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1926_6 | 1988 Summer Paralympics
Australia competed in 16 events, achieving 23 gold medals in three sports, Athletics, Swimming and Lawn Bowls. Overall, Australia received 95 medals, 23 gold, 34 silver and 38 bronze. Australian athletes broke eight records during the Games.
1992 Winter Paralympics
Australia's first ever gold medal at an Olympic or Paralympic Winter Games was won by Michael Milton when he won the LW2 Slalom event. There are no accurate results for the Australian Paralympic team performances at Winter Games previous to 1992; however, it is known that no-one medalled for Australia until the 1992 Paralympics.
1992 Summer Paralympics
The ID Australian men's swimming team was totally dominant in Madrid, with Joseph Walker being the undoubted star winning nine gold medals (five individual, four relay) from all events that him competed and setting two world records. |
1926_7 | 1994 Winter Paralympics
Australia's most successful Winter Paralympic Games remain the 1994 Winter Paralympic Games, when five athletes took the podium on 9 different occasions.
1996 Summer Paralympics
Australia was ranked 2nd in the final medal table with 106 overall medals; 42 gold; 37 silver; 27 bronze. This success has been attributed to the introduction of the Australian Paralympic Committee's Paralympic Preparation Program. Australia's team was half that of the host nation who lead the final medal table.
In the Wheelchair Basketball match, Australia vs Great Britain, Troy Sachs recorded the highest number of individual points scored. Sachs scored 42 points in a single game for Australia at the Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games, which remains the highest ever individual score by a basketballer at the Paralympic Games. He is also Australia's most awarded basketballer with two gold and one silver medal. |
1926_8 | At the Atlanta Summer Paralympics, there was the largest athletics away gold medal haul to date of 19 Gold medals.
1998 Winter Paralympics
Australia collected two medals, one gold and one bronze, from the 1998 Games after sending four competitors. James Patterson competed in Alpine Skiing, winning gold in the men's downhill and bronze in men's slalom.
2000 Summer Paralympics
The 2000 Sydney Summer Paralympic Games are Australia's most successful Paralympic games to date. In the final medal tally, Australia was ranked first with 149 overall medals; 63 gold, 39 silver, and 47 bronze medals. Australia was represented by their largest team ever. The success of the team combined with extensive media coverage went a long way to changing public attitudes towards Paralympic athletes and understanding them as elite sportspeople. |
1926_9 | Australian values were represented well and truly throughout the Opening and Closing Ceremonies with a distinctly Aboriginal feel at the Opening ceremony and in true Australian traditions, a party atmosphere to the closing ceremony. At the Opening Ceremony, the Paralympic flame was lit by Louise Sauvage, one of Australia's biggest Paralympic athlete.
Sauvage and Tim Sullivan both competed in this games and found outstanding success in their individual events. Sullivan is Australia's most successful athletics athlete at a single Games, winning five gold medals in Sydney 2000.
2002 Winter Paralympics
Australia's best performance at Winter Paralympics winning six gold and one bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Paralympics. Of these medals, four were won by Michael Milton. Milton becoming the first athlete in his class to claim a clean sweep of gold medals across the four alpine disciplines when he won gold in all four of his events – Downhill, slalom, giant slalom, and super-G. |
1926_10 | 2004 Summer Paralympics
At the 2004 Paralympics, Australia was represented by a considerably smaller team than that of the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney; however, ranked second overall medals behind China. The reduced team number was as a result of a strict selection criterium set by the APC and sports meant that only athletes with the potential to win a medal were on the Australian team.
2006 Winter Paralympics
Australia took 10 athletes to compete in 3 sports and acquired a silver and a bronze medal to finish equal 13th on the overall medal table. Michael Milton won a silver medal in his event in his fifth and final Winter Paralympic Games, retiring as Australia's most successful Winter Paralympian ever. Emily Jansen competed, as Australia's first female competitor at a Winter Paralympics, in two of the four alpine events.
2008 Summer Paralympics |
1926_11 | Australia ranked fourth overall behind China, Great Britain, and USA in the gold medal table. The Beijing Games were the biggest ever with more athletes and countries competing across more sports than ever before. Australia sent their biggest delegation to an away Games to date with 167 athletes, 95 males and 72 females, who competed in 13 out of the 20 sports contested. Rowing was added to the Paralympic program with the Australian doubles crew winning silver. Timothy Sullivan became Australia's leading gold medallist in Paralympic History, winning 10 gold medals.
2010 Winter Paralympics
Australia took its largest team to date, of 14 athletes and their guides, to the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games. Despite the large team, Australia finished 16th on the overall medal tally, winning four medals. Australia had their first Australian female to win a medal at the Paralympic Winter Games, when Jessica Gallagher won bronze in the slalom. |
1926_12 | 2012 Summer Paralympics
Australia finished fifth in the medal tally with 32 gold, 23 silver and 30 bronze medals, which medals that were won in nine of the 13 sports contested by Australian athletes. Australia achieved 16 world records and 35 Paralympic Records with performances from such athletes as: Todd Hodgetts (Shot Put), Kelly Cartwright (Long Jump), Susan Powell (Individual Pursuit), Bradley Mark (10m Air Rifle), Brenden Hall (400m Freestyle) and Blake Cochrane (100m Breaststroke). In total Australia had 93 medallists of which 25 were multi-medallists, while gold medallist there was 40 and eight of these were multi-gold medallists.
London was the best performance by Australia's Paralympic swim team since 1984. Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay swim team achieved Australia's 1000th Summer Paralympic Games Medal (Australia's 41st of the Games). |
1926_13 | Jacqueline Freney was the most successful athlete from any nation, winning eight gold medals from eight events while her swimming teammate Matthew Cowdrey became the most successful Australian Paralympian of all-time by winning his 13th career gold medal at his third Games. Matthew Cowdrey won gold on day seven in Men's 50m Freestyle S9 Final, also breaking the world record which still stands at 25.13seconds. The victory gave Cowdrey (SA) his 13th career gold medal from three Games.
The Australian wheelchair rugby team won its first Paralympic gold medal after claiming silver at the last two major tournaments (Beijing 2008, World Champs 2010).
The youngest competitor in the London Games, 13-year-old & 300 days Maddison Elliott from Newcastle, NSW, claimed one gold, one silver, and two bronze medals and had the pleasure of presenting Prince Harry with Australian's Paralympian toy Mascot “Lizzie” the Frill-necked Lizard. |
1926_14 | 2014 Winter Paralympics
Australia came away from these games with two medals, a disappointing result. Australian Paralympic Chief Executive Jason Hellwig said that 'we were absolutely disappointed we didn't get the mission done to win that gold medal', however, he also described it as the most satisfying he had experienced because of the hardship the team had gone through. A possible reason for the Australian Team's disappointing performance was the death of team member Matthew Robinson, some weeks prior to the Games after an accident at the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup in La Molina, Spain.
2016 Summer Paralympics
The Australian team comprised 177 athletes of which 103 are men and 74 are women. Incredibly 89 athletes (50%) made their Paralympic debut in 2016. The average age of athletes on the Aussie team 2016 is 29.2 years. The average age of the male athletes is 29.1 years and the average age of female athletes is 29.4 years. |
1926_15 | In Rio there were an extraordinary eight Australian athletes who had competed in two or more different sports:
Dylan Alcott competed in his third Paralympic games in two different sports, Wheelchair Basketball in 2008 and 2012 and Wheelchair Tennis. Alcott was successful in his transition from Wheelchair Basketball to Wheelchair Tennis, winning two gold medals in both the men's quad wheelchair tennis doubles and singles. He became the fifth Australian Paralympian to win gold medals in two sports.
Daniela Di Toro competed in her sixth Paralympics, having competed in Wheelchair Tennis from 1996 to 2012, winning Silver and Bronze medal each in 2000 and 2004 respectively. At the Rio Paralympics, Daniela competed in Table Tennis.
Jessica Gallagher won Bronze in her fourth Paralympics in a third Paralympic sport, Cycling, after competing in Alpine Skiing (2010 and 2014 winning Bronze both times), and Athletics (2012). |
1926_16 | At 74 years of age, Libby Kosmala was the oldest athlete selected for the 2016 Summer Paralympics. The Rio Paralympics was Kosmala's twelfth Games, having previously competed in Athletics, Swimming and Shooting at the Paralympic Games since 1972. Kosmala won 9 gold and 1 silver medals over that time.
Claire McLean competed in Paratriathlon in Rio but had previously competed in cycling at the 2004 Athens Paralympics, placing silver.
Kieran Modra won bronze in the men's B road time trial in his eighth Paralympics, having competed in athletics in 1988, Swimming in 1992 (winning 2 Bronze), and Cycling from 1996 to 2016 (winning 5 Golds, and 2 silvers in that time).
Previously, Liesl Tesch competed in Wheelchair Basketball from 1992-2008 (winning 2 Silver and 1 Bronze medals). In 2012 and 2016, Tesch transitioned to Sailing, winning a Gold medal each time.
Amanda Reid medalled silver in cycling in Rio after previously swimming in London.
Notable achievements at the Games |
1926_17 | Australia won its first medal in archery since 1968, when Jonathon Milne won bronze in the men's archery individual compound W1.
Paracanoe was debuted at the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympics and resulted in Curtis McGarth becoming Australia's first gold medallist in the sport. Paratriathlon also debuted, resulting in Katie Kelly and her guide Michellie Jones won the gold medal.
Back-to-back winners of their events from the London 2012 Paralympic Games were: Ellie Cole (swimming), Brenden Hall (swimming), David Nicholas (cycling), Carol Cooke (cycling), Daniel Fitzgibbon / Liesl Tesch (sailing) and the Wheelchair Rugby Team. |
1926_18 | 2018 Winter Paralympics
Team of 12 athletes and three guides represented Australia. In snowboarding Simon Patmore won a gold and bronze medal and in alpine skiing Melissa Perrine won two bronze medals. Australia was ranked 15th on the medal table.
2020 Summer Paralympics |
1926_19 | Australia sent its largest away team - 179 athletes to a Summer Paralympics. Australia finished eighth on the gold medal table and sixth on the total medals table. The Games were postponed one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Badminton and taekwondo made their Paralymic debuts.
Multiple gold medallists: William Martin (swimming) - 3 gold, 1 silver ; Madison de Rozario (athletics) - 2 gold, 1 bronze ; Curtis McGrath (canoeing) - 2 gold ; Ben Popham (swimming) - 2 gold, 1 silver ; Rowan Crothers (swimming) - 2 gold, 1 silver.
Ellie Cole with two bronze medals became Australia's leading female Paralympic medallist with 17 medals - 6 gold, 5 silver, 6 bronze.
Gold medallists repeating Rio Paralympics gold - James Turner (athletics), Vanessa Low (athletics), Curtis McGrath (canoeing), Lakeisha Patterson (swimming), Rachael Watson (swimming), Dylan Alcott (wheelchair tennis).
Interesting Facts
Leading Australian Summer Paralympians 1960–2020 |
1926_20 | Leading Australian Winter Paralympic Medalists 1976–2014
First Gold Medallists
Ross Sutton won Australia's first gold medal at the Summer Paralympics in winning the Men's St Nicholas Round open archery at the 1960 Summer Paralympics.
Daphne Ceeney was Australia's first female gold medallist at the Summer Paralympics. She won two gold medals in swimming events at the 1960 Summer Paralympics.
Michael Milton became Australia's first Winter Paralympics gold medallist in winning at the Men's Slalom LW2 at the 1992 Winter Paralympics.
Dual Summer / Winter Paralympic Medallists
Jessica Gallagher - Winter 2010 and 2014 – bronze medals in alpine skiing; Summer 2016 – 1 bronze in cycling. |
1926_21 | Dual Summer / Winter Paralympians
As of the 2018 Winter Paralympics, the following Australian athletes have attended both Summer and Winter Games.
Kyrra Grunnsund – Winter 1980–1992 (skiing) ; Summer 1992 (athletics)
Anthony Bonaccurso – Winter 1998 (skiing) ; Summer 2004 (tennis)
Michael Milton – Winter 1988–2006 (skiing) ; Summer 2008 (cycling)
Dominic Monypenny - Summer 2008 (rowing) ; Winter 2010 (cross-country skiing)
Jessica Gallagher – Winter 2010–2014 (skiing) ; Summer 2012 (athletics) ; Summer 2016 (cycling)
Simon Patmore - Summer 2012 (athletics) ; Winter 2018 (snowboard)
Multi-sports Australian Paralympians
List of multi-sport Australian Paralympians - includes those athletes that have competed in one or more sports at the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games
See also
Australia at the Summer Paralympics
Australia at the Winter Paralympics
Australia at the Olympics
Australia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
References |
1927_0 | Richard Joseph "Peg Leg" Lonergan (January 16, 1900 - December 26, 1925) was an American underworld figure and labor racketeer. He was a high-ranking member and the final leader of the White Hand Gang. He succeeded Bill Lovett after his murder in 1923 and, under his leadership, led a two-year campaign against Frankie Yale over the New York waterfront until he and five of his lieutenants were killed in South Brooklyn during a Christmas Day celebration at the Adonis Social Club in 1925. |
1927_1 | Biography |
1927_2 | Richard Lonergan was one of fifteen children, among them being Anna Lonergan known as "Queen of the Irishtown docks", born to local prize fighter and bare knuckle boxer John Lonergan. Raised in Irishtown, an Irish-American enclave between the Manhattan and Brooklyn waterfront, he later lost his right leg in a trolley car accident as a child from which his underworld nickname "Peg Leg" originated. A childhood friend and later brother-in-law of Bill Lovett, Lonergan had earned a fearsome reputation in Irishtown and on the Brooklyn waterfront as a vicious street brawler after killing a Sicilian drug dealer in a Navy Street bike shop. Believed by authorities to have been involved in at least a dozen murders during his criminal career, he was reportedly well known for his hatred of Italian-Americans and would occasionally lead "ginzo hunting" expeditions in saloons and dive bars along the waterfront. He became the leader of the White Hand Gang shortly after the murder of its leader Bill |
1927_3 | Lovett in 1923. Lonergan spent the next two years battling Frankie Yale over control of the New York waterfront. |
1927_4 | On the night of December 25, 1925, Lonergan and five of his men entered the Adonis Social Club during a Christmas celebration. Lonergan and the other White handers, according to witnesses, were intoxicated and being unruly to other patrons. Lonergan himself loudly and openly called nearby customers "wops", "dagos" and other ethnic slurs. When three local Irish girls entered the club escorted by their Italian dates, Lonergan chased them out supposedly yelling at them to "Come back with white men, fer chrissake!" It was at that moment that the lights went out and gunfire was heard. Customers rushed for the exits in a panic as glass was shattered as well as tables and chairs being overturned. As police arrived, they found one of Lonergan's men, his best friend Aaron Harms, dead in the street and they followed a blood trail into the club where they found Lonergan and drug addict Cornelius "Needles" Ferry on the dance floor near a player piano shot execution style. A fourth member, James |
1927_5 | Hart, managed to escape, having been found a few blocks away crawling on the sidewalk after being shot in the thigh and leg. He was taken to the Cumberland Street Hospital where he eventually recovered but refused to cooperate with police. He denied being at the club claiming he had been shot by a stray bullet from a passing car. The two other members, Joseph "Ragtime Joe" Howard and Patrick "Happy" Maloney, were apparently unaccounted for leaving no witnesses willing to testify. Although seven men had been arrested in connection to the shooting, including a visiting Al Capone, all the men were released on bail ranging from $5,000 to $10,000 and the case was eventually dismissed. |
1927_6 | Anna Lonergan publicly blamed the gangland shooting on "foreigners" commenting "You can bet it was no Irish American like ourselves who would stage a mean murder like this on Christmas Day". The killings are generally attributed to Capone, in partnership with Frankie Yale, although these often colorful accounts are sometimes vague and inconsistent but allege that the incident was prearranged. It is with the death of Lonergan however that the White Hand Gang disappeared from the Brooklyn waterfront allowing Frankie Yale and eventually the Five Families to take control.
References
Further reading
Johnson, Malcolm Malone; Haynes Johnson and Budd Schulberg. On the Waterfront: The Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles that Inspired the Classic Movie and Transformed the New York Harbor. New York: Chamberlain Bros., 2005.
Pasley, Fred D. Not Guilty - The Story of Samuel S. Leibowitz. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1933. |
1927_7 | 1925 deaths
1900 births
American amputees
American gangsters
Gangsters from New York City
Murdered American gangsters of Irish descent
Criminals from Brooklyn
People murdered in New York City
Deaths by firearm in Brooklyn
Prohibition-era gangsters |
1928_0 | Martin Tony Waikwa Olsson (born 17 May 1988) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a left back for Malmö FF and the Sweden national team.
Olsson signed for Blackburn Rovers from Högaborgs BK in January 2006. In 2013, Premier League side Norwich City signed him for an undisclosed fee. In January 2017, he left Norwich to join Swansea until 2019. In 2020, he signed with Allsvenskan club Helsingborgs IF in his native Sweden before moving on to represent both BK Häcken and Malmö FF.
A full international since 2010, Olsson has won more than 50 caps for the Sweden national team and has represented his country at UEFA Euro 2012 and 2016 as well as the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Club career |
1928_1 | Blackburn Rovers
Olsson began his playing career in Sweden by playing for Högaborgs BK, where former national star Henrik Larsson began his career. Olsson was working his way through the youth setup at the club in 2005–06. His talent attracted the attention of football clubs in Europe and in January 2006 Premier League club Blackburn Rovers signed him for their youth academy.
He made his Blackburn debut in the UEFA Cup qualifier in the 2007–08 season as a late substitution for Stephen Warnock.
He made his Premier League debut against Derby County in a 2–1 victory on 30 December 2007, coming on as an 84th-minute substitute for Morten Gamst Pedersen at Pride Park, in front of a crowd of 30,048 spectators and the referee was Peter Walton. He was voted Blackburn's Young Player of the Year for the season 2007–08.
In May 2008, Olsson signed a new four-year contract, keeping him at Blackburn until June 2012. |
1928_2 | On 24 September 2008, Olsson scored his first Blackburn goal, scoring the winning goal in a League Cup tie against Everton. The goal turned out to be the only goal of the match. On 20 January 2010, he scored a spectacular overhead kick in a 6–4 League Cup semi-final defeat against Aston Villa in the 63rd minute at Villa Park. |
1928_3 | On 23 November 2009, Olsson was sent off for two yellow card offences on Tottenham Hotspur winger Aaron Lennon. He scored his first Premier League goal on 10 February against Hull City at Ewood Park in a 1–0 victory. Olsson made his 25th league appearance at home to Birmingham City on 24 March 2010 in a 2–1 win. On 28 March 2010, when he made his 40th appearance for Blackburn against Burnley in the East Lancashire derby at Turf Moor in the 1–0 victory, he caused controversy when he looked like he had dived inside Burnley's penalty area, consequently by winning a penalty after taking the ball round Burnley goalkeeper Brian Jensen. Subsequently, the penalty was scored by David Dunn. On 29 March 2010, Olsson admitted to the dive, Rovers manager, Sam Allardyce defended Olsson by saying he was his man of the match and created havoc and chaos in and around the eighteen yard box all match. |
1928_4 | In June 2010, Olsson signed a new five-year-deal at Blackburn Rovers that would keep him at the club until summer 2015. At the start of the 2010–11 season, Olsson acquired the number three jersey by manager Sam Allardyce, which he had for most of pre-season. He featured in Rovers' opening 2010–11 Premier League match against Everton at Ewood Park on 14 August 2010, playing the full 90 minutes on the left-wing in a 1–0 victory. He scored his first league goal for Blackburn against Liverpool inside 32 minutes on 5 January 2011 in a 3–1 victory at Ewood Park. On 12 February 2011, Olsson made his 50th Premier League appearance for the club when he started at left-back against Newcastle United playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 draw. On 30 April 2011, he scored with a left-foot shot on 20 minutes against local rivals Bolton Wanderers at home. On 22 May, Olsson started and played the full 90 minutes against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 3–2 win at Molineux which kept both teams up for |
1928_5 | another season in the Premier League. At the end of the season, he made 32 appearances for Rovers in total and scored two goals in all competitions. |
1928_6 | Now considered a key player, Olsson started off the season at left back covering for Gaël Givet who himself was covering for various injuries at centre back. Olsson provided an assist in a 4–3 victory over Arsenal. After running from the halfway line to the by-line, he pulled back a cross for Arsenal's Laurent Koscielny to score an own goal. After helping Sweden qualify for UEFA Euro 2012, Olsson returned from international duty to put in a Man of the Match performance on the left wing against Queens Park Rangers in a 1–1 draw at Loftus Road. At the end of the season, Olsson made 31 appearances in all competitions for Rovers as they were relegated after finishing in 19th place in the Premier League with just 31 points to their name.
After picking up a minor injury in pre-season, Olsson made his comeback as an unused substitute on 28 August, against Milton Keynes Dons at Stadium mk in a 2–1 defeat as Blackburn were knocked out in the second round of the League Cup. |
1928_7 | Norwich City
On 10 July 2013, Olsson was signed by Premier League side Norwich City for an undisclosed fee. He signed a four-year deal at Carrow Road. He scored his first goal for the club against Bury in the League Cup on 27 August 2013. Olsson made 37 appearances in all competitions but could not prevent his new team from relegation in his return to Premier League football. |
1928_8 | On the opening day of the 2014–15 season, Olsson was sent off for two bookable offences in a 1–0 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Championship. He was later charged with improper conduct by the FA for allegedly making physical contact with referee Simon Hooper. On 18 August, Olsson's ban was extended by a further three matches after the FA found him guilty of improper conduct, which Norwich announced they would not contend. He was also fined £3,000. He returned from suspension for the match away at Cardiff City where, with Norwich two goals down, he scored the first goal in a comeback that saw Norwich win the match 4–2. From then on, he would be a permanent feature in the Norwich team, appearing in 42 of the 46 league matches, as the team finished third in the league to qualify for the Championship play-offs. Olsson played in all three matches including the 2–0 victory over Middlesbrough in the final at Wembley Stadium, which saw Norwich return to the Premier League at the |
1928_9 | first attempt. |
1928_10 | Olsson would however make fewer appearances in the 2015–16 Premier League season, only appearing in 24 of the 38 league matches, including four appearances as a substitute, with Robbie Brady often being preferred at left-back. He would however score a dramatic winner on 2 April 2016 against Newcastle United. With the match 2–2 going into stoppage time, Olsson scored with a long-distance shot to give Norwich a 3–2 win. The win was ultimately in vain however, as Norwich were relegated to the Championship again at the end of the season. The relegation was confirmed after Sunderland won 3–0 against Everton where the Canaries were four points off safety. |
1928_11 | For the 2016–17 season, Olsson was given the number 3 shirt and would once more be a regular in the side, appearing in 19 of the first 26 league matches. He scored another goal for Norwich, the first in a 3–1 win over Burton Albion, and also receive another red card two minutes into a match against Queens Park Rangers when he handled to prevent a goal. Although QPR missed the resulting penalty, Norwich ultimately lost the match 2–1. His last appearance for Norwich was in a 2–2 draw against Southampton in the FA Cup.
Swansea City
On 17 January 2017, it was announced that Olsson had signed for Premier League club Swansea City for around £4 million. Olsson scored his first goal on 12 February 2017 in a match against reigning champions Leicester City in a 2–0 victory for the Welsh club. |
1928_12 | Olsson became a first team regular in the 2017–18 season, making a total of 36 appearances, but could not prevent the club with relegation at the end of that season. This meant that Olsson was set for a fourth Premier League relegation, same as Robert Green and former Norwich teammate Sébastien Bassong, but one off the current record holders Hermann Hreiðarsson and Nathan Blake.
The club confirmed on 18 May 2019 that he will be released upon expiry of his contract.
Helsingborgs IF
Olsson signed for Helsingborgs IF on a one-year contract ahead of the 2020 Allsvenskan season and played in 25 league games as Helsingborg was relegated to Superettan.
Häcken BK
After Helsingborg's relegation to Superettan, Olsson left the club to sign for the Allsvenskan club BK Häcken. He made 10 Allsvenskan appearances for the club during the 2021 season before being bought by the reigning Swedish Champions Malmö FF.
Malmö FF
On 12 August 2021, Malmö FF announced the signing of Olsson. |
1928_13 | International career
Olsson has played several matches for Sweden's under 18 and under 21 national squads.
He was selected to be part of the senior 23-man squad that would face Bosnia and Herzegovina on 29 May and Belarus on 2 June 2010. Against Bosnia and Herzegovina, Olsson put Sweden back in front from close range in the 68th minute, two minutes after coming on as a substitute, and added his second in the 82nd from Marcus Berg's center. On 6 September 2011, he made his first start for the national team, playing at left back, and scored Sweden's third goal in the 81st minute of the 5–0 victory over San Marino after a clever reverse pass by Zlatan Ibrahimović in a Group E Euro 2012 qualifying fixture. In May 2012, Olsson was named in the 23-man squad to compete for Sweden at UEFA Euro 2012 and was given the number 5 shirt.
In May 2018 he was named in Sweden's 23 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. |
1928_14 | Personal life
Olsson was born in Gävle, Sweden, to a Swedish father and Kenyan mother. He has a twin brother, Marcus, who also is a professional footballer. His brother-in-law is former Dallas Mavericks basketball player Dirk Nowitzki, who is married to Martin's sister Jessica Olsson.
His agent used to be the former Sweden international player Stefan Schwarz. Controversial agent Rune Hauge has also worked for Olsson, after being introduced to him by former Blackburn Rovers teammate Morten Gamst Pedersen.
Career statistics
Club
International
As of match played 14 November 2021. Sweden score listed first, score column indicates score after each Olsson goal.
Honours
Norwich City
Football League Championship play-offs: 2015
Malmö FF
Allsvenskan: 2021
Individual
Stor Grabb: 2013
References
External links
Martin Olsson profile at the Swansea City A.F.C. website |
1928_15 | 1988 births
Living people
People from Gävle
Swedish footballers
Sweden youth international footballers
Sweden under-21 international footballers
Sweden international footballers
Association football defenders
Högaborgs BK players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Helsingborgs IF players
BK Häcken players
Malmö FF players
Premier League players
English Football League players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Swedish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England
Twin people from Sweden
Twin sportspeople
Swedish people of Kenyan descent
Swedish sportspeople of African descent
European sportspeople of Kenyan descent |
1929_0 | The Freccia () is an Italian 8x8 wheeled Infantry fighting vehicle in use with the Italian Army. The first batch of 249 vehicles were ordered to replace Cold War VCC-2 armoured personnel carriers of the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo" in Southern Italy. The Freccia is built by a consortium combining Iveco (hull, engine, suspension) and Oto Melara (armament). |
1929_1 | Design
The Freccia is up-armoured and improved variant of the wheeled Centauro tank destroyer fitted with the Hitfist turret (an evolution of the turret used on the Dardo infantry fighting vehicle), which is armed with an KBA 25mm autocannon and carries 200 rounds of 25mm ammunition. Two 7.62mm NATO machine guns are also fitted. Additionally, a pair of Spike MR/LR anti-tank missiles can be fitted on the turret. The Hitfist turret could theoretically also fit cannons and guns of up to 60mm calibre. Four 80mm smoke grenade launchers are mounted on each side of the turret. The fire control system is the same as for the Centauro reconnaissance/anti-tank version. The Freccia can carry up to eight combat-ready troops.
Procurement
In 2006, the Italian government ordered a first batch of 249 Freccia vehicles in the versions: 190 Combat, 36 Combat Anti-tank, 2 Command Post and 21 Mortar Carrier. All of these were delivered by 6 June 2017 and used to equip the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo". |
1929_2 | In December 2019 a further 81 Freccia were ordered: 5 Combat, 36 Combat Anti-tank, 26 Command Post and 14 Mortar Carrier.
An additional 300 Freccia EVO will be ordered: 180 in various versions to complete the accouterment of the Mechanized Brigade "Aosta", and 120 Freccia EVO Reconnaissance to equip the army's cavalry regiments.
Variants
Freccia Combat, with a two-man Hitfist turret with KBA 25mm autocannon
Freccia Combat Anti-tank, with a two-man Hitfist turret with KBA 25mm autocannon and dual Spike LR anti-tank missile launcher
Freccia Command Post, in two versions: Freccia Tactical Squad and Freccia Command Squad
Freccia Mortar Carrier, with TDA-2R2M 120mm mortar |
1929_3 | Centauro II
In July 2018, the Italian Army signed a €159 million (USD $186 million) contract to acquire 10 Centauro II tank destroyers, the first tranche of a planned 150-vehicle order. The 30-ton Centauro II is based on the Freccia chassis with a two-man turret with a 120 mm gun. Additional improvements include a digital communications system, a 720 hp engine delivering 24 hp/ton, and wheels extending farther out from the hull for greater stability and better protection against mine blasts.
Due to the combination of its eight-wheeled configuration and revised chassis, the Centauro II can withstand the higher recoil of a high-velocity 120mm cannon, while equivalent vehicles with fewer wheels or weaker chassis are often limited to lower velocity and/or lower-calibre cannons. The gun is also fitted with an efficient muzzle brake. |
1929_4 | Freccia EVO
The Freccia EVO is a development of the Centauro II with a remote Hitfist OWS turret with 30mm autocannon. The army plans to acquire 300 Freccia EVO, 120 of which in the Reconnaissance variant.
Freccia EVO Combat, with a remote Hitfist OWS turret with 30mm autocannon
Freccia EVO Reconnaissance, with a remote Hitfist OWS turret with 30mm autocannon and Janus sensor mast
Current operators
Italian Army:
Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo":
9th Infantry Regiment "Bari"
7th Bersaglieri Regiment
82nd Infantry Regiment "Torino"
Mechanized Brigade "Aosta"
5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta"
6th Bersaglieri Regiment
62nd Infantry Regiment "Sicilia"
Mechanized Brigade "Sassari":
3rd Bersaglieri Regiment
The Freccia EVO Reconnaissance and Centauro II will equip the army's cavalry regiments.
See also
Comparable vehicles |
1929_5 | Stryker
LAV III/LAV AFV/LAV-25/ASLAV
K808 Armored Personnel Carrier
Tusan AFV
Boxer
BTR-90
CM-32
Type 96 Armored Personnel Carrier
Type 16 maneuver combat vehicle
Patria AMV
BTR-4
Saur 2
VBCI
KTO Rosomak
FNSS Pars
MOWAG Piranha
References
External links
Italian Army homepage: Freccia
Official website
Armoured fighting vehicles of Italy
Wheeled infantry fighting vehicles
Iveco vehicles
Eight-wheeled vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s |
1930_0 | The 1981 Women's World Chess Championship was won by Maia Chiburdanidze, who successfully defended her title against challenger Nana Alexandria after a closely fought match, which ended in an 8-8 tie.
1979 Interzonals
Like the previous one, this championship cycle contained two Interzonal tournaments, held in Rio de Janeiro in September and Alicante in October 1979, featuring the best players from each FIDE zone. A total of 35 players took part, with the top three from Rio (17 players) and the top four from Alicante (18 players) qualifying for the Candidates' matches.
Ioseliani won convincingly in Rio, 2½ points ahead of Veroci-Petronic and Alexandria. |
1930_1 | In Alicante, Lematschko and Akhmilovskaya shared first place, well ahead of Gurieli and Litinskaya. However, Lematschko subsequently defected from socialist Bulgaria and was unable to take part in the Candidates' matches, so her place was given to Fischdick as fourth-placed from the Rio Interzonal (on tie-breaks). Lematschko later settled in Switzerland and reached the Candidates' matches again in the following cycle, representing her new country. |
1930_2 | {| class="wikitable"
|+ 1979 Women's Interzonal, Rio de Janeiro
|-
! !! Player !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! Points !! Tie break
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || || - || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 14½ ||
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 2 || || ½ || - || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 12 ||
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 3 || || 0 || 0 || - || ½ || ½ || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 11 ||
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 4 || || 0 || ½ || ½ || - || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 10½ || 74.50
|-
| 5 || || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || - || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 10½ || 73.50
|-
| 6 || || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || - || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 9½ || 63.25
|- |
1930_3 | | 7 || || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || - || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 9½ || 60.50
|-
| 8 || || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || - || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 9 || 55.50
|-
| 9 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || - || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 9 || 54.25
|-
| 10 || || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || - || 1 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 8 ||
|-
| 11 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || - || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 7½ ||
|-
| 12 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || - || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 6½ || 38.50
|-
| 13 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || 0 || - || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 6½ || 33.25
|-
| 14 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || - || 1 || 1 || 1 || 6 ||
|-
| 15 || || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || - || 1 || 1 || 4 ||
|- |
1930_4 | | 16 || || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || - || ½ || 1½ ||
|-
| 17 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || - || ½ ||
|} |
1930_5 | {| class="wikitable"
|+ 1979 Women's Interzonal, Alicante
|-
! !! Player !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! Points !! Tie break
|-
| 1 || || - || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 13½ || 107.75
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 2 || || ½ || - || ½ || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 13½ || 104.50
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 3 || || 0 || ½ || - || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 12 ||
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 4 || || 0 || 0 || 1 || - || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 11½ ||
|-
| 5 || || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || - || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 11 ||
|-
| 6 || || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || - || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 10½ ||
|- |
1930_6 | | 7 || || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || - || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 10 ||
|-
| 8 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || - || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 9 ||
|-
| 9 || || 1 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || 0 || ½ || - || 1 || 1 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 8½ || 65.25
|-
| 10 || || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || 0 || 0 || - || ½ || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 8½ || 54.50
|-
| 11 || || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || - || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 8 || 64.75
|-
| 12 || || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || - || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 8 || 58.25
|-
| 13 || || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || - || ½ || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 6½ || 53.00
|-
| 14 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || 0 || ½ || - || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 6½ || 40.00
|- |
1930_7 | | 15 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || - || 0 || 1 || 1 || 6 ||
|-
| 16 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 1 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || - || 0 || ½ || 5 ||
|-
| 17 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || - || ½ || 2½ || 14.25
|-
| 18 || || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || - || 2½ || 14.25
|} |
1930_8 | 1980–81 Candidates' matches
The seven qualifiers from the two Interzonals were joined by ex-champion Gaprindashvili, who had been seeded into the tournament.
These eight players contested a knock-out series of matches. The semifinal Ioseliani-Gaprindashvili ended 7-7; in the end, Ioseliani won the lucky draw and advanced to the final. Here she lost to Alexandria, who earned the right to challenge the reigning champion for the second time (after 1975).
1981 Championship Match
The championship match was played in Borjomi and Tbilisi in 1981. A tough match went the full 16 games and ended in an 8-8 tie, with champion Chiburdanidze thus retaining her title. |
1930_9 | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Women's World Championship Match 1981
|-
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! Total
|-
| align=left |
| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 8
|-
| align=left | |
1930_10 | |style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 1 || 8
|} |
1930_11 | References
Women's World Chess Championships
1981 in chess |
1931_0 | The Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad (Sanskrit: माण्डूक्य उपनिषद्, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda. It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.
It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars. It discusses the syllable Aum; presents the theory of four states of consciousness; and asserts that Aum is Brahman – which is the Whole – and that Brahman is this self (ātman).
The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, through two central characters of the Ramayana, as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain moksha, and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads. The text is also notable for inspiring Gaudapada's Karika, a classic for the Vedanta school of Hinduism. The Mandukya Upanishad is among the often cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism. |
1931_1 | Etymology
The root of Mandukya is sometimes considered as Manduka (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which has several meanings. Some of its meanings include "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or, "Spiritual distress" Some writers have suggested that "frog" is the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad.
Another root for the Upanishad's name is Mānduka (Sanskrit: माण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher". Paul Deussen states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of Rigveda". This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.
Applying the rules of sandhi, the text is also called Mandukyopanishad.
Chronology and authorship |
1931_2 | Chronology
The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested. The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.
Nakamura dates the Mandukya Upanishad to "about the first or second centuries A.D." Richard King too dates the Mandukya Upanishad at the first two centuries of the Common Era. Olivelle states, "we have the two late prose Upanisads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, which cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era". |
1931_3 | Mahony, on the other hand, states that Mandukya Upanishad probably emerged in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, along with Prashna and Maitri Upanishads. Phillips lists Mandukya Upanishad before and about the time the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, the Maitri Upanishad, as well as the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed. Ranade posits a view similar to Phillips, placing Mandukya's chronological composition in the fifth, that is the last group of ancient Principal Upanishads.
Chronological roots
The foundation of several theories in the Mandukya Upanishad are found in chronologically more ancient Sanskrit texts. For example, chapters 8.7 through 8.12 of Chandogya Upanishad discuss the "four states of consciousness" as awake, dream-filled sleep, deep sleep, and beyond deep sleep. |
1931_4 | Authorship
The text of the Mandukya Upanishad is fully incorporated in the Mandukya Karika, a commentary attributed to the 6th century CE Gaudapada, and is not known to exist independent of this commentary. Isaeva states that some scholars, including Paul Deussen, presumed that Gaudapada may be its author; however, there is no historical or textual evidence for this hypothesis. Scholars consider Mandukya Upanishad as a Principal Upanishad with more ancient origins.
Structure
In contrast to the older Upanishads, the Mandukya Upanishad is very short, with clear and concise formulations. It has twelve short prose paragraphs. |
1931_5 | Contents
The Mandukya Upanishad is an important Upanishad in Hinduism, particularly to its Advaita Vedanta school. It succinctly presents several central doctrines, namely that "the universe is Brahman," "the Self (Atma) exists and is Brahman," and "the four states of consciousness". The Mandukya Upanishad also presents several theories about the syllable Aum, and that it symbolizes self.
Aum in the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring, "Aum!, this syllable is this whole world". Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies. This discussion is built on a structure of "four fourths" or "fourfold", derived from A + U + M + "silence" (or without an element).
Aum as all states of time
In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are "Aum". The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is "Aum" expressed.
Aum as all states of Atman |
1931_6 | In verse 2, states the Upanishad, "this brahman is the Whole. Brahman is this self (ātman); that [brahman] is this self (ātman), consisting of four corners."
Aum as all states of consciousness
In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of (being one with Self, the oneness of Self). These four are A + U + M + "without an element" respectively.
Aum as all of etymological knowledge |
1931_7 | In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable "Aum". It states that the first element of "Aum" is A, which is from Apti (obtaining, reaching) or from Adimatva (being first). The second element is U, which is from Utkarsa (exaltation) or from Ubhayatva (intermediateness). The third element is M, from Miti (erecting, constructing) or from Mi Minati, or apīti (annihilation). The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Om is the Atman (the self) indeed.
Four states of consciousness |
1931_8 | The Mandukya Upanishad describes four states of consciousness, namely waking (jågrat), dreaming (svapna), and deep sleep (suṣupti),<ref group=web name=Om>[http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/downloads/om.pdf advaita.org.uk, Om' – three states and one reality (An interpretation of the Mandukya Upanishad)]</ref> which correspond to the Three Bodies Doctrine:
The first state is the waking state, in which we are aware of our daily world. "It is described as outward-knowing (bahish-prajnya), gross (sthula) and universal (vaishvanara)". This is the gross body.
The second state is the dreaming mind. "It is described as inward-knowing (antah-prajnya), subtle (pravivikta) and burning (taijasa)". This is the subtle body. |
1931_9 | The third state is the state of deep sleep. In this state the underlying ground of consciousness is undistracted, "the Lord of all (sarv'-eshvara), the knower of all (sarva-jnya), the inner controller (antar-yami), the source of all (yonih sarvasya), the origin and dissolution of created things (prabhav'-apyayau hi bhutanam)". This is the causal body.
The fourth factor is Turiya, pure consciousness. It is the background that underlies and transcends the three common states of consciousness. In this consciousness both absolute and relative, saguna brahman and Nirguna Brahman, are transcended. It is the true state of experience of the infinite (ananta) and non-different (advaita/abheda), free from the dualistic experience which results from the attempts to conceptualise ( vikalpa) reality. It is the state in which ajativada, non-origination, is apprehended. |
1931_10 | Theory and nature of Atman
The verses 3 through 7 discuss four states of Atman (Self).
Verse 3 of the Upanishad describes the first state of Self as outwardly cognitive with seven limbs, nineteen mouths, enjoying the gross, a state of Self common in all of human beings.
The Mandukya Upanishad, in verse 4, asserts the second state of Self as inwardly cognitive with seven limbs, nineteen mouths, enjoying the exquisite, a state of brilliant Self.
The Upanishad's verse 5 states the third state of Self as one without desire or anticipations, where pure conscience is his only mouth, where he is in unified cognition, enjoying the delight, a state of blissful Self. |
1931_11 | The verses 6 and 7 of the Upanishad states the fourth state of Self as one beyond all the three, beyond extrospective state, beyond introspective state, beyond cognitive state, the state of ekatmya pratyaya sara (one with the Self), tranquil, benign, advaita (without second). He then is the Self, just Atman, the one which should be discerned.
Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal. |
1931_12 | Similarities and differences with Buddhist teachings
Scholars contest whether Mandukya Upanishad was influenced by Buddhist theories along with the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Hinduism in light of the text. According to Hajime Nakamura, the Mandukya Upanishad was influenced by Mahayana Buddhism and its concept of śūnyatā. Nakamura states, "many particular Buddhist terms or uniquely Buddhist modes of expression may be found in it", such as adrsta, avyavaharya, agrahya, , acintya, prapancopasama. According to Randall Collins the Mandukya Upanishad "includes phrases found in the Prajnaparamitrasutras of Mahayana Buddhism."
According to Michael Comans, Vidushekhara also notes that the term prapañcopaśama does not appear in pre-Buddhist Brahmanic works, but in contrast to Nakamura he does not conclude that the term was taken over from Mahayana Buddhism. According to Comans, eventual Mahayana origins of this term are no more than a possibility, and not a certainty. |
1931_13 | Comans also disagrees with Nakamura's thesis that "the fourth realm (caturtha) was perhaps influenced by the Sunyata of Mahayana Buddhism." According to Comans,
Comans further refers to Nakamura himself, who notes that later Mahayana sutras such as the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and the concept of Buddha-nature, were influenced by Vedantic thought. Comans concludes that
Jacobs lists adrsta and other terms in more ancient, pre-Buddhist literature such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. |
1931_14 | Isaeva states that there are differences in the teachings in the texts of Buddhism and the Mandukya Upanishad of Hinduism, because the latter asserts that citta "consciousness" is identical with the eternal and immutable atman "Self" of the Upanishads. In other words, Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada affirm the Self exists, while Buddhist schools affirm that there is no soul or self.KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, , pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards;Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, , page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";Edward Roer (Translator), , pages 2-4Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine |
1931_15 | Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now |
1931_16 | Reception
Muktika Upanishad
Rama and Hanuman of the Hindu Epic Ramayana, in Muktika Upanishad, discuss moksha (freedom, liberation, deliverance). Rama, therein, recommends Mandukya as first among 108 Upanishads, as follows,
Classical commentators
Gaudapada
One of the first known extant metrical commentary on this Upanishad was written by Gaudapada, This commentary, called the Māndūkya-kārikā, is the earliest known systematic exposition of Advaita Vedanta.
Raju states that Gaudapada took over the Buddhist doctrines that ultimate reality is pure consciousness (vijñapti-mātra), and "the four-cornered negation" (चतुष्कोटि विनिर्मुक्तः). Raju further states that Gaudapada "weaved [both doctrines] into a philosophy of the Mandukaya Upanisad, which was further developed by Shankara". Other scholars such as Murti state, that while there is shared terminology, the doctrines of Gaudapada and Buddhism are fundamentally different. |
1931_17 | Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara, a disciple of Govinda Bhagavatpada who himself was either a direct or a distant disciple of Gaudapada, further made commentaries on Gaudapada Mandukya karika, Mandukya Upanishad forms one of the basis of Advaita Vedanta as expounded by Adi Shankara.
Madhvacharya
Madhvacharya, the propounder of Dvaita Vedanta, has written commentaries on Mandukya Upanishad and offers an emotional and theistic perspective of the scripture, and attributes them to Śruti, his commentary based on bhakti yoga and uses Vishnu and his attributes as a similes for deciphering the shlokas of the Mandukya Upanishad
Modern commentators
According to Aurobindo, Brahman, which has the potentiality of becoming, has created out an existence which has a relation between itself. This existence with its experience of becoming and having relation with the absolute is called as Self or purusha, the principle or power of becoming is called as nature or prakriti. |
1931_18 | Swami Rama has provided an interpretation of this Upanishad from the experiential standpoint in his commentary Enlightenment without God.
Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade calls the aphoristic style of Mandukya Upanishad as highly influential on the Sutras of Indian philosophies that followed it, and that the Upanishad has served as a foundational text of the major Vedanta school of Hinduism. He states,
Ranade's views on the importance of Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada's commentary on Vedanta school, particularly Advaita Vedanta sub-school of Hinduism, is shared by modern era scholars such as Hacker, Vetter and others.
Johnston states that Mandukya Upanishad must be read in two layers, consciousness and vehicles of consciousness, Self and nature of Self, the empirical and the eternal. The text aphoristically condenses these layers of message, both in literal and metaphorical sense. |
1931_19 | William Butler Yeats, the Irish poet, was inspired by the Upanishads and Mandukya Upanishad was among the texts he commented on.Bruce Wilson (1982), "From Mirror after Mirror: Yeats and Eastern Thought," Comparative Literature, Vol. 34, No. 1, pages 28-46
David Stoll's 1987 Piano Quartet is inspired by three Upanishads, one being Mandukya Upanishad, other two being Katha and Isha Upanishads.
See also
Adi Shri Gauḍapādāchārya
Adi Shri Shankaracharya
Advaita
Shri Gaudapadacharya Mutt
Shri Govinda Bhagavatpadacharya
Notes
References
Sources
Published sources
Web-sources |
1931_20 | Further reading
Eight Upanishads. Vol.2. With the commentary of Sankaracharya, Tr. By Swami Gambhirananda. Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta, 1990.
V. Krishnamurthy. Essentials of Hinduism. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 1989
Swami Rama. Enlightenment Without God [commentary on Mandukya Upanishad]. Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, 1982.
Sri Aurobindo, The Upanishads . Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. 1972.
External links
https://archive.org/details/MandukyaUpanihadBook Tamil |
1931_21 | The Mandukya Upanishad/Karika, Shankara’s Commentary and Anandagiri’s Tika Translated by Swami Nikhilananda, online ebook
Mandukya Upanishad Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press
Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Dvivedi, Panoli)
The Mandukya Upanishad English Translation by Jayaram V
Mandukya Upanishad with Gaudapada Karika
Part 1 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad
Part 2 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad
Recitation
Mandukya Upanishad recitation by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar
Downloadable Audio of 44 Classes on Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada Karika by Swami TattwamayanandaResources'''
Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Mandukya Upanishad at Vedanta Hub
Upanishads
Advaita Vedanta |
1932_0 | A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is used for transporting materials (such as dirt, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction as well as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK, Australia, South Africa and India the term applies to off-road construction plants only and the road vehicle is known as a tip lorry, tipper lorry (UK, India), tipper truck, tip truck, tip trailer or tipper trailer or simply a tipper (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa).
History |
1932_1 | The dump truck is thought to have been first conceived in the farms of late 19th century western Europe. Thornycroft developed a steam dust-cart in 1896 with a tipper mechanism. The first motorized dump trucks in the United States were developed by small equipment companies such as The Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, Galion Buggy Co. and Lauth-Juergens among many others around 1910. Hydraulic dump beds were introduced by Wood Hoist Co. shortly after. Such companies flourished during World War I due to massive wartime demand. August Fruehauf had obtained military contracts for his semi-trailer, invented in 1914 and later created the partner vehicle, the semi-truck for use in World War I. After the war, Fruehauf introduced hydraulics in his trailers. They offered hydraulic lift gates, hydraulic winches and a dump trailer for sales in the early 1920s. Fruehauf became the premier supplier of dump trailers and their famed "bathtub dump" was considered to be the best by heavy haulers, road |
1932_2 | and mining construction firms. |
1932_3 | Companies like Galion Buggy Co. continued to grow after the war by manufacturing a number of express bodies and some smaller dump bodies that could be easily installed on either stock or converted (heavy-duty suspension and drivetrain) Model T chassis prior to 1920. Galion and Wood Mfg. Co. built all of the dump bodies offered by Ford on their heavy-duty AA and BB chassis during the 1930s. Galion (now Galion Godwin Truck Body Co.) is the oldest known truck body manufacturer still in operation today.
The first known Canadian dump truck was developed in Saint John, New Brunswick, when Robert T. Mawhinney attached a dump box to a flatbed truck in 1920. The lifting device was a winch attached to a cable that fed over sheave (pulley) mounted on a mast behind the cab. The cable was connected to the lower front end of the wooden dump box which was attached by a pivot at the back of the truck frame. The operator turned a crank to raise and lower the box. |
1932_4 | From the 1930s Euclid, International-Harvester and Mack contributed to ongoing development. Mack modified its existing trucks with varying success. In 1934 Euclid became the first manufacturer in the world to successfully produce a dedicated off-highway truck.
Types
Today, virtually all dump trucks operate by hydraulics and they come in a variety of configurations each designed to accomplish a specific task in the construction material supply chain. |
1932_5 | Standard dump truck
A standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised by a vertical hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the body (known as a front post hoist configuration), or a horizontal hydraulic ram and lever arrangement between the frame rails (known as an underbody hoist configuration), and the back of the bed is hinged at the back of the truck. The tailgate (sometimes referred to as an end gate) can be configured to swing up on top hinges (and sometimes also to fold down on lower hinges) or it can be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic or hydraulic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body. Some bodies, typically for hauling grain, have swing-out doors for entering the box and a metering gate/chute in the center for a more controlled dumping. |
1932_6 | In the United States most standard dump trucks have one front steering axle and one (4x2 4-wheeler)) or two (6x4 6-wheeler) rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side. Tandem rear axles are almost always powered, front steering axles are also sometimes powered (4x4, 6x6). Unpowered axles are sometimes used to support extra weight. Most unpowered rear axles can be raised off the ground to minimize wear when the truck is empty or lightly loaded, and are commonly called "lift axles".
European Union heavy trucks often have two steering axles. Dump truck configurations are two, three, and four axles. The four-axle eight wheeler has two steering axles at the front and two powered axles at the rear and is limited to gross weight in most EU countries. The largest of the standard European dump trucks is commonly called a "centipede" and has seven axles. The front axle is the steering axle, the rear two axles are powered, and the remaining four are lift axles. |
1932_7 | The shorter wheelbase of a standard dump truck often makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks.
Semi trailer end dump truck
A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist. In the US a typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with dual tires, in the EU trailers often have 3 axles and single tires. The key advantage of a semi end dump is a large payload. A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level. Some end dumps make use of an articulated arm (known as a stabilizer) below the box, between the chassis rails, to stabilize the load in the raised position.
Transfer dump truck |
1932_8 | A transfer dump truck is a standard dump truck pulling a separate trailer with a movable cargo container, which can also be loaded with construction aggregate, gravel, sand, asphalt, klinkers, snow, wood chips, triple mix, etc.
The second aggregate container on the trailer ("B" box), is powered by an electric motor, a pneumatic motor or a hydraulic line. It rolls on small wheels, riding on rails from the trailer's frame into the empty main dump container ("A" box). This maximizes payload capacity without sacrificing the maneuverability of the standard dump truck. Transfer dump trucks are typically seen in the western United States due to the peculiar weight restrictions on highways there. |
1932_9 | Another configuration is called a triple transfer train, consisting of a "B" and "C" box. These are common on Nevada and Utah Highways, but not in California. Depending on the axle arrangement, a triple transfer can haul up to with a special permit in certain American states. , a triple transfer costs a contractor about $105 an hour, while a A/B configuration costs about $85 per hour.
Transfer dump trucks typically haul between of aggregate per load, each truck is capable of 3–5 loads per day, generally speaking.
Truck and pup
A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer dump. It consists of a standard dump truck pulling a dump trailer. The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own hydraulic ram and is capable of self-unloading.
Superdump truck |
1932_10 | A super dump is a straight dump truck equipped with a trailing axle, a liftable, load-bearing axle rated as high as . Trailing behind the rear tandem, the trailing axle stretches the outer "bridge" measurement—the distance between the first and last axles—to the maximum overall length allowed. This increases the gross weight allowed under the federal bridge formula, which sets standards for truck size and weight. Depending on the vehicle length and axle configuration, Superdumps can be rated as high as GVW and carry of payload or more. When the truck is empty or ready to offload, the trailing axle toggles up off the road surface on two hydraulic arms to clear the rear of the vehicle. Truck owners call their trailing axle-equipped trucks Superdumps because they far exceed the payload, productivity, and return on investment of a conventional dump truck. The Superdump and trailing axle concept were developed by Strong Industries of Houston, Texas.
Semi trailer bottom dump truck |
1932_11 | A semi bottom dump, bottom hopper, or belly dump is a (commonly) 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with a clam shell type dump gate in the belly of the trailer. The key advantage of a semi bottom dump is its ability to lay material in a windrow, a linear heap. In addition, a semi bottom dump is maneuverable in reverse, unlike the double and triple trailer configurations described below. These trailers may be found either of the windrow type shown in the photo or may be of the cross spread type, with the gate opening front to rear instead of left and right. The cross spread type gate will actually spread the cereal grains fairly and evenly from the width of the trailer. By comparison, the windrow-type gate leaves a pile in the middle. The cross spread type gate, on the other hand, tends to jam and may not work very well with coarse materials. |
1932_12 | Double and triple trailer bottom dump truck
Double and triple bottom dumps consist of a 2-axle tractor pulling one single-axle semi-trailer and an additional full trailer (or two full trailers in the case of triples). These dump trucks allow the driver to lay material in windrows without leaving the cab or stopping the truck. The main disadvantage is the difficulty in backing double and triple units. |
1932_13 | The specific type of dump truck used in any specific country is likely to be closely keyed to the weight and axle limitations of that jurisdiction. Rock, dirt, and other types of materials commonly hauled in trucks of this type are quite heavy, and almost any style of truck can be easily overloaded. Because of that, this type of truck is frequently configured to take advantage of local weight limitations to maximize the cargo. For example, within the United States, the maximum weight limit is throughout the country, except for specific bridges with lower limits. Individual states, in some instances, are allowed to authorize trucks up to . Most states that do so require that the trucks be very long, to spread the weight over more distance. It is in this context that double and triple bottoms are found within the United States.
Side dump truck |
1932_14 | A side dump truck (SDT) consists of a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. It has hydraulic rams that tilt the dump body onto its side, spilling the material to either the left or right side of the trailer. The key advantages of the side dump are that it allows rapid unloading and can carry more weight in the western United States. In addition, it is almost immune to upset (tipping over) while dumping, unlike the semi end dumps which are very prone to tipping over. It is, however, highly likely that a side dump trailer will tip over if dumping is stopped prematurely. Also, when dumping loose materials or cobble sized stone, the side dump can become stuck if the pile becomes wide enough to cover too much of the trailer's wheels. Trailers that dump at the appropriate angle (50° for example) avoid the problem of the dumped load fouling the path of the trailer wheels by dumping their loads further to the side of the truck, in some cases leaving sufficient clearance to walk |
1932_15 | between the dumped load and the trailer. |
1932_16 | Winter service vehicles
Many winter service vehicles are based on dump trucks, to allow the placement of ballast to weigh the truck down or to hold sodium or calcium chloride salts for spreading on snow and ice-covered surfaces. Plowing is severe service and needs heavy-duty trucks. |
1932_17 | Roll-off trucks
A Roll-off has a hoist and subframe, but no body, it carries removable containers. The container is loaded on the ground, then pulled onto the back of the truck with a winch and cable. The truck goes to the dumpsite, after it has been dumped the empty container is taken and placed to be loaded or stored. The hoist is raised and the container slides down the subframe so the rear is on the ground. The container has rollers on the rear and can be moved forward or back until the front of it is lowered onto the ground. The containers are usually open-topped boxes used for rubble and building debris, but rubbish compactor containers are also carried. A newer hook-lift system ("roller container" in the UK) does the same job, but lifts, lowers, and dumps the container with a boom arrangement instead of a cable and hoist.
Off-highway dump trucks |
1932_18 | Off-highway dump trucks are heavy construction equipment and share little resemblance to highway dump trucks. Bigger off-highway dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs. There are two primary forms: rigid frame and articulating frame.
The term "dump" truck is not generally used by the mining industry, or by the manufacturers that build these machines. The more appropriate U.S. term for this strictly off-road vehicle is "haul truck" and the equivalent European term is "dumper".
Haul truck |
1932_19 | Haul trucks are used in large surface mines and quarries. They have a rigid frame and conventional steering with drive at the rear wheel. As of late 2013, the largest ever production haul truck is the 450 metric ton BelAZ 75710, followed by the Liebherr T 282B, the Bucyrus MT6300AC and the Caterpillar 797F, which each have payload capacities of up to . Most large-size haul trucks employ Diesel-electric powertrains, using the Diesel engine to drive an AC alternator or DC generator that sends electric power to electric motors at each rear wheel. The Caterpillar 797 is unique for its size, as it employs a Diesel engine to power a mechanical powertrain, typical of most road-going vehicles and intermediary size haul trucks.
Other major manufacturers of haul trucks include SANY, XCMG, Hitachi, Komatsu, DAC, Terex, and BelAZ.
Articulated hauler |
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