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VV 114, High Infrared Luminosity Interacting Galaxy System
VV 114 is a nearby example of a far-infrared bright, high luminosity (L_FIR_ > 10^11^ L_sun_) interacting galaxy pair. At a redshift of z = 0.02 it provides an opportunity to study such interacting galaxies at a favorable spatial scale (390 pc arcsec^-1^). This paper presents new high resolution near-infrared (1.25-3.7 micron) and visible images, and visible spectra of VV 114. A picture emerges of a system with widespread massive star formation throughout both interacting galaxies. The brighter visible galaxy (VV 114W) shows H II region-like emission in both visual spectra and near-infrared colors, with no more than two magnitudes of visual extinction. The brightest peak of infrared and radio emission (VV 114E) has extreme near-infrared colors and is located at a minimum of visible emission. This indicates a large concentration of dust in the nucleus of VV 114E that is nearly entirely obscuring a major luminosity source in this system.
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13.205462
7.798287
1994-03-01
24
1994AJ....107..920K
[ "VV 114E", "such interacting galaxies", "visible emission", "VV 114W", "visible spectra", "VV", "galaxy pair", "widespread massive star formation", "The brighter visible galaxy", "extreme near-infrared colors" ]
[ "Infrared Astronomy", "Infrared Radiation", "Interacting Galaxies", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Stellar Spectra", "Astronomical Observatories", "Cameras", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Reduction", "Infrared Detectors", "Optical Filters", "Spectrometers", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: VV 114", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/116906" ]
[ "Knop, R. A.", "Soifer, B. T.", "Graham, J. R.", "Matthews, K.", "Sanders, D. B.", "Scoville, N. Z." ]
[ "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US", "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US", "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US", "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US", "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US", "Palomar Observatory, Pasadena, CA, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...430L.109Y", "1995ApJ...450..111D", "1997AJ....113.1569G", "1999AJ....118..139F", "1999ESASP.427..913L", "2000A&A...359..887L", "2000AJ....119..991S", "2001AJ....122.1213S", "2001EAS.....1..153L", "2002A&A...391..417L", "2002AJ....124.2980S", "2002ApJ...568..651G", "2003MNRAS.342..299C", "2004ApJ...616L..63I", "2006ApJS..164...52S", "2007AJ....134.2366I", "2008ApJ...677...37O", "2011ApJ...734...87R", "2013ApJ...777..126S", "2017MNRAS.467.3898C", "2022ApJ...940L...8E", "2023ApJ...955...91K", "2024A&A...682A.182G", "2024ApJ...966..166B" ]
[ "1976PASP...88..543T", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1980PASP...92..596F", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1984ApJ...278L..71S", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1988ApJS...68....1L", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ApJ...338L..53B", "1990AJ....100...70C", "1990ApJ...354L...5G", "1990ApJS...73..359C", "1991A&AS...91..285T", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1992AJ....103..413M", "1993AJ....105.1730C", "1993ApJS...85...27M" ]
1912224
null
The Seyfert II Nature of the IRAS Source FSC 10214+4724
We have observed the rest-frame optical and UV spectra of the luminous, high redshift IRAS source FSC 10214+4724. We find the optical emission lines to be characterized by ratios similar to those found in Seyfert II galaxies. We support the conclusion of previous work that the UV emission lines are similar to those attributed to AGN rather than to star formation. The ratio Hα/Hβ >= 20 (2σ lower limit) implies substantial reddening of the narrow line region with A_V_ > 5.5, sufficient to hide a broad line region in our Hα observations. Given this large inferred reddening and the strength of the UV continuum and emission lines, we conclude (as have others) that simple screen models of reddening are not appropriate for this object. These properties are very similar to those of the infrared luminous galaxies at lower redshift, suggesting that FSC 10214+4724 is the luminous extreme of the same population. We also present H band (1.6 micron) imaging polarimetry observations and find that the rest-frame optical emission is unpolarized (P = 3.2%+/-2.0%). This deep image of the field shows FSC 10214+4724 to possess an unresolved core, with several companions located within 10" of the point source. We find it unlikely that this group of objects is physically associated with FSC 10214+4724 at z = 2.3, and we argue that their magnitudes and colors are more consistent with those expected for galaxies in a foreground group. While galaxy number counts would suggest that such a projection has a low probability of being observed randomly, a foreground group might gravitational lens the z= 2.3 source, making such random statistics inappropriate, and contribute to the large observed luminosity of FSC 10214+4724. Comparison of H band images taken on two occasions one year apart show that FSC 10214+4724 had varied by 0.16+/-0.03 mag relative to a nearby star during that time. The UV- optical emission line spectra, the bright dereddened continuum magnitude (K <= 12) of the unresolved core, its extremely large bolometric luminosity, strong UV polarization, and possible variability all suggest that FSC 10214+4724 harbors an obscured AGN. Given that we observe no spectral features attributable to star formation, it appears either that star formation in FSC 10214+4724 is more highly obscured at optical and UV wavelengths than the narrow line region of the AGN, or that the AGN (rather than star formation) dominates the large luminosity of this object.
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14.284257
7.639443
1994-03-01
64
1994AJ....107..910E
[ "FSC", "strong UV polarization", "star formation", "The UV- optical emission line spectra", "lower redshift", "the UV emission lines", "H band images", "the optical emission lines", "galaxy number counts", "Seyfert II galaxies" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Astronomical Polarimetry", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Images", "Infrared Astronomy", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Infrared Radiation", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Ultraviolet Radiation", "Astronomical Observatories", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Infrared Spectrometers", "Morphology", "Polarizers", "Spectrographs", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: FSC 10214", "4724", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/116905" ]
[ "Elston, Richard", "McCarthy, Patrick J.", "Eisenhardt, Peter", "Dickinson, Mark", "Spinrad, Hyron", "Januzzi, Buell T.", "Maloney, Philip" ]
[ "Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena, Chile", "Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena, Chile", "Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, US", "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, US", "Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...429L..49J", "1994Natur.371..586B", "1994PASJ...46..515I", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1995AJ....110..963T", "1995ASPC...73..169W", "1995ApJ...440..515D", "1995ApJ...443L..65S", "1995ApJ...449L..29G", "1995ApJ...449L.109S", "1995ApJ...450L...1H", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1995ApJ...452..549H", "1995ApJ...452L...9C", "1995ApJ...453L..65D", "1995ApJ...453L..91W", "1995MNRAS.276L..31S", "1995MNRAS.277..616T", "1995P&SS...43.1439D", "1995PASJ...47..265I", "1995SSRv...74....9F", "1996A&A...312..751V", "1996A&AS..119..531W", "1996AJ....111.1021R", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ASSL..206...61R", "1996ASSL..206..293R", "1996ASSL..206..337G", "1996ASSL..206..349M", "1996ApJ...456L...9G", "1996ApJ...457..658E", "1996ApJ...461...72E", "1996ApJ...463L..55K", "1996MNRAS.279..884G", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1997A&A...321..389V", "1997A&A...323...21V", "1997A&A...323..357C", "1997ASPC..113..325K", "1997ASPC..121..152S", "1997ASSL..212..315S", "1997IAUS..170..327R", "1998ASPC..133..119R", "1998ApJ...493..571A", "1998ApJ...506..205E", "1998MNRAS.298..321S", "1998MNRAS.299.1220L", "1998astro.ph.12196E", "1999A&A...342..665V", "1999ApJ...518..145E", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "2000ApJ...529..189G", "2000ApJS..131..185S", "2000MNRAS.316..885R", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2002MNRAS.335.1163F", "2004MNRAS.349..518F", "2005MNRAS.357L..16A", "2006ApJ...638L...1T", "2006MNRAS.371L..70E", "2010NewA...15...58I", "2013MNRAS.434.3322D", "2013MNRAS.436.1873E" ]
[ "1958AJ.....63..201W", "1972ApJ...172..593M", "1972ApJ...178....1S", "1974agn..book.....O", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1978ApJ...226..550R", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1980ApJ...238..502N", "1981ApJ...243..369S", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1983ApJ...264..105F", "1984A&A...132..389P", "1984A&AS...57..361R", "1985ApJ...290..517S", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1985ApJ...299L...7S", "1986AJ.....92...94C", "1986ApJ...300..151L", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1986MNRAS.222..549S", "1987AJ.....93..255C", "1987ApJ...315L..11S", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987Natur.325..504T", "1988ApJ...324..267F", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1988Natur.336..358W", "1989AJ.....97..957N", "1989ApJ...340...77L", "1989ApJ...342..666E", "1989Natur.341..307D", "1990ApJ...353L..33F", "1990MNRAS.243P...5S", "1991AJ....102.1956B", "1991ASPC...21..191B", "1991ApJ...366L..69J", "1991ApJ...370..158S", "1991ApJ...381L..55S", "1991MNRAS.251P..14S", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...397L..19B", "1992ApJ...398L..29S", "1992ApJ...399L..55S", "1992MNRAS.255..713T", "1992MNRAS.256P..35C", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ASPC...43..193C", "1993ApJ...404..584D", "1993ApJ...414L...1H", "1993ApJ...415...82H", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1993MNRAS.260...28L", "1993MNRAS.261..513R", "1993MNRAS.262L..23C", "1993MNRAS.264..421C" ]
1933309
null
On the Baryon Content of the Universe
It is often stated that there are insufficient baryons in galaxies and clusters to satisfy the constraints imposed by primordial nucleosynthesis. Here a recent analysis of the baryon content of the Universe by Persic & Salucci is reconsidered, with the aim of estimating the uncertainties induced in the results by uncertainties in the galaxy population parameters used. The estimates of {OMEGA}_b_ turn out to be dependent upon poorly constrained input parameters, in particular the luminosity-function slope parameter, α, and the mass-to-light ratio index, η. It is found that with different, but allowed, choices of input parameters - which admit of large numbers of low-luminosity galaxies - a value of the baryon density consistent with standard primordial nucleosynthesis (0.040 <= {OMEGA}_b_h_50_^2^<=0.064) can be recovered. Thus it is not necessarily the case that the majority of baryons in the Universe are in unobservable forms, although it remains true that most are currently unobserved.
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12.695516
4.708252
1994-03-01
37
1994MNRAS.267...13B
[ "input parameters", "insufficient baryons", "baryons", "standard primordial nucleosynthesis", "primordial nucleosynthesis", "galaxies", "Universe", "unobservable forms", "large numbers", "the galaxy population parameters" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.1.13" ]
[ "Bristow, P. D.", "Phillipps, S." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ARA&A..32..531C", "1994MNRAS.269..349D", "1995A&A...293..332S", "1995MNRAS.275..121S", "1996AJ....111.2135R", "1996ASSL..209..505I", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ASPC..117..329W", "1997ApJ...489....7R", "1997MNRAS.291...59D", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1998ApJ...503..518F", "1998MNRAS.295...92B", "1998PhR...307...83C", "1999ASPC..170..375P", "1999ASPC..170..383E", "1999ASPC..170..393I", "1999ApJ...514....1C", "1999ApJ...516..195C", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999MNRAS.309...63S", "2000MNRAS.319..591W", "2001ASPC..230..593I", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2002MNRAS.335L..62K", "2003astro.ph..8054H", "2004Ap&SS.291..185K", "2004PASJ...56L..29F", "2007ARA&A..45..221B", "2011ApJ...731....6S", "2012ApJ...759...23S", "2014ApJ...782L...6R", "2014ApJ...791...64E", "2020ApJ...899..160N", "2022MNRAS.515.3162S" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977AJ.....82..861F", "1978AJ.....83.1549K", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979AJ.....84..951K", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1982MNRAS.200..325L", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ComAp..11...53F", "1987MNRAS.227..115P", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1987nngp.proc..175F", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990ASIC..306..237P", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1990PhDT.........1F", "1991A&A...252...94M", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992A&A...255...63J", "1992A&A...264..365B", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...397...38G", "1992ApJ...400....1G", "1992ApJ...400..510D", "1992ApJ...401..150S", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1992MNRAS.258P..14P", "1993AJ....105.1333L", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993MNRAS.261...39T", "1993MNRAS.262..499P", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994MNRAS.266..155D" ]
1913144
null
An H i Survey of High-Velocity Clouds in Nearby Disk Galaxies
We observed 14 nearly face-on disk galaxies with the Arecibo 305 m telescope and found the double-horned H I profiles to have high-velocity wings in 10 of these galaxies. Such wings can be caused by high-velocity clouds, similar to those observed in our own Galaxy. Disk galaxy models were constructed that include both high-velocity clouds (modeled as a component of galactic gas with a velocity dispersion of either 30 or 50 km s^-1^) and warped H I disks. We find that the high-velocity wings can be reproduced by models with high-velocity clouds but not by models with warps that are similar to those observed in other galaxies. If these wings are due to high-velocity clouds, then the mass of neutral hydrogen in high-velocity clouds for the 10 galaxies ranges from 6 x 10^7^ M_sun_ to 4 x 10^9^ M_sun_, which corresponds to 4%-14% of the total H I in these galaxies. The galaxies with no detected high-velocity wings are also those with the lowest far-infrared fluxes as measured by IRAS, which is consistent with the galactic fountain model in which the young stellar population (responsible for most of the far-infrared emission) produces supernovae which then provide the kinetic energy of the high-velocity clouds.
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11.686423
7.964491
1994-03-01
39
1994ApJ...423..180S
[ "Disk galaxy models", "high-velocity clouds", "high-velocity wings", "other galaxies", "models", "Such wings", "galactic gas", "both high-velocity clouds", "the high-velocity clouds", "no detected high-velocity wings" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Disk Galaxies", "Far Infrared Radiation", "Hydrogen Clouds", "Star Formation", "Emission Spectra", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Interstellar Matter", "Kinematics", "Line Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/173797" ]
[ "Schulman, Eric", "Bregman, Joel N.", "Roberts, Morton S." ]
[ "University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US", "University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US", "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...444..165H", "1995IAUS..164..129L", "1995MNRAS.276.1327R", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1996AJ....112..960S", "1996AN....317..369B", "1996ASPC..112...73E", "1996ASSL..209..243G", "1996ApJ...460..651G", "1997AJ....113.1559S", "1997AJ....114.2463H", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1997Ap&SS.252..289W", "1997PASP..109.1278S", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998A&A...332L..61K", "1998AJ....115...62H", "1998AJ....115..975P", "1998AJ....116.1671M", "1999Ap&SS.267..139L", "1999ApJ...527..673S", "2000A&A...356L..49S", "2000A&A...358..812J", "2001A&A...366..796C", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2001astro.ph..7100V", "2002A&A...384...24V", "2004Ap&SS.289..395C", "2004ApJ...610L..17P", "2005MNRAS.360.1201H", "2007ApJ...662..959P", "2009ApJ...692..470M", "2010MNRAS.407.1674P", "2012ApJ...754...61M", "2016MNRAS.456.4209D", "2021MNRAS.506.4979K", "2021arXiv210504570P", "2022MNRAS.511.2585D", "2023MNRAS.526.5861Y" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978PhDT.......195B", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1980PASJ...32..581M", "1982ApJ...259..544B", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...278L...1N", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1986A&A...169...14B", "1986ApJ...306..490I", "1986ApJ...311...98T", "1988AJ.....95.1354V", "1988AJ.....96...30C", "1988ApJS...68...91R", "1988MNRAS.234..873S", "1988gera.book..295B", "1988iras....1.....B", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990A&A...229..362D", "1990ApJ...352...15B", "1990BAAS...22..917I", "1990PhDT.......179W", "1991A&A...244L..29K", "1991AJ....102...48R", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991BAAS...23R1401S", "1992A&A...253..335K", "1993A&A...273L..31K", "1993AJ....105.2098R", "1993AJ....106...39H", "1993ApJ...416L..29D", "1993ApJ...418..113P" ]
1912372
null
Self-Gravitatiin Polar Rings in Axixymmetric and Triaxial Galaxy Potentials
A number of early type galaxies show a polar ring of gas, dust, and stars lying roughly perpendicular to the apparent major axis of the central galaxy. Here, we study the dynamics of a self-gravitating annulus of matter which is inclined to the principal planes of a triaxial galactic potential tumbling about its short axis. In a steadily precessing equilibrium state, the precession rate of the ring in the potential must be equal to the tumbling speed of the triaxial figure. As in an oblate galaxy, both stable and unstable equilibria exist: in the tumbling triaxial potential, there are stable equilibria bending toward the equator, if the ring is light, and toward the pole, at higher ring mass. The former are similar to the "anomalous retrograde orbits," while the latter resemble the stable equilibria for a self-gravitating ring in an oblate potential. We follow the time evolution of unstable polar rings. In an oblate galaxy potential, even if the ring is not sufficiently massive to be stabilized, self-gravity can still cause the characteristic warp up toward the pole. In the triaxial potential, when the inclination of the polar ring is not such that its precession rate matches the galaxy tumbling speed, the ring can wobble gently in a quasiperiodic manner if it is massive enough, but is disrupted if its mass is too low.
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10.866332
7.378023
1994-03-01
44
1994AJ....107..958A
[ "unstable polar rings", "higher ring mass", "stable equilibria", "early type galaxies", "an oblate galaxy potential", "the tumbling triaxial potential", "a polar ring", "the polar ring", "a triaxial galactic potential", "the triaxial potential" ]
[ "Equilibrium Flow", "Evolution (Development)", "Galaxies", "Kinematics", "Polar Orbits", "Precession", "Stability", "Time Dependence", "Tumbling Motion", "Asymmetry", "Equations Of Motion", "Gravitational Fields", "Hamiltonian Functions", "Modes (Standing Waves)", "Numerical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERSTELLAR MATTER", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/116909" ]
[ "Arnaboldi, Magda", "Sparke, Linda S." ]
[ "Mount Stromlo and Siding Springs Observatoires, Weston Creek, Australia", "Mount Stromlo and Siding Springs Observatoires, Weston Creek, Australia" ]
[ "1994A&ARv...5..293C", "1995A&A...296L..13L", "1995NYASA.751...12S", "1995P&SS...43.1377A", "1996AJ....111.1852I", "1996ASPC..106..168C", "1996ASSL..209..301S", "1996ApJ...473..810S", "1997A&A...326..907B", "1997ASPC..117..126E", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997ApJ...486..259E", "2000ASPC..197..133I", "2000ApJ...533..826S", "2000ApJ...533..850S", "2001A&A...374..421B", "2001AJ....121..244S", "2001ApJ...551..730E", "2002AJ....123..195I", "2002ApJ...568..199G", "2003A&A...401..817B", "2004A&A...421..433M", "2006A&A...446..905T", "2006ApJ...636L..25M", "2006ApJ...645.1092Q", "2006MNRAS.366..182B", "2007IAUS..238..467U", "2008MNRAS.386L.101S", "2009A&A...494..489J", "2009AJ....137.3976S", "2009ApJ...696.1899J", "2009ApJ...696L...6S", "2009MNRAS.398..535U", "2012CeMDA.114..365H", "2012MNRAS.424.2635T", "2013MNRAS.428.1986U", "2013seg..book..555S", "2014ASPC..486..161A", "2017MNRAS.464.3945Z", "2019MNRAS.482.3403E", "2021Ap&SS.366...14E", "2021MNRAS.500.3870K", "2022Ap&SS.367...47U", "2024MNRAS.527.4112S" ]
[ "1966RvGSP...4..411G", "1969efe..book.....C", "1978AJ.....83.1360S", "1982A&A...108...89M", "1982ApJ...257...94T", "1982ApJ...258..490H", "1982ApJ...260L..37M", "1982ApJ...263..599S", "1983AJ.....88..909S", "1983rsm..book.....L", "1984A&A...134..158M", "1984ApJ...276..101S", "1984MNRAS.208..111S", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1986MNRAS.219..657S", "1987ApJ...314..439W", "1987ApJ...314..457V", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...325...26S", "1988MNRAS.234..873S", "1988MNRAS.235..949D", "1990AJ....100.1489W", "1990ApJ...361..408S", "1992ApJ...389L..55K", "1992ApJ...395..113C", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...267...21A", "1993A&A...268..103A" ]
1912370
null
Absorption Line Gradients in the Blue and Near-Ultraviolet Spectra of Bright Elliptical Galaxies, and Implications for Studies of Intermediate Redshift Objects
Long-slit spectroscopic observations covering the wavelength interval 3000-4500 A are used to investigate the radial behavior of atomic and molecular absorption features in the elliptical galaxies NGC 2693, NGC 3348, NGC 3379, NGC 4278, NGC 4486, and NGC 5044. There is a general tendency for metallic absorption features to weaken and continuum indices to flatten with increasing radius, in qualitative agreement with what is seen at visible wavelengths. All six galaxies contain significant (i.e., at the 3σ level) gradients in the 4000 A break. The rate of change of the 4000 A break with radius, {DELTA}4000/{DELTA} log(r), is correlated with {DELTA}Mg_2_/{DELTA} log(r), and the galaxy-to-galaxy scatter in {DELTA}4000/{DELTA} log(r) is larger than expected from experimental uncertainties alone. We compare the spectral indices of the various galaxies at the radius where Mg_2_ = 0.28, which corresponds roughly to [Fe/H] = 0, and find small galaxy-to-galaxy scatter. NGC 4486 is peculiar in that it has a very steep 4000 A break gradient and relatively weak absorption features at Mg_2_ = 0.28, suggesting that the evolution of this galaxy has been very different from that of most other ellipticals. The data are also used to investigate aperture effects in spectroscopic observations of intermediate redshift galaxies. It is demonstrated that the failure to compensate for aperture effects in galaxies out to z = 0.2 can introduce an apparent redshift dependence in the strength of the 4000 A break which closely follows trends previously attributed to evolution.
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10.963431
7.503623
1994-03-01
38
1994AJ....107..946D
[ "intermediate redshift galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy", "increasing radius", "spectroscopic observations", "radius", "aperture effects", "NGC", "visible wavelengths", "qualitative agreement" ]
[ "Atomic Spectra", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Molecular Absorption", "Radial Distribution", "Red Shift", "Stellar Spectra", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Reduction", "Spectrographs", "Spectroscopic Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/116908" ]
[ "Davidge, T. J.", "Clark, C. C." ]
[ "British Columbia Univ., Vancouver, Canada", "British Columbia Univ., Vancouver, Canada" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1433D", "1995MNRAS.277..502C", "1996ApJ...471..694A", "1997AJ....113..985D", "1997ApJ...478...49S", "1998AJ....116.2297P", "1998MNRAS.298..977C", "1998MNRAS.301....1S", "1998astro.ph..7309P", "1999A&AS..139...29G", "2000A&A...357..850B", "2003ApJ...585...78V", "2003ApJ...596..143L", "2003ApJ...598L.103L", "2004ApJ...614..158B", "2005AJ....129.1249J", "2005AJ....130..445B", "2008MNRAS.388...39M", "2009A&A...499...47S", "2009ApJ...691L..95T", "2010ApJ...725.1252D", "2010IAUS..262..438T", "2011AJ....141..184S", "2013AJ....145...77J", "2013ARA&A..51..393C", "2013ApJ...776L...7S", "2014AJ....148..117J", "2016MNRAS.463.3409V", "2017A&A...599A..95G", "2017AJ....154..251J", "2017ApJ...847...20W", "2018AJ....156..224J", "2019ApJ...881...42J", "2019MNRAS.484.2281S", "2020ApJ...905...40S", "2020MNRAS.492..326L", "2023A&A...679A..27Z", "2023MNRAS.520.3027S" ]
[ "1963AJ.....68..413V", "1965AJ.....70..353V", "1975MNRAS.173..671L", "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1979ApJ...228..405C", "1980A&AS...40..295H", "1980ApJ...240..785F", "1982bsc..book.....H", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJ...287..586B", "1985A&AS...59..145C", "1985AJ.....90.1927R", "1985ApJS...59...33P", "1986PASP...98..269S", "1987A&A...177...71B", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988AJ.....96..867C", "1988ApJ...328..440B", "1988ApJS...68..409D", "1989ApJ...342L..63K", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1990A&A...232..323L", "1990AJ.....99..540C", "1990AJ.....99.1621O", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...356..332J", "1990ApJ...364L..33S", "1990ApJ...365..539M", "1990MNRAS.245..217G", "1991A&A...244L..37N", "1991AJ....101..884D", "1991ApJ...377L..79S", "1992AJ....103.1512D", "1992AJ....103.1814B", "1992AJ....104.1365D", "1992ApJ...384...43G", "1992ApJ...388L..53H", "1992ApJ...389L..49D", "1992ApJ...390L..53K", "1992ApJ...393..523P", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992MNRAS.256P..29S", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1993MNRAS.262..650D" ]
1913098
null
The Production of Beryllium in the Early Galaxy
The formation of beryllium in the early Galaxy is discussed. It is shown that if spallation occurs predominantly in regions rich in heavy elements, i.e., close to supernovae, the linear relation recently obtained by Gilmore et al. (1992) between beryllium and oxygen abundances for Population II stars may be reproduced. Estimates of relevant timescales for mixing show that the decisive factor, the ratio of the timescale of cosmic-ray diffusion out of the locally enriched regions to the decay time of cosmic rays in the Galaxy as a whole, admits this scenario. Although energetically possible, it requires, however, very high local cosmic-ray fluxes (greater than or equal to 10<SUP>5</SUP>/sq cm/s), which predicts gamma-ray fluxes above those observed from supernova remnants and the Galaxy. We therefore consider other models, such as those given by Duncan et al. (1992) or Prantzos et al. (1993), more probable.
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7.149273
8.889069
1994-03-01
24
1994ApJ...423...68F
[ "cosmic rays", "Gilmore et al", "et al", "Population II stars", "Galaxy", "relevant timescales", "regions", "heavy elements", "cosmic-ray diffusion", "other models" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Beryllium", "Galactic Evolution", "Nuclear Fusion", "Spallation", "Star Formation", "Abundance", "Cosmic Rays", "Particle Diffusion", "Supernovae", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: EARLY UNIVERSE", "NUCLEAR REACTIONS", "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS", "ABUNDANCES", "STARS: POPULATION II" ]
0
[ "10.1086/173790" ]
[ "Feltzing, Sofia", "Gustafsson, Bengt" ]
[ "Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala, Sweden", "Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala, Sweden" ]
[ "1994A&A...290..176E", "1994ApJ...435..185F", "1995ApJ...453..810D", "1995MNRAS.273..215T", "1996ASPC...99..366V", "1996ASPC..109..679D", "1997A&A...319..593M", "1997APh.....7...15D", "1997ApJ...475..155C", "1997ApJ...478..554L", "1997ApJ...485..605Y", "1997RvMP...69..995W", "1998A&A...337..714V", "1998ASPC..134..515C", "1998ApJ...499..735L", "1998ApJ...500..241G", "1998MNRAS.299.1007A", "1999A&A...346..329P", "1999A&A...351..273A", "1999ASPC..171..154P", "1999ASPC..171..187M", "2006A&A...447..299G", "2011MmSAI..82..903T", "2018ARNPS..68..377T" ]
[ "1972ARA&A..10..129W", "1972ARA&A..10..427R", "1975A&A....40...99M", "1978A&A....67..149B", "1981MNRAS.197..369M", "1984ApJ...278..630R", "1985ApJ...299..745W", "1987ASSL..134..143B", "1988gpcr.proc..105M", "1990ApJ...364..568V", "1991ApJ...373...84B", "1991ApJ...378...17G", "1991ApJ...378..163H", "1991Natur.354..267P", "1992ApJ...385L..13S", "1992ApJ...387..528K", "1992ApJ...388..184R", "1992ApJ...393L...9S", "1992ApJ...401..584D", "1992Natur.357..379G", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993ApJ...403..630P", "1993ApJ...405..559F", "1993ApJ...407L..73M", "1993PhDT.......224K" ]
1913182
null
Scaling Analysis of the Distribution of Galaxies in the CfA Catalog
A detailed analysis of the CfA1 catalog of galaxies by means of the multifractal or scaling formalism is presented in this paper. The fair sample hypothesis, the depth effect, and the problems of the luminosity and morphological segregation are extensively studied in volumes which differ by a factor of about 8 in size and of about 14 in number density. The results of our calculation suggest that the CfA1 catalog is not a fair sample drawn from a hypothetical universal galaxy distribution. Moreover, no depth effect has been found. Two kinds of (slight) luminosity segregation could have been detected: one, due to a peculiar velocity contamination of bright galaxies which trace denser regions, and other, for field galaxies, which could be a manifestation of biasing. The morphological segregation is present not only in the cores of clusters, but also at larger scales and in the moderate density regions. Both the luminosity and morphological segregations are independent effects.
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11.747561
3.626907
1994-03-01
14
1994ApJ...424...42D
[ "morphological segregation", "morphological segregations", "field galaxies", "bright galaxies", "galaxies", "denser regions", "independent effects", "larger scales", "number density", "a hypothetical universal galaxy distribution" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Luminosity", "Red Shift", "Galactic Structure", "Many Body Problem", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/173870" ]
[ "Dominguez-Tenreiro, R.", "Gomez-Flechoso, M. A.", "Martinez, V. J." ]
[ "Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain", "Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain", "Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain" ]
[ "1994ApJ...424L..73D", "1994ApJ...435...37B", "1995ApJ...446...54C", "1995ApJ...450...41G", "1996ASPC...94..271D", "1996ApJ...469...53D", "1996ApL&C..33..139G", "1997ApL&C..36..311D", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1999A&A...344....1K", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "2001A&A...370..358K", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2010A&A...513A..22M" ]
[ "1931ApJ....74...43H", "1974JFM....62..331M", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1979AJ.....84...15Q", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...241..521C", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982fgn..book.....M", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983PhRvL..50..346G", "1983PhyD....8..435H", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984MNRAS.206..529E", "1984PhyD...13...34G", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985PhLA..107..101G", "1985PhRvL..55.2798J", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.219..457E", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1986PhRvA..33.1141H", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1987MNRAS.226..543E", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1987MNRAS.229..621P", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1988A&A...199...67M", "1988A&A...203L...1B", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988AJ.....96...73T", "1988ApJ...324..677D", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988ApJ...332L...1J", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1988JSP....51..135G", "1988MNRAS.234...37E", "1989A&A...209....1B", "1989A&A...221..191B", "1989A&A...226..373B", "1989ApJ...339L...9D", "1990A&A...227..324B", "1990A&A...238....3M", "1990ApJ...349L...5A", "1990ApJ...353...39S", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990MNRAS.242..517M", "1991A&A...252..449J", "1991ApJ...369...30M", "1991ApJ...373..336Y", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991MNRAS.252..261E", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...394..422V", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...399...10L", "1992ApJ...401...40Y", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1992PThPh..87.1107D", "1992PhR...213..311C", "1992csg..conf...29O", "1992daec.conf...33S", "1993ApJ...408L..77B" ]
1933321
null
Multifrequency observations of the radio galaxy 3C 159.
We present MERLIN, VLA and WSRT observations of the total intensity and polarization of the radio galaxy 3C 159, an extended source, but one whose flux density has been reported to be variable at 408 MHz. We suggest that the low-frequency variability of the source can result from the combined effect of its high linear polarization and ionospheric Faraday rotation during the observations. We also show that the galaxy has a single radio core and a single jet, not two as has previously been suggested. We find that the counter-jet side of the source depolarizes more than the jet side. In this respect the radio galaxy 3C 159 shows similar behaviour to that of quasars.
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15.888443
5.543932
1994-03-01
5
1994MNRAS.267..247C
[ "WSRT observations", "ionospheric Faraday rotation", "polarization", "similar behaviour", "the counter-jet side", "a single radio core", "its high linear polarization", "VLA", "the radio galaxy", "an extended source" ]
[ "Faraday Effect", "Flux Density", "Polarization (Waves)", "Radio Galaxies", "Radio Jets (Astronomy)", "Radio Spectra", "Continuums", "Emission Spectra", "Radio Astronomy", "Spectrum Analysis", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.2.247" ]
[ "Cerchiara, P. L.", "Browne, I. W. A.", "Mantovani, F.", "Muxlow, T. W. B." ]
[ "Istituto di Radioastronomia del CNR, Bologna, Italy", "Istituto di Radioastronomia del CNR, Bologna, Italy", "Istituto di Radioastronomia del CNR, Bologna, Italy", "Istituto di Radioastronomia del CNR, Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "1995QJRAS..36..219D", "1998A&AS..132...31N", "2000A&AS..143..457J", "2000ApJ...530..107V", "2002IAUS..199..193J" ]
[ "1972MNRAS.157..443C", "1978SvA....22..544S", "1979Natur.277..182S", "1980ApJS...44..151T", "1981A&AS...45...61F", "1982A&A...113..311S", "1982IAUS...97..163S", "1984A&A...134..390R", "1985AJ.....90.1676T", "1985MNRAS.213..945B", "1986QJRAS..27..413T", "1986isra.book.....T", "1988Natur.331..149L", "1991ApJ...380...66O", "1991MNRAS.250..171G", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1993MNRAS.260..893R" ]
1933316
null
Optical emission associated with the radio jet in B2 1243+26.
We present deep CCD imaging of the low-luminosity radio galaxy B2 1243+26 which contains a two-sided, well-defined radio jet at the kpc scale. The galaxy is located in a region of high galactic density and has a nearby companion of similar luminosity. At ~10 kpc from the nucleus of the galaxy, we detect optical emission spatially associated with the radio jet. This structure is elongated and extends parallel to it by ~24 kpc. We discuss the nature of the optical emission and its relation to the radio jet. Photoionization of gas by a nuclear source or by shocks, similar to that occurring in other radio galaxies, cannot be ruled out. On the other hand, our observations are consistent with optical emission from the ambient gas that has been entrained by the radio jet. This hypothesis will explain nicely the high asymmetry in the polarization of the two sides of the source, which is otherwise very symmetric.
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15.359942
6.060045
1994-03-01
1
1994MNRAS.267..424G
[ "other radio galaxies", "optical emission", "high galactic density", "similar luminosity", "~24 kpc", "deep CCD imaging", "~10 kpc", "gas", "the radio jet", "the low-luminosity radio galaxy" ]
[ "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Structure", "Polarization (Waves)", "Radio Emission", "Radio Galaxies", "Radio Jets (Astronomy)", "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Astrophysics", "Photoionization", "Plasma Density", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.2.424" ]
[ "Gonzalez-Serrano, J. I.", "Perez-Fournon, I.", "Morganti, R." ]
[ "Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain", "Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain", "Istituto di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "2005ApJ...626..748Y" ]
[ "1974agn..book.....O", "1978A&AS...34..341F", "1978MNRAS.185..527B", "1981Natur.293...43D", "1982IAUS...97..465E", "1983AJ.....88.1133M", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...286...68B", "1985ApJ...290..496V", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1986A&AS...65..145F", "1986ApJ...307...62D", "1986ApJ...311...58V", "1987A&A...181..244P", "1987A&AS...69...57F", "1988Natur.331..149L", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...336..702B", "1989eag..work..199W", "1990ApJ...354...98B", "1991A&A...249...75G", "1991AJ....102.1960P", "1992MNRAS.254..546M", "1992pagn.conf..325M", "1993A&A...267...31P", "1993A&AS...99..407C", "1993AJ....105.1710G" ]
3121185
astro-ph/9308003
Fourier Analysis of Redshift Space Distortions and the Determination of Omega
The peculiar velocities of galaxies distort the pattern of galaxy clustering in redshift space, making the redshift-space power spectrum anisotropic. In the linear regime of gravitational instability models, the strength of this distortion depends only on the ratio β = f({OMEGA})/b~{OMEGA}^0.6^/b, where {OMEGA} is the cosmological density parameter, and b is the bias parameter. We derive a linear-theory estimator for β, based on the harmonic moments of the redshift-space power spectrum. Using N-body simulations, we examine the impact of non- linear gravitational clustering on the power-spectrum anisotropy and on our β-estimator. Non-linear effects can be important out to wavelengths λ ~50 h^-1^ Mpc or larger; in most cases, they lower the quadrupole moment of the power spectrum, and thereby depress the estimate of β below the true value. With a sufficiently large redshift survey, the scaling of non-linear effects may allow separate determinations of {OMEGA} and b. We describe a practical technique for measuring the anisotropy of the power spectrum from galaxy redshift surveys, and we test the technique on mock catalogues drawn from the N-body simulations. Preliminary application of our methods to the 1.2-Jy IRAS galaxy survey yields β_est_ ~ 0.3-0.4 at wavelengths λ~30-40 h^-1^ Mpc. Non-linear effects remain important at these scales, so this estimate of β is probably lower than the true value.
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11.897594
2.76749
1994-04-01
171
1994MNRAS.267..785C
[ "Non-linear effects", "non-linear effects", "galaxy redshift surveys", "non- linear gravitational clustering", "redshift space", "linear", "galaxies", "galaxy", "gravitational instability models", "spectrum" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.3.785", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9308003" ]
[ "Cole, S.", "Fisher, K. B.", "Weinberg, D. H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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4120039
astro-ph/9310034
A study of the core of the Shapley concentration - I. The sample.
We report the first results of a spectroscopic survey of galaxies in the core of the Shapley Concentration, the richest nearby supercluster of clusters of galaxies. We have measured 311 new galaxy redshifts in an area of ~4.5 deg^2^ centred on the Abell cluster A3558. When the data already available in the literature are also considered, the total number of galaxy redshifts in this area amounts to more than 500. On the basis of these data, we estimate the mean velocities and the velocity dispersions of the Abell clusters A3556 and A3558 and the poor cluster SC 1329 - 314. Finally, from an analysis of the projected and three-dimensional distributions of galaxies in this region, we estimate the galaxy overdensity and find that the core of the Shapley Concentration is in an interesting, very complex dynamical state: the main clusters appear to be interacting with each other, forming a single elongated structure containing many subcondensations.
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12.936253
5.27186
1994-04-01
94
1994MNRAS.267..665B
[ "galaxy redshifts", "galaxies", "clusters", "311 new galaxy redshifts", "the Abell cluster A3558", "Abell", "many subcondensations", "the galaxy overdensity", "A3558", "the poor cluster SC" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.3.665", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310034" ]
[ "Bardelli, S.", "Zucca, E.", "Vettolani, G.", "Zamorani, G.", "Scaramella, R.", "Collins, C. A.", "MacGillivray, H. T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11569176
astro-ph/9311008
Large-scale correlations between QSOs and IRAS galaxies.
Large-scale structures in the Universe can act as weak lenses and therefore cause an amplification bias on flux-limited counts of background sources provided their luminosity function is sufficiently steep. If galaxies are associated with these structures, as assumed in the biasing hypothesis of galaxy formation, then this weak lensing effect can be detected by searching for correlations between background sources and foreground galaxies on scales of some 10 arcminutes. We have recently investigated this effect theoretically and have shown that highly significant large-scale correlations between 1-Jansky radio quasars and Lick galaxies are present (Bartelmann &amp; Schneider 1993a,b). Here, we extend the analysis, correlating high-redshift 1-Jansky radio quasars with IRAS galaxies. Highly significant correlations are found also in this case; specifically, we find that 1-Jy radio quasars with z&gt;~1.25 are correlated with IRAS galaxies at the 95% confidence level, which is increased to more than 99% for z&gt;~1.5. We make use of individual correlation coefficients and demonstrate that they may provide interesting information on individual background sources; for example, this procedure reveals that the 1-Jy source J2216-038 is weakly lensed by two X-ray bright galaxy clusters in the foreground. A comparison of the sky distribution of those 1-Jy sources which exhibit large correlation coefficients with either Lick or IRAS galaxies with the sky distribution of X-ray bright galaxy clusters from the EMSS tentatively indicates that highly correlated background sources are located preferentially in regions of higher-than-average cluster density. We interpret these results as further evidence for weak lensing by extended structures in the universe which are traced by optical, infrared, and X-ray emission.
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13.180071
4.011302
1994-04-01
69
1994A&A...284....1B
[ "X-ray bright galaxy clusters", "individual background sources", "IRAS galaxies", "background sources", "Lick galaxies", "foreground galaxies", "galaxy formation", "galaxies", "large correlation coefficients", "individual correlation coefficients" ]
[ "Gravitational Lenses", "Quasars", "Red Shift", "Spectral Correlation", "Universe", "Galactic Clusters", "Heao 2", "Histograms", "Statistical Analysis", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311008" ]
[ "Bartelmann, M.", "Schneider, P." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1994A&A...290..399B", "1995A&A...295..565B", "1995A&A...298..661B", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1995ApJ...448L..89B", "1995MNRAS.272..705W", "1995NYASA.759..591S", "1996A&A...309....9B", "1996A&A...310..705F", "1996ApJ...461L...5W", "1996ApJ...471..575W", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173...83M", "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996PhRvC..54.2047E", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1996astro.ph.12108D", "1997A&A...319..375B", "1997A&A...320....8B", "1997A&A...321L...1B", "1997AJ....114.1728F", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997ChA&A..21..138Z", "1997MNRAS.291..418S", "1997MNRAS.291..446D", "1998A&A...329..827K", "1998A&A...333..767S", "1998IAUS..179..241S", "1998IAUS..179..424D", "1998MNRAS.296..873S", "1998MNRAS.298..378W", "1998PhRvC..57.2010N", "1998PhRvC..58.2531E", "1998PhRvL..80.2550A", "1998PhRvL..80.2554G", "1999AJ....118..613N", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999Ap&SS.268..483Z", "1999IJMPD...8..213C", "1999PhRvC..59..528W", "1999PhT....52d..38B", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "2000AJ....119.2060N", "2000MNRAS.314..338M", "2001AJ....121.2392N", "2001MNRAS.320..241B", "2001MNRAS.325..278G", "2001MNRAS.325..435M", "2001PASP..113..899B", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001cpgl.conf..133M", "2001qarr.conf...77B", "2002A&A...386..784M", "2003ApJ...583..594W", "2003ApJ...589...82G", "2003ITPS...31.1230G", "2003MNRAS.340..105M", "2003MNRAS.346...67M", "2005ApJ...633..589S", "2005ApJ...634..793N", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2007PhRvC..76c5801V", "2008ARep...52..517K", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2011MNRAS.414..596W", "2015JCAP...10..070M", "2017MNRAS.471.3899B", "2022A&A...667A.146C", "2024A&A...684A.109C" ]
[ "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1981A&AS...45..367K", "1984ApJ...287L..55G", "1986ApJ...304..585D", "1990A&A...240...11F", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1991A&A...248..349B", "1991A&A...251L..35B", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992A&A...259..413B", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B" ]
11573204
astro-ph/9306006
Cosmic Voids and Biased Galaxy Formation
Using cosmological N-body simulations and the void probability function (VPF), we investigate the statistical properties of voids within a wide range of initially Gaussian models for the origin of large-scale structure. We study the dependence of the VPF on cosmological parameters, on the power spectrum of primordial fluctuations, and on assumptions about galaxy formation. We pay particular attention to the ability of the VPF to diagnose `biased galaxy formation' - the preferential formation of galaxies in regions of high background density and corresponding suppression of galaxy formation in regions of low background density. We find that the VPF is insensitive to the cosmic density parameter {OMEGA}_0_ and the cosmological constant λ_0_, provided that fluctuations are normalized to a fixed rms amplitude on scales ~8 h^-1^ Mpc. In the absence of biasing, the VPF is also insensitive to the shape of the initial power spectrum. The VPF does depend on the prescription adopted for biased galaxy formation, in the obvious sense that a scheme that more efficiently suppresses galaxy formation in low-density regions leads to larger voids. Biased models have systematically higher VPFs than unbiased models, but for a given biasing scheme the VPF is relatively insensitive to the value of the bias factor b, the ratio of rms galaxy fluctuations to rms mass fluctuations. Thus, while the VPF can distinguish unbiased models from some biased models, it is probably not a useful way to constrain the bias factor; uncertainties in the appropriate choice of biasing prescription overwhelm the mild dependence on b. We compare the predictions of our models to the most extensive VPF observations published to date. These data do not require strong biasing; Gaussian models in which galaxies trace mass can reproduce the VPF data to within errors expected from the current finite volume fluctuations. Models with the moderate biasing predicted by cosmological simulations that incorporate gas dynamics yield a slightly better match to the data. Models in which galaxy formation is strongly suppressed in low-density regions produce an excess of large, empty voids.
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11.366525
2.651771
1994-04-01
45
1994MNRAS.267..605L
[ "biased galaxy formation", "VPF", "Biased models", "galaxy formation", "Gaussian models", "unbiased models", "Models", "low background density", "cosmological simulations", "high background density" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.3.605", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9306006" ]
[ "Little, B.", "Weinberg, D. H." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994AJ....108..745V", "1994ApJ...437L..71G", "1995A&A...296..611F", "1995MNRAS.273..101B", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996ApJ...469...40G", "1996ApJ...470..160R", "1997ASPC..126..313E", "1997ApJ...479..580G", "1997ApJ...491..421E", "1998JKAS...31..109K", "1998MNRAS.293..209M", "1999ApJ...513..543K", "2000ApJ...528....1N", "2000MNRAS.313..711C", "2000MNRAS.318..280M", "2001ApJ...546..609S", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2002ApJ...575..587B", "2002MNRAS.332..205A", "2003MNRAS.340..160B", "2004A&A...422..423D", "2004MNRAS.350..517S", "2004MNRAS.353..162S", "2005ApJ...635..990C", "2005MNRAS.360..216C", "2006ApJ...647..737T", "2006PhDT.......399S", "2007MNRAS.380..551P", "2008ApJ...686...53T", "2009MNRAS.400.1835B", "2010MNRAS.401..547H", "2011ApJ...735..132K", "2011IJMPS...1...41V", "2013A&A...553A..15T", "2014MNRAS.438.3177S", "2014MNRAS.442.3127S", "2015JCAP...03..047L", "2015PhDT.......367L", "2021ApJ...906...58P", "2023MNRAS.518.2164E", "2023MNRAS.523.4693E", "2023PDU....4101244F", "2024arXiv240613736F" ]
[ "1975A&A....45..365G", "1977ApJ...216..357G", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1978IAUS...79..241J", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980MNRAS.192..321D", "1981ApJ...246..656B", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1982ApJ...253..423D", "1982ac...proc..233G", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...297....1S", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985MNRAS.213P..75R", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...306..341G", "1986ApJ...306..358F", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1986PhRvL..56.1992M", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...314..493K", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1988ARA&A..26..245R", "1988IAUS..130...43K", "1988lsmu.book...31H", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...340..625G", "1989MNRAS.237.1127C", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...353..329W", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.242P..59P", "1990MNRAS.246..608B", "1990MNRAS.247..260W", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990PhDT.......121P", "1991ARA&A..29..325N", "1991ApJ...369..273D", "1991ApJ...377...14R", "1991ApJ...382...44V", "1991ApJS...75..231H", "1991MNRAS.248..593E", "1991MNRAS.251..167P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PhLB..265..245B", "1992ASIC..366..351S", "1992ApJ...385...26G", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...393..415K", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...399...10L", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJ...401L..49L", "1992MNRAS.256..477M", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992MNRAS.258P..57L", "1992MNRAS.259..652W", "1992MPLA....7.3541S", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1992PhDT........45G", "1992PhLB..291..391L", "1992PhRvL..69.1856D", "1992PhRvL..69.3602S", "1993ASPC...43..267G", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...410..458D", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.263..481V", "1993MNRAS.265..689K" ]
11569153
astro-ph/9308017
The large-scale structure in a universe dominated by cold plus hot dark matter.
Using numerical simulations, we investigate the large-scale gravitational clustering in a flat universe dominated by cold plus hot dark matter (i.e. {OMEGA}_0_={OMEGA}_CDM_+{OMEGA}_HDM+{OMEGA}_baryon=1). Primordial density fluctuation spectrum is taken to have the Zel'dovich-Harrison form. Three models are studied, with Model I having {OMEGA}_CDM_=0.69, {OMEGA}_baryon_=0.01 and {OMEGA}_HDM_=0.30 in one flavor of neutrinos; Model II having {OMEGA}_CDM_=0.60, {OMEGA}_baryon_= 0.10, and {OMEGA}_HDM_=0.30 in one flavor of neutrinos; Model III having {OMEGA}_CDM_=0.69, {OMEGA}-baryon_=0.01, and {OMEGA}_HDM_=0.30 in three flavors of neutrinos. The initial density spectra are normalized by the COBE quadrupole measurement, and galaxies are identified from the peaks of initial density fields above a certain threshold chosen, to match the observed two-point correlation on scales &lt;~10h^-1^ Mpc. Thus the clustering properties of both the mass and the galaxies are completely specified. The biasing parameter (for the "galaxies") determined in this way is b_g_~1.2 for Model I, 1.5 for Model II and 1.6 for Model III. The clustering and motions of the simulated "galaxies" are compared with recent observations. The spatial distributions of galaxies in the hybrid models are very frothy; filaments, sheets, voids etc. of sizes 10-50h^-1^ Mpc are frequently seen in the simulations. All three models are in good agreement with the observed local bulk motions and with the count-in-cell statistics σ^2^(l) in redshift surveys of IRAS galaxies. One exception is the σ^2^(l) of the QDOT survey at l=40h^-1^ Mpc: the value is too high to expect in the models. But its statistical significance was recently questioned with an analysis of the 1.2 Jy IRAS survey. Model I does not have sufficient large-scale power to explain the two-point correlation function of Abell clusters. Furthermore, its galaxy pairwise velocity dispersion around 1h^-1^ MpC is too high to reconcile with the observation. The other two models can be adjusted, within the observational errors, to fit all observations on scales from ~1h^-1^ Mpc to ~50h^-1^ Mpc, showing that the power spectrum of the initial density fluctuation is close to the predictions of these two models, and indicating that the observational results of galaxy clustering and motions on large scales are consistent under some reasonable theoretical assumptions.
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12.050429
3.737459
1994-04-01
28
1994A&A...284..703J
[ "galaxy clustering", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxies", "large scales", "initial density fields", "l=40h^-1^ Mpc", "Primordial density fluctuation spectrum", "~50h^-1^ Mpc", "Model III", "Model II" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Dark Matter", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Fields", "Spatial Distribution", "Universe", "Variations", "Computerized Simulation", "Many Body Problem", "Neutrinos", "Numerical Analysis", "Power Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: FORMATION OF", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9308017" ]
[ "Jing, Y. P.", "Mo, H. J.", "Boerner, G.", "Fang, L. Z." ]
[ "SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1994ApJ...432..438J", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1995ApJ...455....7M", "1995NuPhS..43..133P", "1995PhRvL..74.2160P", "1996MNRAS.281..531L", "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996PhLB..388..106O", "1996PhLB..389..687O", "1997A&A...318..667J", "1997ApJ...474..533K", "1997IJMPA..12.3669O", "1997MNRAS.284..189M", "1997PThPh..97..901T", "1997PhRvD..55..322T", "1997PhRvD..55.1665S", "1997PhRvD..56.2044R", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998MNRAS.296..109C", "1998NuPhS..66..168S", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999ApJ...513..543K", "2000A&A...357..809D", "2000ASPC..200..148D", "2000MNRAS.318..280M", "2001ApJ...547..545J", "2003hep.ph....2175S", "2021ApJ...915...75X" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981csup.book.....H", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1984A&A...140...77F", "1984AdSpR...3j.379E", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984PhRvL..53.1292S", "1985A&A...146..235V", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1986AJ.....91.1267P", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986Natur.323..132V", "1986PhRvL..56.1992M", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1989ApJ...341..599B", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989MNRAS.237..129K", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1990ApJ...349..408J", "1990ApJ...350..119L", "1990ApJ...352..448L", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990ApJ...365...66H", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247..260W", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990PhLB..236..454O", "1991ApJ...368L...7P", "1991ApJ...371L...1S", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991MNRAS.251..167P", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1991MNRAS.253..295L", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PhRvL..66.2179B", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...398...33V", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258..511K", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992MNRAS.259..761X", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...403L...5G", "1993ApJ...406....6J", "1993ApJ...411..450J", "1993MNRAS.260..121M", "1993MNRAS.261..895M" ]
11574408
astro-ph/9308045
CO Observations of Edge-on Galaxies. IV. NGC 4565: Radial Variation of the H_{normalsize2 }-to-H{I} Ratio
The edge-on galaxy NGC4565 has been observed in the (12) CO(J=1--0)-line emission using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope with an angular resolution of 15''. We obtained a scan along the major axis for +/- 5' (+/- 15 kpc) about the galactic center, and some scans perpendicular to the galactic plane. The radial density distribution shows a dense molecular gas ring of 5 kpc radius, which is associated with an HI ring. The molecular disk comprises two components: an unresolved thin and dense disk, and a thick disk (or a halo) extending to a height greater than 1.4 kpc. The position-velocity diagram shows that the general rotation of the entire galaxy is circular with a flat rotation curve. However, the radial distribution of molecular gas is asymmetric with respect to the galaxy center in the sense that the molecular gas is much richer in the NW side. We derived a radial variation of the H_2-to-(HI+H_2) density ratio, and found that interstellar gas in the central 4 kpc region is almost entirely H_2, while HI is dominant beyond 10 kpc. A similar HI-vs-H_2\ behavior was found in the edge-on galaxy NGC 891.
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12.25927
8.626472
1994-04-01
20
1994PASJ...46..147S
[ "molecular gas", "a dense molecular gas ring", "HI", "the molecular gas", "The molecular disk", "the galaxy center", "The radial density distribution", "that interstellar gas", "+", "5 kpc radius" ]
[ "Carbon Monoxide", "Galactic Bulge", "Galaxies", "Hydrogen", "Line Spectra", "Molecular Gases", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Spectra", "Variations", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Rotation", "Imaging Spectrometers", "Interstellar Gas", "Radio Telescopes", "Ratios", "Astrophysics", "CO EMISSION", "EDGE-ON GALAXIES", "GALAXIES", "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9308045" ]
[ "Sofue, Yoshiaki", "Nakai, Naomasa" ]
[ "University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan" ]
[ "1994PASJ...46..173S", "1995A&A...296...33S", "1995A&A...304....1H", "1995ASPC...73..121K", "1995PASJ...47...17O", "1995PASJ...47..527S", "1996A&A...305...74V", "1996A&A...310..725N", "1996A&AS..115..439E", "1996ApJ...458..120S", "2000MNRAS.312..236C", "2002A&A...390L..35N", "2006PhRvD..73f3012C", "2008ApJ...676..137K", "2010AJ....140..753L", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.427.2797D", "2014A&A...564A..65B", "2014ApJ...795..136S", "2019A&A...632A..12S" ]
[ "1958ApJ...127..487D", "1961hag..book.....S", "1976A&A....53..159S", "1976AJ.....81..500F", "1976Ap&SS..43..491S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1980A&AS...41..189R", "1980PASJ...32..197H", "1981A&A....95..105V", "1981A&A....96..164C", "1982ARA&A..20..163S", "1982ApJ...256..460K", "1984A&A...133....1H", "1984ApJ...276..182S", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986AJ.....91..517R", "1987A&A...181..225W", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1987PASJ...39...47S", "1989PASJ...41..937S", "1990A&A...233...82C", "1990PASJ...42....1H", "1990PASJ...42..745S", "1991AJ....102...48R", "1991ApJ...382..100S", "1992ApJ...393..530D", "1992PASJ...44L..27N", "1992PASJ...44L.231S", "1993PASJ...45..139S" ]
11569591
astro-ph/9310010
Self-Gravity and Dissipation in Polar Rings
Studies of inclined rings inside galaxy potentials have mostly considered the influence of self-gravity and viscous dissipation separately. In this study, we construct models of highly inclined ("polar") rings in an external potential including both self-gravity and dissipation due to a drag force. We do not include pressure forces and thus ignore shock heating that dominates the evolution of gaseous rings inside strongly nonspherical potentials. We adopt an oblate spheroidal scale-free logarithmic potential with axis ratio q = 0.85 and an initial inclination of 80^deg^ for the self-gravitating rings. We find that stellar (dissipationless) rings suffer from mass loss during their evolution. Mass loss also drives a secular change of the mean inclination toward the poles of the potential. As much as half of the ring mass escapes in the process and forms an inner and an outer shell of precessing orbits. If the remaining mass is more than ~0.02 of the enclosed galaxy mass, rings remain bound and do not fall apart from differential precession. The rings precess at a constant rate for more than a precession period τ_p_ finding the configuration predicted by Sparke in 1986 which warps at larger radii toward the poles of the potential. We model shear viscosity with a velocity-dependent drag force and find that nuclear inflow dominates over self-gravity if the characteristic viscous inflow time scale τ_vi_ is shorter than ~25τ_p_. Rings with {TAU}_vi_/τ_p_ &lt;~25 collapse toward the nucleus of the potential within one precession period independent of the amount of self-gravity. Our results imply that stars and gas in real polar rings exhibit markedly different dynamical evolutions.
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10.48161
7.062701
1994-04-01
10
1994ApJ...424..615D
[ "inclined rings", "real polar rings", "gaseous rings", "Rings", "rings", "galaxy potentials", "Mass loss", "differential precession", "pressure forces", "nuclear inflow" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Dissipation", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitation", "Ring Structures", "Computerized Simulation", "Drag", "Interstellar Gas", "Kinematics", "Logarithms", "Numerical Analysis", "Precession", "Stars", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/173918", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310010" ]
[ "Dubinski, John", "Christodoulou, Dimitris M." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1995AJ....109..942V", "1995ApJ...442..492D", "1995NYASA.751...12S", "1997ASPC..117..126E", "1997ApJ...486..259E", "1997NewA....2....1C", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "2001AJ....121..692C", "2001ApJ...551..730E", "2024MNRAS.527.4112S" ]
[ "1963ApJ...138..385T", "1978AJ.....83.1360S", "1982ApJ...263L..51S", "1983AJ.....88..909S", "1984AJ.....89..618W", "1984ApJ...276..101S", "1985ARA&A..23..147A", "1985ApJ...289..540H", "1986MNRAS.219..657S", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987ARA&A..25..151S", "1987ApJ...314..439W", "1987ApJ...314..457V", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...325...26S", "1988ApJ...326...84H", "1988MNRAS.234..873S", "1990AJ....100.1489W", "1990ApJ...357...62S", "1990ApJ...361..408S", "1990MNRAS.247..674V", "1991wdir.conf...73S", "1991wdir.conf...85S", "1991wdir.conf..131S", "1991wdir.conf..225H", "1991wdir.conf..237C", "1992ApJ...389L..55K", "1992ApJ...395..113C" ]
11574409
astro-ph/9312041
CO Observations of Edge-on Galaxies. V. NGC 5907: Central Deficiency of Gas in an SC Galaxy-Merger in the Bulge?
The edge-on Sc galaxy NGC5907 has been observed in the (12) CO(J=1--0)-line emission using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. The radial density distribution at between 2 and 13 kpc is well represented by a superposition of an exponential-law disk of scale radius 3.5 kpc and a ring of 7 kpc radius. However, no concentration of gas has been observed in the central 2 kpc. The radial distribution and position-velocity diagram are compared in detail with those obtained for HI. We found that the molecular gas dominates in the central 5 kpc region, while HI dominates in the outer region, clearly separated by a ``molecular front'' at 5 kpc radius. This molecular front could be the place where the phase change from HI to H_2, or vice versa, is taking place on a galactic scale. The central deficiency of the molecular gas is exceptional for a late-type galaxy, which was found for the first time among Sc galaxies, and the second case after the Sb galaxy M31. We argue for the possibility of destruction of the nuclear gas disk by a merger with another galaxy, and discuss its relation to the outer warping disk.
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12.12737
8.499296
1994-04-01
15
1994PASJ...46..173S
[ "Sc galaxies", "galaxy", "gas", "HI", "Sc", "the nuclear gas disk", "place", "scale", "the molecular gas", "5 kpc radius" ]
[ "Carbon Monoxide", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Bulge", "Galaxies", "Hydrogen", "Interstellar Matter", "Molecular Gases", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Spectra", "Exponential Functions", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Radio Telescopes", "Ratios", "Astronomy", "CO EMISSION", "GALAXIES", "HI GAS", "INTERSTELLAR MATTER", "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9312041" ]
[ "Sofue, Yoshiaki" ]
[ "University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan" ]
[ "1995A&A...296...33S", "1995A&A...299..657G", "1995A&A...302..691D", "1995A&A...304....1H", "1996A&A...305...74V", "1996A&AS..115..439E", "1996ApJ...458..120S", "1997A&A...319..450G", "1997A&A...325..124D", "2000AJ....119.1701Z", "2004JKAS...37...15R", "2006A&A...445..123I", "2008ApJ...676..137K", "2010AJ....140..753L", "2015ApJ...806...94L" ]
[ "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ASSL...70..255S", "1980A&AS...41..189R", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1983MNRAS.203..735C", "1984A&A...133....1H", "1984A&AS...55..179B", "1984ApJ...276..182S", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1987PASJ...39...47S", "1987PASJ...39..849S", "1988MNRAS.231..833S", "1988PASJ...40..511S", "1989PASJ...41..937S", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ApJ...383L..11K", "1991PASJ...43..671S", "1992AJ....103...41B", "1992PASJ...44L.231S", "1993A&AS...97..887B", "1993AJ....106.1436L", "1993ApJ...417L..63S", "1993PASJ...45..139S", "1994ApJ...423..207S", "1994PASJ...46..147S" ]
1933013
null
Faint galaxy counts in a hierarchical universe.
We interpret galaxy counts in the B and K bands, and the redshift distribution of faint galaxies, using a model for galaxy formation in a hierarchical universe. We first study how variation of each of the free parameters in our model affects its observational predictions. These parameters control processes such as star formation, supernova feedback and merging, and determine the masses and luminosities of the galaxies that populate the evolving distribution of dark matter haloes. We find that more efficient merging results in a galaxy luminosity function with a lower amplitude at the faint end at all epochs. This causes the slope of the faint counts to decrease, and the redshift distribution to shift to higher values of z. We then look at the influence of the parameters that control star formation and feedback in dark matter haloes of differing circular velocity. We find that we can steepen the counts by allowing more stars to form in low-circular-velocity haloes. In order to avoid producing too many low-luminosity galaxies at the present epoch, star formation must stop before z = 0, allowing the galaxy to fade substantially in the B band. The evolution of the satellite galaxies in our models provides a natural way of explaining this phenomenon. Finally, we show that the choice of initial mass function does not influence our results very substantially. We present two models which can fit most of the observational data: (a) a cold dark matter model in which star formation is suppressed in low-circular-velocity haloes until they are accreted into larger systems, and (b) a mixed dark matter model. Neither model fits perfectly. The amplitude of the field-galaxy luminosity function is too high at the faint end, and we are unable to account for the reddest objects seen at K magnitudes between 16 and 20. Given the uncertainties in both the observational data and the details of our modelling, our results lead us to conclude that neither unphysically high merging rates nor new populations of objects are needed to explain the observations in the standard framework of hierarchical clustering in an {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 universe.
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12.162253
6.427231
1994-04-01
135
1994MNRAS.267..981K
[ "galaxy formation", "faint galaxies", "galaxy counts", "star formation", "dark matter haloes", "more stars", "initial mass function", "circular velocity", "higher values", "a galaxy luminosity function" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.4.981" ]
[ "Kauffmann, G.", "Guiderdoni, B.", "White, S. D. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.269..199H", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1994astro.ph.12088M", "1995ApJ...443..570Z", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1996MNRAS.283L..72N", "1996slma.conf...33W", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997AJ....113..185M", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..114...37W", "1997ASPC..117..335F", "1997ASPC..127..183W", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...478...13N", "1997ApJ...480..145N", "1997ApJ...481..703S", "1997ApJ...487..512S", "1997ApJ...488..606C", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997MNRAS.285..779R", "1997MNRAS.291..383C", "1997Natur.390..377Z", "1997euvl.conf..219W", "1997gsr..proc....3W", "1998ASPC..146..268A", "1998ASPC..146..397S", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...501..554C", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998AstL...24..693K", "1998ESASP.429...33E", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.296..585F", "1998MNRAS.297..427A", "1998MNRAS.297L..23K", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.300..303T", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999A&AS..138...55H", "1999ASPC..156..113G", "1999ASPC..163..227B", "1999ASPC..176..476K", "1999ASPC..181..173G", "1999Ap&SS.269..513S", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ApJ...512L.105N", "1999ApJ...513..156M", "1999ApJ...514..535H", "1999ApJ...516...77B", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.310.1087S", "1999mdrg.conf..265B", "2000A&A...363..851D", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000MNRAS.312..781L", "2000MNRAS.314..511S", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317..265M", "2000MNRAS.317..697E", "2000MNRAS.318..625B", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2001A&A...367..428A", "2001A&A...379..798P", "2001AJ....122.1298G", "2001ASIC..565...93F", "2001ASPC..222..283N", "2001ASPC..230..237G", "2001ASPC..240...79S", "2001ASPC..249..140B", "2001ASPC..252..355Y", "2001ApJ...546L..77C", "2001ApSSS.277..437P", "2001MNRAS.320..261B", "2001MNRAS.324..757G", "2001MNRAS.327.1041B", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001astro.ph..2056E", "2002A&A...395..443B", "2002ASPC..268..177F", "2002ASPC..275...83B", "2002ApJ...578..675N", "2002MNRAS.330..113K", "2002MNRAS.332..479J", "2002MNRAS.334..444R", "2002PThPh.108..103T", "2002ceme.symp...30F", "2002luml.conf...24F", "2003A&A...397L...9H", "2003A&A...409..523R", "2003Ap&SS.284..325S", "2003ApJ...582..196H", "2003ApJ...594..172N", "2003ESASP.539..299R", "2003MNRAS.338..880S", "2003MNRAS.339..289S", "2003MNRAS.339..312S", "2003MNRAS.343...75H", "2003mglh.conf...97B", "2004A&A...416..157R", "2004A&A...428..877K", "2004MNRAS.350...35F", "2005MNRAS.357L..11L", "2005MNRAS.364L...8N", "2006A&A...457...91E", "2006ApJ...639..644E", "2006ApJ...647..201C", "2006MNRAS.368.1631S", "2006astro.ph..7463K", "2007ApJ...658...65C", "2008A&A...487..453A", "2008arXiv0804.4156W", "2009A&A...506.1071A", "2009PASA...26..379L", "2009PASA...26..415L", "2009RMxAC..37..110B", "2010ApJ...724...49M", "2010MNRAS.405.1573B", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2013JCAP...02..037L", "2014MNRAS.437.1027M", "2016BAAA...58....8C", "2021A&A...654A.142C", "2024arXiv240503765B" ]
[ "1978ApJS...36..405S", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1979ApJS...40..733M", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1981A&A....94..175R", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJS...58..711V", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988A&AS...76..411M", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...398...33V", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AJ....105.1333L", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993MNRAS.261..827M", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993MNRAS.265..727H" ]
1913566
null
Rediscussion of Extragalactic Supernova Rates Derived from Evans's 1980--1988 Observations
Supernova rates are derived from observations by Evans under the assumption that (1) the discovery probability of supernovae is independent of parent galaxy inclination and (2) supernovae of all types have luminosity functions of finite width at maximum light. For spirals of types Sab-Sd the total supernova rate is calculated to be ~1.3(H_0_/75)^2^ SNu. Modeling shows that symmetrical broadening of the luminosity functions of supernovae at maximum light does not change the supernova rates significantly from those computed from Evans's observations under the assumption that each type of supernova has a single value of M_V_(max). However, systematic shifts in the mean luminosities of supernovae (or changes in the amount of interstellar extinction) result in dramatic changes in the calculated supernova rates. The rate of core-collapse supernovae within 4 kpc of the Sun is calculated to be ~2.3(H_0_/75)^2^ per millennium. This rate is in excellent agreement with the fact that four such objects are known to have occurred within 4 kpc during the last 2000 years.
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2.490581
4.805409
1994-04-01
97
1994ApJ...425..205V
[ "luminosity functions", "Supernova rates", "supernovae", "maximum light", "types", "dramatic changes", "supernova", "parent galaxy inclination", "the calculated supernova rates", "symmetrical broadening" ]
[ "Astrophysics", "Intergalactic Media", "Mathematical Models", "Numerical Analysis", "Spiral Galaxies", "Supernovae", "Visual Observation", "Hubble Constant", "Light Curve", "Red Shift", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
2
[ "10.1086/173975" ]
[ "van den Bergh, Sidney", "McClure, Robert D." ]
[ "National Research Council, Victoria, BC, Canada", "National Research Council, Victoria, BC, Canada" ]
[ "1995ApJS...98..617T", "1995MNRAS.276..505P", "1995PASP..107.1019B", "1995PhR...256..193T", "1996A&A...315..105R", "1996ASPC...96..419P", "1996ApJ...456L.107M", "1996ApJ...457..834T", "1996ApJ...461L..25F", "1996ApJ...462....1J", "1996ApJ...462..758J", "1996ApJ...464..332T", "1996ApJ...464..404S", "1996ApJ...473..356P", "1996IAUS..165..107L", "1996IAUS..171...81C", "1996PASJ...48..467M", "1997A&A...322..431C", "1997A&A...324..683D", "1997AJ....113..755M", "1997ApJ...476..144M", "1997ApJ...479..760T", "1997ApJ...481L..81T", "1997PASA...14..204E", "1997astro.ph..6053P", "1998A&A...333..433P", "1998ApJ...494..674P", "1998ApJ...497..759F", "1998ApJ...500L.153L", "1998ApJ...509L..33H", "1998MNRAS.296..763K", "1998MNRAS.297.1021C", "1998MNRAS.298..399F", "1998MNRAS.299..535P", "1998PASP..110..637D", "1999A&A...345..329V", "1999A&A...348..371B", "1999A&A...351..459C", "1999AJ....117..707R", "1999Ap&SS.265..461P", "1999MNRAS.302..693D", "1999cezh.conf...93P", "2000AIPC..528..375L", "2000ASSL..255..361T", "2000Ap&SS.271..103B", "2000ApJ...531..676W", "2000ApJ...532..679P", "2000ApJ...534..747R", "2000MNRAS.317..265M", "2000PhRvD..61h2001B", "2001A&A...376..641K", "2001AIPC..565...17M", "2001ApJ...550..397M", "2001MNRAS.328.1181N", "2001PhyU...44R...1G", "2003A&A...408..187K", "2003ApJ...582..330H", "2003ApJ...582..915H", "2003ApJ...590..822H", "2003ApJ...591..228L", "2003ApJ...594..919H", "2003MNRAS.340L...7F", "2003MNRAS.341..870B", "2003NewA....8...39S", "2004A&A...422..545Y", "2004A&A...424..747P", "2004ApJ...616..643F", "2004MNRAS.349..983K", "2004PhR...405..203D", "2005A&A...435..521N", "2005ApJ...628..738H", "2005foap.conf..287D", "2006A&A...450.1037T", "2006AdSpR..37.1913H", "2006ApJ...643L..49K", "2006MNRAS.366..899N", "2006MNRAS.373.1074S", "2007ApJ...660..330L", "2007ESASP.622...99H", "2007PrPNP..59...74T", "2007SSRv..130..465L", "2007coma.book..465L", "2008ApJ...680..639M", "2009ApJ...695..666O", "2009JCAP...04..029L", "2011MNRAS.410.1391A", "2011MNRAS.412.1473L", "2011MNRAS.417.1392Y", "2011NuPhS.221..218R", "2012APh....35..685W", "2013ApJ...764...25J", "2013ApJ...770...25A", "2014ApJ...782...34B", "2014PhRvD..90d5032T", "2016ApJ...831..148M", "2016JPhG...43c0401A", "2021ApJ...921...69A" ]
[ "1938ApJ....88..529Z", "1942ApJ....96...28Z", "1979A&A....76..188S", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1987ApJ...323...44V", "1987SvA....31...39T", "1988ComAp..12..131V", "1989ApJ...343..713R", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989ApJ...345..752E", "1989ApJ...347L..29V", "1990AJ....100..530M", "1990ApJ...359..277V", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991PhR...204..385V", "1992ApJ...384L...9M", "1992ApJ...390..133V", "1992ApJ...401L...7S", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1993A&A...268..472C", "1993A&A...273..383C", "1993A&AS...98..443P", "1993AJ....105..301L", "1993ApJ...413L.105P" ]
1912349
null
The Expanding Photosphere Method Applied to SN 1992 AM At cz=14 600km/s
We present photometry and spectroscopy of SN 1992am for five months following its discovery by the Calan/CTIO SN search. These data show SN 1992am to be type II-P, displaying hydrogen in its spectrum and the typical shoulder in its light curve. The photometric data and the distance from our own analysis are used to construct the supernova's bolometric light curve. Using the bolometric light curve, we estimate SN 1992am ejected approximately 0.30 M_sun_ of ^56^Ni, an amount four times larger than that of other well studied SNe II. SN 1992am's; host galaxy lies at a redshift of cz = 14600 km s ~, making it one of the most distant SNe II discovered, and an important application of the Expanding Photosphere Method. Since z = 0.05 is large enough for redshift-dependent effects to matter, we develop the technique to derive luminosity distances with the Expanding Photosphere Method at any redshift, and apply this method to SN 1992am, The derived distance, D = 180_-25_^+30^ Mpc, is independent of all other rungs in the extragalactic distance ladder. The redshift of SN 1992am's host galaxy is sufficiently large that uncertainties due to perturbations in the smooth Hubble flow should be smaller than 10%. The Hubble ratio derived from the distance and redshift of this single object is H_0_ = 81_-15_^+17^ km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^. In the future with more of these distant objects, we hope to establish an independent and statistically robust estimate of H_0_ based solely on type II supernovae.
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2.616416
4.612641
1994-04-01
64
1994AJ....107.1444S
[ "SN 1992am", "SN", "luminosity distances", "1992am", "redshift", "type II supernovae", "SN 1992ams host galaxy", "II", "host galaxy", "other well studied SNe II" ]
[ "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Mathematical Models", "Neutron Stars", "Photometry", "Red Shift", "Solar Granulation", "Spectroscopy", "Supernovae", "Astronomical Observatories", "Atmospheric Correction", "Bolometers", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Hubble Constant", "Light Curve", "Luminosity", "Reflecting Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1992 AM" ]
2
[ "10.1086/116957" ]
[ "Schmidt, B. P.", "Kirshner, R. P.", "Eastman, R. G.", "Hamuy, M.", "Phillips, M. M.", "Suntzeff, N. B.", "Maza, J.", "Filippenko, A. V.", "Ho, L. C.", "Matheson, T.", "Grashuis, R.", "Aviles, R.", "Kirkpatrick, J. D.", "Challis, P.", "Kuijken, K.", "Zucker, D.", "Bolte, M.", "Tyson, N. D." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena, Chile", "Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena, Chile", "Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile", "Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ApJ...432...42S", "1994PASP..106.1113V", "1995AJ....109.2620S", "1995AJ....110.2868B", "1995ApJ...441..170B", "1995ApJ...446....1S", "1995ApJ...452...62L", "1995IAUS..166..267V", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1995PhRvD..52.4307K", "1995Sci...267..980B", "1996AJ....111....1S", "1996AJ....111.1660S", "1996ApJ...461L..45P", "1996ApJ...466..911E", "1996IAUS..168..157V", "1996IAUS..168..163T", "1997ARA&A..35..309F", "1998ApJ...509...43M", "1998astro.ph..7345H", "1999ApJ...521..179H", "2000AIPC..522..123F", "2000ApJ...529..661C", "2000ApJ...537L.127S", "2001ASSL..264..199C", "2001ApJ...553..861L", "2001ApJ...555..900P", "2002ApJ...567..441B", "2002NewAR..46..493S", "2002PASP..114...35L", "2002RvMP...74.1015W", "2003ApJ...582..905H", "2003ApJ...592..457W", "2003LNP...598...21T", "2003LNP...598...77L", "2003MNRAS.346...97N", "2003astro.ph.10056P", "2003astro.ph.10057Z", "2003astro.ph.10837T", "2003fthp.conf..210P", "2003fthp.conf..241N", "2004MNRAS.347...74P", "2005A&A...437..667D", "2005A&A...439..671D", "2007ApJ...666.1093Q", "2008PZ.....28....3T", "2009ApJ...690.1313G", "2010ApJ...717L..52B", "2014AJ....148..107R", "2014ApJ...781...13L", "2014ApJ...786...67A", "2015ApJ...799..215P", "2015MNRAS.450.3137T", "2016A&A...592A.129G", "2016AJ....151...33G", "2017ApJ...846..100G", "2017hsn..book..737Z", "2017hsn..book.2525L", "2017hsn..book.2671N", "2018A&A...611A..25G", "2018ApJ...853...62T", "2019IJAA....9....1M", "2023A&C....4400715D", "2023ApJ...942...38M" ]
[ "1953ApJ...117..313J", "1958AJ.....63..201W", "1965ApJ...141..923J", "1968ApJ...154...21O", "1971MmSAI..42..163C", "1974ApJ...193...27K", "1975ApJ...197..415K", "1975ApJ...197..587H", "1976MmRAS..81...25C", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...214L...5W", "1979A&A....72..287B", "1981ApJ...250L..65W", "1981PASP...93..507H", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...331L...9E", "1988LNP...305..288H", "1988LNP...305..295C", "1988MNRAS.234P...5W", "1989ARA&A..27..629A", "1989ApJ...342L..79Y", "1989ApJ...347..771E", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990AJ.....99..650S", "1990ApJ...355..255S", "1990ApJ...356..332J", "1990PASP..102..299P", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJ...378L...5N", "1991ApJ...379..466B", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...389L...5M", "1992ApJ...395..366S", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1993AJ....105.1206T", "1993AJ....105.2236S", "1993ApJ...405..730L", "1993ApJ...412..731E", "1993Natur.364..507N", "1993Natur.364..600S" ]
1913798
null
Uncovering the Intrinsic Shapes of Elliptical Galaxies. I. Theoretical Velocity Field Models
This is the first of a series of three papers that presents a new method for constraining the intrinsic shapes of elliptical galaxies through their apparent shapes and kinematics. This paper presents a set of theoretical models for elliptical galaxy velocity fields that will be used in later papers for comparison against real galaxies. These models are constructed by solving the equation of continuity by separation in ellipsoidal coordinates. The necessary boundary condition is a function of one variable which essentially distills the information in the distribution function into only that necessary to determine the mean flow of the stellar "fluid." The models are therefore more general and much easier to calculate than the existing self-consistent models.
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10.380617
6.2345
1994-04-01
48
1994ApJ...425..458S
[ "elliptical galaxy velocity fields", "elliptical galaxies", "theoretical models", "later papers", "real galaxies", "ellipsoidal coordinates", "continuity", "separation", "comparison", "The necessary boundary condition" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Structure", "Radial Velocity", "Velocity Distribution", "Boundary Conditions", "Computerized Simulation", "Distribution Functions", "Kinematics", "Three Dimensional Flow", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174001" ]
[ "Statler, Thomas S." ]
[ "University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...425..481S", "1994ApJ...425..500S", "1994MNRAS.271..924A", "1995AJ....110.1039T", "1996ApJ...457..177B", "1996ApJ...460..101W", "1996ApJ...461..146R", "1996ApJ...468..184B", "1996IAUS..171...47D", "1997ASPC..116....1F", "1997ASPC..116...75S", "1997ASPC..116...86B", "1997ASPC..116..101D", "1997MNRAS.287...35R", "1997astro.ph..5046Z", "1998AJ....116.2793S", "1998ApJ...493..641R", "1998ApJ...496..706A", "1998MNRAS.296..407S", "1999AJ....117..126S", "2000AJ....120..110B", "2000astro.ph..3468S", "2001AJ....121..244S", "2001ApJ...549..871S", "2001BASI...29..443T", "2001MNRAS.326...23B", "2001sf2a.conf..289C", "2003LNP...626..101V", "2003LNP...626..279V", "2003MNRAS.342.1056V", "2004IAUS..220..179V", "2004MNRAS.353....1S", "2005ApJ...623..137V", "2006MNRAS.366..787K", "2008MNRAS.385..614V", "2008MNRAS.385..647V", "2008MNRAS.388.1321P", "2010A&A...521A..71M", "2010ApJ...708.1032L", "2010ApJ...723..818H", "2013MNRAS.434.2153R", "2016ASSL..418...15M", "2017MNRAS.472..966F", "2018ApJ...856...11G", "2019MNRAS.487.2354B", "2020A&A...635A.129K", "2020MNRAS.495.1321D", "2024PASA...41...33Y" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1956ZA.....39..126C", "1970ApJ...160..831S", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...213..368S", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1978MNRAS.183..501B", "1978MNRAS.183..779B", "1979ApJ...232..236S", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1982ApJ...263L..51S", "1982MNRAS.198..303V", "1983ApJ...267..571D", "1985MNRAS.212..767B", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1985MNRAS.216..467G", "1986MNRAS.218..743B", "1987AJ.....94..854V", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJ...314..476L", "1987ApJ...317..607D", "1987ApJ...321..113S", "1987IAUS..117...51R", "1987IAUS..127..401G", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988MNRAS.231..285F", "1989A&A...214...61M", "1989ApJ...339..752M", "1990AJ.....99.1548M", "1990ApJ...354...33A", "1991AJ....101.1231C", "1991AJ....102..882S", "1991ApJ...368...79A", "1991ApJ...371L...1S", "1991ApJ...373..369B", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.249..629F", "1992ApJ...384..491L", "1992ApJ...389...79H", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...396..445R", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1992ApJ...401..441D", "1993ApJ...409..563S", "1994ApJ...425..481S", "1994ApJ...425..500S" ]
1913605
null
On the Size and Formation Mechanism of the Largest Star-forming Complexes in Spiral and Irregular Galaxies
The average diameters of the largest star complexes in most of the spiral and irregular galaxies in the Sandage and Bedke Atlas of Galaxies were measured from the Atlas photographs. The complex diameters D_c_ correlate with galaxy magnitude as D_c_ = 0.18 - 0.14 M_B_, which has about the same slope as the correlation for the largest H II regions studied by Kennicutt. There is no obvious correlation between D_c_ and either Hubble type or spiral arm class at a given magnitude. The variation of D_c_ with M_B_ closely matches the expected variation in the characteristic length of the gaseous gravitational instability considering that the rotation curve varies with M_B_ and that the stability parameter Q is about 1 in the outer regions of the disk. This match corresponds to an effective velocity dispersion of 6.1 km s^-1^ that is about the same for all spiral and irregular galaxies.
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11.228206
6.55072
1994-04-01
33
1994ApJ...425...57E
[ "D_c_", "_", "spiral arm class", "galaxy magnitude", "D_c", "the largest H II regions", "Atlas", "Q", "M_B", "Sandage" ]
[ "Computational Astrophysics", "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Irregular Galaxies", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Formation", "Gravitational Effects", "H Ii Regions", "Star Distribution", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/173962" ]
[ "Elmegreen, Debra Meloy", "Elmegreen, Bruce G.", "Lang, Cornelia", "Stephens, Carnella" ]
[ "Vassar College Observatory, Poughkeepsie, NY, US", "Vassar College Observatory, Poughkeepsie, NY, US", "Vassar College Observatory, Poughkeepsie, NY, US", "Vassar College Observatory, Poughkeepsie, NY, US" ]
[ "1994ASPC...66..167E", "1995A&A...301..293F", "1995AJ....110.2757E", "1995PASJ...47..745K", "1996A&A...308...40K", "1996A&A...314...59P", "1996ApJ...466..802E", "1996ApJ...466.1026H", "1996ApJ...467..579E", "1997A&A...323...56O", "1997ApJ...490..682T", "1998A&A...338L..29M", "1998AJ....115.2587T", "1998AJ....116.1169M", "1999AJ....117..764E", "1999AJ....117.1743Z", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "2000A&A...357..437B", "2000ApJ...534..703S", "2000astro.ph..4203B", "2001RvMA...14..297B", "2001astro.ph..7100V", "2002A&A...384...24V", "2002ASPC..285..293C", "2002IAUS..207..410K", "2003ApJ...598..827P", "2003PASJ...55..605T", "2003PhyU...46....1E", "2006A&A...451..431L", "2010AJ....139..545G", "2010AJ....139.1369P", "2012ApJ...745...30K", "2023ApJ...959....1K" ]
[ "1936ApJ....84..158H", "1953PNAS...39..358M", "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1964ApJS....9...65V", "1966ApJ...145..811P", "1968ApJS...17..371L", "1972ApJ...176L...9Q", "1978ApJ...225L..21A", "1978SvAL....4...66E", "1979ApJ...231..372E", "1979SvAL....5...12E", "1980AJ.....85....1W", "1980ApJ...238..471R", "1981ApJ...246L.151F", "1981MNRAS.194..809L", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982A&A...115..373V", "1982ApJ...253..655E", "1982SvAL....8..314E", "1983A&A...119..185V", "1983MNRAS.203...31E", "1985ApJ...297...61B", "1987A&A...172...27G", "1987Ap&SS.135..119E", "1987ApJ...312..626E", "1987ApJ...314....3E", "1987ApJ...319..730S", "1987ApJ...320..182E", "1988ApJ...324...60B", "1988ApJ...334..144K", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1988SvAL...14..347E", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...337..761K", "1989ApJ...339..763S", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989PASJ...41..241F", "1990ApJ...348..495A", "1991A&A...250..316T", "1991AJ....101.1293W", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1991ApJ...378..139E", "1991ApJ...378..565G", "1991PASJ...43..685N", "1992MNRAS.257..119I", "1992PASJ...44..509H", "1993ApJ...404..593R", "1993ApJ...412...90E", "1993prpl.conf...97E" ]
1933002
null
The Spatial Clustering of Faint Galaxies
We estimate the spatial clustering of faint galaxies in an extensive new redshift survey performed using the automatic fibre positioner (Autofib) on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The survey comprises 1100 galaxies within a magnitude range of 17 &lt; B &lt; 22 selected from 33 deep pencil beams. The redshift distribution extends to z~0.5 and has a median redshift of z = 0.16, making the survey the most extensive and deepest of its kind for which the spatial clustering has been estimated. Over the apparent magnitude range of the survey, the galaxy number counts exceed the no-evolution prediction by a factor similar to the proportion of galaxies observed with strong [O II] emission. Adopting the hypothesis that the strong [O II] emitters can be statistically identified with the blue star-forming excess population, we investigate variation in the galaxy correlation functions between strong and weak O II populations, as well as with redshift. All the data are adequately described by a correlation function ξ(r)=(r/r_0_)^-1.7 with r_0_ = 6.5+/-0.4 h^-1^ Mpc. We find no evidence for evolution of the comoving correlation length with redshift: r_0_(z)= r_0_(0)(1 +z)<SUP>epsilon</SUP>^, with ɛ = 0.411.6. The correlation lengths for strong and weak [O II] emitters are compatible with the global value, albeit with moderately large uncertainties. A better constraint is provided by cross-correlation of the two populations which yields r_0_ = 6.2+/-0.5 h^-1^ Mpc. To B = 22, there is no evidence that the star-forming blue galaxies represent a new unclustered population. On the contrary, the physical association of blue galaxies with the normal population is as expected in the merger hypothesis put forward to explain the excess galaxy counts.
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12.349016
5.241298
1994-04-01
36
1994MNRAS.267..541C
[ "blue galaxies", "faint galaxies", "galaxies", "O II", "correlation", "redshift", "strong and weak O II populations", "the galaxy correlation functions", "an extensive new redshift survey", "the excess galaxy counts" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.3.541" ]
[ "Cole, S.", "Ellis, R. S.", "Broadhurst, T. J.", "Colless, M. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.275..121S", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1995RMxAA..31...91C", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...470..681K", "1996MNRAS.279.1357L", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996astro.ph..1014S", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997A&A...323..685B", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...476..534F", "1997ApJ...479...82S", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997ApJ...484...53O", "1997ApJ...488..524R", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.292..835R", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999ApJ...524...31S", "1999ApJS..122..355V", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000ApJ...538...83C", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2000astro.ph..5312B", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...560...72S", "2004MNRAS.347..895H", "2007A&A...472...29D", "2017JCAP...04..029S", "2017PhDT.......408S" ]
[ "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...376L...5K", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992Natur.357..607C", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993NYASA.688..207E" ]
1912355
null
Properties of the Magellanic Type Spirals. II. The Frequency of Companion Galaxies
A survey of the largest (log D_25_ &gt; 1.3) Magellanic spiral galaxies in the RC3 catalog was performed using the Palomar and UK Schmidt Sky Surveys. An attempt was made to classify arm strengths and a search for nearby neighbor galaxies was conducted. In a statistical analysis of the data gathered in this survey it was determined that among 75 galaxies with well classified asymmetric arms, only four were found to have no nearby neighbor within a separation of 5 log D_25_. The classification of these four systems as Magellanic type galaxies is highly questionable (Corwin, private communication (1989)]. In no case was a bright, dominant arm classified in a system in which a clear neighbor galaxy was absent. The frequency distribution of apparent separations, which is strongly peaked at small separations, suggests that the observed galaxy pairs are not due to chance optical alignments, but are in fact the result of physical associations. Hence, scenarios invoking the formation of offset bars and/or dominant spiral arms through some tidal interaction mechanism might be attractive, since a common trait among the Magellanic spirals appears to be the presence of a physical neighbor.
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10.472933
7.15165
1994-04-01
38
1994AJ....107.1320O
[ "nearby neighbor galaxies", "Magellanic type galaxies", "spiral arms", "arm strengths", "apparent separations", "small separations", "Magellanic", "UK Schmidt Sky Surveys", "a clear neighbor galaxy", "offset bars" ]
[ "Disk Galaxies", "Frequency Distribution", "Magellanic Clouds", "Spatial Resolution", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Formation", "Stellar Systems", "Wave Drag", "Dispersions", "Distortion", "Radial Velocity", "Schmidt Telescopes", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Statistical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/116945" ]
[ "Odewahn, S. C." ]
[ "The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US" ]
[ "1994AJ....108.1638R", "1996AJ....111.1575W", "1996ASPC..106..187D", "1997ApJS..113..269S", "1998AJ....115..975P", "1998AJ....116.1169M", "1998AJ....116.1671M", "1998MNRAS.297.1041L", "1999AJ....118.2184H", "1999MNRAS.308..557L", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&AS..143..421M", "2000AJ....119.2789K", "2000ASPC..197..309G", "2001A&A...369..473R", "2001A&A...371..806N", "2002ApJS..142..161P", "2003AJ....125.2455U", "2004AJ....127.1900W", "2004AJ....128.2789B", "2005A&A...438..507B", "2007A&A...470..123K", "2007ApJ...671..310G", "2008MNRAS.388..697M", "2009IAUS..254P..40M", "2009IAUS..256..461W", "2010MNRAS.401.1131H", "2012AJ....144...67K", "2012MNRAS.421.2109B", "2014MNRAS.439.1948Y", "2016ApJ...825...20B", "2016MNRAS.459.1827P", "2017MNRAS.469.3363K", "2018MNRAS.480.3376B", "2020A&A...639L...3R", "2021A&A...652A.108S", "2021A&A...655A..97L", "2022MNRAS.516L..24C" ]
[ "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1963MNRAS.126..553M", "1972VA.....14..163D", "1974ArA.....5..305H", "1976JCoPh..21..400M", "1981ApJ...244L..43T", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1984ApJ...279L...5K", "1985sgcc.book.....C", "1986A&A...166...75B", "1986ApJ...309..472Q", "1986MNRAS.220..619B", "1988A&A...201...37N", "1989PhDT.........2O", "1990A&A...230...37G", "1990ApJ...364..415E", "1991AJ....101..829O", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992AJ....103.2102S", "1992ApJ...400..516P", "1993egte.conf..235O" ]
1933012
null
Multinarrowband imaging: a new technique for multi-object spectrophotometry.
A technique is described which consists of repeated imaging of a field through a series of narrowband filters. Photometry of each image then provides low-resolution spectrophotometry of all detected objects. For faint objects this method is comparable in efficiency to slitless spectroscopy, and can cover a larger wavelength range. The principal advantages of the method are simplicity, accuracy in crowded fields, accurate sky-subtraction, and the ability to measure many objects simultaneously. In order to investigate the potential of determining galaxy morphological type and redshift from multiband data, computer simulations are performed for a system of 40 bands having central wavelengths equally spaced logarithmically from 400 to 1000 nm. Spectral energy distributions of various galaxy types are redshifted, multiplied by the filter transmission functions, and then degraded by random noise. These simulated data are then compared with model spectral energy distributions, sampled with the filters, for a range of Hubble type and redshift, by means of a two-parameter, least-squares analysis. For a signal-to-noise ratio of 10, the rms redshift error is less than 0.02 for all galaxy types, and the rms error in the morphological type code is less than 0.14. The mean values of these errors are 0.009 and 0.11, respectively. For a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, the corresponding mean errors are 0.06 and 0.6 for galaxies with redshift z &lt; 0.5, and about half these values for galaxies with 0.5 &lt; z &lt; 1.0.
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12.524613
5.705208
1994-04-01
28
1994MNRAS.267..911H
[ "galaxy morphological type", "various galaxy types", "model spectral energy distributions", "Hubble type", "Spectral energy distributions", "redshift z", "crowded fields", "redshift", "galaxies", "central wavelengths" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.4.911" ]
[ "Hickson, P.", "Gibson, B. K.", "Callaghan, K. A. S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1962IAUS...15..390B", "1974PASP...86..545T", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1986ApJ...303..154L", "1987asob.book.....W", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988MNRAS.231..391D", "1988igbo.conf..192E", "1989ApJ...345...59C", "1990ASPC...10..265G", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1991ASPC...21...80G" ]
1912368
null
Metal-Line Absorption at Z/abs - Z/em From Associated Galaxies
For a preliminary study of whether C IV absorption at z_abs_~z_em_ is related to associated galaxy companions, we have collected data from a sample of 10 quasars with 0.15&lt; z &lt;0.65 for which high-resolution optical and UV spectroscopy is available from the literature, and for which we have deep optical images and limited spectroscopy. We also present new optical spectra for two of our samples. Four of these quasars have associated C IV absorption systems. In these four fields, there are eight galaxies with M_r_ &lt; -19.0 mag within 35 kpc of the quasar (projected distance, assuming they are at the quasar redshift), which may be candidates for the associated C IV absorption. This observed density of galaxies near quasars with associated C IV absorption is significantly greater than that for a control sample of quasars chosen from the literature. This result suggests that galaxies near the quasar line of sight may be linked with associated C IV absorption. None of these quasars show associated Mg II absorption, despite the presence of galaxies very near the line of sight, suggesting a Mg II "proximity effect," where ionizing flux from the quasar destroys the Mg^+^ from at least the outer parts of the galaxies. Three quasars are located in rich galaxy clusters, but none of these quasars are found to have associated C IV absorption. This suggests that galaxies in rich clusters associated with quasars are less likely to be metal-line absorbers. It is plausible that the extended galaxy halos which may be responsible for the absorptions are stripped from galaxies in these dense environments. While it seems that at z~0.6 rich clusters do not cause them, associated C IV absorption systems at higher redshift may be explained by associated clusters if there has been evolution in the properties of galaxy halos in dense environments.
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14.000829
8.258223
1994-04-01
16
1994AJ....107.1219E
[ "associated C IV absorption", "associated C IV absorption systems", "C IV absorption", "C IV absorption systems", "rich galaxy clusters", "galaxy halos", "associated clusters", "galaxies", "associated galaxy companions", "Mg II absorption" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Images", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Optical Emission Spectroscopy", "Quasars", "Radio Galaxies", "Red Shift", "Spectrum Analysis", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Iue", "Line Of Sight", "Luminosity", "Radio Astronomy", "Spatial Distribution", "Spectroscopic Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM" ]
1
[ "10.1086/116934" ]
[ "Ellingson, E.", "Yee, H. K. C.", "Bechtold, Jill", "Dobrzycki, Adam" ]
[ "University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US", "University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1994ASPC...69..293S", "1996A&A...316..123L", "1996ApJ...469...78V", "1996ApJS..107...69C", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998ApJ...508..608K", "1999A&A...349L..29D", "1999A&AS..135...83M", "1999ApJS..122..355V", "2000MNRAS.315..433C", "2000Msngr.101...15F", "2001AJ....122.2874H", "2001ApJ...547..124F", "2002ApJ...575..687Y", "2008MNRAS.388..227W", "2018ApJ...869L...1J" ]
[ "1978ApJ...223..747S", "1980AJ.....85..973K", "1981ARA&A..19...41W", "1986ApJ...307..504F", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1986ApJS...62..681Y", "1987A&A...184...93B", "1987AJ.....94..278A", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1987ApJS...64..667T", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1988qsal.proc...53F", "1989MNRAS.236..959P", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...378..476E", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1992A&A...262..401B", "1992AJ....103.1047S", "1992ApJ...385L..33B", "1992ApJ...396...20B", "1992ApJ...396..487S", "1992ApJ...397...68B", "1992ApJS...80....1S", "1993AJ....106....1S", "1993AJ....106..417F", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993ApJ...405..491B", "1993ApJ...411...43Y" ]
1912363
null
Slit Spectra of Second Byurakan Survey Galaxies
Slit spectra have been obtained at Lick Observatory of 18 Seyfert galaxy candidates from the Second Byurakan Spectral Sky Survey (SBS). The great majority of them turned out to be Seyfert galaxies. The classifications and redshifts of all the galaxies are reported. Measurements of the intensity ratios of the emission lines used in classifying the galaxies are tabulated and plotted on diagnostic diagrams. The spectra of seven of the galaxies are described in detail. In general, our classification and redshift measurements are in very good accord with those of Lipovetsky, Stepanian, and their collaborators at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, showing that their results can be used in conjunction with the Lick results with little if any systematic differences between the two data sets. The importance of the SBS as a source of new Seyferts bridging the gap between low-redshift Seyfert galaxies and higher luminosity QSOs is also emphasized.
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14.939854
7.769897
1994-04-01
10
1994AJ....107.1283M
[ "Seyfert galaxies", "Lick Observatory", "low-redshift Seyfert galaxies", "Seyfert", "redshifts", "higher luminosity QSOs", "18 Seyfert galaxy candidates", "new Seyferts", "Lick", "Slit spectra" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Data Reduction", "Line Spectra", "Quasars", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spectrum Analysis", "Starburst Galaxies", "Astronomical Coordinates", "Emission Spectra", "Radio Spectroscopy", "Red Shift", "Schmidt Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/116940" ]
[ "Martel, Andre", "Osterbrock, Donald E." ]
[ "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...447..545A", "1998A&A...329L..25R", "1998AJ....115.1717C", "1999A&AS..135..437G", "1999PASP..111..438F", "2000AJ....119.2605N", "2003ApJ...588..746S", "2005RMxAA..41..155S", "2007PASP..119...50D", "2009AJ....138.1714C" ]
[ "1972ApJ...172..593M", "1983Afz....19...29M", "1983Afz....19..639M", "1983Ap.....19...14M", "1983Ap.....19..354M", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1985AJ.....90.1910K", "1985ApJ...297..166O", "1986Afz....25..345M", "1986Ap.....25..551M", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987BAAS...19.1069O", "1987IAUS..121...25M", "1988AJ.....95.1678N", "1988igbo.conf..157M", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990AJ....100.1028S", "1990Afz....32..441S", "1990Afz....33..351S", "1990Ap.....32..252S", "1990Ap.....33..501S", "1990ApJ...352..561O", "1990PASP..102..478S", "1991Afz....34..205S", "1991Ap.....34...99S", "1992ApJ...393...90H", "1993ApJ...404..551O", "1993ApJ...414..552O" ]
1932987
null
The local density of low-luminosity star-forming galaxies.
Deep redshift surveys have recently revealed that a large population of relatively low-luminosity galaxies (~0.1 L_8_^*^) at moderate redshifts (z &lt; 0.5) is responsible for the excess in the galaxy counts over no- evolution models at B~24. The present-day counterparts of these faint blue galaxies have yet to be identified. To produce the comoving galaxy densities observed at moderate redshift, the faint-end slope of the luminosity function must be considerably steeper than observed in surveys of local, field galaxies. In this paper, we recalculate the local density of low-luminosity star-forming galaxies from the emission-line-selected sample of Salzer. Our analysis differs from previous work In that we attempt to recover the space density of the parent population of the emission-line sample using two simple assumptions: (1) that the distribution of [O III] 5007-A lIne equivalent widths can be adequately described by a power law, and (2) that the distribution of equivalent width is independent of luminosity. These assumptions are clearly only first approximations, as they ignore the known variations of fine excitation with metallicity and any possible variations of star formation rate with luminosity. Nevertheless, the assumptions appear to be consistent with the available data. With these assumptions we find that the local space density of galaxies with [O III] equivalent widths greater than 5 A and absolute magnitudes M_B_ &gt; - 18.5 to be up to a factor of ~10 higher than Salzer's estimate without these assumptions. The space density is comparable to that estimated for normal field galaxies, and we suspect that, to some degree, we have simply recovered the luminosity function of field dwarf irregular galaxies from the extreme tail of the emission-line equivalent-width distribution. However, our reconstructed luminosity function has a much steeper faint-end slope than the canonical field-galaxy slope. Detailed examination of the field- galaxy luminosity function and HI mass function shows that such a steep slope is not ruled out by current surveys. However, this additional population of star-forming dwarf galaxies is insufficient to explain the B-band number counts for q_0_ = 0.5 without invoking some form of evolution.
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12.38718
6.206696
1994-04-01
16
1994MNRAS.267..889S
[ "normal field galaxies", "galaxies", "irregular galaxies", "luminosity", "equivalent width", "the field- galaxy luminosity function", "HI mass function", "star-forming dwarf galaxies", "Deep redshift surveys", "moderate redshift" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/267.4.889" ]
[ "Schade, D. J.", "Ferguson, H. C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1996ASPC..106..208S", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996IAUS..171...97M", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ASSL..212..267H", "1997ApL&C..36..161P", "1997MNRAS.287..415S", "1997PASA...14....8J", "1998A&AS..127..269H", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999ApJ...511...56K", "1999ApJ...511L..97D", "1999MNRAS.310..281L" ]
[ "1961ApJ...133..355S", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1974PASP...86..841B", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJS...32..217S", "1977AJ.....82..861F", "1980ApJ...242..517G", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981ApJ...243L..23F", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1981seg..book.....B", "1983ApJ...272...68W", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1984amd..conf..277K", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1986ApJ...306..411S", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1987PASP...99..899G", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...329..618T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ApJ...339..812H", "1989ApJ...347..152S", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989ApJ...347..883S", "1989ApJS...70..447S", "1989ApJS...70..479S", "1989MNRAS.236..207M", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1989PhDT.......212L", "1989egf..conf...31C", "1990A&A...228...42B", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJ...380..140M", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.251..310S", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412..524B", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993MNRAS.261...19C" ]
1913223
null
Simulations of Deep Galaxy Fields. I. Monte Carlo Simulations of Optical and Near-Infrared Counts
Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional galaxy distributions are performed, following the 1988 prescription of Chokshi &amp; Wright, to study the photometric properties of evolving galaxy populations in the optical and near-infrared bands to high redshifts. Galaxies are spatially distributed according to the spatial two-point correlation function in a range of cluster to field environments and in volume elements appropriate to the cosmological model under consideration. Details of individual galaxy properties, including luminosities, morphologies, disk-to-bulge ratios, and size distributions are simulated to match local observed galaxy properties. Galaxies have evolving gas fraction, metallicity, and spectral energy distributions that include both stellar emission and internal dust absorption and reemission. The simulations result in noiseless two-dimensional galaxy distributions on the sky that can be compared to the observed deep images in the blue and near-infrared bands. In this paper, the first of a series, we present our baseline model in which galaxy numbers are conserved, and in which no explicit "starburst" population is included. We use the model in an attempt to simultaneously fit published blue and near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations of deep fields. We find that our baseline models, with a formation redshift, z_f_, of 1000, and H_0_ = 50, are able to reproduce the observed blue counts to b_j_ = 22, independent of the value of {OMEGA}_0_, and also to provide a satisfactory fit to the observed blue- band redshift distributions, but for no value of {OMEGA}_0_ do we achieve an acceptable fit to the fainter blue counts. In the K band, we fit the number counts to the limit of the present-day surveys only for an {OMEGA}_0_ = 0 cosmology. We investigate the effect on the model fits of varying the cosmological parameters H_0_, the formation redshift z_f_, and the local luminosity function. Changing H_0_ does not improve the fits to the observations. However, reducing the epoch of galaxy formation used in our simulations has a substantial effect. In particular, a model with z_f_ ~ 5 in a low {OMEGA}_0_ universe improves the fit to the faintest photometric blue data without any need to invoke a new population of galaxies, substantial merging, or a significant starburst galaxy population. For an {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 universe, however, reducing z_f_ is less successful at fitting the blue-band counts and has little effect at all at K. Varying the parameters of the local luminosity function can also have a significant effect. In particular the steep low end slope of the local luminosity function of Franceschini et al. allows an acceptable fit to the b_j_ &lt;= 25 counts for {OMEGA}_0_ = 1, but is incompatible with {OMEGA}_0_ = 0.
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12.408899
6.548576
1994-04-01
5
1994ApJ...424..578C
[ "local observed galaxy properties", "galaxy populations", "galaxy formation", "galaxy numbers", "individual galaxy properties", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "spectral energy distributions", "size distributions", "_" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Computerized Simulation", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Mass Distribution", "Monte Carlo Method", "Near Infrared Radiation", "Spatial Distribution", "Astronomical Photometry", "Correlation", "Cosmology", "Curve Fitting", "Infrared Astronomy", "Luminosity", "Red Shift", "Spectral Energy Distribution", "Starburst Galaxies", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/173916" ]
[ "Chokshi, Arati", "Lonsdale, Carol J.", "Mazzei, Paola", "de Zotti, Gianfranco" ]
[ "California Institute of Technology and Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "California Institute of Technology and Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padova, Italy", "Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padova, Italy" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470L..93K", "1998ApJ...495..550C", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998ApJ...501..597S", "1998RvMA...11..267S" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1972MmRAS..77....1D", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977MNRAS.178....1M", "1978ApJ...221L.103A", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983AJ.....88..789T", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1985ApJ...292..628B", "1985ApJ...296..447T", "1985PhR...124..255H", "1985PhR...124..257H", "1986A&A...155..380C", "1986A&A...161...89S", "1986A&A...167..341G", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ASIC..191..223L", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..561S", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...330..964B", "1988ApJ...333..491C", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.233..157F", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988PhDT.......222M", "1988cvip.book.....D", "1989A&A...225...12X", "1989ApJ...339..712L", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990A&AS...85..845B", "1990ApJ...349..458B", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991A&AS...89..285F", "1991AJ....101.1595J", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...376...43B", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991PhST...36..102C", "1992A&A...256...45M", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992PhDT.........7G", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...415L...9G" ]
20395564
null
How similar are type IA supernovae ?
We have compared the spectra of six Type Ia supernovae (SNe), at ages between 4 and 404 days after maximum light, to see whether all show similar evolutionary behavior. We find that the spectral lines between 6800 A and 8000 A follow a smooth evolutionary trend, but that lines redward of 800 A show significant differences. SN 1987I and SN 1988O show extra emission over a broader wavelength region, possibly due to OI 8446 A emission which would indicate higher envelope densities for these objects. Our results are consistent with the trend of expansion velocity with parent galaxy type reported by Branch and van den Bergh (1993). Variations within the class of Ia SNe may affect their use as standard candles.
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2.706801
4.910732
1994-04-01
1
1994PASA...11...65S
[ "parent galaxy type", "extra emission", "similar evolutionary behavior", "higher envelope densities", "SNe", "expansion velocity", "Ia", "van den Bergh", "SN 1988O", "maximum light" ]
[ "Emission Spectra", "Line Spectra", "Stellar Evolution", "Stellar Spectra", "Supernovae", "Cosmology", "Spectrum Analysis", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1017/S1323358000019706" ]
[ "Stathakis, Raylee A.", "Sadler, Elaine M." ]
[ "University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia", "University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia" ]
[ "2002AJ....123..745R" ]
[ "1983ApJ...270..123B", "1990Ap&SS.169..275R", "1992MNRAS.258P..53S", "1993AJ....105..301L", "1993AJ....105.2231B" ]
3806598
astro-ph/9311044
Is dark matter in spiral galaxies cold gas? II. Fractal models and star non-formation
In a companion paper (Paper I) we have proposed a new candidate to account for the dark matter around spiral galaxies: cold H_2_ gas in a fractal structure, supported by rotation, and concomitant with the HI disc. We have shown that this hypothesis is compatible with dynamical and observational constraints about disc galaxies, and explains several conspiracies and paradoxes, since the dark matter is then in a form of fresh gas able to produce stars. In this paper we attempt to describe the physical conditions leading to a fractal state of cold gas in outer galaxy discs. Gas cloud models taking into account the recently disclosed fractal structure of cold gas are set up, showing that large errors in the classical gas mass determination based on smooth cloud models can easily follow if the gas is in reality fractal. Indeed the range of possible column densities is then much larger, including 5 or more decades of surface densities, instead of 2 for smooth cloud models. Thus fractal clouds must present both optically thin and optically thick clumps in any single wavelength observations. The observed fractal dimension of the cold ISM suggests that mass underestimates by a factor 10 or more are typical. Due to its low temperature (around 3K), and its condensed fractal structure, together with its low metallicity, the outer gas would be almost invisible for usual detectors. We consider the paradox of the persistence of cold Jeans unstable gas in outer discs, far from important heating sources, yet not forming stars or Jupiters. Following Rees (1976), we determine the smallest clump distribution that can persist in a collisional and almost isothermal fragmenting cold gas. At 3K these elementary cloudlets are predicted to have a radius of about 30AU, and have a mass of the order of a Jupiter. Their average density and column density are 10^9^cm^-3^ and 10^24^cm^-2^. They are gravitationally bound, and their line of sight thermal width is about 0.1kms^-1^. Their frequent collisions prevent them from forming Jupiters or stars and the near isothermality of the fractal nearly suppresses energy dissipation. At higher temperature, especially above H_2_ dissociation, the collision rate in the fractal decreases, favouring star formation. It turns out that the smallest density condensations, called "clumpuscules" offer favourable conditions for containing H_2_ in both vapour and solid phases. However it is unknown whether enough condensations sites such as dust exist in the outer discs to permit the freezing of H_2_. It is expected that the large sublimation energy prevents much H_2_ to become solid, but a small amount of H_2_ ice grains is a crucial factor for a good coupling between gas and the 3K background. Many of the general arguments presented here about fractals can be applied to other inhomogeneous structures, such as the hot gas in galaxy clusters. The clumpuscules presented here might be the form of matter in which cooling flows in clusters seem to disappear.
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11.998983
8.460106
1994-05-01
236
1994A&A...285...94P
[ "cold H_2_ gas", "cold gas", "cold Jeans unstable gas", "Gas cloud models", "fractal clouds", "fresh gas", "gas", "fractals", "outer galaxy discs", "reality fractal" ]
[ "DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES:ISM", "ISM: STRUCTURE", "STARS: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311044" ]
[ "Pfenniger, D.", "Combes, F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994astro.ph..8094L", "1994clga.conf....3C", "1994clga.conf...35P", "1995A&A...293..315B", "1995A&A...296L..13L", "1995AJ....110..591O", "1995ApJ...441...70H", "1995IAUS..166..247P", "1995Icar..116..255M", "1995MNRAS.272..213L", "1995NYASA.759...56F", "1995NuPhS..43..108A", "1995PASP..107..715I", "1995PhRvL..74...14D", "1996A&A...305..763C", "1996A&A...313....1S", "1996A&A...313..783P", "1996A&A...313..803P", "1996ASPC..106...82P", "1996ASSL..206....3N", "1996ASSL..209..291P", "1996ASSL..209..435S", "1996ASSL..209..439P", "1996ASSL..209..451C", "1996ASSL..209..467E", "1996ApJ...463..681W", "1996ApJ...471..816E", "1996ApJ...472...34G", "1996ApJ...472..191F", "1996EL.....34...69S", "1996IJMPD...5..151D", "1996MNRAS.280..735K", "1996Natur.383...56D", "1996PhRvD..54.6008D", "1997A&A...325...41B", "1997A&A...326..554C", "1997A&A...327..453C", "1997A&AT...14...61B", "1997AJ....113..585A", "1997ASPC..117..249P", "1997ASPC..117..258F", "1997ApJ...477..196E", "1997ApJ...480..235E", 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11569452
astro-ph/9402058
Substructure in Clusters and Central Galaxy Peculiar Velocities
Formation theories for central dominant galaxies in clusters require them to be located at the minimum of the cluster gravitational potential. However, 32% (8 out of 25) of the clusters with more than 50 measured redshifts have central galaxies with significant velocity offsets (with respect to other cluster members). By studying their velocity distributions and correlations between velocity and position, I show that the presence of a large peculiar velocity is strongly correlated with the presence of substructure in these massive systems. About 85% (21 of 25) of all well studied clusters show some evidence for substructure, in contrast to the 30%-40% found when using only galaxy or gas distributions. The correlation between substructure and central galaxy location verifies the hypothesis of Merritt [ApJ, 289, 18(1985)] and Tremaine (Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies, edited by R. Wielen (Springer, Berlin) (1990), p. 394] that high peculiar velocities are indicative of recent merger events between less massive systems of galaxies. Dynamical friction should act quickly to pull the central galaxy, the most massive discrete object in a cluster, to the minimum of the potential. The less massive galaxies retain information about their primordial subclusters for a longer period of time. I use an objective partitioning algorithm to assign cluster galaxies to their host subclumps. When galaxies are allocated in this fashion to their subclusters, 75% of the significant velocity offsets are eliminated. Only 2 out of the 25 clusters have central galaxies which are not centrally located when substructure is considered in the analysis.
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12.467496
5.081407
1994-05-01
150
1994AJ....107.1637B
[ "cluster galaxies", "central galaxies", "central dominant galaxies", "central galaxy location verifies", "galaxies", "significant velocity offsets", "clusters", "other cluster members", "velocity", "less massive systems" ]
[ "Astronomy", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Position (Location)", "Star Formation", "Substructures", "Velocity Distribution", "Correction", "Kurtosis", "Numerical Analysis", "Robustness (Mathematics)", "Skewness", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/116973", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9402058" ]
[ "Bird, Christina M." ]
[ "University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, US" ]
[ "1994AJ....108.2009G", "1994AJ....108.2348A", "1995A&A...301....6C", "1995AJ....109..874B", "1995AJ....109..920B", "1995AJ....110...32O", "1995AN....316..319B", "1995ApJ...443L...9H", "1995ApJ...445L..81B", "1995ApJ...451L...5W", "1995ApJ...453...40B", "1995MNRAS.276.1109D", "1996A&A...311...95B", "1996A&A...314..763A", "1996AJ....111.1805A", "1996AJ....111.2224K", "1996AJ....112...36Q", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ASPC...94..215B", "1996ApJ...457L...5F", "1996ApJ...458..435C", "1996ApJ...461..146R", "1996ApJ...466L..79H", "1996MNRAS.282..501W", "1996MNRAS.283..673S", "1997A&A...317..670S", "1997A&A...321...84B", "1997A&A...327..930G", "1997AJ....113...80K", "1997AJ....113..492C", "1997AJ....113.1973G", "1997Ap&SS.254..233I", "1997ApJ...478..462C", "1997ApJ...479..632S", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997MNRAS.284..286D", "1997MNRAS.285..898V", "1997MNRAS.287..817V", "1997MNRAS.289..685H", "1997astro.ph..9036W", "1997astro.ph.12299H", "1998A&A...330..801P", "1998A&A...339...52L", "1998A&AS..131..221S", "1998A&AS..132...55B", "1998AJ....115....6B", "1998AJ....115..121M", "1998Ap.....41...32P", "1998Ap.....41...41M", "1998ApJ...492...57D", "1998ApJ...492...62C", "1998ApJ...493...62R", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...496..693R", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "1998ApJ...498L...5Z", "1998ApJ...500..138D", "1998ApJ...502..505B", "1998MNRAS.295..177G", "1998MNRAS.296..599B", "1998MNRAS.300..589B", "1998MNRAS.301..328R", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1998Sci...280..400.", "1998Sci...280..400B", "1999A&A...343..733S", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999A&AS..139..141B", "1999AcA....49..403K", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...513..690D", "1999ApJ...520..514T", "2000A&A...354..761K", "2000A&A...355..848M", "2000A&A...361...13A", "2000Ap.....43...32N", "2000ApJ...532..206F", "2000ApJ...533L..93B", "2000ApJ...542...94L", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2000fepc.conf..138B", "2001A&A...379..412B", "2001ASPC..230..487M", "2001ApJ...559..785K", "2001ApJ...562..254D", "2001MNRAS.320...49K", "2001MNRAS.320..387B", "2002A&A...387....8B", "2002AJ....123.2261B", "2002ApJ...564....1M", "2003A&A...398..441F", "2003A&A...399..813F", "2003A&A...403..847B", "2003AJ....126.2740L", "2003Ap&SS.285..219V", "2003ApJ...583L..13D", "2003ApJ...586L..19M", "2003ApJ...597..202D", "2003ApJS..149...53Y", "2004A&A...425..429C", "2004AJ....127...24J", "2004AJ....128.2642C", "2004ApJ...605..695G", "2004ApJS..153..223C", "2004MNRAS.352..605B", "2005A&A...430...19F", "2005AJ....130.2012W", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2006ApJ...650..777Z", "2007A&A...468...25H", "2007ApJ...655..144M", "2007ApJS..172..295S", "2008ApJ...676..218H", "2008ApJ...682..186G", "2008PhDT.......338C", "2009A&A...495..707C", "2009A&A...505...55G", "2009AJ....137.4795C", "2009ApJ...702.1199H", "2009arXiv0906.3233J", "2010A&A...521A..28A", "2011A&A...536A..89G", "2011MNRAS.410..417S", "2011MNRAS.413.2467J", "2012MNRAS.421.3594H", "2013ApJ...763..124R", "2013ApJ...776...91L", "2013MNRAS.430.3453B", "2013MNRAS.434..772B", "2014ApJ...786...79M", "2014MNRAS.437..862H", "2014MNRAS.440..588H", "2015MNRAS.447.3623V", "2015MNRAS.452.1617H", "2016A&A...586A..63Z", "2016A&A...592A.154D", "2016MNRAS.460.3900F", "2017A&A...607A..81B", "2017A&A...607A.131D", "2018A&A...609A..78B", "2018MNRAS.475..853O", "2018MNRAS.478.1403R", "2019A&A...626A...8M", "2020ApJS..246....3D", "2021A&A...648A..18M", "2021A&A...650A..76H", "2022MNRAS.517.4355H", "2023A&A...669A.147B", "2023Galax..11...67O", "2024MNRAS.528.5924O" ]
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11569508
astro-ph/9311061
Resolving the Beta-Discrepancy for Clusters of Galaxies
Previous comparisons of optical and X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies have led to the so-called β-discrepancy that has persisted for the last decade. The standard hydrostatic-isothermal model for clusters predicts that the parameter β_spec_ = σ_r_^2^/(kT/micron_p_) which describes the ratio of energy per unit mass in galaxies to that in the gas, should equal the parameter β_fit_ (where p_gas_(r) is proportional to p_gal_(r)<SUP>beta</SUP>_fit_^) determined from the X-ray surface brightness distribution. The observations suggest an apparent discrepancy: β_spec_~1.2 (i.e., the galaxies are "hotter" than the gas), while β_fit_ ~ 0.65 (i.e., the gas is "hotter" and more extended than the galaxies). Here we show that the discrepancy is resolved when the actual observed galaxy distribution in clusters is used, p_gal_(r) is proportional to r^-2.4+/-0.2^, instead of the previously assumed steeper King approximation, p_gal_(r) is proportional to r^-3^. Using the correct galaxy profile in clusters, we show that the standard hydrostatic-isothermal model predicts β_spec_ = β_fit_^c^ ~(1.25 +/- 0.1)β_fit_, rather than β_spec_ = β_fit_ (where β_fit_ is the standard parameter using the King approximation, and β_fit_^c^ is the corrected parameter using the proper galaxy distribution). Using a large sample of clusters, we find best-fit mean values of β_spec_ = 0.94 +/- 0.08 and β_fit_^c^ = 1.25β_fit_ = 0.84 +/- 0.1. These results resolve the β- discrepancy and provide additional support for the hydrostatic cluster model.
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13.098781
4.676732
1994-05-01
88
1994ApJ...426..513B
[ "galaxies", "clusters", "β_fit_", "discrepancy", "-", "_", "the X-ray surface brightness distribution", "optical and X-ray observations", "the actual observed galaxy distribution", "the hydrostatic cluster model" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Mass", "Gravitation", "Hydrostatics", "Interstellar Gas", "Approximation", "Astronomical Models", "Brightness Distribution", "Predictions", "Proving", "Stellar Physics", "X Ray Astronomy", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/174087", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311061" ]
[ "Bahcall, Neta A.", "Lubin, Lori M." ]
[ "Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ, US", "Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1994A&A...292...27F", "1994ApJ...435L.109L", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1995ApJ...449..431F", "1995ApJ...449..550D", "1995ApJ...452..177F", "1995ApJ...453...40B", "1995ApJ...453..634R", "1995MNRAS.275..720N", "1995NYASA.759..636B", "1996A&A...305..435B", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ApJ...457...61G", "1996ApJ...460...10L", "1996ApJ...461..622H", "1996ApJ...468...79D", "1996ApJ...473..692D", "1996MNRAS.280..638K", "1996MNRAS.283..431B", "1996NuPhS..51...30P", "1996PhRvD..53..731B", "1996astro.ph.11148B", "1997ASPC..115...83J", "1997ASPC..126..349S", "1997ApJ...475...11C", "1997ApJ...476L..59L", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJ...482L..13M", "1997ApJ...483...62W", "1997ApJ...484..574H", "1997ApJ...485..447D", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997ApL&C..36..125G", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997PThPh..97...49N", "1997PhR...283..303O", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..535P", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998A&A...338..813W", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...493...62R", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...498...60P", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998ApJ...506...45G", "1998MNRAS.300..837E", "1998PNAS...95...72M", "1999A&A...351..413M", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...511..625F", "1999ApJ...517...70R", "1999Prama..53.1043S", "1999astro.ph.11499R", "1999fsu..conf.....D", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000A&A...353..823C", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..200..359T", "2000ApJ...530..680T", "2000ApJ...536..623L", "2000MNRAS.318..239E", "2000MNRAS.318..715X", "2001ApJ...547..594R", "2001ApJ...548..550N", "2001ApJ...550..612F", "2001MNRAS.324..450T", "2002A&A...392..795V", "2003ASPC..301..365W", "2003ApJ...584..190F", "2004ApJ...600..695R", "2004PASJ...56...29F", "2005ApJ...632..157K", "2005ApJ...632L...1L", "2005ApJ...634..813J", "2005ApJS..161..224D", "2005MNRAS.363..675W", "2005RvMP...77..207V", "2008NPGeo..15..531L", "2008arXiv0806.4071M", "2009ApJ...700.1603F", "2009ApJ...701.1336L", "2012MNRAS.425...66F", "2014MNRAS.439.2958C", "2018AJ....155...14S", "2022MNRAS.517.5734L" ]
[ "1933AcHPh...6..110Z", "1972ApJ...174L.123K", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1977ApJ...213L..99B", "1977ApJ...215..703S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1986ApJ...300..557B", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1990clga.conf..287E", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993ApJ...415L..17L" ]
11569488
astro-ph/9311052
Testing the Gravitational Instability Hypothesis?
We challenge a widely accepted assumption of observational cosmology: that successful reconstruction of observed galaxy density fields from measured galaxy velocity fields (or vice versa), using the methods of gravitational instability theory, implies that the observed large-scale structures and large-scale flows were produced by the action of gravity. This assumption is false, in that there exist nongravitational theories that pass the reconstruction tests and gravitational theories with certain forms of biased galaxy formation that fail them. Gravitational instability theory predicts specific correlations between large-scale velocity and mass density fields, but the same correlations arise in any model where (a) structures in the galaxy distribution grow from homogeneous initial conditions in a way that satisfies the continuity equation, and (b) the present-day velocity field is irrotational and proportional to the time-averaged velocity field. We demonstrate these assertions using analytical arguments and N-body simulations. If large-scale structure is formed by gravitational instability, then the ratio of the galaxy density contrast to the divergence of the velocity field yields an estimate of the density parameter {OMEGA} (or, more generally, an estimate of β = {OMEGA}^0.6^/b, where b is an assumed constant of proportionality between galaxy and mass density fluctuations). In nongravitational scenarios, the values of {OMEGA} or β estimated in this way may fail to represent the true cosmological values. However, even if nongravitational forces initiate and shape the growth of structure, gravitationally induced accelerations can dominate the velocity field at late times, long after the action of any nongravitational impulses. The estimated β approaches the true value in such cases, and in our numerical simulations the estimated β values are reasonably accurate for both gravitational and nongravitational models. Reconstruction tests that show correlations between galaxy density and velocity fields can rule out some physically interesting models of large- scale structure. In particular, successful reconstructions constrain the nature of any bias between the galaxy and mass distributions, since processes that modulate the efficiency of galaxy formation on large scales in a way that violates the continuity equation also produce a mismatch between the observed galaxy density and the density inferred from the peculiar velocity field. We obtain successful reconstructions for a gravitational model with peaks biasing, but we also show examples of gravitational and nongravitational models that fail reconstruction tests because of more complicated modulations of galaxy formation.
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11.776773
2.813721
1994-05-01
25
1994ApJ...427....1B
[ "observed galaxy density fields", "measured galaxy velocity fields", "galaxy formation", "Gravitational instability theory", "gravitational instability theory", "biased galaxy formation", "gravitational theories", "gravitational instability", "nongravitational theories", "successful reconstructions" ]
[ "Atmospheric Models", "Big Bang Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Galaxies", "Mathematical Models", "Hydrodynamics", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Mass Distribution", "Power Spectra", "Radial Velocity", "Space Density", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "INSTABILITIES", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174119", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311052" ]
[ "Babul, Arif", "Weinberg, David H.", "Dekel, Avishai", "Ostriker, Jeremiah P." ]
[ "Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, Israel", "Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, Israel" ]
[ "1994ApJ...428...35K", "1995ApJ...445..537M", "1995MNRAS.274..305H", "1995NuPhS..38..425D", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996ApJ...457..460W", "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1997MNRAS.285..793C", "1998MNRAS.300.1027C", "1998PhRvD..57.4663V", "1999ApJ...522....1D", "1999MNRAS.308....1B", "1999astro.ph..3210M", "1999astro.ph..9195M", "1999dmap.conf...17V", "2000ApJ...528....1N", "2001ApJ...549..688B", "2002MNRAS.331..909N", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003ApJ...590..654Y", "2003MNRAS.338...14P", "2003MNRAS.341.1109B", "2003MNRAS.344..715G", "2003MNRAS.345..406V", "2008MNRAS.385..553D" ]
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1932528
null
New Rotation Measures of Distant Pulsars in the Inner Galaxy and Magnetic Field Reversals
We present new rotation measures (RMs) for 27 pulsars, most of which were discovered in searches by Clifton &amp; Lyne and Clifton et al. These pulsars have generally high dispersion measures and low Galactic latitudes, and are located in the first quadrant of the Galaxy. The new RMs, considered together with existing RMs in the same directions, provide further evidence that the large-scale Galactic magnetic field along the Sagittarius arm is opposite in direction from the local field. We have run models used by Rand &amp; Kulkarni, but with a more careful selection of the data, to find that the field changes direction at about 0.4 kpc inside the solar circle, locally points to Galactic longitude 88°, and has a strength of 1.4 μG. These RMs also provide evidence for a second reversal of the magnetic field direction in the inner Galaxy at a radius of 5.5 kpc, with a much stronger field beyond the reversal. The primary signature of this reversal is a systematic segregation of positive and negative RMs by distance and longitude in the region 0°&lt;l&lt;40°, 3&lt;D&lt;7 kpc. RMs certainly do not increase with pulsar distance in the inner Galaxy, as would be expected if no such reversal existed. The magnetic field strength probably increases smoothly toward the Galactic Centre. RMs of low-latitude extragalactic sources are consistent with this geometry. Small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, and possibly a more complicated large-scale field structure in the inner Galaxy, preclude more detailed statements. The data are presented in a variety of projections to aid in understanding of the Galactic magnetic field structure.
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14.978992
4.401258
1994-05-01
164
1994MNRAS.268..497R
[ "low Galactic latitudes", "Galactic longitude", "Galactic", "the Galactic magnetic field structure", "Galaxy", "direction", "new rotation measures", "existing RMs", "the magnetic field direction", "Clifton et al" ]
[ "pulsars: general - ISM: magnetic fields - Galaxy: structure" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.2.497" ]
[ "Rand, R. J.", "Lyne, A. G." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994Natur.370..179K", "1995ApJ...448..164G", "1995MNRAS.273..328C", "1995MNRAS.274..572Q", "1995QJRAS..36..219D", "1996A&A...308..433V", "1996A&A...312..663D", "1996ARA&A..34..155B", "1996ASPC...97..457H", "1996ASPC...97..486Z", "1996ASPC..105..485H", "1996ApJ...457..678B", "1996ApJ...458..194M", "1996ApJ...462..316H", "1996SSRv...75..387K", "1997A&A...321..305S", "1997A&A...322...98H", "1997A&A...323...56O", "1997ApJ...479..290S", "1997ApJ...488..258D", "1997ApJS..111..245H", "1997JPhG...23.1765P", "1997MNRAS.287..307V", "1997Natur.385..131Z", "1998ApJ...496L..17B", "1998ApJ...497..759F", "1998MNRAS.301..235G", "1999ASPC..165..498O", "1999ASPC..168..161D", "1999ASPC..168..333F", "1999ApJ...515..712R", "1999ApJ...523L.171T", "1999JGR...104.6737H", "1999MNRAS.306..371H", "2000A&A...358..125F", "2000JGR...10510317M", "2000RSPTA.358..831L", "2000astro.ph.10537H", "2001Ap&SS.278..181H", "2001ApJ...546..447D", "2001ApJ...559...70K", "2001ApJ...563..172D", "2001ApJ...563L..31B", "2001LNP...576..155M", "2001MNRAS.325..312F", "2001MNRAS.325..649F", "2001RvMP...73.1031F", "2001SSRv...99..243B", "2001agcr.book..243B", "2002A&A...391..361S", "2002APh....18..165T", "2002ApJ...570L..17H", "2002ChJAA...2..293H", "2002JPhG...28.1359S", "2002RvMP...74..775W", "2002hep.ph....8152G", "2003A&A...398..993M", "2003A&A...403.1031H", "2003A&A...403.1045H", "2003A&A...411...99B", "2003ApJ...592L..29B", "2003ApJ...596..328F", "2003ApJ...599.1157K", "2003JGRA..108.8027K", "2003JGRA..108.8036F", "2003astro.ph.10287B", "2004ApJ...606.1167R", "2004ApJ...610..820H", "2004ApJ...614.1007P", "2004ApJS..150..317W", "2004IJMPD..13..391G", "2004MNRAS.354..827S", "2004NewAR..48..763V", "2004RvMP...76..125M", "2004mim..proc...13J", "2005APh....24...32T", "2005ApJ...619..297V", "2005PhR...417....1B", "2006ASPC..352...79R", "2006ApJ...636L.161P", "2006ApJ...641..862N", "2006ApJ...642..868H", "2006ApJ...644.1299P", "2006ApJ...653..580K", "2006ApJS..166....1H", "2006ChJAS...6b.211H", "2006ISSIR...5..355T", "2006JPhCS..47..120H", "2006astro.ph..3465R", "2007A&A...464..609H", "2007APh....28...82C", "2007ApJ...663..258B", "2007EAS....23...19B", "2007ESASP.622...65G", "2008A&A...478..435R", "2008A&A...486..819M", "2008AIPC.1085...83B", "2008APh....29...87M", "2008ApJ...681..303V", "2008ApJ...684.1009R", "2008ExA....22..151J", "2008MNRAS.386.1881N", "2008NuPhS.175...62H", "2008arXiv0812.0797S", "2009A&A...505.1183F", "2009AIPC.1141..265F", "2009ASTRA...5...43B", "2009IAUS..259....3B", "2009IAUS..259...15N", "2009IAUS..259..455H", "2009IAUS..259..591H", "2009JCAP...09..012L", "2010A&A...513A..65N", "2010AN....331...27F", "2010ApJ...721.1044W", "2010JCAP...02..031S", "2010arXiv1007.1015B", "2011ASPC..439...39F", "2011ApJ...736...83H", "2011ApJ...740...21P", "2011ApJ...742...30S", "2011MNRAS.414.2087Y", "2011MmSAI..82..824F", "2011NewAR..55...91V", "2011RvMP...83.1001P", "2012A&A...542A..93O", "2012APh....37...17S", "2012EAS....56...21F", "2012EAS....56...81V", "2012SSRv..166..307N", "2013A&A...552A..58S", "2013lsmf.book..307N", "2013sf2a.conf...13F", "2014A&A...561A.100F", "2014MNRAS.444.3657P", "2015ASSL..407...41H", "2015ApJ...809...33K", "2015JPhCS.577a2008F", "2015MNRAS.453.4485F", "2016A&A...586A.141P", "2016JPhCS.767a2006F", "2017A&A...600A..29T", "2018ASSL..453..581D", "2018ApJS..234...11H", "2018Galax...6..112V", "2018IAUS..333..151S", "2019Galax...7...43O", "2019MNRAS.483.2778I", "2019MNRAS.484.3646S", "2019MNRAS.490.1697O", "2020ARep...64..189A", "2020MNRAS.496.1418O", "2020MNRAS.496.2836N", "2020MNRAS.497.3097M", "2021MNRAS.502.1253J", "2022ApJ...934...78C", "2022IJAA...12..281V", "2022MNRAS.516.4739P", "2022SCPMA..6529704X", "2023MNRAS.524.5042R", "2023arXiv230301825D", "2023arXiv230412350H", "2024AJ....167..226V", "2024arXiv240209163O" ]
[ "1974ApJ...188..637M", "1977puls.book.....M", "1980ApJ...242...74S", "1983A&AS...51..127V", "1983ApJ...265..722S", "1985A&A...148..335R", "1986Natur.320...43C", "1987MNRAS.224.1073H", "1988Ap&SS.141..303B", "1988ApJ...331..321V", "1989ApJ...343..760R", "1989MNRAS.237..533L", "1990ApJ...361..483R", "1991ApJ...366..450V", "1992ApJ...386..143C", "1992MNRAS.254..177C", "1993ApJ...411..674T" ]
1932522
null
Dwarf galaxies at Z = 0.2 : photometry of the cluster Abell 963.
Most models devised to account for the excess galaxies seen in number magnitude counts invoke a large population of low-luminosity galaxies at moderate redshifts (or look-back times). Here we directly investigate the faint end of the luminosity function at moderate z (~0.2) via deep R-band observations of the distant Abell cluster A963 made with the Hitchhiker parallel CCD camera on the WHT. By subtracting a `mean field' component from the observed galaxy counts in the cluster area, we deduce the existence of a large dwarf population in the cluster, which gives rise to a significant excess over the mean, right down to the sample limit at m_R_~24.5(M_R_~ -16.5). The implied dwarf-galaxy luminosity function has a steep slope, α~ -1.8, in line with recent work on nearby clusters.
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12.295561
5.884106
1994-05-01
119
1994MNRAS.268..393D
[ "nearby clusters", "number magnitude counts", "moderate redshifts", "moderate z", "low-luminosity galaxies", "recent work", "the distant Abell cluster A963", "the observed galaxy counts", "The implied dwarf-galaxy luminosity function", "Most models" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.2.393" ]
[ "Driver, S. P.", "Phillipps, S.", "Davies, J. I.", "Morgan, I.", "Disney, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994Natur.372..157T", "1995A&A...293..332S", "1995A&A...297..610B", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1995ApJ...450..534D", "1995ApJ...454..604N", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1996ASSL..209...84T", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996ApL&C..33..223B", "1996MNRAS.281..362P", "1996Natur.383..236M", "1996PASP..108..986V", "1997A&A...317..385L", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997AJ....113..117G", "1997AJ....113..185M", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ASPC..117...66G", "1997ASPC..117..329W", "1997ApJ...475L..97L", "1997ApJ...484..145T", "1997ApJ...488L..11Z", "1997ApJ...488L..95H", "1997ApL&C..36..161P", "1997MNRAS.284..915W", "1997MNRAS.286..133T", "1997MNRAS.287..415S", "1997MNRAS.290..119L", "1997MNRAS.290..334T", "1997PASA...14...25T", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1998A&A...334..765A", "1998AJ....116.1118D", "1998ApJ...493L..59P", "1998ApJ...498L.119P", "1998ApJ...506..540M", "1998MNRAS.293...71T", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.294..147M", "1998MNRAS.294..193T", "1998MNRAS.295...99M", "1998MNRAS.295..360T", "1998MNRAS.301..357D", "1998MNRAS.301..369D", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1999A&A...343..760D", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999A&A...349..751S", "1999ASPC..170...60S", "1999ASPC..170..183P", "1999ldss.work...83P", "2000A&A...356..435N", "2000A&A...356..815D", "2000ApJ...543...97M", "2000PASJ...52...53K", "2001A&A...369..750R", "2001ApJ...546..157V", "2001MNRAS.323..795M", "2001MNRAS.328..277B", "2002A&A...386...12D", "2002MNRAS.330..167D", "2002MNRAS.336..851D", "2003A&A...407..823P", "2003A&A...408...57M", "2003A&A...408..845D", "2003AJ....126.2662D", "2003Ap&SS.285..175D", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2003ApJ...585L...5H", "2003ApJ...587..605M", "2004ApJ...603...67V", "2004MNRAS.350..253D", "2004MNRAS.352.1255M", "2004PASA...21..344D", "2005A&A...433..415P", "2005ApJ...621..188G", "2005MNRAS.360...81D", "2005nfcd.conf..346P", "2006A&A...445...29P", "2006AJ....132..347C", "2006ApJ...652.1077R", "2007ApJ...671.1471B", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2007MNRAS.380.1036H", "2008AJ....135.1837R", "2008ApJ...684..691R", "2008JKAS...41..121S", "2008MNRAS.388..945B", "2009AJ....137.3091H", "2009ApJ...690.1158C", "2009ApJ...707.1595D", "2009RAA.....9.1061Z", "2009arXiv0907.5601B", "2010A&A...523A..13P", "2010ApJ...721L..14B", "2010MNRAS.403.1812R", "2010PhDT........65E", "2011AJ....141...99L", "2011Ap.....54..162M", "2012ApJ...746..138T", "2014MNRAS.439..264G", "2015A&A...581A..11M", "2016ApJ...822...92L", "2016MNRAS.457.1308M", "2016MNRAS.459.3998L", "2017ApJ...842...88S", "2017MNRAS.465.2916S", "2019A&A...627A..23E", "2019A&A...627A..59E", "2020ApJ...892...34S", "2022MNRAS.509.5467K", "2023ApJ...944...75M", "2023MNRAS.521.2012W", "2024MNRAS.528.4289W" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976Natur.263..573D", "1977ApJS...34..381L", "1977MNRAS.181..323G", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982MNRAS.200..733G", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1983ApJS...52..183B", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1987MNRAS.227..115P", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...329L..21L", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988ApJ...333..586K", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ESOC...31...19K", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.242..235P", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990PhDT.........1F", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991Gemin..34...12M", "1991MNRAS.249..184E", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.249..606C", "1991MNRAS.252...19S", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992IAUS..149..297E", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ASPC...51.....C", "1993ASPC...51..308P", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261...39T", "1993egte.conf....1D", "1994MNRAS.266..155D" ]
1915615
null
Statistical Bias in Distance and Peculiar Velocity Estimation. I. The ``Calibration'' Problem
This paper is the first in a series which treats comprehensively statistical biases that affect the analysis of galaxy distance indicator data. The discussion will be specialized to the case of the Tully-Fisher relation for spiral galaxies. Statistical biases arising in distance indicator studies fall into two general categories. Those in the first category, the topic of this paper, occur when the data analysis is conditioned upon assumptions about galaxy distances which are unrelated to the distance indicator information. The archetypical examples of such an approach are when a sample of galaxies is assigned a common distance based on assumed cluster membership, and when a sample is assumed to follow a well-defined redshift-distance relation. For reasons which are elaborated in the main body of the paper, the resultant statistical biases are described as comprising the "calibration problem. Statistical biases in the second category will be the topic of the second paper in this series. They occur when individual galaxy distances are inferred directly from a distance indicator, without regard to cluster membership or redshift information. This series will also emphasize the distinction between the statistical properties of the "forward" and "inverse" representations of distance indicator relations. In the case of Tully-Fisher, the former depicts the relation as a predictor of absolute magnitude, given a value of rotation velocity; the latter characterizes the relation as a predictor of rotation velocity given absolute magnitude. The use of the inverse method has been seen by some workers as a panacea for bias effects. A goal of this series is to show that in general the inverse method exhibits biases analogous to, though different in detail from, those exhibited by the forward relation. The form of calibration biases is determined by sample selection criteria. The main results of this paper are accurate expressions for the calibration biases which arise under several realistic types of sample selection, and a straightforward numerical technique to correct for such biases. The cases considered in detail are those in which sample selection is based upon photographic magnitude or diameter limits, while the Tully-Fisher photometry itself uses CCD or infrared magnitudes. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the bias effects and verify the efficacy of the correction procedure.
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11.83959
3.026754
1994-05-01
103
1994ApJS...92....1W
[ "distance indicator relations", "Statistical biases", "galaxy distance indicator data", "galaxy distances", "calibration biases", "bias effects", "individual galaxy distances", "distance indicator studies", "biases", "such biases" ]
[ "Bias", "Calibrating", "Distance", "Error Analysis", "Errors", "Radial Velocity", "Red Shift", "Spiral Galaxies", "Statistical Correlation", "Astronomical Photography", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Computerized Simulation", "Error Functions", "Normal Density Functions", "Numerical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "METHODS: STATISTICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/191957" ]
[ "Willick, Jeffrey A." ]
[ "Carnegie Institute of Washington, Pasadena, CA, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...435..515H", "1995AJ....110..920F", "1995AJ....110.1476K", "1995ApJ...446...12W", "1995ApJ...452....1S", "1995ApJ...454...15S", "1995ApL&C..31..263T", "1995MNRAS.274..305H", "1995MNRAS.276.1391N", "1995NYASA.759..654F", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995VA.....39..297H", "1996A&A...307..726R", "1996A&A...309....1T", "1996ApJ...457..460W", "1996ApJ...458..419K", "1996ApJ...470..706A", "1996ApJ...473..687M", "1996ApJS..106....1W", "1996astro.ph.10200W", "1997A&AS..125..255R", "1997AJ....113...53G", "1997AJ....113..101S", "1997AJ....114.2402C", "1997ARA&A..35..101T", "1997ApJ...479..592K", "1997ApJ...486..629W", "1997ApJS..109..333W", "1997MNRAS.291..488H", "1997astro.ph..1184R", "1997eds..proc..113G", "1998A&A...339..647T", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998ApJ...507...64W", "1998MNRAS.301.1001S", "1999A&A...343..713T", "1999AJ....117.2039H", "1999AJ....118.1489D", "1999ASSL..237..203T", "1999ApJ...517..565P", "1999ApJ...522....1D", "1999fsu..conf..213W", "2000ASPC..201..205K", "2000ApJ...529..698S", "2000ApJ...533..744T", "2000MNRAS.316..621R", "2000NuPhS..81...11G", "2000PhST...85...47G", "2001AJ....121..625B", "2001ApJ...553...47F", "2001MNRAS.324..389S", "2001MNRAS.326.1191B", "2002AJ....123.2159B", "2002AJ....123.2358K", "2002astro.ph.10227B", "2004AJ....127.2694K", "2006ApJ...643..764M", "2006ApJ...653..861M", "2006ApJ...653.1049W", "2006MNRAS.366..308B", "2006MNRAS.373.1125B", "2007AJ....134..945P", "2007ASPC..371..121L", "2007ApJ...659.1138M", "2007arXiv0712.2066S", "2008ApJ...682...68Z", "2009A&A...496..389F", "2010A&A...521A..27F", "2010MNRAS.409.1330W", "2011MNRAS.414.2005C", "2011SSRv..159..263H", "2012ApJ...749...78T", "2012ApJS..203....6P", "2012LNS...902...21H", "2012MNRAS.423..256H", "2013A&A...554A..97B", "2013AJ....146...86T", "2013ApJ...765...94S", "2014ApJ...792..129N", "2015MNRAS.449.4494H", "2015MNRAS.450.2644S", "2015MNRAS.454..280K", "2016A&A...592A..64B", "2016AJ....152...50T", "2016MNRAS.455.2078S", "2016MNRAS.457..172L", "2016MNRAS.457.3285M", "2016MNRAS.461.3494T", "2017A&A...599A..25P", "2017MNRAS.469.2387P", "2018MNRAS.479.3319T", "2019MNRAS.482.2166T", "2019MNRAS.483.1754D", "2020ApJ...896....3K", "2020MNRAS.497.1301D", "2021MNRAS.508.1195P", "2022MNRAS.511.6160K", "2023A&A...679A...1S", "2023MNRAS.519..102B", "2023MNRAS.524.1885W", "2023arXiv230511950T", "2023arXiv231004410S", "2024MNRAS.531...84B" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1979ApJ...232..352S", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1982euse.book.....L", "1984A&A...141..407T", "1986A&A...156..157B", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1987A&A...173...39T", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ApJ...331..605S", "1988MNRAS.234..677L", "1988Natur.334..209T", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1989ApJ...336L...5B", "1990ApJ...351L...5W", "1990ApJ...354...13D", "1990ApJ...354L..45D", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1991ApJ...382...19G", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1991PhDT.........5H", "1992ApJ...391..494L", "1992ApJ...394...61I", "1992ApJ...396..453H", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992PhDT.........5C", "1992scma.conf..201L", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...412L..51C", "1993ApJ...412L..55G" ]
1913860
null
Galaxies with Extreme Infrared and Fe II Emission. I. Markarian 231: The Signature of a Young Infrared QSO
We investigate the ultraluminous IR Galaxy/QSO Mrk 231 by means of long-slit optical spectroscopy, high spatial resolution broad-band optical imaging and UV IUE spectra. The spectrum shows an extreme Fe II optical emission (Fe II_OPT_/Hβ ~ 8), broad Balmer and Na ID lines, weak high-excitation lines, double-peaked optical narrow emission lines with velocity differences of about 1000 km s^-1^, a steep UV spectrum, and a weak Lyα line. These spectral features are explained "mainly" by the presence of nuclear and circumnuclear starbursts. The high spatial resolution broad-band images show details of two interesting blue circumnuclear subregions, in particular: (1) a blue region 2"-5" west of the nucleus; and (2) a blue arc ("horseshoe") at ~3.5" S. In "region I" (circumnuclear star-forming region located at ~2"-5" to the west from the nucleus) we detect an emission-line system (E0) with a velocity (V_E0_ = 7941 +/- 80 km s^-1^) similar to that of the nuclear system BAL1 (V_BAL1_ ~ 7800 km s^-1^), the strongest of the three broad absorption-line systems. Moreover, in this region we also detect the probable presence of this BAL1 system (V_NaID_ = 7840 +/- 120 km s^-1^). Consequently, Mrk 231 is the first candidate where a direct link, at least kinematical, between a star-formation process and the BAL phenomenon is observed. We discuss physical, kinematic and morphological evidence of a strong nuclear and circumnuclear starburst with superwind/superbubble and supernova of Type II), in Mrk 231. These results and studies are consistent with a scenario where this ultraluminous IR galaxy has a composite nature in the nuclear region, which is the consequence of the final phases of an ongoing merger process. The starburst is the dominant source of nuclear energy and the nonthermal active galactic nuclei remains strongly obscured. We also discuss the extreme properties of Mrk 231 as the probable characteristics/signature typical of a young IR QSO.
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15.310745
7.908029
1994-05-01
73
1994ApJ...427..174L
[ "nuclear energy", "region", "high spatial resolution broad-band optical imaging", "IR Galaxy", "Mrk", "double-peaked optical narrow emission lines", "IR", "Fe II", "broad Balmer and Na ID lines", "an extreme Fe II optical emission" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Data Reduction", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Quasars", "Radio Emission", "Spectroscopy", "Star Formation", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Absorption Spectra", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Emission Spectra", "Hubble Constant", "Iue", "Luminosity", "Spatial Resolution", "Stellar Winds", "Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MARKARIAN 231", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174131" ]
[ "Lipari, Sebastian", "Colina, Luis", "Macchetto, F." ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...436..102L", "1995A&A...303....8H", "1995ApJ...444...97G", "1995ApJ...444..146S", "1995ApJ...450...74F", "1995ApJ...451L...9B", "1996A&A...309...81W", "1996AJ....112...73E", "1996ApJ...457..678B", "1996ApJ...467..551C", "1996ApJ...470..222S", "1996ApJ...473..760B", "1996MNRAS.278..737G", "1996MNRAS.279..459C", "1997ASPC..113..325K", "1997ASPC..113..434X", "1997ApJ...476...98K", "1997ApJ...480L...5C", "1997ApJS..111..369L", "1997MNRAS.285..879L", "1998A&A...334..783L", "1998ApJ...493..129S", "1998ApJ...507..615D", "1998PASJ...50..399I", "1999ApJ...511..142T", "1999ApJ...514..660T", "1999ApJ...516..127U", "1999ESASP.427..889H", "1999IAUS..186..475E", "1999IAUS..194..191W", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "2000AJ....120..645L", "2000AJ....120.1750C", "2000ARA&A..38..521S", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2001ChJAA...1..221X", "2001astro.ph..3183X", "2002ApJS..143..315V", "2003ApJ...592..804L", "2003MNRAS.340..289L", "2004ApJ...613..781D", "2004MNRAS.348..369L", "2004MNRAS.354L...1L", "2004MNRAS.355..641L", "2005ApJ...623L.101P", "2005ApJ...626...70F", "2005ApJ...633...71G", "2005MNRAS.360..416L", "2005astro.ph..3227P", "2006Ap&SS.302...17C", "2006MNRAS.368.1001L", "2007ApJ...662L..59F", "2009AJ....137.3548P", "2009ApJ...706..851R", "2009MNRAS.392.1295L", "2009MNRAS.395.1695H", "2009MNRAS.398..658L", "2012ApJ...755...29L", "2013ApJ...764...15V", "2015ApJ...809..117Y", "2015BAAA...57...34L", "2016ApJ...825...42V", "2016ApJ...833..272Y", "2017MNRAS.464.1762L", "2018RMxAA..54..217S", "2019ApJ...882...79P", "2019MNRAS.488.3929C", "2020ApJ...891...59R", "2021MNRAS.501.1384Y", "2021MNRAS.507.2550S", "2022MNRAS.515..378A", "2023ApJ...949...69L", "2024arXiv240702180A" ]
[ "1969drea.book.....B", "1971Afz.....7..177A", "1972ApJ...173L.109A", "1972ApJ...176L...1A", "1972ApJ...176L..95R", "1975ApJ...200L..67R", "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1976ApJ...210L...5R", "1977ApJ...218..148M", "1977MNRAS.178..451B", "1978ApJ...224..745H", "1979PASJ...31..451K", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1980ApJ...238...24R", "1980MNRAS.192...53T", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1981ApJ...247..419U", "1981MNRAS.196..955N", "1983MNRAS.204..783P", "1983MNRAS.205P..21R", "1984ApJ...281L..17B", "1984ApJ...287..566C", "1985ApJ...288...94W", "1985ApJ...288..531R", "1985ApJ...290..116R", "1985ApJ...294L..73P", "1985ApJ...296..416W", "1985Natur.315...26B", "1986ApJ...301..522I", "1986ApJ...303L..41S", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1987AJ.....93...14H", "1987AJ.....93..276H", "1987ApJ...312L...5S", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1988AJ.....96..841N", "1988AJ.....96.1575H", "1988ApJ...324..193E", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...325..651T", "1988ApJ...327...99L", "1988ApJ...328L..35S", "1988ApJ...332..163S", "1988qal..conf..227Y", "1989AJ.....97..726F", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989ApJ...347..727A", "1989MNRAS.240..349L", "1990A&A...231L..19M", "1990ApJ...351..343D", "1990ApJ...351..412Y", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1991A&A...242...49J", "1991AJ....101..434H", "1991ApJ...366L..65L", "1991ApJ...370L..19B", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...374..496T", "1991ApJ...379..113C", "1991MNRAS.253...19L", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1991mss..book.....L", "1991mss..book..233S", "1992A&A...261...57B", "1992AIPC..254..548D", "1992AIPC..254..595H", "1992ASPC...31...61R", "1992ASPC...31..133T", "1992ASPC...31..159S", "1992ASPC...31..303S", "1992ApJ...390L..53K", "1992ApJ...397..442B", "1992MNRAS.255..713T", "1992MNRAS.259..709C", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1993ApJ...405..186L", "1993ApJ...406..451L", "1993ApJS...86....5K" ]
1913851
null
A Q Condition for Long-Range Propagating Star Formation
Collapse conditions for large expanding shells and rings in a disk galaxy are derived and shown to lead to a condiditon for star formation that is similar to the condition Q less than 1 for spontaneous instabilities. This result implies that both spontaneous and stimulated star formation are sensitive to Q, and that the observation of a critical surface density for star formation that is based on Q does not necessarily imply that star formation results from large-scale quiescent instabilities. The results also suggest that in regions with high gas densities and high rotation rates, such as starburst galaxy nuclei, the normal balance between stimulated and spontaneous star formation mechanisms could shift to give a higher proportion of stars forming in shells and other swept-up debris, and less in giant cloud complexes containing the local Jeans mass.
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11.435607
8.182933
1994-05-01
86
1994ApJ...427..384E
[ "star formation", "stars", "high gas densities", "large expanding shells", "high rotation rates", "stimulated and spontaneous star formation mechanisms", "starburst galaxy nuclei", "spontaneous instabilities", "giant cloud complexes", "Collapse conditions" ]
[ "Applications Of Mathematics", "Magellanic Clouds", "Molecular Clouds", "Star Formation", "Angular Velocity", "Space Density", "Thermal Radiation", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174147" ]
[ "Elmegreen, B. G." ]
[ "T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...294..432R", "1995MNRAS.273..484C", "1995MNRAS.275..944E", "1996A&A...312..703J", "1996IAUS..169..551E", "1997A&A...328..121E", "1997AJ....114.1850E", "1997ApJ...482..765D", "1997PASP..109..937H", "1998A&A...330..975C", "1998ASPC..148..150E", "1998ApJ...492L.177T", "1998ApJ...493..595H", "1998ApJ...502L.143W", "1998MNRAS.299..643E", "1999A&A...350..457E", "1999AJ....118..273W", "1999ApJ...518..748G", "1999IAUS..193..636B", "1999MNRAS.310....1S", "1999PASA...16..106W", "2000AJ....120.1794S", "2000NewAR..44..369P", "2000astro.ph..6425E", "2001A&A...374..746W", "2001AJ....122.3070O", "2001ASPC..228..419E", "2001ASPC..228..577W", "2001ASPC..243..807C", "2001MNRAS.323..555L", "2001MNRAS.325....1C", "2002ARep...46..791E", "2002Ap&SS.281..101P", "2002IAUS..207..675P", "2002MNRAS.329..641W", "2002MNRAS.330.1022E", "2002MNRAS.334..693E", "2002RMxAC..12...35P", "2002RMxAC..12..201L", "2003A&A...411..397T", "2003Ap&SS.284..873P", "2004A&A...423..919B", "2004ARA&A..42...79B", "2004IAUS..217..318P", "2004MNRAS.351..585P", "2004NewA...10..113S", "2005AJ....129..160S", "2006AJ....132.1964C", "2006ApJ...653..300P", "2006LNP...693..143J", "2006astro.ph..6031B", "2007A&A...476...89L", "2007AJ....133.2242K", "2007RoAJ...17S..33P", "2009A&A...497..649B", "2009IAUS..254..289E", "2009MNRAS.398.1537D", "2009MNRAS.399.2183N", "2010AJ....139.1369P", "2010IAUS..266...41P", "2010MNRAS.407.1963W", "2011AJ....142...37S", "2011ApJ...728...24C", "2011ApJ...733...16I", "2011ApJ...733...17I", "2011EAS....51...45E", "2011IAUS..270..267P", "2011MNRAS.411.2230D", "2012A&A...539A.116W", "2012IAUS..284..317E", "2013A&A...554A...8S", "2013ApJ...762...50C", "2013MNRAS.436.3430D", "2014A&A...565A...6S", "2014ASSP...36..173W", "2014ASSP...36..181P", "2014ASSP...36..199W", "2015ApJ...806....7T", "2015MNRAS.452.2794W", "2015MNRAS.454.4484G", "2017Ap&SS.362..183R", "2017MNRAS.466.4423D", "2017MNRAS.467.1067D", "2019MNRAS.486.2215K", "2022MNRAS.509.4498G", "2022MNRAS.517.4940W" ]
[ "1966MNRAS.131..371W", "1975ApJ...200L.107C", "1976ApJ...209..124O", "1981A&A....94..338T", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1982A&A...112..195O", "1982smwa.book....3E", "1983ApJ...274..152V", "1985ASSL..120..227E", "1986ApJ...305..309H", "1987A&A...186..287T", "1987ApJ...317..190M", "1987IAUS..115..457E", "1988ARA&A..26..145T", "1988ApJ...326..616E", "1988ApJ...333..826F", "1989ApJ...337..917V", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1990A&A...227..175P", "1992PThPh..87..347N", "1992PThPh..88..251Y", "1993ApJ...407..207M", "1993ApJ...408..496M" ]
1932629
null
Limits on galaxy evolution.
The evolution of galaxies through collapse, merging, and accretion between now and z = 1 is constrained by its effects on gravitational lens statistics and image separations. If we consider the process of galaxy formation, most galaxies must have collapsed and dynamically resemble the ones seen today by a redshift of 0.8(90 per cent confidence limit). If E and S0 galaxies are formed by mergers of spiral galaxies, most of the E/S0s must be formed by a redshift of 0.4. If large galaxies are formed by mergers of smaller galaxies, then the local rate of mergers must be less than 2.8 mergers per galaxy in a Hubble time H_0_^-1^. New galaxy populations with velocity dispersion scales of 100, 150 and 200 km s^-1^ must have comoving densities less than 0.15 h^3^, 0.032 h^3^ and 0.017 h^3^ Mpc^-3^. These limits do not constrain the faint blue galaxy population because their mass-scale is probably much less than 100 km s^- 1^. In the {OMEGA} = 1 Einstein-de Sitter cosmology, the best model is always the no-evolution model. These limits are consistent with other determinations, but they are derived by a completely independent technique. Cosmological models with a large cosmological constant are consistent with lens statistics given a sufficiently high rate of evolution; for an {OMEGA} = 0.2, {DELTA} = 0.8 model, this means that E/S0 galaxies cannot collapse until z~0.75. This contradicts models of galaxy formation, and galaxy number counts, so galaxy evolution does not provide a means of evading the limits on {DELTA} from the statistics of gravitational lenses. In general, only a dramatic evolution of the E/S0 galaxy population at redshifts less than z = 1 produces a detectable effect on the existing surveys for gravitational lenses.
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12.193442
5.299355
1994-05-01
54
1994MNRAS.268..569M
[ "New galaxy populations", "most galaxies", "galaxy formation", "large galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy", "smaller galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "gravitational lens statistics", "lens statistics" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.2.569" ]
[ "Mao, S.", "Kochanek, C. S." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...445..553M", "1995ApJ...452..109K", "1995ApJ...453..545K", "1995Natur.376..399B", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996ApJ...463..404W", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996ApJ...473..595K", "1996ConPh..37..429C", "1996IAUS..168..209S", "1996IAUS..173....1R", "1996MNRAS.279..712B", "1996MNRAS.283.1340B", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...326L...9Z", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997ApJ...489..476P", "1997ApJ...489..489P", "1997PThPh..97...49N", "1998ASPC..133...96K", "1998ApJ...494...47F", "1998ApJ...503...48B", "1998ApJ...503..118S", "1998NewAR..42...73N", "1999ApJ...511..562C", "1999IJMPD...8..507J", "2000ApJ...543..131K", "2000ApJ...545..129K", "2000IJMPD...9..591Z", "2000MNRAS.319..860M", "2000MPLA...15...41J", "2000MPLA...15.1023Z", "2001ApJ...559..531K", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001astro.ph..1430P", "2002MNRAS.329..445P", "2003ApJ...587..143R", "2003ApJ...599..829S", "2003ApJ...599L..61C", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2003MNRAS.346..746C", "2005ApJ...622...81M", "2005ApJ...623..666R", "2005ApJ...624...34H", "2005ApJ...627...26A", "2006MNRAS.373.1369C", "2008MNRAS.384..843M", "2009MNRAS.394.1449Y", "2010MNRAS.402.2031C", "2012A&A...538A..43C", "2012AJ....143..120O", "2014PhyU...57.1199K", "2015ApJ...805..184M", "2018A&G....59b2.32A" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1980ApJ...242L.135T", "1982ApJ...256..346D", "1983ApJ...265..597F", "1983ApJ...271...22D", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...284....1T", "1984ApJ...287...26D", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.231P..97N", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990ApJ...365L..43T", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...375..429C", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..517K", "1991ApJ...380....9M", "1991MNRAS.253...99F", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...384....1K", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...386L...1M", "1992ApJ...387...56B", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...392...23C", "1992ApJ...394..385K", "1992MNRAS.259P...1P", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AJ....105....7Y", "1993ApJ...402...69M", "1993ApJ...403..517W", "1993ApJ...408L...1T", "1993ApJ...417..438K", "1993ApJ...417..450K", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261..435P", "1993MNRAS.261..453K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262..681S" ]
1913872
null
Structure of Merger Remnants. IV. Isophotal Shapes
This paper examines the shapes of isophotes of galaxy merger remnants. More specifically, we perform a series of numerical experiments to study galaxy mergers. The simulations explore a variety of encounter geometries, types of progenitor galaxies, and particle numbers. We "observe" each of the remnants from 64 viewpoints to estimate how the isophotal shapes vary with the orientation of the remnant. Also, by comparing the results from the various simulations, we learn how encounter geometry and the structure of the progenitors can affect the shape of the remnants The encounter geometry, the structure of the progenitors, and the orientation of the remnant play deciding roles in the shape of the "observed" isophotes, so much so that these simulated merger remnants have both "boxy" and "disky" isophotes and ellipticities ranging from E0 to E7. Thus, the shapes seen in our merger simulation remnants span a similar range to observed isophotal shapes of real galaxies. Furthermore, to estimate the errors in this analysis, we introduce the statistical bootstrap. Bootstrapping is used rather widely in observational astronomy when dealing with small samples; however, its use is practically unheard of for tackling theoretical problems. We believe that bootstrapping can be extremely useful for dealing with the small samples found in numerical simulations; therefore, we present the rudiments and basis of the technique with emphasis on its use in N-body calculations. Also, by comparing the errors for the smaller simulations with those of the larger ones, we speculate on the number of particles required to accurately explore isophotal shapes in simulations.
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11.326124
6.28736
1994-05-01
60
1994ApJ...427..165H
[ "galaxy merger remnants", "isophotal shapes", "numerical simulations", "small samples", "galaxy mergers", "simulations", "progenitor galaxies", "encounter geometries", "encounter geometry", "our merger simulation remnants" ]
[ "Electron Distribution", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Structure", "Geometry", "Interacting Galaxies", "Isophotes", "Mathematical Models", "Statistical Analysis", "Algorithms", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Ellipticity", "Many Body Problem", "Star Formation", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174130" ]
[ "Heyl, Jeremy S.", "Hernquist, Lars", "Spergel, David N." ]
[ "University of Durham, Durham, UK", "University of Durham, Durham, UK", "Princeton Univ. Observatory, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...431L..79W", "1995A&A...294..657L", "1995A&A...297....1B", "1995ApJ...446...75S", "1995ApJ...448...64H", "1995MNRAS.276..549S", "1995NCimA.108.1207C", "1996AJ....111.1512S", "1996ApJ...460..101W", "1996ApJ...463...69H", "1996ApJ...471..115B", "1997AIPC..393..525W", "1997ApJ...478L..17B", "1997astro.ph.10140G", "1998A&A...332...33M", "1998A&AS..130..193B", "1998ApJ...493..641R", "1999A&A...349..735Z", "1999ApJ...523L.133N", "2000ASPC..197..267N", "2000MNRAS.311..576K", "2000MNRAS.312..859S", "2000MNRAS.316..315B", "2000RSPTA.358.2063S", "2001AJ....122...63C", "2001ASPC..230..453N", "2001MNRAS.324..128C", "2001MNRAS.327.1260E", "2003ApJ...597..893N", "2003ApJ...598..138K", "2003LNP...626..327B", "2003MNRAS.345.1351E", "2003PASJ...55..133E", "2003astro.ph.10513W", "2004A&A...423..797B", "2004ApJ...610...69K", "2004ApJ...616...27B", "2005ApJ...627..647B", "2005ApJ...635...35K", "2005MNRAS.357..753G", "2005MNRAS.359.1379K", "2005MNRAS.360.1185J", "2006AJ....132..976R", "2006ApJ...650..791C", "2006MNRAS.369..625N", "2007MNRAS.377..759S", "2008ApJ...685...57D", "2008ApJ...685..897B", "2008IAUS..245...47N", "2009ApJ...690.1452N", "2009ApJ...699.1720K", "2014ApJ...787..102C", "2014MNRAS.444.3357N", "2014MNRAS.445.1065R", "2017ARA&A..55...59N", "2017ApJ...835..104V", "2019arXiv191013467P", "2020MNRAS.491..773G", "2021ApJ...923..273P", "2023MNRAS.520.5870G" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1980ApJ...237..303S", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1980Natur.285..643M", "1983ApJ...274..534M", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987A&A...177L..53B", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988A&AS...74...25M", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988PhDT........69F", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1989AJ.....98..147J", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990A&A...227...11S", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...359L..41F", "1990JCoPh..87..137H", "1990ebua.conf...89N", "1990ebua.conf..107B", "1991A&A...244L..37N", "1991ARA&A..29..239D", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.249..208F", "1991MNRAS.251P..57S", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...396..445R", "1992ApJ...397L..75S", "1992ApJ...399..462B", "1992ApJ...399L.117H", "1992ApJ...400..460H", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993ApJ...414...64P", "1993ApJ...416..415H", "1993ApJ...416L...9H", "1993ApJS...86..389H", "1993MNRAS.261..379G", "1993eeg..conf..327H", "1993stp..book.....L" ]
1912387
null
Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera Observations of ARP 220
Planetary Camera images of peculiar galaxy Arp 220 taken with V, R, and I band filters reveal a very luminous object near the position of the western radio continuum source, assumed to be the major nucleus, and seven lesser objects within 2" of this position. The most luminous object is formally coincident with the radio source to within the errors of HST pointing accuracy, but we have found an alternate, more compelling alignment of maps in which the eastern radio source coincides with one of the lesser objects and the OH radio sources reside near the surfaces of other optical objects. The proposed centering places the most luminous object 150 Pc (0.4") away from the western radio source. We explore the possibilities that the objects are either holes in the dense dust distribution, dusty clouds reflecting a hidden bright nucleus, or associations of bright young stars. We favor the interpretation that at least the brightest two objects are massive young star associations with luminosities 10^9^-10^11^ L_sun_, but highly extinguished by intervening dust. These massive associations should fall into the nucleus on a time scale of 10^8^ yr. About 10% of the enigmatic far-IR flux arises from the observed objects. In addition, if the diffuse starlight out to a radius of 8" is dominated by stars with typical ages of order 10^8^ yr (the time since the alleged merger of two galaxies), as is indicated by the blue colors at larger radius, then the lower limit to the reradiation of diffuse starlight contributes 3 X 10^11^ L_sun_ to the far-infrared flux, or &gt;= 25% of the total far-IR flux. Three additional bright objects (M_V_~&lt; -13) located about 6" from the core are likely young globular clusters, but any of these could be recently exploded supernovae instead. The expected supernovae rate, if the dominant energy source is young stars, is about one per month for the region where the intense far- infrared flux originates. Also, individual giant dust clouds are visible in these images. Their typical size is 300 pc (1").
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12.906869
8.617298
1994-05-01
45
1994AJ....107.1675S
[ "bright young stars", "other optical objects", "massive young star associations", "young stars", "individual giant dust clouds", "likely young globular clusters", "peculiar galaxy Arp", "stars", "larger radius", "the western radio continuum source" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Cameras", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Kinetic Friction", "Optical Reflection", "Peculiar Galaxies", "Star Distribution", "Stellar Luminosity", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Histograms", "Image Filters", "Images", "Spatial Resolution", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ARP 220", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR" ]
3
[ "10.1086/116976" ]
[ "Shaya, Edward J.", "Dowling, Daniel M.", "Currie, Douglas G.", "Faber, S. M.", "Groth, Edward J." ]
[ "University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US", "University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US", "University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US", "University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US", "Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...300..659R", "1995AJ....110.2610A", "1995ApJ...440..200A", "1995ApJ...454..745B", "1996A&A...315L.133S", "1996AJ....111.2212S", "1996ASSL..206...37V", "1996ApJ...457..616H", "1996ApJ...465..191M", "1997ApJ...478..144S", "1997ApJ...488..720D", "1997RMxAC...6....5H", "1998A&A...335...85O", "1998AJ....116..102T", "1998ApJ...492L.107S", "1998ApJ...501L.167T", "1998ApJ...504L..79T", "1998ApJ...507..615D", "1998ApJ...509L..89T", "1999AJ....117.2152T", "1999AJ....117.2617O", "1999ApJ...514..660T", "1999ApJ...514L...9T", "1999ApJ...518..183K", "2000AJ....120..645L", "2000ApJ...540L..79B", "2000ApJ...545..753B", "2001ApJ...548L..29S", "2001ApJ...551..730E", "2001ApJ...557L..19B", "2001MNRAS.321...11S", "2001astro.ph..8137F", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002MNRAS.335.1176B", "2003ASPC..289..353T", "2003ApJ...591..154M", "2004ApJ...613..781D", "2006A&A...454..473D", "2006ApJ...641..763W", "2006MNRAS.368.1411A", "2008A&A...492....3G", "2008ApJ...677...37O", "2012ApJ...753...78T", "2016PASJ...68..103F", "2021ApJS..257...42L" ]
[ "1957ApJ...125..422S", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1979A&A....72..287B", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980A&A....87..142H", "1980ApJ...238...24R", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1983A&A...128..212M", "1984ApJ...280..521C", "1984ApJ...283L...1S", "1984ApJ...287L..65Y", "1984Natur.311..132J", "1985ApJ...290..116R", "1985MNRAS.213..821N", "1986ApJ...307..110J", "1987AJ.....93..276H", "1987ApJ...312..529D", "1987ApJ...316L..63D", "1987gady.book.....B", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ApJ...340L..49D", "1989MNRAS.241..425S", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1990ApJ...348L..53S", "1990ApJ...354L...5G", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991ASPC...14...73K", "1991ApJ...366L...5S", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...368L..15R", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1992AJ....103..413M", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992AJ....104.1721C", "1992ApJ...387L..55S", "1993ApJ...405L...9L" ]
1912379
null
Optical Imaging and High Spatial Resolution 21 CM HI Observations of The Peculiar Galaxy NGC 2782 (ARP 215)
We have used the VLA B and C Arrays to make 21 cm H I observations of the peculiar galaxy NGC 2782 (Arp 215). These observations are complementary to previously published D Array VLA data, which revealed the presence of a long (5' ~ 54 kpc) H I plume near the western side of this galaxy. We have also obtained BVRI Hα images of the main body of this galaxy using the McDonald Observatory 30" telescope. The optical images of this galaxy show a strong stellar tail extending to the east, opposite the H I plume. Within the disk of NGC 2782, unsharp masking of the optical images at all 4 broadband wavelengths reveals three bright "ripples", separated by ~15". The light profiles across these ripples are symmetrtc, without a sharp outer edge. Hα is strong at the starburst nucleus and along the northern and western sections of the inner ripple. The ripples are not significantly bluer than the interripple disk, except in regions with strong current star formation as seen in Hα. The eastern stellar tail is somewhat bluer than the interripple disk in the parent galaxy, with colors typical of tidal tails. No Hα is seen from this eastern tail. Optical images are not available as yet of the western tail. The new higher resolution H I data show that the atomic gas is very clumpy. We have identified ten H I clumps in the long Western plume, with H I masses of ~10^8^ M_sun_, similar to those of dwarf galaxies, and column densities of ~10^21^ cm^-2^ over surface areas of ~10 kpc^2^. No CO (1-0) emission has been detected from this plume, suggesting that it is material stripped from the outer edge of a disk galaxy. The H I is enhanced along most of the inner ripple, and clumps in the HI are generally associated with clumps in the I band. The Hα peaks, in contrast, are generally not coincident with H I peaks. No H I is seen at the tip of the eastern extension. The H I distribution near this structure is ring-like rather than tail-like as in the optical data. We have detected redshifted H I absorption toward the central continuum source, indicating gas infall into the nuclear region. The H I velocity field for the inner region shows the typical signature of an inclined, rotating disk. This disk appears to be counterrotating with respect to the motions of the large scale tidal structures. Using a restricted 3- body dynamical model, we have successfully reproduced the basic properties of NGC 2782 with an off-center collision between two galaxies, where a lower mass disk companion (M_2_/M_1_~0.25) collides almost head- on with a larger disk galaxy. In this scenario, the companion becomes the eastern extension, and the long western tail is material pulled out from the larger galaxy. The lack of H I at the tip of the eastern tail may be due to stripping during the collision. Alternative formation scenarios include a merger or interaction between two disk galaxies, where the ripples may be due to a disturbed spiral density wave or galactic winds due to the central starburst.
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11.707233
7.967304
1994-05-01
49
1994AJ....107.1695S
[ "dwarf galaxies", "tidal tails", "Optical images", "H", "BVRI Hα images", "D Array VLA data", "strong current star formation", "a larger disk galaxy", "a disk galaxy", "two disk galaxies" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Astronomy", "Disk Galaxies", "H Alpha Line", "H I Regions", "High Resolution", "Images", "Mapping", "Red Shift", "Spatial Resolution", "Starburst Galaxies", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Observatories", "Calibrating", "Data Reduction", "Optical Filters", "Telescopes", "Three Body Problem", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 2782 (ARP 215)", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR" ]
1
[ "10.1086/116978" ]
[ "Smith, Beverly J." ]
[ "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US" ]
[ "1994AJ....108..837S", "1995AJ....109.1451G", "1995AJ....110..129K", "1996ApJS..105...93E", "1997AJ....114.2177S", "1997AJ....114.2323K", "1997ApJ...483..754S", "1998AJ....116.2166U", "1998ApJ...494L.185J", "1999AJ....117.1158Y", "1999AJ....117.1237S", "1999AJ....118..162H", "1999AJ....118.1577K", "1999Ap&SS.269...59S", "1999ApJ...526..665J", "1999IAUS..186...71S", "2000AJ....119.1130H", "2001A&A...378...51B", "2001AJ....121..710S", "2001AJ....121..793R", "2001AJ....121.2483U", "2002ApJ...567..118Y", "2004A&A...425..813B", "2004AJ....127...90Y", "2004IAUS..217...34K", "2005A&A...442..137N", "2005ApJ...630..837J", "2006ApJ...642..158E", "2007A&A...468..129T", "2008A&A...482..133H", "2008A&ARv..15..189S", "2008AJ....135..232H", "2009AJ....137.3071B", "2009ASPC..414..227O", "2009ApJ...697.1971J", "2011ApJ...731...93M", "2011ApJ...735...71W", "2012ApJ...749L...1K", "2012MNRAS.421.3612T", "2013ApJ...768..194M", "2013ApJ...774..125K", "2014ApJS..214....1U", "2015MNRAS.449.3719S", "2016A&C....16...26W", "2016JPhCS.728f2001O", "2017MNRAS.467.3788B", "2018ApJ...853...31O", "2020arXiv200207312K", "2023MNRAS.521.2719Y" ]
[ "1959HDP....53..373Z", "1966apg..book.....A", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1973PASJ...25..153S", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJ...217..928H", "1977egsp.conf...43D", "1978ApJ...221..562S", "1978ApJ...224..745H", "1978IAUS...77..279S", "1978IAUS...79..109T", "1979A&A....71..131V", "1979ApJ...227..466F", "1980ApJ...240..429W", "1980Natur.287..613F", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJ...252..102C", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1983AJ.....88..296H", "1983ApJ...268..602B", "1983ApJ...268L..75G", "1983ApJ...274..534M", "1983PASP...95.1021S", "1984ApJ...279..596Q", "1984PASP...96..398K", "1985ApJ...298L..31S", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986ApJ...300..190D", "1986ApJ...306..110F", "1986ApJ...310..597P", "1986sfdg.conf..307C", "1987AJ.....94..300S", "1987ApJ...318..103A", "1987ApJ...322..681T", "1988AJ.....96.1850W", "1988ApJ...326..596P", "1988ApJ...328...88S", "1988ApJ...331..620K", "1988ApJ...331..682H", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988ApJ...334..613S", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989AJ.....97.1022K", "1990AJ.....99...71S", "1990AJ.....99..497S", "1990AJ....100.1477W", "1990ApJ...356..416P", "1990ApJ...362..473T", "1990MNRAS.247..122T", "1990dig..book..270S", "1991A&A...243..367M", "1991ApJ...378...39S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...256L..19M", "1992A&A...260...67B", "1992ApJ...385..501D", "1992ApJ...393..544S", "1992ApJ...399L.117H", "1992MNRAS.254..509F", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1993PhDT........14I", "1994AJ....107...67H" ]
1913670
null
Imaging of ``Butcher-Oemler'' Blue Galaxies at a Redshift of 0.2
We have obtained deep B and A images of the spectroscopically confirmed blue cluster members of Abell 963, Abell 2111, and Abell 2125; a total of 19 galaxies. We find at least 50% of these blue galaxies are disk systems or have a disk system as one of their components. This fraction is undoubtedly higher as some systems are likely to be at inclinations unfavorable for determining their disk nature. Many of these disk galaxies are late-type systems apparent from the small bulge-to-disk ratios of these galaxies. Two of these galaxies are definitely spiral galaxies, identifiable because of their nearly face-on orientation, which suggests other disk galaxies are also spirals at inclinations unfavorable for resolving spiral structure. For the two nearly face-on spiral galaxies, the star formation appears to be extended over the disk of the galaxy rather than concentrated in the nucleus. If the cluster blue population, which can be as great as 20%, are indeed spirals, either clouds of spiral galaxies are falling into the cores of these rich clusters for the first time or spiral galaxies can be transformed into the elliptical and S0 galaxies present in clusters today. Galaxy-galaxy interactions and/or mergers probably play an important role in the transformation of this spiral population.
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12.371326
5.848528
1994-05-01
50
1994ApJ...426..524L
[ "spiral galaxies", "other disk galaxies", "disk systems", "disk", "spiral structure", "these disk galaxies", "clusters", "these blue galaxies", "Galaxy-galaxy interactions", "Abell" ]
[ "Disk Galaxies", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Red Shift", "Spiral Galaxies", "Diagrams", "Populations", "Star Formation", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Tables (Data)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A2125", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A963", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A2111", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174089" ]
[ "Lavery, Russell J.", "Henry, J. Patrick" ]
[ "Australian National University, Australia", "Australian National University, Australia" ]
[ "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996A&A...314..379P", "1996AJ....111...42T", "1996AJ....111...78C", "1996AJ....111..109S", "1996ASPC...98...51P", "1996ApJ...458L..63L", "1996ApJ...466..104Z", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1997MNRAS.288..702W", "1997MNRAS.292..920W", "1997astro.ph.12017S", "1997hsth.conf..199S", "1998ApJ...500..714V", "1998ApJ...502L.133B", "1998MNRAS.297..502B", "1998MNRAS.297L..34C", "1999AJ....117...75C", "1999AJ....118..625D", "1999ASPC..170..229M", "1999ApJ...510L..15B", "1999ApJS..122...51D", "1999IAUS..186....1S", "1999MNRAS.304..465M", "2000AJ....119.1090M", "2000ASPC..197..327L", "2000ASPC..197..363M", "2000ApJ...542..673F", "2000RSPTA.358.2063S", "2000RvMA...13..211Z", "2001A&A...379..347B", "2001ASPC..240..619Z", "2001Ap&SS.276..847B", "2001ApJ...549..820C", "2001JApA...22....1D", "2003ApJ...596L..13B", "2003PhDT.........2G", "2004A&A...425...33B", "2004A&A...427..125G", "2004MNRAS.349.1251M", "2005AJ....130.2559Y", "2005ASSL..329..153M", "2005ApJ...619..193M", "2005ApJS..157..228S", "2006AJ....131.2426M", "2007ApJ...654..825M", "2011ApJ...727...14S", "2013MNRAS.431.2111J", "2014AJ....147..106Y" ]
[ "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979ApJ...234L..15H", "1980RSLPT.296..303T", "1981AJ.....86..919S", "1981ApJ...251L..75K", "1981PhDT.......190C", "1982ApJ...263..533D", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1983ApJS...52..183B", "1983IAUS..100..319S", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1984ApJ...287...95L", "1984Natur.310...31B", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1985ApJ...294...70D", "1985ApJS...57..665B", "1985MNRAS.214...87J", "1985vcg..work..181H", "1986AJ.....91..255B", "1986ApJ...300..639T", "1986ApJ...301...57B", "1986ApJ...304L...5L", "1986ApJ...306..384T", "1986ApJ...307..738H", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1987ApJ...321..645B", "1987ApJ...323..473H", "1987MNRAS.229..423C", "1987hrpg.work..185O", "1988A&A...199...13M", "1988ApJ...324..112T", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988ApJ...332...81L", "1988ApJ...333..586K", "1988ApJ...335...74B", "1989AJ.....97.1279S", "1989egf..conf..167G", "1990AJ....100..604C", "1990dig..book...30L", "1990eug..symp..200D", "1991ApJ...381...33F", "1991IAUS..146..403G", "1991MNRAS.248P...8E", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992PhDT.......110A", "1993ApJ...404..521A" ]
1932569
null
Peculiar velocities of galaxy clusters: a comparison of mixed dark matter and low-density cold dark matter.
We determine the distribution of peculiar velocities of galaxy clusters in two competing cosmological scenarios: a spatially flat, low-density, cold dark matter universe with cosmological density parameter {OMEGA} = 0.2 and a cosmological constant {DELTA} = 3H_0_^2^(1 - {OMEGA}) (LCDM); and an {OMEGA} = 1 universe containing a mixture of hot and cold dark matter (MDM). Although the spatial clustering properties of clusters in the two models are almost identical, the rms cluster peculiar velocities in the MDM universe are substantially higher. We compare the theoretical peculiar velocity distributions with observations and find that both models have difficulties in reproducing the observed distribution of cluster peculiar velocities. The reliable detection of several more clusters with peculiar velocities greater than 1000 km s^-1^ would be difficult to reconcile with the models, particularly LCDM.
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11.971475
3.283237
1994-05-01
47
1994MNRAS.268L..23C
[ "cluster peculiar velocities", "peculiar velocities", "several more clusters", "galaxy clusters", "cosmological density parameter", "clusters", "the rms cluster peculiar velocities", "the theoretical peculiar velocity distributions", "OMEGA", "hot and cold dark matter" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.1.L23" ]
[ "Croft, R. A. C.", "Efstathiou, G." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995A&A...300..335D", "1995ApJ...454..561G", "1995MNRAS.276..336G", "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1996A&A...311....1A", "1996ApJ...461L..17B", "1996ApJ...462L..49B", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996MNRAS.282..384M", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1997ApJ...474..533K", "1997ApJ...482L.121B", "1997ApL&C..36...87B", "1997MNRAS.291..305C", "1997MNRAS.292L..59W", "1997astro.ph..2086C", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ASSL..231..389C", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.294..245C", "1998MNRAS.296..995T", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1998astro.ph..5078C", "1999AJ....118.1489D", "1999ApJ...520..491B", "1999ApJ...523..480P", "1999MNRAS.305..527T", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "2000ASPC..201...25D", "2000ApJ...537L...1B", "2000MNRAS.313..229C", "2001AJ....121..649G", "2001MNRAS.322..901S", "2002MNRAS.329..431P", "2003ApJ...587..524N", "2003MNRAS.339..271S", "2003MNRAS.342..519P", "2003MNRAS.342..532P", "2003MNRAS.343.1312H", "2003astro.ph..7092G", "2004JCAP...12..005R", "2004JHEP...12..006K", "2007APh....26..351H", "2007MNRAS.378..777R", "2009MNRAS.397L..41C", "2018JCAP...02..032M" ]
[ "1967ApJ...147...73S", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985SvAL...11..271K", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1987ApJ...314..431G", "1987ApJ...321...28B", "1989ApJ...344....1G", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992ApJ...396..453H", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1993ApJ...409...14M", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993PhRvL..71..324C", "1994ApJ...420....1W", "1994MNRAS.267..390C" ]
1913709
null
Correlations of Galaxies at Z = 0.3
The angular correlation functions for galaxies with magnitudes 20 &lt; b_J_ &lt; 21.5 and 21 &lt;b_J &lt; 22.5 are measured from photographic images of nine distinct fields. New expressions for the variance of correlation function estimates are used, which show that the nine fields are consistent with a single angular correlation function w(θ) and with previous estimates of its amplitude and slope-though the errors on previously published w(θ) values - are probably underestimated. Assuming a spatial correlation function of the form ξ(r, z) = (r/r_0_)^-γ^(1 + z)^-3-(epsilon}, and using the measured N(z) for these magnitude ranges, we derive ξ(r = 250 h^-1^ kpc, z = 0.18)=48+/-10, and ξ(r = 250 h^-1^ kpc, z = 0.27)=55(+11; -9) for galaxies in these samples, largely independent of γ and ɛ (1 σ errors). This is ~2 times lower than the small-scale clustering seen in nearby galaxies at b_J_ &lt; 18 (after allowing for modest growth in clustering since z = 0.27), yet very similar to the clustering of the nearby IRAS-selected galaxy population. The correlations of the reddest third of the b_J_~ 22 galaxies, however, are larger and consistent with the b_J_ &lt; 18 clustering, not the IRAS clustering, for a clustering growth rate of ɛ &gt;= -1. Thus to b_J_ &lt; 22.5, most of the apparent evolution in clustering of blue-selected galaxies appears to be due to an increasing fraction of late-type or star-forming galaxies at fainter magnitudes, combined with weaker small- scale clustering for late types. These conclusions are entirely empirical and independent of galaxy evolution models.
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12.429542
5.142852
1994-05-01
19
1994ApJ...426..516B
[ "nearby galaxies", "correlation function estimates", "galaxy evolution models", "galaxies", "b_J_", "clustering", "lt", "fainter magnitudes", "weaker small- scale", "late types" ]
[ "Angular Correlation", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Stellar Magnitude", "Amplitudes", "Astronomical Photography", "Errors", "Estimates", "Star Formation", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174088" ]
[ "Bernstein, G. M.", "Tyson, J. A.", "Brown, W. R.", "Jarvis, J. F." ]
[ "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...466...92D", "1996ApJ...470..681K", "1996MNRAS.279.1357L", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997A&A...328....1M", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...488..524R", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "2000MNRAS.315..473C", "2003ApJ...585..191W" ]
[ "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1979SPIE..172..422J", "1980RSLPT.296..355E", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...393L..45M", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....105.1333L", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...414..431Y", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.263..360R" ]
1154067
null
Galaxy Structures in The Herculus Region
216 redshifts have been obtained in a region of 981 sq deg south of the Hercules supercluster. 172 of these redshifts are of galaxies with m_pg_ &lt;= 15.1, 110 of which had no previous velocity measurement. 44 new redshifts are of galaxies fainter than m_pg_ = 15.1. With these new data we have been able to define a sample in a vast region (~1700 sq deg) around Hercules limited to m_pg_ &lt;= 15.1 with a velocity completeness of 81.5%. 189 galaxies have been morphologically classified so that all galaxies in the sample with known velocity now also have known morphology. The magnitude limited sample, including 556 galaxies, is then used to identify and describe galaxy structures in the region. We find that the overdense volume is small, that its overall appearance is that of a coral branch floating in a sea of nothing and that early and late type galaxies define different structures.
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12.381537
5.756409
1994-05-01
8
1994AJ....107.1629T
[ "galaxy structures", "galaxies fainter", "galaxies", "known velocity", "~1700 sq deg", "m_pg", "early and late type galaxies", "lt;=", "_", "sq deg" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Astronomy", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Hercules Nova", "Red Shift", "Astronomical Coordinates", "Hubble Diagram", "Nomographs", "Statistical Distributions", "Velocity", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING" ]
2
[ "10.1086/116972" ]
[ "Tarenghi, Massimo", "Garilli, Bianca", "Maccagni, Dario" ]
[ "European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany", "European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany", "European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1995AJ....109..465M", "2003A&A...406..453I", "2007ApJS..170...33P", "2008AJ....135..130D", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2019MNRAS.489.1161L", "2020ApJ...890....5C", "2020MNRAS.499.5826S" ]
[ "1963cgcg.book.....Z", "1966cgcg.book.....Z", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1979ApJ...234..775T", "1979ApJ...234..793T", "1980ApJ...235..724T", "1985A&A...144..506V", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1988AJ.....96.1791F", "1988ARA&A..26..245R", "1988ang..book.....T", "1990ZCAT..C......0H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJS...79..157F" ]
1915514
null
A Catalog of Recent Supernovae
A listing is given of all supernovae discovered between 1989 January 1 and 1993 April 1. The data show no evidence for a significant dependence of the discovery probability of supernovae on parent galaxy inclination to the line of sight. If no inclination corrections need to be applied then the supernova rates in spirals are only about half as large as previously believed. The mean linear separation of supernovae of Type II (SNe II) from the center of their parent galaxy increases with increasing distance (Shaw effect). The Shaw effect appears less evident, or absent, for (more luminous) supernovae of Type Ia. The data are consistent with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that (presumably reddened) SNe II are more likely to be discovered in the red than in the blue. Due to intensive surveillance, most bright SNe Ia tend to be found before maximum, whereas the majority of faint SNe Ia are discovered after maximum light.
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2.568656
4.774478
1994-05-01
11
1994ApJS...92..219V
[ "parent galaxy inclination", "SNe II", "Type II", "supernovae", "faint SNe", "Shaw effect", "Type Ia.", "maximum light", "increasing distance", "intensive surveillance" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Classifications", "Galaxies", "Star Distribution", "Supernovae", "Velocity", "Correction", "Spectral Methods", "Statistical Analysis", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL", "CATALOGS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/191967" ]
[ "van den Bergh, Sidney" ]
[ "National Research Council, Victoria, Canada" ]
[ "1995JKAS...28...31L", "1995Obs...115..202D", "1996AJ....111.1444K", "1996ApJ...464..404S", "1996ApJ...473..707M", "1996MNRAS.281L..41B", "1997ARA&A..35..309F", "1999A&AS..139..531B", "1999AJ....117..707R", "2000PASP..112.1284R", "2002AJ....123..745R" ]
[ "1964MCG...C02....0V", "1968MCG...C04....0V", "1968glg..book.....V", "1974ASSL...45..155T", "1974TrSht..46....1V", "1979A&A....76..188S", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982euse.book.....L", "1985AJ.....90.2303D", "1987ApJ...323...44V", "1988ComAp..12..131V", "1989A&AS...81..421B", "1989ApJ...345..752E", "1991AJ....102..208H", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1993A&A...273..383C", "1993AJ....105.2231B", "1993AJ....105.2236S", "1993AJ....106..245G" ]
1912367
null
Structure of The Globular Cluster in The Fornax Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
We have measured the radial light profiles of the five brighter clusters in the Fornax dwarf elliptical galaxy. We find that the clusters fall into two structural groups. Hodge clusters Nos. 1 and 2 have similar core radii which are twice the core radii of clusters Nos. 3, 4, and 5. Clusters Nos. 1 and 2 appear to fit truncated King models. Clusters Nos. 3, 4, and 5 do not fit the King models but show an extended halo structure with no evidence of tidal truncation. We conjecture that clusters Nos. 1 and 2 have interacted dynamically with each other while the other clusters have had no such interaction over their lifetime.
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10.168689
7.969643
1994-05-01
17
1994AJ....107.1737R
[ "Hodge clusters Nos", "clusters", "Clusters Nos", ".", "Nos", "truncated King models", "similar core radii", "dwarf elliptical galaxy", "tidal truncation", "the other clusters" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Structure", "Globular Clusters", "Radial Distribution", "Stellar Luminosity", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Reduction", "Optical Filters", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: FORNAX" ]
0
[ "10.1086/116982" ]
[ "Rodgers, A. W.", "Roberts, W. H." ]
[ "Australian National Univ., Weston Creek, Australia", "Australian National Univ., Weston Creek, Australia" ]
[ "1994AJ....108.2145V", "1994PASP..106.1225G", "1996AJ....111.1596S", "1996ApJ...471L..31V", "1996IAUS..169..381V", "1997A&A...317...54J", "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1997ApJ...487L.187N", "2000ApJ...530..777V", "2003AJ....125.1291S", "2003MNRAS.340..175M", "2004AJ....127..832C", "2005AJ....129.1443C", "2005ApJS..161..304M", "2007AJ....134..912N", "2015MNRAS.453..690B", "2017MNRAS.464.3060A" ]
[ "1939PASP...51...40B", "1954MNRAS.114..191W", "1957ApJ...125..451V", "1959BAN....14..299O", "1960psd..book.....C", "1961AJ.....66...83H", "1963MNRAS.125..127M", "1965ApJ...141..308H", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1966AJ.....71..276K", "1968MNRAS.138..495L", "1971ARA&A...9...35H", "1975IAUS...69...99K", "1976ApJ...204...73I", "1977PhDT.......130D", "1981ApJ...247..849Z", "1982AJ.....87..990D", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1985IAUS..113...19L", "1985IAUS..113..109S", "1985IAUS..113..139H", "1985JMoSp.113....1K", "1988AJ.....96.1352E", "1988IAUS..126..603Z", "1989ApJ...339..904C", "1989PASP..101..563R", "1992ApJ...400..510D", "1992PhDT.......171G", "1993ASPC...48..689W", "1993PASP..105..315R" ]
1913699
null
Counts of Galaxies in a Merger Model
A model for the photometric evolution of galaxies has been developed and has been applied to the problem of galaxy counts. The integrated colors of galaxies are calculated using the most recently computed evolutionary tracks from Maeder and collaborators complemented with evolutionary tracks derived by other authors. The asymptotic giant branch lifetime is left as a free parameter. A series of cosmological models using different values of the cosmological constant, {DELTA}_0_, and the density parameter, {OMEGA}_0_, have been computed. The universality hypothesis of the luminosity function of galaxies has been abandoned. The influence of galaxy merging on the counts has been considered in a simple manner by assuming that the number of strongly interacting galaxies in a comoving volume increases with redshift as a power law given by (1 + z)^3.8^. Taking a Schechter parametrization for the luminosity function of the different types of galaxies, we are able to reproduce the observations reasonably well. We have also considered models with a Gaussian distribution for the luminosity function of the brighter galaxies that provide a poorer fit to the observations. It is shown that galaxy count data are not yet able to make unambiguous cosmological statements since evolutionary assumptions are critical. In particular, an {OMEGA}_0_ = 1, {DELTA}_0_ = 0 cosmology is shown to be consistent with the data.
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12.320242
6.329835
1994-05-01
12
1994ApJ...426..459C
[ "galaxy counts", "galaxy count data", "galaxies", "evolutionary tracks", "cosmological models", "unambiguous cosmological statements", "evolutionary assumptions", "different values", "_", "models" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Counting", "Galactic Evolution", "Galaxies", "Populations", "Stellar Luminosity", "Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars", "Red Shift", "Statistical Distributions", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Mass", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174082" ]
[ "Colin, P.", "Schramm, D. N.", "Peimbert, M." ]
[ "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico", "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico", "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico" ]
[ "1995ApJ...446..543R", "1995ApJ...449..616L", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1995RMxAA..31...91C", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1997ChA&A..21...19W", "1997ChA&A..21..285X", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2004ApJ...612..679L", "2008MNRAS.390..192S" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1970ApJ...162..217L", "1972A&A....20..383T", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1974ApJ...189...89D", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203...52T", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJ...208..797T", "1977A&A....54...31F", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1979ApJ...232..831B", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1983ApJ...266..747V", "1983ApJ...270..155B", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985PhR...124..255H", "1985PhR...124..257H", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986A&A...167..247H", "1986ApJ...311..708L", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ASSL..132..337S", "1987ApJ...320..199F", "1987ApJS...63..917S", "1988A&A...205..105B", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989A&A...210..155M", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1989ApJ...344..567T", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ApJ...348...98R", "1990ApJ...350..505C", "1990ApJ...359L...1C", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ASIC..341..441K", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...367L..55G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992ApJS...79..507R", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...404..468M", "1993ApJ...407..510C" ]
1912335
null
A Search For Secondary Nuclei in Shell Galaxies
We present the results of our search for secondary nuclei in shell galaxies. The most recent accretion model simulations of shell galaxy formation, by Salmon, Quinn, &amp; Warren, have included the effects of dynamical friction and tidal stripping on a captured secondary for the first time. In their simulation, the secondary galaxy is disrupted slowly throughout the shell forming process, and should therefore be visible as a secondary nucleus for a significant fraction of the shell lifetime. We have obtained CCD images of 29 shell galaxies, often in two colors, in order to search for secondary nuclei. Identification of possible secondary nuclei was carried out by subtracting a smooth model of the primary elliptical and carefully examining the residual image. We found six galaxies with possible secondary nuclei that could be responsible for the shells within the framework of the Salmon, Quinn, &amp; Warren (sinking satellite) accretion model. Foreground contamination by stars or galaxies implies that this detection is an upper limit. Based on our results, we estimate an upper limit of 200 Myr for the typical lifetime for a secondary nucleus and discuss the frequency of secondary nuclei expected from the weak interaction model and the major merger model.
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11.016765
6.813194
1994-05-01
10
1994AJ....107.1713F
[ "secondary nuclei", "possible secondary nuclei", "shell galaxies", "secondary", "shell galaxy formation", "galaxies", "a secondary nucleus", "the secondary galaxy", "CCD images", "tidal stripping" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Nuclei", "Searching", "Shell Galaxies", "Star Formation", "Stellar Mass Accretion", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Reduction", "Images", "Kinetic Friction", "Northern Hemisphere", "Southern Hemisphere", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
1
[ "10.1086/116979" ]
[ "Forbes, Duncan A.", "Thomson, R. C.", "Groom, Wendy", "Williger, Gerard M." ]
[ "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK" ]
[ "1995ApJ...444L..77S", "1998A&A...330..123G", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2004AN....325..359P", "2008A&A...489...85T", "2012ApJ...753...43K", "2015ApJ...810..120C", "2017ApJ...850..144E", "2021A&A...650A..50E", "2022A&A...660A..28B" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1980ApJ...237..303S", "1983ApJ...274..534M", "1984ApJ...279..596Q", "1985PhDT........47J", "1986A&A...166...53D", "1986ApJ...306..110F", "1988ApJ...325...49L", "1988ApJ...331..682H", "1988MNRAS.235..813C", "1989AJ.....97..363T", "1989ApJ...342....1H", "1989cpg..book.....P", "1990dig..book...72P", "1990dig..book..216S", "1991ApJ...374..344K", "1991MNRAS.253..256T", "1992ApJ...399L.117H", "1992MNRAS.254..723F" ]
11573219
astro-ph/9309019
High-Order Galaxy Correlation Functions in the APM Galaxy Survey
We estimate J-point galaxy-averaged correlation functions ω bar_J_( θ) for J= 2,...,9, in a sample of the APM Galaxy Survey with more than 1.3 X 10^6^ galaxies and a depth D ~400 h^-1^ Mpc. The hierarchical amplitudes s_j_ = ωbar_J_/ωbar_J_^J-1^ are roughly constant, up to J=9, between θD ~ 0.5 h^-1^ Mpc and θD ~ 2 h^-1^ Mpc, and decrease slowly for larger scales. At scales θD &gt; 7 h^-1^ Mpc, we find strong similarities between the statistical properties of the galaxy fluctuations δ_g_ and the theoretical properties of matter fluctuations δ_m_ evolving under the influence of gravity in a expanding universe on the assumption that the initial fluctuations are small and Gaussian. This is most easily explained if at large scales there is no significant biasing between matter and galaxy fluctuations, i.e. δ_g_ ~ δ_m_. The comparison of the skewness in the CfA and SSRS catalogues with comparable subsamples of the APM indicates that the volume of a `fair sample' has to be much larger than the one in the combined CfA/SSRS catalogues.
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12.087244
3.19861
1994-06-01
153
1994MNRAS.268..913G
[ "matter fluctuations", "large scales", "larger scales", "matter and galaxy fluctuations", "_", "APM", "comparable subsamples", "strong similarities", "SSRS", "CfA" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.4.913", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9309019" ]
[ "Gaztanaga, E." ]
[ "-" ]
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11569182
astro-ph/9311011
A gravitational lens model for B1422+231.
We investigate simple gravitational lens models for the recently discovered quadruple QSO B1422+231. The image configuration in this multiple QSO system indicates that the gravitational deflector has a considerable ellipticity; we therefore explore lensing models based on elliptical mass distributions. Employing a simple fitting procedure, we show that (1) our models cannot satisfactorily account for the details of the image configuration, in particular, the flux ratios are difficult to reproduce; (2) Our best model is a combination of an elliptical deflector and externally applied shear; the direction of the shear is in accordance with the position of two galaxies detected near the QSO images, and may well be produced by them. If this interpretation is correct, our best model is in fact quite similar to the model of Hogg &amp; Blandford, except that we account for the ellipticity of the main deflector, which reduces the mass of the nearby galaxies to produce the necessary shear. The fact that the models do not improve if the position of the lens center is allowed to vary from its observed position is a strong argument in favour of it being indeed the main lensing galaxy.
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13.419742
4.186915
1994-06-01
45
1994A&A...286..357K
[ "simple gravitational lens models", "lensing models", "elliptical mass distributions", "QSO", "Our best model", "our best model", "the main lensing galaxy", "fact", "our models", "the model" ]
[ "Deflectors", "Ellipticity", "Gravitational Fields", "Gravitational Lenses", "Mass Distribution", "Quadrupoles", "Quasars", "Shearing", "Astronomical Models", "Image Processing", "Magnification", "Perturbation", "Astrophysics", "QUASARS: B1422+231", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311011" ]
[ "Kormann, R.", "Schneider, P.", "Bartelmann, M." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1984B", "1995ApJ...443...18W", "1995MNRAS.272..363K", "1996AJ....111.1007Y", "1996ApJ...462L..53I", "1996ApJ...464...92G", "1996ApJ...470L..85K", "1996ApJ...473..570G", "1996MNRAS.282...67K", "1997AJ....114.2276K", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997MNRAS.291..211W", "1997PASJ...49..419T", "1998ApJ...494...60P", "1998ApJ...495..157K", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1998MNRAS.295..587M", "1999MNRAS.307L...1P", "2000ApJ...531...81C", "2000astro.ph..4241R", "2001A&A...365..409O", "2001MNRAS.326.1403P", "2002A&A...382..792C", "2002A&A...388..373B", "2002AJ....123..627F", "2002evn..conf..203B", "2003AJ....126...29R", "2003ApJ...584..664K", "2003MNRAS.345.1351E", "2005ApJ...635L...1W", "2005PASJ...57..877U", "2006ApJ...645....1D", "2007AJ....134.1634M", "2007ApJS..171....1M", "2008ApJ...677..863M", "2008MNRAS.387.1303S", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2016A&A...590A..34W", "2016A&A...592A.104D", "2017arXiv170807535O", "2018MNRAS.473.4722O", "2022ApJ...940...16W", "2022arXiv221016444W", "2023MNRAS.522..426B", "2024Univ...10...37W" ]
[ "1984Sci...223...46L", "1987ApJ...315..434N", "1989LNP...330...31N", "1990A&A...231...19S", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1992ApJ...389...63M", "1992MNRAS.259P...1P", "1992MNRAS.259P...5L", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...417..474K", "1994AJ....107...28Y" ]
2908684
astro-ph/9310023
Head-On Mergers of Systems Containing Gas
Several simple head-on mergers between model galaxy clusters containing a mixture of gas and dark matter are examined, testing the coupling of the gas to the underlying collisionless material. The gas is shocked, irreversibly dissipating the energy fed into it by the collisionless component, and forms a resolved constant-density core. For the dark matter, however, admixture of phase-space vacuum is not very efficient and a constant-density core is not produced. In the final state the central gas has little residual disordered kinetic energy, indicating that small-scale streaming motions do not help to support the gas.
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13.465201
4.966796
1994-06-01
66
1994MNRAS.268..953P
[ "gas", "little residual disordered kinetic energy", "dark matter", "model galaxy clusters", "the central gas", "small-scale streaming motions", "admixture", "the underlying collisionless material", "phase-space vacuum", "a resolved constant-density core" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.4.953", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310023" ]
[ "Pearce, F. R.", "Thomas, P. A.", "Couchman, H. M. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...452..797C", "1995MNRAS.275..720N", "1995QJRAS..36..259T", "1996AJ....112..378P", "1996AJ....112.1816M", "1996ApJ...465L...1M", "1996ApJ...466L..79H", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996ApJ...472..131B", "1996ApJ...472..137H", "1996ApJ...472..460F", "1996ApJ...472L..17M", "1996PASJ...48L..37I", "1997AJ....114...25M", "1997Ap&SS.254..233I", "1997ApJ...474..580G", "1997ApJ...480...36T", "1997ApJ...484...40C", "1997ApJ...491..467M", "1997ApJS..109..307R", "1997MNRAS.288..702W", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997NewA....2..411P", "1998AN....319...73I", "1998ApJ...493...62R", "1998ApJ...496..670R", "1998ApJ...503..569E", "1999ApJ...518..594R", "2000ApJ...539..124T", "2000ApJ...540..726G", "2000MNRAS.315..834T", "2000astro.ph..9465G", "2001ApJ...546...63T", "2001ApJ...547..705D", "2001ApJ...561..621R", "2001ApJ...562..266D", "2001MNRAS.324..450T", "2001PhRvD..64h3516S", "2002ApJ...569..122G", "2002ApJ...575..634D", "2002MNRAS.329..675R", "2002astro.ph..3502L", "2003MNRAS.340..989S", "2003MNRAS.341.1246O", "2004ApJ...604..604O", "2004ApJ...613..831D", "2004MNRAS.351..237R", "2004MNRAS.352..508R", "2005ApJ...628...45S", "2005NYASA1045..260D", "2006ApJ...639...64O", "2006ApJ...639..781D", "2006ApJ...651..636L", "2006MNRAS.373..881P", "2006astro.ph..9615F", "2007MNRAS.376.1327F", "2008ApJ...672..122E", "2008ApJ...685..118V", "2010ApJ...715.1508S", "2010ApJ...725.1452S", "2011MNRAS.413..691Y", "2011MNRAS.418..230V", "2011MmSAI..82..627B", "2012MNRAS.425L..76B", "2013MNRAS.430.3249M", "2016FrASS...2....7M" ]
[ "1977AJ.....82.1013L", "1977MNRAS.181..375G", "1978MNRAS.184...69L", "1980MNRAS.191P...1W", "1982JCoPh..46..429G", "1983MNRAS.204..219V", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1986ApJ...310..593C", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990ApJ...362L..41C", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...368L..23C", "1991MNRAS.253P..29F", "1992A&A...253...77G", "1992ARA&A..30..543M", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993MNRAS.264..497P", "1993MNRAS.265..271N" ]
11573218
astro-ph/9311077
The gravitational lens system B 1422+231 : dark matter, superluminal expansion and the Hubble constant.
A gravitational lens model of the radio quasar B 1422 + 231 is presented. The model can account for the image arrangement and it can account approximately for the relative magnifications. The locations of the principal lensing mass and a more distant secondary mass concentration were predicted and subsequently luminous objects were found at these locations. This argues against the existence of substantial numbers of `dark' galaxies. The model suggests that, if the compact radio source is intrinsically superluminal, the observed component motions may be as large as ~100c with image B moving in the opposite direction to images A and C. The prospects for measuring the Hubble constant from a model incorporating lens galaxy locations, compact radio source expansion speeds and radio time delays, if and when these are measured, are briefly assessed.
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13.723078
4.282061
1994-06-01
55
1994MNRAS.268..889H
[ "compact radio source expansion speeds", "radio time delays", "image B", "images", "quasar B", "a model incorporating lens galaxy locations", "substantial numbers", "the compact radio source", "mass", "A gravitational lens model" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.4.889", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311077" ]
[ "Hogg, D. W.", "Blandford, R. D." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...298..737H", "1995AJ....110.1984B", "1995ApJ...443...18W", "1995MNRAS.272..363K", "1996AJ....111.1007Y", "1996ApJ...462L..53I", "1996ApJ...470L..85K", "1996CRABS..49....5P", "1996IAUS..173..299L", "1996MNRAS.282...67K", "1996NuPhS..51..101B", "1997AJ....114.2276K", "1997ASPC..116...21K", "1997ApJ...475L..85S", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997PASJ...49..419T", "1998AJ....115....1T", "1998AJ....115..377F", "1998ApJ...494...60P", "1998ApJ...495..157K", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1998ApJ...509L..13D", "1998MNRAS.295..587M", "1999AJ....117.2034T", "1999MNRAS.307L...1P", "2000ApJ...537..697K", "2000MNRAS.311..689W", "2001ApJ...553..709R", "2001ApJ...561...46K", "2001MNRAS.326.1403P", "2001astro.ph..2340K", "2001astro.ph.11595K", "2002A&A...388..373B", "2002AJ....123..627F", "2002ApJ...565...17C", "2002evn..conf..203B", "2003AJ....126...29R", "2003ApJ...584..664K", "2003ApJ...589..688H", "2003MNRAS.345.1351E", "2006ApJ...641..169M", "2006ApJ...646...85W", "2007MNRAS.377.1623Z", "2008ApJ...681.1017F", "2008MNRAS.389..398C", "2009ApJ...690..670T", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2011A&A...532A..37S", "2011ApJ...740...97L", "2012MNRAS.421.2553X", "2018ApJ...852L..14B", "2018MNRAS.477..669M", "2021MNRAS.504.1340G", "2022ApJ...935...49G", "2023MNRAS.522..426B" ]
[ "1989ApJ...338....1G", "1990ApJ...357..309K", "1991ApJ...372L..71Q", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1991ApJ...382...58K", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1992MNRAS.259P...1P", "1992MNRAS.259P...5L", "1992grle.book.....S", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...278L..19R", "1993AAS...182.0507H", "1994AJ....107...28Y" ]
11569186
astro-ph/9402013
The spectrum of SGR A* and its variability.
We demonstrate that there is only one physical process required to explain the spectrum and the variability of the radio source at the dynamical center of our Galaxy, Sgr A*, in the frequency range from =~1 to =~1000 GHz, namely optically thin synchrotron radiation that is emitted from a population of relativistic electrons. We attribute the observed variability to variable energy input from an accretion disk around Sgr A* into the acceleration of the electrons.
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8.327793
5.68219
1994-06-01
56
1994A&A...286..431D
[ "Sgr A", "variable energy input", "relativistic electrons", "=", "Galaxy", "*", "the observed variability", "the radio source", "the frequency range", "an accretion disk" ]
[ "Accretion Disks", "Electron Plasma", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Sources (Astronomy)", "Radio Spectra", "Relativistic Electron Beams", "Synchrotron Radiation", "Variability", "Galactic Bulge", "Magnetohydrodynamics", "Particle Acceleration", "Astrophysics", "ACCELERATION OF PARTICLES", "ACCRETION", "ACCRETION DISKS", "MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)", "GALAXY: CENTER", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9402013" ]
[ "Duschl, Wolfgang J.", "Lesch, Harald" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany" ]
[ "1995A&A...297...83Z", "1995Natur.374..623N", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1996A&A...307..450B", "1996A&A...310L...5R", "1996A&ARv...7..289M", "1996A&AS..120C.287N", "1996ARA&A..34..645M", "1996ASPC..102..389D", "1996ASPC..102..453F", "1996ApJ...464L..67F", "1996IAUS..169..169F", "1996IAUS..171..342B", "1997A&A...326L..33B", "1997A&A...328...95B", "1997ASPC..121..647F", "1997ApJ...477..585M", "1997ApJ...490L..77S", "1998A&A...329L..45W", "1998A&A...335..161M", "1998A&A...338..399C", "1998ApJ...492..554N", "1998ApJ...508L..61L", "1998Natur.394..651M", "1998astro.ph..7196C", "1999A&A...342...49F", "1999ASPC..186..148F", "1999ASPC..186..169J", "1999RvMA...12..221D", "2000MNRAS.319.1178Y", "2001ARA&A..39..309M", "2001ApJ...559...96B", "2001ApJ...561L..77L", "2001RvMA...14...15F", "2002ApJ...571..843B", "2002luml.conf..405N", "2003A&A...410..519C", "2003JKAS...36...81C", "2004A&A...419..161L", "2004ApJ...603L...9G", "2005ApJ...619..306A", "2006PhuZ...37...16D", "2007IAUS..238..337C", "2008A&A...485...33H", "2008AIPC.1085..146V", "2010PhRvD..82j4031G", "2011A&A...533A.111M", "2012arXiv1208.5251G", "2013AN....334.1024K", "2013IJAA....3...18K", "2013MNRAS.428.2731B", "2015APh....71...45V", "2015ApJ...812...86H", "2019ApJS..241...37W", "2021MNRAS.505.3616M", "2022ApJ...926..108C" ]
[ "1975ApJ...200..187E", "1977ApJ...214..840I", "1978afcp.book.....L", "1979ApJ...229..318G", "1979cmft.book.....P", "1980ApJ...241..132L", "1982ApJ...262..120L", "1982IAUS...97..389B", "1984ARA&A..22..223B", "1987A&A...179...93L", "1988A&A...190L..25Z", "1988A&A...191..303R", "1988A&A...200L...9L", "1989IAUS..136..535Z", "1990A&A...233..391A", "1992A&A...254...29L", "1992A&A...261..119Z", "1992A&A...264..493L", "1992ASPC...31..295Z", "1992apa..book.....F", "1993A&A...278L...1F", "1993ApJ...410..650D", "1993sara.conf...38Z" ]
11569611
astro-ph/9309034
The Zero-Point of the Cluster-Cluster Correlation Function: A Key Test of Cosmological Power Spectra
We propose the zero-point of the cluster-cluster correlation function r_0_ as a sensitive test for the shape of the power spectrum of initial fluctuations. With a wealth of new available redshifts for rich clusters the correlation function is measured to higher accuracy than has previously been done. It is now possible to go beyond the power law description to measure the point at which the correlation function becomes zero. A number of measurements of the zero-point of the rich galaxy cluster correlation function indicate that the zero-point should be in the range (40-60) h^-1^ Mpc. We discuss different effects, which could affect the zero-point and conclude that it is reasonably stable. The large value of r_0_ at which the zero-point occurs rules out conventional CDM models independently of the assumed amplitude. The most severe constraints are imposed on the CDM models with the cosmological constant. Models with {OMEGA} &lt; 0.25 should he rejected because they predict too large r_0_. If the age of the universe is assumed to be larger than 15 Gyr, models with either {OMEGA} &lt; 0.5 or h &gt; 0.55 are rejected. We present the results of numerical simulations of clusters in the mixed model (the cold-plus-hot-dark-matter or CHDM). The correlation function of clusters in the model has a zero-point, r_0_ = 55 h^-1^ Mpc that matches the zero-point of the observed function and is very close to the zero-point predicted by the linear theory. The shape of the function on all available scales (up to 100 h^-1^ Mpc) is reproduced for both the Abell and the APM clusters. The CHDM model predicts the mass function for the clusters, which is higher than that given by Bahcall &amp; Cen (1993) (masses are larger by a factor 1.5), but is compatible with the results of Biviano et al. (1993).
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12.228601
4.150785
1994-06-01
38
1994ApJ...428..399K
[ "conventional CDM models", "rich clusters", "Models", "clusters", "the rich galaxy cluster correlation function", "r_0", "new available redshifts", "_", "higher accuracy", "CDM" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Distribution Functions", "Galactic Clusters", "Power Spectra", "Stellar Models", "Variations", "Computerized Simulation", "Density (Number/Volume)", "Numerical Analysis", "Red Shift", "Stellar Mass", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174252", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9309034" ]
[ "Klypin, Anatoly", "Rhee, Geroge" ]
[ "New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, US", "New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437L...5B", "1994MNRAS.271..223B", "1995ApJ...444....1K", "1995IJMPD...4..219K", "1995LNP...455..265B", "1995MNRAS.276L..69W", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1995NuPhS..43..133P", "1995PhRvL..74.2160P", "1996A&A...306....1B", "1996ApJ...459..455L", "1996ApJ...462...13W", "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996ApJ...470...92P", "1996ApJ...470..102K", "1996MNRAS.280..749B", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1998A&A...336...11V", "1998ApJ...505L..75L", "1998MNRAS.295...19K", "1998MNRAS.296..109C", "1998NewA....3..631R", "1998astro.ph.10088P", "1999MNRAS.305..866B", "2000ApJ...532..728X", "2000ApJ...542....9G", "2000MNRAS.319..939C", "2002ApJ...579...93P", "2005math.ph..12014E", "2007ARep...51..709D", "2008JSP...132..329C", "2011arXiv1111.2889P", "2013MNRAS.432.2420F", "2016MNRAS.459.4020L", "2024MNRAS.529L..54A" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981csup.book.....H", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1989MNRAS.238..881L", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991A&A...243..295K", "1991ApJ...372..410H", "1991ApJ...373....1W", "1991MNRAS.248..159S", "1992A&A...259..423C", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1993ApJ...405..428H", "1993ApJ...407L..45B", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993ApJ...408...17O", "1993ApJ...411..450J", "1993ApJ...411L..13B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...416....1K" ]
11569531
astro-ph/9310040
How Unusual is the Locally Quiet Hubble Flow?
The local galaxy distribution offers an interesting constraint to cosmological models of structure formation. The galaxies are distributed in a long, filamentary structure, presumably the result of large amplitude gravitational instability, yet the local velocity field is cold. In particular, there are no blueshifted galaxies within 5h^-1^ Mpc except those within the Local Group radius of 1h^-1^ Mpc. Using numerical simulations we demonstrate that such a situation is extremely rare for an observer in {OMEGA} = 1 CDM models, but is not uncommon in mixed dark matter models that include massive neutrinos.
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11.463148
2.384401
1994-06-01
36
1994ApJ...427..527S
[ "mixed dark matter models", "cosmological models", "large amplitude gravitational instability", "structure formation", "numerical simulations", "Local Group", "massive neutrinos", "The local galaxy distribution", "OMEGA", "1 CDM models" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Computational Astrophysics", "Computerized Simulation", "Cosmology", "Density Distribution", "Hubble Constant", "Local Group (Astronomy)", "Mass Distribution", "Universe", "Velocity Distribution", "Dark Matter", "Filaments", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Many Body Problem", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Neutrinos", "Red Shift", "Virgo Galactic Cluster", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174164", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310040" ]
[ "Schlegel, David", "Davis, Marc", "Summers, Frank", "Holtzman, Jon A." ]
[ "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449...52P", "1995MNRAS.276L..69W", "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1996ApJ...456....1G", "1996ApJ...456...34G", "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997ForPh..45..343B", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1998PNAS...95...78D", "1998PhRvD..58i3003C", "1999ASPC..176..280S", "1999ApJ...518..226M", "2000ASPC..201..186B", "2000ApJ...536..112B", "2000MNRAS.318..173M", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.322..121S", "2002ApJ...564...15J", "2003AJ....125.2842Z", "2003ApJ...596...19K", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005MNRAS.359..941M", "2006NewA...11..325P", "2008A&A...488..845P", "2009MNRAS.395.1915T", "2009MNRAS.397.2070M", "2010MNRAS.407.1487P", "2010PNAS..10721671J", "2013arXiv1303.6124Z", "2014ApJ...785..134L", "2017MNRAS.467.2787H", "2018PhRvD..97j3519H", "2024MNRAS.tmp.1587S", "2024arXiv240602228W" ]
[ "1975A&A....44..151F", "1975ApJ...196..313S", "1975gaun.book..557D", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1987ang..book.....T", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...387...47P", "1992ApJ...391...16S", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJS...80..479T", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992PhDT........27F", "1993ApJ...416....1K" ]
11569164
astro-ph/9312058
A further discussion on quasar-galaxy associations from gravitational lensing
Quasar-galaxy associations, if they result from the effect of gravitational lensing by foreground galaxies, depend sensitively on the shape of the quasar number counts. Two kinds of quasar number-magnitude relations are predicted to produce quite different properties in quasar-galaxy associations: the counts of Boyle et al. (1988; BSP) provide both positive and "negative" associations between distant quasars and foreground galaxies, relating closely with the knee (B=~19.15) in these counts. However, Hawkins &amp; Veron (1993; HV) quasar data lead to only a positive magnitude-independent quasar-galaxy association. The current observational evidence on quasar-galaxy associations, either positive or null, is shown to be the natural result of gravitational lensing if quasars follow the BSP number-magnitude relation. On the other hand, the HV counts are unable to produce the reported associations by the mechanism of gravitational lensing, which might arise from the variability-selected sample. It is emphasized that special attention should be paid to the limiting magnitudes in the selected quasar samples when one works on quasar-galaxy associations.
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14.905392
6.346582
1994-06-01
18
1994A&A...286..748W
[ "foreground galaxies", "quasar-galaxy associations", "gravitational lensing", "quasar number-magnitude relations", "Quasar-galaxy associations", "distant quasars", "the quasar number counts", "HV", "the selected quasar samples", "Boyle et al" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9312058" ]
[ "Wu, X. -P." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...296..264Q", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1995ApJ...448L..89B", "1995MNRAS.272..705W", "1995PASP..107..386M", "1996ApJ...471..575W", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997ApJ...490...31Z", "1997CRASB.325..297C", "1998ChA&A..22..123Z", "1998ChPhL..15..617Z", "1998IJMPD...7..463Z", "1999MNRAS.307L..17C", "2001ApJ...548..624C", "2003MNRAS.342..467M", "2007MNRAS.380..113M", "2014A&A...565A..26S" ]
[ "1974ApJ...190L.105G", "1977ApJ...216..227R", "1981Natur.291..620C", "1983ApJ...267..488V", "1986AJ.....92..691T", "1986ApJ...300L..31S", "1986MNRAS.223..113P", "1987ApJ...316L...7S", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1988Natur.336..358W", "1989A&A...221..221S", "1989ApJ...339L..53N", "1989ApJ...341L...1K", "1990ApJ...357...38H", "1990LNP...360...16K", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1991MNRAS.251..482B", "1992MNRAS.256..349Z", "1993MNRAS.260...49B", "1993MNRAS.260..202H", "1993Natur.366..242H" ]
11573220
astro-ph/9310043
Weighted Bias and Galaxy Clustering
We consider a weighted biasing scheme for galaxy clustering. This differs from previous treatments by the fact that the biased density field coincides with the background mass density whenever the latter exceeds a given threshold value. There is some physical motivation for this scheme, and it is in better accord with intuitive ideas than models based on Kalser's analysis of the clustering of rich clusters. We explain how different classes of object could be biased in different ways with respect to the underlying density distribution but still have b = 1, where b is defined by the square root of the ratio of galaxy to mass autocorrelation functions. We also show that if one applies our scheme consistently, a weak dependence of b upon density can be implied. This could also be the reason why the correlation function of galaxies in groups does not differ substantially from the correlation function of all galaxies.
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11.922684
3.032981
1994-06-01
11
1994MNRAS.268..966C
[ "galaxy clustering", "density", "galaxies", "galaxy", "different ways", "autocorrelation functions", "better accord", "intuitive ideas", "previous treatments", "the biased density field" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.4.966", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310043" ]
[ "Catelan, P.", "Coles, P.", "Matarrese, S.", "Moscardini, L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...451..444A", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996MNRAS.281..311P", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.290..651M", "1997MNRAS.292..225C", "1998ApJ...506...53F", "1998MNRAS.293..209M", "1998MNRAS.297..692C", "1998MNRAS.301..797H", "1999ApJ...525..543M" ]
[ "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981grf..book.....A", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984ApJ...285L...1P", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...297....1S", "1985MNRAS.213P..75R", "1985MNRAS.217..805P", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987A&A...172...27G", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988A&A...190L..21J", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989Natur.341..215V", "1990ApJ...349..477M", "1990ApJ...353...51R", "1990MNRAS.243..517P", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991MNRAS.253P..31B", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...399L..11C", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1993MNRAS.260..765C", "1993MNRAS.262.1065C" ]
11569547
astro-ph/9310014
Subclustering and Luminous-Dark Matter Segregation in Galaxy Clusters
We have performed a series of high-resolution N-body experiments on a Connection Machine CM-5 in order to simulate the formation of galaxy clusters gravitationally dominated by a massive dark background. In accordance with previous authors we find an extremely inhomogeneous evolution where subcondensations are continually formed and merged. Final distributions do not present subclustering and galaxies are more centrally condensed than dark matter particles. We have found that such a luminous-dark matter segregation persists even when inelastic encounters of dark halos around galaxies are taken into account. We show rigorously that such a segregation is due to dynamical friction within the subclusters, while an interpretation of this effect as a biasing process in initial conditions, is ruled out. We are then interested in the origin of subclustering. We find that galaxy-dark matter segregation is mainly due to the substructures formed from local gravitational perturbations produced by the presence itself of massive bodies (galaxies), while the subclusters formed from initial Poisson density fluctuations. Consequently, the final amount of segregation depends only very slightly on the initial fluctuation spectrum. Physical parameters characterizing the model of protocluster have, however, an important influence on the final result. This dependence has been qualitatively explained by means of a simple dynamical model and has been numerically analyzed. We find that final distributions without segregation are only possible for extreme values of these physical parameters. We then conclude that such a segregation effect cannot be in general avoided in any hierarchical clustering scenario. Consequently, all observational analyses assuming that galaxies in clusters trace mass are misleading and their conclusions have to be reconsidered.
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11.544658
4.725923
1994-06-01
11
1994ApJ...427..574S
[ "galaxy clusters", "dark matter particles", "segregation", "galaxies", "dark halos", "initial Poisson density fluctuations", "Final distributions", "final distributions", "massive bodies", "initial conditions" ]
[ "Computerized Simulation", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitational Effects", "Luminosity", "Many Body Problem", "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Mass", "Perturbation", "Space Density", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174168", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310014" ]
[ "Serna, A.", "Alimi, J. -M.", "Scholl, H." ]
[ "Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Meudon, France", "Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Meudon, France", "Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice, France" ]
[ "1996A&A...309...65S", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ApJ...461..884S", "1996ApJS..104....1P", "1996JCoPh.129...30S", "1996MNRAS.280..700P", "1997A&A...317..670S", "1997Ap&SS.250...11C", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApL&C..36..133G", "1998Ap.....41...41M" ]
[ "1943ApJ....97..255C", "1950PhRv...80..230C", "1959ApJ...130..414L", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1972ApJ...172...17A", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1975ApJ...200..535R", "1975ApJ...201..296G", "1976ApJ...204..642R", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977ApJ...218..592G", "1979A&A....76...75R", "1979ApJ...234L..97S", "1980ApJ...241...63S", "1980ApJ...241..946D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982A&A...114...41R", "1982ApJ...253..512F", "1982ApJ...262..413H", "1982MNRAS.201..271B", "1983ApJ...264...24M", "1983ApJ...271...11F", "1983MNRAS.203..223B", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...281....1F", "1984ApJ...285...16S", "1984MNRAS.208..873B", "1985A&A...143..182V", "1985ApJ...295..374A", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986AJ.....92.1248T", "1986Ap&SS.123..117N", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1986ApJ...310....1E", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987ApJ...316...36E", "1987ApJ...317..593C", "1987Natur.326...27H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....95...15T", "1988ApJ...335..532W", "1991ApJ...373..336Y", "1991ApJ...376...23E", "1992A&A...262..395G", "1992ApJ...387...27Y", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...394....1W", "1992ApJ...397L...1W", "1992ApJ...400....1G", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992MNRAS.258..738W", "1992daec.conf...67D", "1993IJMPC...4..197A", "1993JCoPh.104...75Y" ]
1913939
null
The Luminosity Function of the CfA Redshift Survey
We use the CfA Redshift Survey of galaxies with m_z_ &lt; 15.5 to calculate the galaxy luminosity function over the range -13&lt;= M_Z_ &lt;= - 22. The sample includes 9063 galaxies distributed over 2.1 Sr. For galaxies with velocities cz &gt;= 2500 km s^-1^, where the effects of peculiar velocities are small, the luminosity function is well represented by a Schechter function with parameters phi}_*_ = 0.04 +/- 0.01 Mpc^-3^, M_*_ = - 18.8 +/- 0.3 and α = - 1.0 +/- 0.2. When we include all galaxies with cz &gt;= 500 km s^-1^, the number of galaxies in the range -16 &lt;= M_Z_ &lt;= -13 exceeds the extrapolation of the Schechter function by a factor of 3.1 +/- 0.5. This faint-end excess is not caused by the local peculiar velocity field but may be partially explained by small scale errors in the Zwicky magnitudes. Even with a scale error as large as 0.2 mag mag^-1^, which is unlikely, the excess is still a factor of 1.8 +/- 0.3. If real, this excess affects the interpretation of deep counts of field galaxies.
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12.470057
6.05458
1994-06-01
235
1994ApJ...428...43M
[ "field galaxies", "galaxies", "small scale errors", "peculiar velocities", "M_Z_", "velocities cz", "_", "the galaxy luminosity function", "parameters phi", "deep counts" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Rotation", "Luminous Intensity", "Mass Distribution", "Red Shift", "Astronomical Photometry", "Correlation Detection", "Error Analysis", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Mass", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174218" ]
[ "Marzke, R. O.", "Huchra, J. P.", "Geller, M. J." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
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1603783
null
The Intrinsic Nuclear Spectrum of NGC 1068
We have inferred the intrinsic optical, UV and X-ray continuum of the obscured Seyfert nucleus of NGC 1068, using small aperture and polarized flux data to separate host galaxy contamination from reflected nuclear light. In support of popular unification models, we find it to be similar to typical type 1 Seyfert galaxy and quasar continua. The bolometric luminosity of the active nucleus is 2.2 x 10^11^(f_refl_/0.01)^- 1^(D/22Mpc)^2^L_sun_, where f_refl_ is the fraction of nuclear flux reflected into our line of sight and D is the distance to NGC 1068.
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15.253176
8.009798
1994-06-01
104
1994ApJ...428..124P
[ "nuclear flux", "polarized flux data", "host galaxy contamination", "reflected nuclear light", "popular unification models", "quasar continua", "Seyfert", "small aperture", "_", "typical type 1 Seyfert galaxy" ]
[ "Astronomical Polarimetry", "Continuous Spectra", "Galactic Nuclei", "Infrared Radiation", "Light Scattering", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Exclusion", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Nuclear Structure", "Spectrophotometry", "Ultraviolet Radiation", "X Ray Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1068", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174225" ]
[ "Pier, Edward A.", "Antonucci, Robert", "Hurt, Todd", "Kriss, Gerard", "Krolik, Julian" ]
[ "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US", "University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, US", "University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, US", "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...447..512K", "1995ApJ...450..628P", "1995MNRAS.276L..65G", "1996AJ....112..909S", "1996ApJ...462..740G", "1996ApJ...472L..21G", "1996MNRAS.279..884G", "1997ASPC..113..459K", "1997ASPC..121..738K", "1997Ap&SS.248....9B", "1997Ap&SS.248..121N", "1997Ap&SS.248..177B", "1997Ap&SS.248..199I", "1997Ap&SS.248..207K", "1997Ap&SS.248..253G", "1997Ap&SS.248..261G", "1997ApJ...474L.103G", "1997ApJ...482..114H", "1997ApJ...487..591H", "1997ApJ...487L..17T", "1997ApJ...488..164T", "1997ApJ...488..694N", "1997MNRAS.289..443I", "1997Natur.388..852G", "1997PASJ...49L..13M", "1998A&A...331...34N", "1998A&A...333..827G", "1998ASPC..144..221G", "1998ApJ...493..650M", "1998ApJ...501L..25T", "1998ApJ...504..147R", "1998ApJ...508..232K", "1998ChA&A..22..395X", "1998MNRAS.297.1219I", "1998MNRAS.300..388D", "1999A&A...343..682N", "1999AJ....117.2748W", "1999AdSpR..23..899K", "1999ApJ...513..180K", "1999ApJ...519..599K", "1999ESASP.427..969S", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "2000A&A...353..465M", "2000AJ....120.1731C", "2000AJ....120.2363T", "2000ApJ...532..256K", "2000ApJ...536..710A", "2000ApJ...542L..99N", "2000ApJ...544..763K", "2001ASPC..224..159A", "2001ApJ...546..866B", "2001ApJ...556..694G", "2001MNRAS.322..669B", "2001MNRAS.328..848V", "2001astro.ph..7356K", "2002ApJ...581..182C", "2003A&A...398..517L", "2003ApJ...593...69K", "2003MNRAS.343..192R", "2004A&A...425...77W", "2004A&A...426..445B", "2004ApJ...613..794G", "2004PASJ...56..723I", "2005A&A...436...47D", "2005ApJ...623..123S", "2005ApJ...626..104M", "2005MmSAI..76...39W", "2006A&A...450..483P", "2006A&A...453..863P", "2006AJ....131.2406I", "2006ApJ...649...79S", "2007A&A...476..713K", "2007ApJ...656..699D", "2007ApJ...671.1388D", "2008MNRAS.390.1241B", "2009A&A...493L..57K", "2009ApJ...701.1710G", "2009PASJ...61..259O", "2010A&A...519A..79F", "2010MNRAS.403.1801S", "2010MNRAS.405.1315M", "2010MNRAS.406.2168M", "2011A&A...533A..63E", "2011MNRAS.415.1027H", "2012ApJ...755...57H", "2012ApJ...758..103G", "2012ApJ...758..108S", "2012MNRAS.420.2756S", "2013MNRAS.434.1593M", "2014MNRAS.437.3550M", "2014MNRAS.445.2353B", "2015ApJ...798...53K", "2015ApJ...811...74J", "2016MNRAS.462.3570S", "2017MNRAS.465..906R", "2018A&A...615A.164V", "2019A&A...629A..98V", "2020A&A...636A..92M", "2020MNRAS.492.3872Z", "2020MNRAS.496.1488M", "2021A&A...652A..65V", "2022AcAT....3a..23V", "2023ApJ...955...23T", "2024arXiv240307717T" ]
[ "1971AcA....21..311K", "1976ApJ...206L...5A", "1980ApJ...242..492K", "1981ApJ...249..422K", "1982ARA&A..20..323H", "1982ApJ...256..397F", "1983ApJ...265...92M", "1983ApJ...271L...7M", "1983MNRAS.203..201B", "1984ApJ...279..521K", "1985ApJ...288...94W", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1986ApJ...305...57T", "1986ApJ...308...59E", "1986ApJ...310..291E", "1986MNRAS.222..549S", "1987ApJ...315...74W", "1987ApJ...315L..17M", "1987ApJ...319...84B", "1987ApJ...320L...5K", "1987ApJ...323..243W", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1988ApJ...324..809K", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...325..288S", "1988ApJ...331..161E", "1988MNRAS.234..899B", "1989A&A...213...61B", "1989MNRAS.240..833T", "1989PASJ...41..731K", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1991ApJ...375...78B", "1991ApJ...377..100K", "1991ApJ...377L...9C", "1991ApJ...378...47M", "1991MNRAS.249P..16S", "1992ApJ...391L..75W", "1992ApJ...394L..37K", "1992ApJ...395L..73S", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...403L..63C", "1993ApJ...405..168M", "1993ApJ...409L...5B" ]
1912615
null
^12/CO (3-2) &amp; (1-0) Emission Line Observations of Nearby Starburst Galaxy Nuclei
New measurements of the ^12^CO (1-0) and ^12^CO (3-2) line emission are presented for the nuclei of seven nearby starburst galaxies selected from a complete sample of 21 nearby starburst galaxies for which the nuclear star formation rates are measured to be comparable to the archetype starburst galaxies M82 and NGC 253. The new observations capitalize on the coincidence between the beam size of the 45 m Nobeyama telescope at 115 GHz and that of the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope at 345 GHz to measure the value of the ^12^CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio in a 15" (&lt;2.5 kpc) diameter region centered on the nuclear starburst. In principle, the ^12^CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio provides a measure of temperature and optical depth for the ^12^CO gas. The error weighted mean value of the ^12^CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio measured for the seven starburst galaxy nuclei is 0.64+/-0.06. The ^12^CO (3-2)/(1 -0) emission line ratio measured for the starburst galaxy nuclei is significantly higher than the average value measured for molecular gas in the disk of the Galaxy, implying warmer temperatures for the molecular gas in starburst galaxy nuclei. On the other hand, the ^12^CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio measured for the starburst galaxy nuclei is not as high as would be expected if the molecular gas were hot, &gt;20 K, and optically thin, τ &lt; 1. The total mass of molecular gas contained within the central 1.2-2.8 kpc diameter region of the starburst galaxy nuclei ranges from 10^8^ to 10^9^ M_sun_. While substantial, the molecular gas mass represents only a small percentage, ~9%-16%, of the dynamical mass in the same region.
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12.41208
8.887684
1994-06-01
72
1994AJ....107.2006D
[ "starburst galaxy nuclei", "molecular gas", "starburst", "^12^CO", "the starburst galaxy nuclei", "diameter region", "21 nearby starburst galaxies", "seven nearby starburst galaxies", "the archetype starburst galaxies", "mean value" ]
[ "Carbon Monoxide", "Galactic Nuclei", "Molecular Gases", "Star Formation", "Starburst Galaxies", "Interstellar Matter", "Rotational Spectra", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117011" ]
[ "Devereux, Nicholas", "Taniguchi, Yoshiaki", "Sanders, D. B.", "Nakai, N.", "Young, J. S." ]
[ "New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, US", "New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, US" ]
[ "1994AJ....108..468T", "1996A&AS..115..439E", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ApJ...469..581T", "1997AJ....113..562F", "1997AJ....113..599D", "1997ApJ...484..656P", "1997ApJ...485..552M", "1997ApJS..113..221F", "1997PASJ...49..535N", "1997PASJ...49..647I", "1997astro.ph.10192I", "1998AJ....116.1553V", "1998ApJ...492..521P", "1998ApJ...501L.167T", "1998ApJ...506L...7F", "1998ApJ...507L.121T", "1998PASJ...50..309K", "1998PASJ...50..317S", "1999A&A...341..256M", "1999A&A...347..634W", "1999AdSpR..23.1015M", "1999ApJ...514L..13F", "1999ApJ...516..114P", "1999ApJ...522..214T", "1999PASJ...51..479T", "2000A&A...356L..83H", "2000A&A...362...42A", "2000AJ....120.1265T", "2000ApJ...528..626P", "2000MNRAS.313..559B", "2001AJ....121..740M", "2003A&A...398..959H", "2003ApJ...588..243Z", "2003ApJ...588..771Y", "2003ApJ...597.1271Y", "2004ApJ...606...85C", "2004ApJ...614L...5S", "2004MNRAS.351..147P", "2005A&A...438..855I", "2005A&A...444..813P", "2005MNRAS.359.1165G", "2006A&A...459..441G", "2006AJ....132.1938G", "2007AJ....134..118Z", "2007ApJ...656..792P", "2007MNRAS.381.1508M", "2007PASJ...59...43M", "2007PASJ...59...67H", "2008A&A...477..775M", "2008A&A...491..483P", "2008ApJ...684..845P", "2008PASJ...60..457K", "2009A&A...496..677V", "2009ApJ...706..941Z", "2010ApJ...724.1336M", "2010MNRAS.404..198I", "2010PASJ...62..409M", "2011MNRAS.410.1687D", "2012ApJ...746..129T", "2012ApJ...751...10P", "2012MNRAS.426.2601P", "2012PASJ...64...55M", "2014A&A...567A.125G", "2015A&A...577A.135C", "2015ApJ...803...37B", "2016A&A...587A.137M", "2017RSOS....470754R", "2019A&A...623A..48C", "2020A&A...635A.131I", "2020A&A...640A..65C", "2021A&A...652A..98G" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1976ApJS...31..187D", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1980ApJ...238...24R", "1980ApJ...240...60K", "1980ApJ...240..455E", "1981ApJ...245..512P", "1983ApJ...275L..49S", "1984ApJ...287..153Y", "1985A&A...150..327C", "1985ApJ...289..129S", "1985ApJ...289..373S", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986ApJ...303..186I", "1986ApJ...309..326D", "1987ApJ...322..681T", "1987ApJ...322L..67H", "1987ApJ...323...91D", "1988ApJ...324L...5J", "1988ApJ...325..389M", "1988ApJ...331L..81Y", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...338..178E", "1989ApJ...346..126D", "1990A&A...228..331L", "1990ApJ...351..418T", "1990ApJ...361L..45W", "1991ApJ...373..414Y", "1991ApJ...376..500T", "1991ApJ...380..384W", "1992A&A...265..447W", "1992AJ....103..784D", "1992ApJ...395L..79K", "1992MNRAS.259..345A", "1993AIPC..278..311S", "1993ApJ...404..602H" ]
1913938
null
The Hubble Space Telescope Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project. II. Photometry of WFC Images of M81
The Extragalactic Distance Scale (H_0_) Key Project for Hubble Space Telescope (HST) aims to employ the Cepheid period-luminosity (P-L) relation to measure galaxy distances out as far as the Virgo Cluster. The vital steps in this program are (1) to obtain precise photometry of stellar images from the Wide Field Camera (WFC) exposures of selected galaxies, and (2) to calibrate this photometry to obtain reliable distances to these galaxies from the Cepheid P-L relation. We have used the DAOPHOT II and ALLFRAME programs to determine 28 instrumental magnitudes-22 of F555W (~V) and six of F785LP (~I)-of all stars brighter than V ~ 25 in each of two 2.56' x 2.56' WFC fields of M81. The reductions use a varying point-spread function to account for the field effects in the WFC optics and yield instrumental magnitudes with single epoch precision ranging from 0.09 to 0.24 mag, at V~21.8 to 23.8-the magnitude range of the 30 Cepheids that we have now identified in M81. For brighter stars (V &lt; 22), single epoch magnitudes are precise to 0.09 mag. The photometric calibration onto the Johnson V and Kron-Cousins I systems was determined from independent ground-based CCD observing at the CFHT 3.6 m (confirmed by the KPNO 4.0 m) and from the Palomar 5.0 m (using the wide- field COSMIC camera) and 1.5 m telescopes. Secondary standards, taken from the COSMIC and CFHT frames, were established in each of the WFC fields in V and I, allowing a direct transformation from ALLFRAME magnitudes to calibrated V and I magnitudes, giving mean V ~ 23 magnitudes accurate to ~+/- 0.1 mag. The stellar populations in M81 have been analyzed in terms of the luminosity functions and color magnitude diagrams (CMD) derived from these data, from which we identify numerous supergiants, and a CMD morphology similar to M33.
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7.118901
9.786188
1994-06-01
21
1994ApJ...428..143H
[ "instrumental magnitudes", "single epoch magnitudes", "color magnitude diagrams", "ALLFRAME magnitudes", "galaxy distances", "selected galaxies", "precise photometry", "single epoch precision", "mean V", "Hubble Space Telescope" ]
[ "Andromeda Galaxy", "Cepheid Variables", "Distance", "Standardization", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astronomical Observatories", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Correlation Detection", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL MESSIER NUMBER: M81", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "STARS: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "STARS: VARIABLES: CEPHEIDS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174227" ]
[ "Hughes, Shaun M. G.", "Stetson, Peter B.", "Turner, Anne", "Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.", "Hill, Robert", "Lee, Myung Gyoon", "Freedman, Wendy L.", "Mould, Jeremy R.", "Madore, Barry F.", "Ferrarese, Laura", "Ford, Holland C.", "Graham, John A.", "Hoessel, John G.", "Illingworth, Garth D." ]
[ "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1994ApJ...435L..31F", "1995AJ....110..308C", "1995AJ....110.1649M", "1995NYASA.759..192F", "1996A&A...313..713V", "1996AJ....112.1009B", "1996ApJ...463...26K", "1996ApJ...470....1S", "1996ApJ...473..687M", "1996PASP..108..851S", "1997ApJ...491...13K", "1998AJ....115..130S", "1998AJ....116..119B", "1998ApJ...501...32H", "1998ApJ...505..207T", "2002A&A...396..473M", "2009ApJ...697.1439D", "2011MNRAS.415..709S", "2014A&A...570A...6S", "2016A&A...592A..93T", "2023A&A...671A..46M" ]
[ "1981ApJS...47..357B", "1983ApJ...270..471M", "1983ApJ...272...99W", "1984AJ.....89..621S", "1985ApJ...299...74F", "1985ApJS...59...63R", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1987ApJ...323..433R", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988ApJ...332L..63F", "1989ESOC...31...69M", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1990AJ.....99..149W", "1990PASP..102..932S", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991AJ....102..113Z", "1991ApJ...369L..21B", "1991ApJ...369L..35H", "1991ESOC...38..187S", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ASPC...25..297S", "1992ApJ...396...80F", "1993PhDT.........1T", "1993spct.conf..352H", "1994ApJ...427..628F" ]
1932544
null
Hubble Space Telescope observations of the BL Lac object PKS 1413+135 : the host galaxy revealed.
In an earlier paper, we showed that the BL Lac object PKS 1413 + 135 appears to lie in a disc-dominated galaxy with colours closer to those of an elliptical than a spiral galaxy. Subsequently, a large neutral hydrogen absorption feature was found at the optical redshift of the proposed host galaxy together with a substantial absorbing column in the Einstein X-ray spectrum, and so it was concluded that the galaxy is a spiral. If the BL Lac object does lie in a spiral galaxy, then there are severe difficulties for the standard unified schemes of active galaxies, as the putative parent population of BL Lacs - low-luminosity radio galaxies - never lie in spirals. In this paper, we present a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observation which shows that the galaxy contains a previously unresolved dust lane and is, indeed, very likely to be an early-type spiral galaxy viewed edge-on. This observation explains both the large absorbing column and the rather unusual optical colours. The unified schemes may be saved if the BL Lac is actually a background object, gravitationally lensed by the apparent host galaxy. However, from the HST image we can derive the projected light distribution and, for all reasonable mass-to-light ratios, this matter distribution would produce multiple images of a background BL Lac object. As these extra images are not seen in either the optical or radio data, we conclude that PKS 1413 + 135 probably does lie in the centre of a spiral galaxy. We discuss the possible implications of this result.
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16.768318
5.009803
1994-06-01
40
1994MNRAS.268..681M
[ "active galaxies", "BL Lac", "BL Lacs", "multiple images", "a background BL Lac object", "Hubble Space Telescope", "the BL Lac object", "the apparent host galaxy", "BL Lacs - low-luminosity radio galaxies", "a spiral galaxy" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/268.3.681" ]
[ "McHardy, I. M.", "Merrifield, M. R.", "Abraham, R. G.", "Crawford, C. S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449...61K", "1995ApJ...454...55S", "1995Natur.375..469W", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1996AJ....111.1839P", "1996ASSL..206..215C", "1996ApJ...464L..47B", "1996ApJ...468..556S", "1996ApJS..103..109W", "1996IAUS..175..385S", "1997A&A...321..374F", "1997A&A...328...48W", "1997ApJ...474L..89C", "1997MNRAS.284...27G", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1998MNRAS.295..799W", "1998MNRAS.296..961W", "1998astro.ph.12179C", "1999A&A...345..414W", "1999AN....320..316S", "1999ASPC..156..171C", "1999ASPC..156..183S", "1999ASPC..159..367H", "1999MNRAS.305..309G", "1999MNRAS.309.1085L", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000MNRAS.316..204H", "2001AJ....122..536P", "2002AJ....124.2401P", "2004MNRAS.352..903L", "2005ApJ...622..136G", "2008Ap&SS.313..321C", "2009MNRAS.396.1522E", "2013A&A...550A..76L", "2013ApJ...773...85E", "2019MNRAS.483.3036O", "2021ApJ...907...61R", "2022ApJ...939...78G", "2023A&A...671A..43C" ]
[ "1930ApJ....71..231H", "1942ApJ....95..329S", "1968ApJ...154...21O", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1975MNRAS.173P..51W", "1976ApJ...207L.147A", "1981A&A....95..105V", "1981MNRAS.196..987J", "1981Natur.293..714B", "1982A&A...110...79V", "1982AJ.....87..859P", "1982ApJ...257..527T", "1984MNRAS.207..889W", "1984MNRAS.210..701P", "1984Natur.310..112N", "1985ApJ...295..324J", "1985Natur.318..446O", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986MNRAS.219..387U", "1986PhDT........98W", "1987MNRAS.228..671U", "1989LNP...334...45U", "1989MNRAS.237..903S", "1990MNRAS.243..192N", "1990MNRAS.246..305M", "1990Natur.344...45O", "1991MNRAS.249..742M", "1991MNRAS.252..482A", "1992AJ....103.1552M", "1992AJ....104.1306M", "1992ApJ...400L..13C", "1992ApJ...400L..17S", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993ApJ...412..550Q" ]
1915570
null
COMPTEL Observations of the 1.809 MeV Gamma-Ray Line from Galactic 26Al
The COMPTEL experiment on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) has been demonstrated to be capable of imaging the Galaxy within its field of view of about 1 steradian in the 1.809 MeV gamma-ray line originating from radioactive Al-26. The combined data from the CGRO sky survey in 1991/1992 have been analyzed to provide a first map of the inner Galaxy in this gamma-ray line. The 1.809 MeV emission appears extended along the inner 70 deg of the Galactic plane, with a relatively sharp falloff outside this regime. Correlations with massive stars and supernova remnants as possible tracers of the candidate Al-26 sources are discussed.
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6.312452
5.321212
1994-06-01
32
1994ApJS...92..429D
[ "supernova remnants", "possible tracers", "radioactive Al-26", "CGRO", "Galaxy", "massive stars", "MeV", "Galactic", "the CGRO sky survey", "first" ]
[ "Aluminum 26", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Massive Stars", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Radiation Distribution", "Supernova Remnants", "Gamma Ray Observatory", "Nuclear Fusion", "Wolf-Rayet Stars", "Astronomy", "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "GAMMA RAYS: OBSERVATIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/191990" ]
[ "Diehl, R.", "Dupraz, C.", "Bennett, K.", "Bloemen, H.", "de Boer, H.", "Hermsen, W.", "Lichti, G. G.", "McConnell, M.", "Morris, D.", "Ryan, J.", "Schoenfelder, V.", "Steinle, H.", "Strong, A. W.", "Swanenburg, B. N.", "Varendorff, M.", "Winkler, C." ]
[ "Max Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands", "ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands", "SRON-Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands", "SRON-Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands", "Max Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, US", "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, US", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ASSL..187...17B", "1994ApJS...92..419B", "1994ApJS...92..433O", "1994ApJS...92..441M", "1994ApJS...92..693H", "1995A&A...298..445D", "1995A&ARv...6..225H", "1995AdSpR..15e...1S", "1995AdSpR..15j...1D", "1995ApJ...438L.111G", "1995ApJ...440L.101W", "1995ApJ...447..646H", "1995ApJ...449..204T", "1995ApJ...453..685A", "1996A&AS..120C..13S", "1996ApJ...466..437H", "1996PThPh..96..275K", "1996PhR...267....1P", "1996PhRvC..53.1945V", "1996PhRvC..53.1950R", "1996Sci...273..757R", "1997A&A...317..883F", "1997ApJ...481L..43C", "1998ApJ...506..898L", "1999ApJ...523..409W", "2000A&AS..143..145S", "2003IAUS..214...23H", "2015PhRvL.114u2501P", "2017SSRv..212..429C", "2021AcASn..62....6F", "2021ChA&A..45..281F", "2024EPJST.233.1037S" ]
[ "1977ApJ...213L...5R", "1984ApJ...286..578M", "1985ApJ...294..591L", "1986A&AS...63...27H", "1986nce..conf....1W", "1987ApJ...317..710H", "1987ApJ...318..654V", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1988A&A...199..217V", "1988AIPC..170..181P", "1988Ap&SS.148....3G", "1988LNP...316...44V", "1989A&A...218..123W", "1991AIPC..232..101S", "1991AIPC..232..116T", "1991ApJ...369..440N", "1993A&AS...97..181D", "1993AIPC..280...40D", "1993ApJ...405L..55P", "1994ApJS...92..419B" ]
1912617
null
Dynamics of Binary Galaxies. II. Close Pairs
As part of a comprehensive study of binary galaxies, broadband optical CCD images and high resolution H I maps are presented for six close pairs of spiral galaxies. A previous paper [Chengalur, et al., ApJ, 419,30 (1993)] presented the results of a study of binary galaxies with wide separations. The current sample of close pairs was chosen from the CfA redshift catalog using selection criteria that were objective and completely independent of any previously known morphological peculiarities. Nonetheless, all the galaxies show some sign of interaction, implying that the selection criteria were sufficiently well tailored to choose physically associated pairs. All the galaxies show kinematical disturbances and have asymmetric rotation curves. Tidal tails and bridges are clearly detected for some, and two pairs have a large common H I envelope. This common H I envelope also shows a large scale radial velocity gradient and gives the impression of being in rotation about a single kinematical axis. There is relatively good agreement between the optical and H I images, with similar tidal features being seen in both. The H I features, however, extend to a much larger galactocentric radius than the corresponding optical features. In at least one case, however, the stellar disk appears relatively normal, while the H I disk appears disturbed even towards the center of the galaxy. The systematic velocity difference for the galaxy pairs has been measured quite accurately either from the integrated H I spectral profile, or from a global fit to the galaxy velocity fields. The median velocity difference for the six galaxy pairs is very small, ~20 km s^-1^. Detailed analysis of the data will be presented in a separate paper.
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11.508399
7.083424
1994-06-01
29
1994AJ....107.1984C
[ "binary galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "close pairs", "broadband optical CCD images", "selection criteria", "similar tidal features", "the galaxy pairs", "asymmetric rotation curves", "the galaxy velocity fields", "kinematical disturbances" ]
[ "Angular Velocity", "Galactic Structure", "H I Regions", "Interacting Galaxies", "Spiral Galaxies", "Two Body Problem", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Galactic Rotation", "Red Shift", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: BINARY" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117010" ]
[ "Chengalur, Jayaram N.", "Salpeter, E. E.", "Terzian, Yervant" ]
[ "Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, US", "Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, US", "Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..167C", "1995ApJ...449..497B", "1995ApJS...99..461N", "1996A&A...313..347S", "1996Ap&SS.244...65N", "1996ApJ...461..546C", "1996ApJ...465..595S", "1997AJ....114...77N", "1997AJ....114..913N", "1998ApJS..115...43N", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999ApJ...511L..25B", "1999IAUS..194..341T", "2000A&AT...18..807M", "2000AJ....120.1691N", "2000ApJ...544..176N", "2001A&A...378..370V", "2002A&AT...21...79C", "2003A&A...412..669H", "2006A&A...448..489K", "2007ApJ...668...94H", "2008A&A...484..299P", "2008AJ....135.2406S", "2010A&A...510A..52C", "2010AJ....139.1212S", "2010arXiv1001.0989S", "2012MNRAS.420....2S", "2013AJ....146..121H", "2020A&A...635A.131I" ]
[ "1952ApJ...116...63P", "1976ApJ...208...20T", "1979ApJ...227..785M", "1979ApJ...231..645T", "1979ApJ...232...20P", "1979MNRAS.189..831W", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1984AJ.....89..610C", "1987ApJS...64..427S", "1987PhDT.......199B", "1989A&A...211...25T", "1990A&A...238...50S", "1990ApJ...354..418S", "1991ApJ...375..517C", "1992ApJ...385...32S", "1992yCat.7137....0D", "1993ApJ...419...30C", "1993PhDT.........3M", "1994PhDT........33C" ]
1913868
null
The Distribution of IRAS Galaxies on Linear and Nonlinear Scales
We analyze the galaxy distribution functions for voids and counts-in- cells using the IRAS catalog. Angular diameter scales, the largest probed to date, range from 0.5^deg^ to 30^deg^, corresponding to linear diameters &lt;~40 h^-1^ Mpc. The analysis develops a new technique which has no free parameters. On all scales, the results agree closely with predictions of simple gravitational galaxy clustering. The value of b_pattern_ for the IRAS galaxies at a cell diameter of 30^deg^ is 0.62 +/- 0.03. It is nearly independent of scale for angular diameters &gt;~ 20^deg^. We also develop a new method for using the projected distribution functions to estimate the average amplitude, -ɛ, and scale, r_neg_ where the spatial two-point galaxy correlation function, ξ_2_ becomes negative. This technique is sensitive to the negative range of ξ_2_ and is independent of the peculiar velocity effects which make measurements of the spatial correlation function uncertain on some scales. It shows that a large class of CDM-related models, with linear biasing, appears to be inconsistent with the IRAS distribution. We discuss some implications for the selection of the IRAS galaxies, the scale invariance of higher order moments of the IRAS distribution function, and the evidence that initial conditions for galaxy clustering were Gaussian.
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11.73588
3.002247
1994-06-01
28
1994ApJ...427..562S
[ "Angular diameter scales", "galaxy clustering", "scale", "IRAS", "angular diameters", "the galaxy distribution functions", "the IRAS distribution function", "ξ_2_", "diameters", "higher order moments" ]
[ "Distribution Functions", "Galactic Clusters", "Infrared Astronomy", "Linearity", "Nonlinearity", "Numerical Analysis", "Spatial Distribution", "Voids", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Correlation", "Gravitational Effects", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174167" ]
[ "Sheth, Ravi K.", "Mo, H. J.", "Saslaw, William C." ]
[ "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437...35S", "1995LNP...455..265B", "1995MNRAS.272..869P", "1995MNRAS.274..213S", "1995MNRAS.276..796S", "1995MNRAS.277..933S", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996ApJ...460...16S", "1996ApJ...461..514R", "1996ApJ...470...78S", "1996MNRAS.278..101S", "1996MNRAS.279.1310S", "1996PhRvD..53.1776K", "1997ApJ...476..534F", "1998ApJ...509..595S", "1998astro.ph..9080B", "1999ApJ...514..563B", "2000ASPC..209..412S", "2000ApJ...534....1S", "2001MNRAS.327L..32P", "2002ApJ...571..576A", "2004ApJ...608..636L", "2005ApJ...626..795S", "2005MNRAS.356..247W", "2006IJMPD..15.1267A", "2007MNRAS.378..641A", "2018MNRAS.473.5098U" ]
[ "1934ApJ....79....8H", "1959HDP....53..416N", "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1985ApJ...289...10F", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1986ApJ...301....1C", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...341..588S", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990A&A...238....3M", "1990ApJ...353..354C", "1990ApJ...365..419S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990PASJ...42..481I", "1991ApJ...380...24C", "1991ApJ...380..315S", "1991ApJ...383...19B", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1992ApJ...396..430L", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992MNRAS.254..247E", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993ApJ...403..476I", "1993ApJ...409..504S", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994ApJ...421....9F" ]
1915604
null
Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts
The BATSE results on the isotropy and source counts of gamma-ray bursts completely rule out the hypothesis that all bursts arise from a Galactic disk population of sources. Theoretical models are now being considered that place the sources in an extended "Oort cloud" around the solar system, in a halo around the Galaxy, or at cosmological distances with redshift z ~ 1. I review current progress in each of these three scenarios.
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15.970062
0.625148
1994-06-01
17
1994ApJS...92..643B
[ "sources", "cosmological distances", "current progress", "redshift z", "Theoretical models", "Galaxy", "Oort", "Galactic", "gamma-ray bursts", "a Galactic disk population" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Halos", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Gamma Ray Bursts", "Oort Cloud", "Annihilation Reactions", "Gamma Ray Observatory", "Spatial Distribution", "Astronomy", "GAMMA RAYS: BURSTS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192033" ]
[ "Blaes, Omer M." ]
[ "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" ]
[ "1994ApJ...435..548G", "1994ApJ...435..557N", "1994ApJS...92..693H", "1994astro.ph.11102C", "1995AJ....110.2216H", "1995ApJ...441..747W", "1995IJMPD...4..219K", "1996AIPC..366..219L", "1996ApJ...461..858S", "1996EL.....36..637C", "1997ApJ...482..383Y", "1998ApJ...492L..29S", "1999ASPC..190..153U", "2000ApJ...531..764S", "2000PhDT.......169W", "2000RvMA...13..129K", "2021ApJ...907...13P" ]
[ "1975Ap&SS..34..395P", "1975SvA....19..115U", "1982ApJ...255L..45C", "1983Ap&SS..97..385V", "1984ApJ...286..681L", "1984Natur.307...41G", "1985MNRAS.212..545S", "1986ApJ...308L..43P", "1986ApJ...308L..47G", "1986BAAS...18..799W", "1987AJ.....94.1330D", "1987ApJ...313..711I", "1988ApJ...328L..69D", "1988ApJ...335L..71F", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988Natur.335..234M", "1988PhR...163..155E", "1989ApJ...343..839B", "1989ApJ...344..551Z", "1989ApJ...344L...1A", "1989NYASA.571..460L", "1989Natur.340..126E", "1989PASJ...41..509Y", "1989PhRvL..63.1550W", "1990ARA&A..28..401H", "1990ASIC..306...37T", "1990ApJ...363..218P", "1990ApJ...365L..55S", "1990pcc..conf..235O", "1991AcA....41..157P", "1991AcA....41..257P", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ApJ...379L..17N", "1991ApJ...380L..17P", "1991Natur.352..785F", "1991PASJ...43L..69Y", "1992A&A...255L..13S", "1992AIPC..265...94S", "1992AIPC..265..115D", "1992AIPC..265..180S", "1992AIPC..265..304D", "1992AcA....42....1P", "1992AcA....42..145P", "1992ApJ...386L...5G", "1992ApJ...388..164D", "1992ApJ...388L..45M", "1992ApJ...389L..13M", "1992ApJ...389L..41M", "1992ApJ...389L..45P", "1992ApJ...389L..71H", "1992ApJ...391L..63B", "1992ApJ...391L..67C", "1992ApJ...392L...9D", "1992ApJ...393L..51S", "1992ApJ...395L..83N", "1992ApJ...397..570M", "1992ApJ...399..368N", "1992ApJ...399..634B", "1992ApJ...400L..63B", "1992ComAp..16..231H", "1992MNRAS.257P..29M", "1992MNRAS.258P..41R", "1992Natur.355..143M", "1992Natur.355..522B", "1992Natur.356..132L", "1992Natur.357..140F", "1992Natur.357..472U", "1992Natur.359..217B", "1992Natur.359..514L", "1992PhRvL..68.1799D", "1992Sci...257..937E", "1992grbo.book..107S", "1992grbo.book..161K", "1992grbo.book..288R", "1993AIPC..280..704H", "1993AIPC..280..897G", "1993AIPC..280..974N", "1993AIPC..280.1059B", "1993AIPC..280.1074D", "1993ASPC...36..345S", "1993ASPC...36..355W", "1993ApJ...402..382M", "1993ApJ...402L..33P", "1993ApJ...405..273W", "1993ApJ...405..278M", "1993ApJ...406...29W", "1993ApJ...408..194T", "1993ApJ...410L..23S", "1993ApJ...413L..11L", "1993ApJ...413L.101K", "1993ApJ...415..181M", "1993ApJ...418L...5P", "1993MNRAS.263..861P", "1993Natur.361..236M", "1993Natur.362..133C", "1994ApJS...92..333S", "1994ApJS...92..637K", "1994ApJS...92..651P", "1994ApJS...92..655H" ]
1915619
null
Observation of the 1.8 MeV Emission Line from 26Al and the Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy
The main points discussed in this paper are the following. (1) We show the importance of applying a consistent procedure to deduce from the observed data the quantity of Al-26 present in the Galaxy. (2) We present the results of the most recent theoretical models for the different sources of Al-26. (3) Since from the point of view of the theoretical models, neither a young (massive) population of stars nor an old (low-mass) one can be excluded as the main source of the Galactic Al-26, we have to look for clear observable signatures of the site where this element is synthesized. The results of recent work on this subject will be reported. (4) Finally, we present some constraints on the possible sources derived from simple models for the chemical evolution of the Galaxy.
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6.270761
5.346097
1994-06-01
20
1994ApJS...92..441M
[ "simple models", "clear observable signatures", "recent work", "Al-26", "the theoretical models", "Galaxy", "stars", "Galactic", "the main source", "the most recent theoretical models" ]
[ "Aluminum 26", "Chemical Evolution", "Cosmochemistry", "Galactic Evolution", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Nuclear Fusion", "Abundance", "Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars", "Interstellar Matter", "Spatial Distribution", "Supernovae", "Astronomy", "GALAXY: STELLAR CONTENT", "GAMMA RAYS: OBSERVATIONS", "GAMMA RAYS: THEORY", "NUCLEAR REACTIONS", "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS", "ABUNDANCES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/191992" ]
[ "Meynet, Georges" ]
[ "Geneva Observatory, Sauverny, Switzerland" ]
[ "1994ApJS...92..495L", "1994ApJS...92..693H", "1995A&A...298..445D", "1995ApJ...438L.111G", "1995Metic..30..365M", "1996A&AS..120C.303P", "1996PhR...267....1P", "1996PhRvC..53..475I", "1997A&A...319..909K", "1997A&A...320..460M", "1997A&A...321..452A", "2001ApJ...549.1151G", "2001ESASP.459...23K", "2002ASPC..253..251G", "2002astro.ph..7475K", "2003PASA...20..279K", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2004oee..sympE..31K", "2022A&A...664A.181M", "2022hxga.book...62D" ]
[ "1976ApJ...208L.107H", "1980ApJ...236..895N", "1980ApJ...238.1017W", "1982ApJ...262..742M", "1984ApJ...280..144C", "1984ApJ...286..578M", "1985ApJ...292L..61S", "1985ApJ...294..591L", "1986ARA&A..24..329C", "1986ApJ...307..324P", "1987ARA&A..25..113A", "1987ApJ...317..877M", "1987PhR...144....1C", "1988ADNDT..40..283C", "1988Natur.331..416M", "1989A&A...218..123W", "1989ApJ...338L..17B", "1989SvA....33..565F", "1990A&A...234L..15S", "1990A&A...238..178W", "1990ApJ...356..272W", "1990LNP...369..373T", "1990NuPhA.512..509I", "1991A&A...242...93M", "1991A&A...252..597F", "1991AIPC..232..101S", "1991AIPC..232..116T", "1991AIPC..232..123M", "1991AIPC..232..129P", "1991AIPC..232..173L", "1991AIPC..232..270W", "1991ApJ...369..440N", "1991PhDT.......114F", "1992A&A...264..105M", "1992A&ARv...4..123V", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992ApJ...399L.137K", "1992NASCP3137..369T", "1993A&AS...97..141S", "1993A&AS...97..181D", "1993ApJ...405L..55P", "1993Natur.361..704B", "1993Natur.361..706G", "1993oee..conf..337S", "1994ApJS...92..429D", "1994ApJS...92..433O", "1994ApJS...92..575P" ]
1915443
null
Diffuse Galactic Continuum Emission Measured by COMPTEL and the Cosmic-Ray Electron Spectrum
Diffuse galactic continuum gamma-ray emission in the 0.75-30 MeV range from the inner Galaxy has been studied using data from COMPTEL on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. Observations of the inner Galaxy from the Sky Survey have been used. The imaging properties of COMPTEL enable spatial analysis of the gamma-ray distribution using model fitting. A model based on atomic and molecular gas distributions in the Galaxy has been used to derive the emissivity spectrum of the gamma-ray emission and this spectrum is compared with theoretical estimates of bremsstrahlung emission from cosmic-ray electrons.
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6.795875
1.024083
1994-06-01
6
1994ApJS...92..425S
[ "bremsstrahlung emission", "Galaxy", "Diffuse galactic continuum gamma-ray emission", "COMPTEL", "spatial analysis", "theoretical estimates", "atomic and molecular gas distributions", "cosmic-ray electrons", "the gamma-ray emission", "data" ]
[ "Bremsstrahlung", "Diffuse Radiation", "Electrons", "Galactic Cosmic Rays", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Radiation Distribution", "Emissivity", "Gamma Ray Observatory", "Gamma Ray Spectra", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "GAMMA RAYS: OBSERVATIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/191989" ]
[ "Strong, A. W.", "Diehl, R.", "Schoenfelder, V.", "Varendorff, M.", "Youssefi, G.", "Bloemen, H.", "Hermsen, W.", "de Vries, C.", "Morris, D.", "Stacy, J. G.", "Bennett, K." ]
[ "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck Institute, Garching bei München, Germany", "SRON-Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands", "SRON-Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands", "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, US", "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, US", "-" ]
[ "1994A&A...292...82S", "1994ASSL..187...17B", "1995SSRv...74..373B", "1996A&AS..120C.393Y", "1997ApJ...481..821Y", "2019AJ....158...42R" ]
[ "1983ApJ...270..305B", "1983cocr.proc...83W", "1985A&A...145..391B", "1985A&A...149....7I", "1985ICRC....1..333S", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986A&A...157..223D", "1986ApJ...308..370L", "1988A&A...207....1S", "1990ApJ...362..135H", "1990ApJ...362..147C", "1991ApJ...378..131K", "1991ICRC...22A.129Y", "1993A&AS...97..145S", "1993ApJ...407..597G", "1993ApJS...86..657S", "1994ApJS...92..419B" ]
1913955
null
Arcminute Sky Fluctuations at 1.25 Millimeters
Observations of radio-quiet quasars made by the Swedish ESO Submillimeter Telescope and the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique antenna at a frequency of 240 GHz have been used to infer upper limits on the sky fluctuations at angular scales of 30", 70", and 140". It is found that {DELTA}T/T &lt; 1.4 x 10^-4^ at 30", {DELTA}T/T &lt; 2.4 x 10^-4^ at 70", and {DELTA}T/T &lt; 1.9 x 10^-4^ at 140" (95% confidence level) for uncorrelated patches of sky. The two former limits are 70% and 10% higher, respectively, if detections of radio-quiet objects are included in the analysis. These limits can be used in the context of (1) models predicting far-infrared cosmic backgrounds originating from primeval dust and (2) models of dusty galaxy evolution. On the basis of these data, most of the primeval dust models can be ruled out and further constraints on the galaxy population contributing to the background can be determined.
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15.027927
6.248622
1994-06-01
8
1994ApJ...428..447A
[ "primeval dust", "upper limits", "dusty galaxy evolution", "Submillimeter Telescope", "further constraints", "the primeval dust models", "the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique antenna", "sky", "uncorrelated patches", "the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique" ]
[ "Background Radiation", "Cosmology", "Diffuse Radiation", "Extraterrestrial Radio Waves", "Quasars", "Variations", "Angular Distribution", "Antennas", "Millimeter Waves", "Submillimeter Waves", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "INFRARED: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174257" ]
[ "Andreani, Paola" ]
[ "Università di Padova, Padova, Italy" ]
[ "1995A&A...300..366C", "1996MNRAS.283...85A", "1998A&A...329..399C", "1998ApJ...509..483P", "1998astro.ph.11093A", "1999ApJ...513...23A", "1999MNRAS.306..161A", "1999MNRAS.308..527B" ]
[ "1967ApJ...148..377P", "1973A&A....24...89T", "1973ApJ...181..243B", "1977ApJ...214L..51S", "1979Natur.281..635R", "1979ats..book.....K", "1983MNRAS.203.1137L", "1986ApJ...306..428B", "1986MNRAS.222...19N", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...344...35F", "1989ApJ...346..566R", "1989acfp.proc..433K", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990fgbs.rept..265K", "1991A&A...249..299A", "1991A&AS...89..285F", "1991ApJ...367..420B", "1992AJ....103.1313G", "1992ApJ...395..326M", "1992MNRAS.256P..15O", "1993MNRAS.261..705C", "1993MNRAS.261L..35A" ]
1915481
null
Cylindrical Gamma-Ray Montitor (CYGAM) Concept
This prospective instrument is devoted to make a breakthrough in the high-energy gamma-ray astronomy, increasing the number of known discrete sources by two orders of magnitude. A substantial gain in exposure is achieved by expanding the telescope field of view up to 0.6 of the whole sky. Cylindrical geometry makes it possible to observe the whole Galactic plane all the time at a high-apogee orbit. Results of Monte Carlo simulations are presented. For 1 year of observation CYGAM provides localization with an accuracy better than few arcminutes of all sources in the Galaxy with a flux exceeding 10<SUP>-9</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> s<SUP>-1</SUP> above 1 GeV.
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7.344501
0.80564
1994-06-01
3
1994ApJS...92..679L
[ "known discrete sources", "Monte Carlo simulations", "Monte Carlo", "few arcminutes", "Cylindrical geometry", "cm", "localization", "SUP>-9</SUP", "Galaxy", "Galactic" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Gamma Ray Telescopes", "Monitors", "Radiation Counters", "Accuracy", "Angular Resolution", "Field Of View", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Instrumentation and Photography", "GAMMA RAYS: OBSERVATIONS", "TELESCOPES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192040" ]
[ "Leikov, N. G.", "Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S." ]
[ "Space Research Inst., Moscow, Russia", "Space Research Inst., Moscow, Russia" ]
[ "1997astro.ph..7190B", "2000A&AT...18..573B", "2006PPN....37..647B" ]
[ "1974NucIM.119....9B", "1981Ap&SS..80....3M", "1981ApJ...243L..69S", "1982A&A...105..164M", "1986NIMPA.251..390T" ]
3897232
astro-ph/9405032
Low-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Supermassive Black-Holes
Supermassive black holes are investigated as possible sources for low-frequency bursts of gravitational waves. The event rate for `known' supermassive black holes at intermediate and high red shifts, inferred from the quasar luminosity function, is low, 0.1yr . A number density of gravitational wave sources, which is comparable to the number density of galaxies inferred from faint galaxy counts, is necessary to raise the event rate significantly above one per year. A space-based interferometer could therefore only see several events per year from supermassive black holes if an additional population of supermassive black holes existed and emitted gravitational waves efficiently. These might reside in the population of dwarf galaxies, or in a transient population of small dark-matter haloes that have, for the most part, merged into larger haloes hosting the galaxies seen today, as proposed in a hierarchical cosmogony. In the latter case, event rates could be of the order of 10-1000 per year, due to coalescing supermassive-biack-hole binaries formed during the merging process. Event rates could be as high as a few per second if the dark matter in galactic haloes consisted of supermassive black holes in the mass range M0, and produced gravitational waves efficiently. The proposed space-based gravitational wave interferometer LISA/SAGITTARIUS should detect most gravitational wave events involving supermassive black holes above 10 M0, out to redshifts of z 100. Key words: black hole physics - gravitation - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal - relativity - cosmology: theory - dark matter.
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7.906743
2.608474
1994-07-01
165
1994MNRAS.269..199H
[ "Supermassive black holes", "supermassive black holes", "gravitational wave sources", "gravitational waves", "Event rates", "event rates", "several events", "faint galaxy counts", "dwarf galaxies", "larger haloes" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
12
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.1.199", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405032" ]
[ "Haehnelt, M. G." ]
[ "-" ]
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[ "1963PhRv..131..435P", "1969Natur.223..690L", "1971ApJ...170L.105P", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1975GReGr...6..439E", "1976ApJ...204L...1T", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980Natur.287..307B", "1983ApJ...269...57C", "1984ARA&A..22..471R", "1984ApJ...277..445C", "1984MNRAS.207..585B", "1987ApJ...318..536A", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1989CQGra...6.1761S", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ASPC...21..117I", "1991ASPC...21..139W", "1991ASPC...21..191B", "1991ApJ...372..545T", "1992AIPC..254....3B", "1992MNRAS.259P..27H", "1993ASSL..188..433B", "1993ApJ...403..542L", "1993ApJ...417L...1R", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1994MNRAS.267..981K" ]
11573294
astro-ph/9311038
The APM galaxy survey. IV. Redshifts of rich clusters of galaxies.
We present redshifts for a sample of 228 clusters selected from the APM Galaxy Survey, 188 of which are new redshift determinations. Redshifts are listed for 365 galaxies, and non-cluster galaxy redshifts have been rejected from this sample using a likelihood ratio test based on the projected and apparent magnitude distributions of each cluster region. We test this technique using clusters for which redshifts have been measured for more than 10 galaxies. Our redshift sample is nearly complete and has been used in previous papers to study the three-dimensional distribution of rich clusters of galaxies. 156 of the clusters in our sample are listed in the Abell catalogue or supplement, and the remainder are new cluster identifications.
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12.57869
5.152575
1994-07-01
94
1994MNRAS.269..151D
[ "new cluster identifications", "non-cluster galaxy redshifts", "rich clusters", "new redshift determinations", "clusters", "Redshifts", "redshifts", "galaxies", "previous papers", "Our redshift sample" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.1.151", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311038" ]
[ "Dalton, G. B.", "Efstathiou, G.", "Maddox, S. J.", "Sutherland, W. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...451L...5W", "1995MNRAS.273..528D", "1995MNRAS.274.1071C", "1995MNRAS.275.1155E", "1995MNRAS.276..336G", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996A&A...310....8K", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996AJ....111..615P", "1996AJ....112.2454L", "1996ASPC...94..209G", "1996ApJS..106....1W", "1996MNRAS.281..799E", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1997A&AS..123..119E", "1997ApJ...479...90V", "1997ApJ...479..621H", "1997MNRAS.289..263D", "1997MNRAS.291..305C", "1997MNRAS.292..419W", "1997astro.ph..6184B", "1998A&A...339..315S", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998AJ....116..549O", "1998ApJ...497...32M", "1998ApJ...507..526A", "1998ApJS..115....1S", "1998JKAS...31..105P", "1998PhR...293...61S", "1998astro.ph.10088P", "1999ASPC..176...97C", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...514..148D", "1999ApJ...517...78K", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.305..547C", "1999MNRAS.308..618A", "2000A&A...360..896L", "2000AJ....119...12G", "2000AJ....120..540G", "2000ASPC..200...73K", "2000ASPC..218...93B", "2000ApJ...533..601B", "2000ApJ...540..614M", "2000ApJS..126..209R", "2000ApJS..128..469H", "2000ApJS..130..237T", "2000MNRAS.314..375R", "2000astro.ph..4304K", "2001A&A...369..826B", "2001A&A...379...21Z", "2001A&A...379...35Z", "2001MNRAS.321..629M", "2002AJ....123...20K", "2002AJ....123.1200C", "2002AJ....124.1918M", "2002ApJS..140..239C", "2002JKAS...35..111L", "2002MNRAS.329..431P", "2003ApJS..148..243B", "2003MNRAS.342..519P", "2003MNRAS.342..532P", "2003astro.ph.10249B", "2004A&A...413..453R", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004AJ....128.2642C", "2004MNRAS.351..989B", "2004MNRAS.354..991B", "2005AJ....130..957F", "2005HiA....13..286L", "2005MNRAS.357L..45P", "2005MNRAS.362.1225S", "2005MNRAS.363..811G", "2005MNRAS.363.1008G", "2006AJ....131.1280F", "2006MNRAS.366..163K", "2007A&A...461..397P", "2007ApJ...660..239K", "2008ApJ...676..868D", "2008ApJS..176..414Y", "2008PASA...25..176P", "2011AJ....141...88W", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013A&A...557A..62P", "2013ApJ...763..127R", "2014MNRAS.440..696A", "2015ApJS..216...27B", "2016MNRAS.458.3083S", "2018ApJ...867...25C", "2019MNRAS.485.4550K", "2021ApJS..253....3H", "2023ApJS..265...32M", "2024arXiv240201538S" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1968cgcg.book.....Z", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1981A&AS...44..329W", "1987MNRAS.224..453C", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1989ApJ...338L...5D", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.237..799C", "1989PhDT........99R", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ASPC...15..279A", "1991MNRAS.248..159S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.259..494P" ]
11569201
astro-ph/9405070
Observational support for the Gurzadyan-Kocharyan relation in clusters of galaxies.
We show that observational data for four Abell clusters of galaxies support the Gurzadyan-Kocharyan relationt between the Hausdorff dimension and the dynamical properties of a galaxy system. The Hausdorff dimension is calculated using the two-point correlation function, while the dynamical parameters are estimated using available data and reasonable assumptions on the mass function of galaxies. This result can have essential consequences in the understanding of the dynamical mechanisms that determine the fractal distribution of galaxies %k galaxies: clustering - cosmology: miscellaneous
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11.668807
3.396602
1994-07-01
5
1994A&A...287L..13M
[ "k galaxies", "galaxies", "available data", "observational data", "essential consequences", "reasonable assumptions", "Hausdorff", "Abell", "Gurzadyan", "a galaxy system" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Dynamic Characteristics", "Galactic Clusters", "Universe", "Correlation", "Fractals", "Gravitation", "Mass Distribution", "Astrophysics", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405070" ]
[ "Monaco, Pierluigi" ]
[ "Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1996Obs...116..391G", "1997Afz....40..473G", "1997Ap.....40..308G", "1998Ap.....41...32P", "1998MNRAS.295..177G" ]
[ "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...217L..77B", "1981ApJ...247..787B", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983AJ.....88..697K", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984DoSSR.277...69G", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1986A&A...160..203G", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1991EL.....15..801G", "1992A&A...259..473P", "1992A&A...266..215V", "1992ApJ...392..452M", "1992ApJ...396...35B", "1993AJ....106..831H", "1993ApJ...404...38G", "1993ApJ...416L..45B", "1993MNRAS.260..610A", "1993ppc..book.....P" ]
1934208
null
A dwarf satellite galaxy in Sagittarius
WE have detected a large, extended group of comoving stars in the direction of the Galactic Centre, which we interpret as belonging to a dwarf galaxy that is closer to our own Galaxy than any other yet known. Located in the constellation of Sagittarius, and on the far side of the Galactic Centre, it has not previously been seen because of the large number of foreground stars (in the Milky Way) in that direction. Following convention, we propose to call it the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. Its properties are similar to those of the eight other dwarf spheroidal companions to the Milky Way, and it is comparable in size and luminosity to the largest of them- the Fornax system. The Sagittarius dwarf is elongated towards the plane of the Milky Way, suggesting that it is undergoing some tidal disruption before being absorbed by the Milky Way.
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9.017281
7.765428
1994-07-01
1,269
1994Natur.370..194I
[ "foreground stars", "Sagittarius", "stars", "the Milky Way", "The Sagittarius dwarf", "the Sagittarius dwarf", "a dwarf galaxy", "luminosity", "size", "the eight other dwarf spheroidal companions" ]
[ "None" ]
35
[ "10.1038/370194a0" ]
[ "Ibata, R. A.", "Gilmore, G.", "Irwin, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1989AJ.....97..139L", "1990MNRAS.242..167S", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992MNRAS.257..195G", "1993ASPC...48..322I" ]
1914059
null
Morphological Studies of the Galaxy Populations in Distant ``Butcher-Oemler'' Clusters with HST. I. AC 114 at Z = 0.31 and Abell 370 at Z = 0.37
We present the first results of an ongoing program we are undertaking with the Wide Field Camera of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to understand the physical origin of the enhanced star formation seen in moderate-redshift (z ~ 0.3-0.4) cluster galaxies. Deep HST exposures have been obtained for the central regions of two rich compact "Butcher- Oemler" clusters, AC 114 at z = 0.31 and Abell 370 at z = 0.37. Both of these clusters have been subject to extensive ground-based spectroscopic and multiband imaging studies with a significant fraction of confirmed members being seen in the active or ensuing phases of a starburst. We have used the HST images in conjunction with the ground-based data to examine the morphology of individual cluster members, in particular these starburst" objects. We find that those blue members that display spectral evidence of active or recently completed star formation are predominantly disk-dominated systems whose abundance is greater than that seen in the cores of present-day rich clusters. Furthermore ~55% of the galaxies in this category in both clusters show convincing evidence of dynamical interactions, in contrast to a 20%-30% rate of occurrence among the red population. While similar conclusions had been drawn from high-quality ground-based data, we demonstrate the unique role HST can play in identifying interacting galaxy pairs which have separations less than the current resolution limits of the best ground-based images. There is convincing evidence in these first two clusters we have examined that interactions and mergers play a major role in inciting the star formation activity associated with the Butcher-Oemler effect. Of equal significance is the morphological nature of the numerous red members in our HST data set which show various spectroscopic and photometric indications of previous starburst activity, including strong Balmer-line absorption. Most of these galaxies appear to be undisturbed and isolated with a normal E morphology. There is no convincing evidence that these are merger products. Although larger samples are still required, we conjecture that the Butcher-Oemler effect may involve at least two physical processes arising from the hierarchical growth of clusters: galaxy-galaxy interactions and environmentally induced star formation arising from the hierarchical merging of clusters. Much work remains to be done to understand exactly how the fraction of disk galaxies seen in distant rich clusters declines to its present low value.
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12.341821
6.113692
1994-07-01
228
1994ApJ...430..121C
[ "individual cluster members", "distant rich clusters", "star formation", "disk galaxies", "clusters", "interacting galaxy pairs", "convincing evidence", "Deep HST exposures", "confirmed members", "HST" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Interacting Galaxies", "Spaceborne Astronomy", "Star Formation", "Balmer Series", "Morphology", "Red Shift", "Starburst Galaxies", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: AC 114", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ABELL 370", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174387" ]
[ "Couch, Warrick J.", "Ellis, Richard S.", "Sharples, Ray M.", "Smail, Ian" ]
[ "University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia", "University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia", "University of Durham, Durham, UK", "University of Durham, Durham, UK" ]
[ "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJ...435L.105W", "1994ApJ...437L..17F", "1995A&A...297...61B", "1995A&A...303..661D", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...440..501S", "1995ApJ...443..570Z", "1995ApJ...450..512S", "1995ApJ...450..547L", "1995ApL&C..31..285C", "1995IAUS..164..301O", "1995MNRAS.274..153K", "1995MNRAS.274..161K", "1996A&A...312..717V", "1996A&A...314..379P", "1996A&AS..118...65B", "1996AJ....111...29O", "1996AJ....111...78C", "1996AJ....111..615P", "1996AJ....111.1805A", "1996AJ....112...23L", "1996AJ....112.2454L", "1996AJ....112.2559S", "1996ASPC...98...51P", "1996ASPC...98...60S", "1996ASPC..106..293V", "1996ASSL..206..145V", "1996ASSL..206..183D", "1996ApJ...458L..63L", "1996ApJ...459...82H", "1996ApJ...460L..89B", "1996ApJ...462...89F", "1996ApJ...466..104Z", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1996ApJ...469..508S", "1996ApJ...471..694A", "1996IAUS..171..203M", "1996IAUS..171..455T", "1996IAUS..173..119S", "1996MNRAS.279....1B", "1996MNRAS.280L..43C", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", 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"2005ApJ...619..193M", "2005ApJ...621..188G", "2005ApJ...627..186W", "2005ApJS..157..228S", "2005HiA....13..286L", "2005HiA....13..296P", "2005MNRAS.357.1337M", "2005MNRAS.359..949B", "2005MNRAS.359.1415G", "2005MNRAS.359.1421P", "2005MNRAS.359.1557Y", "2006A&A...445..805F", "2006AJ....131.2050Y", "2006ApJ...642..152Y", "2006ApJ...647..946S", "2006MNRAS.366..144N", "2007A&A...467...37B", "2007AJ....133.2584Z", "2007ApJ...654..825M", "2007MNRAS.376..125S", "2007MNRAS.381..187G", "2008ApJ...685L.113S", "2008MNRAS.385..979A", "2008MNRAS.390..383Y", "2008PASP..120..121Z", "2009MNRAS.397.1940F", "2010A&A...509A..42V", "2010ApJ...716..970L", "2010MNRAS.406..121M", "2010MNRAS.408L..11B", "2010PASA...27..360P", "2011MNRAS.415.1783B", "2011MNRAS.417.1996J", "2011PASJ...63S.415T", "2012MNRAS.420..926F", "2012MNRAS.420.1684W", "2012MNRAS.426.1632P", "2013ApJ...768...36D", "2013ApJ...770...62D", "2014A&A...566A..32F", "2014MNRAS.438.1038R", "2015MNRAS.450..646S", "2016ApJ...817...87C", "2017ApJ...834..205M", "2017ApJ...848...37C", "2017MNRAS.470.4382R", "2018MNRAS.477.1708P", "2020MNRAS.495.4135T", "2020MNRAS.496.3531G", "2022MNRAS.511.1072P", "2022MNRAS.513.3893M", "2022MNRAS.515.3956J", "2022arXiv220309051H", "2023MNRAS.518.5260P", "2023MNRAS.519.4279G", "2024ApJ...961..216C" ]
[ "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1982ApJ...263..533D", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1983ApJS...52..183B", "1983MNRAS.205.1287C", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1984ApJS...56..143C", "1985MNRAS.217..239E", "1986ASSL..122..375D", "1986ApJ...300..639T", "1986ApJ...304L...5L", "1987A&A...184..361S", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...323..473H", "1987MNRAS.229..423C", "1988A&AS...73..471S", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1988MNRAS.230..249M", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ASPC...10..200D", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991MNRAS.248..128A", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1991MNRAS.248P...8E", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ASIC..366...29O", "1992ESOC...44..227A", "1992ESOC...44..239E", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993ASPC...43..165E", "1993ASPC...51..225D", "1993ApJ...404..521A", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993NYASA.688..184M", "1994ApJ...430..107D" ]
1915701
null
Optical Spectrophotometry of Blazars
We present optical spectrophotometric observations for 50 blazars obtained in 13 different campaigns over a 7 year period. The spectral flux distribution is studied in terms of a power-law (f<SUB>nu</SUB>_ is proportional to ν<SUP>alpha</SUP>^) and, when relevant, the contribution of a host galaxy. We give spectral indices and fluxes of the nonthermal component and, when detectable, the absolute magnitude of the host galaxy. For more than half of the objects we obtained sufficient observations to study the relation between spectral index and flux level.
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16.75404
5.189881
1994-07-01
117
1994ApJS...93..125F
[ "spectral index", "spectral indices", "optical spectrophotometric observations", "sufficient observations", "flux level", "fluxes", "The spectral flux distribution", "terms", "a host galaxy", "13 different campaigns" ]
[ "Blazars", "Stellar Spectra", "Absorption Spectra", "Bl Lacertae Objects", "Line Spectra", "Spectral Emission", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192048" ]
[ "Falomo, R.", "Scarpa, R.", "Bersanelli, M." ]
[ "Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy", "CNR, Milano, Italy" ]
[ "1995A&A...303..656S", "1995A&A...303..730S", "1995MNRAS.277.1477P", "1996A&A...313..356B", "1996A&A...314...87M", "1996ApJ...459..169P", "1996ApJ...463..444S", "1996MNRAS.279..526P", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1997A&A...317..656C", "1997A&A...325..109S", "1997A&A...327..947F", "1997A&AS..121..119V", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997NCimC..20..729P", "1998A&A...335..899W", "1998AJ....115.1357S", "1998ApJ...504..693K", "1998ApJ...508..180X", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1998ApJS..118..327K", "1998ChA&A..22....1S", "1998MNRAS.299..433F", "1998MNRAS.301..261S", "1998MNRAS.301..451G", "1999ApJ...516..163W", "1999ApJ...518L..87A", "1999ApJ...526..643S", "1999MNRAS.305..246H", "1999MNRAS.307..725G", "1999MNRAS.310..465G", "2000A&A...357...91F", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000ApJ...533..650S", "2000ApJ...537...80C", "2000ApJ...537..101F", "2000ApJ...543..535T", "2000MNRAS.319..484R", "2001ChJAA...1..213X", "2001ChJAA...1..494X", "2002A&A...381..408E", "2002A&A...384...56C", "2002A&A...386..833G", "2002A&A...391..917M", "2002A&A...392..407P", "2002AJ....124..652T", "2002ApJ...566..181C", "2002MNRAS.336..945L", "2003A&A...400..487C", "2003A&A...406..565H", "2004A&A...421...83R", "2004A&A...425..825K", "2004ApJ...612..749Z", "2004ApJ...613..752G", "2005A&A...435..839T", "2005AJ....129..559S", "2005ARep...49....5P", "2005ApJ...635..173S", "2005MNRAS.356..859P", "2006A&A...457...35S", "2006AJ....132....1S", "2006ApJ...646..801G", "2006ApJ...648L.105A", "2007A&A...470..475A", "2007ApJ...665.1023R", "2007R&QE...50..253G", "2008Ap&SS.318..169B", "2008ApJ...679L...9B", "2008MNRAS.384..230K", "2008MNRAS.385..119W", "2008arXiv0810.3563S", "2009AJ....137..337S", "2009AJ....137.3718L", "2009AJ....137.5022N", "2009ATel.2256....1C", "2009ApJ...699..603A", "2009RAA.....9..168W", "2010A&A...518L..38G", "2010ApJ...708.1310A", "2010PASJ...62L..23Y", "2011A&A...531A..38A", "2011ApJ...742...27L", "2011ICRC....8..121O", "2012A&A...543A.116L", "2012A&A...547A...1N", "2012MNRAS.425.3002G", "2013AJ....145...31K", "2013AJ....146..120L", "2013ApJ...764..113Z", "2013ApJ...779..100I", "2013JPhCS.409a2112S", "2013NewA...18...50Y", "2014A&A...562A.145H", "2014arXiv1401.4791L", "2014mcb5.book.....M", "2015ApJ...799....7A", "2015ApJ...804....7I", "2016A&A...590A..40B", "2016AJ....152...12L", "2016Ap&SS.361..185C", "2016Ap.....59..199D", "2016MNRAS.458.1127G", "2016MNRAS.458.2836P", "2016MNRAS.459.3271A", "2018ApJS..237...30M", "2018EPJC...78..484S", "2019ApJ...871..192P", "2019NewA...7301278S", "2020BAAA...61B.186P", "2020MNRAS.495.3576K", "2021A&A...645A.137A", "2021ApJ...923...67H", "2022A&A...660A...1B", "2022JApA...43....9A", "2022MNRAS.511..994M", "2023Ap&SS.368...23K", "2023MNRAS.519.2796D" ]
[ "1972ApJ...175L...7S", "1974ApJ...188..353J", "1974ApJ...190L.101C", "1975ApJ...199L.133L", "1975Natur.258...56C", "1976ApJS...31..143W", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1977ApJS...33..113B", "1977Natur.268..405C", "1978ApJ...224...22O", "1978ApJ...226..753Y", "1979ApJ...234..810G", "1979ApJS...41..689W", "1979MNRAS.188..415D", "1979MNRAS.189P..29N", "1980ARA&A..18..321A", "1981ApJ...243...60M", "1981ApJ...249....3W", "1983ApJ...270L...1U", "1983PASA....5....2W", "1984AJ.....89..441C", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1985ApJ...294..599S", "1985ApJ...298..630L", "1985PASP...97.1158S", "1986ApJ...302..337F", "1986ApJ...310..317G", "1986MNRAS.219P..23W", "1987ApJ...320..586R", "1988A&A...192....1B", "1988AJ.....95..307I", "1988ApJ...327..561W", "1988ApJ...331..746B", "1988ApJ...333..666I", "1989A&A...211..275B", "1989A&AS...80..103S", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989ApJ...340..150B", "1989ApJ...345..140R", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989BAAS...21R.777S", "1989LNP...334...45U", "1989LNP...334...73F", "1990A&A...235...35L", "1990A&ARv...2..125B", "1990A&AS...83..183M", "1990ApJ...350..578B", "1990MNRAS.243..640B", "1990Natur.345..692F", "1990PASP..102.1120F", "1991AJ....101..821F", "1991AJ....102.1991F", "1991MNRAS.252..482A", "1991PASP..103..160S", "1992AJ....104...28B", "1992ApJ...386..473H", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...83....1E", "1993A&AS...98..393S", "1993AJ....106...11F", "1993ApJ...402..532F" ]
1915461
null
A Survey of Nebulae around Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars in the Southern Sky. I.
Images are presented from the first half of a survey of all Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars in the catalog of van der Hucht et al. (1981) residing in the southern skies. Previous surveys used only existing broad-band photographic plates. Encouraged by successes using CCD imaging with interference filters of the LMC and northern Galaxy (Miller &amp; Chu 1993), we have expanded the survey to the southern hemisphere. In the first half of our southern survey, H alpha and (O III) narrow-band CCD images of fields centered on known Wolf-Rayet stars have indicated the existence of six new ring nebulae as well as revealing previously unobserved morphological features in the known ring nebulae. An example of this is an almost perfect ring of (O III) emission residing interior to the previously observed H alpha filaments of the Wolf-Rayet ring nebulae RCW 104. Our surveys to date indicate that 21% of all Wolf-Rayet stars have ring nebulae, with WN-type Wolf-Rayet stars having a greater likelihood for an associated ring.
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9.637167
10.249695
1994-07-01
49
1994ApJS...93..229M
[ "Wolf", "Previous surveys", "O III", "known Wolf-Rayet stars", "van der Hucht et al", "interference filters", "northern Galaxy", "Wolf-Rayet", "van der", "WN-type Wolf-Rayet stars" ]
[ "Interstellar Matter", "Nebulae", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Southern Sky", "Stellar Envelopes", "Wolf-Rayet Stars", "H Alpha Line", "Oxygen Spectra", "Astronomy", "ISM: GENERAL", "STARS: WOLF-RAYET" ]
2
[ "10.1086/192053" ]
[ "Marston, A. P.", "Chu, Y. -H.", "Garcia-Segura, G." ]
[ "Drake University, Des Moines, IA, US", "Drake University, Des Moines, IA, US", "University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, US" ]
[ "1994ApJS...95..151M", "1995AJ....109.1839M", "1995AJ....109.2257M", "1995ApJ...455..145G", "1995ApJ...455..160G", "1996A&A...305..229G", "1996A&AS..120...41G", "1996A&AT...11..307L", "1996AJ....112.2828M", "1997ApJ...475..188M", "1997ApJ...491..303I", "1997MNRAS.285..387B", "1998A&A...331..949M", "1998A&A...339..173A", "1998Ap&SS.260..161S", "1998MNRAS.297.1060G", "1999AJ....117.1433C", "1999ApJ...518..769M", "2000AJ....120.2670G", "2001PASA...18..259W", "2002A&A...385..585V", "2002A&A...395..955C", "2002AJ....123.3348C", "2002astro.ph..8172C", "2003IAUS..212..585C", "2003IAUS..212..596C", "2003MNRAS.346..719M", "2003RMxAC..15...47C", "2004A&A...413..225G", "2005A&A...436..155C", "2005ApJ...633..248W", "2005MNRAS.362..681V", "2005PASP..117..967T", "2006PhDT.......224W", "2007ASSP....1..183A", "2007RMxAA..43..243M", "2010ApJ...724L..90M", "2010MNRAS.403..387C", "2010MNRAS.409.1429S", "2011PhDT.......486S", "2012A&A...547A..83G", "2013A&A...551A..71D", "2014ApJ...785..100M", "2015A&A...578A..66T", "2021ApJS..252...21H", "2021MNRAS.507.4697M", "2023Galax..11...76K", "2023MNRAS.524.4907S", "2024MNRAS.530.4153T" ]
[ "1967PhDT.......161S", "1980A&A....90..210L", "1981ApJ...243..184S", "1981ApJ...249..195C", "1981SSRv...28..227V", "1982ApJ...252..230H", "1982ApJ...254..562C", "1982ApJ...254..569T", "1982IAUS...99..149B", "1984A&A...134L..21G", "1987ARA&A..25..113A", "1988A&A...199..217V", "1988MNRAS.235..391M", "1989A&A...226..270D", "1990ASPC....7..135R", "1991ApJ...366..181M", "1991IAUS..143..349C", "1993AAS...182.0221G", "1993ApJS...85..137M" ]
1932764
null
A ROSAT PSPC investigation of the Centaurus cluster of galaxies.
We present the results of a detailed spatially resolved, spectroscopic X- ray study of he Centaurus cluster of galaxies carried out using the Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) on ROSAT. The PSPC data tightly constrain the radial temperature profile of the intracluster gas and provide an accurate measurement of the gas mass and total gravitating mass within a radius of 0.5 Mpc. The PSPC spectra show that the cluster either has a strong radial metallicity gradient or, like several more massive cooling-flow clusters, contains a significant central concentration of X-ray-absorbing gas. The PSPC data reveal no patchy or filamentary spatial structure in the cluster. However, some variation in the position angles and centroids of the X-ray isophotes is observed at small (r &lt;~ 30 kpc) radii, indicating that the gas here may not have fully relaxed, perhaps following a recent subcluster merger event. The structure of the X-ray emission, outside the innermost region, and the optical emission from the central cluster galaxy, NGC 4696, are strongly correlated, demonstrating an intimate link between the central galaxy and the gravitational potential of the cluster as a whole.
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13.794696
5.062857
1994-07-01
79
1994MNRAS.269..409A
[ "Centaurus cluster", "X-ray-absorbing gas", "total gravitating mass", "the X-ray emission", "galaxies", "the X-ray isophotes", "the central cluster galaxy", "PSPC", "a strong radial metallicity gradient", "several more massive cooling-flow clusters" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.2.409" ]
[ "Allen, S. W.", "Fabian, A. C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994MNRAS.270L...1E", "1994MNRAS.271..737F", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1995ApJ...451..451W", "1995ApJ...455..497I", "1995MNRAS.272..665R", "1995MNRAS.275..741A", "1995MNRAS.276..706R", "1995MNRAS.277.1006E", "1996ASPC...99..405R", "1996ASSL..206....3N", "1996ASSL..206..199O", "1996ApJ...457L..11R", "1996MNRAS.279..615A", "1996MNRAS.279.1331S", "1997ASPC..115....1A", "1997ASPC..115...38C", "1997ASPC..115..147O", "1997ASPC..116..386M", "1997MNRAS.286..583A", "1998A&A...334...71S", "1998AJ....116..623O", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998MNRAS.296..392A", "1998MNRAS.297L..63A", "1998MNRAS.300..837E", "1999ApJ...520..105C", "1999ApJ...522L..13M", "1999ApJ...525...58I", "1999MNRAS.309..651G", "2000ApJ...530..222B", "2000MNRAS.312..649W", "2000MNRAS.312..663W", "2000PASP..112..148D", "2000cucg.confE..14D", "2001AIPC..587..411B", "2001ApJ...562..266D", "2001MNRAS.322..589A", "2001PASJ...53..401M", "2001PASJ...53..421F", "2002A&A...386...77M", "2002ASPC..253...85M", "2002ApJ...572...66A", "2002ApJ...575..634D", "2002MNRAS.331..273S", "2002luml.conf...63M", "2003MNRAS.338..824M", "2004A&A...425L..21D", "2004Ap&SS.294..109C", "2004ApJ...611..175I", "2004IAUS..217..102M", "2004IAUS..222..449D", "2004rcfg.proc..197I", "2005ApJ...619...60L", "2005ApJ...632..122B", "2005MNRAS.360L..20F", "2006MNRAS.368.1369G", "2006MNRAS.370...63S", "2006MNRAS.372.1840R", "2006PASA...23...33A", "2007A&A...462..953M", "2007PASJ...59S.351O", "2008MNRAS.385.1186S", "2009ApJ...701..377T", "2010PASJ...62..743T", "2011MNRAS.418.2386M", "2011PASJ...63S.979S", "2013MNRAS.433.3290P", "2016MNRAS.457...82S", "2016MNRAS.459.2806A", "2017A&A...603A..80M", "2018ApJ...865...53Z", "2018SSRv..214..129M", "2021MNRAS.507.1606P", "2022MNRAS.514.4222F", "2022PhR...973....1D", "2023MNRAS.520.4793G", "2024arXiv240404909V" ]
[ "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...224..132B", "1981ApJ...248...47F", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1983A&A...122..301J", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1985ApJ...291..621M", "1985PhDT........75A", "1986A&AS...65..511M", "1986MNRAS.220..679D", "1986MNRAS.221..453L", "1987ApJS...64..643S", "1987IAUS..127..125S", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988ASIC..229...53M", "1988ASIC..229...63C", "1988ASIC..249....3R", "1989ApJ...345..153S", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...368...54D", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1991MNRAS.252P..17F", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...393..819S", "1992ApJ...397L..31S", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992MNRAS.254...51A", "1992MNRAS.255..431J", "1992MNRAS.259..265C", "1992PhDT.......174W", "1992xrb..work..229H", "1993ApJ...404..403S", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993MNRAS.262..901A" ]
1914031
null
Luminosity--Line-Width Relations and the Extragalactic Distance Scale. II. A Comparison with Types IA and II Supernovae
We present a comparison of galaxy distances estimated via the luminosity-line-width or Tully-Fisher relation and those estimated using supernovae. In the first case, we compare to distances estimated by assuming Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are standard candles. The sample is restricted to those late-type galaxies which have had both reasonably well observed supernova events and which are also suitable for an application of the luminosity-line-width relation. Given this selection criteria, the resulting sample of 16 galaxies should be essentially free of "Malmquist-like" effects. Consequently, the observed dispersion between the two methods should only reflect that intrinsic in the two techniques and enable a fair assessment of the precision of the two methods. The Hubble diagram for the sample has an rms dispersion of only 0.4 mag, implying that both techniques are reasonably accurate indicators of extragalactic distances and have small intrinsic dispersion (~0.3 mag, or 15% in distance). The calibration of the luminosity-line-width relations obtained in Paper I using Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables provides an absolute calibration for SNe Ia of M_B_ = - 18.74 +/- 0.14. Existing data on more distant SNe Ia are used to derive a global estimate of the Hubble Constant, the result being H_0_ = 86 +/- 7 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^. Alternatively, if we force H_0_ ~ 45 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^, the luminosity- line-width relations would still have a small rms dispersion but must then have a discontinuous absolute calibration of {DELTA}m = 1.4 mag over a small range in distance, namely, 4.0 &lt; D_TF_ &lt; 6.5 Mpc. We also present a similar comparison using distances estimated via the method of modeling the expanding photospheres of Type II supernovae (SNe II). In this case, the mean distance ratio for 11 SNe II and their parent galaxies is D_TF_/D_SN II_ = 0.89 +/- 0.05, with an rms dispersion of only 11% in distance, or equivalently 0.22 mag. This implies that the SN II method is at least as reliable as assuming SNe Ia are standard candles, and that the luminosity-line-width relations produce accurate distance estimates as well (0.16 mag). That is, the distances estimated via these two methods are completely consistent within the stated internal errors. Consequently, discrepancies in the value of the Hubble Constant estimated using the SN II method and the TF relation are not significant.
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9.476824
2.779338
1994-07-01
79
1994ApJ...430...53P
[ "galaxy distances", "accurate distance estimates", "extragalactic distances", "distance", "distances", "small intrinsic dispersion", "Type II supernovae", "SNe Ia", "SNe II", "D_TF_/D_SN II" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Calibrating", "Computational Astrophysics", "Distance", "Hubble Constant", "Luminosity", "Supernovae", "Galactic Radiation", "Hubble Diagram", "Line Spectra", "Mathematical Models", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
3
[ "10.1086/174381" ]
[ "Pierce, Michael J." ]
[ "Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1994Natur.371..385P", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1995AJ....110.1476K", "1995AJ....110.2868B", "1995AJ....110.2885P", "1995ApJ...439..558V", "1995ApJ...441L..33N", "1995ApJ...447L..73F", "1995ApJ...452....1S", "1995ApJ...452...16T", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1996A&A...305..367S", "1996A&A...315L.153L", "1996AJ....111....1S", "1996AJ....111.2047B", "1996ASPC...96..175H", "1996ApJ...457..118S", "1996ApJ...463...26K", "1996ApJ...464..568F", "1996ApJ...466..911E", "1996ApJ...469L..45T", "1996ApJ...470....1S", "1996ApJ...473...88R", "1996IAUS..173...27F", "1997ASIC..486..715B", "1997ApJ...479..231F", "1997ApJ...490..682T", "1997MNRAS.290L..77S", "1997cdc..conf..130S", "1998AJ....115..130S", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ApJ...495..115F", "1998ApJ...503..553W", "1998ApJ...505..207T", "1998AstL...24..826P", "1998PhR...307....1S", "1999ASPC..167..230S", "1999ApJ...515...29M", "1999MNRAS.304...67F", "1999MNRAS.309..847P", "2001A&A...368..391R", "2001ApJ...546..829S", "2001ApJ...556L..29S", "2001ApJS..137..139S", "2001sgrb.conf..304S", "2002AJ....124.2490L", "2002Ap.....45..253T", "2003ApJ...590..256T", "2004A&A...425..849P", "2004AJ....128..163L", "2004MNRAS.347.1011A", "2005MNRAS.359..906H", "2005MmSAI..76..565A", "2005PASP..117..121L", "2006A&A...447...49B", "2006MNRAS.366..144N", "2006MNRAS.366..308B", "2006MNRAS.372.1315S", "2007A&A...470.1071M", "2007MNRAS.381..280M", "2008ApJ...677..926S", "2009MNRAS.398.1041B", "2009RAA.....9..783Z", "2011AJ....142..166C", "2012A&A...546A..28J", "2012ApJ...749..173T", "2013ApJ...773...13L", "2014AstL...40..537T", "2014NewA...26...40W", "2014arXiv1409.3570C", "2017AJ....154...51M", "2017ApJ...837..137M", "2017MNRAS.467..102C", "2018ApJ...861...63H", "2018PhDT.......137H", "2018arXiv180506678C", "2019ApJ...875..136V", "2020MNRAS.496.1803N", "2022MNRAS.510.5780S" ]
[ "1926AN....228..359B", "1961ApJ...133..869A", "1968AJ.....73.1021K", "1969MNRAS.144..297W", "1974ApJ...193...27K", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1979A&A....72...73C", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980ApJ...237..390T", "1981A&A....93..106B", "1982Afz....18..574J", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985AJ.....90..169D", "1985ApJS...58...67T", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1986PhDT.......105W", "1986PhDT.......123C", "1987IAUS..124..151T", "1988A&A...200...29A", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ApJ...331..605S", "1988ApJ...331..620K", "1988Natur.334..209T", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1988ngc..book.....T", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990A&A...236....9T", "1990AJ....100..530M", "1990ApJ...350..110C", "1991A&AS...89..537L", "1991AJ....102..208H", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...383..487C", "1991SvA....35..168K", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992AJ....103.1632P", "1992ApJ...387...47P", "1992ApJ...387L..33R", "1992ApJ...390...34V", "1992ApJ...390L..45P", "1992ApJ...393..523P", "1992ApJ...395..366S", "1992ApJ...401L...7S", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1993ApJ...413L.105P", "1993PhDT........95S" ]
1914136
null
Interpretation of Microlensing Events in Q2237+0305
We point out the uncertainties in the potential models of the foreground galaxy in the gravitational lens Q2237 + 0305. The surface densities and external shears are uncertain by a factor of &lt;~2. Very long light curves are calculated for two different models using the method developed by Witt (1993) and Lewis et al. (1993). We find that the probability of images being in a quiescent state depends strongly on the potential models and the direction of the source motion relative to the alignment of the (gravitational lens) shear term of the macroimages. For example, the probabilities of finding variations smaller than 0.1 mag and for a period of longer than 0.5 Einstein radii (~3-5 yr) in image C and D are ~30%. This offers an explanation of why image C and D showed relatively small variations. The quiescent images are more likely to be demagnified, consistent with the observations. Further, the higher the magnification of the macroimages, the weaker are the microlensing events. In addition, we conclude that a simple Gaussian profile has some difficulties in explaining the asymmetric shape and the small amplitude of the observed high-magnification events if they are typical. Source models in which the emission is produced by a bright compact core and a more extended halo can better explain the observed double peak events. More data are needed to clearly distinguish different galaxy potential models.
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14.102772
3.88815
1994-07-01
61
1994ApJ...429...66W
[ "different galaxy potential models", "image C", "Source models", "images", "external shears", "Lewis et al", "D", "the potential models", "two different models", "More data" ]
[ "Alignment", "Gravitational Lenses", "Magnification", "Quasars", "Displacement", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Structure", "Image Analysis", "Shear Properties", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 2237", "0305" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174302" ]
[ "Witt, Hans J.", "Mao, Shude" ]
[ "Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544", "MS 51 Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1995ApJ...443...18W", "1995ApJ...455...37G", "1995ApJ...455...44G", "1995ApJ...455..443J", "1996ApJ...467..540H", "1996ApJ...470..201G", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173..255H", "1996MNRAS.278..787H", "1998A&A...335..379S", "1998MNRAS.295..488S", "1998MNRAS.298.1223B", "1999ApJ...516..236G", "1999ApJ...524...49A", "1999ApJ...524..794G", "1999ApJ...527...46N", "1999MNRAS.303..471H", "1999MNRAS.306..223W", "1999MNRAS.309..261W", "1999astro.ph..2111G", "2000AJ....120.1654S", "2000ApJ...529...88W", "2000ApJ...542..785G", "2000ApJ...545..657A", "2000MNRAS.312..843W", "2000MNRAS.315...62W", "2000MNRAS.315..337W", "2000MNRAS.318..762W", "2000MNRAS.318.1105W", "2000MNRAS.318.1120W", "2001ARep...45..759B", "2001ASPC..239....3G", "2001PASP..113..903G", "2003MNRAS.339..335T", "2003MNRAS.345.1351E", "2004ApJ...605...58K", "2004MNRAS.352..125T", "2005A&A...432...83G", "2005A&A...437L..15G", "2005astro.ph..3018L", "2007MNRAS.382..819V", "2007PASA...24...30H", "2008A&A...480..327A", "2008A&A...490..933E", "2009KPCB...25...28T", "2010ApJ...723...81R", "2011A&A...528A.100S", "2011MNRAS.413.1244H", "2012ApJ...754...73B", "2013ApJ...768..126G", "2016MNRAS.461L.107M", "2017Sci...356..291G", "2021A&A...645A..78B", "2021A&A...653A.121S", "2021RAA....21..133G", "2023AJ....166..100G", "2023MNRAS.520.6350S", "2023NatAs...7.1098G", "2023arXiv231019164G", "2024SSRv..220...14V", "2024arXiv240516857J" ]
[ "1981ApJ...243..140G", "1981ApJ...244..756Y", "1984ARA&A..22..471R", "1984ApJ...284....1T", "1985AJ.....90..691H", "1985S&T....70..319T", "1986A&A...166...36K", "1987A&A...171...49S", "1987MNRAS.225..873R", "1988AJ.....95.1331Y", "1988AJ.....95.1619S", "1988AJ.....96.1570K", "1988AJ.....96.1755S", "1988ApJ...332L..49D", "1989A&A...208L..15A", "1989AJ.....98.1989I", "1989ApJ...338L..49F", "1989Natur.338..745K", "1990AJ.....99...45H", "1990ApJ...352..407W", "1990ApJ...358L..33W", "1991AJ....102...34C", "1991AJ....102..454R", "1991AJ....102..864W", "1991AJ....102.1939W", "1991ApJ...369L..59C", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1991ApJ...376..430N", "1991ApJ...381L..39R", "1991SvAL...17..140M", "1992AJ....104..959R", "1992ApJ...386L..43F", "1992ApJ...392..424W", "1992ApJ...395L..65R", "1992ApJ...396L..65J", "1993A&A...268..501W", "1993A&A...278L...5R", "1993ApJ...403..530W", "1993ApJ...409...14M", "1993ApJ...411...16T", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993LIACo..31..111P", "1993LIACo..31..415S", "1993MNRAS.261..647L" ]
1932593
null
The sources of Lyman-alpha at low redshifts : galaxies, haloes and minihaloes.
The discovery of Ly α absorption lines at lower redshifts raises the possibility of a detailed study of the relation between absorbers and galaxies, and hence of determining a good model for the origin of the lines. In this paper, we set constraints on the possible fractions of the observed absorbers that could be associated with galaxies. We combine this result with other observations to set constraints on models for the absorbers. The minihalo model, where the absorbers are confined by the gravity of cold dark matter, predicts correctly the observed number of absorbers and the weak correlation between absorbers and galaxies on large scales, but fails to explain the close association of some absorbers with galaxies. Models where absorbers are produced by galaxy haloes can account for only about 20 per cent of the observed absorbers, unless the cross-sections of galaxies are huge and the cross-correlation on large scales is significantly underestimated. We propose that the observed absorbers are a combination of these two populations, with the absorbers closely associated with galaxies being about 20 per cent of the total. Such a model is consistent with observations of both the number of absorbers and the cross-correlation between absorbers and galaxies. The absorbers closely associated with galaxies may be pressure-confined by the ambient hot gas of galaxies or groups of galaxies.
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13.921809
7.987274
1994-07-01
42
1994MNRAS.269...52M
[ "absorbers", "galaxy haloes", "galaxies", "large scales", "Models", "models", "the observed absorbers", "other observations", "cold dark matter", "lower redshifts" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.1.52" ]
[ "Mo, H. M.", "Morris, S. L." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437L..87D", "1994MNRAS.269L..49M", "1995ApJ...441...51S", "1995ApJ...450...32C", "1995ApJ...450L..45D", "1995ApJ...451...24S", "1995ApJ...452...90B", "1995Natur.373..223D", "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996ApJ...457...19B", "1996ApJ...458..518R", "1996ApJ...462...68S", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996astro.ph.10225M", "1997ApJ...483..638C", "1997ApJ...491...45D", "1998ARA&A..36..267R", "1998ASPC..143...19M", "1998Ap&SS.262...39C", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...500..789H", "1998ApJ...505..506G", "1998ApJ...508..200T", "1998MNRAS.297..239B", "1998SerAJ.157...19C", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999AJ....117.2063K", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999ApJ...511..521D", "1999ApJ...522..627M", "1999ApJ...524..536I", "2000ApJ...532...77W", "2000MNRAS.319..517L", "2001MNRAS.321..450T", "2002ASPC..254...72M", "2002ApJ...565..720P", "2005pgqa.conf..472R", "2006MNRAS.367.1251R", "2006MNRAS.367.1261M", "2012MNRAS.425..245T", "2013BASI...41...41K", "2014MNRAS.437.2017T" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980ApJS...42...41S", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...268L..63O", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986Ap&SS.118..509I", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJ...345L..71S", "1990ApJ...350....1M", "1991ApJ...367...19L", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991ApJ...371...36C", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...377L..21M", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJ...381L...1I", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1991aftm.proc..216W", "1991fyho.conf...46B", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390..387R", "1992ApJ...397...68B", "1992ApJ...398..495B", "1992ApJ...398L..89M", "1993AJ....106...39H", "1993AJ....106.2213V", "1993ApJ...409...42M", "1993ApJ...411..439S", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1993ApJ...418..585P", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1993ApJS...87....1B", "1993MNRAS.260..617M", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.264..705M", "1993eeg..conf..191B", "1993eeg..conf..213W", "1994MNRAS.267..129M" ]
1912642
null
Near-Infrared Imaging of Markarian 231: Evidence for a Double Nucleus
Near-infrared (1.2-2.4 micron) images are presented for the central 10 arcsec of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231. We find a faint, but intrinsically luminous (M_K_ ~ -20.7) secondary peak in the near-infrared light distribution approximately 3.5 arcsec (2.7 kpc) south of the primary Seyfert 1 nucleus. Since there is no optical or infrared evidence for ongoing star formation at the location of this secondary peak, and its near-infrared luminosity and color are comparable to slightly reddened spiral bulges or elliptical nuclei, we identify this peak with the stripped nucleus of the companion galaxy involved in the Mrk 231 merger event. Depending upon the exact ratio of the masses of the primary and secondary nucleus in the Mrk 231 system we estimate a merger time scale of &lt;= 10^9^ yr. The morphology of the southern nucleus suggests that it may have recently survived a close passage (r&lt;200 pc) with the Seyfert 1 nucleus on a highly elliptical orbit, in which case the merger time scale may be significantly shorter (~10^7^ yr). We re-calculate the average merger time scale for the seven ultraluminous infrared galaxies with double nuclei in the Bright Galaxy Sample (the BGS) of Soifer et al. [AJ, 98,766(1989)] and derive a value of ~10^8^ yr. Since seven of ten of the ultraluminous infrared galaxies in the BGS are now known to be double, we estimate the ultraluminous "phase" may be close to this value. Along with Arp 220 and Mrk 273, Mrk 231 is the third member of the class to posess a high brightness temperature non-thermal radio core and a double nucleus, suggesting the time scale for the generation or fueling of the active nucleus can be much less than the dynamical time scale for the merger of the progenitor nuclei.
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15.129932
8.056187
1994-07-01
25
1994AJ....108...76A
[ "double nuclei", "elliptical nuclei", "the average merger time scale", "Mrk", "galaxy", "a merger time scale", "the merger time scale", "ongoing star formation", "the dynamical time scale", "a double nucleus" ]
[ "Infrared Astronomy", "Markarian Galaxies", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Spectral Energy Distribution", "Star Formation", "Galactic Nuclei", "Near Infrared Radiation", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MARKARIAN 231", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117046" ]
[ "Armus, L.", "Surace, J. A.", "Soifer, B. T.", "Matthews, K.", "Graham, J. R.", "Larkin, J. E." ]
[ "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...444..129G", "1995ApJ...450...74F", "1996AJ....111.1025M", "1996ApJ...457..678B", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996ApJ...470..771L", "1996ApJ...473..760B", "1997ApJ...478..144S", "1997ApJ...485..598K", "1998AJ....115..928C", "1998ApJ...492..116S", "1998ApJ...505L.103L", "1998ApJ...507..615D", "1998ApJ...508..657M", "1999ApJ...512L..99G", "1999ApJ...516..127U", "1999ApJ...519..185T", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "2000ApJ...529..170S", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2003MNRAS.340..289L", "2005MNRAS.360..416L", "2009ApJ...706..851R", "2015ApJ...809..117Y", "2021MNRAS.507.2550S" ]
[ "1969Afz.....5..581M", "1977MNRAS.178..451B", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1978ApJ...224..745H", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982Natur.296..397B", "1983ApJ...274..168D", "1983ApJ...274..175D", "1983MNRAS.205P..21R", "1984ApJ...278..544U", "1984ApJ...287..566C", "1985ApJ...288..531R", "1985ApJ...290..116R", "1985ApJ...290..517S", "1985Natur.315...26B", "1987AJ.....93...14H", "1987AJ.....94..297M", "1987ApJ...312L...5S", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....96..841N", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...330L..97A", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988ApJ...331L...5R", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1990ApJ...349L..39C", "1990ApJ...354L...5G", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1990ApJS...73..359C", "1990Natur.344..417W", "1991ApJ...370L..19B", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1991ApJ...380L..63F", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...387L..17K", "1992ApJ...397..442B", "1993ApJ...402..125M", "1993ApJ...405L...9L", "1994ApJ...420..159L" ]
1912614
null
The Intrinsic Shape of NGC 3379
Photometric and kinematic data from the literature are combined with new dynamical models to derive the intrinsic shape of the "standard" elliptical galaxy NGC 3379. The parameters that are best constrained are the dynamical triaxiality T (essentially the triaxiality of the total mass distribution) and the short-to-long axis ratio of the light distribution c_L_. The inferred shape is given by a Bayesian probability distribution in the (T,c_L_) plane. Assuming a uniform prior, the most probable shape is oblate with a flattening of c_L_ = .87. The distribution is strongly non-Gaussian, however, and the expectation values, &lt;T&gt; = .31, &lt;c_L_&gt; = .75, imply a flatter and more triaxial figure. The 68% highest posterior density region allows more triaxial shapes as long as they are fairly round, or flatter shapes as long as they are nearly oblate. These results are essentially unchanged if the galaxy is assumed to rotate about its short axis, or if it is modeled as an S0 with a negligible-mass disk rather than as an elliptical. The suggestion of Capaccioli et al. [ApJ, 371,535(1991)] that NGC 3379 is a rather flat, triaxial S0 galaxy is found to be improbable at the 98% level; this conclusion is largely independent of the bulge-to-disk ratio or the relative rotation speeds of the two components.
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11.131799
6.30581
1994-07-01
34
1994AJ....108..111S
[ "more triaxial shapes", "triaxial S0 galaxy", "flatter shapes", "new dynamical models", "Capaccioli et al", "non-Gaussian", "S0", "disk", "=", "_" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Magnitude", "Bayes Theorem", "Kinematics", "Monte Carlo Method", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 3379", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYANAMICS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117050" ]
[ "Statler, Thomas S." ]
[ "University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...448...64H", "1996AJ....111.1512S", "1996ApJ...468..184B", "1997ASPC..116...32M", "1997ASPC..116...75S", "1997ApJ...482...68H", "1997ApJ...486..102M", "1998Ap&SS.262..271G", "1998MNRAS.298..811B", "1999AJ....117..126S", "1999AJ....117..839S", "2000AJ....119.1157G", "2000AJ....120..110B", "2000ApJ...529..866P", "2000astro.ph..3468S", "2001AJ....121..244S", "2001ApJ...549..871S", "2001MNRAS.328..330T", "2002ASPC..273...53B", "2002MNRAS.329..513D", "2003A&A...402..531C", "2004A&A...423..501C", "2004AJ....127.1441G", "2005NewA...10..271D", "2006A&A...448..155B", "2006ApJ...652..907W", "2008MNRAS.383.1477C", "2009MNRAS.398.1117V", "2010MNRAS.401.1770V", "2011Ap&SS.331..419C", "2011MNRAS.412..585C", "2016PASA...33...35P", "2018MNRAS.477.1760C", "2021MNRAS.508.4786D" ]
[ "1956ZA.....39..126C", "1978MNRAS.183..501B", "1979ApJ...232..236S", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982AJ.....87.1648R", "1982ApJ...263..599S", "1983ApJ...266...41D", "1985MNRAS.212..767B", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1985MNRAS.216..429L", "1987AJ.....94.1519C", "1987ApJ...314..476L", "1987ApJ...321..113S", "1988ApJ...328..440B", "1988ApJS...68..409D", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1990AJ.....99.1813C", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1991AJ....102..882S", "1991ApJ...371..535C", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991MNRAS.253..703H", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ApJ...389...79H", "1992ApJ...396..445R", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1993ApJ...403..567S", "1993ApJ...409..563S", "1993ApJ...414..454C" ]
1932642
null
0319-454 : an FR II giant radio galaxy with twin jets.
We present radio images of the edge-brightened giant radio galaxy 0319 - 454 made with the Australia Telescope at frequencies 1.5,2.4 and 4.8 GHz. The observations show a jet and a counterjet out to exceptional distances of 380 and 590 kpc, respectively, from the radio core. 0319 - 454 is therefore one of only three powerful radio galaxies observed to date to have twin quasi-continuous jets. The northeast lobe of the double radio structure has an extremely rare configuration of five compact hotspots that may be classified into a primary and a cluster of four secondaries. Optical imaging of the parent galaxy reveals a prominent, warped dust lane, and a highly disturbed structure that is indicative of past merger activity.
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15.337921
5.881414
1994-07-01
21
1994MNRAS.269...37S
[ "radio images", "twin quasi-continuous jets", "galaxy", "exceptional distances", "dust lane", "past merger activity", "the double radio structure", "Optical imaging", "Australia", "the radio core" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.1.37" ]
[ "Saripalli, L.", "Subrahmanyan, R.", "Hunstead, R. W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...328...78S", "1998A&AS..132...31N", "1999MNRAS.309..100I", "2000A&AS..146..293S", "2000ApJ...545..216B", "2001ApJ...560..178K", "2001NewA....6....1B", "2001yCat..33810757L", "2004AcA....54..249M", "2004MNRAS.351..101K", "2006AJ....131..100B", "2006AJ....131..114B", "2007MNRAS.376.1385S", "2009MNRAS.393....2S", "2009MNRAS.395..812M", "2012MNRAS.424.2028K", "2016AstBu..71..139V", "2018ApJS..238....9K", "2020PASA...37...17W", "2021Galax...9...99A", "2023ApJS..265...32M" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1973A&A....26..423J", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1978A&AS...31...15H", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1980ARA&A..18..165M", "1980Natur.285..643M", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983ApJ...269...94H", "1984AJ.....89..979B", "1984ApJ...279...74R", "1984ApJ...279..596Q", "1984ApJ...287...95L", "1984MNRAS.210..929L", "1984Natur.310...33W", "1985PASAu...6..130B", "1986A&A...170...20S", "1986AJ.....92...12L", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986CaJPh..64..353B", "1987IAUS..127...89T", "1987IAUS..127..125S", "1987IAUS..127..135B", "1987IAUS..127..145K", "1987ajte.proc..247S", "1988MNRAS.234..733B", "1988PhDT.......250S", "1989AJ.....97..674B", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...341..658S", "1989Natur.341..631A", "1989PASAu...8...81J", "1989PhDT........44C", "1989hser.work....1P", "1989hser.work...27L", "1990dig..book..440S", "1990psrj.conf..186B", "1991MNRAS.252..558C", "1992MNRAS.256..186B", "1992doss.conf...67Y", "1993AJ....105.1690F", "1993MNRAS.260..908S", "1993jers.conf..273O", "1994MNRAS.268..602J" ]
1936555
null
The H II Regions of Sextans A
Calibrated H-alpha and continuum CCD frames are used to measure the emission-line luminosities, sizes and morphological characteristics of 25 H II regions in the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans A, a probable member of the Local Group. The luminosity function fits a power law with slope--1.70 and the size distribution is roughly exponential with a scale length of 62 pc. We identify 56 candidate exciting stars, from which we find that the estimated ultraviolet flux in the H II regions is approximately proportional to the H-alpha flux. Comparison with the H I distribution shows good positional agreement, except with an approximate 300 pc offset of H-alpha peak from H I peak. (SECTION: Galaxies)
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11.074647
7.863071
1994-07-01
23
1994PASP..106..765H
[ "good positional agreement", "continuum CCD frames", "Sextans A", "sizes", "morphological characteristics", "the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans A", "Galaxies", "H-alpha peak", "25 H II regions", "the H II regions" ]
[ "Dwarf Galaxies", "Emission Spectra", "H Ii Regions", "Irregular Galaxies", "Line Spectra", "Luminosity", "Morphology", "Size Determination", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Continuous Spectra", "H Alpha Line", "H I Regions", "Local Group (Astronomy)", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ISM" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133440" ]
[ "Hodge, Paul", "Kennicutt, Robert C.", "Strobel, Nicolas" ]
[ "University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US", "University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996ApJ...462..732H", "1997AJ....114.2514D", "1997AJ....114.2527D", "1997PASP..109..937H", "1998AJ....116.2246K", "1998AJ....116.2341V", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998salg.conf..457S", "1999ApJ...519...55Y", "2000AJ....119.2757V", "2000ApJ...540..814E", "2001ApJ...556..773H", "2002AJ....123..813D", "2003A&A...407...51M", "2003AJ....126..187D", "2003AJ....126.2317O", "2004AJ....127.2723K", "2005A&A...443..115M", "2005AJ....130.1558K", "2006ApJ...646..192J", "2009A&A...493..511V", "2011ApJ...731...91L" ]
[ "1974ApJS...27..113H", "1977ApJ...214..725E", "1980A&A....82..381R", "1981AJ.....86..185J", "1981AJ.....86.1464V", "1982ApJ...258..439S", "1983ApJ...274..577H", "1985AJ.....90.1019S", "1987A&AS...71..297A", "1987MNRAS.224..935W", "1988A&A...198...33S", "1989ApJ...336..152H", "1989ApJ...337..761K", "1989ApJ...346..629V", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989PASP..101...32H", "1990ApJ...362..480H", "1990PASP..102...26H", "1991ApJ...383..148S", "1991PASP..103..933M", "1992ApJ...391L...9H", "1992BAAS...24.1201C", "1993AJ....106.1797H" ]
1932760
null
Cooling flows, low-mass objects and the galactic halo.
Recent evidence for microlensing of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud indicates that a significant part of the dark matter in the Galactic halo may be baryonic and consist of substellar objects. Some mechanism is required to form such a distributed halo of low-mass objects. Here, we investigate the possibility that our Galaxy, and possibly most large galaxies, was once surrounded by a cooling flow. Such a flow is commonly observed around the brightest member of a cluster of galaxies, and is inferred to deposit mostly low-mass objects. tf the dark haloes of the most massive cluster galaxies have a large population of low-mass objects formed in this way, then so may lower mass galaxies, such as our own. We show that a strong cooling-flow phase could have occurred during the formation of our Galaxy. Key words: Galaxy: halo - cooling flows - Magellanic Clouds - dark matter - gravitational lensing.
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8.346504
7.141083
1994-07-01
17
1994MNRAS.269L..33F
[ "mass galaxies", "Galaxy", "galaxies", "substellar objects", "low-mass objects", "the Large Magellanic Cloud", "Recent evidence", "a cooling flow", "Key words", "stars" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.1.L33" ]
[ "Fabian, A. C.", "Nulsen, P. E. J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.277..561N", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1997ASPC..115..135N", "1997MNRAS.288..545S", "1997MNRAS.291..425N", "1998Ap&SS.262..497C", "1998ApJ...500...59D", "1998MNRAS.294..283D", "1999ApJ...510L.103D", "1999MNRAS.309...63S", "1999dmap.conf..433D", "2000ApJ...530..213H", "2000NJPh....2...12D", "2000astro.ph.10223K", "2002SSRv..100..117J", "2013ApJ...762...78Z", "2019A&A...629A..87D" ]
[ "1962pfig.book.....S", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979MNRAS.186..783F", "1980MNRAS.193..189F", "1984MNRAS.208..185N", "1986MNRAS.221..377N", "1987MNRAS.228..973T", "1989A&A...215..147B", "1990MNRAS.246..156T", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...367...45C", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...380..104N", "1991ApJ...380..320N", "1991MNRAS.249...13A", "1992MNRAS.255..105K", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994MNRAS.266..399F" ]
1932722
null
Great Attractors at high redshifts ?
We argue that the majority of QSOs at z &lt;~ 2-3 form in merging and interacting galaxies produced during the first generation of matter crossings which occur in galaxy protoclusters. Groups of quasars (QGs) with a few or more than a dozen members, within compact regions of &lt;~100 h^-1^ Mpc found at z &lt;~ 1-2, may belong to concentrations of young clusters of galaxies, and thus indicate the locations of enhanced-density regions (GA progenitors) which develop later into quasi-linear systems like the local Great Attractor (GA) or Shapley Concentration. These early large-scale galactic structures (LSSs) (i) provide a natural way to `bias' the distribution of Abell clusters, and (ii) suggest that the spectrum of primordial density perturbations is nearly flat at scales encompassing both clusters ad GAs, l = πk^-1^ is a subset of (10, 100) h^-1^ Mpc: {DELTA}_k_^2^ ~ k^3^P(k)~k<SUP>gamma</SUP>^, γ = 1_-0.4_^+0.6^, where P(k) is the power spectrum of density perturbations.
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14.603628
6.319849
1994-07-01
22
1994MNRAS.269..277K
[ "primordial density perturbations", "density perturbations", "Abell clusters", "young clusters", "interacting galaxies", "quasi-linear systems", "galaxy protoclusters", "compact regions", "galaxies", "l = πk^-1^" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.2.277" ]
[ "Komberg, B. V.", "Lukash, V. N." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...300....1H", "1995MNRAS.275..790G", "1995SSRv...74..277L", "1996ApJS..104..145W", "1996MNRAS.282..713K", "1996astro.ph..8112K", "1997A&A...327..921K", "1997A&AT...14..133K", "1998ARep...42..425P", "1999ASPC..176..476K", "2000MNRAS.317..795L", "2000astro.ph..3253L", "2001ASPC..232..108C", "2001ASPC..232..114W", "2001MNRAS.323..688H", "2002ASPC..254..132W", "2002ApJ...578..708W", "2003ApJ...588...90I", "2004A&A...421..157H", "2012MNRAS.419..556C", "2012PhDT........15H", "2013PhyU...56..509C" ]
[ "1981SvAL....7..357K", "1982MNRAS.199..683W", "1982SvA....26..643K", "1984A&A...136L...9S", "1984Afz....20...73K", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985AJ.....90..998D", "1985ApJ...294..479R", "1986ApJ...311...15B", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1987ApJ...323....1T", "1987MNRAS.227..739S", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...330L..13I", "1988IAUS..130..129K", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989AJ.....97.1539E", "1989ApJ...345...59C", "1989ApJ...346..638J", "1989ApJ...347....1S", "1989ApJ...347...52H", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990ASPC...10..322Y", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990MNRAS.247..439F", "1990MNRAS.247..510S", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991A&A...252L..23P", "1991ApJ...367...19L", "1991ApJ...375....1L", "1991ApJ...376...43B", "1991ApJ...378..476E", "1991ApJ...382L...5G", "1991ApJ...383...41B", "1991MNRAS.248..101R", "1991MNRAS.249..218C", "1991MNRAS.250..103E", "1991MNRAS.251P..41K", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1991PhRvL..67.3328U", "1991tpsu.rept...59Z", "1992A&A...256L..23M", "1992ApJ...388....9T", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258..114P", "1993AJ....105.1633F", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993ApJ...406....6J", "1993ApJ...410..493M" ]
1914138
null
Nonpolytropic Model for the Coma Cluster
In this article we demonstrate, for the first time, how a physically motivated static model for both the gas and galaxies in the Coma Cluster of galaxies can jointly fit all available X-ray and optical imaging and spectroscopic data. The principal assumption of this nonpolytropic model (Cavaliere &amp; Fusco-Femiano 1981, hereafter CFF), is that the intracluster gas temperature is proportional to the square of the galaxy velocity dispersion everywhere throughout the cluster; no other assumption about the gas temperature distribution is required. After demonstrating that the CFF nonpolytropic model is an adequate representation of the gas and galaxy distributions, the radial velocity dispersion profile, and the gas temperature distribution, we derive the following information about the Coma Cluster: 1. The central temperature is about 9 keV and the central density is 2.8 x 10^-3^ cm^-3^ for the X-ray emitting plasma; 2. The binding mass of the cluster is approximately 2 x 10^15^ M_sun_ within 5 Mpc (for H_0_ = 50 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^), with a mass-to-light ratio of ~160 M_sun_/L_sun_; 3. The contribution of the gas to the total virial mass increases with distance from the cluster center, and we estimate that this ratio is no greater than ~50% within 5 Mpc. The ability of the CFF nonpolytropic model to describe the current X- ray and optical data for the Coma Cluster suggests that a significant fraction of the thermal energy contained in the hot gas in this as well as other rich galaxy clusters may have come from the interaction between the galaxies and the ambient cluster medium.
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13.611218
4.836786
1994-07-01
18
1994ApJ...429..545F
[ "other rich galaxy clusters", "galaxies", "optical data", "hereafter CFF", "the gas temperature distribution", "available X", "the intracluster gas temperature", "CFF", "the CFF nonpolytropic model", "the X-ray emitting plasma" ]
[ "Comets", "Cosmology", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Clusters", "Intergalactic Media", "Isothermal Processes", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Static Models", "Temperature Distribution", "Ginga Satellite", "Numerical Analysis", "Rosat Mission", "Tenma Satellite", "X Ray Imagery", "X Ray Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174342" ]
[ "Fusco-Femiano, R.", "Hughes, John P." ]
[ "Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale, C.N.R., C.P. 67, 00044 Frascati, Italy", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449..431F", "1995PhRvD..52.1821G", "1995SSRv...74..245S", "1996ApJ...472...46M", "1997ApJ...481..571S", "1997ApL&C..36..107F", "1998A&A...333L..47E", "1998MNRAS.293..124S", "1998ucb..proc....1B", "1999AJ....117..140C", "1999MNRAS.308..599C", "2001ApJ...562..618I", "2002ApJ...569L..11V", "2005PhRvD..72l3002D", "2011ARep...55.1016S", "2014IJMPD..2330005D", "2015PrPNP..85....1K", "2023MNRAS.522.2756L" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1972ApJ...175..627R", "1975MNRAS.173..585G", "1975PASP...87..911L", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1976ApJ...205..696T", "1976ApJ...208..177L", "1976ApJ...210..642A", "1976MNRAS.175P..29M", "1977ApJ...211L..63S", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1977MNRAS.178P..75M", "1978A&A....70..677C", "1978ApJ...223...47D", "1978ApJ...224..718G", "1979ApJ...230..540G", "1981A&A...100..194C", "1981ApJ...248...55B", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983AJ.....88..697K", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1986AJ.....92.1248T", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1988ApJ...327..615H", "1988ApJ...329...82H", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJ...394..452D", "1992MNRAS.258..738W", "1993AJ....105..409D", "1993ApJ...404..611H" ]
1914144
null
Models of Hot Galactic Coronae around Early-Type Galaxies
We have computed simple non-steady state models of X-ray-emitting, hot galactic coronae which are observed around early-type galaxies. Our models, appropriate for elliptical galaxies, include the effect of the formation of new stars which occurs as the gas radiatively cools and the effect of supernova explosions which serve to heat the cool gas component from which the stars are forming. We develop scaling relations for the galaxy parameters including the optical galaxy as well as a dark matter halo which we use to generate galaxy models spanning a range of absolute magnitudes from -19.5 to -22.5. We compare our models to a sample of approximately 150 galaxies with measured X-ray luminosities. We show that our simple model does exhibit the observed correlation between X-ray and optical luminosity. However, the model cannot explain the broad range in X-ray luminosity at a given optical luminosity.
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12.566574
7.628146
1994-07-01
18
1994ApJ...429...77F
[ "galaxy models", "X-ray luminosity", "measured X-ray luminosities", "simple non-steady state models", "elliptical galaxies", "X", "-", "ray", "optical luminosity", "new stars" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Early Stars", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Radiative Transfer", "X Ray Sources", "Dark Matter", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Supernovae", "Unsteady State", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174303" ]
[ "Forman, W.", "Jones, C.", "Tucker, W." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.272L..35V", "1996ApJ...470..781W", "1996ApJ...470L..35D", "1998MNRAS.294..705K", "1998MNRAS.298..399F", "1999A&A...348..437T", "1999ApJ...521...81F", "1999MNRAS.302....1H", "1999MNRAS.304..829P", "2004A&A...424..545P", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2005ASPC..347..183P", "2005ApJ...626..723B", "2006ARep...50..432K", "2007MNRAS.376..416R", "2009ApJ...696.2206W", "2015IAUS..313..309F", "2021ApJ...917L..33H" ]
[ "1971ApJ...170..241M", "1976ApJ...204..365F", "1977ApJ...211..135C", "1977ApJ...212..634J", "1977ApJ...215..213M", "1977ApJ...215..723C", "1977MNRAS.180..479F", "1978ApJ...223...47D", "1978ApJ...224..308M", "1979ApJ...233L...1N", "1979ApJ...234L..27F", "1981ApJ...244..820S", "1981ApJ...245..534C", "1981ApJ...247..908C", "1981MNRAS.197..995M", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982MNRAS.201..933F", "1982sscr.conf..371T", "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1983ApJ...268..552S", "1984ApJ...285..527D", "1984MNRAS.208..185N", "1984PASP...96..287C", "1985ApJ...291..621M", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985MNRAS.216..923F", "1985PhDT.........7H", "1986AJ.....91.1062P", "1986ApJ...306L...7M", "1986ApJ...307..415S", "1986MNRAS.221..377N", "1986MNRAS.221.1049F", "1986MNRAS.222..655T", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987ApJ...312L..11J", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...318..612W", "1987ApJ...319..614L", "1987ApJ...320...32S", "1987ApJ...323...44V", "1987ApL&C..26..113M", "1987ApL....26..113M", "1987MNRAS.227..241A", "1987nngp.proc..109J", "1988ApJ...327..615H", "1988ApJ...332..725V", "1989ApJ...341L...9D", "1990ApJ...354...52D", "1990ApJ...359...29D", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...373..445L", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991BAAS...23..891L", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1993A&A...273..383C", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1993ApJ...418L..55F" ]
1914121
null
Evolution of Systems of Galaxies in Cold Dark Matter Models
We study the evolution of groups and clusters of galaxies in a OMEGA} = 1, h = 0.5, {LAMBDA} = 0, CDM scenario using numerical simulations normalized to δM/M = 1. We construct models for galaxy formation assuming instantaneous cooling of gas and the related formation of galaxies in local high-density regions. We compute models that inhibited galaxy formation when the corresponding galactic halo is embedded in a greater cloud for which its cooling time exceeds its crossing time. In these models we find a significant reduction of galaxy formation efficiency in large galactic systems. Mergers of galaxies are taken into account using suitable cross sections and a binding energy criterion. We find that about ~10% of the galaxies have undergone mergers at the present time. We have implemented simple models that consider the effects of energy input by supernovae winds. We find that these effects provide a successful fit to the observed Tully-Fisher relation. We have considered gas infall in systems of galaxies and the effects of supernova winds in the intracluster medium in order to account for the observed gas-to-stars mass ratio M_gas_,/M_stars_ as a function of temperature. Although we find a negligible amount of gas infall (&lt;10%), the models allow significant gas mass loss due to supernova winds in small clusters which would explain their high observed galaxy formation efficiency. We have analyzed the spatial distribution of galaxies and their peculiar velocity field in the models. Only when a moderate suppression of galaxy formation in dense environments is considered, is the galaxy- galaxy spatial correlation function consistent with observations. We find no significant velocity bias of the galaxies with respect to the dark matter in any model. This results suggest that the observed galaxy peculiar velocity field put strong constraints to the amplitude of the primordial mass fluctuations in the cosmological models.
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11.631594
6.722919
1994-07-01
2
1994ApJ...429...29T
[ "galaxy formation", "galaxy formation efficiency", "galaxies", "significant gas mass loss", "their high observed galaxy formation efficiency", "gas infall", "simple models", "models", "the observed galaxy peculiar velocity field", "the galaxy- galaxy spatial correlation function" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Computerized Simulation", "Galactic Halos", "Mass Distribution", "Spatial Distribution", "Star Formation Rate", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174299" ]
[ "Tissera, Patricia B.", "Lambas, Diego G.", "Abadi, Mario G." ]
[ "Observatorio Astronomico, Laprida, Argentina", "Observatorio Astronomico, Laprida, Argentina", "Observatorio Astronomico, Laprida, Argentina" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.286..384T", "1998ARA&A..36..599B" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.169..229L", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...281..493Y", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987IAUS..117..119F", "1988csup.book.....H", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990PhLB..236..454O", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1992ASIC..366...17W", "1992ASIC..366...29O", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...389..510D", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1993ApJ...414...30L" ]
1936485
null
An Observational Study of Galaxies and their Environment on Large Scales
The Las Campanas Deep Redshift Survey (LCDRS) is a survey of the galaxy distribution, out to a redshift of 0.2, which will eventually cover ~1000 square degrees over the Northern and Southern Galactic Caps in alternating 1.5 degrees-thick slices. The goals of the LCDRS are to sample a large enough volume of the nearby Universe in order to constrain the scale of the largest features in the galaxy distribution, and to use this sample for the accurate measurement of galaxy clustering on a wide variety of scales. Upon completion, 25,000 - 30,000 galaxy redshifts will have been compiled. This dissertation describes results obtained by the analysis of the first ~5,400 reduced redshifts. Three main topics are discussed. First, the distribution of galaxies in the LCDRS is examined. Although visual inspection of the slices indicates an upper limit of ~100$h^-1 Mpc to the scale of high-contrast features, quantitative study of the galaxy distribution suggests the presence of low-contrast density gradients on scales comparable to the LCDRS volume itself. The galaxy-galaxy spatial auto-correlation function is also determined; it shows more power on large scales than is compatible for a standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model, although it is consistent with results expected from an open CDM model. Second, a group catalog is extracted from the nearly complete LCDRS -6 degree Slice, and its properties are compared with those of other group and cluster catalogs. A group-group spatial auto-correlation function is determined, and its amplitude is compared with the correlation amplitudes for other galaxy, group, and cluster catalogs. Finally, galaxy segregation is studied as a function of color. Overall, evidence from both visual impressions and quantitative tests points toward color segregation only on scales on the order of or less than the width of a typical void wall (&lt;~10-20 h^-1 Mpc). Arguments are made for galaxy evolution as a major driver of color-segregation, with primordial effects playing at most a minor role in the observed color-environment effects. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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12.290916
4.897715
1994-07-01
0
1994PASP..106..814T
[ "galaxy segregation", "other galaxy", "galaxy evolution", "galaxies", "galaxy", "large scales", "color segregation", "scales", "LCDRS", "color" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133446" ]
[ "Tucker, Dougles Lee" ]
[ "-" ]
null
null
11569219
astro-ph/9312028
Robust morphological measures for large-scale structure in the Universe
We propose a novel method for the description of spatial patterns formed by a coverage of point sets representing galaxy samples. This method is based on a complete family of morphological measures known as Minkowski functionals, which includes the topological Euler characteristic and geometric descriptors to specify the content, shape and connectivity of spatial sets. The method is numerically robust even for small samples, independent of statistical assumptions, and yields global as well as local morphological information. We illustrate the method by applying it to a Poisson process, a `double-Poisson' process, and to the Abell catalogue of galaxy clusters.
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12.081569
2.977966
1994-08-01
355
1994A&A...288..697M
[ "spatial sets", "galaxy samples", "morphological measures", "local morphological information", "spatial patterns", "point sets", "small samples", "statistical assumptions", "Minkowski functionals", "galaxy clusters" ]
[ "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9312028" ]
[ "Mecke, K. R.", "Buchert, T.", "Wagner, H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11569469
astro-ph/9404057
The Stellar Population of the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy. I. A New Color- Magnitude Diagram for the Giant and the Horizontal Branches
We report on the first in a series of studies of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy, a nearby satellite of our Galaxy. Our two major results are: (1) precise BI photometry ({sigma]_B-I_ &lt;~ 0.05 for V &lt;~ 22) for 11489 stars in the Carina field, and (2) the detection of two, morphologically distinct, horizontal branches in Carina, which confirms that star formation occurred in two well separated episodes. The old horizontal branch and RR Lyrae instability strip belong to a &gt;~10 Gyr stellar population, while the populous red-clump horizontal branch belongs, presumably, to a ~6 Gyr stellar population. We derive a distance modulus (m - M)_0_ = 20 09+/-0.06 for Carina from the apparent magnitudes of the old horizontal branch and the tip of the red giant branch (RGB), and discuss modifications to the previously estimated distance, total magnitude, and stellar ages of Carina. Using the color of the RGB, we estimate the metallicities of the younger and older populations to be [Fe/H]~-2.0 and -2.2, respectively.
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7.884354
8.758006
1994-08-01
195
1994AJ....108..507S
[ "Carina", "star formation", "stellar ages", "RR Lyrae instability strip", "total magnitude", "The old horizontal branch", "the old horizontal branch", "spheroidal galaxy", "RGB", "a ~6 Gyr stellar population" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Dwarf Stars", "Visual Photometry", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Spatial Distribution", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117087", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9404057" ]
[ "Smecker-Hane, Tammy A.", "Stetson, Peter B.", "Hesser, James E.", "Lehnert, Mathew D." ]
[ "National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada", "National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada", "National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada", "National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada" ]
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11569629
astro-ph/9404011
A Hydrodynamic Approach to Cosmology: The Mixed Dark Matter Cosmological Scenario
We compute the evolution of spatially flat, mixed cold and hot dark matter models containing both baryonic matter and two kinds of dark matter. Hydrodynamics is treated with a highly developed Eulerian hydrodynamic code (see Cen 1992). A standard particle-mesh (PM) code is also used in parallel to calculate the motion of the dark matter components. We adopt the following parameters: h = H_0_/100 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^ = 0.5 {OMEGA}_c_ = 0.64, {OMEGA}_h_ = 0.3, and {OMEGA}_b_ = 0.06, with amplitude of the perturbation spectrum fixed by the COBE DMR measurements (Smoot et al. 1992) being σ_8_ = 0.67. Four different boxes are simulated with box sizes Of L = (64, 16, 4, 1)h^-1^ Mpc, respectively, the two small boxes providing good resolution but little valid information due to the absence of large-scale power. We use 128^3^~10^6.3^ baryonic cells, 128^3^ cold dark matter particles, and 2 x 128^3^ hot dark matter particles. In addition to the dark matter we follow separately six baryonic species (H, H^+^, He, He^+^, He^++^, e^-^) with allowance for both (nonequilibrium) collisional and radiative ionization in every cell. The background radiation field is also followed in detail with allowance made for both continuum and line processes, to allow nonequilibrium heating and cooling processes to be followed in detail. The mean final Zeldovich-Sunyaev γ parameter is estimated to be y^bar^ = (5.4 +/- 2.7) x 10^-7^, below currently attainable observations, with a rms fluctuation of approximately δ^bar<SUP>gamma</SUP> = (6.0 +/- 3.0) x 10^-7^ on arcminute scales. The rate of galaxy formation peaks at an even later epoch (z~0.3) than in the standard ({OMEGA} = 1, σ_8_ = 0.67) cold dark matter (CDM) model (z~0.5) and, at a redshift of z = 4, is nearly a factor of 100 lower than for the CDM model with the same value of σ_8_. With regard to mass function, the smallest objects are stabilized against collapse by thermal energy: the mass-weighted mass spectrum has a broad peak in the vicinity of m_b_ = 10^9.5^ M_sun_ with a reasonable fit to the Schechter luminosity function if the ratio of baryon mass to blue light is approximately 4. In addition, one very large PM simulation was made in a box with size (320 h^-1^ Mpc) containing 3 X 200^3^ = 10^7.4^ particles. Utilizing this simulation we find that the model yields a cluster mass function which is about a factor of 4 higher than observed, but a cluster-cluster correlation length marginally lower than observed, but that both are closer to observations than in the COBE-normalized CDM model. The one- dimensional pairwise velocity dispersion is 605 +/- 8 km s^-1^ at 1 h^-1^ separation, lower than that of the CDM model normalized to COBE, but still significantly higher than observations (Davis &amp; Peebles 1983). A plausible velocity bias b_v_ = 0.8 +/- 0.1 on this scale will reduce but not remove the discrepancy. The velocity auto-correlation function has a coherence length of 40 h^-1^ Mpc, which is somewhat lower than the observed counterpart. In all these respects the model would be improved by decreasing the cold fraction of the dark matter and could be brought into agreement with these constraints for a somewhat smaller value of {OMEGA}_CDM_/{OMEGA}_CDM +{OMEGA}_HDM_). But formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies is much later in this model than in COBE-normalized CDM, perhaps too late. To improve on these constraints a larger ratio of {OMEGA}_CDM_/({OMEGA}_CDM+{OMEGA}_HDM) is required than the value of 0.67 adopted here. It does not seem possible to find a value for this ratio which would satisfy all tests. Overall, the model is similar both on large and intermediate scales to the standard CDM model normalized to the same value of σ_8_, but the problem with regard to late formation of galaxies is more severe in this model than in that CDM model. Adding hot dark matter, significantly improves the ability of the COBE-normalized CDM scenario to fit existing observations, but the model is in fact not as good as the CDM model with the same σ_8_ and is still probably unsatisfactory with regard to several critical tests.
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11.948733
3.520238
1994-08-01
34
1994ApJ...431..451C
[ "hot dark matter", "dark matter", "σ_8_", "mass function", "_", "CDM", "galaxy formation peaks", "box sizes", "^7.4^ particles", "baryon mass" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Baryons", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Hydrodynamics", "Stellar Mass", "Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Mathematical Models", "Particle Motion", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/174499", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9404011" ]
[ "Cen, Renyue", "Ostriker, Jeremiah P." ]
[ "Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, US", "Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...432L...5R", "1994ApJ...437L...5B", "1995ApJ...444....1K", "1995ApJ...447..465P", "1995ApJ...455....7M", "1995MNRAS.277.1254K", "1995PASP..107.1007S", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995lssu.conf..118P", "1996ASSL..206..115B", "1996ApJ...459..455L", "1996ApJ...462...13W", "1996ApJ...464...27O", "1996ApJ...464..523H", "1996ApJ...465..499G", "1996ApJ...470..102K", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.281L..17P", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1997AJ....114.1365B", "1997ApJ...474..533K", "1997ApJ...475..421E", "1997ApJ...476..534F", "1997ApJ...483....8C", "1997ApJ...485L..53B", "1998A&A...336...11V", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...509...16C", "2005pgqa.conf..185T", "2006ApJ...653..954D", "2009MNRAS.394.1469D", "2013ApJ...762...15P", "2017ApJ...837..136D" ]
[ "1965ApJ...142.1633G", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...216..357G", "1981csup.book.....H", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983SvPhU..26...46S", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1990ApJ...349..408J", "1990ApJ...350....1M", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...379..564W", "1991ApJ...383....1C", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399..331C", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJS...78..341C", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1992Natur.356..489D", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993ApJ...414..407C", "1993ApJ...415..423C", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417..387C", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1994ApJ...422L..45N", "1994ApJ...428....1K", "1994ApJ...428..405B" ]
11573457
astro-ph/9403042
The Clustering of IRAS Galaxies
We investigate the clustering of galaxies in the QDOT redshift survey of IRAS galaxies. We find that the two-point correlation function is well approximated by a power law of slope - 1.11+/-0.09, with clustering length 3.87+/-0.32 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^ out to pair separations of ~25 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^. On scales larger than ~40 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^, the correlation function is consistent with zero. The rms fluctuation in the count of QDOT galaxies above the Poisson level in spheres of radius 8 h^-1^ Mpc^- 1^ is σ_8_^IRAS^ = 0.58+/-0.14, showing that fluctuations in the distribution of IRAS galaxies on these scales are smaller than those of optical galaxies by a factor of about 0.65, with an uncertainty of ~25 per cent. We find no detectable difference between the correlation functions measured in redshift space and in real space, leading to a 2σ limit of b_IRAS_/{OMEGA}^0.6^ &gt; 1.05 where b_IRAS_ is the bias factor for IRAS galaxies, and {OMEGA} is the cosmological density parameter. The QDOT autocorrelation function calculated in concentric shells increases significantly with shell radius. This difference is more likely to be due to sampling fluctuations than to an increase of the clustering strength with galaxy luminosity, but the two effects are difficult to disentangle; our data allow at most an increase of ~20 per cent in clustering strength for each decade in luminosity. For separations greater than ~3 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^, the cross-correlation function of Abell clusters (with richness R &gt;= 1) and QDOT galaxies is well approximated by a power law of slope -1.81+/-0.10, with clustering length 10.10+/-0.45 h^-1^ Mpc, and no significant signal beyond ~&gt; 50 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^. This cross-correlation depends only weakly on cluster richness.
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12.396271
5.108776
1994-08-01
36
1994MNRAS.269..742M
[ "QDOT galaxies", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxy luminosity", "optical galaxies", "galaxies", "clustering strength", "correlation", "QDOT", "redshift space", "~20 per cent" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.3.742", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9403042" ]
[ "Moore, B.", "Frenk, C. S.", "Efstathiou, G.", "Saunders, W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437..550M", "1994VA.....38..419B", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.275..515C", "1995MNRAS.276.1116P", "1995MNRAS.276.1425E", "1995NuPhS..43..333F", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996ASPC...94..171R", "1996Ap&SS.244..231R", "1996MNRAS.279..636M", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1997ASSL..212..315S", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.296..253C", "1999ApJ...522..563W", "1999ApJ...523..463K", "1999ApJ...523..480P", "1999MNRAS.305..547C", "1999MNRAS.308..897L", "2000ApJ...528...74K", "2000ChA&A..24..413F", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.318L..45S", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.325..589H", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003ApJ...585..215Y", "2004ApJ...605..645W", "2004ApJ...609..525C", "2005ASPC..329..209S", "2007MNRAS.381.1369G", "2008CSF....38.1269M", "2012ApJ...750...38M", "2013MNRAS.435L..53P" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986Natur.323..132V", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988LNP...297..312E", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1991MNRAS.253P..31B", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992AuJPh..45..437S", "1992MNRAS.256..477M", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993ApJ...408..389S", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993MNRAS.260..121M", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1994MNRAS.266...50F" ]