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1932_20 | An articulated dumper is an all-wheel-drive, off-road dump truck. It has a hinge between the cab and the dump box but is distinct from a semi-trailer truck in that the power unit is a permanent fixture, not a separable vehicle. Steering is accomplished via hydraulic cylinders that pivot the entire tractor in relation to the trailer, rather than rack and pinion steering on the front axle as in a conventional dump truck. By this way of steering, the trailer's wheels follow the same path as the front wheels. Together with all-wheel drive and low center of gravity, it is highly adaptable to rough terrain. Major manufacturers include Volvo CE, Terex, John Deere, and Caterpillar.
U-shaped dump truck
U-shaped dump trucks, also known as tub-body trucks, is used to transport construction waste, it is made of high-strength super wear-resistant special steel plate directly bent, and has the characteristics of impact resistance, alternating stress resistance, corrosion resistance and so on. |
1932_21 | 1. Cleaner unloading
U-shaped dump truck, there is no dead angle at the corners of the cargo box, it is not easy to stick to the box when unloading, and the unloading is cleaner.
2. Lightweight
The U-shaped cargo box reduces its own weight through structural optimization. Now the most common U-shaped dump is to use high-strength plates. Under the premise of ensuring the strength of the car body, the thickness of the plate is reduced by about 20%, and the self-weight of the car is reduced by about 1 ton, which effectively improves the utilization factor of the load mass.
3. Strong carrying capacity.Using high-strength steel plate, high yield strength, better impact resistance and fatigue resistance. For users of ore transportation, it can reduce the damage of ore to the container.
4. Low center of gravity The U-shaped structure has a lower center of gravity, which makes the ride more stable, especially when cornering, and avoids spilling cargo. |
1932_22 | 5. Save tires The U-shaped cargo box can keep the cargo in the center, and the tires on both sides are more evenly stressed, which is beneficial to improve the life of the tires.
Dangers
Collisions
Dump trucks are normally built for some amount of off-road or construction site driving; as the driver is protected by the chassis and height of the driver's seat, bumpers are either placed high or omitted for added ground clearance. The disadvantage is that in a collision with a standard car, the entire motor section or luggage compartment goes under the truck. Thus, the passengers in the car could be more severely injured than would be common in a collision with another car. Several countries have made rules that new trucks should have bumpers approximately above ground in order to protect other drivers. There are also rules about how long the load or construction of the truck can go beyond the rear bumper to prevent cars that rear-end the truck from going under it. |
1932_23 | Tipping
Another safety consideration is the leveling of the truck before unloading. If the truck is not parked on relatively horizontal ground, the sudden change of weight and balance due to lifting of the body and dumping of the material can cause the truck to slide, or even to tip over. The live bottom trailer is an approach to eliminate this danger.
Back-up accidents
Because of their size and the difficulty of maintaining visual contact with on-foot workers, dump trucks can be a threat, especially when backing up. Mirrors and back-up alarms provide some level of protection, and having a spotter working with the driver also decreases back-up injuries and fatalities.
Manufacturers |
1932_24 | Ashok Leyland
Asia MotorWorks
Astra
AUSA
BelAZ
BEML
Beau-Roc
Cancade CBI Ltd
Case CE
Caterpillar Inc.
DAC
Daewoo
Dart (commercial vehicle)
Eicher Motors
Euclid Trucks
FAP
Galion Godwin Truck Body Co.
General East
Godwin Manufacturing Company Inc.
HEPCO
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)
Iveco
John Deere
Kamaz
Kenworth
Kioleides
Komatsu
KrAZ
Leader Trucks
Liebherr Group
Mack Trucks
Mahindra Trucks & Buses Ltd.
MAN SE
Mercedes-Benz
Navistar International
New Holland
Peterbilt
SANY
R/S Godwin Truck Body Company
Scania AB
ST Kinetics
Tata
Tatra (company)
Terex Corporation
Volvo Construction Equipment
Volvo Trucks
XCMG
Warren, Inc.
Williamsen Godwin Truck Body Company
See also
Dumper
Garbage truck
Live bottom trailer
Rear-eject haul truck bodies
Notes
References
External links |
1932_25 | A YouTube video of a dump truck raising and lowering its load tray
Caterpillar 730 Articulated Dump Truck on a loading cycle
Bell B40D Articulated Dump Truck loading and unloading
Articulated Dump Truck
Volvo A40D Articulated Dump Truck at work moving over burden
All about Trucks
Sany Trucks
Canadian inventions
Engineering vehicles |
1933_0 | Advertising media selection is the process of choosing the most efficient media for an advertising campaign. To evaluate media efficiency, planners consider a range of factors including: the required coverage and number of exposures in a target audience; the relative cost of the media advertising and the media environment. Media planning may also involve buying media space. Media planners require an intricate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the main media options. The media industry is dynamic - new advertising media options are constantly emerging. Digital and social media are changing the way that consumers use media and are also influencing how consumers acquire product information.
Types of advertising media
The selection of advertising media for a given campaign requires a deep and rich understanding of the media options available.
Television advertising |
1933_1 | Television advertising offers the benefit of reaching large numbers in a single exposure. The reason for having large numbers is that this advertising method can reach the household-level customers. Yet because it is a mass medium capable of being seen by nearly anyone, television lacks the ability to deliver an advertisement to highly targeted customers compared to other media outlets. Television networks are attempting to improve their targeting efforts. In particular, networks operating in the pay-to-access arena, such as those with channels on cable and satellite television, are introducing more narrowly themed programming (i.e., TV shows geared to specific interest groups) designed to appeal to selective audiences. However, television remains an option that is best for products that targeted to a broad market. The geographic scope of television advertising may vary, from local or regional advertising through to national coverage, depending on whether public broadcasting or |
1933_2 | subscriber-based cable services are used. |
1933_3 | Television advertising, once seen as the mainstay of media advertising, is facing numerous challenges from alternative media, especially interactive and social media. Technological innovations, especially the advent of ad blocking and zapping, has eroded TV's immediacy and relevance for some audiences.
Radio advertising |
1933_4 | Promotion through radio has been a viable advertising option for over 80 years. Radio advertising is mostly local to the broadcast range of a radio station, however, at least three options exist that offer national and potentially international coverage. First, in many countries there are radio networks that use many geographically distinct stations to broadcast simultaneously. In the United States such networks as Disney (children's programming) and ESPN (sports programming) broadcast nationally either through a group of company-owned stations or through a syndication arrangement (i.e., business agreement) with partner stations. Second, within the last few years the emergence of radio programming delivered via satellite has become an option for national advertising. Finally, the potential for national and international advertising may become more attractive as radio stations allow their signals to be broadcast over the Internet. |
1933_5 | In many ways radio suffers the same problems as television, namely, a mass medium that is not highly targeted and offers little opportunity to track responses. But unlike television, radio presents the additional disadvantage of limiting advertisers to audio-only advertising. For some products advertising without visual support is not effective.
Print publications advertising
Print publications such as magazines, books, newspapers and Special Issue publications (such as annuals) offer a variety of advertising opportunities:
Magazines, especially those that target specific niche or specialized interest areas, are more tightly targeted compared to broadcast media. Additionally, magazines offer the option of allowing marketers to present their message using high quality imagery (e.g., full color) and can also offer advertisers the ability to integrate interactive, tactile experiences through the use of scratch-it papers impregnated with scents (e.g., perfume). |
1933_6 | Newspapers have also incorporated color advertisements, though their main advantage rests with their ability to target local markets. For advertisers, the ability to insert catalogs or special promotional material into the newspaper is an advantage.
Special Issue publications can offer very selective targeting since these often focus on an extremely narrow topics (e.g., auto buying guide, tour guides, college and university ratings, etc.).
Internet advertising |
1933_7 | The fastest growing media outlet for advertising is the Internet. Compared to spending in other media, the rate of spending for Internet advertising is experiencing tremendous growth and in the U.S. trails only newspaper and television advertising in terms of total spending. Internet advertising's influence continues to expand and each year more major marketers shift a larger portion of their promotional budget to this medium. Two key reasons for this shift rest with the Internet's ability to: (1) narrowly target an advertising message and, (2) track user response to the advertiser's message.
The Internet offers many advertising options with messages delivered through websites or by email: |
1933_8 | Standard online advertising formats (e.g. Banner ads, interstitials.) - A banner ad is a rectangular advertisement appearing at the top or bottom of a web-page. Banner ads are typically 468 X 60 pixels. An interstitial is an advertisement that interrupts the user. It may be a full page or a pop up window.
Rich media advertisements - ads that incorporate a variety of technology components such as video and audio. Rich media ads are thought to deliver higher impact messages.
Paid search advertising - A method of placing online advertisements on web pages that show results from search engine queries. Through the same search-engine advertising services, ads can also be placed on Web pages with other published content. |
1933_9 | Search engine marketing - A form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising. SEM may incorporate search engine optimization (SEO), which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture to achieve a higher ranking in search engine results pages to enhance pay per click (PPC) listings.
Online video gaming - An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or another computer network. Advertisers can pay to have their messages or products incorporated into the sets of online games.
Paid inclusion - Paid inclusion is a search engine marketing product where the search engine company charges fees related to inclusion of websites in their search index. The use of paid inclusion is controversial and paid inclusion's popularity has decreased over time among search engines. |
1933_10 | Email advertising - also known as internet direct marketing. Using email to deliver an advertisement affords marketers the advantage of low distribution cost and potentially high reach. In situations where the marketer possesses a highly targeted list, response rates to email advertisements may be quite high. This is especially true if those on the list have agreed to receive email, a process known as “opt-in” marketing. Email advertisement can take the form of a regular email message or be presented within the context of more detailed content, such as an electronic newsletter. Delivery to a user's email address can be viewed as either plain text or can look more like a website using web coding (i.e., HTML). However, as most people are aware, there is significant downside to email advertising due to highly publicized issues related to abuse (i.e., spam). |
1933_11 | Social media advertising - forms of online advertising that focus on social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. |
1933_12 | Online advertising has spawned a range of new segmentation and targeting approaches including Affinity targeting, Behavioral targeting, Contextual targeting and Geographic targeting and Purchase-based category targeting.
Out-of-home media
The use of signs to communicate a marketer's message places advertising in geographically identified areas in order to capture customer attention. The most obvious method of using signs is through billboards, which are generally located in high traffic areas. Outdoor billboards come in many sizes, though the most well-known are large structures located near transportation points intending to attract the interest of people traveling on roads or public transportation. Indoor billboards are often smaller than outdoor billboards and are designed to attract the attention of foot traffic (i.e., those moving past the sign). For example, smaller signage in airports, train terminals and large commercial office space fit this category. |
1933_13 | While billboards are the most obvious example of signage advertising, there are many other forms of signage advertising include:
Sky writing where airplanes use special chemicals to form words
Messages placed on hot air balloons or banners carried by small aircraft
Mobile billboards where signs are placed on vehicles, such as buses and cars, taxis or even clapper-boards carried by paid agents
Plastic bags used to protect newspapers delivered to homes
Advertisements attached to grocery carts
Holographic images projected into public spaces
Laser projections onto city buildings
Mobile device advertising |
1933_14 | Handheld devices, such as cellphones, smartphones, portable computers and other wireless devices, make up the growing mobile device market. Such devices allow customers to stay informed, gather information and communicate with others without being tied to a physical location. While the mobile device market is only beginning to become a viable advertising medium, it may soon offer significant opportunity for marketers to reach customers at any time and anywhere.
Also, with geographic positioning features included in newer mobile devices, the medium has the potential to provide marketers with the ability to target customers based on their geographic location. Currently, the most popular advertising delivery method to mobile devices is through plain text messaging, however, over the next few years multimedia advertisements are expected to become the dominant message format.
Word of Mouth
Promotion of products can also happen through verbal communication between people. |
1933_15 | Audience research
Selecting the optimal media vehicles for a given campaign requires detailed research and analysis. Media planners need to match their target market with media audiences. Identifying the audience for a magazine or newspaper, or determining who watches television at a given time, is a specialized form of market research, often conducted on behalf of media owners.
Measures of media audience that are of especial interest to advertisers include: |
1933_16 | Print Media
Circulation: the number of copies of an issue sold (independently assessed via a circulation audit)
Readership: the total number of people who have seen or looked into a current edition of the a publication (independently measured via survey)
Readership profiles: Demographic/ psychographic and behavioural analysis of readership (sourced from Readership surveys)
Broadcast Media
Average audience: The average number of people who tuned into the given time or given program, expressed in thousands or as a percentage. Also known as a Rating or T.A.R.P (Total Audience Rating Point).
Audience share: The number of listeners (or viewers) for a given channel over a given time period, expressed as a percentage of the total audience potential for the total market. (The audience share is normally calculated by dividing a given channel's average audience by the average audience of all channels). |
1933_17 | Audience potential: The total number of people in a given geographical area who conform to a specific definition, such as the number of people with a television (or radio) set or the total number of people aged 6–12 years. Population potentials are normally derived from the census figures and are used to estimate the potential market reach.
Audience movement by session: The number of listeners (or viewers) who switch channels during a given time period.
Audience profile: Analysis of audience by selected demographic, psychographic or behavioural variables.
Cumulative audience (CUME): The number of different listeners (or viewers) in a given time period; also known as reach.
People Using Television (PUT): The number of people (or households) tuned to any channel during a given time period. |
1933_18 | Out-of-home media
Opportunities to see (OTS) - a crude measure of the number of people who were exposed to the medium, For example, the number of cars that drive past an outdoor billboard in a given time period
Internet and digital media
Site traffic: The number of visitors to a website within a given time period (e.g. a month)
Unique visitors: The number of different visitors to a website within a given time period
Site stickiness: The average length of time a person remains on a page (a measure of audience engagement)
Average page views per visit: The number of different pages generated by a visitor to a site (a measure of engagement)
Click through rate (CTR): The number of people who clicked on an advertisement or advertising link
Cost per click (CPS): The average cost of generating one click through
Rate of return visitors: The number of unique visitors who return to a site
Bounce rate: Number of site visitors who leave the site within a predetermined time (seconds) |
1933_19 | Although much of the audience research data is normally only available to subscribers and prospective advertisers, basic information is published for the general public, often as topline survey findings. The type and depth of freely available information varies across geographic markets. Audience research for broadcast media is provided to prospective advertisers via the networks or via a media buying group. A limited amount of basic audience data is available to the general public through statutory authorities or media organisations.
Notes: Also see Nielsen Media, for Trends in Canadian TV Viewing |
1933_20 | Advertising media scheduling
Scheduling refers to the pattern of advertising timing, represented as plots on a calendar-type flowchart (as shown in the figure), typically for one year, but may be for a specific campaign of shorter duration. A media schedule typically contains specific detail including the media channels used, ... specifies insertion or broadcast dates, positions, and duration of the messages." These plots indicate the pattern of scheduled times advertising must appear to coincide with favorable selling periods. The classic scheduling models are: Blitzing; Continuity, Flighting and Pulsing. |
1933_21 | A major consideration in constructing media schedules is timing. The advertiser's main aim should be to place the advertisement as close as practical to the point where consumers make their purchase decision. For example, an advertiser who knows that a grocery buyer does a main shop on Saturday afternoons and a top-up shop on Wednesday nights, may consider using radio spots to reach the shopper while he or she is driving to the supermarket.
The broad approaches to scheduling are: |
1933_22 | Blitzing
Blitzing consists of one concentrated burst of advertising normally during the initial period of the planning horizon. Blitzing is more likely to be used by new products attempting to penetrate the market or by dominant brands in competitive markets.
Continuity
Continuity is a pattern of relatively constant levels throughout a given time period or campaign. This approach is primarily for staple, perishable products (i.e. non-seasonal products). Advertising runs steadily with little variation over the campaign period. There may be short gaps at regular intervals and also long gaps—for instance, one ad every week for 52 weeks, and then a pause. This pattern of advertising is prevalent in service and packaged goods that require continuous reinforcement on the audience for top of mind recollection at point of purchase.
Advantages:
Works as a reminder
Covers the entire purchase cycle
Cost efficiencies in the form of large media discounts
Positioning advantages within media |
1933_23 | Program or plan that identifies the media channels used in an advertising campaign, and specifies insertion or broadcast dates, positions, and duration of the messages. |
1933_24 | Flighting (or "bursting")
In media scheduling for seasonal product categories, flighting involves intermittent and irregular periods of advertising (flights), alternating with shorter periods (hiatuses) of no advertising at all. The main advantage of the flighting technique is that it allows an advertiser who does not have funds for running spots continuously to conserve money and maximize the effect of the commercials by airing them at key strategic times. Advertisers may employ less costly media such as radio or newspaper during a television flighting hiatus. This method of media planning allows the messages and themes of the advertising campaign to continue to reach consumers while conserving advertising funds.
Advantages:
Advertisers buy heavier weight than competitors for a relatively shorter period of time
Little waste, since advertising concentrates on the best purchasing cycle period
Series of commercials appear as a unified campaign on different media vehicles |
1933_25 | Pulsing
Pulsing combines flighting and continuous scheduling by using a low levels advertising of continuous advertising, followed by intermittent bursts of more intense advertising at predetermined times such as holidays, peak seasons. Product categories that are sold year round but experience a surge in sales at intermittent periods are good candidates for pulsing. For instance, under-arm deodorants, sell all year, but more in summer months. Pulsing is also used by market challengers who want to create an impression of a larger advertising budget.
Empirical support for the effectiveness of pulsing is relatively weak. However, research suggests that continuous schedules and flighted schedules generally result in strong levels of consumer recall. |
1933_26 | Advantages:
Useful for use with seasonal products e.g. travel or products sold intermittently e.g.heating and cooling systems
Can be used by market challengers to give the impression of a higher share of voice
Combined the advantages of both continuity and flighting possible
Is a less expensive option than a continuous schedule
Media buying
Also see Media buying |
1933_27 | While some advertisers prefer to purchase advertising spots by dealing directly with media owners (e.g. newspapers, magazines or broadcast networks), in practice most media buying is purchased as part of broader negotiations via a media buying agency or media buying group. Well-known centralised buying groups include Zenith or Optimedia. These large media agencies are able to exert market power through volume purchasing by buying up space for an entire year. Media agencies benefit advertisers by providing advertising units at lower rates and also through the provision of added value services such as media planning services. |
1933_28 | Most media outlets use dynamic pricing, a form of yield management which means that there are no fixed rates. Prices depend on a number of factors including - the advertiser's prior relationship with the network, the volume of inventory being purchased, the timing of the booking and whether the advertiser is using cross-media promotions such as product placements. Advertising spots purchased closer to air-time tend to be more expensive.
Buying advertising spots on national TV is very expensive. Given that most media outlets use dynamic pricing, rates vary from day to day, creating difficulties locating indicative rates. However, from time to time, trade magazines publish adrates which may be used as a general guide. The following table provides indicative advertising rates for selected popular programs on American national television networks, broadcast during prime time viewing hours. |
1933_29 | Notes:
* Rates for programs such as American Idol increase as the program moves closer to finals
** Rates for Mon-Fri programs such as Jay Leno vary depending on the day of the week and the expected audience size
See also
References
Further reading
David Ogilvy, Ogilvy on Advertising, Pan Books, 1983
D. Mercer, ‘Marketing’ (Blackwell, 1996)
Sissors, Jack Zanville, and Roger B. Baron, Advertising Media Planning, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Advertising
Advertising techniques
Promotion and marketing communications
Marketing techniques |
1934_0 | George Lyman Kittredge (February 28, 1860 – July 23, 1941) was a professor of English literature at Harvard University. His scholarly edition of the works of William Shakespeare was influential in the early 20th century. He was also involved in American folklore studies and was instrumental in the formation and management of the Harvard University Press. One of his better-known books concerned witchcraft in England.
Early life and education
Kittredge was born in Boston in 1860. His father, Edward "Kit" Lyman Kittredge, had participated in the California Gold Rush of 1849, been shipwrecked, and had walked 700 miles across the desert before returning to Boston to marry a widow, Mrs. Deborah Lewis Benson, and start a family. Their precocious and bookish son George attended The Roxbury Latin School, which then had about a hundred pupils. George consistently led his class in marks and won a scholarship to Harvard, which he entered in 1878. |
1934_1 | As a freshman, George lived at home in Boston and walked to Harvard every day to save money. Kittredge garnered highest honors and joined several clubs, wrote light verse, and won Bowdoin prizes for his essays and translations, including one from English into Attic Greek. He also became a member of the editorial board of the Harvard Advocate, the college literary magazine. In 1881 Kittredge was the prompter and pronunciation coach in a celebrated undergraduate theatrical performance of Sophocles's Oedipus Rex in the original Greek, attended by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Julia Ward Howe, William Dean Howells, Charles Eliot Norton, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and classicist B. L. Gildersleeve of Johns Hopkins University. In 1882, Kittredge was elected Ivy Orator (chosen to deliver a humorous speech) of his graduating class. (Graduating with Kittredge that year was Philadelphian Owen Wister, author of the first Western novel, The Virginian). |
1934_2 | Lack of money prevented Kittredge from immediately pursuing graduate studies. From 1883 to 1887 he taught Latin at Phillips Exeter Academy. About six feet tall and, at 140 pounds, slightly built, Kittredge impressed his prep-school students with his exacting standards, sense of humor, and apparent ability to converse fluently in Latin. |
1934_3 | In 1886 Kittredge married Frances Eveline Gordon, the daughter of Nathaniel Gordon and Alcina Eveline Sanborn. Her father was a lawyer and philanthropist who had served as president of the New Hampshire Senate and was a deacon in the Second Church (Congregational) of Exeter. The couple honeymooned in Europe, remaining for a year in Germany, which at that time was a mecca of graduate studies and the mother of distinguished philologists and folklorists. Kittredge had already studied German and, although not formally matriculated, attended courses at the universities of Leipzig and Tübingen, in, among other things Old Icelandic. In 1887 he contributed an article for "a learned German periodical" on "A Point In Beowulf." Their children were Francis Gordon (1887–1973), Henry Crocker (1890–1967), and Dora (1893–1974). |
1934_4 | Teaching at Harvard
Kittredge joined the faculty at Harvard as an instructor in the autumn of 1888. He was soon promoted and in 1896 succeeded Professor Francis James Child as Professor of the Division of Modern Languages (i.e., languages other than Latin or Greek). He and Child had shared the teaching of English 2 (Shakespeare), which Kittredge took over in 1896 on Child's death. Because Child had died without quite finishing his work of ballad scholarship, Child's publishers asked Kittredge to see the project through the press and to supply a short introduction to the five-volume opus. Later, Kittredge helped expand ballad and folklore studies to include American folklore, serving in 1904 as president of the American Folklore Society. Kittredge also took over Child's graduate course in the English and Scottish popular ballad. |
1934_5 | English 2, a Shakespeare class for which Kittredge became well known at the university, was a lecture course of about 275 Harvard students. Other courses and subjects which Kittredge taught or co-taught were English 28, a survey course covering Chaucer, the epic, and the ballad; Historical English Grammar, and Anglo-Saxon, a prerequisite for his course in Beowulf. In the German department, Kittredge taught Icelandic, Old Norse, and, for many years, a course in German mythology. His graduate courses included Germanic and Celtic Religions (which he co-taught with F. N. Robinson, a Celticist); English Metrical Romances (including Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Sir Orfeo); as well as Child's ballad course. |
1934_6 | Kittredge's students included Franklin Delano Roosevelt; John A. Lomax, whose lectures and collection of cowboy ballads Kittredge later supported; and the folklorists Robert Winslow Gordon, James Madison Carpenter, William S. Burroughs and Stith Thompson. Among the most popular of Harvard's teachers throughout his career, Kittredge's students affectionately nicknamed him "Kitty". Kittredge was named Gurney Professor of English at Harvard in 1917. He retired from teaching in 1936 and continued to work on his edition of Shakespeare until his death in 1941, in Barnstable.
Teaching at Radcliffe
Women were not admitted to Harvard University proper until several decades after Kittredge's lifetime, but Kittredge made trips to Radcliffe College to teach a Shakespeare course for women that was similar to Harvard's English 2.
Scholarship |
1934_7 | Kittredge's edition of Shakespeare was the standard well beyond his death and continues to be cited occasionally. He was also arguably the leading critic of Geoffrey Chaucer of his time and is considered largely responsible for introducing Chaucer into the canon of college English. His essay on "Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage" (1912) has traditionally been credited with introducing the idea of the "marriage group" in the Canterbury Tales, though he was not the originator of this phrase. Through his historical researches Kittredge also identified Thomas Malory, author of Le Morte d'Arthur (1485), and hitherto an obscure figure, with a knight and member of Parliament who served with the Earl of Warwick, a discovery that paved the way for further researches into Malory by Edward Hicks, to whose 1928 book on Malory's turbulent career Kittredge supplied the introduction. Kittredge's work on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was influential as well. |
1934_8 | Kittredge also collected folk tales and songs, writing extensively on the folk lore of New England and on the New England witch trials. He also wrote and co-wrote introductory Latin and English grammar text books. While still teaching at Phillips Exeter he undertook the general editorship of popular English masterpieces for the general public published by the Atheneum Press. At Harvard he collaborated with E. S. Sheldon in editing eleven volumes of the Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, which appeared in 1907, and was a founding member and supervisor of the Harvard University Press. His popular book, written in collaboration with J. B. Greenough, Words and their Ways in English Speech (1901) met with great success and served as a storehouse for teachers. Kittredge was also responsible for the revision of the English used in a translation of the Psalms for the Jewish Publication Society, issued in 1903. |
1934_9 | According to his biographer, "Neither Child nor Kittredge, trained classicists and able linguists, had themselves bothered to undergo the limitations of a Ph. D. degree". There is a widely circulated story that when asked why he did not have one, Kittredge was supposed to have replied, "But who would examine me?" However, according to Clifton Fadiman, "Kittredge always maintained that the question was never asked, and if it had been he would never have dreamed of answering in such a manner." On May 17, 1932, during a lecture tour of England, Oxford University conferred on him a D. Litt. honoris causa.
Burdened with no illusions about his erudition, or the lack of it in others, he famously remarked, "There are three persons who know what the word 'Victorian' means, and the other two are dead." |
1934_10 | Influence on literary studies
Kittredge and Child belonged to the philological school of scholarship pioneered in nineteenth-century German universities. Philology, especially in its early years, had been conceived as a "total science of civilization, an ideal originally formulated for the study of classical antiquity and then transferred by the German Romanticists to the modern languages. |
1934_11 | When the various modern language departments were introduced into American universities in the 1880s, speakers at the first meeting of the Modern Language Association in 1883 had been concerned to counter the popular perception that "English literature is a subject for the desultory reader in his leisure hours rather than an intellectual study for serious workers", a mere "accomplishment", whereas when "a boy studies Greek you know he has worked hard". Philology "met the desire for facts, for accuracy, and for the imitation of the scientific method which had acquired such an overwhelming prestige" in the United States. It had yielded the discoveries of the Grimms and others, tracing the step-by-step relationships of classical and modern European to ancient Indian languages and their evolutionary development. A former Harvard graduate student, James H. Hanford, reminisced how under Kittredge, |
1934_12 | Undergraduate Shakespeare students were required to read six plays extremely slowly and to virtually memorize the texts. "It is the purpose of this course", Kittredge used to remark, "to find out what Shakespeare said and what he meant when he said it." Where Professor Child had often been imposed on in the classroom by students who took advantage of his extremely sweet nature, Kittredge's dramatic classroom manner kept his students on the edge of their seats – lateness, wearing of hats, yawning, and coughing (one student was permanently expelled from the class for this offense) were strictly forbidden. His manner with his graduate students was entirely different. With them he was extremely collegial and invited them to his home for weekly fireside gatherings. There, in dim light, the students read papers which, with his encouragement, would often form the nucleus of subsequent dissertations. |
1934_13 | As chairman of the Division of the Modern Languages Division of Harvard, a position he inherited from Child, Kittredge was in a position to set graduate degree requirements and he insisted that graduate literature candidates master several foreign languages, as he himself had done. Neither he nor Child wished the modern languages to replace the study of Greek and Latin, and Kittredge would oppose Harvard president Charles W. Eliot's efforts to abolish Greek as a requirement for graduation. |
1934_14 | Kittredge's administrative power, vast erudition, prestige, and the histrionic attitude he assumed with undergraduates provoked resentment. A notable critic was his colleague, Irving Babbitt (a professor of French) and Babbitt's former student, Stuart Sherman, who together founded so-called "New Humanist" school of literary appreciation. In a famous article in The Nation of 1913, Sherman accused Kittredge of pedantry and of squeezing the life out of his subject. Deep ideological disagreements lay at the bottom of these attacks. The New Humanists were social and cultural conservatives who conceived of literary studies as leading to moral improvement by providing a guide to conduct and "humane insight" through an appreciation of and reflection on the timeless beauties of prescribed "great works." Babbitt bitterly opposed the introduction of elective courses for undergraduates. Deeply suspicious of democracy, he envisioned the goal of a university education as the formation of a |
1934_15 | superior individual in whom the "will to restraint" would counter what he saw as the degenerate modernism he traced back to pernicious ideas of social progress initiated by Rousseau and his followers. Kittredge and his students, on the other hand, situated the study of languages and literatures in their historical contexts, seeking to capture "the spirit of an age" and often ranging far afield of the traditional Western canon. For Kittredge, reading Chaucer illuminated the world of the Middle Ages, which Kittredge often stated had points in common with our own age and thus helped students understand the world in which we live. Often he guided his students into newly opening fields that he had not had time to investigate, such as Finnish and Celtic studies. According to David Bynum: |
1934_16 | In an age of literary ethnocentricity, Kittredge was as readily and as genuinely interested in Russian ballads or American Indian folktales as in the plays of Shakespeare ... Kittredge's intellectual hospitality toward "foreign" traditions and his equanimity toward "vulgar" ones appear in retrospect as the most important sources of his influence. |
1934_17 | For Babbitt, a self-proclaimed classicist, on the other hand, such disciplines as anthropology, folklore, and the medieval scholarship so dear to Kittredge, represented a dilution of the real goal of literary studies and a waste of time. Kittredge's students and colleagues defended him vigorously, however. One former student, Elizabeth Jackson, writes of Kittredge's sheer enthusiasm: "Kittredge taught Shakespeare as though every single human being could go on reading Shakespeare through time and eternity, going from strength to strength and rejoicing as a strong man to join a race." |
1934_18 | As the decade of the 1920s unfolded, the New Humanists began to seem increasingly irrelevant, and as the Depression of the 1930s hit, the intellectual climate turned decidedly leftward and other forms of criticism emerged, initially from writers outside the academy, some of which, in the coming decades would be incorporated as aspects of the New Criticism. Meanwhile, although there was continued chafing against the supposed antiquarianism of the philological school in some quarters, Kittredge's prestige and influence continued unabated, and the extensive list of language requirements for a Harvard graduate degree in English literature, including Old and Middle English, Old French, and Gothic, stayed in effect until his retirement in 1936, after which these requirements, viewed as onerous, were dropped. With the coming of the Cold War in the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s disagreements between the historical and "literary appreciation" schools in English literature studies were |
1934_19 | subsumed by the ascendancy of the New Criticism which favored, like Kittredge, rigorous study of literary text, but sidestepped potential controversies over ideology by ruling out mention of historical context or social questions. In consequence, the concept of philology itself fell into disrepute and never recovered, even after social engagement once again became respectable and the New Criticism gave way to Structuralism, Gender Studies, postmodernism, and the New Historicism. Thus, the context of Kittredge's prestige and his place in the history of English literature studies became obscured and forgotten, a situation which in recent years some scholars are attempting to rectify. As Jill Terry Rudy writes: |
1934_20 | In the process of overthrowing Kittredge's perceived pedantry in order to enshrine New Critical methods of rigorous research and institutional control over graduate training and doctoral degrees (without offering the concomitant grounding in cultural history and linguistic concerns that Kittredge promoted), New Critical literary scholars assured that the term philology itself would be denigrated and then ignored as their newly trained graduate students conquered the vocabulary and intricacies of critical scholarship (Wellek 1953). As suggested previously, the philosophical methods and ideologies that informed the early history of English department organization deserve continued conversation and critique rather than simply being erased or ignored. |
1934_21 | Major works
Observations on the Language of Chaucer's Troilus, 1894.
Professor Child, 1897.
Chaucer and Some of his Friends, 1903.
Arthur and Gorlagon, 1903.
The Mother Tongue, 1902, with Sarah Louise Arnold.
Notes on Witchcraft, 1907.
Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage, 1912.
An Advanced English Grammar, with Exercises, 1913.
Chaucer and his Poetry, 1915.
A Study of Gawain and the Green Knight, 1916.
The Old Farmer and His Almanack, 1920.
Witchcraft in Old and New England, 1929.
The Complete Works of Shakespeare, 1936.
The Old Teutonic Idea of the Future Life (the Ingersoll Lecture, 1937)
Legacy and Honors
Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1901.
Notes |
1934_22 | References
Birdsall, Esther K. "Some Notes on the Role of George Lyman Kittredge" in American Folklore Studies: Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 10: No. 1/2, Special Issue: American Folklore Historiography (Jun. - Aug., 1973): 57–66.
Hyder, Clyde Kenneth. George Lyman Kittredge: Teacher and Scholar. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1962.
Jackson, Elizabeth. "The Kittredge Way." College English 4: 8. (May, 1943): 483–487.
Rudy, Jill Terry, "The Humanities, Folklore Studies, and George Lyman Kittredge: Defending Kittredge's Reputation and the Ideology of Philology" in The Folklore Historian, 16 (1999): 1–18
External links
George Lyman Kittredge, "Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage." E-text from Harvard University.
Kittredge, "Chaucer's Pardoner." E-text from Harvard University.
text of Kenneth Clyde Hyder's George Lyman Kittredge: Teacher and Scholar (1962) |
1934_23 | American literary critics
1860 births
1941 deaths
American folklorists
American folk-song collectors
Shakespearean scholars
Chaucer scholars
Phillips Exeter Academy faculty
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Harvard Advocate alumni
Roxbury Latin School alumni
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the American Folklore Society |
1935_0 | Caythorpe Court is a Grade II* listed former hunting lodge situated about one mile to the east of Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, England. It was originally built in 1901 for Edgar Lubbock, a brewer and banker, to the designs of Sir Reginald Blomfield. In 1946 it became the Kesteven Agricultural College, which was renamed the Lincolnshire College of Agriculture and Horticulture from September 1980. The college became the De Montfort School of Agriculture, but the site was closed in 2002. After being sold to property developers, who proposed to use it to house asylum seekers, it was acquired by PGL who now operate it as a centre for adventure based holidays for adults and children.
History
Edgar Lubbock |
1935_1 | The site was originally occupied by a farm which was owned by the local church, farmed by the parson. The farm was acquired in the 1890s by Edgar Lubbock, who was a director of the Bank of England and of Whitbread Brewery. In 1899 Lubbock instructed Sir Reginald Blomfield to design a hunting lodge in the grounds of the farm; the lodge was built in 1901–1903. During the construction a stable for fifty horses was built: Lubbock was appointed Master of the Blankney Hunt in 1904. Originally known as "Mansion House", by 1904 it had acquired the name "Caythorpe Court". The original gardens were also designed by Blomfield. |
1935_2 | Elma Yerburgh
Lubbock died in September 1907 and following his death the house was acquired by Mrs. Elma Yerburgh who had assumed control of the Blackburn-based Thwaites Brewery on the death of her father in 1888. Mrs. Yerburgh owned several properties of which Caythorpe Court was the smallest, being referred to by her as "The Cottage". During Mrs. Yerburgh's ownership, the gardens were re-designed by Percy Cane.
During the First World War the property was used as an Auxiliary Military Hospital; in the Second World War it became the headquarters for the 1st Airborne Division Signals. Mrs. Yerburgh died in December 1946; her will requested that the estate should be sold to become an agricultural education establishment. She also requested that the main buildings (the court itself, together with the lodge and Arnhem Court) should be maintained as near as possible in their original condition.
The house stands in grounds of . |
1935_3 | Rumours persist of a network of underground tunnels around the site that connected Caythorpe Court to the local village.
Kesteven Agricultural College
Lincolnshire County Council purchased the estate in 1948 together with additional agricultural land and Kesteven Farm Institute was opened. In the mid-1960s the Institute became the Kesteven Agricultural College. In 1980 this amalgamated with two other agricultural colleges, Holbeach and Riseholme, to become the Lincolnshire College of Agriculture and Horticulture, LCAH, which in 1994 became part of the Leicester-based De Montfort University. |
1935_4 | In the 1960s student halls of residence were built in the grounds of the original house. The new buildings were named after local towns: Stamford, Grantham, Lincoln and Sleaford. Later, while part of the De Montford University, another complex consisting of Boston, Brownlow, Bourne and Louth Halls was built on the former rugby and football pitches. In addition to the three main buildings and the student halls of residence there were other properties including:
The Stable Block, known as 'Arnhem Block,' which housed the resident warden, a number of students, a games room and a telephone box.
eight semi-detached houses used originally for estate workers and later for college staff.
The Lodge House, used by the principal at the time of Mr J Rowland and Mr J Dyson. In 1983 a new bungalow, taking much of the walled garden area, was built for LCAH principal Mr S Readman. |
1935_5 | a 1960s teaching block, with classrooms and laboratories, also contained the sports hall which doubled as a cinema with purpose-built projection room and a student union bar. |
1935_6 | In October 2001 the Lincolnshire School of Agriculture was transferred to the University of Lincoln, and in September 2002 the Caythorpe Campus was closed, with its courses being relocated to Riseholme College.
Potential use as asylum centre
Following the closure of the college, the property was purchased by the Angel Group Plc in October 2002 for £2.7 million. Angel Group was a property company contracted by the National Asylum Support Service to house refugees and asylum seekers. The Angel Group initially acquired the property with plans to convert it into a private residential estate; when asked by NASS if they had any properties that could be used for short-term emergency accommodation for asylum-seekers, the company offered Caythorpe Court as a potential site. |
1935_7 | In December 2002 the Caythorpe Action Group was formed to fight any proposal to use the site as an asylum centre and represent local concerns. Caythorpe Court was one of several properties which were being considered by the Home Office as suitable to house asylum seekers.
On 27 January 2003, local Member of Parliament, Douglas Hogg, asked the Secretary of State about the possible use of Caythorpe Court for the accommodation of asylum seekers and what plans the Home Department and its agencies had for the accommodation of asylum seekers there. In reply Beverley Hughes, the Minister of State for Immigration, Citizenship and Counter-Terrorism said: "The National Asylum Support Service (NASS) is considering the use of Caythorpe Court as emergency accommodation for asylum seekers while their application for support and dispersal elsewhere is considered. No decision has yet been made." |
1935_8 | At the end of January 2003 the Angel Group were advised by the Home Office that it had decided not to use Caythorpe Court as "short-term accommodation for asylum-seekers" but it was subsequently revealed that Caythorpe Court remained on offer as a potential large-scale accommodation centre for asylum-seekers. At the end of March 2003, the Angel Group confirmed that there had been no approaches to use the complex as an asylum accommodation centre. The company intended to revert to its original plan for the site, to establish a residential estate with properties sold to owner-occupiers. Despite this, the company said that it was not excluding use of Caythorpe Court as an asylum or refugee centre should this planning application be refused. Subsequently there were proposals that the former college could be used as a rehabilitation centre for recovering drug addicts or ex-prisoners.
In early 2005, the site was sold to the PGL Group for an undisclosed sum.
PGL Travel Ltd |
1935_9 | Following its acquisition of the former college, PGL announced that it intended to spend an initial £2 million on the centre with a view to re-opening it in March 2006. The plans included a man-made lake, orienteering course and archery facilities with an all-weather pitch, theatre and bar, hedge maze, field study centre and rifle range. Caythorpe Court would be used as a residential activity centre for school groups during term time and as a centre for family activity breaks in school holidays. The site would accommodate 400 guests and 80 members of staff, with many being recruited locally. The centre was opened in the spring of 2006 after updating the accommodation blocks and provision of activities such as zip-wire, archery, trapeze, high ropes and kayaking. There were plans to a further £4 million over the following two years, including renovating the lodge building, providing new timber lodges for guests, renovating the sports barn to include a climbing wall and development of a |
1935_10 | walled garden and lake. |
1935_11 | New dining facilities, designed by Architects NBDA were opened in October 2007. In May 2008, Douglas Hogg opened the new lodge and campsite complex on which a sum in the region of £1.2 million had been spent. The complex would provide additional accommodation for 330 children.
At an "Investor Day" in September 2009, PGL's parent company, Holidaybreak plc, announced that the total expenditure on Caythorpe Court was £13.8 million.
Enactus UK (formerly known as SIFE ) had a long association with PGL Caythorpe Court and has regularly held training weekends at the site.
The PGL site was used as a Strategic Evacuation Centre by Lincolnshire County Council in response to the East Coast Tidal Surge on 5 December 2013. PGL staff working at the site over the winter period quickly prepared accommodation and food provision for incoming residents of Boston, Lincolnshire who were at risk due to flooding in the town. |
1935_12 | PGL Caythorpe Court has annually supported the Battle of Arnhem Memorial weekend which is held in the local village of Caythorpe, Lincolnshire providing accommodation to visiting veterans of the 216 Airbourne Signals Regiment & their families, and providing staff to assist in the running of the annual Gala event
In 2018, Caythorpe Court began undergoing major updates, including a new 200 bed guest accommodation block (named after the local village of Cranwell) and a new staff accommodation unit named after Isaac Newton, who has strong assosciations with the local town of Grantham. The site also improved and expanded existing ropes courses, zip lines and land activities. Extra classroom space was added for its English Language school and an accessible path added in the lower fields.
References |
1935_13 | External links
PGL Caythorpe CourtOfsted inspection report 15 April 2010
Entry on British Listed Buildings website
Caythorpe Court facilities for schools
Caythorpe Court facilities for families
Buildings and structures in Lincolnshire
Education in Lincolnshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Lincolnshire
Reginald Blomfield buildings
Grade II* listed houses
PGL centres |
1936_0 | The 159th Liaison Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to V Fighter Command, and was inactivated on 31 May 1946 at Itami Airfield, Japan.
The squadron was a World War II Air Commando unit, primarily seeing combat during the Philippines Campaign (1944–45) with the 3d Air Commando Group. Flying unarmed Stinson L-5 Grasshopper and UC-64A Norseman light aircraft, the squadron flew courier and aerial reconnaissance missions and dropped munitions and supplies to American and Philippine forces fighting in the Battle of Luzon.
History |
1936_1 | Origins and training
The unit was activated on 1 March 1944 at Cox Field, Paris, Texas under Second Air Force. after a brief time for organization, the squadron was moved to Pounds Field, near Tyler, Texas. Upon arrival, the squadron was composed of 109 enlisted and 12 officer personnel. At Pounds, the squadron was equipped with the Stinson L-5 Sentinel, single engine light observation aircraft and on 1 May it was designated as a Commando squadron, being assigned to the 3d Air Commando Group. |
1936_2 | After a period of training, the squadron was reassigned to Statesboro Army Airfield on 1 June where it joined with the 157th and 160th Liaison Squadrons which had been organized at Brownwood Army Air Field, Texas. There it found the 341st Airdrome Squadron, which would serve as the service organization for all of the Liaison Squadrons. The first part of the month of June was spent in setting up the squadron at its new location. Thirty-two L-5 and three UC-64A aircraft were available for flying during the month. Emphasis was continually placed upon short field landings, minimum altitude cross-country flights and formation flying. Training was brought up to date in camouflage, medical subjects and intelligence. Classes in code, blinker, the actual reading of panels from the air, and first aid continued during the month, increasing the proficiency of the pilots in these subjects. |
1936_3 | The mission of the Liaison Squadrons was to deploy to the Philippine Islands and to provide battlefield observation and liaison flights, supporting to ground combat units and deliver supplies and munitions to them either by parachute drops or to land on unimproved fields and roads. By the beginning of October 1944, the squadrons were judged ready to deploy. From Statesboro Army Air Field, Georgia the Squadron moved to Cross City AAB. Florida. In October they transferred to Drew Field, Tampa Florida for final preparations. |
1936_4 | After several weeks, the squadrons began leaving by train on 24 October, heading for Camp Stoneman, Oakland California where the men were issued tropical uniforms, attending more classes and lectures, getting shots and filling out an endless number of forms. On 6 November, the men boarded ferries to board the USS General M. L. Hersey, their transport to the war zone in the Southwest Pacific. A brief stop was made at Guadalcanal, which had become a major logistics base, then they proceeded to Finschafen and Hollandia on New Guinea. On 26 November the ship departed for Leyte, where it arrived on 30 November near the village of Palo. |
1936_5 | Leyte
Upon arrival, it was found that the squadron was not expected, and there was no place for the men to be quartered. Pup tents were issued and they were directed to find a place to bivouack. At the same time, a period of rain began and the tents began to sink into the muddy ground. It took three days before they were able to move to a beach encampment near San Roque. Also cots arrived which enabled the men to stay above the water which ran through the tents constantly. |
1936_6 | After a few days at the arrival camp, the squadrons began to move to a new airfield in the vicinity of Tanauan. It was there that the squadrons were given their assignments to V Fighter Command, and then to the 86th Fighter Wing. The airfield, however, required much construction to turn it into a functional facility and most of December was involved in construction activities. While waiting for the arrival of their planes, the men of the squadrons used a single bulldozer and their hands to work on the airfield, giving it the name "Mitchell Field", after 2d Lieutenant William Mitchell, who led the construction effort. Also the squadron was able to borrow a few L-5s from the 25th Liaison Squadron to fly proficiency flights. |
1936_7 | Battle of Luzon
On 9 January 1945, two Corps of the Sixth United States Army landed on the shores of Lingayen Gulf, just a few miles south of where the Japanese had invaded the island on 22 December 1941. From the landing beaches, the Corps drove south to the Manila area while maintaining a strong defensive line to the North. In this liberated beachhead, two major airfields plus smaller liaison landing strips were hastily constructed. With the landings on Luzon, the members of the three 3d Commando Group's Liaison Squadrons gathered their equipment and supplies and loaded onto LST 919 for the trip to the Lingayen beachhead. Upon arrival, the units moved by truck convoy on 1 February to a rough airstrip near Calaiso, where some landing strips, carved out by the men of the 168th Field Artillery Regiment, were being used by an L-5 Stinson for artillery spotting. |
1936_8 | While moving to Luzon, back on Leyte, some new L-5Bs had arrived in crates and a detachment of the squadron had remained to assemble the aircraft. After assembling the aircraft, making some test flights, and configuring some bomb shackles for the carrying and dropping of supplies, some auxiliary gas tanks were installed in the rear of the cockpit to increase the planes' range. On 6 February, twenty-eight modified L-5Bs of the squadron took off from Leyte for the airstrip at Calasio. They were escorted by some Marine Corps Vought F4U Corsairs and a Navy PBY Catalina that provided both navigation and fighter protection. As more planes were assembled on Leyte, they were also ferried up to equip the other two squadrons on Luzon. |
1936_9 | Upon their arrival in the combat zone, the men and pilots of the squadron immediately began flying missions, evacuating wounded, flying supply missions and also performing battlefield reconnaissance with individuals flying as many as 20 missions a day. In its first three weeks in combat, the squadron evacuated over 1,500 wounded, flew seventy supply missions, delivering over 14,000 pounds of supplies. With such a heavy schedule of flights, it was not long before the first combat loss occurred. On 10 February, while flying over Japanese-occupied Nichols Field on a reconnaissance flight, SSGt Donald McDonell suffered wounds when the plane was hit by ground fire. Both of the planes wingtips were blown off and he suffered wounds to a knee and wrist; however he managed to coax the plane back to a recently captured landing strip in Grace Park, one of Manila's northern suburbs. He recovered from his wounds; the plane was written off. |
1936_10 | A few days after the Lingayen landings, the guerrillas of the U.S. Army Forces in the Philippines (Northern Luzon), along with Philippine Scouts, began to strike in force in the rear areas of Japanese-occupied territory. The men of this unit were a mixture of Americans who were stay-behinds from the Battan Campaign who escaped from Japanese forces and Filipinos who continued the fight after the surrender in April 1942. By mid-February 1945, the Japanese had been pushed back into the mountains of Luzon near Vigan. Seeking to exploit the situation, Fifth Air Force directed that supplies be flown into the area to aid the guerrilla forces. Several airfields which the Air Commandos chose where in pretty bad shape, with the runways pockmarked with shell holes. The planes operated from crude strips in the mountains, evacuating wounded, bringing in supplies, and supporting behind-the-lines operations of the Alamo Scouts. The unit also directed air strikes. Three 159th pilots lost their lives |
1936_11 | in the operation. S/Sgt Jack Smith was lost when his plane was hit by ground fire. He was carrying out two guerrillas wedged in the back seat. Despite the plane crashing and burning, his passengers survived without injury. G/O Robert Hutchinson and passenger Cpl. Alfred Bennet crashed in a narrow valley near Cervantes while trying to climb out of a confined area. Ferdinand Marcos was a member of the Filipino guerrillas and had his headquarters at Luna. |
1936_12 | A second detachment supported the 308th Bomb Wing. The detachment operated off a drained rice paddy adjoining the Lingayan Air Strip and was housed in a Nipa hut in the middle of a bomb dump. Activities included courier service, delivering weapons to guerrillas behind enemy lines, search missions, marking bombing targets and air sea rescue. One aircraft was damaged when its engine quit over the trees at the end of the landing strip. The pilot, S/Sgt Neil Livesay, received a written commendation from 5th Air Force HQ for his outstanding airmanship. His passenger was the 5th AF Flying Safety Officer. |
1936_13 | A third detachment operated out of Bacolod on Negros Island in support of Marines and the 40th Infantry Division during the Negros campaign. It was while performing a drop mission that M/Sgt Oliver M. Edwards, a Flight Leader, was shot down and later killed by the Japanese. His passenger was also killed and beheaded. M/Sgt was post-humorously awarded the Silver Star for his action in support of the 40th Infantry Division. He was also the first 159th member killed in action.
A fourth detachment operated off the main street of Cebu City in support of the Americal infantry division. In addition to evacuation and supply missions, they participated in directing naval bombardment of the island, with naval observers aboard. Many of the evacuation missions were performed at night. |
1936_14 | Throughout the spring of 1945, as American forced cleared the Japanese from Luzon, squadron L-5s evacuated the wounded and the sick, dropped food and medical supplies to guerrilla forces as well as American infantry, directed artillery fire and air strikes, ferried officers from place to place, and performed all manner of tasks which it was assigned. A very atypical mission carried out by the 157th was to carry and lay a telephone line between two mountaintop positions, and also on one mission, loudspeakers were mounted to one squadron aircraft to broadcast propaganda to Japanese troops. |
1936_15 | In mid-April, the squadron received some glider pilots who were checked out on the L-5, which enabled the regular squadron pilots to get some much needed rest from their grueling schedules. The Japanese were retreating quickly and the order of the day was to pursue and attack them whenever possible, liberating village after village. However it was not all work and combat for the unit. Softball games were held and other forms of recreation were encouraged. Occasionally movies were shown and on one occasion, the visit of comedian Joe E. Brown was held. The news of the surrender of Germany on 7 May was welcomed. Combat continued through May and into June and at the end of the month, General MacArthur declared the Luzon Campaign over at midnight of 30 June/1 July 1945. However, the Japanese were still active in the Cagayan Valley, where the enemy had chosen to gather the remnants of their forces. Mission after mission was flown into the area, and it was not until 25 July that the Cagayen |
1936_16 | Valley was secured. |
1936_17 | Okinawa |
1936_18 | With the war winding down in the Philippines it was evident another move was in store. On 15 July, the squadron was ordered to move to Okinawa. The ground echelon left Mablecat on 15 June for Subic Bay to board an LST for the trip. The pilots were left behind and attached to the 160th LS. Upon arrival, the squadron set up a camp at Yontan Airfield, where the main Fifth Air Force airfield was located. After a few days, they moved to an area just north of the village of Bise on the Motobu Peninsula. Back on Luzon, the 157th's pilots began installing 75-gallon belly tanks on their L-5s and UC-64s to make the long over-water flight to Okinawa. The planes took off from Mabalcat and landed at Gabu on the coast, where their tanks were topped off and the planes given a thorough inspection. From there, the planes took off, shepherded by a pair of Air-Sea Rescue PBY Catalinas in a loose formation. After a seven-hour flight, and very low on gasoline, the squadron's planes touched |
1936_19 | down at Yontan without incident. |
1936_20 | At the end of July, the squadron received orders to move to Ie Shima. However, on 6 August, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan and three days later a second atomic bomb devastated Nagasaki. On 14 August the Japanese announced their surrender. On 19 August, the squadron witnessed a bit of history when a pair of Japanese Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" Bombers, painted white with green crosses landed on the island on their way to Manila. They were carrying a surrender delegation to meet General MacArthur for surrender negotiations. The Japanese transferred to a C-54 Skymaster at Yontan while their crews stayed behind to tend to their planes and be observed by curious onlookers. The war ended on 2 September without any combat being seen by the squadron on Okinawa. |
1936_21 | Inactivation
The end of the war found the squadron dispersed between Ie Shima, Yontan Airfield and some personnel still on Luzon. Personnel began to be sent back to the United States to be demobilized, and on 19 September, the remnants of the 159th left for Kanoya, Japan assigned to V Fighter Command to be part of the American occupation force. |
1936_22 | The 159th was assigned the duty of flying into various Japanese Airfields to monitor the ordered disabling of the Japanese aircraft. Some humorous incidents occurred with this operation. S/Sgt. Hankison landed on one field and found all the top Japanese commanders in formation and offering to surrender all the men, 100 aircraft and 50 tanks to him. At another field the pilot saw all the personnel run for cover when he flew over the field. The L-5s were particularly useful, due to its ability to land on roads and other locations where bomb damage had made airfields useless. Eventually, its personnel remained in the theater long enough to have amassed the required number of "points" and by the spring of 1946, most personnel had returned to the United States. The unit itself was inactivated by Fifth Air Force at the end of May 1945. |
1936_23 | .** Captain Rush H. Limbaugh Jr, (father of the radio talk-show host) was assigned and assumed command of the squadron on 21 May 1944. He had formerly been assigned to the Key Field Replacement Training Unit (TE), Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi. Shortly after the squadron's arrival at Drew Field, Tampa, Florida, he was hospitalized and replaced by Lt. William G. Price III.
Lineage
Constituted as 159th Liaison Squadron, 23 February 1944
Activated on 1 March 1944
Re-designated: 159th Liaison Squadron (Commando), 1 May 1944
Re-designated: 159th Liaison Squadron, 25 November 1945
Inactivated on 31 May 1946
Assignments
II Tactical Air Division, 1 March 1944
I Tactical Air Division, 18 April 1944
3d Air Commando Group, 1 May 1944
Attached to: 5th Air Liaison Group (Provisional), May–September 1945
Attached to: 310th Bombardment Wing, September 1945-25 March 1946
V Fighter Command, 25 March-31 May 1946
Stations |
1936_24 | Cox Field, Texas, 1 March 1944
Pounds Field, Texas, 25 March 1944
Statesboro Army Airfield, Georgia, 1 June 1944
Cross City Army Airfield, Florida, 18 August 1944
Drew Field, Florida, 6–26 October 1944
Lete, Philippines, 1 December 1944
Mangaldan Airfield, Philippines, 31 January 1945
Detachment operated from: Negros, 1 April-24 June 1945
Detachment operated from: Cebu, Unknown-25 June 1945
Okinawa, 30 August 1945
Kanoya Airfield, Japan, 10 September 1945
Itami Airfield, Japan, October 1945-31 May 1946
Aircraft
Stinson L-5 Sentinel, 1944–1946
UC-64A Norseman, 1944–1946
References
External links
Military units and formations established in 1944 |
1937_0 | The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another. |
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