sing of the advance of his forces to Kromï, of his intent to retake his father's throne, and of the defeat he will deal to the Godunovs. A yuródivïy enters, pursued by urchins. He sings a nonsensical song (\"The moon is flying, the kitten is crying\"). The urchins greet him and rap on his metal hat. The yuródivïy has a kopek, which the urchins promptly steal. He whines pathetically. Boris and his retinue exit the cathedral. The boyars distribute alms. In a powerful chorus (\"Benefactor father... Give us bread!\"), the hungry people beg for bread. As the chorus subsides, the yuródivïy's cries are heard. Boris asks why he cries. The yuródivïy reports the theft of his kopek and asks Boris to order the boys' slaughter, just as he did in the case of the Tsarevich. Shuysky wants the yuródivïy seized, but Boris instead asks for the holy man's prayers. As Boris exits, the yuródivïy declares that the Mother of God will not allow him to pray for Tsar Herod (see Massacre of the Innocents). The yuródivïy then sings his lament (\"Flow, flow, bitter tears!\") about the fate of Russia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 156783, 649407, 66931, 68667, 55314, 939051, 649383, 233596, 68636, 73513, 67761, 67762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 60 ], [ 76, 95 ], [ 100, 110 ], [ 203, 211 ], [ 216, 222 ], [ 239, 266 ], [ 488, 497 ], [ 668, 673 ], [ 797, 801 ], [ 1250, 1263 ], [ 1295, 1305 ], [ 1311, 1336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 2 [1869 Version] / Scene 1 [1872 version]: The Faceted Palace in the Moscow Kremlin (1605)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 735411, 381075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 67 ], [ 75, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A session of the Duma is in progress.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 82288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[Original 1869 Version only: The assembled boyars listen as Shchelkalov, reading the Tsar's ukaz (edict), informs them of the Pretender's claim to the throne of Russia, and requests they pass judgment on him.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 1606373, 886193, 526207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ], [ 92, 96 ], [ 126, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After some arguments, the boyars agree (\"Well, let's put it to a vote, boyars\"), in a powerful chorus, that the Pretender and his sympathizers should be executed. Shuysky, whom they distrust, arrives with an interesting story. Upon leaving the Tsar's presence, he observed Boris attempting to drive away the ghost of the dead Tsarevich, exclaiming: \"Begone, begone child!\" The boyars accuse Shuysky of spreading lies. However, a dishevelled Boris now enters, echoing Shuysky: \"Begone child!\" The boyars are horrified. After Boris comes to his senses, Shuysky informs him that a humble old man craves an audience. Pimen enters and tells the story (\"One day, at the evening hour\") of a blind man who heard the voice of the Tsarevich in a dream. Dmitry instructed him to go to Uglich and pray at his grave, for he has become a miracle worker in heaven. The man did as instructed and regained his sight. This story is the final blow for Boris. He calls for his son, declares he is dying (\"Farewell, my son, I am dying\"), gives Fyodor final counsel, and prays for God's blessing on his children. In a very dramatic scene (\"The bell! The funeral bell!\"), he dies.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 1223138, 459668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 170 ], [ 774, 780 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scene 2 [1872 Version only]: A Forest Glade near Kromï (1605)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 37260657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tempestuous music accompanies the entry of a crowd of vagabonds who have captured the boyar Khrushchov. The crowd taunts him, then bows in mock homage (\"Not a falcon flying in the heavens\"). The yuródivïy enters, pursued by urchins. He sings a nonsensical song (\"The moon is flying, the kitten is crying\"). The urchins greet him and rap on his metal hat. The yuródivïy has a kopek, which the urchins promptly steal. He whines pathetically. Varlaam and Misail are heard in the distance singing of the crimes of Boris and his henchmen (\"The sun and moon have gone dark\"). They enter. The crowd gets worked up to a frenzy (\"Our bold daring has broken free, gone on a rampage\") denouncing Boris. Two Jesuits are heard in the distance chanting in Latin (\"Domine, Domine, salvum fac\"), praying that God will save Dmitriy. They enter. At the instigation of Varlaam and Misail, the vagabonds prepare to hang the Jesuits, who appeal to the Holy Virgin for aid. Processional music heralds the arrival of Dmitriy and his forces. Varlaam and Misail glorify him (\"Glory to thee, Tsarevich!\") along with the crowd. The Pretender calls those persecuted by Godunov to his side. He frees Khrushchov, and calls on all to march on Moscow. All exeunt except the yuródivïy, who sings a plaintive song (\"Flow, flow, bitter tears!\") of the arrival of the enemy and of woe to Russia.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 649383, 73513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 204 ], [ 931, 942 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chorus: \"To whom dost thou abandon us, our father?\" «На кого ты нас покидаешь, отец наш?» (People)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aria: \"Orthodox folk! The boyar is implacable!\" «Православные! Неумолим боярин!» (Shchelkalov)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chorus: \"Like the beautiful sun in the sky, glory\" «Уж как на небе солнцу красному слава» (People)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Monologue: \"My soul grieves\" «Скорбит душа» (Boris)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chorus: \"Glory! Glory! Glory!\" «Слава! Слава! Слава!» (People)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aria: \"Yet one last tale\" «Еще одно, последнее сказанье» (Pimen)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Song: \"So it was in the city of Kazan\" «Как во городе было во Казани» (Varlaam)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Monologue: \"I have attained supreme power\" «Достиг я высшей власти» (Boris)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scene: \"Hallucination\" or \"Clock Scene\" «Сцена с курантами» (Boris)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aria: \"How tediously and sluggishly\" «Как томительно и вяло» (Marina)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dance: \"Polonaise\" «Полонез» (Marina, Polish nobles)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Duet: \"O Tsarevich, I implore you\" «О царевич, умоляю» (Marina, Pretender)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chorus: \"Well? Let's put it to a vote, boyars\" «Что ж? Пойдём на голоса, бояре» (Boyars)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aria: \"One day, at the evening hour\" «Однажды, в вечерний час» (Pimen)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aria: \"Farewell, my son, I am dying\" «Прощай, мой сын, умираю...» (Boris)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scene: \"The bell! The funeral bell!\" «Звон! Погребальный звон!» (Boris, Fyodor, Chorus)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Song: \"Flow, flow, bitter tears!\" «Лейтесь, лейтесь, слёзы горькие!» (Yuródivïy)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Principal arias and numbers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Russian opera of the early 1870s was dominated by Western European works—mainly Italian. The domestic product was regarded with skepticism and sometimes hostility. The playwright Tikhonov wrote in 1898:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As the most daring and innovative member of the Mighty Handful, Mussorgsky frequently became the target of conservative critics and rival composers, and was often derided for his supposedly clumsy and crude musical idiom. After the premiere of Boris Godunov, influential critic Herman Laroche wrote:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 75849, 16104279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 62 ], [ 278, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reviews of the premiere performance of Boris Godunov were for the most part hostile. Some critics dismissed the work as \"chaotic\" and \"a cacophony\". Even his friends Mily Balakirev and César Cui, leading members of the Mighty Handful, minimized his accomplishment. Unable to overlook Mussorgsky's \"trespasses against the conventional musical grammar of the time\", they failed to recognize the giant step forward in musical and dramatic expression that Boris Godunov represented. Cui betrayed Mussorgsky in a notoriously scathing review of the premiere performance:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 143712, 143810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 180 ], [ 185, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although he found much to admire, particularly the Inn Scene and the Song of the Parrot, he reproved the composer for a poorly constructed libretto, finding the opera to exhibit a lack of cohesion between scenes. He claimed that Mussorgsky was so deficient in the ability to write instrumental music that he dispensed with composing a prelude, and that he had \"borrowed the cheap method of characterization by leitmotives from Wagner.\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other composers were even more censorious. Pyotr Tchaikovsky wrote in a letter to his brother Modest:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 24503, 5855599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 60 ], [ 94, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the critics who evaluated the new opera, only the 19-year-old critic Vladimir Baskin defended Mussorgsky's skill as a composer. Writing under the pen name \"Foma Pizzicato\", Baskin wrote,", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although Boris Godunov is usually praised for its originality, dramatic choruses, sharply delineated characters, and for the powerful psychological portrayal of Tsar Boris, it has received an inordinate amount of criticism for technical shortcomings: weak or faulty harmony, part-writing, and orchestration. Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov said:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 40258, 47398, 75847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 266, 273 ], [ 293, 306 ], [ 308, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The perception that Boris needed correction due to Mussorgsky's poverty of technique prompted Rimsky-Korsakov to revise it after his death. His edition supplanted the composer's Revised Version of 1872 in Russia, and launched the work abroad, remaining the preferred edition for some 75 years (see Versions by Other Hands in this article for more details). For decades, critics and scholars pressing for the performance of Mussorgsky's own versions fought an often losing battle against the conservatism of conductors and singers, who, raised on the plush Rimsky-Korsakov edition, found it impossible to adapt to Mussorgsky's comparatively unrefined and bleak original scores.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 39085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recently, however, a new appreciation for the rugged individuality of Mussorgsky's style has resulted in increasing performances and recording of his original versions. Musicologist Gerald Abraham wrote:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 9500931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Models and influences", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mikhail Glinka: A Life for the Tsar (1836), Ruslan and Ludmila(1842)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 254773, 1253732, 8589403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 36 ], [ 45, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aleksandr Serov: Judith (1863), Rogneda (1865), The Power of the Fiend (1871)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 3353002, 3681579, 3693197, 3714865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 24 ], [ 33, 40 ], [ 49, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Giuseppe Verdi: Don Carlos (1867)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 12958, 37909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " César Cui: William Ratcliff (1868)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 143810, 3103596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aleksandr Dargomïzhsky: The Stone Guest (1869)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 2015715, 2015897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 25, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov: The Maid of Pskov (1872)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 75847, 11653917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 26, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A conflation of the 1869 and 1872 versions is often made when staging or recording Boris Godunov. This typically involves choosing the 1872 version and augmenting it with the St. Basil's Scene from the 1869 version. This practice is popular because it conserves a maximum amount of music, it gives the title character another appearance on stage, and because in the St. Basil's Scene Boris is challenged by the Yurodivïy, the embodiment of his conscience.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Performance practice", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, because the composer transferred the episode of the Yurodivïy and the urchins from the St. Basil's Scene to the Kromï Scene when revising the opera, restoring the St. Basil's Scene to its former location creates a problem of duplicate episodes, which can be partially solved by cuts. Most performances that follow this practice cut the robbery of the Yurodivïy in the Kromï Scene, but duplicate his lament that ends each scene.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Performance practice", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Rimsky-Korsakov Version is often augmented with the Ippolitov-Ivanov reorchestration of the St. Basil's Scene (commissioned by the Bolshoy Theatre in 1925, composed in 1926, and first performed in 1927).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Performance practice", "target_page_ids": [ 585843, 532264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 72 ], [ 135, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conductors may elect to restore the cuts the composer himself made in writing the 1872 version [see Versions in this article for more details]. The 1997 Mariinsky Theatre recording under Valery Gergiev is the first and only to present the 1869 Original Version side by side with the 1872 Revised Version, and, it would seem, attempts to set a new standard for musicological authenticity. However, although it possesses many virtues, the production fails to scrupulously separate the two versions, admitting elements of the 1872 version into the 1869 recording, and failing to observe cuts the composer made in the 1872 version.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Performance practice", "target_page_ids": [ 39085, 849630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 108 ], [ 187, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Critics argue that the practice of restoring the St. Basil's scene and all the cuts that Mussorgsky made when revising the opera—that is, creating a \"supersaturated\" version—can have negative consequences, believing that it destroys the symmetrical scene structure of the Revised Version, it undermines the composer's carefully devised and subtle system of leitmotiv deployment, and results in the overexposure of the Dmitriy motive.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Performance practice", "target_page_ids": [ 149832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 357, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Mussorgsky's death in 1881, his friend Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov undertook to put his scores in order, completing and editing Khovanshchina for publication (1883), reconstructing Night on Bald Mountain (1886), and \"correcting\" some songs. Next, he turned to Boris.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 75847, 1250775, 502900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 68 ], [ 130, 143 ], [ 183, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He experimented first with the Polonaise, temporarily scoring it for a Wagner-sized orchestra in 1889. In 1892 he revised the Coronation Scene, and, working from the 1874 Vocal Score, completed the remainder of the opera, although with significant cuts, by 1896.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 25452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the spring of 1906, Rimsky-Korsakov revised and orchestrated several passages omitted in the 1896 revision:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Pimen's story of Tsars Ivan and Fyodor\" (Cell Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Over the map of the Muscovite land\" (Terem Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The story of the parrot\" (Terem Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The chiming clock\" (Terem Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The scene of the False Dmitriy with Rangoni at the fountain\" (Fountain Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The False Dmitriy's soliloquy after the Polonaise\" (Fountain Scene)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rimsky-Korsakov compiled a new edition in 1908, this time restoring the cuts, and making some significant changes:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " He omitted the end of the Novodievichy Scene, so that it ends with the Pilgrims' Chorus. (As does the 1874 vocal score.)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " He added some music to the Coronation Scene, because producer Sergey Dyagilev wanted more stage spectacle for the Paris premiere. The additions are a 40 bar insert placed before Boris's monologue, and a 16 bar insert following it, both of which are based on the bell motifs that open the scene and on the \"Slava\" theme.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 28607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " He altered the dynamics of the end of the Inn Scene, making the conclusion loud and bombastic, perhaps because he was dissatisfied that all of Mussorgsky's scenes with the exception of the Coronation Scene end quietly.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " He similarly altered the conclusion of the Fountain Scene, replacing Mussorgsky's quiet moonlit trio with a grand peroration combining the 6 note descending theme that opens the scene, the 5 note rhythmic figure that opens the Polonaise, and the lusty cries of \"Vivat!\" that close the Polonaise.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These revisions clearly went beyond mere reorchestration. He made substantial modifications to harmony, melody, dynamics, etc., even changing the order of scenes.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rimsky-Korsakov immediately came under fire from some critics for altering Boris, particularly in France, where his revision was introduced. The defense usually made by his supporters was that without his ministrations, Mussorgsky's opera would have faded from the repertory due to difficulty in appreciating his raw and uncompromising idiom. Therefore, Rimsky-Korsakov was justified in making improvements to keep the work alive and increase the public's awareness of Mussorgsky's melodic and dramatic genius.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Rimsky-Korsakov version remained the one usually performed in Russia, even after Mussorgsky's earthier original (1872) gained a place in Western opera houses. The Bolshoy Theatre has only recently embraced the composer's own version.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dmitriy Shostakovich worked on Boris Godunov in 1939–1940 on a commission from the Bolshoy Theatre for a new production of the opera. A conflation of the 1869 and 1872 versions had been published by Pavel Lamm and aroused keen interest in the piece. However, it did not erase doubts as to whether Mussorgsky's own orchestration was playable. The invasion of Russia by Nazi Germany prevented this production from taking place, and it was not until 1959 that Shostakovich's version of the score was premiered.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 8520, 532264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 83, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To Shostakovich, Mussorgsky was successful with solo instrumental timbres in soft passages but did not fare as well with louder moments for the whole orchestra. Shostakovich explained:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Shostakovich confined himself largely to reorchestrating the opera, and was more respectful of the composer's unique melodic and harmonic style. However, Shostakovich greatly increased the contributions of the woodwind and especially brass instruments to the score, a significant departure from the practice of Mussorgsky, who exercised great restraint in his instrumentation, preferring to utilize the individual qualities of these instruments for specific purposes. Shostakovich also aimed for a greater symphonic development, wanting the orchestra to do more than simply accompany the singers.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Shostakovich remembered Alexander Glazunov telling him how Mussorgsky himself played scenes from Boris at the piano. Mussorgsky's renditions, according to Glazunov, were brilliant and powerful—qualities Shostakovich felt did not come through in the orchestration of much of Boris. Shostakovich, who had known the opera since his student days at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, assumed that Mussorgsky's orchestral intentions were correct but that Mussorgsky simply could not realize them:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 254781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of those \"old shore\" moments was the large monastery bell in the scene in the monk's cell. Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov both use the gong. To Shostakovich, this was too elemental and simplistic to be effective dramatically, since this bell showed the atmosphere of the monk's estrangement. \"When the bell tolls,\" Shostakovich reportedly told Solomon Volkov, \"it's a reminder that there are powers mightier than man, that you can't escape the judgment of history.\" Therefore, Shostakovich reorchestrated the bell's tolling by the simultaneous playing of seven instruments—bass clarinet, double bassoon, French horns, gong, harps, piano, and double basses (at an octave). To Shostakovich, this combination of instruments sounded more like a real bell.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 651133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 348, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shostakovich admitted Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration was more colorful than his own and used brighter timbres. However, he also felt that Rimsky-Korsakov chopped up the melodic lines too much and, by blending melody and subvoices, may have subverted much of Mussorgsky's intent. Shostakovich also felt that Rimsky-Korsakov did not use the orchestra flexibly enough to follow the characters' mood changes, instead making the orchestra calmer, more balanced.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The American conductor Igor Buketoff created a version in which he removed most of Rimsky-Korsakov's additions and reorchestrations, and fleshed out some other parts of Mussorgsky's original orchestration. This version had its first performance in 1997 at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, under Valery Gergiev.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Versions by other hands", "target_page_ids": [ 22568064, 216641, 849630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 36 ], [ 260, 278 ], [ 296, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antonín Dvořák: Opera, Dimitrij (1882)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Related works", "target_page_ids": [ 76572, 13488252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 24, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sergei Prokofiev: Incidental music, Boris Godunov (1936)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Related works", "target_page_ids": [ 27681, 156938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 19, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boris Godunov discography", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20548566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sources", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham, G., Essays on Russian and East European Music, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 9500931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brown, D. Abraham, G., \"Mikhail Glinka\" and \"Modest Musorgsky\" in The New Grove: Russian Masters 1, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. (1986)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 9500931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Calvocoressi, M.D., Abraham, G., Mussorgsky, 'Master Musicians' Series, London: J.M.Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1974", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 2871946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Calvocoressi, M.D., Modest Mussorgsky: His Life and Works, London: Rockliff, 1956", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Emerson, C., Mussorgsky's Libretti on Historical Themes: From the Two Borises to Khovanshchina, in Reading Opera, eds. Groos, A. & Parker, R., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Emerson, C., and Oldani, R. W., Modest Musorgsky and Boris Godunov: Myths, Realities, Reconsiderations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lloyd-Jones, D., Boris Godunov: The Facts and the Problems, Oxford University Press, 1975 (reprinted in the notes to Philips CD 412 281–2)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 6039623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lloyd-Jones, D., Interview: A Discussion with David Lloyd-Jones on The Sir Arnold Bax Website, 2002 (Accessed 1 March 2009)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maes, Francis, tr. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2002). .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 51211737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Metropolitan Opera Archives (Accessed 9 March 2011)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Musorgskiy, M., M. P. Musorgskiy: Letters, 2nd edition, Gordeyeva, Ye. (editor), Moscow: Muzïka (Music, publisher), 1984 [Мусоргский, М., М. П. Мусоргский: Письма, Гордеева, Е., Москва: Музыка, 1984]", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Musorgskiy, M., Literary Legacy (Literaturnoye naslediye), Orlova, A., Pekelis, M. (editors), Moscow: Muzïka (Music, publisher), 1971 [Мусоргский, М., Литературное наследие, Орлова, А., Пекелис, М., Москва: Музыка, 1971]", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mussorgsky, M., Boris Godunov (vocal score), edited by Pavel Lamm, London: Oxford University Press", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oldani, R. W. (article), Sadie, S. (editor), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001, 2002", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oldani, R. W., John, N., Fay, L. E., de Jonge, A., Osborne, N., Opera Guide 11: Boris Godunov, London: John Calder, Ltd., 1982", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Opera Discography at (Accessed 2 January 2010)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Orlova, A., Musorgsky Remembered, translated by Zaytzeff, V., and Morrison, F., Bloomington and Indianopolis: Indiana University Press, 1991", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pruzhansky, A., Dictionary of Native Singers 1750–1917 [Пружанский, А. М., Отечественные певцы. 1750–1917: Словарь] (In Russian. Retrieved August, 2011)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rimsky-Korsakov, N., Chronicle of My Musical Life, translated by Joffe, J. A., New York: Knopf, 1923", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shirinyan, R. (author), Kondakhchan, K. (editor), M. P. Musorgskiy, Moscow: Muzïka (Music, publisher), 1989 [Ширинян, Р., Кондахчан, К., М. П. Мусоргский, Москва: Музыка, 1989]", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taruskin, R., Musorgsky: Eight Essays and an Epilogue, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 2822690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Taruskin, R., Russian Originals De- and Re-edited, CD Review, The New York Times, 1999 (Accessed 21 February 2009)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tchaikovsky, P., Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Letters to his Family, an Autobiography, translated by G. von Meck, New York: Stein and Day, 1982", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Volkov, S., Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitry Shostakovich, translated by Bouis, Antonina W., New York: Harper & Row, 1979", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 651133, 35677408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 74, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Libretto", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " English translation of Boris Godunov from Archive.org", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Russian libretto in HTML", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Russian libretto in zip file for Word", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Upcoming performances of Boris Godunov from Operabase.com", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Operas", "1874_operas", "Russian-language_operas", "Operas_by_Modest_Mussorgsky", "Operas_based_on_plays", "Operas_based_on_works_by_Aleksandr_Pushkin", "Operas_set_in_Russia", "Operas_set_in_Poland", "Cultural_depictions_of_Boris_Godunov" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Waylon Arnold Jennings (June 15, 1937– February 13, 2002) was an American singer, songwriter, and musician, as well as an actor. He pioneered the Outlaw Movement in country music.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 421015, 5247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 162 ], [ 166, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings started playing guitar at the age of eight and performed at age 14 on KVOW radio, after which he formed his first band, The Texas Longhorns. Jennings left high school at age 16, determined to become a musician, and worked as a performer and DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, KLLL, in Coolidge, Arizona, and Phoenix. In 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jennings's first recording session, and hired him to play bass. Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight in 1959 that crashed and killed Holly, J. P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson and Ritchie Valens.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14992482, 15987460, 14992873, 24078368, 106749, 49121, 4408, 3916, 58796, 103549, 51845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 83 ], [ 262, 266 ], [ 268, 272 ], [ 274, 278 ], [ 283, 300 ], [ 306, 313 ], [ 324, 335 ], [ 403, 407 ], [ 442, 458 ], [ 498, 531 ], [ 536, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings then formed a rockabilly club band, The Waylors, which became the house band at \"JD's\", a club in Scottsdale, Arizona. He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A&M Records, but did not achieve success until moving to RCA Victor, when he acquired Neil Reshen as his manager, who negotiated significantly better touring and recording contracts. After he gained creative control from RCA Records, he released the critically acclaimed albums Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, followed by the hit albums Dreaming My Dreams and Are You Ready for the Country.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 171930, 15467653, 106659, 18885017, 177256, 177256, 6980964, 6994453, 7424973, 7426638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ], [ 45, 56 ], [ 107, 126 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 237, 247 ], [ 401, 412 ], [ 458, 482 ], [ 487, 504 ], [ 533, 551 ], [ 556, 585 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1970s, Jennings drove outlaw country. With Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser and Jessi Colter he recorded country music's first platinum album, Wanted! The Outlaws. It was followed by Ol' Waylon and the hit song \"Luckenbach, Texas\". He was featured on the 1978 album White Mansions, performed by various artists documenting the lives of Confederates during the Civil War. He appeared in films and television series, including Sesame Street, and a stint as the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the show's theme song and providing narration for the show. By the early 1980s, Jennings struggled with cocaine addiction, which he overcame in 1984. Later, he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen with Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, which released three albums between 1985 and 1995. During that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 421015, 149709, 1660967, 1714891, 7425098, 7427299, 16520508, 7425573, 48064, 42971, 17745428, 7701, 53027, 4541136, 149709, 168094, 11983070, 8599069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 54, 67 ], [ 69, 83 ], [ 88, 100 ], [ 151, 170 ], [ 191, 201 ], [ 220, 237 ], [ 274, 288 ], [ 433, 446 ], [ 481, 501 ], [ 525, 546 ], [ 629, 636 ], [ 704, 714 ], [ 715, 729 ], [ 735, 748 ], [ 750, 768 ], [ 774, 785 ], [ 897, 918 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He toured less after 1997 to spend more time with his family. Between 1999 and 2001, his appearances were limited by health problems. In 2001, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 2007, he was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 60630, 213837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 194 ], [ 272, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wayland Arnold Jennings was born on June 15, 1937, on the J.W. Bittner farm, near Littlefield, Texas. He was the son of Lorene Beatrice (née Shipley, 1920–2006) and William Albert Jennings (1915–1968). The Jennings family line descended from Black-Dutch. The Shipley line descended from Cherokee and Comanche families.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 136271, 6178579, 50490, 54001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 100 ], [ 242, 253 ], [ 287, 295 ], [ 300, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name on Jennings's birth certificate was Wayland. It was changed after a Baptist preacher visited his parents and congratulated his mother for naming him after the Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, Texas. Lorene Jennings, who had been unaware of the college, changed the spelling to Waylon. Jennings later expressed in his autobiography, \"I didn't like Waylon. It sounded corny and hillbilly, but it's been good to me, and I'm pretty well at peace with it right now.\" After working as a laborer on the Bittner farm, Jennings's father moved the family to Littlefield and established a retail creamery.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 3800627, 135973, 2658254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 194 ], [ 198, 214 ], [ 595, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Jennings was 8, his mother taught him to play guitar with the tune \"Thirty Pieces of Silver\". Jennings used to practice with his relatives' instruments until his mother bought him a used Stella guitar, and later ordered a Harmony Patrician. Early influences included Bob Wills, Floyd Tillman, Ernest Tubb, Hank Williams, Carl Smith, and Elvis Presley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 17547473, 6817709, 4833, 3590428, 333791, 163416, 20597428, 9288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 198 ], [ 227, 244 ], [ 272, 281 ], [ 283, 296 ], [ 298, 309 ], [ 311, 324 ], [ 326, 336 ], [ 342, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beginning with performing at family gatherings, Jennings played his first public concert at the Youth Center with Anthony Bonanno, followed by appearances at the local Jaycees and Lions Clubs. He won a talent show at Channel 13, in Lubbock, singing \"Hey Joe\". He later made frequent performances at the Palace Theater in Littlefield, during local talent night.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 30875841, 18463, 4528401, 12208930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 175 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 217, 227 ], [ 250, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the age of 14, Jennings auditioned for a spot on KVOW in Littlefield, Texas. Owner J.B. McShan, along with Emil Macha, recorded Jennings's performance. McShan liked his style and hired him for a weekly 30-minute program. Following his performance on the show, Jennings formed his own band. He asked Macha to play bass for him and gathered other friends and acquaintances to form The Texas Longhorns. The style of the band—a mixture of Country and Western and Bluegrass music—was often not well received.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 5247, 60590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 438, 457 ], [ 462, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After several disciplinary infractions, 16-year-old Jennings was convinced to drop out of Littlefield High School by the superintendent. Upon leaving school, he worked for his father in the family store, while he also took temporary jobs. Jennings felt that music would turn into his career. The next year he, along with The Texas Longhorns, recorded demo versions of the songs \"Stranger in My Home\" and \"There'll Be a New Day\" at KFYO radio in Lubbock. Meanwhile, he drove a truck for the Thomas Land Lumber Company, and a cement truck for the Roberts Lumber Company. Tired of the owner, Jennings quit after a minor driving accident. Jennings, and other local musicians, often performed at country radio station KDAV. During this time he met Buddy Holly at a Lubbock restaurant. The two often met during local shows, and Jennings began to attend Holly's performances on KDAV's Sunday Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 11010954, 1219747, 24078368, 4408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 431, 435 ], [ 524, 536 ], [ 713, 717 ], [ 744, 755 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to performing on air for KVOW, Jennings started to work as a DJ in 1956 and moved to Lubbock. His program ran from 4:00 in the afternoon to 10:00 in the evening, filled with two hours of country classics, two of current country and two of mixed recordings. The latter included early rock-and-roll stars such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. The owner reprimanded Jennings for his selection, and after playing two Little Richard records in a row Jennings was fired.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 45964, 147073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 334 ], [ 339, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During his time at KVOW Jennings was visited by DJ Sky Corbin of KLVT in Levelland. Corbin was impressed with his voice, and decided to visit Jennings at the station after hearing him sing a jingle to the tune of Hank Snow's \"I'm Moving On\". Jennings expressed his struggle to live on a $50-a-week salary. Corbin invited Jennings to visit KLVT, where he eventually took Corbin's position when it opened. The Corbin family later purchased KLLL, in Lubbock. They changed the format of the station to country, becoming the main competition of KDAV. The Corbins hired Jennings as the station's first DJ.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 13975545, 12598273, 36678390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 69 ], [ 226, 239 ], [ 438, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings produced commercials and created jingles with the rest of the DJs. As their popularity increased, the DJs made public appearances. Jennings's events included live performances. During one performance, Holly's father, L.O. Holley, approached them with his son's latest record and asked them to play it at the station. L.O. mentioned his son's intention to start producing artists himself, and Corbin recommended Jennings. After returning from his tour of England Buddy Holly visited KLLL.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Holly took Jennings as his first artist. He outfitted him with new clothes, and worked with him to improve his image. He arranged a session for Jennings at Norman Petty's recording studios in Clovis, New Mexico. On September 10, Jennings recorded the songs \"Jole Blon\" and \"When Sin Stops (Love Begins)\" with Holly and Tommy Allsup on guitars and saxophonist King Curtis. Holly then hired Jennings to play bass for him during his \"Winter Dance Party Tour\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1614307, 125864, 35592772, 1958626, 498256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 168 ], [ 192, 210 ], [ 258, 267 ], [ 319, 331 ], [ 359, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the tour, Holly vacationed with his wife in Lubbock and visited Jennings's radio station in December 1958. Jennings and Sky Corbin performed the hand claps to Holly's tune \"You're the One\". Jennings and Holly soon left for New York City, arriving on January 15, 1959. Jennings stayed at Holly's apartment by Washington Square Park prior to a meeting scheduled at the headquarters of the General Artists Corporation, that organized the tour. They later took a train to Chicago to join the band.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 745249, 36199160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 337 ], [ 394, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Winter Dance Party tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel created logistical problems, as the distance between venues had not been considered when scheduling each performance. Adding to the problem, the unheated tour buses twice broke down in freezing weather, leading to drummer Carl Bunch being hospitalized for frostbite on his toes. Holly made the decision to find another means of transportation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 58796, 53117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 37, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before their performance at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a four-seat Beechcraft Bonanza airplane from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, Iowa, for himself, Jennings, and Tommy Allsup, to avoid the long bus trip to their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Following the Clear Lake show (which ended around midnight), Allsup lost a coin toss and gave up his seat on the charter plane to Ritchie Valens, while Jennings voluntarily gave up his seat to J. P. Richardson, known as The Big Bopper, who was suffering from the flu and complaining about how cold and uncomfortable the tour bus was for a man of his size.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3134113, 112859, 946289, 112861, 119765, 51845, 103549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 45 ], [ 49, 65 ], [ 95, 113 ], [ 152, 168 ], [ 261, 280 ], [ 412, 426 ], [ 502, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Holly learned that his bandmates had given up their seats on the plane and had chosen to take the bus rather than fly, a friendly banter between Holly and Jennings ensued, and it would come back to haunt Jennings for decades to follow: Holly jokingly told Jennings, \"Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up!\" Jennings jokingly replied, \"Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes!\" Less than an hour and a half later, shortly after 1:00 am on February 3, 1959, Holly's charter plane crashed into a cornfield outside Mason City, instantly killing all on board.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 58796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 456, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later that morning, Jennings's family heard on the radio that \"Buddy Holly and his band had been killed.\" After calling his family, Jennings called Sky Corbin at KLLL from Fargo to confirm that he had not been aboard the plane. The General Artists Corporation promised to pay for first-class tickets for Jennings and the band to attend Holly's funeral in Lubbock in exchange for them playing that night in Moorhead. After the first show, they were initially denied their payment by the venue, but after Jennings's persistence, they were paid. The flights were never paid for, and Jennings and Allsup continued the tour for two more weeks, featuring Jennings as the lead singer. They were paid less than half of the original agreed salary, and upon returning to New York, Jennings put Holly's guitar and amplifier in a locker in Grand Central Terminal and mailed the keys to Maria Elena Holly. Then he returned to Lubbock.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 301591, 879004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 828, 850 ], [ 874, 891 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 1960s, Jennings wrote and recorded \"The Stage (Stars in Heaven)\", a tribute to Valens, the Big Bopper and Holly, as well as Eddie Cochran, a young musician who died in a road accident a year after the plane crash.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 164363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For decades afterward, Jennings repeatedly stated that he felt responsible for the crash that killed Holly. This sense of guilt precipitated bouts of substance abuse through much of his career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Jole Blon\" was released on Brunswick in March 1959 with limited success. Now unemployed, Jennings returned to KLLL. Deeply affected by the death of Holly, Jennings's performance at the station worsened. He left the station after he was denied a raise, and later worked briefly for the competition, KDAV.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Due to his father-in-law's illness, Jennings had to shuttle between Arizona and Texas. While his family lived back in Littlefield, Jennings found a job briefly at KOYL in Odessa, Texas. He moved with his family to Coolidge, Arizona, where his wife Maxine's sister lived. He found a job performing at the Galloping Goose bar, where he was heard by Earl Perrin, who offered him a spot on KCKY. Jennings also played during the intermission at drive-in theaters and in bars. After a successful performance at the Cross Keys Club in Phoenix, he was approached by two contractors (Paul Pristo and Dean Coffman) who were building a club in Scottsdale for James (Jimmy) D. Musil, called JD's. Musil engaged Jennings as his main artist and designed the club around his act.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 8039019, 151174, 106749, 7808494, 310594, 49121, 106659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 167 ], [ 171, 184 ], [ 214, 231 ], [ 386, 390 ], [ 440, 456 ], [ 528, 535 ], [ 633, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings formed his backing band, The Waylors, with bassist Paul Foster, guitarist Jerry Gropp, and drummer Richie Albright. The band soon earned a strong local fan base at JD's, where Jennings developed his rock-influenced style of country music that defined him on his later career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 15467653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1961, Jennings signed a recording contract with Trend Records, and experienced moderate success with his single, \"Another Blue Day\". His friend Don Bowman took demos of Jennings to Jerry Moss, who at the time was starting A&M Records with associate Herb Alpert. In July 1963 Jennings signed a contract with A&M that granted him 5% of record sales. At A&M, he recorded \"Love Denied\" backed with \"Rave On\", and Ian Tyson's \"Four Strong Winds\" backed with \"Just to Satisfy You\". He followed up by recording demos of \"The Twelfth of Never\", \"Kisses Sweeter than Wine\", and \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\", and also produced the single \"Sing the Girls a Song, Bill\", backed with \"The Race Is On\". The singles were released between April and October 1964.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 336776, 29193693, 1856672, 18885017, 439959, 2858647, 1048172, 2423990, 25576616, 7323693, 3510275, 3851409, 22742972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 64 ], [ 147, 157 ], [ 184, 194 ], [ 225, 236 ], [ 252, 263 ], [ 398, 405 ], [ 412, 421 ], [ 425, 442 ], [ 457, 476 ], [ 517, 537 ], [ 541, 565 ], [ 573, 606 ], [ 682, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings's records found little success at A&M, because the label was releasing mostly folk music rather than country at the time. He had a few regional hits around Phoenix, due to local radio airplay with \"Four Strong Winds\" and \"Just To Satisfy You\", which was co-written with Bowman. Meanwhile, he recorded an album on BAT records produced by James Musil and engineered by Jack Miller, called \"JD's Waylon Jennings\" on the front of the album, and \"Waylon Jennings at JD's\" on the back side. After 500 copies were sold at the club another 500 were pressed by the Sounds label. He also played lead guitar for Patsy Montana on a 1964 album.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 10623, 1182210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 97 ], [ 611, 624 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Singer Bobby Bare heard Jennings's \"Just to Satisfy You\" on his car radio while passing through Phoenix, and recorded it and \"Four Strong Winds\". After stopping in Phoenix to attend a Jennings performance at JD's, Bare called Chet Atkins, head of the RCA Victor studios in Nashville, and suggested he sign Jennings. Unsure after being offered a deal with RCA if he should quit his gig at JD's and relocate to Nashville, he sought the advice of RCA artist and friend Willie Nelson, who had attended one of Jennings' shows. Upon hearing how well financially Jennings was doing at JD's Nelson suggested he stay in Phoenix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1068978, 7756, 177256, 149709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 226, 237 ], [ 251, 261 ], [ 466, 479 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings then asked Herb Alpert to release him from his contract with A&M, which Alpert did. Later, after Jennings became successful, A&M compiled all of his singles and unreleased recordings and issued them as an album, Don't Think Twice. Atkins formally signed Jennings to RCA Victor in 1965. In August Jennings made his first appearance on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart with \"That's the Chance I'll Have to Take\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6779923, 177256, 2867196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 238 ], [ 276, 286 ], [ 356, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1966, Jennings released his debut RCA Victor album Folk-Country, followed by Leavin' Town and Nashville Rebel. Leavin' Town resulted in significant chart success as the first two singles \"Anita, You're Dreaming\" and \"Time to Bum Again\" both peaked at no. 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The album's third single, a cover of Gordon Lightfoot's \"(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me\", peaked at no. 9, Jennings's first top 10 single. Nashville Rebel was the soundtrack to an independent film, The Nashville Rebel, starring Jennings. The single \"Green River\" charted on Billboard country singles at #11.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6575033, 6575256, 6576162, 2867196, 82465, 4164268, 8658060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 66 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 278, 295 ], [ 340, 356 ], [ 360, 395 ], [ 510, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1967, Jennings released a hit single, \"Just to Satisfy You\". During an interview, Jennings remarked that the song was a \"pretty good example\" of the influence of his work with Buddy Holly and rockabilly music. Jennings produced mid-chart albums that sold well, including 1967's Just to Satisfy You, which included the hit single. Jennings's singles enjoyed success. \"The Chokin' Kind\" peaked at number eight on Billboard's Hot Country Singles in 1967, while \"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line\" hit number two the following year. In 1969, his collaboration with The Kimberlys on the single \"MacArthur Park\" earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group. His single \"Brown Eyed Handsome Man\" reached number three at the Hot Country Singles chart by the end of the year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 25576616, 6594304, 23411178, 28751359, 1458258, 422546, 15367721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 61 ], [ 281, 300 ], [ 370, 386 ], [ 462, 494 ], [ 592, 606 ], [ 617, 676 ], [ 690, 713 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this time, Jennings rented an apartment in Nashville with singer Johnny Cash. Jennings and Cash were both managed by \"Lucky\" Moeller's booking agency Moeller Talent, Inc. The tours organized by the agency were unproductive, with the artists being booked to venues located far from each other in close dates. After paying for the accommodation and travel expenditures, Jennings was frequently forced to request advances from the agency or RCA Victor to make the next venue. While playing 300 days on the road, Jennings's debt increased, and along with it his consumption of amphetamine. He believed himself to be \"trapped on the circuit\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 11983070, 2504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 83 ], [ 580, 591 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1972, Jennings released Ladies Love Outlaws. The single that headlined the album became a hit for Jennings, and was his first approach to outlaw country. Jennings was accustomed to performing and recording with his own band, The Waylors, a practice that was not encouraged by powerful Nashville producers, who favored the Nashville sound produced by a roster of experienced local studio musicians. The music style publicized as \"Countrypolitan\" was characterized by orchestral arrangements and the absence of most traditional country music instruments. The producers did not let Jennings play his own guitar or select material to record. Jennings felt limited by Nashville's lack of artistic freedom.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6935733, 421015, 15467653, 171108, 171108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ], [ 141, 155 ], [ 228, 239 ], [ 325, 340 ], [ 432, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an interview Jennings recalled the restrictions of the Nashville establishment: \"They wouldn't let you do anything. You had to dress a certain way: you had to do everything a certain way.... They kept trying to destroy me.... I just went about my business and did things my way.... You start messing with my music, I get mean.\" By 1972, after the release of Ladies Love Outlaws, his recording contract was nearing an end. Upon contracting hepatitis, Jennings was hospitalized. Sick and frustrated with the Nashville music industry, he was considering retirement. Albright visited him and convinced him to continue, suggesting he hire Neil Reshen as his new manager. Meanwhile, Jennings requested a $25,000 royalty advance from RCA Records to cover his living expenses during his recovery. The same day he met Reshen, RCA sent Jerry Bradley to offer Jennings $5,000 as a bonus for signing a new 5% royalty deal with RCA, the same terms he had accepted in 1965. After reviewing the offer with Reshen, he rejected it and hired Reshen.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 38238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 442, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reshen started to renegotiate Jennings's recording and touring contracts. At a meeting in a Nashville airport Jennings introduced Reshen to Willie Nelson. By the end of the meeting Reshen had become Nelson's manager as well. Jennings's new deal included a $75,000 advance and artistic control. Reshen advised Jennings to keep the beard that he had grown in the hospital, to match the image of Outlaw Country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By 1973 Nelson found success with Atlantic Records. Now based in Austin, Texas, he began to attract rock and roll fans to his shows, which gained him notice in its press. Atlantic Records made a bid to sign Jennings, but Nelson's rise to popularity persuaded RCA to renegotiate with him before losing another potential star.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 59610, 1998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 50 ], [ 65, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1973, Jennings released Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, the first albums recorded and released under his creative control. This heralded a major turning point for Jennings, that resulted in his most critically and commercially successful years. More hit albums followed with This Time and The Ramblin' Man, both released in 1974. The title tracks of both albums topped the Billboard Country singles chart, with the self-penned \"This Time\" becoming Jennings's first no. 1 single. Dreaming My Dreams, released in 1975, included the no. 1 single \"Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way\", and became his first album to be certified gold by the RIAA; it was also the first of six consecutive solo studio albums to be certified gold or higher. In 1976 Jennings released Are You Ready for the Country. Jennings wanted Los Angeles producer Ken Mansfield to produce the record, but RCA initially balked. Jennings and The Waylors traveled to Los Angeles and recorded with Mansfield at Jennings's own expense. A month later, Jennings returned to Nashville and presented the master tape to Chet Atkins, who, after listening to it, decided to release it. The album reached number 1 Billboards country albums three times the same year, topping the charts for 10 weeks. It was named Country album of the year in 1976 by Record World magazine and was certified gold by the RIAA.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6980964, 6994453, 7068205, 7424923, 7424973, 25547861, 18949819, 7426638, 14245236, 7756, 6222375, 18949819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 51 ], [ 56, 73 ], [ 294, 303 ], [ 308, 324 ], [ 498, 516 ], [ 563, 597 ], [ 655, 659 ], [ 779, 808 ], [ 847, 860 ], [ 1093, 1104 ], [ 1320, 1332 ], [ 1372, 1376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, RCA released the compilation album Wanted! The Outlaws, with Jennings, Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jennings's wife, Jessi Colter. The album was the first Country music album certified platinum. The following year, RCA issued Ol' Waylon, an album that produced a hit duet with Nelson, \"Luckenbach, Texas\". The album Waylon and Willie followed in 1978, producing the hit single \"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\". Jennings released I've Always Been Crazy, also in 1978. The same year, at the peak of his success, Jennings began to feel limited by the outlaw movement. Jennings referred to the overexploitation of the image in the song \"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand?\", claiming that the movement had become a \"self-fulfilling prophecy\". In 1979, RCA released Jennings first Greatest Hits compilation, which was certified gold the same year, and quintuple platinum in 2002.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 7425098, 308159, 7427299, 16520508, 7425358, 6773215, 7427616, 31188324, 7425624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 63 ], [ 200, 208 ], [ 241, 251 ], [ 301, 318 ], [ 331, 348 ], [ 393, 443 ], [ 464, 486 ], [ 668, 722 ], [ 831, 844 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in 1979, Jennings joined the cast of the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard as the Balladeer, the narrator. The only episode to feature him as an actor was \"Welcome, Waylon Jennings\", during the seventh season. Jennings played himself, presented as an old friend of the Duke family. For the show he also wrote and sang the theme song \"Good Ol' Boys\", which became the biggest hit of his career. Released as a single in promotion with the show, it became Jennings's 12th single to reach number one on the Billboard Country Singles chart. It was also a crossover hit, peaking at no. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 37653, 42971, 2343740, 17745428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 49 ], [ 57, 77 ], [ 159, 183 ], [ 337, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the mid-1980s, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, and Jennings formed a successful group called The Highwaymen. Aside from his work with The Highwaymen, Jennings released a gold album WWII (1982) with Willie Nelson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 4541136, 7425917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 126 ], [ 200, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1985, Jennings joined with USA for Africa to record \"We Are the World\", but he left the studio because of a dispute over the song's lyrics that were to be sung in Swahili. By this time, his sales had decreased. After the release of Sweet Mother Texas, Jennings signed with MCA Records. His debut release with the label, Will the Wolf Survive (1985), peaked at number one in Billboard's Country albums in 1986. Jennings's initial success tailed off, and in 1990, he signed with Epic Records. His first release, The Eagle, became his final top 10 album.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 685793, 685793, 28450, 8598544, 177270, 8599069, 263859, 8607185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 56, 72 ], [ 166, 173 ], [ 236, 254 ], [ 277, 288 ], [ 324, 345 ], [ 481, 493 ], [ 514, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in 1985, he made a cameo appearance in the live-action children's film Follow That Bird. In the movie, he plays a turkey farm truck driver who gives Big Bird a lift. He also sings one of the film's songs, entitled \"Ain't No Road Too Long\". In 1993, in collaboration with Rincom Children's Entertainment, Jennings recorded an album of children's songs, Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt, which included \"Shooter's Theme\", a tribute to his 14-year-old with the theme of \"a friend of mine\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 161207, 9098328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 163 ], [ 358, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As his record sales and radio play declined through the 1990s, Jennings continued to draw large crowds to his live performances. in 1994 Jennings made a small appearance in the movie Maverick, with Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996, Jennings released his album, Right for the Time. In 1997, after the Lollapalooza tour, he decreased his tour schedule as he became centered in his family. In 1998, Jennings teamed up with Bare, Jerry Reed, and Mel Tillis to form the Old Dogs. The group recorded a double album of songs by Shel Silverstein.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 9099499, 270602, 614627, 1819807, 11011505, 98217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 56 ], [ 77, 89 ], [ 203, 213 ], [ 219, 229 ], [ 242, 250 ], [ 298, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In mid-1999, Jennings assembled what he referred to as his \"hand-picked dream team\" and formed Waylon & The Waymore Blues Band. Consisting primarily of former Waylors, the 13-member group performed concerts from 1999 to 2001. As his health declined, Jennings decided to end his touring career. In January 2000, Jennings recorded what became his final album at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, Live.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1034005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 372, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings's music was characterized by his powerful rough-edged singing voice, phrasing and texture.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music style and image", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He was also recognized for his \"spanky-twang\" guitar style. To create his sound, he used a pronounced 'phaser' effect (see 'Modulation Effects': below) plus a mixture of thumb and fingers during the rhythmic parts, while using picks for the lead runs. He combined hammer-on and pull-off riffs, with eventual upper-fret double stops and modulation effects. Jennings played a 1953 Fender Telecaster, a used guitar that was a gift from The Waylors. Jennings's bandmates adorned his guitar with a distinctive leather cover that featured a black background with a white floral work. Jennings further customized it by filing down the frets to lower the strings on the neck to obtain the slapping sound. Among his other guitars, Jennings used a 1950 Fender Broadcaster from the mid-1970s, until he gave it to guitarist Reggie Young in 1993. The leather covers of his guitars were carved by leather artist Terry Lankford.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music style and image", "target_page_ids": [ 223503, 223506, 485962, 237665, 30876131, 185704, 3333926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 273 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 319, 330 ], [ 336, 354 ], [ 379, 396 ], [ 628, 632 ], [ 812, 824 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings's signature image was characterized by his long hair and beard, and black hat and black leather vest he wore during his appearances.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Music style and image", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings was married four times and had six children. He married Maxine Caroll Lawrence in 1956 at age 18, with whom he had four children: Terry Vance (1957–2019), Julie Rae (1958–2014), Buddy Dean (born 1960), and Deana. Jennings married Lynne Jones on December 10, 1962, adopting a child, Tomi Lynne. They divorced in 1967. He married Barbara Elizabeth Rood the same year. He composed the song \"This Time\" about the trials and tribulations of his marriages and divorces. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings married country singer Jessi Colter in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 26, 1969. Colter had a daughter, Jennifer, from her previous marriage to Duane Eddy. The couple had a son born in 1979, Waylon Albright, known as Shooter Jennings. In the early 1980s, Colter and Jennings nearly divorced due to his abuse of drugs and alcohol. In 1997, after he stopped touring, Jennings earned a GED at age 60 to set an example about the importance of education to his son, Shooter.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1714891, 49121, 165857, 3040676, 272903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ], [ 48, 64 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 223, 239 ], [ 389, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings started to consume amphetamines while he lived with Johnny Cash during the mid-1960s. Jennings later stated, \"Pills were the artificial energy on which Nashville ran around the clock.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 25164479, 11983070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 40 ], [ 61, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1977, Jennings was arrested by federal agents for conspiracy and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. A private courier warned the Drug Enforcement Administration about the package sent to Jennings by a New York colleague that contained 27 grams of cocaine. The DEA and the police searched Jennings's recording studio but found no evidence because, while they were waiting for a search warrant, Jennings disposed of the drug. The charges were later dropped and Jennings was released. The episode was recounted in Jennings's song \"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 7701, 146720, 146745, 31188324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 89 ], [ 146, 177 ], [ 394, 408 ], [ 545, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the early 1980s, his cocaine addiction intensified. Jennings claimed to have spent $1,500 () a day on his habit, draining his personal finances and leaving him bankrupt with debt up to $2.5million. Though he insisted on repaying the debt and did additional tours to do so, his work became less focused and his tours deteriorated. Jennings leased a home in the Phoenix area and spent a month detoxing himself, intending to start using cocaine again in a more controlled fashion afterward. In 1984, he quit cocaine. He claimed that his son Shooter was his main inspiration to finally do so.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Decades of excessive smoking and drug use took a large toll on Jennings' health in addition to being overweight and a poor diet which resulted in his developing Type II diabetes. In 1988, four years after quitting cocaine, he finally ended his six-pack-a-day smoking habit.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Illness and death", "target_page_ids": [ 154502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "That same year, he underwent heart bypass surgery. By 2000, his diabetes worsened, and the pain reduced his mobility to the point where he was forced to end most touring. That same year, he underwent surgery to improve his left leg's blood circulation. In December 2001, his left foot was amputated at a hospital in Phoenix.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Illness and death", "target_page_ids": [ 195248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 13, 2002, Jennings died in his sleep from complications of diabetes at his home in Chandler, Arizona, aged 64. He was buried in the City of Mesa Cemetery in nearby Mesa. At his memorial service on February 15, Jessi Colter sang \"Storms Never Last\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Illness and death", "target_page_ids": [ 106644, 54162157, 106653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 112 ], [ 144, 165 ], [ 176, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1965 and 1991, ninety-six Jennings singles appeared on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and sixteen topped it. Between 1966 and 1995 fifty-four of his albums charted on Billboard's Top Country Albums, with eleven reaching Number 1.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Littlefield, Texas renamed one of its major roads, Tenth Street, to Waylon Jennings Boulevard.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He was inducted to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1370283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2001, Jennings was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, but he was unable to attend the ceremony due to the pain caused by his diabetes. On July 6, 2006, Jennings was inducted to Guitar Center's RockWalk in Hollywood, California. Jessi Colter attended the ceremony along with Kris Kristofferson, who was inducted on the same day. On June 20, 2007, Jennings was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music. During the ceremony, Ray Scott sang \"Rainy Day Woman\" and the award was accepted by Buddy Jennings.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 60630, 1099965, 213837, 2738167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 74 ], [ 199, 212 ], [ 441, 465 ], [ 488, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jennings's music had an influence on numerous artists, including Hank Williams Jr., The Marshall Tucker Band, Travis Tritt, Steve Earle, Waylon, Eric Church, Cody Jinks, Jamey Johnson, John Anderson, his son, Shooter Jennings, Sturgill Simpson, and Hank Williams III.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 168285, 1583973, 1286396, 194910, 41206813, 4714852, 45719525, 2738121, 2428290, 42522959, 470347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 82 ], [ 84, 108 ], [ 110, 122 ], [ 124, 135 ], [ 137, 143 ], [ 145, 156 ], [ 158, 168 ], [ 170, 183 ], [ 185, 198 ], [ 227, 243 ], [ 249, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, the posthumous album Waylon Forever was released, which consisted of songs recorded with his then-16-year-old son, Shooter. In 2012, the three-volume Waylon: The Music Inside was released, featuring covers of Jennings's songs by different artists. Also released the same year was The Last Recordings, a set of 12 songs recorded by Jennings and bassist Robby Turner before Jennings' death in 2002. The songs initially featured only Jennings' guitar and vocals, with Turner on bass; further accompaniment was to be added later. Turner completed the recordings in 2012 with the help of former Waylors. The Jennings family approved the release. Meanwhile, it launched a new business focused on his estate. Shooter Jennings arranged deals for a clothing line, launched a renewed website, and started talks with different producers on a biographical film.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 20249204, 55359954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 362, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jerry \"Bo\" Coleman", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40952836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Outlaw Country", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 421015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of country musicians", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 328877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of best-selling music artists", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1291598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1503197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Denisoff, R. Serge. Waylon: A Biography (1983). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. .", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, John L. (compiled by) The Waylon Jennings Discography (1995). Greenwood Press. .", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cunniff, Albert. Waylon Jennings (1985). Zebra Books..", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waylon Jennings: February 15, 2002 – Fresh Air from WHYY (RealAudio)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " USA Today obituary", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1937_births", "2002_deaths", "20th-century_American_bass_guitarists", "20th-century_American_pianists", "20th-century_American_singers", "20th-century_American_male_singers", "A&M_Records_artists", "American_amputees", "American_country_bass_guitarists", "American_country_guitarists", "American_country_pianists", "American_country_singer-songwriters", "American_male_actors", "American_male_bass_guitarists", "American_male_pianists", "American_male_singer-songwriters", "American_mandolinists", "American_people_of_Cherokee_descent", "American_people_of_Comanche_descent", "American_people_of_Dutch_descent", "American_people_of_Irish_descent", "American_radio_DJs", "American_rock_bass_guitarists", "American_rock_guitarists", "American_rockabilly_guitarists", "Burials_in_Arizona", "Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_inductees", "Country_musicians_from_Arizona", "Country_musicians_from_Texas", "Deaths_from_diabetes", "Epic_Records_artists", "Grammy_Award_winners", "Guitarists_from_Arizona", "Guitarists_from_Texas", "Jennings_family", "MCA_Records_artists", "Musicians_from_Phoenix,_Arizona", "People_from_Coolidge,_Arizona", "People_from_Littlefield,_Texas", "Radio_personalities_from_Texas", "RCA_Victor_artists", "Singer-songwriters_from_Texas", "South_Plains_College_alumni", "Stockfisch_Records_artists", "The_Dukes_of_Hazzard", "The_Highwaymen_(country_supergroup)_members", "Old_Dogs_members", "Singer-songwriters_from_Arizona" ]

[ "Waylon Arnold Jennings" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Black tie is a semi-formal Western dress code for evening events, originating in British and American conventions for attire in the 19th century. In British English, the dress code is often referred to synecdochically by its principal element for men, the dinner suit or dinner jacket. In American English the equivalent term tuxedo (or tux) is common. The dinner suit is a black, midnight blue or white two- or three-piece suit, distinguished by satin or grosgrain jacket lapels and similar stripes along the outseam of the trousers. It is worn with a white dress shirt with standing or turndown collar and link cuffs, a black bow tie, typically an evening waistcoat or a cummerbund, and black patent leather dress shoes or court pumps. Accessories may include a semi-formal homburg, bowler, or boater hat. For women, an evening gown or other fashionable evening attire may be worn.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2226738, 6673432, 38180, 4179, 92371, 1890, 1960640, 339784, 332638, 9875473, 3926700, 28067176, 19150105, 2054287, 3248244, 2952247, 435492, 305133, 468210, 376641, 4014612, 3065132, 1498031, 419461, 475582, 1741721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 26 ], [ 27, 45 ], [ 118, 124 ], [ 149, 164 ], [ 202, 217 ], [ 289, 305 ], [ 381, 394 ], [ 424, 428 ], [ 447, 452 ], [ 456, 465 ], [ 473, 478 ], [ 510, 517 ], [ 525, 533 ], [ 559, 570 ], [ 597, 603 ], [ 613, 617 ], [ 628, 635 ], [ 658, 667 ], [ 673, 683 ], [ 695, 709 ], [ 710, 721 ], [ 725, 736 ], [ 776, 783 ], [ 785, 791 ], [ 796, 806 ], [ 822, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first dinner jacket is traditionally traced to 1865 on the then Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII (1841–1910). The late 19th century saw gradual introduction of the lounge jacket without tails as a less formal and more comfortable leisure alternative to the frock coat. Similarly, the shorter dinner jacket evolved as a less formal alternative to the dress coat out of the informal smoking jacket, itself derived from out of the banyan. Thus in many non-English languages, a dinner jacket is still known as the false friend \"smoking\". In American English, its synonym \"tuxedo\" was derived from the village of Tuxedo Park in New York State, where it was introduced in 1886 following the example of Europeans. Following the counterculture of the 1960s, black tie has increasingly replaced white tie for more formal settings in the United States, along with cultures influenced by American culture.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46721, 57840357, 555136, 1228805, 555136, 1391881, 4446018, 11675, 1890, 126955, 8210131, 8544676, 18985287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 106 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 196, 201 ], [ 268, 278 ], [ 362, 372 ], [ 393, 407 ], [ 440, 446 ], [ 522, 534 ], [ 549, 565 ], [ 620, 631 ], [ 635, 649 ], [ 733, 760 ], [ 889, 905 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally worn only for events after 6p.m., black tie is less formal than white tie but more formal than informal or business dress. As semi-formal, black tie are worn for dinner parties (public, fraternities, private) and sometimes even to balls and weddings, although etiquette experts discourage wearing of black tie for weddings. Traditional semi-formal day wear equivalent is black lounge suit. Supplementary semi-formal alternatives may be accepted for black tie: mess dress uniform, religious clothing (such as cassock), folk costumes (such as highland dress), etc.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 337814, 6680356, 18739286, 1738568, 32893, 8044664, 1086173, 17167178, 331200, 617712, 1551956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ], [ 109, 135 ], [ 200, 212 ], [ 245, 249 ], [ 255, 262 ], [ 385, 402 ], [ 474, 492 ], [ 494, 512 ], [ 522, 529 ], [ 532, 544 ], [ 555, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dinner jacket in the context of menswear first appeared in the United Kingdom around 1887 and in the United States around 1889. In the 1960s it became associated in the United States with white or coloured jackets specifically. In modern British English, Dinner Jacket may be abbreviated to simply a \"DJ\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tuxedo in the context of menswear originated in the United States around 1888. It was named after Tuxedo Park, a Hudson Valley enclave for New York's social elite where it was often seen in its early years. The term was capitalized until the 1930s and traditionally referred only to a white jacket. When the jacket was later paired with its own unique trousers and accessories in the 1900s the term began to be associated with the entire suit. Sometimes it is shortened to \"tux\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [ 126955, 447182, 8210131, 19150105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 110 ], [ 114, 127 ], [ 140, 148 ], [ 354, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Persian, Turkish, and other European languages the style is referred to with the pseudo-anglicism smoking (). This generic colloquialism is a false friend deriving from its similarity with the 19th century smoking jacket. In French the dress code may also be called \"cravate noire\", a term that is sometimes adopted directly into English.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [ 175461, 266204, 11675, 1391881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 163 ], [ 181, 202 ], [ 208, 220 ], [ 272, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The suit with accompanying accessories is sometimes nicknamed a monkey suit and, since 1918, soup and fish – a term derived from the sort of food thought to be served at black tie dinners.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1860s, the increasing popularity of outdoor activities among the middle and upper classes of the UK led to a corresponding increase in the popularity of the then casual lounge suit as a country alternative to the more formal day wear frock coat that was traditionally worn in town. Men also sought a similar alternative to the formal evening tailcoat, then known as a \"dress coat\", worn every evening.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2227018, 339784, 609144, 1228805, 555136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 175 ], [ 176, 187 ], [ 225, 231 ], [ 241, 251 ], [ 349, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest record of a tailless coat being worn with evening wear is an 1865 midnight blue smoking jacket in silk with matching trousers ordered by the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII of the United Kingdom, from Savile Row tailors Henry Poole & Co. The smoking jacket was tailored for use at Sandringham, the British Royal Family's informal country estate. Henry Poole never saw his design become known as a dinner jacket or cross the Atlantic and be called a tuxedo over there; he died in 1876 leaving behind a well-respected business to be run by his cousin Samuel Cundey.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1960640, 1391881, 51510, 46204, 46721, 830156, 9590840, 977878, 46542, 757840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 92 ], [ 93, 107 ], [ 111, 115 ], [ 154, 169 ], [ 177, 187 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 235, 252 ], [ 297, 308 ], [ 314, 334 ], [ 346, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other accounts of the Prince's experimentation appear around 1885, referring variously to \"a garment of many colours, such as was worn by our ancestors\" and \"short garments coming down to the waist and made on the model of the military men's jackets\". The suit jacket with tailcoat finishes, as is most commonly known, was first described around the same time and often associated with Cowes, a seaside resort in southern England and centre of British yachting that was closely associated with the Prince. It was originally intended for warm weather use but soon spread to informal or stag winter occasions. As it was simply an evening tailcoat substitute, it was worn with all the same accoutrements as the tailcoat, including the trousers. As such, in these early days, black tie, in contrast to formal white tie, was considered informal wear.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 352551, 9316, 34290, 337814, 6680356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 386, 391 ], [ 422, 429 ], [ 452, 460 ], [ 805, 814 ], [ 831, 844 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the following decades of the Victorian era, the style became known as a dinner jacket: a fashionable, formal alternative for the tailcoat which men of the upper classes wore every evening. Thus it was worn with the standard accompaniments for the evening tailcoat at the time: matching trousers, white or black waistcoat, white bow tie, white detachable wing-collar formal shirt, and black formal shoes. Lapels were often faced or edged in silk or satin in varying widths. In comparison with a full dress such as a cutaway tailcoat, etiquette guides declared dinner jacket inappropriate for wear in mixed company, meaning together with ladies.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32798, 555136, 454164, 435492, 3926700, 332638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 45 ], [ 132, 140 ], [ 158, 169 ], [ 331, 338 ], [ 407, 412 ], [ 451, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Edwardian era, the practice of wearing a black waistcoat and black bow tie with a dinner jacket became the convention, establishing the basis of the current black tie and white tie dress codes. The dinner jacket was also increasingly accepted at less formal evening occasions such as warm-weather gatherings or intimate dinners with friends.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 100096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After World War I, the dinner jacket became established as a semi-formal evening wear, while the evening tailcoat was limited to the most formal or ceremonial occasions. During this interwar period, double-breasted jackets, turndown-collar shirts and cummerbunds became popular for black tie evenings as white jackets were experimented with in warm weather. Since then, black tie is often referred to as being semi-formal.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4764461, 2226738, 3312098, 468210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 17 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 199, 214 ], [ 251, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the decades following the World War II, black tie became special occasion attire rather than standard evening wear. In the 1950s, some experimented with coloured and patterned jackets, cummerbunds and bow ties. The 1960s and 1970s saw the colour palette move from muted to bright day-glow and pastel, as well as ruffled-placket shirts as lapels got wider and piping was revived. The 1980s and 1990s saw a return to traditional styles, with black jackets and trousers again becoming nearly universal. Some insist the 21st century has seen increased variation and a relaxation of previous strict standards; midnight blue once again became popular and lapel facings were sometimes reduced to wide edging.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest references to a dress coat substitute in America are from the summer and fall of 1886 and, like the British references from this time, vary between waist-length mess-jacket style and the conventional suit jacket style. The most famous reference originates from Tuxedo Park, an upstate New York countryside enclave for Manhattan's wealthiest citizens. A son of one of the community's founders, Griswold Lorillard, and his friends were widely reported in society columns for showing up at the club's first Autumn Ball in October 1886 wearing \"a tailless dress coat\". Although it is not known whether this garment was a mess jacket or a conventional dinner jacket, it has no doubt cemented the tailcoat substitute's association with Tuxedo Park in the mind of the public.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 126955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An essay in the Tuxedo Park archives attributes the jacket's importation to America to resident James Brown Potter, a merchant banker who had worked in London for Brown Brothers. However, this claim for Potter cannot be verified through independent sources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2834544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Period newspaper accounts indicate that at first the jacket was worn by young mavericks to gatherings considered strictly formal. This led the American establishment to reject it out of hand. It was only by 1888 that polite society accepted its role solely as summer and informal evening substitute, at which point it became very popular.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest dinner jackets were of the same black material as the dress coat with one, two or no buttons, and a shawl collar faced in satin or ribbed silk. By the turn of the twentieth century, the peaked lapel was equally popular and the one-button model had become standard. When trousers were sold with the jacket they were of the same material. Edwardian dandies often opted for Oxford grey or a very dark blue for their evening wear.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 360, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By World War I, the grey option had fallen out of favor but the \"midnight blue\" alternative became increasingly popular and rivalled black by the mid-1930s. Notch lapels, imported from the ordinary business suit, were a brief vogue in the 1920s. A single stripe of braid covering the outseam on each leg was an occasional variation at first but became standard by the 1930s. At this time double-breasted jackets and white jackets became popular for wear in hot weather.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Colour, texture and pattern became increasingly popular in warm-weather jackets in the 1950s. In the 1960s, these variations became increasingly common regardless of season or climate. Notch lapels were once again a fad. By the 1970s, mass-market retailers began offering white and coloured versions of the entire suit to its rental customers. The 1980s vogue for nostalgic and retro styles returned evening wear to its black tone. Notch lapels returned for good in the 1980s, and in the 1990s tuxedo jackets increasingly took on other traits of the business suit, such as two- and three-button styling, flap pockets, and centre vents. These trends have continued into the early 21st century, and midnight blue is now once again a popular alternative.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The dinner suit's accompaniments have also evolved over time. The most traditional interpretations of these elements – dress shirt, low cut waistcoat (in the \"V\" or \"U\" shape), black bow tie, oxford dress shoes – are incorporated in the black tie dress code.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 2054287, 1317100, 4014612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 130 ], [ 192, 198 ], [ 199, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike white tie, which is very strictly regulated, black tie ensembles can display more variation. More extensively, the traditional components for men are:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A dinner jacket, also called a tuxedo jacket in the United States, of black or midnight blue wool, though white may be used, traditionally associated with warmer climates. Silk jacket lapels and facings, usually grosgrain or satin, on a shawl lapel. The lapel may be peaked lapel or notched lapel, with some fashion stylists and writers seeing notched lapels as less formal. although they, like peaked and shawl, were used, though somewhat rarely, in some of the early forms of the garment.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 51510, 9875473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 177 ], [ 213, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Trousers with a single silk or satin braid covering the outer seams, uncuffed and worn with braces.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A black low-cut waistcoat or a cummerbund.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A white dress shirt, with a marcella or pleated bib being traditional, with double or \"French\" cuffs and a turndown collar. While the turndown is most appropriately semi-formal, the attached wing collar has been popular with American men since the 1980s. However, many style authorities argue that the attached version now typically offered is insubstantial with minuscule wings and inappropriately paired with soft pleated fronts.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 2054287, 1877889, 2952247, 3248244, 2226738, 3248244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ], [ 29, 37 ], [ 96, 100 ], [ 117, 123 ], [ 166, 177 ], [ 192, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A black silk bow tie matching the lapel facings", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shirt studs and cufflinks. Some classic etiquette authorities limit studs to stiff-front marcella shirts only and prescribe pearl buttons for soft-front models instead.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 9364828, 1127239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 17, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Black dress socks, usually of silk or fine wool. Some style guides recommend that the socks should come up to the knee.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 18985156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Black shoes – traditionally patent leather court shoes or pumps; now often highly polished or patent leather Oxford dress shoes instead, without brogueing.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 376641, 3065132, 1317100, 4014612, 2374221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ], [ 44, 54 ], [ 110, 116 ], [ 117, 128 ], [ 146, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original and most formal model of dinner jacket is the single-breasted model. The typical black tie jacket is single-breasted with one button only, with jetted, or besom, pockets and is of black or midnight blue; usually of wool or a wool-mohair, or wool-polyester blend, although other materials, especially silk, are seen. Although other materials are used, the most appropriate and traditional for the dinner jacket are wool barathea or superfine herringbone. Double-breasted models have become less common, but are generally considered equally appropriate for most black tie occasions. Dinner jackets were commonly ventless before World War I, but in the 21st century come ventless, with side vents, or, less commonly, with centre vents. The ventless style is considered more formal, whilst the centre vent is the least formal. The lapels, traditionally pointed and shawl, are usually faced with silk in either a grosgrain or a satin weave, but can also be silk barathea. A notched lapel is usually considered more appropriate for a business suit that a dinner jacket but is commonly seen on inexpensive off the rack dinner jackets. According to the Black Tie Guide, the peaked lapel and shawl collar are equally authentic and correct, with the latter being slightly less formal. The buttons are covered in similarly coloured material to the main part of the jacket, which would typically be either self-faced or covered with the same material as the lapels. Some higher-end single-breasted jackets, both new and vintage, tend to be fastened with a link front closure which is visually similar to a cufflink; this traditional method of closure is common in the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 3296326, 172336, 3508478, 20039600, 20379096, 22267358, 22267358, 22267358, 22267358, 20039600, 232670, 309492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 74 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 259, 268 ], [ 432, 440 ], [ 454, 465 ], [ 623, 631 ], [ 696, 706 ], [ 732, 744 ], [ 803, 814 ], [ 970, 978 ], [ 1112, 1124 ], [ 1292, 1298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The double-besomed jetted or slit hip pocket is the only style understated enough to complement the dinner jacket. Flap pockets are not considered appropriate for formal attire's refined minimalism due to their busier and bulkier design, and some believe that they are simply an attempt by dinner jacket manufacturers to save money by using standard suit patterns, although sometimes they will trim the edges of a flap pocket so that the flap can be tucked in or removed if desired. Besom welts can be of self fabric or trimmed with the lapel's silk facing, though classic menswear scholar Nicholas Antongiavanni suggests that for the English this latter touch \"is a sure sign of hired clothes\". The dinner jacket also has a welt breast pocket to hold a pocket handkerchief, which is generally self-faced rather than covered with silk.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 416041, 416041, 416041, 266717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ], [ 115, 127 ], [ 483, 494 ], [ 754, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emily Post, a resident of Tuxedo Park, New York, stated in 1909 that \"[Tuxedos] can have lapels or be shawl-shaped, in either case they are to have facings of silk, satin or grosgrain\". She later republished this statement in her 1922 book Etiquette, adding that only single-breasted jackets are appropriately called tuxedos. There is a fashion movement suggesting that a man's appearance when wearing the wider and higher peak lapel is superior to the narrower notch lapel.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 744333, 51510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 159, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "White dinner jackets are often worn in warm climates. They are ivory in colour rather than pure white, and have self-faced lapels, i.e., made of the same fabric as the jacket, rather than silk-faced lapels. They are generally worn with the same types of shirts and accessories as black dinner jackets, though the turndown collar and cummerbund preferred to the wing collar or waistcoat. Similarly, the shawl lapel is more common in white dinner jackets. In the United Kingdom, the 20th-century etiquette was that white dinner jackets are never worn, even on the hottest day of summer, but are reserved for wear abroad. In the 21st century, white dinner jackets are frequently seen at weddings, formal beach events, and high-school proms, in the United States and at some concerts, famously for instance the Last Night of the Proms, in the United Kingdom. In tropical climates, such as in Imperial Burma, the desert fawn was historically used as the less formal colour. At one time, the civilian mess jacket was also an option in warmer climates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 6347785, 32893, 238231, 159359, 13709059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 68 ], [ 684, 691 ], [ 731, 735 ], [ 807, 830 ], [ 995, 1006 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is generally considered inappropriate for a man to remove his jacket during a formal social event, but when hot weather and humidity dictate, the ranking man of the royal family or the guest of honour may give men permission by noticeably taking off his jacket. In anticipated hot weather, Red Sea rig is specified in the invitation, although this dress is esoteric in civilian circles, and is particular to certain expatriate communities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 29174, 211788, 11944829, 287078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 156 ], [ 168, 180 ], [ 293, 304 ], [ 419, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, the only neckwear appropriate is the black bow tie that is a self-tie and always matches the lapel facing of the dinner jacket and braiding of the trouser seams. The bow tie is tied using a common shoelace knot, which is also called the bow knot for that reason.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 30597745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black tie trousers traditionally have no turn-ups, also called cuffs in American English, or belt loops. The outer seams are usually decorated with a single braid of silk or a material that matches or complements the lapel facing. Traditionally, braces, called suspenders in US English, hidden by the waistcoat, are used to support the trousers. Belts are never worn with black tie trousers. Evening trousers may be flat-fronted or pleated, with pleats first coming into fashion in the 1930s. Whilst flat-fronted trousers have become more fashionable, pleated trousers may be considered more comfortable by men who have wider hips and a narrow waist.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 2952247, 1890, 701780, 172485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 49 ], [ 72, 88 ], [ 246, 252 ], [ 346, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A waist covering is generally worn as part of a black tie ensemble. Either a low cut waistcoat or cummerbund may be worn, but never both at the same time. Although the English authority Debrett's consider that wearing a waistcoat is smart, they no longer consider either waist covering to be essential. The American authority, The Emily Post Institute, considers them to be an essential component of proper black tie attire. Waist coverings are not matched to wedding theme colours.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 3418112, 21465818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 195 ], [ 327, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A low cut waistcoat should be worn when wearing a single-breasted coat. The waistcoat plays an important part in black tie's refined minimalism by helping to conceal its working parts by discreetly covering the trousers' exposed waistband and the shirt bosom's bottom edge. Waistcoats come in the 'V' or rarer 'U' shape, in backless or fully backed versions, double- or single-breasted, with or without lapels. Single-breasted styles typically have three buttons, and double-breasted ones three or four rows. Before World War II, while black tie was still gaining acceptance, men would wear a white waistcoat, along with other details now associated primarily with white tie, such as stiff fronted shirts. However, this style, though increasingly viewed as an affectation, is still acceptable in the United States. The waistcoat may be made from either the same fabric as the dinner jacket, as is traditional, or the same silk as the jacket's lapels, which is more popular. When a waistcoat has lapels, they are faced in the same silk as those of the jacket; in this case it is considered more refined if the body is made from the same fabric as the jacket. The buttons may be self-faced or covered in the same silk as the lapels. Vintage waistcoats were sometimes closed with studs made from onyx or mother-of-pearl, which were often surrounded by a setting of silver or gold.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 304011, 395569, 12240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1293, 1297 ], [ 1301, 1316 ], [ 1372, 1376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A waistcoat is never worn with a double-breasted jacket. Since this style of jacket is never unbuttoned, the waist of the trousers is never exposed, and therefore does not need to be covered, though before World War II an edge of the waistcoat was often shown between the jacket and shirt.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A cummerbund may be worn with a dinner jacket in lieu of a waistcoat and, although it is considered slightly less formal, it is equally correct. It looks especially well with a shawl collar dinner jacket but may be worn in conjunction with peak lapels. The material of the cummerbund should be silk satin, grosgrain, also called faille, or barathea to match that of the bow tie. It features upward-facing folds, which were originally used to store theatre or opera tickets, and are now considered to be more decorative than functional. Just like the waistcoat, cummerbunds are not worn with a double-breasted jacket.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 20039600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 340, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the cummerbund is seen as an extension of the trousers, traditionally it is the same colour, i.e. black. However, the Black Tie Guide endorses deep and rich colours as a tasteful way to introduce some colour into an outfit that is otherwise monochromatic. Bright colours, such as those often worn by members of wedding parties, should be avoided and the bow tie must remain black in any case. Some higher quality models feature a hidden pocket and an elastic loop to fasten to the trousers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 261993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dress shirts designed to be worn with black tie are sometimes called \"tuxedo shirts\" in American English. Traditionally, the shirt is white, has a bibbed front that is either marcella or pleated, a turndown collar, and double, or \"french\" cuffs. In the early-20th century, a piqué shirt with a detachable wing collar and single cuffs such as is worn with white tie was used, and in the 1960s and 1970s ruffled bibs were popular, but have since become uncommon. The wing collar originally disappeared in black tie after the 1920s when the appropriately semi-formal attached turndown collar shirt became preferred, but it has been popular with American men in a less substantial, attached form since the 1980s. However, many style authorities argue that the wing collar should remain the domain of white tie for aesthetic reasons. Etiquette maven Miss Manners is one of those who feel that while the bow tie's uncovered band is fine in a white-on-white scheme, \"gentlemen with their black ties exposed all-around their necks look silly\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 2054287, 1877889, 1615456, 2226738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 275, 280 ], [ 294, 304 ], [ 552, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although some style authorities consider the wing collar to be an acceptable option for black tie shirts, they are not be worn with double cuffs or a pleated bib, and are better suited to the more formal single-breasted peak lapel jacket. They may feature a bib that is either marcella or starched and include stiff single cuffs secured with cufflinks, made of the same fabric as the bib; this type of shirt is exactly the same as one worn with white tie attire. The collar in this case is tall and stiff, which may be attached or detachable. When a full dress shirt is worn in this fashion, it is accompanied by the white marcella waistcoat ordinarily associated with white tie. Wearing white tie accessories in this manner is considered by many to be an affectation. Debrett's do not endorse the wing collar as being compatible with the black tie dress code.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 27711, 3418112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 289, 295 ], [ 769, 778 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The more formal marcella version of the shirt fastens with matching shirt studs. These are most commonly in silver or gold settings, featuring onyx or mother-of-pearl; various geometrical shapes are worn, e.g., circles, which are most common for studs, octagons, or rectangles, which are most common for cufflinks. There has been no consistent fashion preference for gold or silver, but studs with mother-of-pearl are more formal and therefore often associated with white tie. The soft-front pleated version of the shirt should be fastened with mother-of-pearl buttons, typically supplied with the shirt on a separate strip of fabric. Alternatively, a fly-front shirt, appropriate with both the marcella and pleated bibs, conceals the placket for a more minimalistic look.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 3834640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 735, 742 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several types of cufflinks that may be worn with black tie. The most formal and decorative are the double-panel type, which dress both sides of the cuff and are connected by a chain or link of metal; this model conceals the mechanism by which the cuff is secured. The most common, and least decorative, are the swivel bar type; whilst these are acceptable, they leave the inner side of the cuffs and mechanism exposed which is incongruous with formal dress.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The most formal and traditional shoes are patent leather opera pumps, also called court shoes, decorated with grosgrain bows. The more popular alternative is the black lace-up Oxford shoe, in patent leather or calfskin, with a rounded plain toe. Brogueing or any other decorative patterns should never be seen on black tie footwear. Matte finish pumps are also seen. Shoes are almost invariably black and patent leather is considered more formal than matte finishes while pumps are considered more formal than lace-ups. Generally considered too informal for black tie are shoes with open lacing, such as the Derby shoe, called bluchers in American English. Notable alternatives include the black button boot, primarily of historical interest only, and the monogrammed Albert slipper which was originally worn only at home. Hosiery is black socks made from fine wool or silk.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 3065132, 1317100, 12413247, 2374221, 3065132, 1317100, 27178, 19239275, 377864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 92 ], [ 176, 187 ], [ 210, 218 ], [ 246, 255 ], [ 346, 351 ], [ 510, 518 ], [ 583, 594 ], [ 608, 618 ], [ 768, 782 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most etiquette and fashion guides of the current decade recommend keeping colour touches and favouring a single colour, usually dark; muted reds, such as maroon, are a traditional choice.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Handkerchief: A handkerchief in linen traditionally, or silk, or cotton is usually worn in the breast pocket. Although precedents for tasteful exceptions exist, pocket squares are normally white, and may not match the waist covering or bow tie.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 266717, 266717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 161, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boutonnière: A flower may be worn. Red and white carnation, blue cornflower, and rosebud have all been popular at times. In France, the boutonnière is usually a gardenia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 5028240, 77591, 566041, 26537, 5843419, 710897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 49, 58 ], [ 65, 75 ], [ 81, 85 ], [ 124, 130 ], [ 161, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Outerwear: Black tie events do not involve outerwear and coats and gloves are no longer considered part of the dress code. However, etiquette for what to wear in public in transit to and from black tie occasions was stiffer in earlier eras and remain an option: Matching overcoats are usually black, charcoal, or dark blue, and traditionally of the Chesterfield style. A guards coat was also once popular, and a lighter topcoat can be worn in summer. Historically, an Inverness coat was also worn. Until the mid-20th century, gloves and scarves were always worn, and are still occasionally seen in grey leather and white silk, respectively. White kid gloves have never been standard with black tie, remaining exclusive to white tie dress.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 32357031, 4543, 19381675, 40963855, 6362166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 300, 308 ], [ 318, 322 ], [ 349, 361 ], [ 371, 382 ], [ 468, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hat: The 20th-century standard hat for black tie was a black or midnight blue Homburg in winter, or straw boater in spring and summer. Fedoras were originally regarded as too informal but have become more common. Top hats were originally worn with black tie, but had been reserved to white tie and morning dress from World WarI. In the 1960s, it became optional to wear a hat with black tie, while from the 1970s onwards hats became less common.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 1498031, 475582, 1362758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ], [ 106, 112 ], [ 299, 312 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Decorations and orders: Military, civil, and organizational decorations are usually worn only to full dress events, generally of formal governmental or diplomatic significance. Miniature orders and awards are typically worn on the left lapel of the jacket, and neck badges, breast stars, and sashes are worn according to country-specific or organizational regulations. Unlike in white tie, where decorations are always permitted, the dress code will usually give some indication when decorations are to be worn with black tie.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 1098136, 6673432, 1098136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ], [ 97, 107 ], [ 187, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Timepiece: Traditionally visible timepieces are not worn with formal evening dress, because timekeeping is not supposed to be considered a priority. Pocket watches are acceptable.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 767894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Women's dress for black tie occasions has varied greatly throughout the years; traditionally it was:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A dinner length gown at the ankle or tea length gown below mid-calf, which is a sleeveless evening gown, often accompanied by:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 1741721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A wrap or stole and", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 25853740, 1168988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 6 ], [ 10, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gloves", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 172120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Evening shoes", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other fashionable evening attire may be worn. Unlike the men's standard, the specifics of black tie for women are linked to whatever evening wear is currently in fashion. Today ladies' dress for black tie occasions covers a much wider level of formality ranging from just below the white tie standard to something more informal such as a little black dress. Specifically it can also include:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 508606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 338, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Evening shoes and", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A ballgown, evening gown or cocktail dress. Cocktail dresses may be long or moderately short and need not be black.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 1571103, 1741667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 10 ], [ 28, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In England, evening trousers with a palazzo cut are another acceptable option.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 33773081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Still, while \"black tie\" dress code traditionally implies evening dress for women, in 1966 famous couturier Yves Saint Laurent proposed Le Smoking, a dinner suit designed for women. Most initial reactions to the collection were negative. The designer took bits and pieces from both men's suit and women's clothing and combined it with new ideas. As this dinner suit was designed for women, it was different from the normal male dinner suit. The collar was more feminine, as the shape and curve were more subtle. The waistline of the blouse was narrowed to show the body shape, and pants were adjusted to help elongate the leg. It pioneered long, minimalist, androgynous styles for women, as well as the female use of power suits and the pantsuit in modern-day society. Some described Saint Laurent's initiative as empowerment of women by giving them the option to wear clothes that were normally worn by men with influence and power. Fashion photography echoes the influence of this suit in shoots that feature androgynous models with slicked-back hair in a mannish three-piece suit, a style that was first popularized in photographs by Helmut Newton.<ref name=\"alexander\">Alexander, Hilary. \"Smoke Without Fire\". '\"The Telegraph (December 12, 2005).</ref> This suit has continued to influence fashion designers' collections through the 2000s.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 145236, 582612, 339784, 3234203, 2121778, 23953689, 179438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 126 ], [ 533, 539 ], [ 717, 728 ], [ 737, 745 ], [ 934, 953 ], [ 1011, 1022 ], [ 1137, 1150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In traditional Western dress codes etiquette black tie is intended for adult men's evening wear. Traditionally, in the 20th century black tie, in contrast to formal white tie, was considered informal. In the 21st century black tie is often referred to as being semi-formal.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 6673432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black tie is worn to private and public dinners, balls, and parties. At the more formal end of the social spectrum, it has to a large extent replaced the more formal white tie. Once more common, white tie dress code is fairly rare, being reserved for only the most formal occasions. Black tie is traditionally worn only after six o'clock in the evening, or after sundown during winter months. Black tie's rough daytime equivalent is the stroller, which is less formal than morning dress because, as with black tie, it replaces the tailcoat with a lounge coat. Contrary to the trend seen in evening dress, the less formal stroller is now extraordinarily rare, whereas morning dress is still relatively common.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 1738568, 8044664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 54 ], [ 437, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most popular uses of the dinner suit in the United States in the early 21st century are for balls, galas, proms, cruise ship dinners and weddings. In these circumstances the dinner suit's styling and accessories are most commonly chosen according to the wearer's tastes. Less popular are black tie events, such as gala fundraisers, where men typically wear more traditional dinner suits and accessories as dictated by the dress code. They are also often worn by male musicians at concerts.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a general rule, boys do not wear dinner jackets much before they are 15, or dress coat before they are about 18.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 555136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some British university debating societies, such as at Oxford, Durham and University College London conduct at least some of their debates in black tie. Notably, the Cambridge Union abolished the long-standing mandatory wearing of black tie at debates in 2002. The Irish Times hosts an annual black tie debating competition.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 12059055, 26525490, 344168, 147378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 166, 181 ], [ 265, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Learned societies, such as the Royal Aeronautical Society, may also follow a similar practice.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 691872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, white tie was worn for the opera. Since the 20th century, however, black tie has been worn increasingly and today a dark lounge suit is generally acceptable. In the 21st century, many opera houses in the English-speaking world do not stipulate black tie. For example, neither the Royal Opera House nor the Sydney Opera House maintain a black tie dress code. Notwithstanding, black tie is customary at English country house operas, such as during the summer Festival at Glyndebourne. Black tie is also worn at a ballet or orchestra gala.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 22348, 277882, 28222, 1619416, 49733, 22706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 46 ], [ 295, 312 ], [ 321, 339 ], [ 484, 496 ], [ 526, 532 ], [ 536, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At more formal dinners on cruise ships the dress code will typically be black tie although a dark lounge suit may be worn as a substitute. In 2013 Cunard, noted for its adherence to formal dress codes, relaxed its dress standards. Cunard requires one of a dinner jacket, a dark suit, formal national dress or military uniform for gentlemen diners on formal evenings. Similarly, the luxury cruise liner, Seabourn, stipulates either a dinner suit or a dark business suit on formal evenings.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 314855, 6673432, 95374, 6673432, 339784, 617712, 3123693, 4949481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 43, 53 ], [ 147, 153 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 274, 283 ], [ 292, 306 ], [ 310, 326 ], [ 404, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Black tie has been increasingly seen in the United States at weddings in place of the traditional morning dress. However, etiquette and clothing experts continue to discourage or condemn the wearing of black tie before 6 p.m. Prior to the late 1930s, black tie was even discouraged as too informal for evening weddings, with Amy Vanderbilt arguing that \"no man should ever be caught in a church in a tuxedo\". Emily Post would continue to argue in preference of white tie at evening weddings into the 1950s.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 32893, 1362758, 751396, 744333, 337814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ], [ 98, 111 ], [ 325, 339 ], [ 409, 419 ], [ 461, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, although a minority accepts black tie at evening wedding receptions, including some Jewish weddings, it is seldom worn at church weddings or civil ceremonies where morning dress or a lounge suit is normally favoured.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 31717, 9239, 38942, 4774439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ], [ 38, 44 ], [ 95, 112 ], [ 130, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other than that, supplementary alternatives include local variations of white tie etiquette, such as highland dress in Scotland, if neither white tie nor black tie is preferred.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Social occasions", "target_page_ids": [ 1551956, 26994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 115 ], [ 119, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Suit", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 339784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Western dress codes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6673432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apparel Arts magazine, an account of 1930s fashion and style; some issues more relevant than others, such as those reproduced with comment at The London Lounge: Vol II. No. II and Vol I. No. III (numbering: London Lounge, not original)''", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 558974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Emily Post Institute provides a breakdown of traditional categories of progressing formality in dress for men & women.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Debrett's is the most prominent British authority on etiquette, which discusses the elements of black tie.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Semi-formal_wear", "History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)", "1880s_fashion", "1890s_fashion", "20th-century_fashion", "21st-century_fashion", "Suits_(clothing)", "Lounge_jackets", "Dress_codes" ]

[ "dinner suit", "black tie", "tux" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Richard Somers (September 15, 1778 September 4, 1804) was an officer of the United States Navy, killed during an assault on Tripoli during the First Barbary War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36301328, 20518076, 31232, 268401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 69 ], [ 77, 95 ], [ 125, 132 ], [ 144, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, he attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia with future naval heroes Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart. He was appointed midshipman on April 23, 1797, and served in the West Indies during the Quasi-War with France on the frigate United States with Decatur and Stewart, a ship commanded by Captain John Barry. He was promoted to lieutenant on May 21, 1799.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 124955, 4282193, 32668390, 827326, 304197, 5574915, 25343, 5843419, 11464, 195550, 30872515, 161405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 36 ], [ 54, 71 ], [ 113, 128 ], [ 133, 148 ], [ 168, 178 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 239, 248 ], [ 254, 260 ], [ 268, 275 ], [ 276, 289 ], [ 344, 354 ], [ 375, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1800, Somers fought three duels on the same day with multiple opponents because they accused him of cowardice for failing to challenge Decatur over a joking insult they overheard. Somers was wounded in the first two duels and had to be supported during the third (by Decatur, who was acting as his second).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 153833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Somers was detached from United States on June 13, 1801, and ordered to Boston on July 30, 1801. He served in the latter frigate in the Mediterranean. After Boston returned to Washington, DC, Somers was furloughed on November 11, 1802, to await orders.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 206776, 19006, 108956, 3822124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 78 ], [ 136, 149 ], [ 176, 190 ], [ 203, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 5, 1803, Somers was ordered to Baltimore, Maryland, to man, fit out, and command , and when that schooner was ready for sea, to sail her to the Mediterranean. Nautilus got underway on 30 June, reached Gibraltar on July 27, and sailed four days later to Spain. He then returned to Gibraltar to meet Commodore Edward Preble, in Constitution, who was bringing a new squadron for action against the Barbary pirates. Nautilus sailed with Preble on October 6 to Tangier where the display of American naval strength induced the Europeans of Morocco to renew the treaty of 1786. Thereafter, Tripoli became the focus of Preble's attention.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Barbary War", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138, 62413, 7607314, 26667, 7607314, 769168, 32298, 558825, 288204, 19291, 31232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 57 ], [ 104, 112 ], [ 209, 218 ], [ 261, 266 ], [ 288, 297 ], [ 316, 329 ], [ 334, 346 ], [ 403, 418 ], [ 464, 471 ], [ 542, 549 ], [ 591, 598 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Somers' service as commanding officer of Nautilus during operations against Tripoli won him promotion to master commandant on May 18, 1804. In the summer, he commanded a division of gunboats amidst five attacks on Tripoli, during the First Barbary War.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Barbary War", "target_page_ids": [ 2560830, 274471, 268401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 122 ], [ 182, 189 ], [ 234, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 4, 1804, Somers assumed command of the fire ship Intrepid, which had been fitted out as a \"floating volcano\", alongside 12 members of a volunteer crew. Intrepid was to be sailed into Tripoli harbor and blown up in the midst of the corsair fleet close under the walls of the city. That night, she got underway into the harbor, but she exploded prematurely, killing Somers and his entire crew.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Barbary War", "target_page_ids": [ 328107, 854269, 50767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 61 ], [ 62, 70 ], [ 244, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "News of Somers' death would take some months to arrive to the United States, with newspapers in New York and New Jersey reporting on the assault in January 1805. Some reports suggested the premature detonation to be a deliberate act by Somers to avoid capture by approaching sailors, an account which led to Somers' depiction as a martyr within the American Navy. However, the true reasons for the explosion remain unclear and no reliable account is known from the Intrepid final moments.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 48588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 75 ], [ 331, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Somers is buried in Tripoli, alongside the bodies of other sailors recovered from the explosion. In 2004, the New Jersey State Assembly passed two resolutions calling for the return of his remains. It was hoped that with the fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya in August 2011 that the remains might finally be repatriated, but efforts by diplomatic staff and distant relatives of Somers in the United States remain unsuccessful as of 2015.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 31232, 1199791, 30706524, 53029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 27 ], [ 110, 135 ], [ 221, 229 ], [ 233, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1804, six ships of the US Navy have successively been named the USS Somers in his honor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 39089 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town of Somers, New York, located in Westchester County is named in his honor. Somers Point, New Jersey, is named after Richard's great-grandfather. Every year there is a Richard Somers Day celebration in Somers Point.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 127588, 48367, 136873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ], [ 41, 59 ], [ 83, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tripoli Monument", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42716649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] } ]

[ "United_States_Navy_officers", "American_military_personnel_of_the_Quasi-War", "American_military_personnel_of_the_First_Barbary_War", "American_military_personnel_killed_in_action", "People_from_Atlantic_County,_New_Jersey", "1770s_births", "1804_deaths", "Military_personnel_from_New_Jersey" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "USS Somers may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , was a schooner that fought on Lake Erie and Huron during the War of 1812. She was captured by the British in 1814.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 62413, 17946, 34059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 17 ], [ 33, 42 ], [ 64, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " , was a brig launched in 1842 and sunk in 1846. The ship is known for the Somers Affair.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 182976, 508028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 13 ], [ 75, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " , was a torpedo boat purchased in 1898 and sold in 1920", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " , was a launched in 1918 , commissioned in 1920 and scrapped in 1931", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , was a launched , commissioned in 1937 and scrapped in 1947", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , was a launched in 1958 , commissioned in 1959 and sunk as target in 1998", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Master Commandant Richard Somers, a U.S. Navy officer killed in a daring assault during the First Barbary War", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 39088, 268401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ], [ 93, 110 ] ] } ]

[ "United_States_Navy_ship_names" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "OS-9 is a family of real-time, process-based, multitasking, multi-user operating systems, developed in the 1980s, originally by Microware Systems Corporation for the Motorola 6809 microprocessor. It was purchased by Radisys Corp in 2001, and was purchased again in 2013 by its current owner Microware LP.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25767, 45178, 6857, 39751, 22194, 39451, 20326, 19553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ], [ 31, 44 ], [ 46, 58 ], [ 60, 70 ], [ 71, 87 ], [ 128, 157 ], [ 166, 179 ], [ 180, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The OS-9 family was popular for general-purpose computing and remains in use in commercial embedded systems and amongst hobbyists. Today, OS-9 is a product name used by both a Motorola 68000-series machine language OS and a portable (PowerPC, x86, ARM, MIPS, SH4, etc.) version written in C, originally known as OS-9000.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46630, 20270, 20683, 24281, 34198, 60558, 20170, 102225, 6021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 106 ], [ 176, 190 ], [ 198, 214 ], [ 234, 241 ], [ 243, 246 ], [ 248, 251 ], [ 253, 257 ], [ 259, 262 ], [ 289, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first version (\"OS-9 Level One\"), which dates back to 1979–1980, was written in assembly language for the Motorola 6809 CPU, and all of its processes ran within the 64KB address space of the CPU without a memory management unit. It was developed as a supporting operating system for the BASIC09 project, contracted for by Motorola as part of the 6809 development. A later 6809 version (\"Level Two\") takes advantage of memory mapping hardware, supported up to 2 MB of memory (ca. 1980) in most implementations, and included a GUI on some platforms.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1368, 20326, 39564, 12293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 101 ], [ 110, 123 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 529, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1983, OS-9/6809 was ported to Motorola 68000 assembly language and extended (called OS-9/68K); and a still later (1989) version was rewritten mostly in C for further portability. The portable version was initially called OS-9000 and was released for 80386 PC systems around 1989, then ported to PowerPC around 1995. These later versions lack the memory mapping facilities of OS-9/6809 Level Two simply because they do not need them. They used a single flat address space that all processes share; memory mapping hardware, if present, is mostly used to ensure that processes access only memory they have the right to access. The 680x0 and 80386 (and later) MPUs all directly support far more than of memory in any case.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20270, 6021, 15070, 24281, 66924, 64826, 15070, 19553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 155, 156 ], [ 253, 258 ], [ 298, 305 ], [ 349, 363 ], [ 631, 636 ], [ 641, 646 ], [ 659, 663 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a consequence of early pervasive design decisions taking advantage of the easily used reentrant object code capabilities of the 6809 processor, programs intended for OS-9 are required to be reentrant; compilers produce reentrant code automatically and assemblers for OS-9 offer considerable support for it. OS-9 also uses position-independent code and data because the 6809 also supports it directly; compilers and assemblers support position independence. The OS-9 kernel loads programs (including shared code), and allocates data, wherever sufficient free space is available in the memory map. This allows the entire OS and all applications to be placed in ROM or Flash memory, and eases memory management requirements when programs are loaded into RAM and run. Programs, device drivers, and I/O managers under OS-9 are all 'modules' and can be dynamically loaded and unloaded (subject to link counts) as needed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 154851, 571303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 98 ], [ 325, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9/6809 runs on Motorola EXORbus systems using the Motorola 6809, SS-50 Bus and SS-50C bus systems from companies such as SWTPC, Tano, Gimix, Midwest Scientific, and Smoke Signal Broadcasting, STD-bus 6809 systems from several suppliers, personal computers such as the Fujitsu FM-11, FM-8, FM-7 and FM-77, Hitachi MB-S1, and many others.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20319, 20326, 4121874, 194445, 68733330, 152036, 58222, 31959144, 25656089, 6583981, 188676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 53, 66 ], [ 68, 77 ], [ 124, 129 ], [ 168, 193 ], [ 195, 202 ], [ 271, 278 ], [ 279, 284 ], [ 286, 290 ], [ 292, 296 ], [ 308, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "System Industries, a third-party provider of DEC compatible equipment, used a 68B09E processor running OS9 in its QIC (quarter-inch cartridge) tape backup controllers in VAX installations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 68547570, 895102, 31109, 32517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 119, 141 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 170, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The best known hardware (due to its low price and broad distribution) was the TRS-80 Color Computer (CoCo) and the similar Dragon series. Even on the CoCo, a quite minimalist hardware platform, it was possible under OS-9/6809 Level One to have more than one interactive user running concurrently (for example, one on the console keyboard, another in the background, and perhaps a third interactively via a serial connection) as well as several other non-interactive processes. A second processor implementation for the BBC Micro was produced by Cumana. It included on-board RAM, SCSI hard disk interface and a MC68008 processor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31562, 8650, 18950885, 3867662, 28313, 174940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 99 ], [ 123, 129 ], [ 519, 528 ], [ 545, 551 ], [ 579, 583 ], [ 610, 617 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9 was also ported to the Commodore SP-9000 or SuperPET, which had a 6809 in addition to the 6502 of the base 8032 model, as well as 64 KB more. The Toronto PET Users Group sponsored a HW/SW project which included a daughter board with an MMU as well as the OS-9 distribution disks. With two processors, 96 KB, a 25×80 screen and serial, parallel and IEEE-488 ports and many peripherals this was one of the most capable OS-9 systems available.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 87273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9's multi-user and multi-tasking capabilities make it usable as a general-purpose interactive computer system. Many third-party interactive applications have been written for it, such as the Dynacalc spreadsheet, the VED text formatter, and the Stylograph and Screditor-3 WYSIWYG word processors. TSC's nroff emulating formatter was ported to OS-9 by MicroWay, as well.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 27686, 33291, 57307464, 6486053, 172763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 214 ], [ 275, 282 ], [ 283, 297 ], [ 300, 303 ], [ 306, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In mid 1980s, OS-9 was selected for the CD-i operating system. Around the same time, Microsoft approached Microware for acquisition of the company primarily because it was attracted by CD-RTOS, the CD-i operating system. The negotiation failed and no deal was made; Microware decided to remain independent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24883, 19001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 44 ], [ 85, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 1980s, Microware released OS-9000, a more portable version of the operating system. The vast majority of the operating system kernel was rewritten in C leaving a handful of hardware-dependent parts in assembly language. A few \"more advanced features\" were added such as tree-like kernel module name space. OS-9000 was initially ported to the Motorola 680x0 family CPUs, Intel 80386, and PowerPC. The OS-9000/680x0 was a marketing failure and withdrawn very quickly, probably because few customers wanted to try the fatter and slower operating system over the existing OS-9/680x0 proven record of stability. That the Motorola 680x0 family and VME board computer system vendors were nearing their end of life might have affected the unpopularity of OS-9000/680x0. Microware later started calling all of its operating systems — including what had been originally called OS-9000 — simply OS-9, and started shifting its business interest towards portable consumer device markets such as cellphones, car navigation, and multimedia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6021, 64826, 15070, 24281, 148281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 159 ], [ 350, 364 ], [ 378, 389 ], [ 395, 402 ], [ 650, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 1980s and early 1990s, the Character Generators computers used in Broadcast Systems used OS-9 and OS-9000 extensively. The now defunct Pesa Electronica used OS-9 on their CGs such as CG 4722 and CG4733.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999, nineteen years after the first release of OS-9, Apple Computer released Mac OS 9. Microware sued Apple that year for trademark infringement, although a judge ruled that there would be little chance for confusion between the two. Some Macintosh users who are unaware of Microware's lesser known OS-9 have posted to the comp.os.os9 newsgroup not realizing what OS-9 is.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Name conflicts and court decisions", "target_page_ids": [ 856, 205635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 71 ], [ 81, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, RadiSys purchased Microware to acquire the Intel IXP-1200 network processor resources. This acquisition infused Microware with capital and allowed Microware to continue OS-9 development and support.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Name conflicts and court decisions", "target_page_ids": [ 2622542, 39451, 22637703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 16 ], [ 27, 36 ], [ 58, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 21 February 2013, Microware LP (a partnership formed by Freestation of Japan, Microsys Electronics of Germany and RTSI LLC of the USA) announced that they signed an Asset Purchase Agreement to buy the rights to the names Microware, OS-9 and all assets from RadiSys.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Name conflicts and court decisions", "target_page_ids": [ 2622542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9 (especially the 68k version and thereafter) clearly distinguishes itself from the prior generation of embedded operating systems in many aspects.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Runs on 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit CPUs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 80733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clear separation between user mode and supervisor (kernel) mode.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 93467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic use of individually and separately built software components (executable program images and kernel modules) rather than a statically linked single monolithic image.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 371658, 2692227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 114 ], [ 131, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unix-like process name-space model (not memory model) and user shell program.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 18317903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clear separation between hardware independent (e.g. file managers) and hardware dependent (e.g. device drivers) layers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 9101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When compared with more modern operating systems:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The kernel is written entirely in assembly language (OS-9/68K version only) and C (portable version to other architectures) using simple internal data structures, reducing flexibility and improvement scope while improving determinability required for real-time operating systems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 1368, 6021, 26123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 52 ], [ 81, 82 ], [ 252, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Performance was also affected for some operations, but assembly language helped with the speed issue.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Systems without a memory management unit (MMU) have no memory protection against illegal access, nor per-process memory protection, while systems with an MMU can have memory protection enabled. The module controlling the MMU can be included or omitted by the system integrator to enable or disable memory protection. This allows OS-9 to run on older systems which do not include an MMU.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 177112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Older versions of OS-9 do not support POSIX threads, while all OS-9 supported processors support POSIX threads.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 634671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " No SMP support for multiple sockets, cores, or hardware threads in the same OS-9 instance (can run as a RTOS on one of the cores of dual core processors like Core Duo and Core 2 Duo, when Linux is running on the other core doing general purpose tasks).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technology", "target_page_ids": [ 50318, 24538587, 24538587, 6097297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 159, 167 ], [ 172, 182 ], [ 189, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9's real-time kernel allows multiple independent applications to execute simultaneously through task switching and inter-process communication facilities. 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Aging artificially increases the effective priority of threads in the active queue as time passes. 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Firstly, the file system is not a single tree, but instead is a forest with each tree corresponding to a device. Second, OS-9 does not have a Unix-style fork() system call—instead it has a system call which creates a process running a specified program, performing much the same function as a fork-exec or a spawn. Additionally, OS-9 processes keep track of two \"current directories\" rather than just one; the \"current execution directory\" is where it will by default look first to load programs to run (which is similar to the use of PATH environment variable under UNIX). The other is the current data directory.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [ 1010280, 301507, 2958404, 8941352, 349504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 166 ], [ 295, 301 ], [ 435, 444 ], [ 450, 455 ], [ 682, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another difference is that in OS-9, grandparent directories can be indicated by repeating periods three or more times, without any intervening slashes (a feature also found in 4DOS/4OS2/4NT/TC). For example, in OS-9, is similar to in Unix. But and , with just one or two periods, each work the same in both OS-9 and Unix.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [ 341319, 22873864, 3012218, 3012218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 180 ], [ 181, 185 ], [ 186, 189 ], [ 190, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9 has had a modular design from the beginning, influenced by notions of the designers of the 6809 and how they expected software would be distributed in the future (see the three-part series of articles in January-March 1979 Byte by Terry Ritter, et al. of Motorola who designed the CPU).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [ 20326, 33564897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 100 ], [ 228, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The module structure requires more explanation: OS-9 keeps a \"module directory\", a memory-resident list of all modules that are in memory either by having been loaded, or by having been found in ROM during an initial scan at boot time. When one types a command to the OS-9 shell, it will look first in the current module directory for a module of the specified name and will use it (and increase its link count) if found, or it will look on disk for an appropriately named file if not. In OS-9/6809 and OS-9/68000, the module directory is flat, but OS-9000 made the module directory tree-structured. The OS-9000 shell looks in one's alternative module directory for a MODPATH environment variable, analogous to the PATH variable in all versions, indicating the sequence of module directories in which to look for pre-loaded modules.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Modules are not only used to hold programs, but can also be created on the fly to hold data, and are the way in which OS-9 supports shared memory.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9/non-68000 supports POSIX threads. A single process can start any number of threads.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Comparisons with Unix", "target_page_ids": [ 634671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS-9 has faded from popular use, though Microware LP does still support it and it does run on modern architectures such as ARM and x86. The compiler provided, Ultra C/C++, supports C89, but supports neither C99 nor C++98. Ultra C++ does provide limited support for C++ templates. It is also supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 3172, 607497, 72038, 187813, 27579990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 185 ], [ 208, 211 ], [ 216, 221 ], [ 314, 321 ], [ 340, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A Version of OS-9 running Steve Adams' G-Windows is present on semiconductor wafer scrubbers manufactured by Ontrak Systems / Lam Research. Thousands of these systems are in use today, however, the software running on them dates to 1999 when the last version was created to handle Y2K issues. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Versions of OS-9/68K ran on a wide variety of 68000 family platforms, including the Sharp X68000 in Japan, some personal computers intended by their designers as upgrades from the Color Computer (e.g., the 68070 and 68340-based MM/1, and on other computers from Frank Hogg Laboratories, PEP Modular Computers, and Delmar Co.) It was also ported to the Atari ST by Recc-o-ware in the early 1990s, and was distributed by Cumana in Europe. A port for 68000-based Apple Macintoshes distributed by Ultrascience exists. A port to the Amiga by Digby Tarvin is also purported to exist.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 64826, 680345, 30280217, 2141, 19006979, 1980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 59 ], [ 85, 97 ], [ 217, 222 ], [ 353, 361 ], [ 462, 477 ], [ 530, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OS-9/68K is mandated by Caltrans to be used in the 2070-1B and 2070-1E controller cards, and so ends up being used to run many North American traffic signal control systems.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 7710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OS-9/68K is also found in some other embedded applications, including the Quanta Delta television broadcast character generator, still in production by ScanLine Technologies in Utah. While the user-level interface code on this system started at boot time, there was a hidden, undocumented keyboard sequence that would provide a user with a root shell prompt in a scroll window on the device's edit-channel monitor.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In the embedded market, where OS-9 has found application in such devices as the Fairlight CMI synthesizers, robotics, in-car navigation systems, and Philips' Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-i) industry standard.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 284732, 23550, 24883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 94 ], [ 150, 157 ], [ 185, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The TRS-80 Color Computer (and clones) still has users and an annual conference in Chicago; as of 2018 the 27th Annual \"Last\" Chicago CoCoFEST was scheduled for 21-22 April 2018. A group of Canadian programmers rewrote OS-9/6809 Level II for the CoCo 3 (w/ address translation hardware) for efficiency, and to take advantage of the native mode of the Hitachi 6309. Today's serious CoCo users now typically have replaced the 68B09E in the CoCo 3 with an Hitachi 63B09E and run the rewrite, called NitrOS-9. The combination is surprisingly fast, considering that it runs on an expressly low cost, 8-bit computer system.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 31562, 581638, 13951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 26 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 352, 364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gary Becker's CoCo3 FPGA is a synthesized TRS-80 Color Computer which runs NitrOS-9 on an Altera DE-1 development board. The core 6809 CPU was designed by John Kent and is currently running at 25MHz.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " OS-9000/80x86 can be run on PC-type machines built around the Intel x86 CPUs. OS-9000 has also been ported to the PowerPC, MIPS, some versions of Advanced RISC Machines' ARM processor, and some of the Hitachi SH family of processors.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 24281, 20170, 21896483, 60558, 102225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 122 ], [ 124, 128 ], [ 147, 169 ], [ 171, 174 ], [ 202, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The DigiCart/II Plus audio playback unit runs OS-9/68K. It is a solid state replacement for radio station style cart players. These units are used in radio and at places like Walt Disney World where they play park announcements.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 101596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " German electronics manufacturer Eltec has been manufacturing the Eurocom-model CPU boards for industrial purposes since the late 1970s, starting with the 6802 and 6809 Eurocom-1 and Eurocom-2, and onwards with 68K, and derivative, CPU boards up to today. The modern boards can be delivered with a range of operating systems, amongst which is OS-9.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 20326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Omron used OS-9 in their NS series HMI panels. However, for their new NA series, Omron selected Windows Embedded Compact 7. Omron indicated that with OS-9 nearly all the drivers, for example for a USB stick, had to be written by Omron. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 1625328, 27441151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ], [ 96, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Microware LP", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " DTR - Access OS-9 Disk on PC", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " OS-9 Frequently Asked Questions List", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Archive of OS-9 information and software, from RTSI LLC.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Repository for command line tools for manipulating 6809 OS-9 disk images, on SourceForge", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 52227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Execution environment for OS-9 user-mode programs on Mac/Win/linux host OS", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " NitrOS-9 official website, on SourceForge", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 52227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " An OS-9 Port to the Thomson MO5, emulation (fr)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Running OS-9 on a TRS-80 Color Computer (CoCo)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " comp.os.os9 newsgroup via Google groups web interface.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Official OS-9 Blog", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A 6809 Emulator based on the SWTPC 6809 system that runs OS9 and UniFLEX as well as FLEX", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " XiBase9 (a GUI)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " DragonWiki", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Real-time_operating_systems", "Embedded_operating_systems", "TRS-80_Color_Computer", "ARM_operating_systems", "X86_operating_systems", "PowerPC_operating_systems", "Proprietary_operating_systems" ]

[ "OS-9000" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In metaphysics, extension signifies both 'stretching out' (Latin: extensio) as well as later 'taking up space', and most recently, spreading one's internal mental cognition into the external world.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The history of thinking about extension can be traced back at least to Archytas' spear analogy for the infinity of space. How far can one's hand or spear stretch out until it reaches the edge of reality? “If I arrived at the outermost edge of the heaven, could I extend my hand or staff into what is outside or not? It would be paradoxical [given our normal assumptions about the nature of space] not to be able to extend it.”", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 243369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This can be contrasted with , where the Planck length, an almost unimaginably tiny quantity, represents reaching that distance scale where, it has been theorized, all measurement seemingly breaks down to that which can be subsumed at this scale, as distance only, or extension.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33710707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "René Descartes defined extension as the property of existing in more than one dimension, a property that was later followed up in Grassmann's n-dimensional algebra. For Descartes, the primary characteristic of matter is extension (res extensa), just as the primary characteristic of mind is thought (res cogitans).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25525, 19673093, 19378, 37080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 283, 287 ], [ 291, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After rejecting Cartesian identification of body with extension , Newton turns to the question of what the nature of the \"immobile being\"space or extension itself, distinguished from bodywas. He raises three possible definitions for extension: as a kind of substance; or as a kind of accident (a standard philosophical term for attribute: anything that can be predicated of substance); or \"simply nothing\" (a reference to atomism), all of which he repudiates. Instead he proposes that extension \"has a certain mode of existence of its own, which agrees neither with substances nor accidents.\" After struggling with this question, Newton provides perhaps one of the clearest definitions of extension", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "which lead Stein to conclude Newton's conception of Space, the existence of space, or extension, follows from that of anything whatsoever; but extension does not require a subject in which it \"inheres\", as a property; and it can be conceived as existent without presupposing any particular thing, God included. On the other hand, it is an \"affection of every being.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John Locke, in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, defined extension as \"only the Space that lies between the Extremities of those solid coherent Parts\" of a body. It is the space possessed by a body. Locke refers to the extension in conjunction with solidity and impenetrability, the other primary characteristics of matter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 16143, 1371447, 6817996, 3073501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 15, 54 ], [ 257, 265 ], [ 270, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Extension also plays an important part in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, who says that substance (that which has extension) can be limited only by substance of the same sort, i.e. matter cannot be limited by ideas and vice versa. From this principle, he determines that substance is infinite. This infinite substance is what Spinoza calls God, or better yet nature, and it possesses both unlimited extension and unlimited consciousness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3408, 5042765, 21830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 74 ], [ 342, 345 ], [ 361, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Infinite divisibility refers to the idea that extension, or quantity, when divided and further divided infinitely, cannot reach the point of zero quantity. It can be divided into very small or negligible quantity but not zero or no quantity at all. Using a mathematical approach, specifically geometric models, Gottfried Leibniz and Descartes discussed the infinite divisibility of extension. Actual divisibility may be limited due to unavailability of cutting instruments, but its possibility of breaking into smaller pieces is infinite.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Infinite divisibility", "target_page_ids": [ 12281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 312, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Compenetration refers to two or more extensions occupying the same space at the same time. This, according to scholastic philosophers, is impossible; according to this view, only spirits or spiritualized matter can occupy a place occupied already by an entity (matter or spirit)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Compenetration", "target_page_ids": [ 39872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In more recent work, philosophers David Chalmers and Andy Clark in 1998 published \"The Extended Mind.\" This has opened a wide channel of new research at the nexus of epistemology, philosophy of mind, cognitive and neuro-science, dynamic systems thinking, science, technology & innovation studies.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Extended Mind Thesis", "target_page_ids": [ 258221, 45456836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 48 ], [ 83, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mass", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mass generation", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36383032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Higgs mechanism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 644550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] } ]

[ "Metaphysics_of_science", "Concepts_in_metaphysics" ]

[ "Extension (metaphysics)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In any of several fields of study that treat the use of signs — for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language — the extension of a concept, idea, or sign consists of the things to which it applies, in contrast with its comprehension or intension, which consists very roughly of the ideas, properties, or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22760983, 46426065, 18831, 29107, 29301, 6880370, 3885297, 14570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 91 ], [ 93, 98 ], [ 100, 111 ], [ 113, 122 ], [ 124, 133 ], [ 139, 161 ], [ 271, 284 ], [ 288, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In philosophical semantics or the philosophy of language, the 'extension' of a concept or expression is the set of things it extends to, or applies to, if it is the sort of concept or expression that a single object by itself can satisfy. Concepts and expressions of this sort are monadic or \"one-place\" concepts and expressions.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29107, 6880370, 9273782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 26 ], [ 34, 56 ], [ 282, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "So the extension of the word \"dog\" is the set of all (past, present and future) dogs in the world: the set includes Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex, and so on. The extension of the phrase \"Wikipedia reader\" includes each person who has ever read Wikipedia, including you.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 395929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The extension of a whole statement, as opposed to a word or phrase, is defined (since Gottlob Frege's \"On Sense and Reference\") as its truth value. So the extension of \"Lassie is famous\" is the logical value 'true', since Lassie is famous.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 48416, 244755, 161711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 99 ], [ 103, 125 ], [ 135, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some concepts and expressions are such that they don't apply to objects individually, but rather serve to relate objects to objects. For example, the words \"before\" and \"after\" do not apply to objects individually—it makes no sense to say \"Jim is before\" or \"Jim is after\"—but to one thing in relation to another, as in \"The wedding is before the reception\" and \"The reception is after the wedding\". Such \"relational\" or \"polyadic\" (\"many-place\") concepts and expressions have, for their extension, the set of all sequences of objects that satisfy the concept or expression in question. So the extension of \"before\" is the set of all (ordered) pairs of objects such that the first one is before the second one.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In mathematics, the 'extension' of a mathematical concept is the set that is specified by . (That set might be Metaphysical implications)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematics", "target_page_ids": [ 18831, 26691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ], [ 66, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, the extension of a function is a set of ordered pairs that pair up the arguments and values of the function; in other words, the function's graph. The extension of an object in abstract algebra, such as a group, is the underlying set of the object. The extension of a set is the set itself. That a set can capture the notion of the extension of anything is the idea behind the axiom of extensionality in axiomatic set theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematics", "target_page_ids": [ 185427, 22362, 19616384, 19447, 106364, 52376, 27553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 53, 65 ], [ 191, 207 ], [ 219, 224 ], [ 233, 247 ], [ 391, 414 ], [ 418, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This kind of extension is used so constantly in contemporary mathematics based on set theory that it can be called an implicit assumption. A typical effort in mathematics evolves out of an observed mathematical object requiring description, the challenge being to find a characterization for which the object becomes the extension.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Mathematics", "target_page_ids": [ 27553, 19453961, 780886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 92 ], [ 198, 217 ], [ 271, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In computer science, some database textbooks use the term 'intension' to refer to the schema of a database, and 'extension' to refer to particular instances of a database.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Computer science", "target_page_ids": [ 5323, 8377, 1025943, 1041142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 19 ], [ 26, 34 ], [ 86, 92 ], [ 147, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is an ongoing controversy in metaphysics about whether or not there are, in addition to actual, existing things, non-actual or nonexistent things. If there are—if, for instance, there are possible but non-actual dogs (dogs of some non-actual but possible species, perhaps) or nonexistent beings (like Sherlock Holmes, perhaps)—then these things might also figure in the extensions of various concepts and expressions. If not, only existing, actual things can be in the extension of a concept or expression. Note that \"actual\" may not mean the same as \"existing\". Perhaps there exist things that are merely possible, but not actual. (Maybe they exist in other universes, and these universes are other \"possible worlds\"—possible alternatives to the actual world.) Perhaps some actual things are nonexistent. (Sherlock Holmes seems to be an actual example of a fictional character; one might think there are many other characters Arthur Conan Doyle might have invented, though he actually invented Holmes.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Metaphysical implications", "target_page_ids": [ 18895, 780566, 18951335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 712, 727 ], [ 940, 958 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A similar problem arises for objects that no longer exist. The extension of the term \"Socrates\", for example, seems to be a (currently) non-existent object. Free logic is one attempt to avoid some of these problems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Metaphysical implications", "target_page_ids": [ 1635110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some fundamental formulations in the field of general semantics rely heavily on a valuation of extension over intension. See for example extension, and the External links.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "General semantics", "target_page_ids": [ 60524, 14570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 63 ], [ 110, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enumerative definition", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4320641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Extensional definition", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50453901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Extensional logic", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1601765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Generalization", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sense and reference", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 244755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Semantic property", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Type–token distinction", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14934822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Extensional processes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Semantics", "Set_theory", "Concepts_in_logic", "Definition", "Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress and singer. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles on stage over her career, including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific (1949), the title character in Peter Pan (1954), and Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1959). She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 71180, 199825, 167964, 10312547, 30019, 414306, 324168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 101 ], [ 105, 128 ], [ 218, 231 ], [ 263, 272 ], [ 304, 322 ], [ 347, 369 ], [ 407, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin was born in Weatherford, Texas. Her autobiography described her childhood as secure and happy. She had close relationships with both of her parents as well as her siblings. As a young actress Martin had an instinctive ear for recreating musical sounds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 136482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin's father, Preston Martin, was a lawyer, and her mother, Juanita Presley, was a violin teacher. Although the doctors told Juanita that she would risk her life if she attempted to have another baby, she was determined to have a boy. Instead, she had Mary, who later obliged by becoming quite a tomboy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 168931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 299, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin's family had a barn and orchard that kept her entertained. She played with her elder sister Geraldine (whom she called \"Sister\"), climbing trees and riding ponies. Martin adored her father. \"He was tall, good-looking, silver-haired, with the kindest brown eyes. Mother was the disciplinarian, but it was Daddy who could turn me into an angel with just one look.\" Martin, who said \"I'd never understand the law\" began singing at a bandstand, outside the courtroom where her father worked every Saturday night. She sang in a trio with her sister and Marion Swofford, all three in bellhop costumes. \"Even in those days, without microphones, my high piping voice carried all over the square. I have always thought that I inherited my carrying voice from my father.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2396938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 585, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She remembered having a photographic memory as a child. School tests were not a problem, and learning songs was easy. She got her first taste of singing solo at a fire hall, where she soaked up the crowd's appreciation. \"Sometimes I think that I cheated my own family and my closest friends by giving to audiences so much of the love I might have kept for them. But that's the way I was made; I truly don't think I could help it.\" Martin's craft was developed by seeing movies and becoming a mimic. She would win prizes for looking, acting and dancing like Ruby Keeler and singing exactly like Bing Crosby. \"Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child — that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 21402573, 189182, 4010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 43 ], [ 560, 571 ], [ 597, 608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During high school, Martin dated Benjamin Hagman before she left to attend finishing school at Ward–Belmont in Nashville, Tennessee. In Nashville she enjoyed imitating Fanny Brice at singing gigs, but she found school dull and felt confined by its strict rules. She was homesick for Weatherford, her family and Hagman. During a visit, Mary and Benjamin persuaded Mary's mother to allow them to marry. She was legally married on November 3, 1930, at Grace Episcopal Church (Hopkinsville, Kentucky). 10 months later, pregnant with her first child (Larry Hagman) she was forced to leave Ward–Belmont. She was, however, happy to begin her new life, but she soon learned that this life as she would later say was nothing but \"role playing\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [ 48147949, 888573, 22018, 491825, 26783703, 324168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 91 ], [ 95, 107 ], [ 111, 131 ], [ 168, 179 ], [ 449, 496 ], [ 546, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Their honeymoon was at her parents' house, and Martin's dream of life with a family and a white-picket fence faded. \"I was 17, a married woman without real responsibilities, miserable about my mixed-up emotions, afraid there was something awfully wrong with me because I didn't enjoy being a wife. Worst of all, I didn't have enough to do.\" (p.39) It was \"Sister\" who came to her rescue, suggesting that she should teach dance. \"Sister\" taught Martin her first real dance—the waltz clog. Martin perfectly imitated her first dance move, and she opened a dance studio. Here, she created her own moves, imitated the famous dancers she watched in the movies and taught \"Sister's\" waltz clog. As she later recalled, \"I was doing something I wanted to do—creating.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wanting to learn more moves, Martin went to California to attend the dance school at the Franchon and Marco School of the Theatre and then opened her own dance studio in Mineral Wells, Texas. She was given a ballroom studio with the premise that she would sing in the lobby every Saturday. There, she learned how to sing into a microphone and how to phrase blues songs. One day at work, she accidentally walked into the wrong room, where auditions were being held. They asked her in what key she would like to sing \"How Red the Rose, How Blue the Sky\". Having absolutely no idea what her key was, she sang regardless and got the job.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Apprenticeship", "target_page_ids": [ 151228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Returning to California, Martin was hired to sing \"How Red the Rose\" at the Fox Theater in San Francisco followed by a gig at the Paramount Theater in Los Angeles. There was one catch: she had to sing in the wings. She scored her first professional gig unaware that she would soon be center stage.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Apprenticeship", "target_page_ids": [ 6172429, 49728, 10960163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 87 ], [ 91, 104 ], [ 130, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after, Martin learned that her studio in Texas had been burned down by a man who thought dancing was a sin. She began to express her unhappiness. Her father gave her advice, saying she was too young to be married. Martin left everything behind including her young son, Larry, and stayed in Los Angeles while her father handled her divorce from Benjamin Hagman for her. In Los Angeles, Martin plunged herself into auditions—so many that she became known as \"Audition Mary\". Her first professional audition and job was on a national radio network. Among Martin's first auditions, she sang \"Indian Love Call\". After she finished the song, \"a tall, craggly man who looked like a mountain\" told Martin that he thought she had something special. It was Oscar Hammerstein II This marked the start of her career.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Apprenticeship", "target_page_ids": [ 21935762, 22753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 594, 610 ], [ 753, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin began her radio career in 1939 as the vocalist on a short-lived revival of The Tuesday Night Party on CBS. In 1940, she was a singer on NBC's Good News of 1940, which was renamed Maxwell House Coffee Time during that year. In 1942, she joined the cast of Kraft Music Hall on NBC, replacing Connie Boswell. She was also one of the stars of Stage Door Canteen on CBS, 1942–1945.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Radio", "target_page_ids": [ 37653, 21780, 7423245, 9009896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 112 ], [ 143, 146 ], [ 262, 278 ], [ 297, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin was cast in Cole Porter's Leave It to Me!, making her Broadway debut in November 1938 in that production. She became popular on Broadway and received attention in the national media singing \"My Heart Belongs to Daddy\". With that one song in the second act, she became a star 'overnight'. Martin reprised the song in Night and Day, a Hollywood film about Cole Porter, in which she played herself auditioning for Porter (Cary Grant). \"My Heart Belongs to Daddy\" catapulted her career and became very special to Martin—she even sang it to her ailing father in his hospital bed while he was in a coma. Martin did not learn immediately that her father had died. Headlines read \"Daddy Girl Sings About Daddy as Daddy Dies\". Because of the show's demanding schedule, Martin was unable to attend her father's funeral. In 1943 she starred in the new Kurt Weill musical One Touch of Venus and then Lute Song in 1946.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 53360, 13022997, 4502593, 6321252, 38965, 51097, 1453092, 695506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 30 ], [ 33, 48 ], [ 198, 223 ], [ 323, 336 ], [ 426, 436 ], [ 848, 858 ], [ 867, 885 ], [ 895, 904 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As nurse Nellie Forbush, Martin opened on Broadway in South Pacific on April 7, 1949. Her performance was called \"memorable... funny and poignant in turns\", and she earned a Tony Award.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 167964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richard Watts Jr. of the New York Post wrote: \"nothing I have ever seen her do prepared me for the loveliness, humor, gift for joyous characterization, and sheer lovableness of her portrayal of Nellie Forbush.... Hers is a completely irresistible performance.\" She opened in the West End production on November 1, 1951.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 12363205, 102227, 1154952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 25, 38 ], [ 279, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Her next major success was in the role of Peter in the Broadway production of Peter Pan in October 1954 with Martin winning the Tony Award. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 10312547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin opened on Broadway in The Sound of Music as Maria on November 16, 1959, and stayed in the show until October 1961. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. The musical gave Martin \"the chance to display her homespun charm\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1966, she appeared on Broadway in the two-person musical I Do! I Do! with Robert Preston and was nominated for the Tony Award (Leading Actress in a Musical). A national tour with Preston began in March 1968 but was canceled early due to Martin's illness.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 3559599, 522320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ], [ 77, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although she appeared in nine films between 1938 and 1943, she was generally passed over for the filmed version of the musical plays. She herself once explained that she did not enjoy making films because she did not have the connection with an audience that she had in live performances. The closest that she ever came to preserving her stage performances was her television appearances as Peter Pan. The Broadway production from 1954 was subsequently performed on NBC television in RCA's compatible color in 1955, 1956, and 1960. Martin also preserved her 1957 stage performance as Annie Oakley in Annie Get Your Gun when NBC television broadcast the production live that year.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 21780, 25970, 286348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 466, 469 ], [ 484, 487 ], [ 600, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Martin did not enjoy making films, she apparently did enjoy appearing on television as she did frequently. Her last feature film appearance was a cameo as herself in MGM's Main Street to Broadway in 1953. Martin made an appearance in 1980 in a Royal Variety Performance in London performing \"Honeybun\" from South Pacific. Martin appeared in the play Legends with Carol Channing in a one-year US national tour opening in Dallas on January 9, 1986.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Broadway", "target_page_ids": [ 25613685, 332101, 225543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 201 ], [ 356, 363 ], [ 369, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1973. She received the Kennedy Center Honors, an annual honor for career achievements, in 1989. She received the Donaldson Award in 1943 for One Touch of Venus. A Special Tony Award was presented to her in 1948 while she appeared in the national touring company of Annie Get Your Gun for \"spreading theatre to the rest of the country while the originals perform in New York.\" In 1955 and 1956, she received, first, a Tony Award for Peter Pan, and then an Emmy for appearing in the same role on television. She also received Tonys for South Pacific and in 1959 for The Sound of Music.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 4390143, 414306, 1453092, 10625193, 151921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 58 ], [ 85, 106 ], [ 203, 221 ], [ 225, 243 ], [ 518, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Martin's 1936 divorce from Benjamin Hagman, she married Richard Halliday in 1940. Early in their marriage, he worked as a drama critic for the New York World-Telegram and a movie critic for the New York Daily News. Eventually, Halliday became producer or co-producer of at least two of Martin's projects. In the early 1970s, the couple lived, according to his March 1973 obituary in the Connecticut Sunday Herald, \"on a vast ranch they own near Anápolis\" in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The ranch was called \"Nossa Fazenda Halliday\" (Our Halliday Farm).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 206188, 504790, 145972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 172 ], [ 200, 219 ], [ 453, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin was called Dona Maria by people in the vicinity of the Brazilian ranch.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cultural scholar Lillian Faderman wrote that Martin and actress Janet Gaynor often traveled together along with Halliday and with Gaynor's husband.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 7134588, 45794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 33 ], [ 64, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the evening of September 5, 1982, Martin, Janet Gaynor, Gaynor's husband Paul Gregory, and Martin's manager Ben Washer were involved in a serious car crash in San Francisco.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 49728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A van ran a red light at the corner of California and Franklin streets and crashed into the Luxor taxicab in which the group was riding, knocking it into a tree. Washer was killed, Martin sustained two broken ribs and a broken pelvis, and Gaynor's husband suffered two broken legs. Gaynor sustained several serious injuries. The driver of the van was arrested on two counts of felony drunk driving, reckless driving, speeding, running a red light, and vehicular homicide. On March 15, 1983, he was found guilty of drunk driving and vehicular homicide and was sentenced to three years in prison. Gaynor died two years later from complications from her injuries.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 12828578, 607554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 49 ], [ 452, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin was a Democrat and supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 52737, 40563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ], [ 36, 51 ], [ 63, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Martin died of cancer four weeks before her 77th birthday at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, on November3, 1990.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "She is buried in City Greenwood Cemetery in Weatherford, Texas.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kirkwood, James, Jr. (1989). Diary of a Mad Playwright: Perilous Adventures on the Road with Mary Martin and Carol Channing, about production of the play \"Legends\" (Dutton)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 320770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Photos of Mary Martin, hosted by the Portal to Texas History", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Desert Islands Discs appearance 26 March 1977", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1913_births", "1990_deaths", "20th-century_American_actresses", "20th-century_American_women_singers", "20th-century_American_singers", "Actresses_from_Texas", "Alumni_of_the_Royal_College_of_Art", "American_film_actresses", "American_musical_theatre_actresses", "American_television_actresses", "California_Democrats", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_California", "Donaldson_Award_winners", "Kennedy_Center_honorees", "New_York_(state)_Democrats", "Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Lead_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_Movie_Primetime_Emmy_Award_winners", "People_from_Fire_Island,_New_York", "People_from_Weatherford,_Texas", "People_from_Rancho_Mirage,_California", "RCA_Victor_artists", "Singers_from_Texas", "Singers_from_California", "Singers_from_New_York_(state)", "Special_Tony_Award_recipients", "Texas_Democrats", "Tony_Award_winners", "Ward–Belmont_College_alumni" ]

[ "Mary Virginia Martin" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Kidderminster is a large market and historic minster town and civil parish in Worcestershire, England, south-west of Birmingham and north of Worcester. Located north of the River Stour and east of the River Severn, in the 2011 census, it had a population of 55,530. The town is twinned with Husum, Germany.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 145965, 155113, 644233, 33778, 9316, 13882056, 58681, 412052, 50807, 6889, 1155299, 90649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 31 ], [ 45, 52 ], [ 62, 74 ], [ 78, 92 ], [ 94, 101 ], [ 118, 128 ], [ 143, 152 ], [ 175, 186 ], [ 203, 215 ], [ 229, 235 ], [ 280, 287 ], [ 293, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Situated in the far north of Worcestershire (and with its northern suburbs only 3 and 4 miles from the Staffordshire and Shropshire borders respectively), the town is the main administration centre for the wider Wyre Forest District, which includes the towns of Stourport-on-Severn and Bewdley, along with other outlying settlements.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 58733, 51611, 4379869, 412099, 367817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 116 ], [ 121, 131 ], [ 212, 232 ], [ 262, 281 ], [ 286, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The land around Kidderminster may have been first populated by the Husmerae, an Anglo-Saxon tribe first mentioned in the Ismere Diploma, a document in which Ethelbald of Mercia granted a \"parcel of land of ten hides\" to Cyneberht. This developed as the settlement of Stour-in-Usmere, which was later the subject of a territorial dispute settled by Offa of Mercia in 781, when he restored certain rights to Bishop Heathored. This allowed for the founding of a monastery or in the area.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24098230, 10844706, 47037, 13527628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 75 ], [ 121, 135 ], [ 348, 362 ], [ 406, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest written form of the name Kidderminster was first documented in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Chideminstre, meaning 'Cydda or Cydela's minster or monastery'. It was a large manor held by William the Conqueror, with 16 outlying settlements (Bristitune, Fastochesfeld, Franche, Habberley, Hurcott, Mitton, Oldington, Ribbesford, Sudwale, Sutton, Teulesberge, Trimpley, Wannerton and Wribbenhall). Various spellings were in use – Kedeleministre or Kideministre (in the 12th and 13th centuries), Kyderemunstre (13th–15th centuries) – until the name of the town was settled as Kidderminster by the 16th century. Between 1156 and 1162 Henry II granted the manor to his steward, Manasser Biset. By six decades later, the settlement grew and a fair (1228) and later a market (1240) were established there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47752, 155113, 33917, 26042562, 52890974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 93 ], [ 164, 171 ], [ 216, 237 ], [ 658, 666 ], [ 701, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To the south by the River Stour, dating from the 15th century, is a single surviving tower of Caldwall (or Caldwell) Castle, a fortified manor house. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 412052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster owes its growth to the early development of the cloth industry, which was aided by its position upon the River Stour, and its location at the congruence of four main roads to Birmingham, Dudley, Worcester and Bewdley and Bridgnorth. In a visit to the town sometime around 1540, King's Antiquary John Leland noted that Kidderminster \"standeth most by clothing\". Over the following centuries the town specialised in textile trades such as weaving, fulling, cloth working and milling, and was also home to numerous other trades including shoemaking, haberdashery, saddle making, dyers, tailors, tanners and glovers. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51892, 13882056, 266706, 58681, 367817, 374494, 149522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 67 ], [ 189, 199 ], [ 201, 207 ], [ 209, 218 ], [ 223, 230 ], [ 235, 245 ], [ 309, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Charles I granted the Borough of Kidderminster a Charter in 1636. the original charter can be viewed at Kidderminster Town Hall.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7426, 8759374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ], [ 27, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster's position at the junction of several main roads made it a place of strategic importance during the English Civil War, with several skirmishes taking place in and around the town. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 16701 Kidderminster's cloth industry obtained a guild by act of parliament and by 1677, the town had as many as 459 weavers and perhaps 3,000 spinners. Following King Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in October 1685 and the subsequent renewed persecution of French Protestants in France, many Huguenots emigrated to Britain. The immigration and settlement of waves of industrious Huguenots brought the benefits of skilled artisans, merchants and manufacturers to Britain. They contributed to a preexisting but basic cloth weaving industry in towns and cities throughout England, in some cases establishing new businesses. In Worcestershire, the Huguenots established themselves at Worcester, Evesham, Droitwich and Kidderminster. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12369, 18553, 50467, 25814008, 75899, 191460, 151934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 56 ], [ 165, 179 ], [ 200, 215 ], [ 281, 292 ], [ 309, 318 ], [ 708, 715 ], [ 717, 726 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 18th century, carpet weaving was introduced to Kidderminster, and this rapidly became the staple trade of the town. Its growth was aided by the opening of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in 1771, and later the arrival of the railway to the town in 1852. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 264268, 151705, 2361972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 33 ], [ 172, 210 ], [ 249, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Poor trade conditions in 1828, when 2,000 looms were not working for an 18-week period, led to riots where £3,000 of damage was done during one night.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town's local government was reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835, which incorporated Kidderminster as a municipal borough. This superseded the charter of 1636, and divided the borough into three wards represented by six aldermen and eighteen councillors, the number of wards was doubled in the 1880s. The current Town Hall on Vicar Street was built in 1877.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2683393, 667870, 66129455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 73 ], [ 113, 130 ], [ 322, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster has two Commissioners' churches. The first was St George's Church, on Radford Avenue. This was designed by Francis Goodwin and built in 1821–1824, finally being consecrated in April 1824. Its grant of just over £17,000.00, was the third-largest given by the commission to any church outside London. The second church was St John's Church, on the Bewdley Road. This was built in 1843 and the architect was Matthew Steele; its grant was just over £4,000. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15535154, 34121636, 38721634, 36594605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 43 ], [ 121, 136 ], [ 335, 351 ], [ 419, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Shrubbery was converted into a military headquarters towards the end of the 19th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 55040041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1974 the old borough of Kidderminster was abolished and merged into the new Wyre Forest District. In December 2015 Kidderminster was established as a civil parish with a new Town Council, following a public referendum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4379869, 644233, 244094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 99 ], [ 153, 165 ], [ 177, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The carpet industry went into decline in the 1970s, but still continues on a reduced scale.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The River Stour and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal both flow through Kidderminster town centre.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 412052, 151705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ], [ 24, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The modern carpet industry was founded in the area in 1785 by Brintons. The carpet industry became extremely important to the local economy, so much so that the local newspaper is still named The Shuttle after the shuttles used on the carpet looms. A type of carpet was known as Kidderminster carpet or, in the United States, Ingrain carpet: this was a reversible carpet with no pile, with the pattern showing in opposite colours on the two faces, and was popular from the 18th to early 20th centuries. By 1951 there were over thirty carpet manufacturers in the town, including, for example, Quayle & Tranter (now defunct). They commissioned such notable artists as George Bain to create their traditional Celtic designs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 447219, 1149024, 46595, 17747816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 192, 203 ], [ 242, 246 ], [ 666, 677 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aided by a 2004 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, a museum dedicated to the Kidderminster carpet industry was officially opened by Lord Cobham in 2012. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 2029497, 62201527, 33438291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 52 ], [ 56, 62 ], [ 135, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster Town is a civil parish within Wyre Forest District, with Kidderminster Town Council created in the early 21st century to take on the duties of a parish council, following a referendum in May 2015. Prior to this, Charter Trustees maintained the traditions of the town and elected a Mayor. As of the last election in 2019 for the Wyre Forest District Council, the Conservatives lost their majority and now no group dominates the council.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Politics", "target_page_ids": [ 644233, 4379869, 244094, 633293, 62485140, 32113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 44, 64 ], [ 159, 173 ], [ 226, 242 ], [ 312, 333 ], [ 376, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The area (initially as Kidderminster, then after 1983 as the Wyre Forest constituency) has been represented by Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs) Gerald Nabarro 1950–64, Tatton Brinton 1964–74, Esmond Bulmer 1974–87, Anthony Coombs 1987–97, and Labour MP David Lock 1997–2001. In the 2001 United Kingdom general election, the town returned Dr Richard Taylor as an independent MP for the Wyre Forest parliamentary constituency. Taylor had fought the election to protest against the proposed reduction in services at Kidderminster Hospital. He held his seat at the 2005 election, the first independent MP to do so since 1949. Mark Garnier has held the seat of Wyre Forest since the 2010 election increasing his majority each time.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Politics", "target_page_ids": [ 5273684, 1826128, 32113, 3776360, 1013318, 6263050, 5783783, 5598733, 19279158, 3776360, 524152, 3975, 415681, 3776360, 45459258, 1847945, 27294797, 1826128, 1855482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 36 ], [ 61, 85 ], [ 111, 123 ], [ 124, 145 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 176, 190 ], [ 200, 213 ], [ 223, 237 ], [ 251, 257 ], [ 258, 260 ], [ 261, 271 ], [ 290, 326 ], [ 349, 363 ], [ 382, 384 ], [ 521, 543 ], [ 569, 582 ], [ 630, 642 ], [ 664, 675 ], [ 686, 699 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 2011 census there were 55,530 residents in Kidderminster in 24,869 households, the median age of Kidderminster residents was 41.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster's population at the 2011 census was predominantly White (96.8%). The largest non-white groups were Asian at 1.7%, and mixed race at 1.2%.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 166202, 1749326, 243749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 69 ], [ 113, 118 ], [ 132, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "67% of Kidderminster residents identified as Christian, with 24.7% stating they had no religion, and 6.6% not stating any religion. The largest non-Christian group were Muslims at 0.8%, followed by Buddhists at 0.2% and Hindus and Sikhs at 0.1% each, with others at 0.4%.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 5211, 323777, 19541, 3267529, 13677, 29405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 84, 95 ], [ 169, 176 ], [ 198, 207 ], [ 220, 226 ], [ 231, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster's parish church of St Mary and All Saints' is a grade I listed building dating mostly from the 15th and 16th centuries. Another notable church is St John's Church, which is grade II listed, and dates from 1843. Other listed buildings of note in the town include the Town Hall of 1877. The Shrubbery, a 19th-century mansion, and the Kidderminster Register Office. Many of Kidderminster's historic buildings were lost from the 1960s onwards, this led to the creation of the Kidderminster Civic Society in 1993 to promote preservation of the town's heritage.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Architecture and landmarks", "target_page_ids": [ 38793417, 202009, 38721634, 66129455, 55040041, 37486591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 56 ], [ 62, 76 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 280, 289 ], [ 299, 312 ], [ 346, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1968 Buildings of England volume on Worcestershire, Pevsner described the town as; \"uncommonly devoid of visual pleasure and architectural interest.\" Crown House, an early 1970s office block was particularly criticised, and was once rated among the top 10 ugliest buildings in Britain. Demolition was completed in April 2020, improving the Kidderminster skyline. In the 2007 revision of this volume, Alan Brooks wrote; \"the 19th century mill buildings, together with the churches, provide most of the architectural interest in a town otherwise uncommonly lacking in visual pleasures.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Architecture and landmarks", "target_page_ids": [ 17749016, 292440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 32 ], [ 59, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rail", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two railway stations in the town share the same approach road and are located less than fifty metres apart. The main National Rail station, operated by West Midlands Trains, is Kidderminster, from where trains run to Birmingham, Worcester and London. The other station, Kidderminster Town, is the terminus of the preserved Heritage Railway line, Severn Valley Railway, from where trains run to Bridgnorth.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 21923, 54113792, 2361972, 13882056, 58681, 4883506, 142154, 374494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 130 ], [ 152, 172 ], [ 177, 190 ], [ 217, 227 ], [ 229, 238 ], [ 270, 288 ], [ 346, 367 ], [ 394, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Road", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several major routes run through the town, including the A456 which runs from Birmingham to just south of Woofferton, Shropshire; the A451 which runs from Stourbridge to Abberley; the A442 which runs from Droitwich to Hodnet, Shropshire, a few miles north of Telford; the A449 which runs from Newport in south Wales to Stafford and crosses the A456 at the Land Oak; and the A448 road which starts in the town and goes to Studley in Warwickshire, via Bromsgrove and Redditch. A major change in the town centre road infrastructure was the construction of the ring road in the 1970s and 1980s. This relieved the town's growing congestion but diverted traffic outside the centre, drawing off customers for businesses. The final phase of the ring road was never completed, which results in the town having a ring road that does not form a complete ring.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 2305466, 3795740, 51611, 8215253, 750069, 2516766, 151934, 1430407, 51611, 199097, 2446017, 338052, 295903, 19046423, 703055, 383648, 351846, 368581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 61 ], [ 106, 116 ], [ 118, 128 ], [ 134, 138 ], [ 170, 178 ], [ 184, 188 ], [ 205, 214 ], [ 218, 224 ], [ 226, 236 ], [ 259, 266 ], [ 272, 276 ], [ 293, 300 ], [ 319, 327 ], [ 374, 383 ], [ 421, 428 ], [ 432, 444 ], [ 450, 460 ], [ 465, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Waterways", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal passes through the town.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 151705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bus", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are direct bus links with towns including Worcester, Halesowen, Bewdley, Stourport, Bridgnorth, Bromsgrove and Redditch. The majority of the services in Kidderminster are operated by Diamond West Midlands (previously First Midland Red), while the rest is operated by Arriva Midlands, Finesse and Yarranton Brothers and Services 291 and 292 were operated by R & B Travel prior to the company surrendering its licence in January 2020.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 58681, 401192, 367817, 412099, 374494, 351846, 368581, 8890858, 15672424, 3405457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 57 ], [ 59, 68 ], [ 70, 77 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 90, 100 ], [ 102, 112 ], [ 117, 125 ], [ 189, 210 ], [ 223, 240 ], [ 273, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Services 15A/C, S15, 294, 580 and 133were operated by Coniston Coaches prior to surrendering its licence in October 2020.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "15A/C, S15 & 294 were passed onto Astons until 2021 and 2022.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As part of educational restructuring in the Wyre Forest district, Kidderminster's schools were reorganised from a three-tier system of first, middle and high schools to the two-tier system more common in the UK as a whole, featuring primary schools and secondary schools. In this process, several first and middle schools were closed or merged into new primaries. The three high schools of King Charles I School, Wolverley C E Secondary School, and Baxter College (formerly Harry Cheshire High School) became secondary schools that included sixth forms.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 4379869, 7729151, 25058, 554992, 5036818, 15251778, 20163218, 163641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 64 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 233, 247 ], [ 253, 269 ], [ 390, 411 ], [ 413, 443 ], [ 449, 463 ], [ 541, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Independent schools include Heathfield Knoll School in Wolverley. Formerly independent, Holy Trinity School became a state-funded free school in 2014. Kidderminster College is located in Market Street in the town centre, having moved from older premises in Hoo Road in 2003. Other local secondary schools include The Stourport High School & VIth Form Centre and The Bewdley School.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 20197762, 7224268, 2723778, 23649657, 9857556, 20086118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 51 ], [ 55, 64 ], [ 88, 107 ], [ 151, 172 ], [ 313, 357 ], [ 362, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster CC is a local cricket club at whose home ground of Chester Road North Ground Worcestershire County Cricket Club play occasional County Championship and county 2nd XI games.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 2809448, 25675557, 8124269, 1156428, 683599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 28, 35 ], [ 65, 90 ], [ 91, 125 ], [ 142, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Formed in 1886, Kidderminster Harriers F.C. is the town's professional football club. Local rivals of the Harriers were traditionally Worcester City and Bromsgrove Rovers, and in recent years also Cheltenham Town and Hereford United. As of 2013 Cheltenham are in a division above Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 451161, 10568, 3660386, 1016414, 451158, 451201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 43 ], [ 71, 79 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 153, 170 ], [ 197, 212 ], [ 217, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005 the Harriers were relegated to the Conference Premier after five years in the Football League Two division. They had reached the Football League as Conference champions in 2000, and are Worcestershire's only representative in the league. They had won the title in 1994 but were denied promotion then as their stadium did not meet Football League capacity requirements. That same year they eliminated Birmingham City from the FA Cup; they eventually reached the 5th round of the competition (just missing the quarter-finals), where they hosted Premier League side West Ham United, narrowly losing 0–1. Prior to Lincoln City's run in the competition in 2017, Harriers were the last non-league side to reach round five of the FA Cup. Harriers were relegated to the National League North in 2016.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 693153, 715020, 185196, 11237, 11250, 46417, 451163, 645482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 61 ], [ 86, 105 ], [ 408, 423 ], [ 433, 439 ], [ 551, 565 ], [ 571, 586 ], [ 618, 632 ], [ 770, 791 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Kidderminster & District League has operated since 1984 and draws teams from Worcestershire and South Staffordshire.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 18487911, 33778, 449192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 35 ], [ 81, 95 ], [ 100, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster Carolians RFC is a local rugby union club, currently playing at level 6 in Midlands 1 West.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 25405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidderminster Hockey club was founded in 1892 and in 2010 there are five men's hockey teams, a women's team and a junior team.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 10886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Located in Kidderminster is the Severn Valley Railway a heritage railway. The Museum of Carpet opened in 2012, showcases the town's contribution to the carpet industry. To the west of Kidderminster towards Bewdley is the West Midlands Safari Park.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Local attractions", "target_page_ids": [ 142154, 154176, 62201527, 367817, 847522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 53 ], [ 56, 72 ], [ 78, 94 ], [ 206, 213 ], [ 221, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The local newspaper covering Kidderminster is The Shuttle.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [ 1149024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Wyre was the town's first local commercial radio station; it began broadcasting on 12 September 2005 from studios in Kidderminster. Other radio stations providing local coverage are Free Radio, Sunshine Radio and BBC Hereford & Worcester. The Wyre ceased broadcasting in 2012, and Signal 107 was launched on 26 March 2012 (it now broadcasts as Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [ 3865446, 570099, 35072244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 217, 241 ], [ 348, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town is noted for its particularly high record lows. Despite an average July low of 11.7°C, the temperature has never fallen below 5°C in that month. The coldest and warmest July nights were both recorded in 2015.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mo Anthoine was born and brought up on Marlpool Lane in Kidderminster. He was a mountain climber famed for his technical skill.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 19766054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Wyer was born in Kidderminster, went on to manage repeat victories at Le Mans 24 hours.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1270001, 1401596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 76, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Baxter (12 November 1615 – 8 December 1691); Puritan minister. He began his ministry in Kidderminster in April 1641 and served there for the next 19 years. A memorial statue of him was erected outside Saint Mary's parish church, where he was based. The inscription states his wish \"for unity and comprehension in religion\". Prior beginning his ministry in Kidderminster, Baxter lived in Bridgnorth from 1640 to 1641.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 194508, 24091, 374494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 397, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Birch, former guitarist with Wishbone Ash, was born and brought up in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 20143533, 166731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 35, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robbie Blunt, solo guitarist, Robert Plant collaborator, has associations with Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 5244745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Bradley, the English humorist of the mid-Victorian era, was born in Kidderminster in 1827. He died on 11 December 1889.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 931681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lant Carpenter was born in Kidderminster on 2 September 1780.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1410630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gilbert Claughton Chairman of the London North Western Railway", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 34759442, 186914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 35, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Collins, former Formula One driver was born in Kidderminster on 6 November 1931. During his career Collins drove for the HWM, Vanwall, Maserati and Ferrari teams and won 3 of his 33 Grands Prix. Tragically his promising career was cut short during the 1958 German Grand Prix, when Collins spun off the track and sustained a fatal head injury in the accident that followed.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1226514, 10854, 1233254, 445654, 26878200, 173009, 1122179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 23, 34 ], [ 128, 131 ], [ 133, 140 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 155, 162 ], [ 259, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sammi Davis (born 1964), film actress, was born in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4861270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tony De Vit, Birmingham-based nightclub DJ and singer, was born in Kidderminster, died in Birmingham in 1998.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 644396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alun Evans, English football's first £100,000 teenager, was born in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1239067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Eve, Grand Treasurer of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1889 was born in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 44628406, 1666411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 37, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley (1716–1777), MP for Droitwich and Herefordshire, created Baron Foley, of Kidderminster in the County of Worcester in 1776.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 10522139, 3776360, 10128359, 15451122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ], [ 44, 46 ], [ 51, 60 ], [ 65, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paul Frampton, theoretical physicist, was born in Kidderminster and educated at King Charles I School.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 3627411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, known also as James Albert, lived with his family in the town in the 1760s and 1770s. An African prince and freed slave, he worked on his autobiography in Kidderminster, with a secretary from Leominster. Published at Bath in about 1772, this was considered the first Black African autobiography published in Britain.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 282937, 335128, 41523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 213, 223 ], [ 238, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Hamer, film director and screenwriter, known for his 1949 comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets, starring Dennis Price and Alec Guinness, was born in Kidderminster on 31 March 1911.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2582472, 21554680, 53016, 350908, 170418, 19672828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 28 ], [ 33, 45 ], [ 73, 97 ], [ 108, 120 ], [ 125, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jowe Head (born 1956), as Joe Hendon in Kidderminster, bass guitarist, singer and visual artist was a member of Swell Maps before joining the Television Personalities.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 23662548, 1763203, 1359922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 143, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sir Rowland Hill, the inventor of the Penny Black and the modern postal system, was born in Blackwell Street on 3 December 1795. There is a statue, sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock, to him in Vicar Street outside the town hall. There is a pub in the Bull Ring called The Penny Black in his honour.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2266492, 193260, 2331307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 39, 50 ], [ 161, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Eliot Howard, director of a steelwork in Worcester, and amateur ornithologist, was born at Stone House near Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1208437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eustace Jotham, served as a captain in the Great War, winning the Victoria Cross in 1915; was born in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1218272, 17491404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 67, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kevin Keelan, footballer played for Norwich City.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 5463464, 248083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 37, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter W. Law was born in Kidderminster in 1837 to a carpet dealer, and worked as a carpet manufacturer. He later immigrated to the United States, where he founded Briarcliff Manor, New York, and died in 1924.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 41755081, 127545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 165, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Melissa Lawley, Liverpool F.C. Women Forward, who signed for the club in 2019.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 50760896, 8247848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iskra Lawrence, model, grew up in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 50224814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rustie Lee, TV personality and celebrity chef, used to live on the outskirts of the town.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1058771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sir Josiah Mason, an English pen-manufacturer, was born in Mill Street on 23 February 1795.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 376833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter Nash, former Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand, was born in the town.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 430317, 4913064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James O'Brien, radio talk show host of LBC and journalist, was brought up in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 3846855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Job Orton, English dissenting minister, lived in Kidderminster in retirement from 1766 until his death in 1783.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1682968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Taylor Parkes, journalist and broadcaster, was born in West Bromwich but grew up in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 7117208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ewan Pearson, DJ and record producer, grew up in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 7073958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ernest Perry, first-class cricketer, died in Kidderminster in 1996.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 18721854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Plant (born 1948), English musician who was the front man of the 1970s English rock band Led Zeppelin, grew up in Kidderminster and has had associations with Kidderminster College.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 100405, 17909, 23649657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 97, 109 ], [ 166, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stuart Matthew Price, singer and composer, was born in the town.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 55322789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jess Roden, singer, was born in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4389978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mike Sanchez (born 1964), rhythm and blues pianist and vocalist, is a long-time resident of Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 11063067, 26168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 27, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sir Herbert Smith, 1st Baronet (1872–1943), Kidderminster carpet manufacturer and owner of Witley Court (see Smith of Kidderminster baronets)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 12277167, 1649579, 5708404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ], [ 92, 104 ], [ 110, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alf Tabb, Kidderminster cycle maker and rider of miniature cycles", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 30974091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tom Watson (born 8 January 1967), is a former Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party. He was educated at King Charles I High School in Kidderminster.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 434967, 19279158, 3776360, 1826177, 19279158, 5036818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 47, 59 ], [ 60, 80 ], [ 90, 108 ], [ 134, 146 ], [ 167, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stan Webb, blues guitarist and founder of Chicken Shack, resides in the town.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1188106, 5653894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 43, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Francis Young, served as a soldier in the First World War and won the Victoria Cross as a private in 1918; was born in Kidderminster", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1186575, 17491404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 76, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kidderminster Town Council", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kidderminster Workhouse", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Kidderminster", "Towns_in_Worcestershire" ]

[ "Kidderminster, Worcestershire" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Chinese food therapy (, also called nutrition therapy and dietary therapy) is a mode of dieting rooted in Chinese beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism, and centered on concepts such as eating in moderation. Its basic precepts are a mix of Taoist Wuxing theory and concepts drawn from the modern representation of traditional Chinese medicine.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1491156, 6459, 5992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 121 ], [ 270, 276 ], [ 337, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Food therapy has long been a common approach to health among Chinese people both in China and overseas, and was popularized for western readers in the 1990s with the publication of books like The Tao of Healthy Eating () and The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen ().", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 372983, 5405, 48997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 75 ], [ 84, 89 ], [ 94, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A number of ancient Chinese cookbooks and treatises on food (now lost) display an early Chinese interest in food, but no known focus on its medical value. The literature on \"nourishing life\" () integrated advice on food within broader advice on how to attain immortality. Such books, however, are only precursors of \"dietary therapy\", because they did not systematically describe the effect of individual food items. In the volume on \"Fermentations and Food Science\" of Joseph Needham's Science and Civilization in China, H. T. Huang considers the Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments (c. 200 BCE) and the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon as precursors of the \"dietary therapy\" tradition, the former because it recommends food products as remedies for various illnesses, the latter because it discusses the impact of food on health. The materia medica literature, exemplified by the Shennong Bencao Jing (1st century CE), also discussed food products, but without specializing on them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 246991, 8455187, 357826, 32100341, 2794623, 203553, 18218114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 37 ], [ 259, 270 ], [ 470, 484 ], [ 548, 578 ], [ 600, 628 ], [ 827, 841 ], [ 873, 893 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest extant Chinese dietary text is a chapter of Sun Simiao's Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold (), which was completed in the 650s during the Tang dynasty. Sun's work contains the earliest known use of the term \"food (or dietary) therapy\" (shiliao). Sun stated that he wanted to present current knowledge about food so that people would first turn to food rather than drugs when suffering from an ailment. His chapter contains 154 entries divided into four sections – on fruits, vegetables, cereals, and meat – in which Sun explains the properties of individual foodstuffs with concepts borrowed from the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon: qi, the viscera, and vital essence (), as well as correspondences between the Five Phases, the \"five flavors\" (sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, and salty), and the five grains. He also set a large number of \"dietary interdictions\" (), some based on calendrical notions (no water chestnuts in the 7th month), others on purported interactions between foods (no clear wine with horse meat) or between different flavors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 7799708, 43455, 25217, 642601, 6459, 6966, 1698081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 67 ], [ 153, 165 ], [ 646, 648 ], [ 654, 661 ], [ 724, 735 ], [ 892, 911 ], [ 916, 931 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sun Simiao's disciple Meng Shen (; 621–713) compiled the first work entirely devoted to the therapeutic value of food: the Materia Dietetica (). This work has not survived, but it was quoted in later texts – like the 10th-century Japanese text Ishinpō – and a fragment of it has been found among the Dunhuang manuscripts. Surviving excerpts show that Meng gave less importance to dietary prohibitions than Sun, and that he provided information on how to prepare foodstuffs rather than just describe their properties. The works of Sun Simiao and Meng Shen established the genre of materia dietetica and shaped its development in the following centuries.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 7236000, 18998822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 251 ], [ 300, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An abundant literature developed in China around the medicinal uses of food. A mid-ninth-century work, now lost, called Candid Views of a Nutritionist-Physician () discussed how food could treat various disorders, while several works from the Song dynasty (960–1279) explained how to feed the elderly to extend their life.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later history", "target_page_ids": [ 56978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 243, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 14th century, Hu Sihui, who served as Grand Dietician () at the court of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1260–1368), compiled a treatise called the Proper and Essential Things for the Emperor's Food and Drink (), which is still recognized in China as a classic of both materia medica and materia dietetica. Influenced by the culinary and medical traditions of the Turko-Islamic world and integrating Mongol food stuffs like mutton into its recipes, Hu's treatise interpreted the effects of food according to the scheme of correspondences between the five phases that had recently been systematized by northern Chinese medical writers of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Yuan eras. Before that period, food materials had not yet been comprehensively assigned to the five flavors systematically correlated with specific internal organs and therapeutic effects.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later history", "target_page_ids": [ 19799821, 19606306, 6459, 55023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 35 ], [ 97, 109 ], [ 556, 567 ], [ 647, 670 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chinese understandings of the therapeutic effects of food were influential in East Asia. Cited in Japanese works as early as the 10th century, Chinese dietary works shaped Korean literature on food well into the Joseon period (1392–1897). In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the imperial court of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) ordered several works on Chinese food therapy translated into Manchu.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Later history", "target_page_ids": [ 324222, 25310, 153218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 225 ], [ 308, 320 ], [ 395, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the precepts of Chinese food therapy are neither systematic nor identical in all times and places, some basic concepts can be isolated. One central tenet is that \"medicine and food share a common origin\", and that food materials can therefore be used to prevent or treat medical disorders. Like medicinal drugs, food items are classified as \"heating\" () or \"cooling\" (). In popular understanding, \"heating\" food is typically \"high-calorie, subjected to high heat in cooking, spicy or bitter, or 'hot' in color (red, orange)\", and includes red meat, innards, baked and deep-fried goods, and alcohol. They are to be avoided in the summer and can be used to treat \"cold\" illnesses like excessive pallor, watery feces, fatigue, chills, and low body temperature caused by a number of possible causes, including anemia. Green vegetables are the most typical \"cooling\" or \"cold\" food, which is \"low-calorie, watery, soothing or sour in taste, or 'cool' in color (whitish, green)\". They are recommended for \"hot\" conditions: rashes, dryness or redness of skin, heartburns, and other \"symptoms similar to those of a burn\", but also sore throat, swollen gums, and constipation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main tenets", "target_page_ids": [ 83537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 816, 822 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In more systematic understandings, each medicine or food item has one of five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, pungent (or \"acrid\"), and salty. Besides describing the taste of food, each of these \"flavors\" purportedly has specific effects on particular viscera. The sour flavor, for instance, has \"constriction and emollient effects\" and \"can emolliate the liver and control diarrhea and perspiration\", whereas \"bitter\" food can \"purge the heart 'fire', reduce excessive fluids, induce diarrhea, and reinforce the heart 'Yin'\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main tenets", "target_page_ids": [ 642601 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are few studies in English on the scientific validity of these beliefs and practices. A few studies conducted in China suggest that a diet designed according to the precepts of Chinese food therapy may help control blood pressure, but these studies are based on different diagnostic categories than those of evidence-based medicine (\"Yin deficiency\" instead of hypertension), and on chiefly qualitative and conceptual evidence rather than on modern randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the claims of efficacy are weaker in scientific evidence than those based on mixed nutritious foods and demonstrated to have health effects by extensive clinical research, such as the DASH diet or Mediterranean diet.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Scientific assessments", "target_page_ids": [ 56558, 10013, 77432, 163180, 4857593, 7654110, 460499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 235 ], [ 314, 337 ], [ 367, 379 ], [ 455, 482 ], [ 652, 669 ], [ 683, 692 ], [ 696, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qiu Li Gao is a pear syrup or paste used to treat lung ailments.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Other examples", "target_page_ids": [ 71528374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bencao Gangmu, a materia medica compiled by Li Shizhen during the Ming dynasty.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1272800, 203553, 3576136, 43449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 18, 32 ], [ 45, 55 ], [ 67, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ch'ang Ming, a series of dietary and lifestyle recommendations adapted to Western eating habits", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50320001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yangsheng, a method of \"nourishing life\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 71430591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Traditional_Chinese_medicine", "Chinese_cuisine", "Diets", "Biologically-based_therapies", "Chinese_folk_religion" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Boehm system is a system of keywork for the flute, created by inventor and flautist Theobald Boehm between 1831 and 1847. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 443212, 10553, 44312, 10553, 1240859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 39 ], [ 48, 53 ], [ 66, 74 ], [ 79, 87 ], [ 88, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Immediately prior to the development of the Boehm system, flutes were most commonly made of wood, with an inverse conical bore, eight keys, and tone holes (the openings where the fingers are placed to produce specific notes) that were small in size, and thus easily covered by the fingertips. Boehm's work was inspired by an 1831 concert in London, given by soloist Charles Nicholson who, with his father in the 1820s, had introduced a flute constructed with larger tone holes than were used in previous designs. This large-holed instrument could produce greater volume of sound than other flutes, and Boehm set out to produce his own large-holed design.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4389605, 3949305, 21716446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 126 ], [ 144, 153 ], [ 366, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to large holes, Boehm provided his flute with \"full venting\", meaning that all keys were normally open (previously, several keys were normally closed, and opened only when the key was operated). Boehm also wanted to locate tone holes at acoustically optimal points on the body of the instrument, rather than locations conveniently covered by the player's fingers. To achieve these goals, Boehm adapted a system of axle-mounted keys with a series of \"open rings\" (called brille, German for \"eyeglasses\", as they resembled the type of eyeglass frames common during the 19th century) that were fitted around other tone holes, such that the closure of one tone hole by a finger would also close a key placed over a second hole.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1832 Boehm introduced a new conical-bore flute, which achieved a fair degree of success. Boehm, however, continued to look for ways to improve the instrument. Finding that an increased volume of air produced a stronger and clearer tone, he replaced the conical bore with a cylindrical bore, finding that a parabolic contraction of the bore near the embouchure hole improved the instrument's low register. He also found that optimal tone was produced when the tone holes were too large to be covered by the fingertips, and he developed a system of finger plates to cover the holes. These new flutes were at first made of silver, although Boehm later produced wooden versions. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 10365, 612508, 27119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 352, 362 ], [ 394, 406 ], [ 623, 629 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cylindrical Boehm flute was introduced in 1847, with the instrument gradually being adopted almost universally by professional and amateur players in Europe and around the world during the second half of the 19th century. The instrument was adopted for the performance of orchestral and chamber music, opera and theater, wind ensembles (e.g., military and civic bands), and most other music which might be loosely described as relating to \"Western classical music\" (including, for example, jazz). Many further refinements have been made, and countless design variations are common among flutes today (the \"offset G\" key, addition of the low B foot, etc.) The concepts of the Boehm system have been applied across the range of flutes available, including piccolos, alto flutes, bass flutes, and so on, as well as other wind instruments. The material of the instrument may vary (many piccolos are made of wood, some very large flutes are wooden or even made of PVC).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6668778, 15613, 82848, 1156759, 1156761, 24458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 444, 467 ], [ 494, 498 ], [ 758, 765 ], [ 768, 778 ], [ 781, 791 ], [ 963, 966 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The flute is perhaps the oldest musical instrument, other than the human voice itself. There are very many flutes, both traversely blown and end-blown \"fipple\" flutes, currently produced which are not built on the Boehm model.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 10553, 507100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ], [ 152, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fingering system for the saxophone closely resembles the Boehm system. A key system inspired by Boehm's for the clarinet family is also known as the \"Boehm system\", although it was developed by Hyacinthe Klosé and not Boehm himself. The Boehm system was also adapted for a small number of flageolets. Boehm did work on a system for the bassoon, and Boehm-inspired oboes have been made, but non-Boehm systems remain predominant for these instruments. The Albert system is another key system for the clarinet.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26795, 6433, 4556359, 843431, 1648349, 4207, 22206, 2818445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 38 ], [ 116, 124 ], [ 154, 166 ], [ 198, 213 ], [ 293, 302 ], [ 340, 347 ], [ 368, 372 ], [ 458, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " (republication of third edition, 1967, as reprinted with corrections, 1977)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Karl Ventzke, Boehm-System Bassoons in the 19th Century", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 66700853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "Flutes", "Clarinets", "Music_performance", "Conceptual_systems", "Musical_performance_techniques" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 is the first in a line of IBM PC workalike home computer systems produced by the Tandy Corporation for sale in its Radio Shack and Radio Shack Computer Center chains of stores.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 49803, 25122906, 31575, 327612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 57 ], [ 58, 71 ], [ 96, 113 ], [ 130, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In December 1983, an executive with Tandy Corporation, maker of TRS-80 computers, said about the new IBM PCjr: \"I'm sure a lot of people will be coming out with PCjr look-alikes. The market is big.\" While preparing the Tandy 2000—the company's first MS-DOS computer—for release in November 1983, Tandy began designing the Tandy 1000, code named \"August\". Unlike the 2000 it would be PC compatible with the IBM PC, and support the PCjr graphics standard.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 31575, 30747, 284533, 390309, 21291954, 49803, 15032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 53 ], [ 64, 70 ], [ 101, 109 ], [ 219, 229 ], [ 250, 256 ], [ 383, 396 ], [ 406, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Released in November 1984, the $1,200 Tandy 1000 offered the same functionality as the PCjr, but with an improved keyboard and better expandability and compatibility. \"How could IBM have made that mistake with the PCjr?\" an amazed Tandy executive said regarding its chiclet keyboard, and another claimed that the 1000 \"is what the PCjr should have been\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 447149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 266, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 2000—not completely PC compatible—quickly failed. Although the press saw the 1000 as former personal-computer leader Tandy admitting that it could no longer focus on proprietary products in a market the IBM PC dominated, the 1000 sold more units in the first month than any other Tandy product and by early 1985 was its best-selling computer. The 1000 has joystick ports like the PCjr, and its 16-color graphics and 3-voice sound, but not the PCjr ROM cartridge ports. Since IBM discontinued the PCjr soon after the release of the 1000, Tandy quickly removed mentions of the PCjr in its advertising while emphasizing its product's PC compatibility.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 14018049, 11445817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 229 ], [ 458, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Tandy initially marketed the 1000 as a business computer like the IBM PC, InfoWorld stated in 1985 that the company \"produced a real home computer\". The company claimed that the 1000 was \"the first fully IBM PC-compatible computer available for less than $1000\". The 1000 helped the company obtain a 9.5% share of the US home-computer market in 1986, a year in which Tandy stated that half of its compatibles were purchased for the home. In 1988 CEO John Roach disagreed with Apple counterpart John Sculley's rejection of the home market: \"Let him deny it. He's the only other person that's well-represented in the home market, and if he wants to abandon it, it's all right with me\". Tandy also regained a significant share of the Apple-dominated educational market, which the two companies had once equally shared.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 183270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 503, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1000 and its many successors were successful, unlike the PCjr, partly because it was sold in ubiquitous Radio Shack stores and partly because the computer was less costly, easier to expand, and almost entirely compatible with the IBM PC. The PCjr's enhanced graphics and sound standards became known as \"Tandy-compatible\". With its graphics, sound, and built-in joystick ports, the 1000 was the best computer for PC games until VGA graphics became popular in the 1990s. Software companies of the era advertised their support for the Tandy platform; 28 of 66 games that Computer Gaming World tested in 1989 supported Tandy graphics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 327612, 43020568, 1336512, 73041, 995071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 119 ], [ 308, 324 ], [ 417, 424 ], [ 432, 444 ], [ 573, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy 1000 computers were some of the first IBM PC clones to incorporate a complete set of basic peripherals on the motherboard using proprietary ASICs, the forerunner of the chipset. Although the original Tandy 1000 came in an IBM PC-like desktop case, some models, notably the 1000 EX and 1000 HX, used home-computer-style cases with the keyboard, motherboard and disk drives in one enclosure. This high level of integration made these machines a cost-effective alternative to larger and more complex IBM PC/XT and PC/AT-type systems, which required multiple add-in cards, often purchased separately, to implement a comparable feature-set to the Tandy 1000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 147845, 302224, 1136417, 25122906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 150 ], [ 175, 182 ], [ 240, 252 ], [ 305, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Being derived from IBM's PCjr architecture, the Tandy 1000 offered several important features that most IBM PC-compatibles of the time lacked, such as the PCjr's sound generator and extended CGA-compatible graphics controller. It also offered multiple built-in I/O ports, including a joystick port which was frequently a separate add-on card on non-Tandy machines.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 271315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original line was equipped with the Intel 8088 CPU, which was later extended to faster clock speeds and also the 8086, 80286 and toward the end of the line with the RSX, 80386SX processors. Successors to the 1000 appended two or three letters to the name, after a space (e.g. Tandy 1000 EX and Tandy 1000 HX). In a few instances, after these letters a slash was appended, followed by either a number or additional letters (e.g. Tandy 1000 TL/2, Tandy 1000 RL/HD).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 15064, 5218, 15063, 15054, 15070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 50 ], [ 51, 54 ], [ 117, 121 ], [ 123, 128 ], [ 174, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1993, changes in the market made it increasingly difficult for Tandy Corporation to make a profit on its computer line. Tandy Corporation sold its computer manufacturing business to AST Computers, and all Tandy computer lines were terminated. Radio Shack stores then began selling computers made by other manufacturers, such as IBM and Compaq.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1121290, 40379651, 7742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 198 ], [ 331, 334 ], [ 339, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an article subtitled \"Junior meets his match\", John J. Anderson of Creative Computing called the original Tandy 1000 \"the machine IBM was too inept, incapable, or afraid to manufacture. It is sure to put a whopping dent not only into PCjr sales, but into sales of the PC 'senior' as well\". He favorably mentioned its low price, good PC-software compatibility, and bundled DeskMate (\"you might never need another software package for your computer\"). 80 Micro approved of the 1000s PC compatibility and stated that the exterior design \"gives it a feeling of quality and confidence\". The magazine concluded that \"Tandy's machine closely emulates the most basic functions of an IBM PC, and it does so at an affordable price ... along with the security of Tandy's substantial support network\", but wondered if people would buy the 1000 if IBM lowered the price of the PC.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 2052452, 1968295, 8759512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ], [ 70, 88 ], [ 453, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "InfoWorld noted the 1000s low price (\"fully one-third less than a comparably equipped IBM PC\"), predicted that the computer was really intended for \"the elusive home computer market\", and speculated that \"in retrospect it might have been the PCjr's final straw\". The magazine called the 1000 \"almost as fully IBM PC compatible as a computer can get\", but gave DeskMate a mixed review and advised customers of the computer's inability to use full-length PC expansion cards. It concluded that \"By making the 1000 inexpensive and adaptable\" and including DeskMate, \"Tandy produced a real home computer\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 1811203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "BYTE called the 1000 \"a good, reasonably priced IBM PC clone that has most of the best features of the IBM PC and PCjr ... at current prices it is a very good alternative\". It noted the high level of software compatibility and the good keyboard, and stated that DeskMate was \"fairly good ... but a little extra programming work could have turned [it] into a much better program\", noting that—for example—the word processor did not have a Move command. The magazine also mentioned the computer's short slots. PC Magazine also noted the slots and criticized the Tandy 1000's fit and finish, but acknowledged the computer's low price and bundled hardware features.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 33564897, 1467304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 508, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All Tandy 1000 computers featured built-in video hardware, enhanced sound hardware (based on one of several variants of the Texas Instruments SN76496 sound generator) and numerous peripheral interfaces, including game ports compatible with those on the TRS-80 Color Computer, an IBM-standard floppy-disk controller supporting two drives, and a parallel printer port, all integrated into the motherboard in addition to the hardware standard on the IBM PC/XT and, in later Tandy 1000 models, PC/AT motherboards.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 345403, 31562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 149 ], [ 253, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the original Tandy 1000, the designers omitted a direct memory access (DMA) controller because the PCjr does not have one, and they believed that those who needed it would add it with additional memory for the computer; they omitted the RS-232 port because all Tandy printers use the parallel port and, they believed, most customers would use internal modems. The earlier models of the Tandy 1000 had a composite video output, and could be used with a color or monochrome composite monitor, or a TV with an RF modulator. The original 1000 and SX had a light-pen port. Unlike most PC clones, several Tandy 1000 computers had MS-DOS built into ROM and could boot in a few seconds. Tandy bundled DeskMate, a graphical suite of consumer-oriented applications, with various Tandy 1000 models. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 57717, 26023, 21291954, 18934934, 1121184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 73 ], [ 241, 247 ], [ 628, 634 ], [ 646, 649 ], [ 697, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early Tandy 1000 models used Phoenix BIOS. Common models of the machine included the Tandy 1000, 1000 EX, 1000 HX, 1000 SX, 1000 TX, 1000 SL, 1000 RL, and 1000 TL. With the exception of the RLX and RSX, the Tandy 1000 machines are XT-class machines, which cannot support extended memory despite some models using 80286 processors. The RLX is an oddity, as it is an XT-class machine that supports 384KB of extended memory, and the RSX is a fully AT-class machine which can support up to 9MB of extended memory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 3031470, 420201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 41 ], [ 271, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the exception of the 1000 EX and HX, Tandy used industry standard 8-bit XT ISA slots in their desktop models, including the SX, TX, SL, and TL series, but the actual length was limited to 10.5 inches or shorter, rather than the industry standard XT length of 13 inches. While many 8-bit cards met this length requirement, some cards such as hard cards, EMS memory cards, and multifunction cards that required the standard 13\" length did not fit in the 1000's case. The EX and HX utilized a PLUS-style connector, which was electronically identical to an 8-bit XT ISA slot, but had a 62-pin Berg connector instead of a card edge, rendering it incompatible with ISA cards without an adapter. The PLUS connector was designed for compactness in these models with built-in keyboards. The 1000 RSX featured two 16-bit AT ISA slots.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As hard disk drives at the time of the Tandy 1000's introduction were very expensive, Tandy 1000 systems were not usually equipped with hard drives. However, it was possible to add a hard drive to most Tandy 1000 computers. Most of the desktop-type Tandy 1000 units could accept regular 8-bit ISA bus MFM, RLL and SCSI controllers like typical XT-class machines; however, care had to be taken when configuring the cards so that they did not cause conflicts with the on-board Tandy-designed peripherals.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 15029, 383902, 449077, 28313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 293, 296 ], [ 301, 304 ], [ 306, 309 ], [ 314, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For most Tandy 1000 models (other than the compact EX and HX) that did not come already equipped with a hard drive, Tandy offered hard disk options in the form of hardcards that were installed in one of the computer's expansion slots and consisted of a controller and drive (typically a 3.5-inch MFM or RLL unit with a Western Digital controller) mounted together on a metal bracket. Their own 20 MB hard card was offered for $799, though compatible third-party units were available. Although this arrangement provided a neat physical coupling between the controller and the disk, single-sector internal transfers and dependence on the speed of the host machine to transfer data to memory meant that a trial-and-error approach was still needed to set the disk interleave correctly to ensure optimum transfer rates. Furthermore, as the Tandy 1000's slots were only 10.5\" long and are 8-bit only, some units would not fit and/or operate correctly unless they were certified to be Tandy-compatible.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 8773349, 39278477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 171 ], [ 760, 770 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting with the Tandy 1000 TL/2, XT IDE controllers were integrated onto the motherboard. However, these were incompatible with common AT IDE hard drives. The TL/2, TL/3, RL and RLX all used the XT IDE interface, where the later (and significantly upgraded) RSX was the only Tandy 1000 model computer to use a standard AT IDE interface. One option for modern users of these systems is to install and use XT ISA CompactFlash adapter; this is also the most practical way to install a hard drive into a Tandy 1000 EX or HX, using an adapter cable that adapts the male PLUS-style connector to an 8-bit ISA card-edge slot.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 2778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 321, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy 1000, SX, TX used a proprietary 8-pin round DIN connector for the keyboard port that was compatible with the older TRS computers but not compatible with the IBM PC/AT or PS/2 standard. Some scan codes differed between the Tandy 1000 and IBM PC/XT and AT, resulting in software compatibility issues. The SL/TL and later used a more directly PC/XT-compatible keyboard protocol, and the 1000 RSX used a PC/AT and PS/2-compatible protocol.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 348917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy 1000 used a proprietary 6-pin female round connector for the joystick port that on the SX/TX was adjacent to the keyboard port in the front of the computer. As with the keyboard, it was compatible with the older TRS-80 and Tandy color computer models, but not compatible with the IBM standard 15-pin male game port. Some DOS games do not work with these joystick ports, but those that support Tandy 1000 graphics and sound work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Early Tandy 1000 models used a non-standard card-edge parallel printer port rather than industry standard DB-25 printer port. It required a Tandy-1000 compatible printer cable to connect to a standard printer parallel port. This was later changed to a standard DB-25 connector on the 1000 RL.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy 1000TX and beyond used a proprietary floppy drive cable port, that also powered the floppy drive. It required a Tandy 1000 compatible floppy drive, though it may be possible to modify a floppy drive cable to make a standard floppy drive work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy shipped PCs with their own customized version of MS-DOS, which are compatible with Tandy graphics and keyboard. The most current version of MS-DOS for Tandy 1000 is DOS 3.22. Tandy 1000s came shipped with one of several varieties of Deskmate, their own GUI productivity software suite.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 21291954, 1121184, 12293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 239, 247 ], [ 259, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There may be compatibility issues with later versions of DOS such as DOS 5 and DOS 6. Until the 1000 RLX, Tandy 1000s were typically limited to 640KB main memory, and non-Tandy versions of DOS often reduce the memory available for applications and games. In addition, the hardware detection routine for the installer of Microsoft MS-DOS 6 could corrupt the serial EEPROM of Tandy 1000 HX machines.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy 1000s could work with Windows 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 but not 3.1, with the exception of the RLX which could run Windows 3.1 in Standard mode, and the RSX which fully supported running Windows 3.1 in 386 Enhanced mode.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 21291384, 21291898, 21291914, 21291678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 41, 44 ], [ 49, 52 ], [ 61, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy offered two color monitors specific for its Tandy 1000 computers: the CM-5, with a 0.64 millimeter dot pitch, and the Tandy CM-11 with a dot pitch of 0.42mm. Both were 13-inch displays and had a power cable and a nine-pin RGB cable to attach to the Tandy CGA port. The more expensive CM-11 also supported a special proprietary Tandy enhanced 225 scan line text display mode.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy also offered monochrome monitors that support MDA and Hercules standard that also work with Tandy 1000. As it uses a CGA-compatible interface, non-Tandy monitors that support CGA should work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The original Tandy 1000, SX, EX, TX, HX used a proprietary keyboard and keyboard layout that was not compatible with the PC/XT/AT standard then in use. The layout of the keyboard prefigured the IBM Model M keyboard, with function keys arranged in a row at the top, instead of on the left as in the PC and PC XT/AT. Later models of the Tandy 1000 series, such as the 1000 SL, TL and RL series used a keyboard more similar and compatible with the IBM PS/2 series keyboard connector and layout.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 847145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Tandy 1000 used the same game ports as the Tandy Color Computer series, the 26-3025 Color Mouse and 26-3125 Deluxe Mouse were compatible with the Tandy 1000, though not all DOS software and drivers were written to recognize them. The Tandy Digi-Mouse was also available, which required a separate controller that was available in either ISA or PLUS format. Systems with RS-232C serial ports could use standard serial mice, and later systems, such as the 1000 RL, featured a PS/2 mouse connector.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Radio Shack offered one button joystick that worked with its proprietary 6-pin DIN joystick connector that was compatible with the older TRS-80 Color Computer but not standard 15-pin IBM PC game ports often found on sound cards and i/o multifunction ISA cards. It worked with many games written to take advantage of Tandy graphics and sound.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 31562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Radio Shack offered Tandy 1000 PLUS 300-Baud PC Modem that was compatible with the 1000EX/HX that used PLUS slots. Radio Shack also offered 2400-baud internal modem. Third party modems with speeds of 14k baud should work provided they are eight-bit ISA, and fit.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Radio Shack sold the Tandy DMP-130A dot matrix printers to go along with their Tandy 1000 line, along with compatible card-edged printer cable. This printer was sold at home budget prices. Radio Shack often offered a package bundle with a Tandy 1000 computer, CM-5 budget monitor and DMP-130A printer. Using specially-designed aftermarket cables, it was possible to connect non-Tandy printers to the system.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tandy Radio Shack wanted to compete in the education, school and home markets, which were dominated at the time by the Apple IIe. In 1987, they partnered with Diamond and through Radio Shack sold the Diamond Trackstar 128 series Apple IIe compatibility board for $399, and offered free installation in their Tandy 1000 series. This peripheral was similar to Apple IIe Card sold later for certain Macintosh models; it was a fully functional Apple IIe clone with 128KB RAM and 6502 CPU and double high-resolution graphics which, allowed Tandy 1000 computers to run software written for the Apple IIe and IIc platform, an especially important consideration in the education market of the time. It was also marketed to home users and businesses interested in having both MS-DOS and Apple II compatibility.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 73262, 77180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 128 ], [ 359, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The board has a pass-through RGB cable and floppy drive cable, and required an open 10-inch 8-bit ISA slot, and used a boot disk to boot into Apple mode. The boot disk has both DOS and Apple software and is copy-protected. Compatibility was fairly good and allowed Tandy 1000 owners to run most Apple II software on their Tandy 1000 machine for less than the cost of owning separate IBM PC and Apple II systems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [ 219210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many Tandy 1000s sold to schools came with the Diamond Trackstar 128 installed, and home owners also purchased this for compatibility with both DOS and Apple II software.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Technical details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The original Tandy 1000 was a large computer almost the size of the , though with a plastic case over an aluminium lower chassis to reduce weight. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It came standard with one internal 5.25\" double-density floppy disk drive, with an additional exposed internal bay usable for the installation of a second 5.25\" disk drive (available as a kit from Radio Shack). The floppy drives used jumpers to select the drive number instead of the IBM cable twist. The standard memory was , with the computer accepting up to of total memory with the addition of expansion cards.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "MS-DOS 2.11, DeskMate 1.0, and a keyboard with the same layout as the Tandy 2000's were included with the computer. Like the PCjr, the Tandy 1000 motherboard did not supply DMA, but unlike that system, it could have DMA added with a memory expansion board. While the Tandy 1000 had three XT-compatible expansion slots, early Tandy memory upgrade boards took up two of the slots to get to . Because the slots were inches in length instead of the PC's 13 inches, full-length cards did not fit, but reviewers noted that the many built-in hardware features reduced the need for cards.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 1121184, 390309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ], [ 70, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A later revision of the original Tandy 1000 model was the Tandy 1000A. This revision fixed bugs, scanned expansion cards for bootable ROMs, and added a socket for an Intel 8087 math coprocessor.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 924726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original Tandy 1000 (and many other models), like most home computers sold at the time, did not have a hard disk drive. The Tandy 1000 HD was essentially an original Tandy 1000 with a hard disk option factory installed. The factory hard disk had a capacity on the order of 10 or 20 MB.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 SX and TX were upgraded versions of the original Tandy 1000, utilizing a similar chassis. Two major upgrades over the original Tandy 1000 were the inclusion of a DMA controller, which improved the speed of diskette operations and IBM PC-compatibility of these systems, and the addition of two additional ISA expansion slots, to offer a total of five 8-bit ISA slots.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 57717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 SX used a 7.16MHz 8088-2 processor, had 384k of memory (upgradeable to 640KB on the motherboard), came with either one or two 5.25\" internal floppy disk drives, and had the light pen port (not a serial port) like the original Tandy 1000. An adjustable potentiometer inside the system controlled the volume of the internal speaker. The Tandy AX was an SX rebadged for sale in Walmart stores. The 1000 SX came with MS-DOS 3.2 and Deskmate II on 5.25\" 360KB diskettes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 33589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 390, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The SX was the first Tandy 1000 in which the built-in video circuitry could be disabled via DIP switch. This was to permit the installation of an upgraded graphics card, typically an EGA or VGA card, in an expansion slot.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 317918, 160527, 73041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 102 ], [ 183, 186 ], [ 190, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 TX was similar to the 1000 SX with its detached keyboard, unique parallel port edge connector and XT-style architecture in a slightly modified case. The major difference was the 80286 CPU clocked at 8MHz. Similar to the IBM XT 286, it featured a 16-bit-wide memory bus, although the on-board peripherals and ISA slots were 8 bits wide.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 33731003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The TX had a 3.5\" internal floppy disk drive mounted in a 5.25\" bay with room for an optional second internal 3.5\" or 5.25\" floppy disk drive. The rear panel had the same ports as the 1000 SX, except that an RS-232C serial port replaced the light-pen port. The memory size was 640 KB, with sockets for an additional 128 KB devoted to the onboard video logic. This extra 128KB could only be used for and by the on-board video controller, so it was impractical to expand the on-board memory beyond 640KB if a VGA graphics card was installed. The computer came bundled with Personal DeskMate 2.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The TX was the last 1000-series computer to use DIP switches to store the system configuration parameters. All newer 1000s rely on CMOS static RAM chips powered by a battery soldered to the circuit board. These batteries degrade with time (as well as often leaking acid which ruins the circuit board) and must be replaced to restore full functionality after any lengthy period of disuse.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 EX and HX were designed as entry-level IBM-compatible personal computers, and marketed as starter systems for people new to computing. They were offered in a compact, all-in-one chassis that featured a 7.16MHz 8088 (capable of clocking down to 4.77MHz), 256KB of memory (expandable to 640KB with a PLUS memory expansion board), PCjr- and CGA-compatible Tandy Video graphics controller, a keyboard and, depending on the model, either a single 5.25\" 360KB floppy drive, or one to two 3.5\" 720KB floppy drives. An external floppy drive could be connected to a port on the back. The machine itself supplied power to the external drive, so only Tandy's floppy drive unit was usable with the EX and HX. The external drive was the standard 360KB 5.25 inch format; in 1988 a compatible 720KB 3.5 inch model was offered.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The EX and HX are upgradable via Tandy PLUS cards, and these systems have bays for three cards. A PLUS card connector is electrically identical to an ISA slot connector, but uses a Berg-style 62-pin connector instead of a 62-contact ISA card-edge connector. Other PLUS cards could be installed to add serial ports, a 1200-baud modem, a clock/calendar and bus mouse board, or a proprietary Tandy network interface. Radio Shack later sold an adapter card allowing installation of a PLUS card into a standard ISA slot, such as those in the larger Tandy 1000 models.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 2119127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like the original Tandy 1000, the EX and HX do not have a built-in DMA controller, though one can be added using the PLUS memory expansion board.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 EX featured a 5.25\" floppy drive built into the right-hand side of computer casing. The EX sold for US$1,000 from Radio Shack in December 1986. The EX and, later, the HX would be among the most popular of the Tandy 1000 line because of their (relatively) low price.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A useful feature for the EX and later systems was the ability to boot off either drive, as the drives could be logically swapped when the system booted, so that the drive that was normally drive B: became drive A:, and vice versa, and the drives remained swapped until the system was powered off or reset. (The SX and TX have this capability as well.)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1000 EX came with MS-DOS 2.11 and Personal Deskmate on 5.25\" 360KB diskettes. The MS-DOS was a version specialized for and only bootable on the Tandy 1000; it included a version of BASICA (Microsoft's Advanced GW-BASIC) with support for the enhanced CGA graphics modes (a.k.a. Tandy Graphics or TGA) and three-voice sound hardware of the Tandy 1000.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 HX was an updated version of the EX, released in 1987. It utilized the same architecture and PLUS cards as the EX; however, one obvious difference was that it offered two 3.5\" bays on the front panel, occupied by one or two 720 KB 3.5\" floppy drives, as opposed to a single side-mounted 5.25\" bay and floppy drive with the EX. It also had Tandy MS-DOS 2.11R in ROM, which could be accessed by starting the computer with no bootable disk present. Another improvement over the EX is the addition of a serial EEPROM to store configuration information, enabling similar functionality to today's CMOS NVRAMs. By comparison, earlier Tandy 1000 models, like IBM PC and PC/XT systems, used DIP switches and jumpers for startup configuration settings.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 21291954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 354, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By putting the basic elements of DOS and Deskmate in ROM and eliminating the memory test on startup, the HX booted quickly compared to other contemporary MS-DOS machines, despite having no immediate provisions for a hard disk drive.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to Tandy MS-DOS 2.11R, the HX shipped with Personal Deskmate 2. Most versions of MS-DOS worked with the 1000 HX, including DOS 3.x and some later versions. There was, however, a quirk in the DOS 4.0 environment that prevented that version of DOS from working with Tandy 1000 HX computers. Additionally, the installer for MS-DOS 6 could corrupt the contents of the serial EEPROM.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy SL and TL series of computers were updates of the SX and TX, respectively. In addition to offering redesigned cases, the machines offered a more integrated motherboard with improved graphics and sound capabilities while dropping composite video output. The graphics controller now supported resolution as well as a Hercules Graphics Card-compatible, mode for monochrome monitors. Sound capabilities now included an 8-bit monaural DAC/ADC, which was similar in function to parallel port sound devices (such as the Covox Speech Thing and Disney Sound Source) but was extended to support DMA transfers, microphone input capability, and sampling rates up to 48kHz. The SL/TL lines allowed the on-board floppy controller, parallel port and serial ports to be disabled, which the earlier models did not.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 145591, 100616, 1194139, 1194139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 326, 348 ], [ 484, 497 ], [ 525, 543 ], [ 548, 567 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The SL and TL were also shipped with MS-DOS 3.3 and DeskMate 3 in ROM, and featured a serial EEPROM memory chip to store BIOS settings. The machines could also run 'normal' MS-DOS 3.x, 5.x, and 6.x and Windows 2.x and 3.0 operating systems, although Windows was limited to real-mode operations. In common with many PC clones of the era, MS-DOS 4 was problematic and generally avoided.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 1121184, 50597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 60 ], [ 93, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 SL and SL/2 feature an Intel 8086 processor running at 8MHz. This is socketed, and thus upgradeable with an NEC V30. The SL came with of RAM preinstalled, whereas the SL/2 offered . Both machines could be expanded to , although the graphics controller reserved a portion of this memory, yielding only available the operating system, even on systems using add-in ISA graphic cards. The SL line had the mic/earphone ports, volume knob and reset button on a small satellite board. A jumper on the board allowed the user to change the microphone input to a line-level output. The SL series offered five 8-bit XT-compatible ISA slots, and did not come with pre-installed real-time clock chips, making them optional upgrades in the form of the plug-in Dallas DS1216E SmartWatch.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 15063, 553547, 535191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 123, 130 ], [ 683, 698 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The SL is the only machine in the line that offers an upper 5.25\" bay, and therefore the only model to offer two 5.25\" bays, where the other models, including the SL/2 and the entire TL range, feature two upper 3.5\" bays and one lower 5.25\" bay. As a result, fitting a hard drive to an SL that already has the upper and lower 5.25\" bays populated may require either the removal of one of the devices in those bays, or the installation of a hard disk card-style bracket which seats in one of the ISA slots.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 TL and TL/2 used 8MHz Intel 80286 processors, whereas the TL/3 used a 10MHz 80286. The TLs had 640KB of memory preinstalled, with an option for an extra 128KB for video frame buffering just as in the 1000 TX. Unlike the SL series machines, the TL machines came with the SmartWatch real-time clock logic built-in, which was powered by a removable 3-volt CR2032 button-cell battery on the motherboard.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The TL offered five 8-bit XT-compatible ISA slots, while the TL/2 and TL/3 offered four slots and an on-board 8-bit, XT IDE-compatible hard disk interface, which was not compatible with standard AT IDE hard drives. The TL series offered two upper 3.5\" bays and one lower 5.25\" bay. The TL/3 also offered a high-density floppy drive controller for 1.44 MB drives, though it shipped with a double-density 3.5\" 720 KB drive.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As the processors on the TL-series are socketed, it is possible to install 386SX or Cyrix 486SLC-based processor upgrades, though the benefit of installing more advanced processors is limited beyond merely providing a speed increase due to the computers' XT-based architecture, and their resulting inability to access extended memory above 1 MB.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 420201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Tandy 1000 RL/RLX/RSX series were slim-line desktop home computers. They featured a much more compact case, with at least 512KB of memory pre-installed, smaller PS/2-style keyboard and mouse ports, and at least one ISA expansion slot. The RL-series and RSX include provisions for an internal hard disk drive, depending on the model: the RL-series featured a built-in XT-IDE hard drive interface, while the RSX featured an AT-compatible IDE interface. The keyboard connectors of the RL-series, while similar to and mechanically compatible with PS/2-style connectors, were not fully compatible with typical PS/2 keyboards, as the keyboard uses the XT keyboard protocol. The RSX, however, incorporated the AT keyboard protocol, making it the first 1000-series system to offer more complete compatibility with typical PS/2 keyboards, and AT keyboards using an adapter.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 218204, 15029, 2778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 169 ], [ 371, 377 ], [ 440, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The RL and RL/HD featured a surface-mounted 8086 processor, 512KB of RAM (expandable to 768KB to provide 128KB for video and 640KB conventional memory), a DB-25 unidirectional parallel port instead of the edge-connector ports, and the SL's enhanced graphics and sound. A single half-size 8-bit expansion slot was available. The RL/HD had a battery-backed real-time clock chip to store date and time information, which the RL lacked. These models also had MS-DOS and a portion of DeskMate in ROM, and could therefore boot much faster than many other computers on the market. The RL/HD came with a 20MB drive preinstalled.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 KB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [ 73041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 504, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A more upscale offering, the RSX offered a 25MHz 80386SX processor, 1 MB RAM, two 16-bit ISA slots, AcuMos SVGA video, a bidirectional parallel port, and standard PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports. It was a full 386-class PC and could run Microsoft Windows 3.x. Two sockets for SIMM memory cards were provided. Only 1 MB or 4 MB SIMMs of the 9-chip type were supported, and if two were installed they had to be of like capacity. With two 4 MB SIMMs installed, the 1000 RSX could be expanded to 9 MB RAM (without using an ISA slot). The RSX/HD variant came with a 52 MB hard drive using an AT-compatible IDE interface; replacement hard drives up to 504 MB could be substituted. Because of the slimline case, only one hard drive could be installed alongside the 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The motherboard had a socket for the 80387SX math coprocessor. The RSX still retained the Tandy 1000 3-voice sound hardware and DAC, though the I/O address for the 3-voice sound chip was moved, rendering many games previously compatible with it unable to play music unless modified. The DAC could be used to emulate the Covox Speech Thing via MS-DOS device drivers for limited sound support. This worked with the game Chuck Yeager's Air Combat.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Windows 3.xx sound device drivers were available that worked in Windows 95 (with full 9MB RAM) on Tandy 1000 RSX.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ACUMOS VGA graphics could be software-updated with Cirrus Logic BIOS (via MS-DOS driver) to allow VESA/SVGA to function in Windows 95, as the Windows 3.xx Tandy VGA drivers were insufficient for Windows 95.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major software publishers and makers of game and educational software, such as Sierra and Broderbund, offered software titles that specifically supported Tandy's unique and proprietary 16-color graphics, 3-voice sound, and other Tandy specific hardware features. These enhancements offer a superior graphics and sound experience for Tandy 1000 owners over standard DOS titles. Software that supported Tandy's graphics were typically labelled on the package as Tandy 1000/PCjr compatible. Many Tandy 1000 enhanced games are featured on YouTube.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Selected Tandy 1000-enhanced software", "target_page_ids": [ 52814, 290998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 85 ], [ 90, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the Tandy 1000 can run most DOS software, the below programs are known to specifically support Tandy 1000 enhanced features. These programs require DOS to run. Tandy shipped its own version of DOS. Tandy used the main memory for graphics, as a result most programs require 640k or 768k to run. The enhanced graphics and sound often tax the processor, so an 80286 processor or faster is recommended for best results.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Selected Tandy 1000-enhanced software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are also games and educational software that supports second generation Tandy 1000 graphics and sound, which offers 640 by 200 by 16 colors, and 8-bit DACs, found only on the 1000 sl/tl series. Examples of such software includes Mario's Typing Tutor, Star Trek, Freddy Pharkas: Frontier Pharmacist, Sargon Chess.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Selected Tandy 1000-enhanced software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Radio Shack Tandy Computer Support, the official support site for Tandy Computers (product search page)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Tand-Em Project, a Tandy 1000 emulator project", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " DOSBox MS-DOS, Tandy 1000, PCjr Emulator", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MESS Multiple emulator with Tandy 1000HX support", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tvdog's Archive, Major archive of Tandy 1000 programs and documentation", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tandy 1000 BASIC Programs, Games and applications", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The OldSkool Shrine, Tandy 1000 History And Memories", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tandy 1000 Webring, More Sites On The Tandy 1000", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Low End Mac's retrospective on the Tandy 2000 computer and Tandy 1000 series (Daniel Knight - 2015-12-19)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro preview article on the Tandy 1000, December 1984", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro review of the Tandy 1000, April 1985", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro review of the Tandy 1000 SX, August 1987", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro review of the Tandy 1000 TX, March 1988", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro review of the Tandy 1000 EX, May 1987", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 80 Micro review of original Deskmate for Tandy 1000", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Tandy_1000", "Computer-related_introductions_in_1984", "Products_introduced_in_1984" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "McLean Hospital () (formerly known as Somerville Asylum and Charlestown Asylum) is a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. It is noted for its clinical staff expertise and neuroscience research and is also known for the large number of famous people who have been treated there. McLean maintains the world's largest neuroscientific and psychiatric research program in a private hospital. It is the largest psychiatric facility of Harvard Medical School, an affiliate of Massachusetts General Hospital, and part of Mass General Brigham, which also includes Brigham and Women's Hospital.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 257271, 329529, 1149900, 1608716, 1608724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 131 ], [ 440, 462 ], [ 480, 510 ], [ 524, 544 ], [ 566, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McLean was founded in 1811 in a section of Charlestown, Massachusetts that is now a part of Somerville, Massachusetts. Originally named Asylum for the Insane, it was the first institution organized by a group of prominent Bostonians who were concerned about homeless mentally ill persons \"abounding on the streets and by-ways in and about Boston\". The effort was organized by Rev. John Bartlett, chaplain of the Boston Almshouse. The hospital was built around a Charles Bulfinch mansion, which became the hospital's administrative building; most of the other hospital buildings were completed by 1818.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 251405, 116857, 34957656, 523876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 69 ], [ 92, 117 ], [ 381, 394 ], [ 462, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The institution was later given the name The McLean Asylum for the Insane in honor of one of its earliest benefactors, John McLean, who granted enough money to build several such hospitals. A portrait of McLean now hangs in the present Administration Building, along with other paintings that were once displayed in the original hospital. In 1892, the facility was renamed McLean Hospital in recognition of broader views on the treatment of mental illness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 50445880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1895 the campus moved to Waverley Oaks Hill in Belmont, Massachusetts. Joseph Curtis (civil engineer) and Frederick Law Olmsted (the renowned landscape architect who also conceptualized the Emerald Necklace public spaces of Boston, New York's Central Park, and Hartford's Institute of Living) were consulted on the selection of the hospital site. The move was necessitated by changes in Charlestown, including new rail lines and other distracting development. Olmsted himself was eventually treated at McLean, but there is no evidence that he was responsible for the design of the grounds. Once hospital construction began, Curtis was hired by the hospital, and supervised the landscape work for many years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 257271, 195520, 53321, 184601, 1485916, 37536, 6848885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 72 ], [ 89, 103 ], [ 110, 131 ], [ 146, 165 ], [ 194, 210 ], [ 247, 259 ], [ 276, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1990s, facing falling revenue in a changing health care industry, the hospital drafted a plan to sell a portion of its grounds for development in the Town of Belmont. The proposed sale of the land caused a divisive and somewhat baroque political debate in the town during the late 1990s. Ultimately a plan to preserve some of Olmsted's original open space and to allow the town to develop mixed residential and commercial real estate prevailed over a plan to create only high-end residential development. The deal was finalized in 2005, and land development was well underway by the end of the year. Most of the Belmont campus (more than ) had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 64065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 671, 707 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McLean is known widely for its treatment of adolescents, most specifically its treatment of borderline personality disorder using dialectical behavioral therapy developed by Marsha M. Linehan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current work", "target_page_ids": [ 83859, 149223, 445724, 7866724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ], [ 92, 123 ], [ 130, 160 ], [ 174, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", McLean is led by Scott L. Rauch, President and Psychiatrist in Chief, who is known for his innovative work using brain imaging methods to study psychiatric dysfunction.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current work", "target_page_ids": [ 59851145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As one of the teaching hospitals of Harvard Medical School, McLean is differentiated from its New England peers (such as The Institute of Living and the Brattleboro Retreat) by its combination of teaching, treatment, and research; most other facilities focus on only one of these priorities. It is home to the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, the largest \"brain bank\" collection of research specimens in the world. The hospital developed and implemented national health screening methods for alcohol, depression, and memory disorders. The Cole Resource Center, a mental health consumer resource and advocacy center, is located at the hospital.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current work", "target_page_ids": [ 66494203, 329529, 6848885, 14665361, 12749450, 3512186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 32 ], [ 36, 58 ], [ 121, 144 ], [ 153, 172 ], [ 544, 564 ], [ 568, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McLean Hospital is ranked 1st among all psychiatric hospitals in the country according to U.S. News & World Report.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Rankings", "target_page_ids": [ 449826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 2017, McLean ranked among the top 20 independent hospitals worldwide receiving National Institutes of Health grant support.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Rankings", "target_page_ids": [ 46174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mathematician John Nash; musicians James Taylor, and Ray Charles; poets Sylvia Plath, Robert Lowell and Anne Sexton; Massachusetts politician and Civil War general Nathaniel P. Banks; authors Susanna Kaysen and David Foster Wallace; and criminal Michelle Carter have been treated at McLean Hospital.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Former patients", "target_page_ids": [ 102567, 148375, 147311, 28699, 341721, 177377, 149932, 1170310, 45368, 54250976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 23 ], [ 35, 47 ], [ 53, 64 ], [ 72, 84 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 104, 115 ], [ 164, 182 ], [ 192, 206 ], [ 211, 231 ], [ 246, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One popular and anecdotal history of McLean is Alex Beam's Life and Death Inside America's Premier Mental Hospital. More-factual and scholarly accounts of the history are recorded in the Little and Sutton books listed in \"Further reading\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In books and media", "target_page_ids": [ 6844914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Memoirs of time spent within McLean's walls include Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar, and Susanna Kaysen's Girl, Interrupted, which was made into a film of the same name starring Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie. Samuel Shem's roman à clef Mount Misery tells a story inspired at least in part by the author's experiences at McLean. The 1994 Under Observation: Life Inside A Mental Hospital by Lisa Berger and Alexander Vuckovic uses some fictional techniques (composite characters, etc.) to describe some of the typical events at McLean. James Taylor's song \"Knockin' 'Round the Zoo\" recalls his stay at McLean as a teenager. Poems of Boston and Just Beyond: From the Back Bay to the Back Ward by Doug Holder are based on his more than three decades working there, and are archived at the poetry room at the Lamont Library at Harvard University.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In books and media", "target_page_ids": [ 28699, 199525, 1170310, 168639, 3383952, 34078, 5792809, 876233, 168726, 10471317, 148375, 148375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 73, 85 ], [ 91, 105 ], [ 108, 125 ], [ 147, 170 ], [ 180, 192 ], [ 197, 211 ], [ 213, 226 ], [ 227, 239 ], [ 460, 479 ], [ 538, 550 ], [ 596, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3663209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " (on his time spent at McLean Hospital)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (on his time spent at McLean Hospital)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McLean Hospital website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Boston Book Festival/ Oct,2014. Poets in the Asylum Panel: Poets of McLean Hospital. Audio File. Panelists: Alex Beam, Lois Ames, Kathleen Spivack, Wendy Ranan. Hosted by Doug Holder Poets of McLean Hospital Panel", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "McLean_Hospital", "Psychiatric_hospitals_in_Massachusetts", "Hospitals_in_Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts", "Belmont,_Massachusetts", "Harvard_Medical_School", "Hospitals_established_in_1811", "1811_establishments_in_Massachusetts", "Hospital_buildings_completed_in_1895", "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts", "Historic_districts_in_Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" ]

[ "Somerville Asylum", "Charlestown Asylum" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements \"protection\", \"peace\" (PIE \"to love, to make peace\") or alternatively \"journey, travel\", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root \"to fare, travel\" (PIE , \"to lead, pass over\"), and \"courage\" or \"ready, prepared\" related to Old High German \"to risk, venture.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12849338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name was adopted in Romance languages from its use in the Visigothic Kingdom. It is reconstructed as either Gothic or .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11778448, 18789453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 80 ], [ 112, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It became popular in German-speaking Europe only from the 16th century, with Habsburg rule over Spain.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1076948, 13824, 938546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 43 ], [ 77, 85 ], [ 91, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Variants of the name include , , , and in Spanish, in Catalan, and and in Portuguese. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26825, 5282, 23915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 50 ], [ 56, 63 ], [ 78, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The French forms are , Fernand, and , and it is Ferdinando and in Italian. In Hungarian both and are used equally.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10597, 19280445, 12048732, 14708, 13972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 23, 30 ], [ 48, 58 ], [ 67, 74 ], [ 79, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are numerous short forms in many languages, such as the Finnish .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19984080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a feminine Spanish, Portuguese and Italian form, .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Aragon (1380–1416) the Just, King in 1412", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1159512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516) the Catholic, King in 1478", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 18836110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of León (1015–1065) the Great, King of León and Castile in 1037", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 151076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of León (1137–1188), King of León in 1157", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 44641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand III of Castile (1199–1252) the Saint, King of Castile in 1217 and of León in 1230", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 70646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand IV of Castile (1285–1312) the Summoned, King of Castile in 1295 and of León in 1301", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 149115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand V of Castile (1452–1516) the Catholic – see Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 18836110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand VI of Spain (1713–1759) the Learned, King of Spain in 1746", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 149448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand VII of Spain (1784–1833), twice King of Spain: 1808 and 1813–1833", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 149127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria (1618–1641)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1382097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Portugal the Handsome (1345–1383), King in 1367", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 153586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of Portugal (1816–1885), second husband of Queen Maria II", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 780951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand, Count of Flanders (1188–1233), son of King Sancho I", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 2227062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand the Holy Prince (1402–1443), youngest son of King John I", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 2438462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu (1433–1470), 2nd Duke of Viseu and 1st Duke of Beja, King Manuel's father", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 2439215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda (1507–1534), 3rd son of King Manuel I of Portugal", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 2463327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503–1564), Emperor in 1556", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 151069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria (1529–1595), Governor in the Kingdom of Bohemia in Prague (1547–1567) and sovereign of Tyrol and Further Austria (1564–1595), in Innsbruck since 1567", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1196405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1578–1637), Emperor in 1619", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 151083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1608–1657), King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 151087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Austria (1793–1875), Emperor of Austria in 1835", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 166126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand of Bavaria (1577–1650) Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne, prince-bishop of Hildesheim, Liège, Münster, and Paderborn", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 3968356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand of Fürstenberg (1626–1683) Prince Bishop of Paderborn and Münster.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 50335884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1721–1792)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 3800983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg (1997), Archduke of Austria, Grandson to late Otto von Habsburg of Austria", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 7487924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Naples (1423–1494), King in 1458", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 156954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of Naples (1469–1496), King in 1495", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 156956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand III of Naples – see Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 18836110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand IV of Naples – see Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 173245, 173245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ], [ 29, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Sicily – see Ferdinand I of Aragon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1159512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of Sicily – see Ferdinand II of Aragon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 18836110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand III of Sicily – see Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 173245, 14731843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 40, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (1751–1825)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 173245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859), King from 1830 to 1859", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 158773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand or Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1587–1626), Duke in 1612 ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 7836832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand or Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (1652–1708), Duke in 1665", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 10559468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand of Parma (1751–1802), Duke in 1765", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 2972816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1769–1824), Grand Duke in 1790", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 128805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1835–1908), Grand Duke from 1859 to 1860", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1754487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1861–1948), knyaz (prince) 1887–1908, tsar (emperor) 1908–1918", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 69571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand I of Romania (1865–1927), became King 1914", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 37266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1792–1863)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Royalty", "target_page_ids": [ 1857544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr., American basketball player who changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 16899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernando Alonso (born 1981), Spanish racing driver", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 240390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Bol (1616–1680), Dutch Golden Age painter", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 2312118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernand Braudel (1902–1985), French historian", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 280925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand de Rothschild (1839–1898), British banker", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 1255522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Budicki (1871–1951), Croatian automotive pioneer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 47502067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), German automotive engineer and founder of Porsche", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 67720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd Burket (born 1933), American football player", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 45096230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Coly (born 1973), Senegalese footballer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 1971102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Dennis (born 1956), Jamaican-born writer and broadcaster ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 46668697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd Dreher (1913–1996), American football player", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 47595226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Fabra (1906–2007), German football manager", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 39280637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929), French marshal, Allied Supreme Commander in World War I", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 331863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd Hayward (1911–1988), Canadian racewalker", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 4383195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferran Hurtado (1951–2014), Spanish mathematician and computer scientist", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 57692403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand van Ingen (born 1933), Dutch Germanist", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 64960818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Jodl (1896–1956), German World War II general, brother of Alfred Jodl", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 25086345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd Johnson (1905–1996), American cartoonist", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 24957670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Kozovski (1892–1965), Bulgarian politician and general", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 22368858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe, better known as Jelly Roll Morton (1890–1941), American self-styled inventor of jazz", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 44120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894), French developer of the Suez Canal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 314522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), Portuguese sea captain (serving Spain), leader of first expedition to sail around the world", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 19914843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989), Tenth president of the Philippines", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 142721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand \"Thirdy\" Ravena III (born 1996), Filipino basketball player", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 64364261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770-1845, Swiss-American surveyor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 1926185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875–1951), German surgeon ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 476273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), Swiss linguist", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 11041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferran Torres (born 2000), Spanish footballer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 55941004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd Wirtz (1885–1947), Luxembourgian gymnast", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 18023206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), German airship mogul", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 173798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Mannlicher (1848–1904), Austrian firearms designer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 2503707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Zylka (born 1998), German basketball player", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other people", "target_page_ids": [ 68833724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand (The Tempest), a character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 21452789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand the Bull, a mild mannered bull in the children's book The Story of Ferdinand", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 1667613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand the Bull, mascot of the Taranaki Rugby Football Union team", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 6091746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Griffon, main character played by Jean-Paul Belmondo in the movie Pierrot le fou", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 1424739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand, a railway engine in the television series Thomas & Friends", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 6149080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Vaněk, a vaguely autobiographical character in several plays by the Czech playwright Václav Havel", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 63299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dr. Ferdinand, a character from Steel Ball Run", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 9590593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand, a character from L.A. Noire", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [ 7156760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand von Aegir, a character from Three Houses", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fictional characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ferd (nickname)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47596813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdy, a list of people and fictional characters named or nicknamed Ferdy or Ferdie", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 44005956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinand Porsche (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45692090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ferdinando (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12048732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernand (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19280445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernando", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1598495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernández", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4742887 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hernández", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4463355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fernando", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Germanic_given_names", "German_masculine_given_names", "Bulgarian_masculine_given_names", "French_masculine_given_names", "Romanian_masculine_given_names" ]

[ "Ferdinand (given name)", "Ferdinand (first name)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The term road bicycle is used to describe bicycles built for traveling at speed on paved roads. Some sources use the term to mean racing bicycle. Other sources specifically exclude racing bicycles from the definition, using the term to mean a bicycle of a similar style but built more for endurance and less the fast bursts of speed desired in a racing bicycle; as such, they usually have more gear combinations and fewer hi-tech racing features. Certain of these bicycles have been referred to as 'sportive' bicycles to distinguish them from racing bicycles.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 856983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Compared to other styles of bicycle, road bicycles share common features:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The tires are narrow, high-pressure ( or higher), and smooth to decrease rolling resistance", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14454545, 1503750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ], [ 74, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The handlebars are bent (\"dropped\") to allow the rider position to be leaned forward and downward, which reduces the forward vertical cross sectional area and thus highly reduces the air resistance", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11742486, 2137292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 15 ], [ 184, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " They usually use derailleur gears; however, single-speed and fixed-gear varieties exist", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 195666, 972955, 996422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 34 ], [ 45, 57 ], [ 62, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " They either use disc brakes or rim brakes (although there might be technical differences, for example road bike calliper brakes use shorter and wider pads than mountain bike cantilevers)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 59597, 183340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 28 ], [ 32, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The bicycle is of a lightweight construction", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term road bicycle can also describe any type of bike used primarily on paved roads, in contrast to bikes primarily intended for off-road use, such as mountain bikes. Several variations of road bikes include:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25897, 134572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 85 ], [ 154, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Touring bicycles are designed for bicycle touring: they are robust, comfortable, and capable of carrying heavy loads", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 384775, 201743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 35, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hybrid bicycles are designed for a variety of recreational and utility purposes. While primarily intended for use on pavement, they may also be used on relatively smooth unpaved paths or trails.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 910509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Utility bicycles are designed for utility cycling: are a traditional bicycle for commuting, shopping and running errands in towns and cities", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 856557, 385717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 35, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A roadster is a specific form of the utility bicycle developed in the UK", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3053657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Recumbent bicycles are designed for variety of recreational and utility purposes, but are characterised by the reclined riding position in which the cyclist is seated", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 167248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vintage road bicycles, also known as classic lightweight bicycles, are generally older bicycles with frames which are manufactured using steel tubing and lugs. Certain examples of this bicycle type have become collectors' items, with potential values of several thousand dollars. Other cyclists prefer this type of bicycle to those manufactured using modern techniques because they are \"practical, versatile, durable, repairable, and timeless, regardless of current popular trends.\" The preeminent site on the golden era of cycling is Classic Lightweights ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27058, 6584506, 18717338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 143 ], [ 155, 159 ], [ 273, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A flat bar road bike, also called a fitness bike, is a relatively new style of bicycle. It is simply a road bike fitted with a flat handlebar and MTB-style shifters and brake levers. This combination provides a light, fast bike with a more upright riding position that is more comfortable and gives a better view in traffic. Flat bar road bike are commonly used for commuting, urban and fitness riding.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15287722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Racing bicycle", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 856983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Outline of cycling", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34557136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Cycle_types", "Road_cycles" ]

[ "road bike", "classic lightweight", "roadbike", "sportive bicycle", "sportive bike" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10657439, 21473, 32549, 6207, 10779, 42986, 602264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 58 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 129, 136 ], [ 142, 149 ], [ 156, 165 ], [ 166, 185 ], [ 307, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkgap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices. Today, their main usage is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 188386, 309252, 34197, 178937, 42986, 1389140, 570662, 1105907, 33131, 1389140, 1350462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 84, 99 ], [ 101, 117 ], [ 119, 133 ], [ 134, 153 ], [ 165, 179 ], [ 189, 236 ], [ 284, 311 ], [ 316, 335 ], [ 386, 400 ], [ 405, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally, Tesla coils used fixed spark gaps or rotary spark gaps to provide intermittent excitation of the resonant circuit; more recently electronic devices are used to provide the switching action required.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Tesla coil is a radio frequency oscillator that drives an air-core double-tuned resonant transformer to produce high voltages at low currents. Tesla's original circuits as well as most modern coils use a simple spark gap to excite oscillations in the tuned transformer. More sophisticated designs use transistor or thyristor switches or vacuum tube electronic oscillators to drive the resonant transformer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 42852, 9920, 23424071, 294989, 30011, 181174, 32496, 9920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 33 ], [ 34, 44 ], [ 82, 102 ], [ 213, 222 ], [ 303, 313 ], [ 317, 326 ], [ 339, 350 ], [ 351, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla coils can produce output voltages from 50kilovolts to several million volts for large coils. The alternating current output is in the low radio frequency range, usually between 50kHz and 1MHz. Although some oscillator-driven coils generate a continuous alternating current, most Tesla coils have a pulsed output; the high voltage consists of a rapid string of pulses of radio frequency alternating current.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 32567, 42852, 42986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 55 ], [ 144, 159 ], [ 259, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The common spark-excited Tesla coil circuit, shown below, consists of these components:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A high voltage supply transformer (T), to step the AC mains voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark gap. Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts (kV).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 30906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A capacitor (C1) that forms a tuned circuit with the primary winding L1 of the Tesla transformer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 4932111, 30906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 54, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A spark gap (SG) that acts as a switch in the primary circuit", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 294989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Tesla coil (L1, L2), an air-core double-tuned resonant transformer, which generates the high output voltage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 10657439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Optionally, a capacitive electrode (top load) (E) in the form of a smooth metal sphere or torus attached to the secondary terminal of the coil. Its large surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges, increasing the Q factor and output voltage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 74800, 229160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 96 ], [ 238, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The specialized transformer used in the Tesla coil circuit, called a resonant transformer, oscillation transformer or radio-frequency (RF) transformer, functions differently from an ordinary transformer used in AC power circuits. While an ordinary transformer is designed to transfer energy efficiently from primary to secondary winding, the resonant transformer is also designed to temporarily store electrical energy. Each winding has a capacitance across it and functions as an LC circuit (resonant circuit, tuned circuit), storing oscillating electrical energy, analogously to the way a tuning fork stores vibrational mechanical energy. The primary coil (L1) consisting of a relatively few turns of heavy copper wire or tubing, is connected to a capacitor (C1) through the spark gap (SG). The secondary coil (L2) consists of many turns (hundreds to thousands) of fine wire on a hollow cylindrical form inside the primary. The secondary is not connected to an actual capacitor, but it also functions as an LC circuit, the inductance of (L2) resonates with stray capacitance (C2), the sum of the stray parasitic capacitance between the windings of the coil, and the capacitance of the toroidal metal electrode attached to the high voltage terminal. The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so that they have the same resonant frequency, so they exchange energy, acting like a coupled oscillator; during each spark the stored energy rapidly oscillates back and forth between the primary and secondary.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 10657439, 10657439, 140711, 602264, 602264, 31198, 30906, 4932111, 294989, 30906, 3872258, 14973218, 41660, 22522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 89 ], [ 91, 114 ], [ 439, 450 ], [ 481, 491 ], [ 511, 524 ], [ 591, 602 ], [ 645, 657 ], [ 750, 759 ], [ 777, 786 ], [ 797, 811 ], [ 1104, 1125 ], [ 1187, 1193 ], [ 1323, 1341 ], [ 1382, 1400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The peculiar design of the coil is dictated by the need to achieve low resistive energy losses (high Q factor) at high frequencies, which results in the largest secondary voltages:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 229160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ordinary power transformers have an iron core to increase the magnetic coupling between the coils. However at high frequencies an iron core causes energy losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis, so it is not used in the Tesla coil.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 1516916, 465008, 147003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ], [ 169, 181 ], [ 187, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ordinary transformers are designed to be \"tightly coupled\". Both the primary and secondary are wound tightly around the iron core. Due to the iron core and close proximity of the windings, they have a high mutual inductance (M), the coupling coefficient is close to unity 0.95– 1.0, which means almost all the magnetic field of the primary winding passes through the secondary. The Tesla transformer in contrast is \"loosely coupled\", the primary winding is larger in diameter and spaced apart from the secondary, so the mutual inductance is lower and the coupling coefficient is only 0.05 to 0.2. This means that only 5% to 20% of the magnetic field of the primary coil passes through the secondary when it is open circuited. The loose coupling slows the exchange of energy between the primary and secondary coils, which allows the oscillating energy to stay in the secondary circuit longer before it returns to the primary and begins dissipating in the spark.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 165146, 165146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 226 ], [ 236, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Each winding is also limited to a single layer of wire, which reduces proximity effect losses. The primary carries very high currents. Since high frequency current mostly flows on the surface of conductors due to skin effect, it is often made of copper tubing or strip with a large surface area to reduce resistance, and its turns are spaced apart, which reduces proximity effect losses and arcing between turns.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 12146395, 261642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 87 ], [ 214, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The output circuit can have two forms:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unipolar: One end of the secondary winding is connected to a single high voltage terminal, the other end is grounded. This type is used in modern coils designed for entertainment. The primary winding is located near the bottom, low potential end of the secondary, to minimize arcs between the windings. Since the ground (Earth) serves as the return path for the high voltage, streamer arcs from the terminal tend to jump to any nearby grounded object.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 41215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bipolar: Neither end of the secondary winding is grounded, and both are brought out to high voltage terminals. The primary winding is located at the center of the secondary coil, equidistant between the two high potential terminals, to discourage arcing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The circuit operates in a rapid, repeating cycle in which the supply transformer (T) charges the primary capacitor (C1) up, which then discharges in a spark through the spark gap, creating a brief pulse of oscillating current in the primary circuit which excites a high oscillating voltage across the secondary:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Current from the supply transformer (T) charges the capacitor (C1) to a high voltage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the breakdown voltage of the spark gap (SG) a spark starts, reducing the spark gap resistance to a very low value. This completes the primary circuit and current from the capacitor flows through the primary coil (L1). The current flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil, generating radio frequency oscillating current in the primary circuit at the circuit's resonant frequency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 1224250, 41660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 68 ], [ 447, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The oscillating magnetic field of the primary winding induces an oscillating current in the secondary winding (L2), by Faraday's law of induction. Over a number of cycles, the energy in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary. The total energy in the tuned circuits is limited to the energy originally stored in the capacitor C1, so as the oscillating voltage in the secondary increases in amplitude (\"ring up\") the oscillations in the primary decrease to zero. Although the ends of the secondary coil are open, it also acts as a tuned circuit due to the capacitance (C2), the sum of the parasitic capacitance between the turns of the coil plus the capacitance of the toroid electrode E. Current flows rapidly back and forth through the secondary coil between its ends. Because of the small capacitance, the oscillating voltage across the secondary coil which appears on the output terminal is much larger than the primary voltage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 36563, 742288, 3872258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 31 ], [ 120, 146 ], [ 601, 622 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The secondary current creates a magnetic field that induces voltage back in the primary coil, and over a number of additional cycles the energy is transferred back to the primary, causing the oscillating voltage in the secondary to decrease (\"ring down\"). This process repeats, the energy shifting rapidly back and forth between the primary and secondary tuned circuits. The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary gradually die out due to energy dissipated as heat in the spark gap and resistance of the coil.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " When the current through the spark gap is no longer sufficient to keep the air in the gap ionized, the spark stops (\"quenches\"), terminating the current in the primary circuit. The oscillating current in the secondary may continue for some time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The current from the supply transformer begins charging the capacitor C1 again and the cycle repeats.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This entire cycle takes place very rapidly, the oscillations dying out in a time of the order of a millisecond. Each spark across the spark gap produces a pulse of damped sinusoidal high voltage at the output terminal of the coil. Each pulse dies out before the next spark occurs, so the coil generates a string of damped waves, not a continuous sinusoidal voltage. The high voltage from the supply transformer that charges the capacitor is a 50 or 60Hz sine wave. Depending on how the spark gap is set, usually one or two sparks occur at the peak of each half-cycle of the mains current, so there are more than a hundred sparks per second. Thus the spark at the spark gap appears continuous, as do the high voltage streamers from the top of the coil.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 1744868, 324749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 326 ], [ 454, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The supply transformer (T) secondary winding is connected across the primary tuned circuit. It might seem that the transformer would be a leakage path for the RF current, damping the oscillations. However its large inductance gives it a very high impedance at the resonant frequency, so it acts as an open circuit to the oscillating current. If the supply transformer has inadequate Short-circuit inductance, radio frequency chokes are placed in its secondary leads to block the RF current.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 165146, 41957, 53092958, 3382576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 225 ], [ 247, 256 ], [ 383, 407 ], [ 425, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To produce the largest output voltage, the primary and secondary tuned circuits are adjusted to resonance with each other. The resonant frequencies of the primary and secondary circuits, and , are determined by the inductance and capacitance in each circuit:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 41660, 41660, 165146, 140711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 105 ], [ 127, 147 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 231, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Generally the secondary is not adjustable, so the primary circuit is tuned, usually by a moveable tap on the primary coil L1, until it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thus the condition for resonance between primary and secondary is:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The resonant frequency of Tesla coils is in the low radio frequency (RF) range, usually between 50kHz and 1MHz. However, because of the impulsive nature of the spark they produce broadband radio noise, and without shielding can be a significant source of RFI, interfering with nearby radio and television reception.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 42852, 3339042, 1072324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 67 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 255, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a resonant transformer the high voltage is produced by resonance; the output voltage is not proportional to the turns ratio, as in an ordinary transformer. It can be calculated approximately from conservation of energy. At the beginning of the cycle, when the spark starts, all of the energy in the primary circuit is stored in the primary capacitor . If is the voltage at which the spark gap breaks down, which is usually close to the peak output voltage of the supply transformer T, this energy is", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 67088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the \"ring up\" this energy is transferred to the secondary circuit. Although some is lost as heat in the spark and other resistances, in modern coils, over 85% of the energy ends up in the secondary. At the peak () of the secondary sinusoidal voltage waveform, all the energy in the secondary is stored in the capacitance between the ends of the secondary coil", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Assuming no energy losses, . Substituting into this equation and simplifying, the peak secondary voltage is", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The second formula above is derived from the first using the resonance condition . Since the capacitance of the secondary coil is very small compared to the primary capacitor, the primary voltage is stepped up to a high value.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The above peak voltage is only achieved in coils in which air discharges do not occur; in coils which produce sparks, like entertainment coils, the peak voltage on the terminal is limited to the voltage at which the air breaks down and becomes conductive. As the output voltage increases during each voltage pulse, it reaches the point where the air next to the high voltage terminal ionizes and corona, brush discharges and streamer arcs, break out from the terminal. This happens when the electric field strength exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, about 30kV per centimeter. Since the electric field is greatest at sharp points and edges, air discharges start at these points on the high voltage terminal. The voltage on the high voltage terminal cannot increase above the air breakdown voltage, because additional electric charge pumped into the terminal from the secondary winding just escapes into the air. The output voltage of open-air Tesla coils is limited to a few million volts by air breakdown, but higher voltages can be achieved by coils immersed in pressurized tanks of insulating oil.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 853826, 59611, 318352, 7955905, 37568596, 41092, 41027, 2159805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 220, 231 ], [ 384, 391 ], [ 396, 402 ], [ 404, 419 ], [ 425, 438 ], [ 491, 505 ], [ 527, 546 ], [ 1094, 1108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most Tesla coil designs have a smooth spherical or toroidal shaped metal electrode on the high voltage terminal. The electrode serves as one plate of a capacitor, with the Earth as the other plate, forming the tuned circuit with the secondary winding. Although the \"toroid\" increases the secondary capacitance, which tends to reduce the peak voltage, its main effect is that its large diameter curved surface reduces the potential gradient (electric field) at the high voltage terminal; it functions similarly to a corona ring, increasing the voltage threshold at which air discharges such as corona and brush discharges occur. Suppressing premature air breakdown and energy loss allows the voltage to build to higher values on the peaks of the waveform, creating longer, more spectacular streamers when air discharges finally occur.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 14973218, 4932111, 602264, 467428, 41092, 26866107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 57 ], [ 152, 161 ], [ 210, 223 ], [ 421, 439 ], [ 441, 455 ], [ 515, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If the top electrode is large and smooth enough, the electric field at its surface may never get high enough even at the peak voltage to cause air breakdown, and air discharges will not occur. Some entertainment coils have a sharp \"spark point\" projecting from the torus to start discharges.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term \"Tesla coil\" is applied to a number of high voltage resonant transformer circuits.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of \"excitation\" they use, what type of circuit is used to apply current to the primary winding of the resonant transformer:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Spark-excited or Spark Gap Tesla Coil (SGTC): This type uses a spark gap to close the primary circuit, exciting oscillations in the resonant transformer. Spark gaps have disadvantages due to the high primary currents they must handle. They produce a very loud noise while operating, noxious ozone gas, and high temperatures which may require a cooling system. The energy dissipated in the spark also reduces the Q factor and the output voltage. Tesla's coils were all spark-excited.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 294989, 22718, 229160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 73 ], [ 292, 297 ], [ 413, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Static spark gap: This is the most common type, which was described in detail in the previous section. It is used in most entertainment coils. An AC voltage from a high voltage supply transformer charges a capacitor, which discharges through the spark gap. The spark rate is not adjustable but is determined by the 50 or 60Hz line frequency. Multiple sparks may occur on each half-cycle, so the pulses of output voltage may not be equally-spaced.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Static triggered spark gap: Commercial and industrial circuits often apply a DC voltage from a power supply to charge the capacitor, and use high voltage pulses generated by an oscillator applied to a triggering electrode to trigger the spark. This allows control of the spark rate and exciting voltage. Commercial spark gaps are often enclosed in an insulating gas atmosphere such as sulfur hexafluoride, reducing the length and thus the energy loss in the spark.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 457036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 386, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rotary spark gap: These use a spark gap consisting of electrodes around the periphery of a wheel rotated at high speed by a motor, which create sparks when they pass by a stationary electrode. Tesla used this type on his big coils, and they are used today on large entertainment coils. The rapid separation speed of the electrodes quenches the spark quickly, allowing \"first notch\" quenching, making possible higher voltages. The wheel is usually driven by a synchronous motor, so the sparks are synchronized with the AC line frequency, the spark occurring at the same point on the AC waveform on each cycle, so the primary pulses are repeatable.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 487226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 460, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Switched or Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC): These use power semiconductor devices, usually thyristors or transistors such as MOSFETs or IGBTs, triggered by a solid state oscillator circuit to switch pulses of voltage from a DC power supply through the primary winding. They provide pulsed excitation without the disadvantages of a spark gap: the loud noise, high temperatures, and poor efficiency. The voltage, frequency, and excitation waveform can be finely controllable. SSTCs are used in most commercial, industrial, and research applications as well as higher quality entertainment coils.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 833412, 181174, 30011, 40345, 109053, 9920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 80 ], [ 91, 100 ], [ 105, 115 ], [ 125, 131 ], [ 136, 140 ], [ 170, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Single resonant solid state Tesla coil (SRSSTC): In this circuit the primary does not have a resonant capacitor and so is not a double-tuned circuit; only the secondary is. The current to the primary from the switching transistors excite resonance in the secondary tuned circuit. Single tuned SSTCs are simpler, but the resonant circuit has the total Q factor depends only on the secondary side resonant.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 229160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 352, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil (DRSSTC): The circuit is similar to the double tuned spark excited circuit, except in place of the AC supply transformer (T) in the primary circuit a DC power supply charges the capacitor, and in place of the spark gap semiconductor switches complete the circuit between the capacitor and the primary coil.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Singing Tesla coil or musical Tesla coil: This is not a separate type of excitation, but a modification to the solid state primary circuit to create a Tesla coil which can be played like a musical instrument, with its high voltage discharges reproducing simple musical tones. The drive voltage pulses applied to the primary are modulated at an audio rate by a solid state \"interrupter\" circuit, causing the arc discharge from the high voltage terminal to emit sounds. Only tones and simple chords have been produced so far; the coil cannot function as a loudspeaker, reproducing complex music or voice sounds. The sound output is controlled by a keyboard or MIDI file applied to the circuit through a MIDI interface. Two modulation techniques have been used: AM (amplitude modulation of the exciting voltage) and PFM (pulse-frequency modulation). These are mainly built as novelties for entertainment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 22229164, 45871, 19996, 19996, 20637, 1140, 17512802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 555, 566 ], [ 659, 668 ], [ 702, 706 ], [ 722, 732 ], [ 764, 784 ], [ 819, 845 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Continuous wave: In these the transformer is driven by a feedback oscillator, which applies a pulse of current to the primary winding each cycle of the RF current, exciting a continuous oscillation. The primary tuned circuit serves as the tank circuit of the oscillator, and the circuit resembles a radio transmitter. Unlike the previous circuits which generate a pulsed output, they generate a continuous sine wave output. Power vacuum tubes are often used as active devices instead of transistors because they are more robust and tolerant of overloads. In general, continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed excitation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 9920, 602264, 61164, 324749, 32496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 77 ], [ 240, 252 ], [ 300, 317 ], [ 407, 416 ], [ 431, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla circuits can also be classified by how many resonant coils (inductors) they contain:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 7425, 14896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 64 ], [ 66, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Two coil or double-resonant circuits: Virtually all present Tesla coils use the two coil resonant transformer, consisting of a primary winding to which current pulses are applied, and a secondary winding that produces the high voltage, invented by Tesla in 1891. The term \"Tesla coil\" normally refers to these circuits.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 10657439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Three coil, triple-resonant, or magnifier circuits: These are circuits with three coils, based on Tesla's \"magnifying transmitter\" circuit which he began experimenting with sometime before 1898 and installed in his Colorado Springs lab 1899–1900, and patented in 1902. They consist of a two coil air-core step-up transformer similar to the Tesla transformer, with the secondary connected to a third coil not magnetically coupled to the others, called the \"extra\" or \"resonator\" coil, which is series-fed and resonates with its own capacitance. The output is taken from the free end of this coil. The presence of three energy-storing tank circuits gives this circuit more complicated resonant behavior. It is the subject of research, but has been used in few practical applications.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 602264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 636, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Electrical oscillation and resonant air-core transformer circuits had been explored before Tesla. Resonant circuits using Leyden jars were invented beginning in 1826 by Felix Savary, Joseph Henry, William Thomson, and Oliver Lodge. and Henry Rowland built a resonant transformer in 1889. Elihu Thomson invented the Tesla coil circuit independently at the same time Tesla did. Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25, 1891. and first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891, in his lecture \"Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination\" before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College, New York. Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period, this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil: high voltage primary transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and air core \"oscillation transformer\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 602264, 18103, 19181595, 187477, 33302, 348879, 747120, 306704, 1206765, 6310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 114 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 169, 181 ], [ 183, 195 ], [ 197, 212 ], [ 218, 230 ], [ 236, 249 ], [ 288, 301 ], [ 626, 668 ], [ 672, 688 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern high-voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla coils similar to some of Tesla's \"later\" 2-coil air-core designs. These typically consist of a primary tank circuit, a series LC (inductance-capacitance) circuit composed of a high-voltage capacitor, spark gap and primary coil, and the secondary LC circuit, a series-resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil plus a terminal capacitance or \"top load\". In Tesla's more advanced (magnifier) design, a third coil is added. The secondary LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air-core transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a separate third coil helical resonator. Modern 2-coil systems use a single secondary coil. The top of the secondary is then connected to a topload terminal, which forms one 'plate' of a capacitor, the other 'plate' being the earth (or \"ground\"). The primary LC circuit is tuned so that it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer. Earlier oil-insulated Tesla coils needed large and long insulators at their high-voltage terminals to prevent discharge in air. Later Tesla coils spread their electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most modern Tesla coils also use toroid-shaped output terminals. These are often fabricated from spun metal or flexible aluminum ducting. The toroidal shape helps to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward and away from the primary and secondary windings.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Modern-day Tesla coils", "target_page_ids": [ 602264, 165146, 140711, 4932111, 294989, 30906, 30906, 4932111, 41215, 41660, 30863734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 167 ], [ 182, 192 ], [ 193, 204 ], [ 241, 250 ], [ 252, 261 ], [ 266, 278 ], [ 354, 368 ], [ 783, 792 ], [ 833, 839 ], [ 886, 894 ], [ 1448, 1458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A more complex version of a Tesla coil, termed a \"magnifier\" by Tesla, uses a more tightly coupled air-core resonance \"driver\" transformer (or \"master oscillator\") and a smaller, remotely located output coil (called the \"extra coil\" or simply the resonator) that has a large number of turns on a relatively small coil form. The bottom of the driver's secondary winding is connected to ground. The opposite end is connected to the bottom of the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is sometimes called the transmission line. Since the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages, it is typically made of 1\" diameter metal tubing to reduce corona losses. Since the third coil is located some distance away from the driver, it is not magnetically coupled to it. RF energy is instead directly coupled from the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil, causing it to \"ring up\" to very high voltages. The combination of the two-coil driver and third coil resonator adds another degree of freedom to the system, making tuning considerably more complex than that of a 2-coil system. The transient response for multiple resonance networks (of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set) has only recently been solved. It is now known that a variety of useful tuning \"modes\" are available, and in most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different frequency than the master oscillator.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Modern-day Tesla coils", "target_page_ids": [ 521510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern transistor or vacuum tube Tesla coils do not use a primary spark gap. Instead, the transistor(s) or vacuum tube(s) provide the switching or amplifying function necessary to generate RF power for the primary circuit. Solid-state Tesla coils use the lowest primary operating voltage, typically between 155 and 800 volts, and drive the primary winding using either a single, half-bridge, or full-bridge arrangement of bipolar transistors, MOSFETs or IGBTs to switch the primary current. Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts, while most spark gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to 25,000 volts. The primary winding of a traditional transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom portion of the secondary coil. This configuration illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped resonator. The primary 'induces' alternating voltage into the bottom-most portion of the secondary, providing regular 'pushes' (similar to providing properly timed pushes to a playground swing). Additional energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance and top-load capacitance during each \"push\", and secondary output voltage builds (called 'ring-up'). An electronic feedback circuit is usually used to adaptively synchronize the primary oscillator to the growing resonance in the secondary, and this is the only tuning consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable top-load.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Modern-day Tesla coils", "target_page_ids": [ 30011, 32496, 60569, 1001628, 30011, 40345, 109053, 11545, 22522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 21, 32 ], [ 379, 390 ], [ 395, 406 ], [ 422, 441 ], [ 443, 449 ], [ 454, 458 ], [ 1239, 1247 ], [ 1310, 1320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a dual resonant solid-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the electronic switching of the solid-state Tesla coil is combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark-gap Tesla coil. The resonant primary circuit is formed by connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding of the coil, so that the combination forms a series tank circuit with a resonant frequency near that of the secondary circuit. Because of the additional resonant circuit, one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary. Also, an interrupter is usually used to reduce the duty cycle of the switching bridge, to improve peak power capabilities; similarly, IGBTs are more popular in this application than bipolar transistors or MOSFETs, due to their superior power handling characteristics. A current-limiting circuit is usually used to limit maximum primary tank current (which must be switched by the IGBT's) to a safe level. Performance of a DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium-power spark-gap Tesla coil, and efficiency (as measured by spark length versus input power) can be significantly greater than a spark-gap Tesla coil operating at the same input power.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Modern-day Tesla coils", "target_page_ids": [ 602264, 15624602, 41078, 49338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 332, 344 ], [ 521, 532 ], [ 563, 573 ], [ 694, 712 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of watts, equivalent to thousands of horsepower). It is therefore adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (spark) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 21347693, 14019, 75049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 126 ], [ 156, 166 ], [ 396, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla experimented with these, and many other, circuit configurations (see right). The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap. The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical. Experiments have shown that neither circuit offers any marked performance advantage over the other.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, in the typical circuit, the spark gap's short circuiting action prevents high-frequency oscillations from 'backing up' into the supply transformer. In the alternate circuit, high amplitude high frequency oscillations that appear across the capacitor also are applied to the supply transformer's winding. This can induce corona discharges between turns that weaken and eventually destroy the transformer's insulation. Experienced Tesla coil builders almost exclusively use the top circuit, often augmenting it with low pass filters (resistor and capacitor (RC) networks) between the supply transformer and spark gap to help protect the supply transformer. This is especially important when using transformers with fragile high-voltage windings, such as neon sign transformers (NSTs). Regardless of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary current by means of internal Short-circuit inductance. A normal (low Short-circuit inductance) high-voltage transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NSTs are designed to have high Short-circuit inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 318352, 303076, 53092958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 345 ], [ 761, 770 ], [ 932, 956 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The primary coil's resonant frequency is tuned to that of the secondary, by using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power (and retuning if necessary) until the system operates properly at maximum power. While tuning, a small projection (called a \"breakout bump\") is often added to the top terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air. Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive \"loading\" by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. A toroidal topload is often preferred to other shapes, such as a sphere. A toroid with a major diameter that is much larger than the secondary diameter provides improved shaping of the electrical field at the topload. This provides better protection of the secondary winding (from damaging streamer strikes) than a sphere of similar diameter. And, a toroid permits fairly independent control of topload capacitance versus spark breakout voltage. A toroid's capacitance is mainly a function of its major diameter, while the spark breakout voltage is mainly a function of its minor diameter. A grid dip oscillator (GDO) is sometimes used to help facilitate initial tuning and aid in design. The resonant frequency of the secondary can be difficult to determine except by using a GDO or other experimental method, whereas the physical properties of the primary more closely represent lumped approximations of RF tank design. In this schema the secondary is built somewhat arbitrarily in imitation of other successful designs, or entirely so with supplies on hand, its resonant frequency is measured and the primary designed to suit.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In coils that produce air discharges, such as those built for entertainment, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The process is similar to charging or discharging a capacitor, except that a Tesla coil uses AC instead of DC. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement current. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high-voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called space charge regions). Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 4932111, 555119, 248182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 270 ], [ 397, 417 ], [ 618, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates an oscillating magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance to ground. Energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, until most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred to the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo dielectric breakdown, forming a corona discharge.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 853826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 804, 824 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive \"root\" of hotter plasma, called a leader, that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an electric arc. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 25916521, 6188802, 1239265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 244 ], [ 255, 261 ], [ 458, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The primary break rate of sparking Tesla coils is slow compared to the resonant frequency of the resonator-topload assembly. When the switch closes, energy is transferred from the primary LC circuit to the resonator where the voltage rings up over a short period of time up culminating in the electrical discharge. In a spark gap Tesla coil, the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50–500 times per second, depending on the frequency of the input line voltage. At these rates, previously-formed leader channels do not get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat). At this point, dynamic equilibrium is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coil's output power level. The unique combination of a rising high-voltage radio frequency envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerably longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High-voltage, low-energy discharges create filamentary multibranched discharges which are purplish-blue in colour. High-voltage, high-energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low-energy discharges, because of increased ionisation. A strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides will occur in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. There are comparatively few scientific studies about the initiation and growth of pulsed lower-frequency RF discharges, so some aspects of Tesla coil air discharges are not as well understood when compared to DC, power-frequency AC, HV impulse, and lightning discharges.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Practical aspects of design", "target_page_ids": [ 217116, 42852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1071, 1090 ], [ 1245, 1260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today, although small Tesla coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high vacuum systems and igniters in arc welders, their main use is entertainment and educational displays.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 440996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at science museums and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 69870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since they are simple enough for an amateur to make, Tesla coils are a popular student science fair project, and are homemade by a large worldwide community of hobbyists. Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called \"coilers\". They attend \"coiling\" conventions where they display their home-made Tesla coils and other high voltage devices. Low-power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a high-voltage source for Kirlian photography.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 318776, 17066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 99 ], [ 416, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current world's largest Tesla coil is a 130,000-watt unit built by Greg Leyh and Eric Orr, part of a sculpture titled Electrum owned by Alan Gibbs and currently residing in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near Auckland, New Zealand. Another very large Tesla coil, designed and built by Syd Klinge, is shown every year at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Coachella, California.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 41552977, 45313936, 6937164, 18660332, 494630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 93 ], [ 123, 131 ], [ 141, 151 ], [ 225, 233 ], [ 340, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds, including music, by modulating the system's effective \"break rate\" (i.e., the rate and duration of high power RF bursts) via MIDI data and a control unit. The actual MIDI data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts the MIDI data into a PWM output which can be sent to the Tesla coil via a fiber optic interface.An extensive outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla coils during the Engineering Open House (EOH) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The Icelandic artist Björk used a Tesla coil in her song \"Thunderbolt\" as the main instrument in the song. The musical group ArcAttack uses modulated Tesla coils and a man in a chain-link suit to play music.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 19996, 81242, 384695, 18933360, 25647777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 178 ], [ 297, 300 ], [ 491, 533 ], [ 556, 561 ], [ 660, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scientists working with high vacuum systems test for the presence of tiny pin holes in the apparatus (especially a newly blown piece of glassware) using high-voltage discharges produced by a small handheld Tesla coil. When the system is evacuated the high voltage electrode of the coil is played over the outside of the apparatus. At low pressures, air is more easily ionized and thus conducts electricity better than atmospheric pressure air. Therefore, the discharge travels through any pin hole immediately below it, producing a corona discharge inside the evacuated space which illuminates the hole, indicating points that need to be annealed or reblown before they can be used in an experiment.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2016, Rice University scientists used the field of a Tesla coil to remotely align tiny carbon nanotubes into a circuit, a process they dubbed \"teslaphoresis\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 25813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The high voltage radio frequency (RF) discharges from the output terminal of a Tesla coil pose a unique hazard not found in other high voltage equipment: when passed through the body they often do not cause the painful sensation and muscle contraction of electric shock, as lower frequency AC or DC currents do. The nervous system is insensitive to currents with frequencies over 10– 20kHz. It is thought that the reason for this is that a certain minimum number of ions must be driven across a nerve cell's membrane by the imposed voltage to trigger the nerve cell to depolarize and transmit an impulse. At radio frequencies, there is insufficient time during a half-cycle for enough ions to cross the membrane before the alternating voltage reverses. The danger is that since no pain is felt, experimenters often assume the currents are harmless. Teachers and hobbyists demonstrating small Tesla coils often impress their audience by touching the high voltage terminal or allowing the streamer arcs to pass through their body.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [ 42852, 211889, 18963787, 21120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 32 ], [ 255, 269 ], [ 466, 469 ], [ 495, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If the arcs from the high voltage terminal strike the bare skin, they can cause deep-seated burns called RF burns. This is often avoided by allowing the arcs to strike a piece of metal held in the hand, or a thimble on a finger, instead. The current passes from the metal into the person's hand through a wide enough surface area to avoid causing burns. Often no sensation is felt, or just a warmth or tingling.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However this does not mean the current is harmless. Even a small Tesla coil produces many times the electrical energy necessary to stop the heart, if the frequency happens to be low enough to cause ventricular fibrillation. A minor misadjustment of the coil could result in electrocution. In addition, the RF current heats the tissues it passes through. Carefully controlled Tesla coil currents, applied directly to the skin by electrodes, were used in the early 20th century for deep body tissue heating in the medical field of longwave diathermy. The amount of heating depends on the current density, which depends on the power output of the Tesla coil and the cross-sectional area of the path the current takes through the body to ground. Particularly if it passes through narrow structures such as blood vessels or joints it may raise the local tissue temperature to hyperthermic levels, \"cooking\" internal organs or causing other injuries. International ICNIRP safety standards for RF current in the body in the Tesla coil frequency range of 0.1– 1MHz specify a maximum current density of 0.2mA per square centimeter and a maximum power absorption rate (SAR) in tissue of 4W/kg in limbs and 0.8W/kg average over the body. Even low power Tesla coils could exceed these limits, and it is generally impossible to determine the threshold current where bodily injury begins. Being struck by arcs from a high power (> 1000 watt) Tesla coil is likely to be fatal.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [ 183858, 238033, 712377, 75654, 28858009, 970650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 222 ], [ 274, 287 ], [ 538, 547 ], [ 871, 883 ], [ 959, 965 ], [ 1136, 1157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another reported hazard of this practice is that arcs from the high voltage terminal often strike the primary winding of the coil. This momentarily creates a conductive path for the lethal 50/60Hz primary current from the supply transformer to reach the output terminal. If a person is connected to the output terminal at the time, either by touching it or allowing arcs from the terminal to strike the person's body, then the high primary current could pass through the conductive ionized air path, through the body to ground, causing electrocution.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An erroneous explanation for the absence of electric shock that has persisted among Tesla coil hobbyists is that the high frequency currents travel through the body close to the surface, and thus do not penetrate to vital organs or nerves, due to an electromagnetic phenomenon called skin effect.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [ 261642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This theory is false. RF current does tend to flow on the surface of conductors due to skin effect, but the depth to which it penetrates, called skin depth, depends on the resistivity and permeability of the material as well as the frequency. Although skin effect limits currents of Tesla coil frequencies to the outer fraction of a millimeter in metal conductors, the skin depth of the current in body tissue is much deeper due to its higher resistivity. The depth of penetration of currents of Tesla frequency (0.1– 1MHz) in human tissues is roughly 24 to 72 centimeters (9 to 28 inches). Since even the deepest tissues are closer than this to the surface, skin effect has little influence on the path of the current through the body; it tends to take the path of minimum electrical impedance to ground, and can easily pass through the core of the body. In the medical therapy called longwave diathermy, carefully controlled RF current of Tesla frequencies was used for decades for deep tissue warming, including heating internal organs such as the lungs. Modern shortwave diathermy machines use a higher frequency of 27MHz, which would have a correspondingly smaller skin depth, yet these frequencies are still able to penetrate deep body tissues.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Health issues", "target_page_ids": [ 261642, 61580, 754487, 10779, 41957, 712377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 155 ], [ 172, 183 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 232, 241 ], [ 774, 794 ], [ 895, 904 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tesla's patents", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Electrical Transformer Or Induction Device\". U.S. Patent No. 433,702, August 5, 1890", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Means for Generating Electric Currents\", U.S. Patent No. 514,168, February 6, 1894", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Electrical Transformer\", Patent No. 593,138, November 2, 1897", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy\", Patent No. 685,958 November 5, 1901", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Method of Signaling\", U.S. Patent No. 723,188, March 17, 1903", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"System of Signaling\", U.S. Patent No. 725,605, April 14, 1903", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy\", January 18, 1902, , December 1, 1914", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Others' patents", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " J. S. Stone, , \"Apparatus for amplifying electromagnetic signal-waves\". (Filed January 23, 1901; Issued December 2, 1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A. Nickle, , \"Antenna\". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued August 2, 1938)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William W. Brown, , \"Antenna structure\". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued October 27, 1936).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robert B. Dome, , \"Antenna\". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued December 7, 1937)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armstrong, E. H., , \"Wireless receiving system\". 1914.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armstrong, E. H., , \"Method of receiving high frequency oscillation\". 1922.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armstrong, E. H., , \"Signalling system\". 1922.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gerhard Freiherr Du Prel, , \"High frequency circuit\". (Filed August 11, 1925; Issued July 3, 1928)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Leydorf, G. F., , \"Antenna near field coupling system\". 1966.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Van Voorhies, , \"Toroidal helical antenna\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gene Koonce, , \"Multifrequency electro-magnetic field generator\". (Filed October 29, 2004; Issued August 23, 2005)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Related patents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faraday cage", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 151590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " , an inventor and showman who worked with high voltage electricity.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , invented in 1893 by Paul Marie Oudin", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Van de Graaff generator", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Operation and other information", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armagnat, H., & Kenyon, O. A. (1908). The theory, design and construction of induction coils. New York: McGraw.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Haller, G. F., & Cunningham, E. T. (1910). The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Iannini, R. E. (2003). Electronic gadgets for the evil genius: 21 build-it-yourself projects. TAB electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pages 137–202.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Corum, Kenneth L. and James F. \"Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nicholson, Paul, \"Tesla Secondary Simulation Project\" (Current state of the art in rigorously describing Tesla coil secondary behavior through theoretical analysis, simulation and testing of results in practice)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vujovic, Ljubo, \"Tesla Coil\". Tesla Memorial Society of New York.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hickman, Bert, \"Tesla Coil Information Center\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cooper, John. F., \"Magnifying Transmitter early-type circuit diagram; Later-type circuit diagram\". Tesla-Coil.com", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Electrical World", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Development of High Frequency Currents for Practical Application\"., The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 8.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Boundless Space: A Bus Bar\". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 19.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Other publications", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, \"RF Coils, Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes\". IEEE, 2001.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., \"Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks\". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. EE/COPE.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Haller, George Francis, and Elmer Tiling Cunningham, \"The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses\". New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1910.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Norrie, H. S., \"Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them\". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reed, J. L., \"Tuning the triple resonance Tesla pulse transformer,\" Google Docs, ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Curtis, Thomas Stanley, High Frequency Apparatus: Its Construction and Practical Application. Everyday Mechanics Co., 1916.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " numerous academic IEEE publications ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Electric_transformers", "Power_supplies", "Inventions_by_Nikola_Tesla", "Electrical_breakdown", "Articles_containing_video_clips", "19th-century_inventions" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "La Scala (, , ; abbreviation in Italian of the official name ) is a famous opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 155040, 36511, 2241, 11956839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 87 ], [ 91, 96 ], [ 250, 265 ], [ 268, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of Italy's greatest operatic artists, and many of the finest singers from around the world, have appeared at La Scala. The theatre is regarded as one of the leading opera and ballet theatres globally. It is home to the La Scala Theatre Chorus, La Scala Theatre Ballet, La Scala Theatre Orchestra, and the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra. The theatre also has an associate school, known as the La Scala Theatre Academy (), which offers professional training in music, dance, stagecraft, and stage management.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16889495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La Scala's season opens on 7 December, Saint Ambrose's Day, the feast day of Milan's patron saint. All performances must end before midnight, and long operas start earlier in the evening when necessary.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1370, 68055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 52 ], [ 85, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Museo Teatrale alla Scala (La Scala Theatre Museum), accessible from the theatre's foyer and a part of the house, contains a collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding La Scala's and opera history in general. La Scala also hosts the Accademia d'Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo (Academy for the Performing Arts). Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians, technical staff, and dancers (at the Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala, one of the Academy's divisions).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 12676572, 12078677 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 29 ], [ 451, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Above the boxes, La Scala has a gallery—called the loggione—where the less wealthy can watch the performances. The gallery is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados, known as the loggionisti, who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers' perceived successes or failures. For their failures, artists receive a \"baptism of fire\" from these aficionados, and fiascos are long remembered. For example, in 2006, tenor Roberto Alagna left the stage after being booed during a performance of Aida, forcing his understudy, Antonello Palombi, to quickly replace him mid-scene without time to change into a costume. Alagna did not return to the production.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 2803015, 325881, 37888, 365239, 8424152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 349 ], [ 436, 450 ], [ 508, 512 ], [ 526, 536 ], [ 538, 555 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A fire destroyed the previous theatre, the Teatro Regio Ducale, on 25 February 1776, after a carnival gala. A group of ninety wealthy Milanese, who owned private boxes in the theatre, wrote to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one. The neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini produced an initial design. However, it was rejected by Count Firmian (the governor of the then Austrian Lombardy).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21264645, 38483, 1808212, 183280, 11992888, 43807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 93, 101 ], [ 193, 227 ], [ 320, 332 ], [ 343, 362 ], [ 468, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa. The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which the theatre gets its name. The church was deconsecrated and demolished. Over a period of two years, the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani, Pietro Nosetti, and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe. The theatre had a total of \"3,000 or so\" seats organized into 678 pit-stalls, arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione' or two galleries. Its stage is one of the largest in Italy (16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 48449, 31440649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 59 ], [ 127, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Building expenses were covered by the sale of boxes, which were lavishly decorated by their owners, impressing observers such as Stendhal. La Scala (as it came to be known) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people. In the tradition of the times, the main floor had no chairs, and spectators watched the shows standing up. The orchestra was in full sight, as the orchestra pit had not yet been built.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As with most of the theatres at that time, La Scala was also a casino, with gamblers sitting in the foyer. Conditions in the auditorium, too, could be frustrating for the opera lover, as Mary Shelley discovered in September 1840:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5215, 27885687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 69 ], [ 187, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the Opera they were giving Otto Nicolai's Templario. Unfortunately, as it is well known, the theatre of La Scala serves, not only as the universal drawing-room for all the society of Milan but every sort of trading transaction, from horse-dealing to stock-jobbing, is carried on in the pit; so that brief and far between are the snatches of melody one can catch.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 579863, 36313771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 42 ], [ 45, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La Scala was originally illuminated with 84 oil lamps mounted on the stage and another thousand in the rest of the theatre. To reduce the risks of fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. In time, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps; these, in turn, were replaced by electric lights in 1883.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The original structure was renovated in 1907 when it was given its current layout with 1,987 seats. In 1943, during World War II, La Scala was severely damaged by bombing. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a memorable concert conducted by Arturo Toscanini—twice La Scala's principal conductor and an associate of the composers Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini—with a soprano solo by Renata Tebaldi, which created a sensation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 153560, 12958, 12750, 377647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 128 ], [ 254, 270 ], [ 342, 356 ], [ 361, 376 ], [ 400, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La Scala hosted the first productions of many famous operas and had a special relationship with Verdi. However, for several years, Verdi did not allow his work to be played here, as some of his music had been modified (he said \"corrupted\") by the orchestra. This dispute originated in a disagreement over the production of his Giovanna d'Arco in 1845; however, the composer later conducted his Requiem there on 25 May 1874. He announced in 1886 that La Scala would host the premiere of what was to become his penultimate opera, Otello. The premiere of his last opera, Falstaff was also given in the theatre.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1944828, 254038, 82005, 37885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 327, 342 ], [ 394, 401 ], [ 528, 534 ], [ 568, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1982, the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra was established to develop a symphonic repertoire to add to La Scala's operatic tradition, the orchestra drawing its members from the larger pool of musicians that comprise the Orchestra della Scala. The Filarmonica was conducted first by Carlo Maria Giulini, then by Riccardo Muti, plus many collaborative relations with some of the greatest conductors of the time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 317539, 200570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 305 ], [ 315, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The theatre underwent a major renovation from early 2002 to late 2004. The theatre closed following the traditional 7 December 2001 season-opening performances of Otello, which ran through December. From 19 January 2002 to November 2004, the opera company transferred to the new Teatro degli Arcimboldi, built in the Pirelli-Bicocca industrial area from the city center.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 12963321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 279, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The renovation by architect Mario Botta proved controversial, as preservationists feared that historic details would be lost. However, the opera company was satisfied with the improvements to the structure and the sound quality, which was enhanced when the heavy red carpets in the hall were removed. The stage was entirely rebuilt, and an enlarged backstage allows more sets to be stored, permitting more productions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 1170, 19958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 28, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seats now include monitors for the electronic libretto system provided by Radio Marconi, an Italian company, allowing audiences to follow opera libretti in English and Italian in addition to the original language.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 6709235, 34996050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 61 ], [ 74, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The opera house re-opened on 7 December 2004 with a production, conducted by Riccardo Muti, of Salieri's Europa riconosciuta, the opera performed at La Scala's inauguration in 1778. Tickets for the re-opening fetched up to €2,000.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 200570, 2241, 11956839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 90 ], [ 95, 104 ], [ 105, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The renovations cost a reported €61million and left a budget shortfall that the opera house overcame in 2006.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carlo Fontana, the general manager of La Scala since 1990, was dismissed in February 2005 by the board of governors over differences with the music director, Riccardo Muti. The resulting staff backlash caused serious disruptions and staff strikes. In a statement, the theatre's board said it was \"urgent to unify the theatre's management\". On 16 March 2005, the La Scala orchestra and other staff overwhelmingly approved a no-confidence motion against Muti. They demanded the resignation of Fontana's replacement, Mauro Meli. Muti had already been forced to cancel a concert a few days earlier because of the disagreements. Italy's culture minister, Giuliano Urbani, supported the conductor but called for urgent action by management to safeguard the smooth operation and prestige of La Scala. On 2 April 2005, Muti resigned from La Scala, citing \"hostility\" from staff members.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 200570, 40416225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 171 ], [ 650, 665 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2005, Stéphane Lissner, formerly head of the Aix-en-Provence Festival, was appointed General Manager and Artistic Director of La Scala, becoming the first non-Italian in its history to hold the office. On 15 May 2006, Daniel Barenboim was named Maestro Scaligero, or de facto principal guest conductor of the company. In October 2011, Barenboim was appointed the next music director of La Scala, effective December 2011, with an initial contract of 5 years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 59205312, 3691741, 207775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 29 ], [ 52, 76 ], [ 225, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2013, management named Riccardo Chailly the next music director of La Scala, effective 1 January 2015.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 621142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stéphane Lissner left La Scala for the Paris Opera. His successor , formerly director of the Salzburg Festival, began his tenure on 1 October 2014. In June 2019 it was announced that Pereira will leave in 2020 and will be replaced by Dominique Meyer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 3453075, 320672, 56170501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ], [ 93, 110 ], [ 234, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "La Scala was originally selected to host the opening ceremony of the 134th IOC Session in 2019, but the event was moved to Lausanne, Switzerland after Milan submitted a joint bid with Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recent developments", "target_page_ids": [ 55269661, 18623, 26748, 59547800, 568829, 38416091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 86 ], [ 123, 131 ], [ 133, 144 ], [ 169, 178 ], [ 184, 201 ], [ 210, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Franco Faccio (1871–1889)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 4677370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arturo Toscanini (1898–1903)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 153560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cleofonte Campanini (1903–1905)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 9780972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leopoldo Mugnone (1905–1906)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 16908567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arturo Toscanini (1906–1907)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Edoardo Vitale (1907–1910)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 68683840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tullio Serafin (1910–1914)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 3604609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gino Marinuzzi (1914–1917)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 16914292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tullio Serafin (1917–1918)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " La Scala was closed from 1918 to 1920", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arturo Toscanini (1921–1929)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Victor de Sabata (1929–1953)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 3353837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carlo Maria Giulini (1953–1956)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 317539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guido Cantelli (1956)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 252494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antonino Votto (1956–1965)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 4091616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gianandrea Gavazzeni (1965–1968)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 4237505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Claudio Abbado (1968–1986)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 251379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Riccardo Muti (1986–2005)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 200570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The position was vacant from April 2005 to December 2007", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Barenboim (2007–2014)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 207775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Riccardo Chailly (2015–)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Principal conductors/Music directors", "target_page_ids": [ 621142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "See: Opera world premieres at La Scala", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1778: Europa riconosciuta by Antonio Salieri", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 11956839, 2241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 26 ], [ 30, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1794: Demofoonte by Marcos Portugal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 5107719, 4299748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 21, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1800: Idante, ovvero I sacrifici d'Ecate by Marcos Portugal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1812: La pietra del paragone by Gioachino Rossini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 15991249, 12406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 29 ], [ 33, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1813: Aureliano in Palmira by Gioachino Rossini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 16063502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1814: Il turco in Italia by Gioachino Rossini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1747301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1820: Margherita d'Anjou by Giacomo Meyerbeer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 5020405, 187895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 25 ], [ 29, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1827: Il pirata by Vincenzo Bellini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 5669538, 32668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 16 ], [ 20, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1829: La straniera by Vincenzo Bellini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 5892832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1831: Norma by Vincenzo Bellini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 179204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1833: Lucrezia Borgia by Gaetano Donizetti", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 681590, 37934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 22 ], [ 26, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1835: Maria Stuarda by Gaetano Donizetti", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 552200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1839: Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1940721, 12958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 37 ], [ 41, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1840: Un giorno di regno by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1941557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1842: Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1192212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1843: I Lombardi alla prima crociata by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1941663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1845: Giovanna d'Arco by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1944828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1868: Mefistofele by Arrigo Boito", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 84887, 84576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 22, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1870: Il Guarany by Antônio Carlos Gomes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 3239848, 242045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 21, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1873: Fosca by Antônio Carlos Gomes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 29205538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1876: La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1924249, 75907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 22, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1879: Maria Tudor by Antônio Carlos Gomes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 46729841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1885: Marion Delorme by Amilcare Ponchielli", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1638428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1887: Otello by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 82005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1889: Edgar by Giacomo Puccini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1923364, 12750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ], [ 16, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1892: La Wally by Alfredo Catalani", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1844548, 564547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 19, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1893: Falstaff by Giuseppe Verdi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 37885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1904: Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 38246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1924: Nerone by Arrigo Boito", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 14807634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1926: Turandot by Giacomo Puccini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 38248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1957: Dialogues of the Carmelites by Francis Poulenc", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 1253275, 144508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 34 ], [ 38, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1981: Donnerstag aus Licht by Karlheinz Stockhausen", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 31572292, 17268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 27 ], [ 31, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1984: Samstag aus Licht by Karlheinz Stockhausen", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 31521466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1988: Montag aus Licht by Karlheinz Stockhausen", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 27384368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2007: Teneke by Fabio Vacchi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 13442766, 3717337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 13 ], [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2011: Quartett by Luca Francesconi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Premieres", "target_page_ids": [ 38656627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Accademia Teatro alla Scala official website", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " David Willey, \"La Scala faces uncertain future\", BBC News online, 12 November 2005", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zoomable image of the interior ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Toscanini's reforms at La Scala", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Virtual tour", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Seat preview – Photo and sweep panorama overlooking the stage from every seat", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "La_Scala", "Music_in_Milan", "Music_venues_completed_in_1778", "Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan", "Opera_history", "Opera_houses_in_Italy", "Theatres_completed_in_1778", "Theatres_in_Milan", "Tourist_attractions_in_Milan", "Giuseppe_Piermarini_buildings", "1778_establishments_in_Italy" ]

[ "New Royal-Ducal Theatre at La Scala", "Teatro alla Scala", "Milan Scala", "Nuovo Regio Ducal Teatro", "Nuovo Regio Ducal Teatro alla Scala", "Scala" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Nvidia Corporation ( ), commonly known as Nvidia, is an American multinational technology company incorporated in Delaware and based in Santa Clara, California. It is a software and fabless company which designs graphics processing units (GPUs), application programming interface (APIs) for data science and high-performance computing as well as system on a chip units (SoCs) for the mobile computing and automotive market. Nvidia is a global leader in artificial intelligence hardware and software. Its professional line of GPUs are used in workstations for applications in such fields as architecture, engineering and construction, media and entertainment, automotive, scientific research, and manufacturing design.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8933, 108163, 5407, 675685, 390214, 27697009, 35458904, 832527, 100563, 657187, 1164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 122 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 149, 159 ], [ 182, 189 ], [ 212, 236 ], [ 246, 279 ], [ 291, 303 ], [ 308, 334 ], [ 346, 362 ], [ 384, 400 ], [ 453, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides an API called CUDA that allows the creation of massively parallel programs which utilize GPUs. They are deployed in supercomputing sites around the world. More recently, it has moved into the mobile computing market, where it produces Tegra mobile processors for smartphones and tablets as well as vehicle navigation and entertainment systems. In addition to AMD, its competitors include Intel, Qualcomm and AI-accelerator companies such as Graphcore.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7933386, 145162, 37153, 657187, 17735107, 2400, 14617, 256913, 54715064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 68 ], [ 107, 124 ], [ 166, 180 ], [ 242, 258 ], [ 285, 290 ], [ 409, 412 ], [ 438, 443 ], [ 445, 453 ], [ 491, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia's GPUs are used for edge to cloud computing, and supercomputers (Nvidia provides the accelerators, i.e. the GPUs for many of them, including a previous top fastest, while it has been replaced, and current fastest, and most-power efficient, are powered by AMD GPUs and CPUs) and Nvidia expanded its presence in the gaming industry with its handheld game consoles Shield Portable, Shield Tablet, and Shield Android TV and its cloud gaming service GeForce Now.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37153, 2031045, 48944583, 11976532, 16577219, 372478, 14199, 38154424, 43374369, 45576755, 29104117, 51105589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 69 ], [ 92, 104 ], [ 159, 170 ], [ 204, 219 ], [ 225, 245 ], [ 321, 336 ], [ 346, 367 ], [ 369, 384 ], [ 386, 399 ], [ 405, 422 ], [ 431, 451 ], [ 452, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia announced plans on September 13, 2020, to acquire Arm from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US$40 billion in stock and cash, which would be the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group will acquire slightly less than a 10% stake in Nvidia, and Arm would maintain its headquarters in Cambridge.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21896483, 370229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 60 ], [ 66, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 7, 2022, facing increased regulatory hurdles, Nvidia signaled that it was dropping its acquisition of Arm. The deal, which would have been the largest ever in the chip sector, was valued at $66B at the time of its collapse.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia was founded on April 5, 1993, by Jensen Huang (CEO ), a Taiwanese-American, previously director of CoreWare at LSI Logic and a microprocessor designer at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Chris Malachowsky, an electrical engineer who worked at Sun Microsystems, and Curtis Priem, previously a senior staff engineer and graphics chip designer at Sun Microsystems.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2116495, 30863753, 19553, 2400, 2688954, 26980, 4478388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 52 ], [ 118, 127 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 161, 183 ], [ 191, 208 ], [ 247, 263 ], [ 269, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, the three co-founders believed that the proper direction for the next wave of computing was accelerated or graphics-based computing because it could solve problems that general-purpose computing could not. They also observed that video games were simultaneously one of the most computationally challenging problems and would have incredibly high sales volume. Video games became the company's flywheel to reach large markets and funding huge R&D to solve massive computational problems. With only $40,000 in the bank, the company was born. The company subsequently received $20 million of venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital and others. Nvidia initially had no name and the co-founders named all their files NV, as in \"next version\". The need to incorporate the company prompted the co-founders to review all words with those two letters, leading them to \"invidia\", the Latin word for \"envy\". Nvidia went public on January 22, 1999.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1075971, 26496812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 628, 643 ], [ 875, 882 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The release of the RIVA TNT in 1998 solidified Nvidia's reputation for developing capable graphics adapters. In late 1999, Nvidia released the GeForce 256 (NV10), most notably introducing on-board transformation and lighting (T&L) to consumer-level 3D hardware. Running at 120MHz and featuring four-pixel pipelines, it implemented advanced video acceleration, motion compensation, and hardware sub-picture alpha blending. The GeForce outperformed existing products by a wide margin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 565697, 148744, 6961053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 197, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the success of its products, Nvidia won the contract to develop the graphics hardware for Microsoft's Xbox game console, which earned Nvidia a $200 million advance. However, the project took many of its best engineers away from other projects. In the short term this did not matter, and the GeForce2 GTS shipped in the summer of 2000. In December 2000, Nvidia reached an agreement to acquire the intellectual assets of its one-time rival 3dfx, a pioneer in consumer 3D graphics technology leading the field from mid 1990s until 2000. The acquisition process was finalized in April 2002.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19001, 17416342, 179011, 226605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 106 ], [ 109, 113 ], [ 298, 310 ], [ 445, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2002, Nvidia acquired Exluna for an undisclosed sum. Exluna made software-rendering tools and the personnel were merged into the Cg project. In August 2003, Nvidia acquired MediaQ for approximately US$70 million. On April 22, 2004, Nvidia acquired iReady, also a provider of high performance TCP/IP and iSCSI offload solutions. In December 2004, it was announced that Nvidia would assist Sony with the design of the graphics processor (RSX) in the PlayStation 3 game console. On December 14, 2005, Nvidia acquired ULI Electronics, which at the time supplied third-party southbridge parts for chipsets to ATI, Nvidia's competitor. In March 2006, Nvidia acquired Hybrid Graphics. In December 2006, Nvidia, along with its main rival in the graphics industry AMD (which had acquired ATI), received subpoenas from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding possible antitrust violations in the graphics card industry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26989, 4042684, 24951, 5462106, 514041, 302224, 177421, 1083117, 52563, 92025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 396, 400 ], [ 444, 447 ], [ 456, 469 ], [ 522, 537 ], [ 578, 589 ], [ 600, 607 ], [ 612, 615 ], [ 669, 684 ], [ 821, 847 ], [ 867, 876 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Forbes named Nvidia its Company of the Year for 2007, citing the accomplishments it made during the said period as well as during the previous five years. On January 5, 2007, Nvidia announced that it had completed the acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc. In February 2008, Nvidia acquired Ageia, developer of the PhysX physics engine and physics processing unit. Nvidia announced that it planned to integrate the PhysX technology into its future GPU products.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 294894, 2494079, 1862922, 1862923, 1453385, 1585947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 233, 245 ], [ 286, 291 ], [ 310, 315 ], [ 316, 330 ], [ 335, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2008, Nvidia took a write-down of approximately $200 million on its first-quarter revenue, after reporting that certain mobile chipsets and GPUs produced by the company had \"abnormal failure rates\" due to manufacturing defects. Nvidia, however, did not reveal the affected products. In September 2008, Nvidia became the subject of a class action lawsuit over the defects, claiming that the faulty GPUs had been incorporated into certain laptop models manufactured by Apple Inc., Dell, and HP. In September 2010, Nvidia reached a settlement, in which it would reimburse owners of the affected laptops for repairs or, in some cases, replacement. On January 10, 2011, Nvidia signed a six-year, $1.5 billion cross-licensing agreement with Intel, ending all litigation between the two companies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 856, 102490, 21347024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 475, 485 ], [ 487, 491 ], [ 497, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2011, after initially unveiling it at Mobile World Congress, Nvidia released its Tegra 3 ARM system-on-a-chip for mobile devices. Nvidia claimed that the chip featured the first-ever quad-core mobile CPU. In May 2011, it was announced that Nvidia had agreed to acquire Icera, a baseband chip making company in the UK, for $367 million. In January 2013, Nvidia unveiled the Tegra 4, as well as the Nvidia Shield, an Android-based handheld game console powered by the new system-on-chip. On July 29, 2013, Nvidia announced that they acquired PGI from STMicroelectronics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12793425, 17735107, 60558, 100563, 27128319, 17735107, 38154424, 12610483, 14199, 10217623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 71 ], [ 93, 100 ], [ 101, 104 ], [ 105, 121 ], [ 281, 286 ], [ 385, 392 ], [ 409, 422 ], [ 427, 434 ], [ 441, 462 ], [ 552, 555 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, Nvidia ported Valve games Portal and Half Life 2 to its Nvidia Shield tablet as Lightspeed Studio. Since 2014, Nvidia has diversified its business focusing on three markets: gaming, automotive electronics, and mobile devices.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5956143, 575509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 6, 2016, Nvidia unveiled the first GPUs of the GeForce 10 series, the GTX 1080 and 1070, based on the company's new Pascal microarchitecture. Nvidia claimed that both models outperformed its Maxwell-based Titan X model; the models incorporate GDDR5X and GDDR5 memory respectively, and use a 16nm manufacturing process. The architecture also supports a new hardware feature known as simultaneous multi-projection (SMP), which is designed to improve the quality of multi-monitor and virtual reality rendering. Laptops that include these GPUs and are sufficiently thin– as of late 2017, under – have been designated as meeting Nvidia's \"Max-Q\" design standard.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39419916, 42310144, 42100600, 6330871, 32612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 71 ], [ 123, 129 ], [ 198, 205 ], [ 250, 255 ], [ 488, 503 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2016, Nvidia agreed to a settlement for a false advertising lawsuit regarding its GTX 970 model, as the models were unable to use all of their advertised 4GB of RAM due to limitations brought by the design of its hardware. In May 2017, Nvidia announced a partnership with Toyota which will use Nvidia's Drive PX-series artificial intelligence platform for its autonomous vehicles. In July 2017, Nvidia and Chinese search giant Baidu announced a far-reaching AI partnership that includes cloud computing, autonomous driving, consumer devices, and Baidu's open-source AI framework PaddlePaddle. Baidu unveiled that Nvidia's Drive PX 2 AI will be the foundation of its autonomous-vehicle platform.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 932935, 38860730, 30984, 49982604, 1676048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 280, 286 ], [ 311, 326 ], [ 435, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia officially released the Titan V on December 7, 2017.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia officially released the Nvidia Quadro GV100 on March 27, 2018. Nvidia officially released the RTX 2080 GPUs on September 27, 2018. In 2018, Google announced that Nvidia's Tesla P4 graphic cards would be integrated into Google Cloud service's artificial intelligence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1092923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2018, on the Nvidia user forum, a thread was started asking the company to update users when they would release web drivers for its cards installed on legacy Mac Pro machines up to mid-2012 5,1 running the macOS Mojave operating system 10.14. Web drivers are required to enable graphics acceleration and multiple display monitor capabilities of the GPU. On its Mojave update info website, Apple stated that macOS Mojave would run on legacy machines with 'Metal compatible' graphics cards and listed Metal compatible GPUs, including some manufactured by Nvidia. However, this list did not include Metal compatible cards that currently work in macOS High Sierra using Nvidia developed web drivers. In September, Nvidia responded, \"Apple fully control drivers for Mac OS. But if Apple allows, our engineers are ready and eager to help Apple deliver great drivers for Mac OS 10.14 (Mojave).\" In October, Nvidia followed this up with another public announcement, \"Apple fully controls drivers for Mac OS. Unfortunately, Nvidia currently cannot release a driver unless it is approved by Apple,\" suggesting a possible rift between the two companies. By January 2019, with still no sign of the enabling web drivers, Apple Insider weighed into the controversy with a claim that Apple management \"doesn't want Nvidia support in macOS\". The following month, Apple Insider followed this up with another claim that Nvidia support was abandoned because of \"relational issues in the past\", and that Apple was developing its own GPU technology. Without Apple approved Nvidia web drivers, Apple users are faced with replacing their Nvidia cards with a competing supported brand, such as AMD Radeon from the list recommended by Apple.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5285468, 5285468, 57592104, 9101, 7677, 390214, 856, 43545213, 54229175, 1655028, 403362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 172 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 213, 225 ], [ 251, 262 ], [ 321, 336 ], [ 357, 360 ], [ 398, 403 ], [ 463, 481 ], [ 651, 668 ], [ 1220, 1233 ], [ 1684, 1694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 11, 2019, Nvidia announced a deal to buy Mellanox Technologies for $6.9 billion to substantially expand its footprint in the high-performance computing market. In May 2019, Nvidia announced new RTX Studio laptops. The creators say that the new laptop is going to be seven times faster than a top-end MacBook Pro with a Core i9 and AMD's Radeon Pro Vega 20 graphics in apps like Maya and RedCine-X Pro. In August 2019, Nvidia announced Minecraft RTX, an official Nvidia-developed patch for the game Minecraft adding real-time DXR ray tracing exclusively to the Windows 10 version of the game. The whole game is, in Nvidia's words, \"refit\" with path tracing, which dramatically affects the way light, reflections, and shadows work inside the engine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 33548990, 113014, 27815578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 71 ], [ 387, 391 ], [ 507, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2020, Nvidia's top scientists developed an open-source ventilator in order to address the shortage resulting from the global coronavirus pandemic. On May 14, 2020, Nvidia officially announced their Ampere GPU microarchitecture and the Nvidia A100 GPU accelerator. In July 2020, it was reported that Nvidia was in talks with SoftBank to buy Arm, a UK-based chip designer, for $32 billion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 59126142, 261803, 62750956, 370229, 21896483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 61 ], [ 62, 72 ], [ 132, 152 ], [ 331, 339 ], [ 347, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 1, 2020, Nvidia officially announced the GeForce 30 series based on the company's new Ampere microarchitecture.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 65187376, 60965065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 71 ], [ 99, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 13, 2020, it was announced that Nvidia would buy Arm from SoftBank Group for $40 billion, subject to the usual scrutiny, with the latter retaining a 10% share of Nvidia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21896483, 370229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 65 ], [ 71, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2020, Nvidia announced its plan to build the most powerful computer in Cambridge, England. Named Cambridge-1, the computer will employ AI to support healthcare research, with an expected completion by the end of 2020, at a cost of approximately £40 million. According to Jensen Huang, \"The Cambridge-1 supercomputer will serve as a hub of innovation for the UK, and further the groundbreaking work being done by the nation’s researchers in critical healthcare and drug discovery.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 36995, 9316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 91 ], [ 93, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in October 2020, along with the release of Nvidia RTX A6000, Nvidia announced it is retiring its workstation GPU brand Quadro, shifting product name to Nvidia RTX for future products and the manufacturing to be Nvidia Ampere architecture based.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 57480095, 60965065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 58 ], [ 216, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2021, the proposed takeover of Arm Holdings was stalled after the UK's Competition and Markets Authority raised \"significant competition concerns\". In October 2021, the European Commission opened a competition investigation into the takeover. The Commission stated that NVIDIA's acquisition could restrict competitors' access to Arm's products and provide NVIDIA with too much internal information on its competitors due to their deals with Arm. SoftBank (the parent company of Arm) and Nvidia announced in early February 2022 that they \"had agreed not to move forward with the transaction 'because of significant regulatory challenges'\". The investigation is set to end on March 15, 2022. That same month, Nvidia was reportedly compromised by a cyberattack. The attack coincided with the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, though there is no indication that the attack came from Russia or Russian hackers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38980995, 9974, 370229, 70149799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 114 ], [ 179, 198 ], [ 456, 464 ], [ 800, 832 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2022, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang mentioned that they are open to having Intel manufacture their chips in the future. This was the first time the company mentioned that they would work together with Intel's upcoming foundry services.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2022, it was reported that Nvidia planned to open a new research center in Yerevan, Armenia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the fiscal year 2020, Nvidia reported earnings of US$2.796 billion, with an annual revenue of US$10.918 billion, a decline of 6.8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nvidia's shares traded at over $531 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$328.7 billion in January 2021.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Finances", "target_page_ids": [ 5752099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the Q2 of 2020, Nvidia reported sales of $3.87 billion, which was a 50% rise from the same period in 2019. The surge in sales and people's higher demand for computer technology. According to the financial chief of the company, Colette Kress, the effects of the pandemic will \"likely reflect this evolution in enterprise workforce trends with a greater focus on technologies, such as Nvidia laptops and virtual workstations, that enable remote work and virtual collaboration.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Finances", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia's GPU Technology Conference (GTC), now called Nvidia GTC, is a series of technical conferences held around the world. It originated in 2009 in San Jose, California, with an initial focus on the potential for solving computing challenges through GPUs. In recent years, the conference focus has shifted to various applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning, including: self-driving cars, healthcare, high performance computing, and Nvidia Deep Learning Institute (DLI) training. GTC 2018 attracted over 8400 attendees. GTC 2020 was converted to a digital event and drew roughly 59,000 registrants.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "GPU Technology Conference", "target_page_ids": [ 67472173, 53446, 245926, 37153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 63 ], [ 150, 170 ], [ 389, 406 ], [ 420, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia's family includes graphics, wireless communication, PC processors, and automotive hardware/software.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some families are listed below:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " GeForce, consumer-oriented graphics processing products", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 148742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia RTX, professional visual computing graphics processing products (replacing Quadro)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 57480095, 2324947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 83, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NVS, multi-display business graphics solution", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 2324947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tegra, a system on a chip series for mobile devices", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 17735107, 100563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 10, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tesla, dedicated general-purpose GPU for high-end image generation applications in professional and scientific fields", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 42100593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " nForce, a motherboard chipset created by Nvidia for Intel (Celeron, Pentium and Core 2) and AMD (Athlon and Duron) microprocessors", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 369475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia GRID, a set of hardware and services by Nvidia for graphics virtualization", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia Shield, a range of gaming hardware including the Shield Portable, Shield Tablet and, most recently, the Shield Android TV", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 38154424, 43374369, 45576755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 72 ], [ 74, 87 ], [ 112, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia Drive automotive solutions, a range of hardware and software products for designers and manufacturers of autonomous vehicles. The Drive PX-series is a high performance computer platform aimed at autonomous driving through deep learning, while Driveworks is an operating system for driverless cars.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 49982604, 245926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 153 ], [ 289, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia BlueField, a range of Data Processing Units, initially inherited from their acquisition of Mellanox Technologies", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [ 70413280, 33770704, 33548990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 29, 50 ], [ 98, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia Datacenter/Server class CPU, codenamed Nvidia Grace, coming in 2023", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Product families", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Until September 23, 2013, Nvidia had not published any documentation for its advanced hardware, meaning that programmers could not write free and open-source device driver for its products without resorting to (clean room) reverse engineering.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [ 1721496, 9101, 75034, 18935488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 157 ], [ 158, 171 ], [ 211, 221 ], [ 223, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Instead, Nvidia provides its own binary GeForce graphics drivers for X.Org and an open-source library that interfaces with the Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris kernels and the proprietary graphics software. Nvidia also provided but stopped supporting an obfuscated open-source driver that only supports two-dimensional hardware acceleration and ships with the X.Org distribution.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [ 920702, 534995, 21347315, 7580554, 46145, 18934886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 39 ], [ 69, 74 ], [ 127, 132 ], [ 134, 141 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 169, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The proprietary nature of Nvidia's drivers has generated dissatisfaction within free-software communities. Some Linux and BSD users insist on using only open-source drivers and regard Nvidia's insistence on providing nothing more than a binary-only driver as inadequate, given that competing manufacturers such as Intel offer support and documentation for open-source developers and that others (like AMD) release partial documentation and provide some active development.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [ 10638, 14617, 59126142, 2400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 105 ], [ 314, 319 ], [ 356, 367 ], [ 401, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the closed nature of the drivers, Nvidia video cards cannot deliver adequate features on some platforms and architectures given that the company only provides x86/x64 and ARMv7-A driver builds. As a result, support for 3D graphics acceleration in Linux on PowerPC does not exist, nor does support for Linux on the hypervisor-restricted PlayStation 3 console.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [ 24281, 1267216, 24951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 274 ], [ 325, 335 ], [ 347, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some users claim that Nvidia's Linux drivers impose artificial restrictions, like limiting the number of monitors that can be used at the same time, but the company has not commented on these accusations.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, with Maxwell GPUs, Nvidia started to require firmware by them to unlock all features of its graphics cards. Up to now, this state has not changed and makes writing open-source drivers difficult.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 12 May 2022 Nvidia announced that they are opensourcing their GPU kernel drivers. They are still maintaining closed source userland utilities, hence making users still dependent on their proprietary software.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Open-source software support", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia GPUs are used in deep learning, and accelerated analytics due to Nvidia's API CUDA which allows programmers to utilize the higher number of cores present in GPUs to parallelize BLAS operations which are extensively used in machine learning algorithms. They were included in many Tesla vehicles before Elon Musk announced at Tesla Autonomy Day in 2019 that the company developed its own SoC and Full Self-Driving computer now and would stop using Nvidia hardware for their vehicles. These GPUs are used by researchers, laboratories, tech companies and enterprise companies. In 2009, Nvidia was involved in what was called the \"big bang\" of deep learning, \"as deep-learning neural networks were combined with Nvidia graphics processing units (GPUs)\". That year, the Google Brain used Nvidia GPUs to create Deep Neural Networks capable of machine learning, where Andrew Ng determined that GPUs could increase the speed of deep-learning systems by about 100 times.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Deep learning", "target_page_ids": [ 32472154, 7933386, 145162, 1060721, 233488, 5533631, 909036, 41184517, 25277512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ], [ 85, 89 ], [ 172, 183 ], [ 184, 188 ], [ 230, 246 ], [ 286, 300 ], [ 308, 317 ], [ 771, 783 ], [ 867, 876 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "DGX is a line of supercomputers by Nvidia.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Deep learning", "target_page_ids": [ 37153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2016, Nvidia produced the DGX-1 based on an 8 GPU cluster, to improve the ability of users to use deep learning by combining GPUs with integrated deep learning software. It also developed Nvidia Tesla K80 and P100 GPU-based virtual machines, which are available through Google Cloud, which Google installed in November 2016. Microsoft added GPU servers in a preview offering of its N series based on Nvidia's Tesla K80s, each containing 4992 processing cores. Later that year, AWS's P2 instance was produced using up to 16 Nvidia Tesla K80 GPUs. That month Nvidia also partnered with IBM to create a software kit that boosts the AI capabilities of Watson, called IBM PowerAI. Nvidia also offers its own NVIDIA Deep Learning software development kit. In 2017, the GPUs were also brought online at the Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project for Fujitsu. The company's deep learning technology led to a boost in its 2017 earnings.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Deep learning", "target_page_ids": [ 50858569, 42411494, 19001, 22584291, 1648694, 58222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 40 ], [ 279, 291 ], [ 334, 343 ], [ 657, 663 ], [ 809, 814 ], [ 860, 867 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2018, researchers at the artificial intelligence department of Nvidia realized the possibility that a robot can learn to perform a job simply by observing the person doing the same job. They have created a system that, after a short revision and testing, can already be used to control the universal robots of the next generation. In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides parallel processing capabilities to researchers and scientists that allow them to efficiently run high-performance applications.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Deep learning", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia's Inception Program was created to support startups making exceptional advances in the fields of artificial intelligence and data science. Award winners are announced at Nvidia's GTC Conference. As of March 2018, there were 2,800 startups in the Inception Program. As of August 2021, NVIDIA Inception has surpassed 8,500 members in 90 countries, with cumulative funding of $60 billion (USD).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Subtle Medical (healthcare)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AiFi (enterprise)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kinema Systems (autonomous vehicles)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Genetesis (social innovation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Athelas (hottest emerging)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Deep Instinct (most disruptive)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Inception Program", "target_page_ids": [ 56086085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Issues with the GeForce GTX 970's specifications were first brought up by users when they found out that the cards, while featuring 4GB of memory, rarely accessed memory over the 3.5GB boundary. Further testing and investigation eventually led to Nvidia issuing a statement that the card's initially announced specifications had been altered without notice before the card was made commercially available, and that the card took a performance hit once memory over the 3.5GB limit were put into use.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 38860730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The card's back-end hardware specifications, initially announced as being identical to those of the GeForce GTX 980, differed in the amount of L2 cache (1.75MB versus 2MB in the GeForce GTX 980) and the number of ROPs (56 versus 64 in the 980). Additionally, it was revealed that the card was designed to access its memory as a 3.5GB section, plus a 0.5GB one, access to the latter being 7 times slower than the first one. The company then went on to promise a specific driver modification in order to alleviate the performance issues produced by the cutbacks suffered by the card. However, Nvidia later clarified that the promise had been a miscommunication and there would be no specific driver update for the GTX 970. Nvidia claimed that it would assist customers who wanted refunds in obtaining them. On February 26, 2015, Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang went on record in Nvidia's official blog to apologize for the incident. In February 2015 a class-action lawsuit alleging false advertising was filed against Nvidia and Gigabyte Technology in the U.S. District Court for Northern California.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nvidia revealed that it is able to disable individual units, each containing 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 ROPs, without disabling whole memory controllers. This comes at the cost of dividing the memory bus into high speed and low speed segments that cannot be accessed at the same time unless one segment is reading while the other segment is writing because the L2/ROP unit managing both of the GDDR5 controllers shares the read return channel and the write data bus between the two GDDR5 controllers and itself. This is used in the GeForce GTX 970, which therefore can be described as having 3.5 GB in its high speed segment on a 224-bit bus and 0.5 GB in a low speed segment on a 32-bit bus.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On July 27, 2016, Nvidia agreed to a preliminary settlement of the U.S. class action lawsuit, offering a $30 refund on GTX 970 purchases. The agreed upon refund represents the portion of the cost of the storage and performance capabilities the consumers assumed they were obtaining when they purchased the card.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While the Maxwell series was marketed as fully DirectX 12 compliant, Oxide Games, developer of Ashes of the Singularity, uncovered that Maxwell-based cards do not perform well when async compute is utilized.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 8506, 49044242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 54 ], [ 95, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It appears that while this core feature is in fact exposed by the driver, Nvidia partially implemented it through a driver-based shim, coming at a high performance cost. Unlike AMD's competing GCN-based graphics cards which include a full implementation of hardware-based asynchronous compute, Nvidia planned to rely on the driver to implement a software queue and a software distributor to forward asynchronous tasks to the hardware schedulers, capable of distributing the workload to the correct units. Asynchronous compute on Maxwell therefore requires that both a game and the GPU driver be specifically coded for asynchronous compute on Maxwell in order to enable this capability. The 3DMark Time Spy benchmark shows no noticeable performance difference between asynchronous compute being enabled or disabled. Asynchronous compute is disabled by the driver for Maxwell.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 376796, 33421692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 133 ], [ 193, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oxide claims that this led to Nvidia pressuring them not to include the asynchronous compute feature in their benchmark at all, so that the 900 series would not be at a disadvantage against AMD's products which implement asynchronous compute in hardware.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maxwell requires that the GPU be statically partitioned for asynchronous compute to allow tasks to run concurrently. Each partition is assigned to a hardware queue. If any of the queues that are assigned to a partition empty out or are unable to submit work for any reason (e.g. a task in the queue must be delayed until a hazard is resolved), the partition and all of the resources in that partition reserved for that queue will idle. Asynchronous compute therefore could easily hurt performance on Maxwell if it is not coded to work with Maxwell's static scheduler. Furthermore, graphics tasks saturate Nvidia GPUs much more easily than they do to AMD's GCN-based GPUs which are much more heavily weighted towards compute, so Nvidia GPUs have fewer scheduling holes that could be filled by asynchronous compute than AMD's. For these reasons, the driver forces a Maxwell GPU to place all tasks into one queue and execute each task in serial, and give each task the undivided resources of the GPU no matter whether or not each task can saturate the GPU or not.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 390569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Nvidia GeForce Partner Program was a marketing program designed to provide partnering companies with benefits such as public relations support, video game bundling, and marketing development funds. The program proved to be controversial, with complaints about it possibly being an anti-competitive practice.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 59252, 5363, 350992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 50 ], [ 148, 158 ], [ 285, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First announced in a blog post on March 1, 2018, it was canceled on May 4, 2018.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On December 10, 2020, Nvidia told popular YouTube tech reviewer Steven Walton of Hardware Unboxed that it would no longer supply him with GeForce Founders Edition graphics card review units. In a Twitter message, Hardware Unboxed said, \"Nvidia have officially decided to ban us from receiving GeForce Founders Edition GPU review samples. Their reasoning is that we are focusing on rasterization instead of ray tracing. They have said they will revisit this 'should your editorial direction change.'\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 3524766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In emails that were disclosed by Walton from Nvidia Senior PR Manager Bryan Del Rizzo, Nvidia had said:...your GPU reviews and recommendations have continued to focus singularly on rasterization performance, and you have largely discounted all of the other technologies we offer gamers. It is very clear from your community commentary that you do not see things the same way that we, gamers, and the rest of the industry do.TechSpot, partner site of Hardware Unboxed, said, \"this and other related incidents raise serious questions around journalistic independence and what they are expecting of reviewers when they are sent products for an unbiased opinion.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A number of prominent technology reviewers came out strongly against Nvidia's move. Linus Sebastian, of Linus Tech Tips, titled the episode of his popular weekly WAN Show, \"NVIDIA might ACTUALLY be EVIL...\" and was highly critical of the company's move to dictate specific outcomes of technology reviews. The popular review site Gamers Nexus said it was, \"Nvidia's latest decision to shoot both its feet: They've now made it so that any reviewers covering RT will become subject to scrutiny from untrusting viewers who will suspect subversion by the company. Shortsighted self-own from NVIDIA.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 48989574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two days later, Nvidia reversed their stance. Hardware Unboxed sent out a Twitter message, \"I just received an email from Nvidia apologizing for the previous email & they've now walked everything back.\" On December 14, Hardware Unboxed released a video explaining the controversy from their viewpoint. Via Twitter, they also shared a second apology sent by Nvidia's Del Rizzo that said \"to withhold samples because I didn't agree with your commentary is simply inexcusable and crossed the line.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2018, Nvidia's chips became popular for cryptomining, the process of obtaining crypto rewards in exchange for verifying transactions on distributed ledgers, the SEC said. However, the company failed to disclose that it was a \"significant element\" of its revenue growth from sales of chips designed for gaming, the SEC further added in a statement and charging order. Those omissions misled investors and analysts who were interested in understanding the impact of cryptomining on Nvidia's business, the SEC emphasized. Nvidia, which did not admit or deny the findings, has agreed to pay $5.5 million to settle civil charges the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) stated in May 2022.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 36662188, 55097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ], [ 631, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " CUDA", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7933386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fast approximate anti-aliasing", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37095509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " General-purpose computing on graphics processing units", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1268939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " G-Sync", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45272481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Huang's law", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 65380994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Nvidia 3D Vision Ready games", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26751857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Nvidia graphics processing units", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3263352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Molecular modeling on GPUs", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20279516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvision", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19096960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia demos", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 148742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia Ion", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20750716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nvidia Shadowplay", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 39992011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OpenCL", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17861917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OptiX", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25241454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Project Denver", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30337685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "Nvidia", "1993_establishments_in_California", "1999_initial_public_offerings", "American_companies_established_in_1993", "Companies_based_in_Santa_Clara,_California", "Companies_listed_on_the_Nasdaq", "Computer_companies_established_in_1993", "Video_game_companies_established_in_1993", "Electronics_companies_established_in_1993", "Fabless_semiconductor_companies", "Graphics_hardware_companies", "Manufacturing_companies_based_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area", "Semiconductor_companies_of_the_United_States", "Video_game_companies_of_the_United_States", "Technology_companies_based_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" ]

[ "Nvidia Corporation", "Nvidia Corp." ]

[ { "plaintext": "z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn followed a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional. z/OS has the attributes of modern operating systems, but also retains much of the older functionality originated in the 1960s and still in regular use—z/OS is designed for backward compatibility.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 148285, 22194, 40379651, 1856144, 20266, 39129, 19649, 4459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 16 ], [ 17, 33 ], [ 38, 41 ], [ 42, 56 ], [ 57, 67 ], [ 144, 150 ], [ 187, 190 ], [ 483, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS supports stable mainframe facilities such as CICS, COBOL, IMS, PL/I, IBM Db2, RACF, SNA, IBM MQ, record-oriented data access methods, REXX, CLIST, SMP/E, JCL, TSO/E, and ISPF, among others. However, z/OS also implements 64-bit Java, C, C++, and UNIX (Single UNIX Specification) APIs and applications through UNIX System Services– The Open Group certifies z/OS as a compliant UNIX operating system– with UNIX/Linux-style hierarchical HFS and zFS file systems. These compatibilities make z/OS capable of running a range of commercial and open source software. z/OS can communicate directly via TCP/IP, including IPv6, and includes standard HTTP servers (one from Lotus, the other Apache-derived) along with other common services such as SSH, FTP, NFS, and CIFS/SMB. z/OS is designed for high quality of service (QoS), even within a single operating system instance, and has built-in Parallel Sysplex clustering capability.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 391505, 6799, 391260, 23708, 142983, 1042722, 78267, 1033125, 13568141, 25572284, 391542, 15653202, 391487, 212150, 199337, 15881, 6021, 72038, 29540, 593535, 57819, 51483637, 50516703, 1010280, 277663, 15476, 15318, 1577027, 103770, 1336, 28814, 53289, 51252, 349873, 25315, 2301356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 54 ], [ 56, 61 ], [ 63, 66 ], [ 68, 72 ], [ 74, 81 ], [ 83, 87 ], [ 89, 92 ], [ 94, 100 ], [ 123, 137 ], [ 139, 143 ], [ 145, 150 ], [ 152, 157 ], [ 159, 162 ], [ 164, 169 ], [ 175, 179 ], [ 232, 236 ], [ 238, 239 ], [ 241, 244 ], [ 256, 281 ], [ 313, 333 ], [ 335, 349 ], [ 438, 441 ], [ 446, 449 ], [ 450, 462 ], [ 541, 561 ], [ 597, 603 ], [ 615, 619 ], [ 643, 654 ], [ 666, 671 ], [ 683, 689 ], [ 740, 743 ], [ 745, 748 ], [ 750, 753 ], [ 759, 763 ], [ 795, 813 ], [ 886, 902 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS has a Workload Manager (WLM) and dispatcher which automatically manages numerous concurrently hosted units of work running in separate key-protected address spaces according to dynamically adjustable goals. This capability inherently supports multi-tenancy within a single operating system image. However, modern IBM mainframes also offer two additional levels of virtualization: LPARs and (optionally) z/VM.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 14872, 2301383, 1266680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 332 ], [ 385, 389 ], [ 408, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From its inception z/OS has had tri-modal addressing (24-bit, 31-bit, and 64-bit). Up through Version 1.5, z/OS itself could start in either 31-bit ESA/390 or 64-bit z/Architecture mode, so it could function on older hardware, albeit without the ability to run 64-bit applications on those machines. (Only the newer z/Architecture hardware manufactured starting in the year 2000 can run 64-bit code.) IBM support for z/OS 1.5 ended on March 31, 2007, and since then, z/OS is supported only on z/Architecture mainframes and runs only in 64-bit mode. Application programmers can still use any addressing mode: all applications, regardless of their addressing mode(s), can coexist without modification, and IBM maintains commitment to tri-modal backward compatibility. However, increasing numbers of middleware products and applications, such as DB2 Version 8 and above, now require and exploit 64-bit addressing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 2507348, 2507344, 148285, 53030665, 1856144 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 60 ], [ 62, 68 ], [ 74, 80 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 166, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IBM markets z/OS as its flagship operating system, suited for continuous, high-volume operation with high security and stability.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS is available under standard license pricing and via IBM Z New Application License Charges (zNALC) and \"IBM Z Solution Edition\", two lower-priced offerings aimed at supporting newer applications (\"new workloads\"). U.S. standard commercial z/OS pricing starts at about US$125 per month, including support, for the smallest zNALC installation running the base z/OS product plus a typical set of optional z/OS features.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 18717338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS introduced Variable Workload License Charges (VWLC) and Entry Workload License Charges (EWLC) which are sub-capacity billing options. VWLC and EWLC customers only pay for peak monthly z/OS usage, not for full machine capacity as with the previous OS/390 operating system. VWLC and EWLC are also available for most IBM software products running on z/OS, and their peaks are separately calculated but can never exceed the z/OS peak. To be eligible for sub-capacity licensing, a z/OS customer must be running in 64-bit mode (which requires z/Architecture hardware), must have eliminated OS/390 from the system, and must e-mail IBM monthly sub-capacity reports. Sub-capacity billing substantially reduces software charges for most IBM mainframe customers. Advanced Workload License Charges (AWLC) is the successor to VWLC on mainframe models starting with the zEnterprise 196, and EAWLC is an option on zEnterprise 114 models. AWLC and EAWLC offer further sub-capacity discounts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 148285, 1856144, 3968088, 3968088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 514, 520 ], [ 542, 556 ], [ 861, 876 ], [ 904, 919 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within each address space, z/OS typically permits the placement of only data, not code, above the 2GB \"bar\". z/OS enforces this distinction primarily for performance reasons. There are no architectural impediments to allowing more than 2GB of application code per address space. IBM has started to allow Java code running on z/OS to execute above the 2GB bar, again for performance reasons.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Starting with z/OS version 2 release 3, code may be placed and executed above the 2GB \"bar\". However, very few z/OS services may be invoked from above the \"bar\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Memory is obtained as \"Large Memory Objects\" in multiples of 1MB (with the expectation that applications and middleware will manage memory allocation within these large pieces). There are three types of large memory objects:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unshared – where only the creating address space can access the memory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shared – where the creating address space can give access to specific other address spaces.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Common – where all address spaces can access the memory. (This type was introduced in z/OS Release 10.)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS Encryption Readiness Technology (zERT) monitors, records, and reports details of z/OS cryptographic network protection. It is a feature of z/OS V2R3 (and later releases) Communications Server component.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " zERT discovery", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With zERT, the TCP/IP stack acts as a focal point in collecting and reporting the cryptographic security attributes of IPv4 and IPv6 application traffic that is protected using the TLS/SSL, SSH and IPSec cryptographic network security protocols. The collected connection level data is written to SMF in new SMF 119 subtype 11 records for analysis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " zERT aggregation", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In certain environments, the volume of SMF 119 subtype 11 records can be large. The zERT aggregation function provides an alternative SMF view of the collected security session data. This alternate view is written in the form of new SMF 119 subtype 12 records that summarize the use of security sessions by many application connections over time and which are written at the end of each SMF interval. This alternate view condenses the volume of SMF record data while still providing all the critical security information.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM zERT Network Analyzer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "z/OS Management Facility (z/OSMF) is enhanced to provide a plug-in named IBM zERT Network Analyzer. IBM zERT Network Analyzer is a web-based graphical user interface that z/OS network security administrators can use to analyze and report on data reported in zERT Summary records. With the zERT Network Analyzer, a z/OS network security administrator (typically a systems programmer with responsibility over z/OS Communications Server) can import SMF zERT summary records into a Db2 for z/OS database and then build and run custom queries against that data.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The z/OS Generation Data Group (GDG) is a description of how many generations of a file are to be kept and at what age a generation will be deleted. Whenever a new generation is created, the system checks whether one or more obsolete generations are to be deleted.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The purpose of GDGs is to automate archival, using the command language JCL, the file name given is generic. When DSN appears, the GDG name appears along with the history number, where", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 391487, 1042727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 75 ], [ 114, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(0) is the most recent version", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(-1), (-2), ... are previous generations", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(+1) a new generation (see DD)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another use of GDGs is to be able to address all generations simultaneously within a JCL script without having to know the number of currently available generations. To do this, you have to omit the parentheses and the generation number in the JCL when specifying the dataset.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Creation of a standard GDG for five safety scopes, each at least 35 days old:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Delete a standard GDG:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Operational data is data that z/OS system produces when it runs. This data indicates the health of the system and can be used to identify sources of performance and availability issues in the system. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect IT operational data from z/OS systems, analyze and provide insights about the operational data.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects IT operational data from z/OS systems, transforms it to a consumable format, and streams it to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform. The included insights can help to visualize and search operational data to help identify the cause of operational issues.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 19135734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects IT operational data from z/OS systems, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, then analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect anomalous behavior, and notifies IT operations of the anomalous behavior to identify incidents that might lead to business disruption.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects and analyzes both structured and unstructured data, including the following types of operational data:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " System Management Facilities (SMF) data", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 6744901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Log data from the following sources:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Job log, the output which is written to a data definition (DD) by a running job", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " z/OS UNIX log file, including the UNIX System Services system log (syslogd)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Entry-sequenced Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) cluster", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " z/OS system log (SYSLOG)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM Tivoli NetView for z/OS messages", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM WebSphere Application Server for z/OS High Performance Extensible Logging (HPEL) log", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 1715117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/OS Resource Measurement Facility (RMF) Monitor III reports", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " User application data, the operational data from users' own applications", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS. The following types of operational data are collected: ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 142983, 1033125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 111 ], [ 163, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " System Management Facilities (SMF) data", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [ 6744901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/OS system log (SYSLOG)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other features", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " OS/360 and successors", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14387737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fujitsu MSP", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " HiperDispatch", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19820372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hitachi VOS3", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Intelligent Resource Director", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13347084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Linux on IBM Z for a mainframe version of a popular operating system", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33589774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Parallel Sysplex", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2301356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Resource Measurement Facility", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19286184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SDSF", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2681606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SMF", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6744901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SMP/E", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15653202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/TPF", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WebSphere Application Server", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1715117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Workload Manager", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13553373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " zAAP, a specialty processor dedicated to particular z/OS workloads", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1205754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " zIIP, another specialty processor dedicated to particular z/OS workloads", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3831877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/VSE for another mainframe operating system", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official IBM z/OS website", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Z Product Life Cycle Policy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM: Shop zSeries (ShopZ)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM: z/OS Internet Library", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IBM Systems Mainframe Magazine", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "IBM_mainframe_operating_systems", "Proprietary_operating_systems" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Aloysius Lilius (c. 1510 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio, Luigi Giglio, was an Italian doctor, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \"primary author\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23315, 580, 23276, 55931, 23306251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 111 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 125, 136 ], [ 141, 153 ], [ 262, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1131807, 19331, 791, 621216, 7712774, 44100110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 17 ], [ 25, 29 ], [ 60, 68 ], [ 69, 79 ], [ 106, 117 ], [ 150, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from Calabria, Italy, from Cirò. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Earl Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 44772, 6003131, 55880, 30862723, 263991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 101 ], [ 115, 119 ], [ 158, 164 ], [ 193, 199 ], [ 215, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed 'Compendium' is the nearest known source for the details it contained.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 23306251, 24244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 63 ], [ 201, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\" The papal bull (Inter gravissimas) was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 315929, 633645, 295772, 21833, 210043, 1145854, 5285266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 84 ], [ 298, 317 ], [ 609, 614 ], [ 666, 674 ], [ 796, 806 ], [ 808, 825 ], [ 872, 905 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 81177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Circolo Astrofili Luigi Lilio Torretta", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1510s_births", "1576_deaths", "University_of_Perugia_faculty", "16th-century_Italian_astronomers", "Chronologists", "People_from_the_Province_of_Crotone", "Gregorian_calendar" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, in turn wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times, which do not share editorial staff, were founded independently, and have only had common ownership since 1966. In general, the political position of The Times is considered to be centre-right.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22112840, 22112840, 34235999, 2313472, 318966, 39522631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 28 ], [ 29, 47 ], [ 191, 203 ], [ 204, 220 ], [ 301, 308 ], [ 334, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, such as The Times of India and The New York Times. In countries where these other titles are popular, the newspaper is often referred to as , or as , although the newspaper is of national scope and distribution. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 226804, 30680, 768788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 138 ], [ 143, 161 ], [ 343, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times had an average daily circulation of 417,298 in January 2019; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average weekly circulation of 712,291. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. The Times has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2019, is online from Gale Cengage Learning.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3393736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 439, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company for which he worked went bankrupt due to losses from a Jamaican hurricane. Unemployed, Walter began a new business venture. At that time, Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was reputedly faster and more precise (although three years later, it was proved less efficient than advertised). Walter bought the logography's patent and with it opened a printing house to produce books. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register was on 1 January 1785. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. In spite of Walter Sr's sixteen-month stay in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times, his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1214630, 1214668, 72814, 28661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 827, 834 ], [ 899, 913 ], [ 918, 923 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1436243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 402, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from \"We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.\"). The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 159960, 585902, 6883, 25715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 236, 255 ], [ 346, 360 ], [ 732, 744 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times was one of the first newspapers to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. William Howard Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1042601, 570106, 46763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 100, 122 ], [ 171, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18391701, 4067179, 9508, 2457327, 9094522, 416853, 9106253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 71 ], [ 116, 145 ], [ 223, 246 ], [ 305, 326 ], [ 440, 465 ], [ 547, 554 ], [ 556, 573 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914, Wickham Steed, the Times's Chief Editor, argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship of Steed, The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled \"The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry\", Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?\". The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of The Times, exposed The Protocols as a forgery, The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1793612, 4721, 4764461, 1793612, 1078, 19349705, 4145657, 5646, 3391396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 61 ], [ 105, 119 ], [ 133, 144 ], [ 190, 195 ], [ 236, 248 ], [ 261, 304 ], [ 819, 832 ], [ 838, 852 ], [ 861, 869 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain. Candid news reports by Norman Ebbut from Berlin that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 544389, 537570, 9106253, 215166, 1066282, 21453, 17766364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ], [ 38, 56 ], [ 84, 102 ], [ 185, 196 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 309, 328 ], [ 353, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kim Philby, a double agent with primary allegiance to the Soviet Union, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined British Military Intelligence (MI6) during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, and defected to the Soviet Union when discovery was inevitable in 1963.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17012, 26779, 18842471, 39923951, 32927, 26779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 58, 70 ], [ 130, 147 ], [ 330, 333 ], [ 342, 354 ], [ 432, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E. H. Carr was assistant editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times leader sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and the article in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as \"the threepenny Daily Worker\" (the price of the Communist Party's Daily Worker being one penny).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 681691, 1216, 2054117, 26513025, 33265, 248685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 65 ], [ 205, 211 ], [ 240, 244 ], [ 283, 289 ], [ 325, 342 ], [ 530, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 3 May 1966, it resumed printing news on the front page – previously the front page had been given over to small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. Also in 1966, the Royal Arms, which had been a feature of the newspaper's masthead since its inception, was abandoned. In the same year, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 220541, 537471, 544429, 483185, 2313472, 318966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 222 ], [ 346, 358 ], [ 405, 416 ], [ 422, 441 ], [ 481, 497 ], [ 506, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year from 1 December 1978 to 12 November 1979.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 energy crisis and union demands. Management sought a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 264875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5409978, 2214636, 471321, 26091, 3217850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 50 ], [ 52, 64 ], [ 69, 84 ], [ 185, 199 ], [ 201, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators John Collier and Bill O'Neill. Murdoch gave legal undertakings to maintain separate journalism resources for the two titles. The Royal Arms was reintroduced to the masthead at about this time, but whereas previously it had been that of the reigning monarch, it would now be that of the House of Hanover, who were on the throne when the newspaper was founded.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 318966, 32602290, 220541, 176558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 103 ], [ 222, 234 ], [ 334, 344 ], [ 491, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned upon completion of the change of ownership. Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. Between March 1981 and May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists (\"single-stroke\" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 504866, 668715, 198674, 650350, 32009495, 213492, 94370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ], [ 155, 167 ], [ 372, 380 ], [ 746, 761 ], [ 801, 822 ], [ 848, 860 ], [ 880, 887 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as \"political censorship\" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51608, 390520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 195, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles (\"Mr\", \"Mrs\", or \"Miss\" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. In 1992, it accepted the use of \"Ms\" for unmarried women \"if they express a preference.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. Over the next year, the broadsheet edition was withdrawn from Northern Ireland, Scotland, and the West Country. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21265, 26994, 289674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 183 ], [ 185, 193 ], [ 203, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. According to its leading article \"From Our Own Correspondents\", the reason for removal of full postal addresses was to fit more letters onto the page.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26513025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2008, printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1968464, 151325, 68736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 87 ], [ 110, 120 ], [ 125, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers, The Times added the suffix \"of London\" to its masthead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2176142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2016, the paper dropped its rolling digital coverage for a series of 'editions' of the paper at 9am, midday and 5pm on weekdays. The change also saw a redesign for the paper's app for smartphones and tablets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2018, IPSO upheld a complaint against The Times for its report of a court hearing in a Tower Hamlets fostering case.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2019, culture secretary Jeremy Wright said he was minded to allow a request by News UK to relax the legal undertakings given in 1981 to maintain separate journalism resources for The Times and The Sunday Times.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 356422, 1849949, 318966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 32 ], [ 33, 46 ], [ 88, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, IPSO upheld complaints against The Times over their article \"GPS data shows container visited trafficking hotspot\", and for three articles as part of a series on pollution in Britain's waterways – \"No river safe for bathing\", \"Filthy Business\" and \"Behind the story\". IPSO also upheld complaints in 2019 against articles headlined \"Funding secret of scientists against hunt trophy ban\", and \"Britons lose out to rush of foreign medical students\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times features news for the first half of the paper; the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, a Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper. In April 2016, the cover price of The Times became £1.40 on weekdays and £1.50 on Saturdays.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various columns. It was discontinued in early March 2010, but reintroduced on 12 October 2010 after discontinuation was criticised. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2. The supplement contains arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings, and theatre reviews. The newspaper employs Richard Morrison as its classical music critic.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 39567818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 486, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games. During the FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euros there is a daily supplement of The Game.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 11250, 715008, 715036, 715020, 226426, 11370, 32332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 113 ], [ 118, 146 ], [ 148, 158 ], [ 163, 174 ], [ 249, 272 ], [ 291, 305 ], [ 310, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Saturday Review (arts, books, TV listings and ideas), Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Playlist (an entertainment listings guide) and The Times Magazine (columns on various topics).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain, winner of The Great British Bake Off.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 1443036, 48115518, 28962227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 210 ], [ 258, 272 ], [ 284, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since 1996, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 25970423, 318966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 319, 323 ], [ 382, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. In October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times digital products. A Reuters Institute survey in 2021 put the number of digital subscribers at around 400,000, and ranked The Times as having the sixth highest trust rating out of 13 different outlets polled.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 20647066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 302, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times Digital Archive is available by subscription.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times has had the following eight owners since its foundation in 1785:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1785 to 1803 – John Walter", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 1214630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1803 to 1847 – John Walter, 2nd", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 1214668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1847 to 1894 – John Walter, 3rd", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 1214682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1894 to 1908 – Arthur Fraser Walter", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 18391701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1908 to 1922 – Lord Northcliffe", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 9106253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1922 to 1966 – Astor family", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 537471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1966 to 1981 – Roy Thomson", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 544429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1981 to present – News UK (formerly News International, a wholly owned subsidiary of News Corp, run by Rupert Murdoch)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ownership", "target_page_ids": [ 318966, 39522631, 26091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 26 ], [ 86, 95 ], [ 104, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005, The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British \"quality\" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales. By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph'''s 523,048, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British \"quality\" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling \"tabloid\" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling \"middle market\" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Readership", "target_page_ids": [ 23797577, 17386093, 26146987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 203 ], [ 311, 318 ], [ 718, 725 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. In January 2019, The Times had a circulation of 417,298 and The Sunday Times 712,291.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Readership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a 2009 national readership survey, The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the \"quality\" papers.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Readership", "target_page_ids": [ 3408667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times is the originator of the widely used Times New Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006, The Times began printing headlines in a new typeface, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [ 63239, 1236133, 1014735, 63239, 69790, 1124235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 152, 172 ], [ 286, 298 ], [ 325, 335 ], [ 374, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1908, The Times started using the Monotype Modern typeface.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The typeface was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch typeface five times since 1972. However, all the new typeface have been variants of the original New Roman type:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [ 64100, 64105, 63239, 12979129, 1014735, 1236133, 20623358, 69790, 30985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 32 ], [ 33, 41 ], [ 42, 57 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 110, 118 ], [ 155, 170 ], [ 433, 440 ], [ 759, 769 ], [ 773, 780 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [ 21614422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Times Millennium was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Times Classic first appeared in 2001. Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of Times Classic. Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The typeface was published by Elsner + Flake as EF Times Modern; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Typeface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the British Establishment and empire. In 1959, the historian of journalism Allan Nevins analysed the importance of The Times in shaping the views of events of London's elite, writing:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 30980, 43729, 804003, 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 48 ], [ 52, 56 ], [ 98, 119 ], [ 169, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For much more than a century The Times has been an integral and important part of the political structure of Great Britain. Its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its whole emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in close touch with 10 Downing Street.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 226294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 531, 548 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times adopted a stance described as \"peculiarly detached\" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 332702, 32113, 379072, 4482, 10037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 90 ], [ 137, 155 ], [ 268, 281 ], [ 422, 435 ], [ 658, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the 2001 general election, The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide (although not as large as in 1997). It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. For the 2010 general election, the newspaper declared its support for the Conservatives once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 3975, 3301347, 1847945, 983071, 18933007, 1855482, 102512, 18933007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 29 ], [ 66, 76 ], [ 199, 203 ], [ 304, 308 ], [ 399, 416 ], [ 446, 467 ], [ 624, 633 ], [ 643, 660 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its changes in political alignment make it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history. Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris, and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch and Jenni Russell.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 14234607, 7476189, 462504, 125275, 1113171, 27024882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 214 ], [ 216, 231 ], [ 233, 247 ], [ 253, 264 ], [ 334, 351 ], [ 356, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Democrat Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 534366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 121 ], [ 122, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 2019 Conservative leadership election, The Times endorsed Boris Johnson, and subsequently endorsed the Conservative Party in the general election of that year.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political alignment", "target_page_ids": [ 54299574, 19065069, 46676222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 48 ], [ 69, 82 ], [ 136, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, The Times published an article about Imam Abdullah Patel which wrongly claimed Patel had blamed Israel for the 2003 murder of a British police officer by a terror suspect in Manchester. The story also wrongly claimed that Patel ran a primary school that had been criticised by Ofsted for segregating parents at events, which Ofsted said was contrary to \"British democratic principles\". The Times settled Patel's defamation claim by issuing an apology and offering to pay damages and legal costs. Patel's solicitor, Zillur Rahman, said the case \"highlights the shocking level of journalism to which the Muslim community are often subject\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Libel cases against The Times", "target_page_ids": [ 301482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, The Times published an article titled \"Female Circumcision is like clipping a nail, claimed speaker\". The article featured a photo of Sultan Choudhury beside the headline, leading some readers to incorrectly infer that Choudhury had made the comment. Choudhury lodged a complaint with the Independent Press Standards Organisation and sued The Times for libel. In 2020, The Times issued an apology, amended its article and agreed to pay Choudhury damages and legal costs. Choudhury's solicitor, Nishtar Saleem, said \"This is another example of irresponsible journalism. Publishing sensational excerpts on a ‘free site’ whilst concealing the full article behind a paywall is a dangerous game\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Libel cases against The Times", "target_page_ids": [ 40124153, 40954400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 159 ], [ 298, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2020, Cage and Moazzam Begg received damages of £30,000 plus costs in a libel case they had brought against The Times newspaper. In June 2020, a report in The Times had suggested that Cage and Begg were supporting a man who had been arrested in relation to a knife attack in Reading in which three men were murdered. The Times report also suggested that Cage and Begg were excusing the actions of the accused man by mentioning mistakes made by the police and others. In addition to paying damages, The Times printed an apology. Cage stated that the damages amount would be used to \"expose state-sponsored Islamophobia and those complicit with it in the press. ... The Murdoch press empire has actively supported xenophobic elements and undermined principles of open society and accountability. ... We will continue to shine a light on war criminals and torture apologists and press barons who fan the flames of hate\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Libel cases against The Times", "target_page_ids": [ 1037278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors \"The Times\" bfi London Film Festival. It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sponsorships", "target_page_ids": [ 669687, 5007400, 19261083, 21509023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 48 ], [ 75, 95 ], [ 118, 148 ], [ 157, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An Irish digital edition of the paper was launched in September 2015 at TheTimes.ie. A print edition was launched in June 2017, replacing the international edition previously distributed in Ireland. The Irish edition was set to close in June 2019 with the loss of 20 jobs.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Related publications", "target_page_ids": [ 21592280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914. The TLS is owned and published by News International and co-operates closely with The Times, with its online version hosted on The Times website, and its editorial offices based in 1 London Bridge Street, London.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Related publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1951 and 1966, The Times published a separately paid-for quarterly science review, The Times Science Review. The Times started a new, free, monthly science magazine, Eureka, in October 2009. The magazine closed in October 2012.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Related publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Related publications", "target_page_ids": [ 1061142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1971, The Times began publishing the Times Higher Education Supplement (now known as the Times Higher Education) which focuses its coverage on tertiary education.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Related publications", "target_page_ids": [ 15255475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into an organ of the totalitarian ruling party. The book's lead character Winston Smith is employed in the task of rewriting past issues of the newspaper for the Ministry of Truth.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 20785969, 11891, 23454753, 19389306, 46996085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 33, 46 ], [ 49, 69 ], [ 176, 189 ], [ 264, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 144369, 144359, 69760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 32, 42 ], [ 92, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: The Times was \"the only paper that Bond ever read.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 15604, 57985, 21013954, 78016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ], [ 28, 39 ], [ 41, 51 ], [ 96, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of journalism in the United Kingdom", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 49750215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of the oldest newspapers", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26557660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bingham, Adrian. \"The Times Digital Archive, 1785–2006 (Gale Cengage),\" English Historical Review (2013) 128#533 pp.1037–1040. ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " - includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp.320–29.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morison, Stanley. The History of the Times: Volume 1: The Thunderer\" in the Making 1785–1841. Volume 2: The Tradition Established 1841–1884. Volume 3: The Twentieth Century Test 1884–1912. Volume 4 [published in two parts]:The 150th Anniversary and Beyond 1912–1948. (1952)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Riggs, Bruce Timothy. \"Geoffrey Dawson, editor of \"The Times\" (London), and his contribution to the appeasement movement\" (PhD dissertation, U of North Texas, 1993) online, bibliography pp 229–33.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Sunday Times site", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (archives)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 70159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on The Times in the 19th century", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times'' atlases", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Archive from 1785 to 2008 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of The Times, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "The_Times", "Centre-right_newspapers", "Conservative_media_in_the_United_Kingdom", "National_newspapers_published_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Newspapers_published_in_London", "News_Corporation_subsidiaries", "Newspapers_established_in_1785", "1785_establishments_in_England", "1785_establishments_in_Great_Britain", "Daily_newspapers_published_in_the_United_Kingdom" ]

[ "Times", "London Times", "Times of London", "The Daily Universal Register", "Daily Universal Register", "The Times of London", "The London Times", "The Times newspaper", "Times (UK)", "Times Online", "The Times Online", "The Times (London, England)", "Thunderer", "The Thunderer" ]

[ { "plaintext": "OS/390 is an IBM operating system for the System/390 IBM mainframe computers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40379651, 22194, 53030665, 14872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 16 ], [ 17, 33 ], [ 42, 52 ], [ 53, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OS/390 was introduced in late 1995 in an effort to simplify the packaging and ordering for the key, entitled elements needed to complete a fully functional MVS operating system package. These elements included, but were not limited to:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 19649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem Data Facility Product (DFP)Provides access methods to enable I/O to, e.g., DASD subsystems, printers, Tape; provides utilities and program management", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 13568141, 54691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 92 ], [ 118, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Job Entry Subsystem (JES)Provides the ability to submit batch work and manage print", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1356191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IBM Communications ServerProvides VTAM and TCP/IP communications protocols", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 864826, 15476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 38 ], [ 43, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An additional benefit of the OS/390 packaging concept was to improve reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) for the operating system, as the number of different combinations of elements that a customer could order and run was drastically reduced. This reduced the overall time required for customers to test and deploy the operating system in their environments, as well as reducing the number of customer-reported problems (PMRs), errors (APARs) and fixes (PTFs) arising from the variances in element levels.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 2480516, 55993906, 3651356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 113 ], [ 453, 458 ], [ 471, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2001 IBM extended OS/390 to include support for 64-bit zSeries processors and added various other improvements, and the result is now named z/OS. IBM ended support for the older OS/390-branded versions in late 2004.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 3968088, 39122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 74 ], [ 152, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OS/360", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14387737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " MVS", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/OS", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 39122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/TPF", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/VM", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1266680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " z/VSE", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Linux on IBM Z", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33589774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "IBM_mainframe_operating_systems", "IBM_ESA/390_operating_systems", "1995_software" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In ancient Roman religion and myth, Faunus was the horned god of the forest, plains and fields; when he made cattle fertile he was called Inuus. He came to be equated in literature with the Greek god Pan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 214954, 28957716, 20155864, 85381, 78881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 25 ], [ 30, 34 ], [ 52, 62 ], [ 139, 144 ], [ 201, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Faunus was one of the oldest Roman deities, known as the di indigetes. According to the epic poet Virgil, he was a legendary king of the Latins. His shade was consulted as a goddess of prophecy under the name of Fatuus, with oracles in the sacred grove of Tibur, around the well Albunea, and on the Aventine Hill in ancient Rome itself.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 84941, 32359, 1035886, 92884, 445274, 103787, 521555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 69 ], [ 98, 104 ], [ 240, 252 ], [ 256, 261 ], [ 279, 286 ], [ 299, 312 ], [ 316, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marcus Terentius Varro asserted that the oracular responses were given in Saturnian verse. Faunus revealed the future in dreams and voices that were communicated to those who came to sleep in his precincts, lying on the fleeces of sacrificed lambs. W. Warde Fowler suggested that Faunus is identical with Favonius, one of the Roman wind gods (compare the Anemoi).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 235965, 241736, 6629079, 10437742, 3510045, 16982882, 3510045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ], [ 74, 89 ], [ 149, 188 ], [ 249, 264 ], [ 305, 313 ], [ 332, 341 ], [ 355, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name Faunus is generally thought to stem from Proto-Italic *fawe or *fawono (variant *fawōn(jo)), thus being cognate with Umbrian fons, foner ('merciful'). It may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *bʰh₂u-n ('favourable'), which also reflects Old Irish búan ('good, favourable, firm') and Middle Welsh bun ('maiden, sweetheart').", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 30138690, 6328, 102318, 559297, 1460121, 2220016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 62 ], [ 113, 120 ], [ 126, 133 ], [ 190, 209 ], [ 261, 270 ], [ 307, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another theory contends that Faunus is the Latin outcome of PIE *dhau-no- ('the strangler', thus denoting the 'wolf'), a proposition suggested by the fact that the Luperci (from Latin lupus, 'wolf') are commonly associated with the god Faunus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 18158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Faunus may be of Indo-European origin and related to the Vedic god Rudra. It is believed that he was worshipped by traditional Roman farmers before becoming a nature deity.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Origin", "target_page_ids": [ 508376, 99742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 30 ], [ 67, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In fable Faunus appears as an old king of Latium, grandson of Saturnus, son of Picus, and father of Latinus by the nymph Marica (who was also sometimes Faunus' mother). After his death he is raised to the position of a tutelary deity of the land, for his many services to agriculture and cattle-breeding.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consorts and family", "target_page_ids": [ 19230710, 81917, 81919, 85296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 79, 84 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 121, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A goddess of like attributes, called Fauna and Fatua, was associated in his worship. She was regarded as his daughter, wife, or sister. The female deity Bona Dea was often equated with Fauna.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consorts and family", "target_page_ids": [ 722663, 85116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 42 ], [ 153, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Pan was accompanied by the Paniskoi, or little Pans, so the existence of many Fauni was assumed besides the chief Faunus. Fauns are place-spirits (genii) of untamed woodland. Educated, Hellenizing Romans connected their fauns with the Greek satyrs, who were wild and orgiastic drunken followers of Dionysus, with a distinct origin.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consorts and family", "target_page_ids": [ 84920, 84920, 29067, 63325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 85 ], [ 125, 129 ], [ 244, 249 ], [ 301, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the increasing influence of Greek mythology on Roman mythology in the 3rd and 2ndcenturies BC, the Romans identified their own deities with Greek ones in what was called interpretatio romana. Faunus was naturally equated with the god Pan, who was a pastoral god of shepherds who was said to reside in Arcadia. Pan had always been depicted with horns and as such many depictions of Faunus also began to display this trait. However, the two deities were also considered separate by many, for instance, the epic poet Virgil, in his Aeneid, made mention of both Faunus and Pan independently.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equivalence with Pan", "target_page_ids": [ 1449016, 78881, 3535358, 20155864, 32359, 37322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 195 ], [ 235, 242 ], [ 306, 313 ], [ 335, 354 ], [ 519, 525 ], [ 534, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Justin's epitome, Faunus is identified with Lupercus (\"he who wards off the wolf\"), otherwise a priest of Faunus. Livy named Inuus as the god originally worshiped at the Lupercalia, 15 February, when his priests (Luperci) wore goat-skins and hit passers-by with goatskin whips.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Festivals", "target_page_ids": [ 85775, 18049, 18158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 9 ], [ 117, 121 ], [ 173, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two festivals, called Faunalia, were celebrated in his honour—one on 13 February, in the temple of Faunus on the island in the Tiber, the other on 5 December, when the peasants brought him rustic offerings and amused themselves with dancing.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Festivals", "target_page_ids": [ 1725093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A euhemeristic account made Faunus a Latin king, son of Picus and Canens. He was then revered as the god Fatuus after his death, worshipped in a sacred forest outside what is now Tivoli, but had been known since Etruscan times as Tibur, the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. His numinous presence was recognized by wolf skins, with wreaths and goblets.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Festivals", "target_page_ids": [ 808876, 7408972, 81917, 85133, 85381, 92884, 445274, 2347090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 14 ], [ 37, 42 ], [ 56, 61 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 105, 111 ], [ 179, 185 ], [ 253, 268 ], [ 274, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Nonnos' Dionysiaca, Faunus/Phaunos accompanied Dionysus when the god campaigned in India.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Festivals", "target_page_ids": [ 164259, 1331888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 9 ], [ 11, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Faunus was worshipped across the Roman Empire for many centuries. An example of this was a set of thirty-two 4th-century spoons found near Thetford in England in 1979. They had been engraved with the name \"Faunus\", and each had a different epithet after the god's name. The spoons also bore Christian symbols, and it has been suggested that these were initially Christian but later taken and devoted to Faunus by pagans. The 4th century was a time of large scale Christianisation, and the discovery provides evidence that even during the decline of traditional Roman religion, the god Faunus was still worshipped.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later worship", "target_page_ids": [ 25507, 382004, 621178, 214954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 45 ], [ 139, 147 ], [ 463, 479 ], [ 549, 575 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Gaul, Faunus was identified with the Celtic Dusios.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Later worship", "target_page_ids": [ 36545, 26391485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 7 ], [ 47, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H.H. (Eds.) 1970. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press) .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nečas Hraste, D. and Vuković, K. 2011. \"Rudra-Shiva and Silvanus-Faunus: Savage and Propitious\". The Journal of Indo-European Studies 39.1&2: 100–15", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Roman_gods", "Horned_deities", "Agricultural_gods", "Animal_gods", "Nature_gods", "Oracular_gods", "Mythological_kings", "Fictional_fauns", "Pan_(god)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Pearl Harbour is a small harbour at the head of the Waiau River, in the town of Manapouri on the South Island of New Zealand.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 415088, 2251410, 998301, 62049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 44 ], [ 52, 63 ], [ 80, 89 ], [ 97, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The harbour and town are located at the south-east corner of Lake Manapouri. The name was given to the harbour soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 1941.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 559837, 60098, 21285632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 75 ], [ 126, 141 ], [ 145, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pearl Harbour is used mainly by ferry and water taxi operators transporting Meridian Energy staff across Lake Manapouri to the Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station, on the West Arm of the lake. Ferries also carry tourists travelling to the power station and onwards to Doubtful Sound, located on the coast 10 km beyond the West Arm. It also provides easy access to Lake Manapouri for recreational boat users.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50771, 942643, 285150, 559834, 559806, 559837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 37 ], [ 42, 52 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 128, 165 ], [ 272, 286 ], [ 369, 383 ] ] } ]

[ "Landforms_of_Southland,_New_Zealand", "Ports_and_harbours_of_New_Zealand" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered during 1998 by two independent projects, the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team, which both used distant type Ia supernovae to measure the acceleration. The idea was that as type Ia supernovae have almost the same intrinsic brightness (a standard candle), and since objects that are further away appear dimmer, we can use the observed brightness of these supernovae to measure the distance to them. The distance can then be compared to the supernovae's cosmological redshift, which measures how much the universe has expanded since the supernova occurred; the Hubble law established that the further an object is from us, the faster it is receding. The unexpected result was that objects in the universe are moving away from one another at an accelerated rate. Cosmologists at the time expected that recession velocity would always be decelerating, due to the gravitational attraction of the matter in the universe. Three members of these two groups have subsequently been awarded Nobel Prizes for their discovery. Confirmatory evidence has been found in baryon acoustic oscillations, and in analyses of the clustering of galaxies.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 507266, 5985207, 46674381, 20491903, 12558, 31880, 4688421, 5481576, 3728323, 471487, 26262, 42975, 21201, 22719936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 27, 52 ], [ 56, 68 ], [ 84, 92 ], [ 112, 118 ], [ 216, 224 ], [ 285, 312 ], [ 321, 349 ], [ 375, 393 ], [ 508, 523 ], [ 736, 744 ], [ 830, 840 ], [ 1251, 1262 ], [ 1325, 1353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The accelerated expansion of the universe is thought to have begun since the universe entered its dark-energy-dominated era roughly 5billion years ago.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 921168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within the framework of general relativity, an accelerated expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the cosmological constant , equivalent to the presence of a positive vacuum energy, dubbed \"dark energy\". While there are alternative possible explanations, the description assuming dark energy (positive ) is used in the current standard model of cosmology, which also includes cold dark matter (CDM) and is known as the Lambda-CDM model.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12024, 38992, 308158, 19604228, 5378, 183999, 985963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ], [ 117, 138 ], [ 182, 195 ], [ 205, 216 ], [ 360, 369 ], [ 391, 407 ], [ 434, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the decades since the detection of cosmic microwave background (CMB) in 1965, the Big Bang model has become the most accepted model explaining the evolution of our universe. The Friedmann equation defines how the energy in the universe drives its expansion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 7376, 4116, 1147994, 9649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 65 ], [ 85, 93 ], [ 181, 199 ], [ 216, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where represents the curvature of the universe, is the scale factor, is the total energy density of the universe, and is the Hubble parameter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 99293, 921168, 42975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 47 ], [ 57, 69 ], [ 129, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We define a critical density", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1147994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and the density parameter", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1147994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We can then rewrite the Hubble parameter as", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where the four currently hypothesized contributors to the energy density of the universe are curvature, matter, radiation and dark energy. Each of the components decreases with the expansion of the universe (increasing scale factor), except perhaps the dark energy term. It is the values of these cosmological parameters which physicists use to determine the acceleration of the universe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 99293, 19673093, 25856, 19604228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 102 ], [ 104, 110 ], [ 112, 121 ], [ 126, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The acceleration equation describes the evolution of the scale factor with time", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1147994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where the pressure is defined by the cosmological model chosen. (see explanatory models below)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 23619, 39136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 18 ], [ 70, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Physicists at one time were so assured of the deceleration of the universe's expansion that they introduced a so-called deceleration parameter . Current observations indicate this deceleration parameter being negative.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 6393146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the theory of cosmic inflation, the very early universe underwent a period of very rapid, quasi-exponential expansion. While the time-scale for this period of expansion was far shorter than that of the current expansion, this was a period of accelerated expansion with some similarities to the current epoch.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 5382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The definition of \"accelerating expansion\" is that the second time derivative of the cosmic scale factor, , is positive, which is equivalent to the deceleration parameter, , being negative. However, note this does not imply that the Hubble parameter is increasing with time. Since the Hubble parameter is defined as , it follows from the definitions that the derivative of the Hubble parameter is given by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 6393146, 42975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 170 ], [ 233, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "so the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time unless . Observations prefer , which implies that is positive but is negative. Essentially, this implies that the cosmic recession velocity of any one particular galaxy is increasing with time, but its velocity/distance ratio is still decreasing; thus different galaxies expanding across a sphere of fixed radius cross the sphere more slowly at later times.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is seen from above that the case of \"zero acceleration/deceleration\" corresponds to is a linear function of , , , and .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To learn about the rate of expansion of the universe we look at the magnitude-redshift relationship of astronomical objects using standard candles, or their distance-redshift relationship using standard rulers. We can also look at the growth of large-scale structure, and find that the observed values of the cosmological parameters are best described by models which include an accelerating expansion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 2500686, 471487, 3411961, 251399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 77 ], [ 130, 146 ], [ 194, 208 ], [ 245, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1998, the first evidence for acceleration came from the observation of Type Ia supernovae, which are exploding white dwarfs that have exceeded their stability limit. Because they all have similar masses, their intrinsic luminosity is standardizable. Repeated imaging of selected areas of the sky is used to discover the supernovae, then follow-up observations give their peak brightness, which is converted into a quantity known as luminosity distance (see distance measures in cosmology for details). Spectral lines of their light can be used to determine their redshift.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 3728323, 33501, 6813, 44790, 8065677, 177320, 26262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 91 ], [ 114, 125 ], [ 152, 167 ], [ 223, 233 ], [ 460, 490 ], [ 505, 518 ], [ 566, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For supernovae at redshift less than around 0.1, or light travel time less than 10 percent of the age of the universe, this gives a nearly linear distance–redshift relation due to Hubble's law. At larger distances, since the expansion rate of the universe has changed over time, the distance-redshift relation deviates from linearity, and this deviation depends on how the expansion rate has changed over time. The full calculation requires computer integration of the Friedmann equation, but a simple derivation can be given as follows: the redshift directly gives the cosmic scale factor at the time the supernova exploded.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 42975, 921168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 192 ], [ 571, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "So a supernova with a measured redshift implies the universe was = of its present size when the supernova exploded. In the case of accelerated expansion, is positive; therefore, was smaller in the past than today. Thus an accelerating universe took a longer time to expand from 2/3 to 1 times its present size, compared to a non-accelerating universe with constant and the same present-day value of the Hubble constant. This results in a larger light-travel time, larger distance and fainter supernovae, which corresponds to the actual observations. Adam Riess et al. found that \"the distances of the high-redshift SNe Ia were, on average, 10% to 15% farther than expected in a low mass density universe without a cosmological constant\". This means that the measured high-redshift distances were too large, compared to nearby ones, for a decelerating universe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 5950265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 555, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several researchers have questioned the majority opinion on the acceleration or the assumption of the \"cosmological principle\" (that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic). For example, a 2019 paper analyzed the Joint Light-curve Analysis catalog of Type Ia supernovas, containing ten times as many supernovas as were used in the 1998 analyses, and concluded that there was little evidence for a \"monopole\", that is, for an isotropic acceleration in all directions. See also the section on Alternative theories below.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 173937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early universe before recombination and decoupling took place, photons and matter existed in a primordial plasma. Points of higher density in the photon-baryon plasma would contract, being compressed by gravity until the pressure became too large and they expanded again. This contraction and expansion created vibrations in the plasma analogous to sound waves. Since dark matter only interacts gravitationally it stayed at the centre of the sound wave, the origin of the original overdensity. When decoupling occurred, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang, photons separated from matter and were able to stream freely through the universe, creating the cosmic microwave background as we know it. This left shells of baryonic matter at a fixed radius from the overdensities of dark matter, a distance known as the sound horizon. As time passed and the universe expanded, it was at these inhomogeneities of matter density where galaxies started to form. So by looking at the distances at which galaxies at different redshifts tend to cluster, it is possible to determine a standard angular diameter distance and use that to compare to the distances predicted by different cosmological models.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 26244469, 34782682, 23535, 1810098, 18994087, 8651, 38579, 23497722, 7376, 4584, 3003448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 42 ], [ 47, 57 ], [ 70, 76 ], [ 102, 119 ], [ 356, 367 ], [ 375, 386 ], [ 402, 417 ], [ 622, 635 ], [ 671, 698 ], [ 734, 749 ], [ 1098, 1123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peaks have been found in the correlation function (the probability that two galaxies will be a certain distance apart) at , (where h is the dimensionless Hubble constant) indicating that this is the size of the sound horizon today, and by comparing this to the sound horizon at the time of decoupling (using the CMB), we can confirm the accelerated expansion of the universe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 42975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Measuring the mass functions of galaxy clusters, which describe the number density of the clusters above a threshold mass, also provides evidence for dark energy . By comparing these mass functions at high and low redshifts to those predicted by different cosmological models, values for and are obtained which confirm a low matter density and a non zero amount of dark energy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 58950, 2127679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 46 ], [ 68, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given a cosmological model with certain values of the cosmological density parameters, it is possible to integrate the Friedmann equations and derive the age of the universe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 1147994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By comparing this to actual measured values of the cosmological parameters, we can confirm the validity of a model which is accelerating now, and had a slower expansion in the past.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Recent discoveries of gravitational waves through LIGO and VIRGO not only confirmed Einstein's predictions but also opened a new window into the universe. These gravitational waves can work as sort of standard sirens to measure the expansion rate of the universe. Abbot et al. 2017 measured the Hubble constant value to be approximately 70 kilometres per second per megaparsec. The amplitudes of the strain 'h' is dependent on the masses of the objects causing waves, distances from observation point and gravitational waves detection frequencies. The associated distance measures are dependent on the cosmological parameters like the Hubble Constant for nearby objects and will be dependent on other cosmological parameters like the dark energy density, matter density, etc. for distant sources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evidence for acceleration", "target_page_ids": [ 8111079, 471487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 40 ], [ 202, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative pressure (repulsive action) which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the speed of light and is the energy density. Different theories of dark energy suggest different values of , with for cosmic acceleration (this leads to a positive value of in the acceleration equation above).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [ 39136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy; in this case . This leads to the Lambda-CDM model, which has generally been known as the Standard Model of Cosmology from 2003 through the present, since it is the simplest model in good agreement with a variety of recent observations. Riess et al. found that their results from supernova observations favoured expanding models with positive cosmological constant () and a current accelerated expansion ().", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [ 308158, 985963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 95 ], [ 130, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Current observations allow the possibility of a cosmological model containing a dark energy component with equation of state . This phantom energy density would become infinite in finite time, causing such a huge gravitational repulsion that the universe would lose all structure and end in a Big Rip. For example, for and =70km·s−1·Mpc−1, the time remaining before the universe ends in this Big Rip is 22billion years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [ 192989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 293, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are many alternative explanations for the accelerating universe. Some examples are quintessence, a proposed form of dark energy with a non-constant state equation, whose density decreases with time. A negative mass cosmology does not assume that the mass density of the universe is positive (as is done in supernova observations), and instead finds a negative cosmological constant. Occam's razor also suggests that this is the 'more parsimonious hypothesis'. Dark fluid is an alternative explanation for accelerating expansion which attempts to unite dark matter and dark energy into a single framework. Alternatively, some authors have argued that the accelerated expansion of the universe could be due to a repulsive gravitational interaction of antimatter or a deviation of the gravitational laws from general relativity, such as massive gravity, meaning that gravitons themselves have mass. The measurement of the speed of gravity with the gravitational wave event GW170817 ruled out many modified gravity theories as alternative explanations to dark energy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [ 39137, 262606, 36797, 16571351, 3404684, 3038470, 55053716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 101 ], [ 207, 220 ], [ 389, 402 ], [ 466, 476 ], [ 726, 765 ], [ 840, 855 ], [ 976, 984 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another type of model, the backreaction conjecture, was proposed by cosmologist Syksy Räsänen: the rate of expansion is not homogenous, but we are in a region where expansion is faster than the background. Inhomogeneities in the early universe cause the formation of walls and bubbles, where the inside of a bubble has less matter than on average. According to general relativity, space is less curved than on the walls, and thus appears to have more volume and a higher expansion rate. In the denser regions, the expansion is slowed by a higher gravitational attraction. Therefore, the inward collapse of the denser regions looks the same as an accelerating expansion of the bubbles, leading us to conclude that the universe is undergoing an accelerated expansion. The benefit is that it does not require any new physics such as dark energy. Räsänen does not consider the model likely, but without any falsification, it must remain a possibility. It would require rather large density fluctuations (20%) to work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A final possibility is that dark energy is an illusion caused by some bias in measurements. For example, if we are located in an emptier-than-average region of space, the observed cosmic expansion rate could be mistaken for a variation in time, or acceleration. A different approach uses a cosmological extension of the equivalence principle to show how space might appear to be expanding more rapidly in the voids surrounding our local cluster. While weak, such effects considered cumulatively over billions of years could become significant, creating the illusion of cosmic acceleration, and making it appear as if we live in a Hubble bubble. Yet other possibilities are that the accelerated expansion of the universe is an illusion caused by the relative motion of us to the rest of the universe, or that the supernova sample size used wasn't large enough.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Explanatory models", "target_page_ids": [ 857235, 30721431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 341 ], [ 630, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the universe expands, the density of radiation and ordinary dark matter declines more quickly than the density of dark energy (see equation of state) and, eventually, dark energy dominates. Specifically, when the scale of the universe doubles, the density of matter is reduced by a factor of 8, but the density of dark energy is nearly unchanged (it is exactly constant if the dark energy is the cosmological constant).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Theories for the consequences to the universe", "target_page_ids": [ 8651, 19604228, 1540704, 38992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 74 ], [ 117, 128 ], [ 134, 151 ], [ 399, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In models where dark energy is the cosmological constant, the universe will expand exponentially with time in the far future, coming closer and closer to a de Sitter universe. This will eventually lead to all evidence for the Big Bang disappearing, as the cosmic microwave background is redshifted to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. Eventually, its frequency will be low enough that it will be absorbed by the interstellar medium, and so be screened from any observer within the galaxy. This will occur when the universe is less than 50 times its current age, leading to the end of cosmology as we know it as the distant universe turns dark.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Theories for the consequences to the universe", "target_page_ids": [ 336254, 69453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 174 ], [ 420, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A constantly expanding universe with a non-zero cosmological constant has mass density decreasing over time. In such a scenario, the current understanding is that all matter will ionize and disintegrate into isolated stable particles such as electrons and neutrinos, with all complex structures dissipating away. This scenario is known as \"heat death of the universe\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Theories for the consequences to the universe", "target_page_ids": [ 9476, 21485, 362722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 251 ], [ 256, 265 ], [ 340, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alternatives for the ultimate fate of the universe include the Big Rip mentioned above, a Big Bounce, Big Freeze or Big Crunch.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Theories for the consequences to the universe", "target_page_ids": [ 192904, 192989, 364328, 362722, 206122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 50 ], [ 63, 70 ], [ 90, 100 ], [ 102, 112 ], [ 116, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cosmological constant", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 38992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 343031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "High-Z Supernova Search Team", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5481576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lambda-CDM model", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 985963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of multiple discoveries", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4647220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Expansion of the universe", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5985207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scale factor (cosmology)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 921168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Supernova Cosmology Project", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4688421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hubble constant", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "Physical_cosmology", "Acceleration", "Big_Bang" ]

[ "acceleration of the Universe", "acceleration of the expansion of the Universe", "acceleration of the Universe expansion" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (1988). The concept was expanded to more general types of time-varying dark energy, and the term \"quintessence\" was first introduced in a 1998 paper by Robert R. Caldwell, Rahul Dave and Paul Steinhardt. It has been proposed by some physicists to be a fifth fundamental force. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant explanation of dark energy in that it is dynamic; that is, it changes over time, unlike the cosmological constant which, by definition, does not change. Quintessence can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the ratio of its kinetic and potential energy. Those working with this postulate believe that quintessence became repulsive about ten billion years ago, about 3.5 billion years after the Big Bang.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22939, 21073209, 19604228, 161879, 39136, 48173208, 864778, 32604135, 53710827, 1982016, 169552, 38992, 4116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ], [ 30, 42 ], [ 51, 62 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 151, 181 ], [ 250, 255 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 279, 288 ], [ 441, 459 ], [ 476, 491 ], [ 542, 565 ], [ 597, 618 ], [ 1024, 1032 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A group of researchers argued in 2021 that observations of the Hubble tension may imply that only quintessence models with a nonzero coupling constant are viable.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 42975, 681962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 77 ], [ 133, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name comes from quinta essentia (fifth element). So called in Latin starting from the Middle Ages, this was the element added by Aristotle to the other four ancient classical elements because he thought it was the essence of the celestial world. Aristotle called this element aether, which he posited to be a pure, fine, and primigenial element. Similarly, modern quintessence would be the fifth known \"dynamical, time-dependent, and spatially inhomogeneous\" contribution to the overall mass–energy content of the universe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Terminology", "target_page_ids": [ 308, 6313, 1949268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 142 ], [ 169, 187 ], [ 280, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of course, the other four components are not the ancient Greek classical elements, but rather \"baryons, neutrinos, dark matter, [and] radiation.\" Although neutrinos are sometimes considered radiation, the term \"radiation\" in this context is only used to refer to massless photons. Spatial curvature of the cosmos (which has not been detected) is excluded because it is non-dynamical and homogeneous; the cosmological constant would not be considered a fifth component in this sense, because it is non-dynamical, homogeneous, and time-independent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Terminology", "target_page_ids": [ 6313, 4584, 21485, 8651, 9426, 23535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 81 ], [ 95, 102 ], [ 104, 113 ], [ 115, 126 ], [ 134, 143 ], [ 272, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Quintessence (Q) is a scalar field with an equation of state where wq, the ratio of pressure pq and density q, is given by the potential energy and a kinetic term:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Scalar field", "target_page_ids": [ 161879, 1540704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 43, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hence, quintessence is dynamic, and generally has a density and wq parameter that varies with time. By contrast, a cosmological constant is static, with a fixed energy density and wq=1.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Scalar field", "target_page_ids": [ 1610231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many models of quintessence have a tracker behavior, which according to Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Paul Steinhardt et al. (1999) partly solves the cosmological constant problem. In these models, the quintessence field has a density which closely tracks (but is less than) the radiation density until matter-radiation equality, which triggers quintessence to start having characteristics similar to dark energy, eventually dominating the universe. This naturally sets the low scale of the dark energy. When comparing the predicted expansion rate of the universe as given by the tracker solutions with cosmological data, a main feature of tracker solutions is that one needs four parameters to properly describe the behavior of their equation of state, whereas it has been shown that at most a two-parameter model can optimally be constrained by mid-term future data (horizon 2015–2020).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Tracker behavior", "target_page_ids": [ 1982016, 22105918, 19167840, 697181, 5985207, 1540704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 116 ], [ 149, 178 ], [ 302, 327 ], [ 477, 482 ], [ 532, 546 ], [ 734, 751 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some special cases of quintessence are phantom energy, in which wq<1, and k-essence (short for kinetic quintessence), which has a non-standard form of kinetic energy. If this type of energy were to exist, it would cause a big rip in the universe due to the growing energy density of dark energy, which would cause the expansion of the universe to increase at a faster-than-exponential rate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Specific models", "target_page_ids": [ 1540711, 17327, 192989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 151, 165 ], [ 222, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Holographic dark energy models, compared with cosmological constant models, imply a high degeneracy.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Specific models", "target_page_ids": [ 232952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been suggested that dark energy might originate from quantum fluctuations of spacetime, and are limited by the event horizon of the universe.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Specific models", "target_page_ids": [ 161253, 28758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 80 ], [ 84, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studies with quintessence dark energy found that it dominates gravitational collapse in a spacetime simulation, based on the holographic thermalization. These results show that the smaller the state parameter of quintessence is, the harder it is for the plasma to thermalize.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Specific models", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, when scientists fitted the evolution of dark energy with the cosmological data, they found that the equation of state had possibly crossed the cosmological constant boundary ( = –1) from above to below. A proven no-go theorem indicates this situation, called the Quintom scenario, requires at least two degrees of freedom for dark energy models.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Quintom scenario", "target_page_ids": [ 1372623, 21321517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 234 ], [ 272, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aether (classical element)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1949268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] } ]

[ "Dark_energy" ]

[]