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astro-ph/9404058
Properties of an H 1-Selected Galaxy Sample
We analyze the properties of a sample of galaxies identified in a 21 cm, H I-line survey of selected areas in the Perseus-Pisces supercluster and its foreground void. Twelve fields were observed in the supercluster, five of them (target fields) centered on optically bright galaxies, and the other seven (blank fields) selected to contain no bright galaxies within 45' of their centers. We detected nine previously uncatalogued, gas-rich galaxies, six of them in the target fields. We also detected H I from seven previously catalogued galaxies in these fields. Observations in the void covered the same volume as the 12 supercluster fields at the same H I-mass sensitivity, but no objects were detected. Combining our H I data with optical broadband and Hα imaging, we conclude that the properties of H I-selected galaxies do not differ substantially from those of late-type galaxies found in optical surveys. In particular, the galaxies in our sample do not appear to be unusually faint for their H I mass, or for their circular velocity. We find tentative evidence for a connection between optical surface brightness and degree of isolation, in the sense that low surface brightness galaxies tend to be more isolated. The previously catalogued, optically bright galaxies in our survey volume dominate the total H I mass density and cross section; the uncatalogued galaxies contribute only ~19% of the mass and ~12% of the cross section. Thus, existing estimates of the density and cross section of neutral hydrogen, most of which are based on optically selected galaxy samples, are probably accurate. Such estimates can be used to compare the nearby universe to the high-redshift universe probed by quasar absorption lines.
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11.770771
7.665503
1994-08-01
37
1994AJ....108..491S
[ "low surface brightness galaxies", "galaxies", "optical surface brightness", "optical surveys", "H I-selected galaxies", "selected areas", "target fields", "optically selected galaxy samples", "optical broadband", "quasar absorption lines" ]
[ "Brightness", "Galactic Clusters", "H I Regions", "Spatial Distribution", "Velocity Distribution", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117086", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9404058" ]
[ "Szomoru, Arpad", "Guhathakurta, Puragra", "van Gorkom, Jacqueline H.", "Knapen, Johan H.", "Weinberg, David H.", "Fruchter, Andrew S." ]
[ "Kapteyn Astron. Inst., Groningen, The Netherlands", "Kapteyn Astron. Inst., Groningen, The Netherlands", "Columbia Univ., New York, NY, US", "Columbia Univ., New York, NY, US", "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2003G", "1995ApJ...450..578H", "1995ApJ...451...24S", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995astro.ph.10054S", "1996AJ....111...72S", "1996AJ....111.2141S", "1996AJ....111.2150S", "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1996ApJS..107..143T", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996PASA...13..243S", "1996PhRvD..54.7199A", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ApJ...484L..29B", "1997ApJ...490..173Z", "1997MNRAS.288..307B", "1997PASA...14...31B", "1997PASA...14..126Z", "1997astro.ph..5049B", "1998ApJ...506..673L", "1998ApJS..119..159S", "1999A&A...346..415M", "1999ASPC..170...27B", "1999MNRAS.309..576A", "2000A&ARv..10....1K", "2000AJ....120.3027C", "2000ApJS..130..177R", "2001ApJ...546L..91K", "2006ApJ...641..217S", "2008AJ....135..588S", "2008ASPC..395..125H", "2008IAUS..244...83H", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2018arXiv181101283O", "2019AJ....157...81O" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1969ApJ...156L..63B", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1981ApJ...243L..23F", "1982ApJ...257..423H", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...278L...1N", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1985ApJS...58...67T", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1986PASP...98....5H", "1988ApJ...329..618T", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AJ.....98..806G", "1989ApJS...69...65H", "1989epg..conf...22K", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990ASSL..161..387W", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...256...45M", "1992AJ....104.2086H", "1992ApJ...399..373C", "1992ApJS...78..365H", "1993AJ....106..530B" ]
11574405
astro-ph/9403041
Fate of the Magellanic Stream
We show that HI clouds in the Magellanic Clouds are stripped by the ram-pressure due to the halo and disk gases of the Galaxy. Molecular clouds are swept to the edge of the LMC, showing an eccentric distribution. The stripped HI clouds form a narrow band on the sky, and mimics the Magellanic Stream, when the LMC takes a polar orbit. We show that the Magellanic Stream will fall into the Galaxy, and will be finally accreted by the Galactic disk. The accretion may cause warping of the inner gas disk of the Galaxy. Some clouds are accreted by the nuclear disk, which could explain the peculiar distribution and kinematics in the central region. The stripping of the interstellar gas from the Magellanic Clouds will rapidly change their morphological type into dwarf ellipticals.
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11.058375
8.871428
1994-08-01
28
1994PASJ...46..431S
[ "Molecular clouds", "Galaxy", "the inner gas disk", "dwarf ellipticals", "the Magellanic Clouds", "the Magellanic Stream", "The stripped HI clouds", "kinematics", "warping", "the nuclear disk" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Halos", "H I Regions", "Hydrodynamic Ram Effect", "Interstellar Gas", "Magellanic Clouds", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Molecular Clouds", "Computerized Simulation", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Equations Of Motion", "Gravitation", "Astrophysics", "GALAXY", "HALO", "INTERSTELLAR GAS", "MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "MAGELLANIC STREAM", "RAM-PRESSURE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9403041" ]
[ "Sofue, Yoshiaki" ]
[ "Tokyo Univ., Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1156W", "1996ASPC..106..187D", "1996MNRAS.278..191G", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1998MNRAS.297.1015C", "1998Natur.394..752P", "1999ASPC..165..113P", "1999ASPC..166..292G", "1999PASJ...51..445S", "1999astro.ph..9080P", "2002ApJ...576..773S", "2002astro.ph..5327S", "2003MNRAS.345.1329M", "2004ASPC..327..234M", "2005ASPC..331...89M", "2005MNRAS.363..509M", "2006ApJ...652..354H", "2006MNRAS.371..643M", "2007A&A...461..155R", "2007PASJ...59..189S", "2009ApJ...691.1807R", "2009IAUS..256..178M", "2009NewA...14..692H", "2010ApJ...723.1618N", "2010IJTP...49.1004H", "2012Ap&SS.337...79V", "2015MNRAS.450.2812H", "2024ApJ...967...16L" ]
[ "1956ApJ...124...20S", "1973asqu.book.....A", "1974ApJ...190..291M", "1975PASJ...27..533M", "1976A&A....47..263F", "1976ApJ...203...72T", "1977A&A....61..199F", "1977ApJ...217L...5M", "1978ApJ...225..815B", "1979ApJ...229..514B", "1980PASJ...32..581M", "1983ApJ...265..210D", "1984IAUS..108..125M", "1985IAUS..106..387V", "1987ApJS...65...13B", "1988ApJ...331L..95C", "1989IAUS..136..213S", "1991PASJ...43L..57S", "1992PASJ...44L..23S", "1993A&A...273...79S", "1994ApJ...423..207S", "1994MNRAS.266..567G" ]
1934241
null
Evidence against dissipation-less dark matter from observations of galaxy haloes
THERE are two different types of missing (dark) matter: the unseen matter needed to explain the high rotation velocities of atomic hydrogen in the outer parts of spiral galaxies<SUP>1,2</SUP>, and the much larger amount of (non-baryonic) matter needed to prevent the universe from expanding forever<SUP>1</SUP> (producing either a `flat' or a `closed' Universe)<SUP>3</SUP>. Several models have been proposed to provide the dark matter required within galaxy haloes for a flat universe, of which cold dark matter (CDM) has proved the most successful at reproducing the observed large-scale structure of the Universe<SUP>4-6</SUP>. CDM belongs to a class of non-relativistic particles that interact primarily through gravity, and are named dissipationless because they cannot dissipate energy (baryonic particles can lose energy by emitting electromagnetic radiation). Here I show that the modelled small-scale properties of CDM<SUP>7-9</SUP> are fundamentally incompatible with recent observations<SUP>10-13</SUP> of dwarf galaxies, which are thought to be completely dominated by dark matter on scales larger than a kiloparsec. Thus, the hypothesis that dark matter is predominantly cold seems hard to sustain.
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10.239847
1.364358
1994-08-01
989
1994Natur.370..629M
[ "dark matter", "cold dark matter", "non-relativistic particles", "dwarf galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "galaxy haloes", "baryonic particles", "non-baryonic) matter", "scales", "CDM" ]
[ "None" ]
17
[ "10.1038/370629a0" ]
[ "Moore, Ben" ]
[ "-" ]
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[ "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1984MNRAS.209P..27W", "1984PhRvL..53.1700S", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...299...59C", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1985Natur.317..595F", "1986ApJ...300L...1C", "1986ApJ...301...27B", "1986Natur.322..329Q", "1987A&A...179...23A", "1987A&A...185...61S", "1987AJ.....93..816K", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989AJ.....98..166L", "1989ApJ...347..760C", "1990AJ.....99..547L", "1990AJ....100..648J", "1991ApJ...367L...9K", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1992ApJ...389L...9G", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992NuPhS..28..243S", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993MNRAS.261..827M", "1994MNRAS.266..360S" ]
1914218
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Power Spectrum, Correlation Function, and Tests for Luminosity Bias in the CfA Redshift Survey
We describe and apply a method for directly computing the power spectrum for the galaxy distribution in the extension of the Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey. Tests show that our technique accurately reproduces the true power spectrum for k &gt; 0.03 h Mpc^-1^. The dense sampling and large spatial coverage of this survey allow accurate measurement of the redshift-space power spectrum on scales from 5 to ~200 h^-1^ Mpc. The power spectrum has slope n ~ -2.1 on small scales (λ&lt;= 25 h^-1^ Mpc) and n ~ -1.1 on scales 30 &lt; λ &lt; 120 h^- 1^ Mpc. On larger scales the power spectrum flattens somewhat, but we do not detect a turnover. Comparison with N-body simulations of cosmological models shows that an unbiased, open universe CDM model ({OMEGA}h = 0.2) and a nonzero cosmological constant CDM model ({OMEGA}h = 0.24, λ_0_ = 0.6, b = 1.3) match the CfA power spectrum over the wavelength range we explore. The standard biased CDM model ({OMEGA}h = 0.5, b = 1.5) fails (99% significance level) because it has insufficient power on scales λ &gt; 30 h^-1^ Mpc. Biased CDM with a normalization that matches the CMB anisotropy [{OMEGA}h = 0.5, b = 1.4, σ_8_(mass) = 1] has too much power on small scales to match the observed galaxy power spectrum. This model with b = 1 matches both COBE and the small-scale power spectrum but has insufficient power on scales λ ~ 100 h^-1^ Mpc. We derive a formula for the effect of small-scale peculiar velocities on the power spectrum and combine this formula with the linear-regime amplification described by Kaiser to compute an estimate of the real- space power spectrum. Two tests reveal luminosity bias in the galaxy distribution: First, the amplitude of the power spectrum is ~40% larger for the brightest 50% of galaxies in volume-limited samples that have M_lim_ &gt; M^*^. This bias in the power spectrum is independent of scale, consistent with the peaks- bias paradigm for galaxy formation. Second, the distribution of local density around galaxies shows that regions of moderate and high density contain both very bright (M &lt; M^*^ = - 19.2 + 5 log h) and fainter galaxies, but that voids preferentially harbor fainter galaxies (~2 σ significance level).
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12.018866
2.771221
1994-08-01
282
1994ApJ...431..569P
[ "insufficient power", "small scales", "larger scales", "fainter galaxies", "scale", "scales", "galaxies", "galaxy formation", "cosmological models", "the observed galaxy power spectrum" ]
[ "Dark Matter", "Data Correlation", "Galactic Clusters", "Luminosity", "Power Spectra", "Red Shift", "Computerized Simulation", "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Many Body Problem", "Normal Density Functions", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
2
[ "10.1086/174508" ]
[ "Park, Changbom", "Vogeley, Michael S.", "Geller, Margaret J.", "Huchra, John P." ]
[ "Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea", "Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437L...1D", "1994VA.....38..419B", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...455..429T", "1995ApJS...99..391H", "1995MNRAS.275..515C", "1995MNRAS.276.1425E", "1995MNRAS.276L..45T", "1995MNRAS.276L..59B", "1995PThPh..94...11S", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1995astro.ph..4097A", "1996A&A...308..697S", "1996A&A...308L..33D", "1996A&A...312..353A", "1996AJ....112....1A", "1996AJ....112.1803M", "1996ASPC...94..157G", "1996ApJ...459..467S", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996ApJ...465...34V", "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996ApJ...468L...1S", "1996ApJ...469...26S", "1996ApJ...470..172S", "1996ApJ...471..617L", "1996ApJ...472..452B", "1996ApJ...472..485S", "1996IAUS..168..143H", "1996MNRAS.281..893C", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996MNRAS.282.1413B", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996NuPhS..51...30P", "1996PhRvD..54.4760A", "1996PhyA..226..195S", "1996PhyA..230..336S", "1996astro.ph.11116B", "1996astro.ph.12046B", "1997ApJ...475....1T", 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1914230
null
Near-Infrared Imaging of Low-Redshift Quasar Host Galaxies. II. High-Luminosity Quasars
We present H-band images of a complete sample of 26 high-luminosity quasars selected from the Bright Quasar Survey. We detect the quasar host galaxy in at least 23 of these objects. We compare these galaxies with host galaxies from a complementary sample of low-luminosity quasars and find the hosts of the high-luminosity quasars to be significantly brighter at H and possibly more massive. The average galaxy magnitude corresponds to a luminosity (and approximate mass) twice that of an L^*^ galaxy. The high-luminosity quasars are possibly more likely to have brighter interacting companions than their low-luminosity counterparts. These results are consistent with suggestions that the highest levels of activity in radio-quiet quasars require a large host galaxy or a close interaction with a massive galaxy and that some of these interactions result in mergers. We also present what we believe is the first published infrared image of the jet of 3C 273, and we compare this image to optical and radio images from the literature. The results are consistent with suggestions that the knots at the end of the jet are due to rapid energy loss where the jet is burrowing into the surrounding medium.
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15.068995
6.566632
1994-08-01
118
1994ApJ...431..137M
[ "host galaxies", "low-luminosity quasars", "rapid energy loss", "approximate mass", "a large host galaxy", "the quasar host galaxy", "suggestions", "radio-quiet quasars", "26 high-luminosity quasars", "The high-luminosity quasars" ]
[ "Brightness Distribution", "Galactic Nuclei", "Infrared Spectra", "Quasars", "Red Shift", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Photometry", "Computational Astrophysics", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Infrared Astronomy", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174473" ]
[ "McLeod, K. K.", "Rieke, G. H." ]
[ "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ", "University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1979S", "1995ApJ...441...96M", "1995ApJ...450..486B", "1995ApJ...454L..77M", "1995ApJ...455L.123N", "1996AJ....111..102S", "1996ApJ...457..557B", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996MNRAS.283..282R", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1997A&A...326...69N", "1997AJ....113..550H", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1997ApJ...479..642B", "1997ApJ...480L..95H", "1997ApJS..112..391H", "1997quho.conf...45M", "1998A&A...332..503K", "1998A&A...334...87W", "1998A&ARv...9....1C", "1998AN....319..257W", "1998ApJ...495..152L", "1998ApJ...505L..83L", "1998ApJS..116...29G", "1998MNRAS.296..961W", "1998MNRAS.298..121B", "1998PASP..110..374H", "1998egdg.conf..203W", "1999A&AS..134...89T", "1999A&AS..135...83M", "1999AJ....118...35N", "1999ASPC..162...15W", "1999ASPC..175..227L", "1999AdSpR..23..937L", "1999ApJ...511L..67M", "1999ApJ...512..140H", "1999ApJ...512..162S", "1999ApJ...513...76W", "1999ApJ...514L...9T", "1999ApJ...520...67K", "1999IAUS..186..311S", "1999IAUS..186..363S", "1999MNRAS.308..377M", "1999MNRAS.309..823P", "1999MNRAS.310..913W", "1999RvMA...12..231W", "2000A&A...354..453H", "2000A&A...362...75P", "2000A&A...364...70K", "2000AJ....120.1750C", "2000ASPC..195..365B", "2000ASPC..197..295S", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000ApJ...542..631K", "2000ApJ...544L..91N", "2000MNRAS.311..833C", "2000MNRAS.315..433C", "2000MNRAS.315..498S", "2000PhDT........21B", "2001A&A...371...97M", "2001AJ....122.2791S", "2001ApJ...546..782M", "2001ApJ...547..124F", "2001ApJ...555..719C", "2001ApJ...563..546C", "2001MNRAS.322..843P", "2001MNRAS.323..231W", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2001astro.ph..9138S", "2002ApJ...576...61H", "2002ApJS..143..315V", "2003A&A...404..883O", "2003A&A...405...31B", "2003A&A...406..435S", "2003ApJ...590..707M", "2003JKAS...36..159K", "2003MNRAS.340.1095D", "2003MNRAS.346..304J", "2003astro.ph..4384B", "2004Ap&SS.294...57F", "2004ApJ...604..495F", "2004ApJ...609...85S", "2004MNRAS.352..399J", "2004MNRAS.355..973S", "2004cbhg.symp..341D", "2004cbhg.sympE..16F", "2005A&A...429L..21S", "2005A&A...434..469F", "2005A&A...440..831K", "2005ApJ...621..146G", "2005ApJS..159..197E", "2006ApJ...648..910U", "2006ApJS..166...89G", "2006NewAR..50..748G", "2007A&A...462..525H", "2007AJ....134..294S", "2007ApJ...657..102D", "2007ApJ...660..167D", "2007ApJ...660.1039K", "2007ApJ...664..713S", "2008ApJ...678...22H", "2008ApJ...688..972C", "2008MNRAS.387.1237D", "2010A&A...519A.115H", "2010AJ....139.2097P", "2010ApJ...718..928M", "2010IAUS..267...55E", "2011ApJS..196....2S", "2011MNRAS.413.1495D", "2011RAA....11..419M", "2012ApJ...759....6E", "2012MNRAS.422..478R", "2013RMxAA..49..311T", "2015AJ....149..192C", "2015ApJ...800...93S", "2016MNRAS.455.1905H", "2017ApJ...835..257L", "2022Univ....8..304L" ]
[ "1977PhDT.........6A", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1106G", "1982ApJ...257...33S", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1983Natur.303..584H", "1984ApJ...278...11G", "1984ApJ...280...66M", "1984ApJ...280...98H", "1984ApJ...287..555M", "1984ApJS...54..495G", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1987AJ.....94.1461Y", "1987ApJ...320..122H", "1988ApJS...66..361H", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...342..660H", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1990A&A...236...69V", "1990agn..conf....1W", "1991A&A...252..458R", "1991MNRAS.252..558C", "1992AJ....104....1H", "1993ApJ...412...99R", "1993MNRAS.263..425M", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1993Natur.365..133T", "1993SPIE.1946..214R", "1994ApJ...420...58M" ]
1932736
null
Infrared signatures of the inner spiral arms and bar.
Star counts from the Two-Micron Galactic Survey are used to determine the nature of peaks for 350&gt; 1&gt; 150 in the Galactic plane in the 2- m surface-brightness maps. Low extinction by itself is demonstrated to be insufficient to explain the peaks. The peak at 1=330 is shown to have a different luminosity function from those at 1=210 and 270, the latter being almost certainly caused by very luminous, massive young stars. By far the most likely explanation is that they are associated with a star formation region at the near end of the bar. A simple model which includes the bar is proposed; this accurately predicts the form of the major features in the 2.2- m surface-brightness maps on the Galactic plane for 400&gt; 1&gt; 100 and - 100&gt;1&gt; 400. As a consequence, we find that the most probable position angle for the bar is 750+ 50 that the semimajor axis of the bar is 3.7-4 kpc, that there are few if any luminous stars in the 3-kpc ring, and that the width of the stellar population of the Scutum arm is 300 pc. Key words: stars: formation - Galaxy: stellar content - Galaxy: structure - infrared: stars.
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9.883583
7.216502
1994-08-01
74
1994MNRAS.269..753H
[ "Star", "stars", "Galactic", "stellar content", "peaks", "a star formation region", "Low extinction", "Galaxy", "Key words", "very luminous, massive young stars" ]
[ "None" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.3.753" ]
[ "Hammersley, P. L.", "Garzon, F.", "Mahoney, T.", "Calbet, X." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.273..206H", "1995MNRAS.276..301C", "1996ASSL..209..388G", "1996ASSL..209..530M", "1996ASSL..209..532C", "1996ApJ...457L..27C", "1996IAUS..169..133C", "1997A&A...326..597R", "1997ASSL..210...45K", "1997ApJ...491L..31G", "1997BaltA...6..183M", "1998A&A...330..136P", "1998A&A...332...71P", "1998A&AT...15....3E", "1998AJ....115..229M", "1998ASSL..230...31B", "1998ASSL..230...41U", "1998ASSL..230...63H", "1998ApJ...492..495F", "1998MNRAS.301..289L", "1998PASJ...50..597D", "1999AJ....118..381L", "1999ASPC..187...31G", "1999ApJS..125..257I", "1999MNRAS.308..333H", "1999MNRAS.310..982S", "2000A&A...360..111B", "2000MNRAS.313..392L", "2000MNRAS.317L..45H", "2001A&A...373..139L", "2001AJ....122..885S", "2001ASPC..231...81H", "2001ASPC..232..241H", "2002A&A...394..883L", "2003A&A...403..383C", "2003A&A...408..141P", "2004A&A...421..953L", "2004ASPC..317..109I", "2005A&A...433..173C", "2005MNRAS.358.1309B", "2006A&A...453..371C", "2006astro.ph.10113A", "2007A&A...464..565C", "2007A&A...465..825C", "2007AJ....133..154L", "2007RMxAC..29...63H", "2008A&A...479..131G", "2008A&A...491..781C", "2008IAUS..245..343M", "2009ApJ...707...89G", "2011ApJ...733...27G", "2012A&A...546A.107G", "2013A&A...559A..11A", "2013MNRAS.430..836N", "2014AN....335..865G", "2015MNRAS.450.4050W", "2016A&A...587A.140H", "2016ASSP...42...41G", "2016ApJ...824...13L", "2016PASA...33...25Z", "2017ApJ...842..104T", "2017MNRAS.471.3988C", "2018ApJ...860..120P", "2018MNRAS.479.3545B", "2019A&A...632A.121W", "2019BAAA...61..137Z", "2019MNRAS.489.5030F", "2020ApJ...901..109H", "2020MNRAS.498.4943B", "2021MNRAS.502.4377B", "2021MNRAS.503.2203C", "2023MNRAS.520.4779L", "2023MNRAS.524.3596D", "2024arXiv240518120H" ]
[ "1964IAUS...20..195D", "1975ApJ...195..617P", "1977A&A....58..325H", "1980A&AS...42..251N", "1980ApJ...239L..53C", "1981A&A...100..116H", "1981IAUS...96..247O", "1982AIPC...83...48M", "1987AIPC..155..157M", "1991ApJ...370..205B", "1991ApJ...378..131K", "1992ASSL..180..103W", "1992ApJ...384...81W", "1992ApJS...83..111W", "1993MNRAS.264..773G", "1993Natur.361..417B", "1993PhDT.......295C" ]
1914036
null
Ultraviolet Imaging of the AGN + Starburst Galaxy NGC 1068
Images of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 were obtained at two ultraviolet wavelengths by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT). These data represent the first detailed UV imagery of a composite (active galactic nucleus + starburst) disk galaxy. NGC 1068 contains multiple components at UV wavelengths: the central active galactic nucleus; a population of very luminous starburst knots; a bright oval inner disk; and a fainter, more circular halo. The most luminous knot, which is located ~750 pc from the nucleus at PA 315^deg^, is ~80 times the luminosity of 30 Doradus and gives NGC 1068 a "double nucleus" appearance in the UV. Significant extended emission is observed throughout the disk, unlike other disk galaxies so far observed in the UV. The radial brightness profile in both UV bandpasses generally follows an exponential decline to ~5 kpc. A faint halo extending to ~13 kpc is likely to be a galaxian-sized reflection nebula where ambient dust scatters the intense UV continuum from the inner galaxy. UV colors show a striking asymmetric morphology, which is correlated with the observed molecular CO emission.
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14.77067
8.204781
1994-08-01
37
1994ApJ...430..545N
[ "UV wavelengths", "UV colors", "other disk galaxies", "NGC", "~5 kpc", "Significant extended emission", "the first detailed UV imagery", "ambient dust", "the central active galactic nucleus", "starburst) disk galaxy" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Disk Galaxies", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Halos", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Starburst Galaxies", "Ultraviolet Emission", "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Luminosity", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Ultraviolet Telescopes", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1068", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174429" ]
[ "Neff, Susan G.", "Fanelli, Michael N.", "Roberts, Laura J.", "O'Connell, Robert W.", "Bohlin, Ralph", "Roberts, Morton S.", "Smith, Andrew M.", "Stecher, Theodore P." ]
[ "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...299..359N", "1995A&A...301...55O", "1995ApJ...452..549H", "1995MNRAS.277..845C", "1995Msngr..81...12G", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996ApJ...457..211S", "1996ApJ...458..136G", "1996ApJ...465..173P", "1996ApJ...468..191P", "1996ApJ...473L..21S", "1996NewA....1..271K", "1996VA.....40...35N", "1997AJ....114..575F", "1997Ap&SS.248..177B", "1997ApJ...476...98K", "1997ApJ...482..114H", "1997ApJ...488L..71C", "1997ApJS..111..143B", "1998A&A...338..863C", "1998AJ....116.1643W", "1998Ap&SS.260..389G", "1998ApJ...493..650M", "1999A&A...350....9O", "1999AJ....118.2280C", "1999ApJ...526..130G", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "2000ApJ...532..247C", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001ApJ...559..157O", "2001ApJS..132..129M", "2002ApJ...574...95S", "2003ApJ...598..827P", "2003MNRAS.339..772R", "2016MNRAS.460.2360R", "2018MNRAS.480..119A", "2024A&A...683A.225S" ]
[ "1961hag..book.....S", "1968AJ.....73..846H", "1968ApJ...151...71W", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1980ApJ...240..429W", "1980ApJ...241..965J", "1982ApJ...255L..99S", "1982ApJ...263..576W", "1982ESASP.176..551S", "1983ApJ...270..443S", "1984ApJ...282..427T", "1985AJ.....90..441S", "1985ApJ...291...72W", "1985ApJ...297..607W", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1987ApJ...312L..39M", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1987PASJ...39..411I", "1988ApJ...328..519P", "1988ApJ...334..573T", "1990MNRAS.243P...1E", "1990MNRAS.243P...5S", "1991ApJ...369..364P", "1991ApJ...369L..27E", "1991ApJ...369L..31L", "1991ApJ...375...78B", "1991ApJ...375..583S", "1991ApJ...377L..25H", "1991ApJ...379..596B", "1992ApJ...387L..29M", "1992ApJ...391L..81S", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...395L..37H", "1992Msngr..68...12M", "1992PASJ...44..341K", "1993ApJ...404..563P", "1993ApJS...86....5K" ]
1912699
null
Variable Stars in the Leo A Dwarf Galaxy (DDO 69)
Observations of the Leo A dwarf galaxy, obtained over the period from 1980 to 1991 are reported. Forty two separate CCD frames were searched for variable stars. A total of 14 suspected variables were found, 9 had sufficient coverage for period determination, and 5 had Cepheid light curves. Four of these stars fit well on a P-L relation and yield a distance modulus, after correction for Galactic foreground extinction, of m - M = 26.74. This corresponds to a distance of 2.2 Mpc, placing Leo A near the Local Group zero-velocity surface.
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10.388857
8.026513
1994-08-01
37
1994AJ....108..645H
[ "Leo A", "Galactic foreground extinction", "period determination", "variable stars", "Cepheid light curves", "sufficient coverage", "the Leo A dwarf galaxy", "Galactic", "correction", "m" ]
[ "Cepheid Variables", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Dwarf Stars", "Giant Stars", "Variable Stars", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Astronomical Photometry", "Stellar Magnitude", "Stellar Mass", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: DDO 69", "STARS: VARIABLES: OTHER" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117099" ]
[ "Hoessel, John G.", "Saha, A.", "Krist, John", "Danielson, G. Edward" ]
[ "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, US", "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1994PASP..106.1225G", "1995AJ....109..579T", "1995AJ....110.1640T", "1995IAUS..164..175S", "1996AJ....111..197S", "1996AJ....111.1106W", "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996ApJ...462..203Y", "1996ApJ...462..684T", "1997ApJ...474..205S", "1997JKAS...30...27L", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998A&A...334...45H", "1998AJ....115..573H", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998AJ....116.1679H", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...507..655F", "1999AN....320...21L", "1999Ap&SS.267..193S", "2000A&A...354..874P", "2000AJ....119..177A", "2001A&A...374..412P", "2002A&A...383..398P", "2002A&A...390..863S", "2002AJ....123.3154D", "2002AJ....124..839S", "2002ApJS..143..419S", "2003AJ....125..146L", "2004AJ....127.2322T", "2006ApJ...637..269V", "2007ApJ...655..814F", "2010AstL...36..167T", "2012A&A...540A.102F", "2013MNRAS.432.3047B", "2022Univ....8..191M", "2024A&A...682A...1R" ]
[ "1959PDDO....2..147V", "1968ApJ...151..531S", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1981AJ.....86..185J", "1981SPIE..290...16G", "1982MNRAS.199...67E", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983PASP...95..336H", "1984AJ.....89.1160D", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986AJ.....91..496S", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1987ARA&A..25..345F", "1987OptEn..26..779G", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1990AJ.....99...97S", "1990ApJ...365..186F", "1991PASP..103..933M", "1992AJ....104.1072S" ]
1912657
null
The Montreal Blue Galaxy Survey. II. Second List of UV-Bright Candidates
We present and discuss the second list of the Montreal Blue Galaxy survey. Following the inspection of 71 plates, we found 237 new candidates with B &lt; 15.5. 73 percent of them are also detected by IRAS. Spectrophotometry was carried out, at medium resolution, for a subset of 40 objects leading to the identification of three new AGNs and producing 13 new radial velocities. Spectral classification of our candidates confirms our previous finding !hat the majority of our candidates are starburst nucleus galaxies similar to the objects studied by Balzano [ApJ, 268, 602(1983)]. Our survey is biased against the high excitation starburst H II galaxies and the LINER galaxies. Metallicities of our galaxies are found to be from log (O/H) = 8.4 to 9.0, which suggests galaxies in advanced stages of chemical evolution.
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12.815177
7.199979
1994-08-01
36
1994AJ....108..405C
[ "starburst nucleus galaxies", "galaxies", "the high excitation starburst H II galaxies", "Montreal Blue Galaxy", "medium resolution", "advanced stages", "Spectral classification", "chemical evolution", "237 new candidates", "the Montreal Blue Galaxy survey" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "H Ii Regions", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Starburst Galaxies", "Ultraviolet Emission", "Emission Spectra", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Red Shift", "Spectral Line Width", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Tables (Data)", "Astronomy", "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117079" ]
[ "Coziol, Roger", "Demers, Serge", "Pena, Miriam", "Barneoud, Remi" ]
[ "Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo, Mexico", "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo, Mexico" ]
[ "1995ApL&C..31...41C", "1995MNRAS.276.1224B", "1995MNRAS.276.1245C", "1996A&A...309..345C", "1996A&AS..116...43P", "1996ApJ...463L...5R", "1996ApJ...468..139S", "1997A&A...323..363M", "1997AJ....113.1548C", "1997ApJ...481L..67C", "1998A&A...333...48P", "1998A&AS..130..285C", "1998A&AS..131..295U", "1998A&AS..133..171S", "1998Ap.....41...89C", "1998ApJ...506..545C", "1998ApJS..119..239C", "1998astro.ph..7136C", "1999A&A...345..733C", "1999A&A...347..112V", "1999PASP..111.1398M", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000A&AS..142..417H", "2000AJ....119..241L", "2000NewAR..44..269C", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2001MNRAS.325.1081C", "2002PNAOJ...6..107M", "2003PNAOJ...7...37M", "2006PNAOJ...9....1M", "2008A&A...488..523H", "2008MNRAS.384..541L", "2009PhDT.......265H", "2014IAUS..304....1M", "2015ApJ...814...11T", "2016ASPC..505....3M" ]
[ "1972ApJ...173....7S", "1972ApJ...173...25S", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1979ApJ...232..352S", "1979MNRAS.189...95P", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1980ApJ...238..685G", "1982ApJS...50..517S", "1983ApJ...268..602B", "1983ApJS...52..229K", "1983MNRAS.204..347S", "1984MNRAS.206..241B", "1984MNRAS.210..701P", "1985ApJ...291..117L", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1986AJ.....92..878D", "1986ApJ...307..431D", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1986MNRAS.223..811C", "1987ApJ...316..145S", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&AS...73..335J", "1988MNRAS.235..633V", "1989AJ.....97.1022K", "1989Ap&SS.156..141M", "1989ApJ...345..176L", "1989ApJ...345..186T", "1989ApJS...70..447S", "1989ApJS...71..433P", "1989ifss.book.....M", "1990AJ.....99.1722K", "1990ApJ...360..474V", "1990PASA....8..246M", "1991A&A...251..417P", "1991A&AS...91..285T", "1991AJ....101.2034M", "1991ApJ...371...82S", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1991MNRAS.253..245D", "1992A&AS...94..553K", "1992ApJ...386...68M", "1993AJ....105...35C", "1993MNRAS.261..170C", "1994ApJ...420..576M" ]
1932796
null
H I aperture synthesis of the southern barred spiral NGC 1313.
Aperture synthesis maps have been made of the late-type barred spiral NGC 1313 in the continuum at 1.4 GHz and in the atomic hydrogen line with resolutions of 1 kpc and 16 km s^-1^. Analysis of the hydrogen distribution and the velocity field indicates that, in addition to the normal emission from a galaxy of this type, there is a tidal interaction in progress between NGC 1313 and a nearby disrupted satellite galaxy. The interaction has resulted in a loop of hydrogen that may have been pulled out of the plane of NGC 1313. The rest of the velocity field can be interpreted in terms of pure circular rotation, and a rotation curve is derived. At the limit of the rotation data, the dark halo contributes about 85 per cent of the enclosed mass. Half of the continuum emission corresponds to the bar and spiral arms of the galaxy, while the rest is due to a compact object with an unusual (positive) spectral index. A recent analysis of archival optical and X-ray data has led Ryder et al. to identify this compact object as a very unusual Type II supernova (SN 1978K).
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11.451021
7.885264
1994-08-01
23
1994MNRAS.269.1025P
[ "pure circular rotation", "hydrogen", "spiral arms", "Ryder et al", "NGC", "Aperture synthesis maps", "archival optical and X-ray data", "Analysis", "a nearby disrupted satellite galaxy", "the atomic hydrogen line" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.4.1025" ]
[ "Peters, W. L.", "Freeman, K. C.", "Forster, J. R.", "Manchester, R. N.", "Ables, J. G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&AS..114..147B", "1995AJ....109.1592R", "1995ApJ...446..177C", "1996ApJ...465..595S", "1997MNRAS.288..726W", "1999AJ....118.2689S", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "2000AJ....120.2373S", "2000ApJ...535L..91I", "2008A&A...486..151G", "2011AJ....141..125A", "2012MNRAS.423..213S", "2013A&A...554A...8S", "2016AstL...42..428T", "2017ApJ...841...92R", "2017MNRAS.466..749M", "2019ApJ...870...59S", "2019ApJ...872...16D", "2021ApJ...909..121M", "2021MNRAS.507.5542M", "2022AJ....164...89H", "2024ApJ...964...12F", "2024ApJ...964...13F" ]
[ "1960ZA.....50..168S", "1963ApJ...137..720D", "1974ApJ...190..291M", "1975Obs....95..176M", "1975crmb.book.....H", "1979AJ.....84..472S", "1979Ap&SS..62..211S", "1982A&A...105...76M", "1982A&AS...50..451R", "1982AuJPh..35..321H", "1983A&AS...51..353M", "1985ApJ...294..494C", "1987MNRAS.226..157A", "1987MNRAS.227..887H", "1991AJ....102..904C", "1993ApJ...416..167R" ]
1912686
null
A Comparison of the Richness of Clusters and Groups of Galaxies
Measurements of the richness of a sample of groups and Abell clusters are presented using the correlation coefficients of the spatial two point correlation function as the measure of richness. The groups are found to form a continuous sequence in richness with the Abell clusters, with the Abell clusters being generally richer than the groups, though with considerable overlap. On the basis of these richness measurements, as well as other less well known properties of groups such as x-ray luminosity, groups are concluded to be a lower richness extension of rich galaxy clusters.
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12.472952
4.831652
1994-08-01
20
1994AJ....108..361A
[ "groups", "Abell clusters", "rich galaxy clusters", "richness", "x-ray luminosity", "Abell", "Measurements", "a lower richness extension", "considerable overlap", "the Abell clusters" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Radio Galaxies", "Statistical Correlation", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Cluster Analysis", "Correlation Coefficients", "Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117074" ]
[ "Andersen, Victor", "Owen, Frazer N." ]
[ "New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Tech., Socorro, NM, US", "New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Tech., Socorro, NM, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1582A", "1995AJ....110...46D", "1997A&A...320...13H", "1997AJ....113..905P", "1998ApJ...496...93D", "1998MNRAS.301..881E", "1999AJ....117.1985Y", "1999AJ....118.1988M", "2000AJ....120.2269P", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2000MNRAS.316..267W", "2000MNRAS.317..720B", "2001MNRAS.321..515M", "2002ApJ...567..716R", "2003ApJ...585..215Y", "2003MNRAS.343....1B", "2003astro.ph..8137R", "2004MNRAS.348..551G", "2006ApJ...645..955B", "2007ApJ...659.1096Z" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1971phco.book.....P", "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1975ApJ...199..545M", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...211..309A", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977MNRAS.181..323G", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1978ApJ...226..591W", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1984A&A...133..192H", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1986ApJ...310...53G", "1987AJ.....94..587B", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1989AJ.....98...64Z", "1989MNRAS.236..959P", "1991AJ....101.1207G", "1991AJ....102...14P", "1992PhDT.......110A", "1993ApJ...407..489W" ]
1932671
null
Mid-infrared spectroscopy of the reflection nebulae NGC 2023 and 1333.
Spectra at 8-13 m of several locations within the reflection nebulae NGC 2023 and 1333 are presented. The spectra are dominated by the well-known 11.25- and 8.6- m narrow emission features, together with the long-wavelength wing of the 7.7- m band; the weaker feature at 12.7 m may also be present. The relative intensities of the narrow emission features are similar in the two reflection nebulae, and there is no evidence of emission from other dust species such as silicates or silicon carbide grains. it appears that small silicate grains either are not abundant or are not efficiently excited. The relative intensities of the narrow emission features in the reflection nebulae are similar to those measured in H II region galaxy nuclei, providing further evidence that the mid-infrared emission from these galaxies arises in diffuse regions excited by photons escaping from the nuclear H II regions. Key words: dust, extinction - iSM: individual: NGC 1333 - iSM: individual: NGC 2033 - reflection nebulae - infrared: iSM: lines and bands.
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12.227626
10.380035
1994-08-01
9
1994MNRAS.269..649R
[ "H II region galaxy nuclei", "emission", "small silicate grains", "other dust species", "silicon carbide grains", "H II", "diffuse regions", "8.6- m narrow emission features", "further evidence", "the narrow emission features" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/269.3.649" ]
[ "Roche, P. F.", "Aitken, D. K.", "Smith, C. H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...311..968M", "1996A&A...315..222P", "1996ApJ...460L.119J", "1996ApJ...464..810G", "1996ApJS..102..369S", "1998A&A...333..280F", "1999ApJ...516L..41H", "2012ApJS..201...11K", "2022MNRAS.510.4888K" ]
[ "1968AJ.....73..233R", "1974ApJ...191..111S", "1976AJ.....81..314S", "1977ApJ...217..425M", "1979A&A....76...60A", "1982MNRAS.200..217A", "1983MNRAS.202.1233A", "1984A&A...137L...5L", "1984ApJ...277..623S", "1984ApJ...278..156H", "1985ApJ...290L..25A", "1985ApJ...299..416S", "1985ApJS...57..587D", "1985MNRAS.213..777A", "1986A&A...159..328D", "1987ApJ...318L..73G", "1988ApJ...325..837W", "1989ApJ...341..808M", "1989ApJ...345..230G", "1989ApJ...347L..25W", "1989MNRAS.236..485R", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ApJ...359..384S", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1992ApJ...400..238S" ]
20395590
null
The population I core of the Galaxy.
We demonstrate the presence of a cluster of hot, population I stars at the very center of the Galaxy, using the depth of the first overtone band of CO and the presence of emission in He I 2.058 microns and (Fe II) 1.644 microns to identify stars. The cluster is very compact and comprises at least several hundred stars. They lie close to the nonthermal radio source Sgr A* and dominate the luminosity and mass loss of the Galactic core. Their presence suggests that a starburst occurred at the Galactic center.
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8.833457
6.570458
1994-08-01
2
1994PASA...11..191A
[ "Sgr A", "mass loss", "Galactic", "stars", "emission", "population", "first", "CO", "Galaxy", "the nonthermal radio source" ]
[ "Galactic Nuclei", "Galactic Structure", "Radio Sources (Astronomy)", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Mass", "Carbon Monoxide", "Emission Spectra", "Helium", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Radio Astronomy", "Astronomy" ]
0
[ "10.1017/S1323358000019883" ]
[ "Allen, David", "Burton, Michael" ]
[ "Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, Australia", "Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, Australia" ]
[ "1995ASPC...73..465B", "2003NewA....8..605S" ]
[ "1970MmRAS..73..153W", "1990ApJ...359..112S", "1990MNRAS.244..706A", "1991ApJ...382L..19K", "1991MmSAI..62..755M", "1992PASA...10...55B", "1992PASAu..10...55B", "1993ApJ...408..496M", "1993PASAu..10..298A" ]
11569660
astro-ph/9312017
Large-Angle Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies in an Open Universe
If the Universe is open, scales larger than the curvature scale may be probed by large-angle fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We consider primordial adiabatic perturbations and discuss power spectra that are power laws in volume, wavelength, and eigenvalue of the Laplace operator. The resulting large-angle anisotropies of the CMB are computed. The amplitude generally increases as $\Omega$ is decreased, but decreases as $h$ is increased. Interestingly enough, for all three ansatzes, anisotropies on angular scales larger than the curvature scale are suppressed relative to the anisotropies on scales smaller than the curvature scale. Models with $0.2&lt;\Omega h&lt;0.3$ appear compatible with CMB fluctuations detected by COBE and Tenerife and with the amplitude and spectrum of fluctuations of galaxy counts in galaxy surveys. COBE normalization for these models yields $\sigma_8\simeq 0.5-0.7$. Models with smaller values of $\Omega h$ when normalized to COBE require bias factors in excess of 2 to be compatible with the observed galaxy counts on the $8/h$ Mpc scale. Requiring that the age of the universe exceed 10 Gyr implies that $\Omega&gt;0.25$, while requiring that the age exceed 13 Gyr implies that $\Omega&gt;0.35$. Unlike in the flat-Universe case where the anisotropy comes only from the last-scattering term in the Sachs-Wolfe formula, large-angle anisotropies come primarily from the decay of potential fluctuations at $z&lt;1/\Omega$. Thus, if the Universe is open, COBE has been detecting fluctuations produced at moderate redshift rather than at $z\sim 1300$.
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12.214422
0.894632
1994-09-01
87
1994ApJ...432....7K
[ "CMB fluctuations", "h$ Mpc scale", "potential fluctuations", "fluctuations", "anisotropies", "power laws", "galaxy counts", "angular scales", "power spectra", "primordial adiabatic perturbations" ]
[ "Anisotropy", "Astronomical Models", "Background Radiation", "Big Bang Cosmology", "Mathematical Models", "Microwaves", "Relic Radiation", "Universe", "Adiabatic Conditions", "Correlation", "Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite", "Multipoles", "Power Spectra", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174543", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9312017" ]
[ "Kamionkowski, Marc", "Spergel, David N." ]
[ "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...432L...5R", "1994ApJ...434L...1K", "1994ApJ...435L..87S", "1994ApJ...436..423B", "1994ApJ...436..443W", "1995ApJ...441..458T", "1995ApJ...453..545K", "1995ApJ...455..412Y", "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1995NCimB.110..967W", "1995NYASA.759..701L", "1995NYASA.759..714S", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995PhRvD..51.2599H", "1995PhRvD..51.4099P", "1995PhRvD..52.1837R", "1995PhRvD..52.3248S", "1995PhRvD..52.3276Z", "1995PhRvD..52.3338L", "1995PhRvD..52.6750G", "1995PhRvL..74.3522F", "1996AnPhy.246...49K", "1996ApJ...459..415W", "1996ApJ...460..549S", "1996ApJ...463...15T", "1996ApJ...465..499G", "1996AstL...22..217B", "1996MNRAS.278..644L", "1996MNRAS.279.1095C", "1996PhR...267..195J", "1996PhRvD..53.2920P", "1996PhRvD..54.1332J", "1996PhRvD..54.4169K", "1996PhRvD..54.7138B", "1996PhRvL..76.1007J", "1997ApJ...491L..67S", "1997PNAS...94.6579S", "1997PhRvD..56.4511K", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998CQGra..15.2657C", "1998MNRAS.301..797H", "1998NCimB.113..947F", "1998PNAS...95...82C", "1998PhRvD..57.5982C", "1998PhRvD..58h7301U", "1998astro.ph..1212C", "1998aums.conf...82C", "1999ARNPS..49...77K", "1999ApJ...524..497A", "1999InvPr..15.1393B", "1999PhRvD..60d3504S", "1999PhRvL..82.4172K", "2000AnPhy.282..321G", "2000ApJ...533....1A", "2000MNRAS.312..724M", "2000NewA....5..109F", "2000PhRvD..62l3513B", "2002ApJ...578..665K", "2002CQGra..19.4683L", "2002PhRvD..65d3002E", "2002astro.ph..8413A", "2002sbm..confETF04K", "2003NewA....8..231C", "2003NuPhS.117..335K", "2003PhRvL..91v1302K", "2007JCAP...08..011C", "2007MNRAS.377.1085R", "2007PhRvD..76l3010Z", "2008A&A...485..395D", "2008PhRvD..77b3525K", "2008RPPh...71f6902A", "2009arXiv0902.1759R", "2011A&A...534A..51D", "2012arXiv1207.6217M", "2013MNRAS.428.2628M", "2013MNRAS.431.2433M", "2014A&A...571A..19P", "2014MNRAS.438..412W", "2015PhRvD..91d3510A", "2016JCAP...06..013D", "2016MNRAS.459..657B", "2017PhRvD..95j3516P", "2018JCAP...04..002J", "2018JCAP...04..017D", "2019ApJS..242....2C", "2021APh...13102607D", "2022JHEAp..34...49A" ]
[ "1970ApJ...162..815P", "1970PhRvD...1.2726H", "1972MNRAS.160P...1Z", "1978SvA....22..125G", "1980PhRvD..22.1882B", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982Natur.295..304G", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...273....2W", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1985SvAL...11..271K", "1986ApJ...308..546A", "1987ApJ...315L..73P", "1987ApJ...321...28B", "1987Natur.327..210P", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1990NuPhB.340..366C", "1990PhLB..252..336L", "1991PThPh..85.1023G", "1991PhRvD..44.3737T", "1992ASIC..366...17W", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.258..605D", "1992Natur.357..660W", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992PhLB..291..391L", "1992PhR...215..203M", "1992PhRvL..69.1856D", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...412L...5S", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993NYASA.688..836W", "1994ApJ...426L..57K", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994PhRvL..72...13B" ]
11573253
astro-ph/9404059
Alignment and morphology of elliptical galaxies : the influence of the cluster tidal field.
We investigate two possible effects of the tidal field induced by a spherical cluster on its elliptical galaxy members: the modification of the ellipticity of a spherical galaxy and the isophotal alignment in the cluster radial direction of a misaligned prolate galaxy. Numerical N-body simulations have been performed for radial and circular galactic orbits. The properties of the stars zero-velocity surfaces in the perturbed galaxy are explored briefly, and the adiabaticity of the galaxy to the external field is discussed. For a choice of parameters characteristic of rich clusters, we find that the induced ellipticity on a spherical galaxy is below or close to the detectability level. But we find that the tidal torque can result in significant isophotal alignment of the galaxy's major axis with the cluster radial direction if the galaxy is outside the cluster core radius. The time required for the alignment is very short compared with the Hubble time. A significant increase in the ellipticity of the outer isophotes of the prolate model is also found, but with no observable isophotal twisting. Our main prediction is an alignment segregation of the elliptical galaxy population according to whether their orbits lie mostly outside or inside the cluster core radius. These results also suggest that galactic alignment in rich clusters is not incompatible with a bottom-up galaxy formation scenario.
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11.765308
4.97936
1994-09-01
44
1994MNRAS.270..390C
[ "significant isophotal alignment", "rich clusters", "galactic alignment", "the elliptical galaxy population", "its elliptical galaxy members", "a spherical galaxy", "the cluster radial direction", "a misaligned prolate galaxy", "the perturbed galaxy", "a spherical cluster" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.2.390", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9404059" ]
[ "Ciotti, L.", "Dutta, S. N." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.278...87C", "1997CeMDA..68..313C", "1997MNRAS.292..148S", "1998AJ....116.1094C", "1999AJ....118...46C", "2000A&A...361...53F", "2000ApJ...545..561C", "2003MSAIS...1..186M", "2004A&A...421..583M", "2007ApJ...660L..97T", "2007ApJ...662L..71F", "2007ApJ...671.1135K", "2008ApJ...672..825P", "2008ApJ...675..146F", "2008MNRAS.385.1511W", "2008MNRAS.386L..52K", "2009ApJ...695.1446E", "2009EAS....36..147D", "2010ApJ...720.1483H", "2010MNRAS.402.2127S", "2010MNRAS.405..274H", "2010MNRAS.405.2023N", "2011ApJ...740...39H", "2011JCAP...05..010B", "2012MNRAS.424.1647K", "2013JCAP...12..029C", "2014MNRAS.445..726C", "2015A&A...575A.113C", "2015MNRAS.451.2536R", "2015MNRAS.452.4094D", "2015MNRAS.453.1577R", "2016ApJS..225...11Y", "2016MNRAS.463..222H", "2018MNRAS.474.4772H", "2018MNRAS.478..711M", "2018PASJ...70...41T", "2019ApJ...883...56R", "2019JCAP...02..005P", "2019MNRAS.484.4325W", "2021ApJ...909...34M", "2022MNRAS.514.1077R", "2023MNRAS.521.5483R", "2024ApJ...961...46S", "2024arXiv240502398R" ]
[ "1972ApJ...174L.123K", "1974A&A....37..183A", "1975AJ.....80..477H", "1976ApJ...209...22T", "1978mmcm.book.....A", "1979MNRAS.186...69M", "1979MNRAS.186..743M", "1980ApJ...238..445A", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987gady.book.....B", "1987nngp.proc..227D", "1989A&AS...79..291F", "1990MNRAS.242..146F", "1990MNRAS.243..629R", "1991AJ....101.1561P", "1992AJ....104..935T", "1992MNRAS.258..404L", "1993ApJ...408...57V" ]
1915455
null
Spectrophotometric Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies. I. Ultraviolet Excess and Color-Magnitude-Redshift Relations
We present new chemical-spectrophotometric models of population synthesis to predict the spectral evolution of galaxies, in which stars span wide ranges of ages and chemical compositions. The library of stellar models assembled here supersedes other existing libraries for the number of tracks and the coverage of stellar phases and chemical parameters. All evolutionary phases, from the main sequence until the white dwarf or C-ignition stage, as appropriate for the star mass, are included. The range of metallicity and helium content goes from Z = 0.0004 and Y = 0.230 to Z = 0.1 and Y = 0.475. Six combinations of Z and Y are considered, however, scaled according to the law {DELTA}Y/{DELTA}Z = 2.5. The inclusion of stellar models of both low and high metallicity allows us to follow in a great detail the evolution of spectral properties as function of the chemical enrichment and age. The library of stellar spectra stands on the most recent release of the Kurucz library, however, implemented at the low effective temperatures by means of observed spectra for stars of the latest spectral types. The population synthesis technique stems from the calculation of accurate isochrones in the color-magnitude diagram. Detailed results and useful calibrations are presented for single stellar populations aimed at providing, first, the building blocks of galaxy models and, second, the basic tools for studies of star clusters. The chemical-spectrophotometric model presented here is particularly designed for elliptical galaxies. It includes the presence of dark matter and galactic winds triggered by supernova explosion and energy injection by stellar winds from massive stars and allows for different laws of star formation. This model naturally follows the gradual enrichment in metallicity as a function of time both for the gas and the stars, thus providing the distribution in metallicity among the various stellar populations of a galaxy. The chemical model is the entry point for the model of spectral synthesis both for the detailed spectra and the broadband colors of the Johnson system. The results are used to study the color-magnitude relation for nearby galaxies and the origin of the UV excess in elliptical galaxies together with its dependence on metallicity and Mg_2_ index. We confirm and extend previous predictions that the main sources of the UV excess are the old, hot horizontal-branch (HB) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) manque stars of high metallicity present in varying percentages in the stellar content of a galaxy. Since in our model the mean and maximum metallicity are ultimately driven by the mass of the galaxy, this provides a natural explanation for the observed correlation between UV excess and metallicity. We seek to disentangle the effects of metallicity and age on the global properties of a galaxy and address the question whether the prototype galaxy M 32 suffered from a recent episode of star formation. With the aid of the new calibrations for the magnitudes and colors of single stellar populations in particular stages of evolution and the new chemical-spectrophotometric model, we find that spectrum, turnoff color, integrated colors, brightest red giant branch (RGB) and AGB stars are all compatible with the notion that M 32 is an old system that underwent a prominent initial episode of star formation followed by later activity at about 5 X 10^9^ yr ago. Finally, we examine the photometric evolution of the models as a function of the redshift, and, in particular, we address the question whether there are prominent features of the evolving spectra of galaxies that might be used as age probes. We suggest that the color (1550 - V) measuring the intensity of the UV emission of a galaxy is a good age indicator. Specifically, this color suffers from a sudden variation from red to blue at the onset of the hot HB and AGB manque stages of the old, metal-rich stars, most likely present in massive galaxies. In the framework of the stellar models in use, this transition occurs at about 7.6 X 10^9^ yr. Equivalently, it is expected to be observed at redshifts perhaps accessible to present-day instrumentation. The detection of this feature at a certain redshift would impose firm constraints on the underlying cosmological model of the universe. Finally, we present the preliminary comparison of the magnitudes and colors as a function of the redshift, with the observational ones limited to a sample of radio galaxies. The implications of the present models for the study of galaxy evolution are shortly summarized in the concluding remarks.
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9.736978
8.96327
1994-09-01
424
1994ApJS...94...63B
[ "galaxy models", "stellar models", "galaxy evolution", "elliptical galaxies", "massive galaxies", "galaxies", "single stellar populations", "nearby galaxies", "AGB stars", "radio galaxies" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Stellar Composition", "Stellar Evolution", "Stellar Models", "Stellar Spectra", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Ultraviolet Emission", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Cosmology", "Metallicity", "Red Shift", "Spectral Energy Distribution", "Star Formation Rate", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Magnitude", "Stellar Winds", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
4
[ "10.1086/192073" ]
[ "Bressan, Alessandro", "Chiosi, Cesare", "Fagotto, Franco" ]
[ "Padua Astronomical Observatory, Padova, Italy", "Padua Astronomical Observatory, Padova, Italy", "Padua Univ., Padova, Italy" ]
[ "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994MNRAS.271..385C", "1995A&A...298...87G", "1995A&A...304...11M", "1995ApJ...438..680B", "1995ApJ...453L..69Y", "1995ApJ...454..623K", "1995MNRAS.272..391F", "1996A&A...305..849C", "1996A&A...310..115B", "1996A&A...310..771N", "1996A&A...311..361T", "1996A&A...311..425B", "1996A&A...313..545M", "1996A&A...313..873A", "1996A&A...315...40S", "1996A&A...316..123L", "1996A&AS..117..113G", "1996AJ....111.2238P", "1996AJ....112..948W", "1996AJ....112.1975G", "1996ASPC...98...14B", "1996ASPC...98...33S", "1996ASPC...98...36T", "1996ASPC...98...42T", "1996ASPC...98..111D", "1996ASPC...98..181C", "1996ASPC...98..193C", "1996ApJ...456..798G", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460L..89B", "1996ApJ...468..167G", "1996ApJ...471..694A", "1996ApJ...472..327B", "1996ApJS..106..307V", "1996IAUS..171...37D", "1996IAUS..171...75C", "1996IAUS..171...81C", "1996IAUS..175..588V", "1996MNRAS.278..829G", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", 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[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1970AcA....20...47P", "1970AcA....20..287P", "1971ApJ...170..241M", "1972ApJ...178..159C", "1972VilOB..35....3S", "1972gcpa.book.....W", "1974MNRAS.166..585L", "1975MSRSL...8..369R", "1975VA.....19..299L", "1977A&A....56..369R", "1977AJ.....82..941F", "1977asse.conf..151R", "1977egsp.conf..157F", "1977epsm.book.....R", "1978A&AS...34..229B", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1979ApJ...228...95C", "1979ApJS...40....1K", "1979PASJ...31..181S", "1979PASJ...31..193S", "1980A&A....83..206C", "1980A&A....91..122M", "1980ApJ...235..126R", "1980ApJ...239..803S", "1980ApJ...241...41T", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981A&A....94..175R", "1981A&A...102...25B", "1981A&AS...46...79V", "1981ASSL...89..319R", "1981AnPh....6...87R", "1982ASIC...90..371T", "1982ApJ...254..494B", "1983A&A...118..217G", "1983ARA&A..21..271I", "1983ApJ...266..105P", "1983ApJ...272..708S", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1983MmSAI..54..739R", "1984ApJ...281..512D", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1985ADNDT..32..197C", "1985ApJ...296..197M", "1985ApJ...299..211E", "1985ApJ...299..593W", "1986A&A...154..279M", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986A&AS...66..191B", "1986ARA&A..24..329C", "1986ASSL..122..195R", "1986ApJ...306..390V", "1986ApJ...307..415S", "1986ApJ...307..659W", "1986PASP...98..525F", "1986stpo.meet..167O", "1986stpo.meet..213R", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...173..293K", "1987A&A...175...15R", "1987A&A...182..243M", "1987A&A...185...51M", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987A&A...186...49B", "1987A&A...188...13Y", "1987A&A...188...74W", "1987ApJ...316...70E", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1987ApJS...65...95S", "1987ryil.book.....G", "1988A&A...192...98B", "1988A&A...196...84C", "1988A&AS...72..259D", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988A&AS...76..411M", "1988ADNDT..40..283C", "1988ARA&A..26..199R", "1988ApJ...328..440B", "1988ApJ...328..632B", "1988ApJ...328..641B", "1988ApJ...328..653B", "1988ApJ...328..671B", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988PASP..100.1134B", "1989A&A...210...93L", "1989A&A...210..155M", "1989A&AS...77....1B", "1989AJ.....98.1285F", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...71...47C", "1989ApJS...71..817B", "1989MNRAS.236...47R", "1989MNRAS.238.1171D", "1989MNRAS.240..257D", "1989epg..conf..201P", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990A&A...228...23B", "1990A&A...234...53A", "1990A&AS...84..139M", "1990A&AS...85..845B", "1990ARA&A..28..103W", "1990ApJ...349..458B", "1990ApJ...357..453T", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990ApJ...364...35G", "1990ApJ...364..527S", "1990ApJ...365....1S", "1990ApJS...74..463C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990aadm.conf..241V", "1991A&A...242..488G", "1991A&A...244...95A", "1991A&A...244L..43B", "1991A&A...252..179Z", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991A&ARv...3....1T", "1991A&AS...87..621B", "1991A&AS...89..451M", "1991AJ....102..837S", "1991ARA&A..29..129R", "1991ASIC..348..131R", "1991ASPC...20..539M", "1991ASPC...20..571L", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...378..742T", "1991ApJ...381..393C", "1991ApJ...382L..15B", "1991ApJ...382L..69F", "1991ApJS...76..215L", "1991ApJS...76..525S", "1991ApJS...76..911C", "1992A&A...264..105M", "1992A&A...265..465T", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992A&AS...96..593L", "1992AJ....103.1451S", "1992AJ....103.1814B", "1992AJ....103.1859B", "1992AJ....104.1349F", "1992AJ....104.1360E", "1992AJ....104.1365D", "1992ARA&A..30..235C", "1992ARA&A..30..359B", "1992ASPC...31..205G", "1992ApJ...384..423B", "1992ApJ...384..433S", "1992ApJ...388L..53H", "1992ApJ...389..227C", "1992ApJ...392..522B", "1992ApJ...397...32M", "1992ApJ...397..717I", "1992ApJ...399..462B", "1992ApJS...79..507R", "1992IAUS..149..225K", "1992IAUS..149..311B", "1992IAUS..149..321C", "1992IAUS..149..325R", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1993A&A...267..410G", "1993A&A...274..279G", "1993A&AS...97..851A", "1993A&AS...98..523S", "1993A&AS..100..647B", "1993A&AS..101..415C", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...408...92F", "1993ApJ...410..499B", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993ApJ...411L..67J", "1993ApJ...413..641V", "1993ApJ...414..279T", "1993ApJ...417..102M", "1993ApJ...419..596D", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1993MNRAS.263...86P" ]
1914353
null
Diagnostics of Dust Content in Spiral Galaxies: Numerical Simulations of Radiative Transfer
In order to find the best observable diagnostics for the amount of internal extinction within spiral galaxies, we have constructed realistic models for disk galaxies with immersed dust layers. The radiative transfer including both scattering and absorption has been computed for a range of model galaxies in various orientations. Standard galaxy surface photometry techniques were then applied to the numerical data to illustrate how different observables such as total magnitude, color and luminosity distribution behave under given conditions of dust distribution. This work reveals a set of superior diagnostics for the dust in the disk. These include not only the integrated parameters, but also the apparent disk structural parameters, the amplitude of the asymmetry between the near and far sides of the galaxy as divided by the apparent major axis and their dependence on the orientation of the galaxy with respect to the observer. Combining the above diagnostics with our impressions of real galaxies, we arrive at the qualitative conclusion that galaxy disks are generally optically thin. Quantitative conclusions will appear in subsequent work.
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12.180298
8.069549
1994-09-01
124
1994ApJ...432..114B
[ "disk galaxies", "galaxy disks", "model galaxies", "real galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "Standard galaxy surface photometry techniques", "superior diagnostics", "dust distribution", "immersed dust layers", "realistic models" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Astronomical Photometry", "Computerized Simulation", "Cosmic Dust", "Interstellar Extinction", "Interstellar Matter", "Mathematical Models", "Radiative Transfer", "Spiral Galaxies", "Brightness", "Light Scattering", "Radiation Absorption", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "RADIATIVE TRANSFER" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174553" ]
[ "Byun, Y. I.", "Freeman, K. C.", "Kylafis, N. D." ]
[ "Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, US", "Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, US", "Crete Univ., Crete, Greece" ]
[ "1995A&A...300L...1P", "1995AJ....109..543B", "1995ApJ...442..504H", "1995MNRAS.277.1279D", "1995PASJ...47...17O", "1996A&A...306...61B", "1996A&A...313...45D", "1996A&A...313..377D", "1996A&AS..118..111H", "1996AJ....111.1073K", "1996AJ....112.1894A", "1996ASPC...97..587B", "1996ASSL..209..187B", "1996ASSL..209..195K", "1996ApJ...456..163X", "1996ApJ...457..529B", "1996ApJ...463..681W", "1996ApJ...465..127B", "1996ApJ...467..175B", "1996MNRAS.282.1005C", "1997A&A...325..135X", "1997A&A...328..517B", "1997AJ....113..162C", "1997AJ....114..122G", "1997AJ....114.1933H", "1997ASPC..117..556T", "1997ApJ...474..623V", "1997ApJ...480..173S", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997MNRAS.288..679D", "1997MNRAS.290L..43C", "1998A&A...336..840G", "1998A&A...337....9R", "1998A&A...338..795M", "1998A&AS..129..593C", "1998A&AS..130...81M", "1998AJ....115.2264T", "1998AJ....116.1163R", "1998ApJ...503L.119E", "1998MNRAS.299..595D", "1998astro.ph.10152E", "1999A&A...352L...5M", "1999AJ....118.2751M", "1999Ap&SS.269..621C", "1999ApJS..123..437F", "1999IAUS..192..321C", "1999MNRAS.303..133E", "1999PhDT........19B", "2000A&A...359...65B", "2000A&AS..144..405P", "2000ARep...44..523Y", "2000ApJ...528..799W", "2000ApJ...536..645C", "2000ApJ...542..761W", "2000MNRAS.311..601B", "2000MNRAS.319..497S", "2001A&AT...20..119Y", "2001ApJ...546..916W", "2001MNRAS.323..130C", "2001MNRAS.324..685L", "2001MNRAS.326..722B", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002A&A...384..866M", "2002AJ....124.1886M", "2003A&A...399..879R", "2003Ap&SS.284..743C", "2003ApJ...582..689M", "2003MNRAS.343.1081B", "2004A&A...419..821T", "2004AJ....127.2085A", "2004AJ....128..115V", "2004ASPC..309..771B", "2004ASSL..319..255C", "2004ApJ...617.1022P", "2004ApJS..152..175M", "2004MNRAS.353..477C", "2005AIPC..761....3K", "2005AIPC..761...27B", "2005ApJ...623..795M", "2006A&A...456..941M", "2006ApJ...636..181H", "2007MNRAS.379.1022D", "2008ASPC..396..139C", "2008IAUS..245..403D", "2008MNRAS.383.1281R", "2009A&A...493...23K", "2009EAS....34..247P", "2009MNRAS.392..553F", "2010MNRAS.403.2053G", "2010gama.conf..187B", "2011ApJ...726...77S", "2011ApJ...728..107A", "2011ApJS..196...22B", "2011MNRAS.410.2291W", "2011MNRAS.416.1996R", "2013A&A...550A..74D", "2013A&A...553A..80P", "2013ApJ...776...72C", "2014A&A...566A..97J", "2014ApJ...785L..18S", "2014MNRAS.441..869D", "2015A&A...576A..31S", "2015ApJ...805..108P", "2015MNRAS.449..243N", "2015MNRAS.451.1728D", "2016MNRAS.459.2054D", "2016MNRAS.462.1057C", "2016MNRAS.462.4336M", "2016MNRAS.463.2912L", "2017MNRAS.470..771T", "2017MNRAS.472.1286V", "2018ApJS..234...20C", "2019ApJ...886..133I", "2019ApJS..244....3D", "2020MNRAS.493.3580P", "2020MNRAS.495..835T", "2020MNRAS.499.2028B", "2021ApJ...912...41S", "2022A&A...659A.149B", "2022A&A...667A.109D", "2023MNRAS.524.4729S", "2023MNRAS.526..118I", "2024A&A...683A.181B", "2024arXiv240408058K" ]
[ "1941ApJ....93...70H", "1958MeLuS.136....1H", "1961hag..book.....S", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972MmRAS..75..121H", "1976AJ.....81..807Y", "1976ApJS...31..313S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1981A&A....95..105V", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1987ApJ...317..637K", "1987MNRAS.229..691S", "1988ApJ...333..673B", "1989ApJ...337..163W", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1989spce.book.....L", "1989woga.conf..293S", "1990MNRAS.245..350D", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991MNRAS.250..486C", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1761P", "1992ApJ...391..617H", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...400L..21B", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1992MNRAS.258..251C", "1992PhDT.......260B", "1993AJ....106.1394B", "1993MNRAS.260..491D", "1993Natur.363..240J", "1993PASP..105..993B", "1994MNRAS.267..283A" ]
1914464
null
Counterrotating Stars in the Disk of the SAB Galaxy NGC 7217
We have analyzed high signal-to-noise spectra of the disk galaxy NGC 7217 in order to extract the full line-of-sight velocity distribution along both its major and minor axes. The data reveal that 20%-30% of the stars in this galaxy are in a distinct component on retrograde orbits. This counterrotating population cannot be explained away as a systematic error, and it does not seem to be caused by the bulge's contribution to the velocity distribution. We have developed a new technique for fitting dynamical disk models directly to the galaxy spectra, and application of this method confirms the presence of the distinct counterrotating disk population. NGC 7217 is only the second disk galaxy known to contain counterrotating stars, but we argue that similar components in other regular disk systems would not have been detected by traditional techniques, and so there could exist many such systems. The existence of disk stars on retrograde orbits provides a new clue as to the manner in which the galaxy formed: it favors a scenario in which matter continues to accrete onto the galaxy over a long period of time, with rapid, substantial changes occurring in the angular momentum of the infalling material. The observable consequences of this evolutionary history include a large bulge-to-disk ratio and the absence of strong spiral structure, and so the presence or absence of a counterrotating component may go some way toward explaining the Hubble sequence for disk galaxies. Subject headings; galaxies: individual (NGC 7217) - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: spiral
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10.914801
7.24713
1994-09-01
94
1994ApJ...432..575M
[ "disk galaxies", "disk stars", "galaxies", "other regular disk systems", "disk", "fitting dynamical disk models", "counterrotating stars", "the disk galaxy", "similar components", "the distinct counterrotating disk population" ]
[ "Counter Rotation", "Disk Galaxies", "Dynamic Models", "Galactic Bulge", "Kinematics", "Spiral Galaxies", "Velocity Distribution", "Angular Momentum", "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Evolution", "Quadratic Programming", "Rotating Disks", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 7217", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174596" ]
[ "Merrifield, Michael R.", "Kuijken, Konrad" ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Southampton, Highfield SO 9 5NH, UK", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1994AJ....108.2154Z", "1995A&AS..111..115W", "1995ApJ...446..194K", "1995ApJ...450..593B", "1995ApJ...451..419R", "1995Natur.375..661C", "1995PASP..107....1T", "1996A&A...312..761F", "1996ApJ...458L..67B", "1996ApJ...461...55T", "1996ApJ...463L...9P", "1996IAUS..169..633S", "1996IAUS..171...11K", "1996MNRAS.282.1223Z", "1996MNRAS.283..543K", "1997AIPC..393..514H", "1997AJ....113..599D", "1997AJ....113..950F", "1997AJ....114..228M", "1997ASPC..116...32M", "1997ASPC..117..472C", "1997ApJ...475...83L", "1997ApJ...479..702T", "1997ApJ...484...79D", "1997ApJ...484L..33C", "1997ApJ...486..102M", "1997MNRAS.288..618G", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...337...80C", "1998ApJ...495..131F", "1998ApJ...506...93T", "1998JKPS...33S.574C", "1998NYASA.867..217L", "1999AJ....117.1725A", "1999AJ....118..730H", "1999ASPC..160..315M", "1999ASPC..187..100S", "1999ApJ...514..704C", "1999ApJ...517..123P", "1999IAUS..186..149B", "1999MNRAS.304..330S", "1999MNRAS.310..629S", "1999PASP..111..129M", "2000A&A...356..827V", "2000A&A...364..479S", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000ASPC..221..253K", "2000MNRAS.318...40M", "2000MNRAS.319....1T", "2000PASP..112..367B", "2001A&A...374...83B", "2001A&A...374..394V", "2001A&A...375..797W", "2001AJ....121.1358K", "2001ARA&A..39..137S", "2001Ap&SS.276..643Z", "2001BSAO...51..123S", "2002A&A...382..488C", "2002AJ....124..706A", "2002ApJ...568..190I", "2002ceme.symp..134I", "2003A&A...408..873C", "2003AJ....125.3005H", "2003AJ....126.2707S", "2004A&A...414..857C", "2004A&A...424..447P", "2004ApJ...603L..25D", "2006A&A...448..489K", "2006A&A...459..333B", "2006AJ....131.1336S", "2007A&A...463..883V", "2007A&A...471..419B", "2007MNRAS.380..949S", "2008MNRAS.387....2D", "2009ApJ...690.1280V", "2009ApJ...694.1550S", "2010MNRAS.402.2462C", "2011AstL...37....1S", "2011MNRAS.412L.113C", "2011MNRAS.414.3645S", "2012ApJ...754...67F", "2012AstBu..67..147M", "2012GReGr..44.1563C", "2013A&A...549A...3C", "2014ASPC..486...51C", "2014ASPC..486..157F", "2014MNRAS.441.2212F", "2015IAUS..309...81F", "2017ApJ...839...24K", "2018ApJ...857..116M", "2021A&A...647A.103E", "2021MNRAS.500.3870K", "2021MNRAS.503.1418F", "2024ApJ...961L..40C" ]
[ "1936rene.book.....H", "1975ApJ...195..343E", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...212..326S", "1977ApJ...212..637K", "1978ApJ...226..770P", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...287..577K", "1986AJ.....91.1301K", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...303..556V", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987ApJ...318..531G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1988ApJ...329..102B", "1988ApJ...329..589R", "1989AJ.....98..147J", "1989ApJ...343..113D", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1990AJ.....99.1789B", "1991ApJ...372..125K", "1991MNRAS.248..544B", "1991dodg.conf..257L", "1991dodg.conf..317G", "1991wdir.conf.....C", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...393..134K", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...395..113C", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1992ApJ...401L..79B", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1992MNRAS.255..729Q", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ApJ...409...75M", "1993MNRAS.261..233M", "1993MNRAS.264..712K" ]
1912842
null
Voids and Constraints on Nonlinear Clustering of Galaxies
Void statistics of the galaxy distribution in the Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey provide strong constraints on galaxy clustering in the nonlinear regime, i.e., on scales R &lt;~ 10h^-1^ Mpc. Computation of high- order moments of the galaxy distribution requires a sample that (1) densely traces the large-scale structure and (2) covers sufficient volume to obtain good statistics. The CfA redshift survey densely samples structure on scales &lt;~ 1oh^-1^ Mpc and has sufficient depth and angular coverage to approach a fair sample on these scales. In the nonlinear regime, the void probability function (VPF) for CfA samples exhibits apparent agreement with hierarchical scaling [such scaling implies that the N-point correlation functions for N &gt; 2 depend only on pairwise products of the two-point function ξ(r)]. However, simulations of cosmological models show that this scaling in redshift space does not necessarily imply such scaling in real space, even in the nonlinear regime; peculiar velocities cause distortions which can yield erroneous agreement with hierarchical scaling. The underdensity probability measures the frequency of "voids" with density ρ &lt; 0.2ρ^bar^. This statistic reveals a paucity of very bright galaxies (L &gt;L^*^) in the "voids." Underdensities are ~&gt; 2σ more frequent in bright galaxy samples than in samples that include fainter galaxies. Comparison of void statistics of CfA samples with simulations of a range of cosmological models favors models with Gaussian primordial fluctuations and CDM-like initial power spectra. Biased models tend to produce voids that are too empty. We also compare these data with three specific models of the Cold Dark Matter cosmogony: an unbiased, open universe CDM model ({OMEGA} = 0.4, h = 0.5) provides a good match to the VPF of the CfA samples. Biasing of the galaxy distribution in the "standard" CDM model ({OMEGA}=1, b = 1.5; see below for definitions) and nonzero cosmological constant CDM model ({OMEGA} = 0.4, h = 0.6 λ_0_ = 0.6, b = 1.3) produce voids that are too empty. All three simulations match the observed VPF and underdensity probability for samples of very bright (M &lt; M^*^ = - 19.2) galaxies, but produce voids that are too empty when compared with samples that include fainter galaxies.
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11.322249
2.707394
1994-09-01
61
1994AJ....108..745V
[ "bright galaxy samples", "nonzero cosmological constant CDM model", "CfA samples", "cosmological models", "Biased models", "models", "fainter galaxies", "samples", "hierarchical scaling", "Void statistics" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Galaxies", "Matter (Physics)", "Nonlinearity", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spatial Distribution", "Statistical Correlation", "Voids", "Computerized Simulation", "Graphs (Charts)", "Probability Distribution Functions", "Probability Theory", "Red Shift", "Sampling", "Tables (Data)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117110" ]
[ "Vogeley, Michael S.", "Geller, Margaret J.", "Park, Changbom", "Huchra, John P." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea", "Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea" ]
[ "1995A&A...301..329L", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ApJS...99..391H", "1996ApJ...459..455L", "1996ApJ...469...40G", "1996ApJ...470..160R", "1997ApJ...479..580G", "1997ApJ...491..421E", "1998A&A...331..838K", "1998ASSL..231...59H", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999IJTP...38.2581D", "2000ApJ...538...83C", "2000MNRAS.312..638S", "2000MNRAS.318..280M", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001ApJ...546..609S", "2001ApJ...557..495P", "2002ApJ...575..587B", "2002MNRAS.337.1193M", "2003ApJ...597....1O", "2003MNRAS.340..160B", "2003MNRAS.344..715G", "2004ApJ...607..751H", "2004MNRAS.352..828C", "2004MNRAS.353..189V", "2005ApJ...621..643G", "2005ApJ...630....1Z", "2005ApJ...635..990C", "2005MNRAS.363..977P", "2006ApJ...647..737T", "2006MNRAS.366..467F", "2006MNRAS.368.1132P", "2006MNRAS.373.1440C", "2007MNRAS.379.1562C", "2007MNRAS.382..860D", "2007arXiv0710.2783V", "2008ApJ...686...53T", "2008MNRAS.384.1189V", "2008MNRAS.390L...9C", "2009ApJ...691..633T", "2010AdAst2010E..87H", "2011ApJ...735..132K", "2011PhDT........96N", "2013MNRAS.433..581F", "2013MNRAS.434.1192R", "2014MNRAS.442.3127S", "2015MNRAS.453.4311S", "2016MNRAS.455.2804S", "2016MNRAS.459.4020L", "2016PhRvL.116q1301K", "2017ApJ...836...58M", "2020MNRAS.495.3233P", "2022A&C....3800525C", "2022MNRAS.513.5575H", "2023PhyS...98k5310T", "2023arXiv231112928D", "2024MNRAS.527.3771A", "2024MNRAS.52710469D", "2024MNRAS.528.1604S", "2024arXiv240604430S" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1974ApJS...28...19P", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1978ApJ...221...19F", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981MNRAS.195..857S", "1981csup.book.....H", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...255L..23B", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983PhLB..131..116C", "1984AJ.....89....1G", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1984ApJ...277L...5F", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985ApJ...289...10F", "1985ApJ...297...37H", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...302L..37B", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...304...62O", "1986ApJ...306..358F", "1986PhRvL..56.1992M", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988AJ.....95..607H", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...340..625G", "1989ApJ...340..647R", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989BAAS...21.1171V", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990A&A...233..309J", "1990A&A...238....3M", "1990ApJ...365...66H", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991A&A...243...28C", "1991ApJ...369...30M", "1991ApJ...382...44V", "1991MNRAS.248..593E", "1991MNRAS.251..167P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...399...10L", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992MNRAS.259..652W", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994ApJ...420..525V", "1994MNRAS.267..605L" ]
1914491
null
Radiative Excitation of Molecules near Powerful Compact Radio Sources
In a recent paper, Barvainis &amp; Antonucci searched for and failed to detect CO J = 1-0 absorption from the obscuring torus in the nearby powerful radio galaxy Cygnus A. We show that a plausible explanation for the lack of absorption (assuming that the ionization parameter within the torus is low enough for the gas to be molecular) is that radiative excitation of the CO molecules by the nonthermal radio continuum increases the excitation temperature of the lower rotational levels substantially, reducing the optical depths. The excitation temperature may approach the brightness temperature of the radio source at high enough flux-to-density ratios. Heating of the gas by the nonthermal excitation may also be important. We discuss the region of parameter space in which this excitation mechanism will be important and the implications for observations of obscuring tori. Subject headings; galaxies: active - galaxies: individual (Cygnus A) - galaxies: ISM - molecular processes - radio continuum: galaxies
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13.387787
8.669436
1994-09-01
34
1994ApJ...432..606M
[ "galaxies", "parameter space", "the nearby powerful radio galaxy", "obscuring tori", "Cygnus A", "absorption", "Cygnus A.", "The excitation temperature", "the excitation temperature", "Subject headings" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Emission Spectra", "Gas Heating", "Interstellar Matter", "Molecular Excitation", "Radio Emission", "Radio Galaxies", "Brightness Temperature", "Carbon Monoxide", "Rotational States", "Toruses", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: ISM", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "MOLECULAR PROCESSES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: CYGNUS A" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174599" ]
[ "Maloney, Philip R.", "Begelman, Mitchell C.", "Rees, Martin J." ]
[ "University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US", "University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US", "Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449L.131C", "1996A&A...312..771D", "1996A&ARv...7....1C", "1996AJ....111...92O", "1996ASSL..206..215C", "1996ApJ...460..612R", "1996ApJ...466..561M", "1996VA.....40...87B", "1997A&A...324...51W", "1997A&A...328...48W", "1997ApJ...486..147G", "1997IAUS..170..257E", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998AJ....115..885B", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1999A&A...341..418B", "1999ASPC..156..259C", "1999ASPC..156..267M", "1999ApJ...513L...1D", "1999NewAR..43..509C", "2000AJ....119..478O", "2000ApJ...545L.113F", "2000CQGra..17.2965K", "2000RvMA...13..229M", "2001IAUS..205..182C", "2003A&A...401..895R", "2008ApJ...689..775T", "2009ApJ...701.1710G", "2010ApJ...715.1071O", "2010ApJ...720..666E", "2013ApJ...768...19O", "2021ApJ...921..141O", "2023Galax..11..102A", "2024MNRAS.527.2371B" ]
[ "1950msms.book.....H", "1977JChPh..67.4149G", "1982ApJ...259..647M", "1985ApJ...299..939S", "1987MNRAS.227..241A", "1988ApJ...327..364V", "1988ApJ...329..702K", "1989ApJ...347..179K", "1991ApJ...379..122V", "1991ApJ...382..115W", "1992xrea.conf...74K", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...402..546W", "1994AJ....107.1291B" ]
1912851
null
A Violent Interaction Between the Dwarf Galaxy UGC 7636 and the Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4472
We present new U, B, R, and H I imagery of the Virgo Cluster giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 and its interacting dwarf companion galaxy UGC 7636. Using a composite image reconstruction technique, we show that a trail of debris ~5 arcmin in length and ~1 arcmin in width (30 X 6 kpc for a Virgo cluster distance of 20 Mpc) is projected northward from the dwarf galaxy. A cloud of H I is projected along the northwest edge of the debris between the dwarf and gE. The dwarf's nuclear morphology is irregular and bow-shaped on what appears to be its leading edge. Apart from a number of isolated blue regions, most of the trailing debris is similar in color to the dwarf's nucleus. Only a modest enhancement of star formation appears to have been induced by the interaction. Although separated by 15 kpc, the H I and stellar morphologies are remarkably similar. The stars and H I appear to have been tidally distorted in situ, prior to the cloud's removal by ram pressure. If the H I has maintained its shape by magnetic support, a magnetic field strength an order of magnitude larger than the galaxy's is required. Ram pressure deceleration due to the cloud's motion through NGC 4472's x-ray-emitting interstellar medium should be sufficient for the cloud to become gravitationally bound to NGC 4472. The HI cloud is not self-gravitating and may fragment and be destroyed in the interaction. UGC 7636 will probably be disrupted by NGC 4472's strong tidal forces; the stellar debris will disperse into the Virgo cluster or become bound to NGC 4472's halo on eccentric orbits. The debris captured in the collision will have a negligible impact on NGC 4472's stellar and gaseous content. On the other hand, if similar interactions are common in giant elliptical galaxies, they could alter or deplete surrounding dwarf galaxy populations, fuel bursts of nuclear activity, and perhaps provide a source of magnetic energy to their interstellar media.
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11.514662
7.658996
1994-09-01
40
1994AJ....108..844M
[ "deplete surrounding dwarf galaxy populations", "NGC", "debris ~5 arcmin", "giant elliptical galaxies", "similar interactions", "stellar morphologies", "magnetic support", "magnetic energy", "Virgo", "the Virgo Cluster giant elliptical galaxy" ]
[ "Dwarf Galaxies", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Nuclei", "Galactic Structure", "H I Regions", "Interacting Galaxies", "Radio Astronomy", "Color", "Data Processing", "Image Reconstruction", "Imaging Techniques", "Interstellar Matter", "Star Formation", "Tables (Data)", "X Rays", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: UGC 7636", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 4472", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117116" ]
[ "McNamara, Brian R.", "Sancisi, Renzo", "Henning, Patricia A.", "Junor, William" ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy, Dwingeloo, Netherlands", "Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy, Dwingeloo, Netherlands" ]
[ "1995PhDT.........6P", "1996ApJ...471..683I", "1996ApJS..107..103P", "1996IAUS..171..143S", "1997AJ....113.1580I", "1997AJ....114.1824L", "1997ASPC..115...75I", "1999Ap&SS.269...59S", "1999IAUS..186...71S", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000AJ....119.2789K", "2000AJ....120..733E", "2000ApJ...530L..17L", "2001MNRAS.326.1431G", "2003A&A...397...99R", "2003Ap&SS.286..381N", "2004AJ....128.2797V", "2004ApJ...613..238B", "2005A&A...436..469C", "2005ApJ...622..235T", "2006PASP..118..517B", "2007ApJ...665L..15K", "2007arXiv0707.0109K", "2008A&A...483...57S", "2008A&ARv..15..189S", "2009JApA...30....1B", "2010MNRAS.401L..29S", "2010MNRAS.409..500O", "2012A&A...543A.112A", "2014ApJ...780..119K", "2015ApJ...805...26D", "2015ApJ...806...95S", "2015ApJ...812...34L", "2016arXiv160903896S", "2017A&A...603A.104H", "2017ApJ...834...16M", "2017MNRAS.464..530S", "2018A&A...616A.123H", "2020A&A...638A.126D" ]
[ "1958ApJ...127...17S", "1966apg..book.....A", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980ApJ...241..946D", "1981ApJ...247..908C", "1983AJ.....88..260K", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987ApJ...315L..39S", "1987ApJS...63..247H", "1988A&A...198L..17H", "1989AJ.....98..806G", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJS...72..245S", "1990MNRAS.242..120L", "1992ApJ...400L..55P", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1993A&A...268..536H" ]
1912867
null
The Optical and Near-Infrared Colors of Galaxies. I. The Photometric Data
We present optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopic redshifts of a well defined sample of 171 field galaxies selected from three high galactic latitude fields. This data set forms the basis for subsequent studies to characterize the trends, dispersion, and evolution of rest-frame colors and image structure. A subset of 143 galaxies constitutes a magnitude-limited sample to B~ 19.9-20.75 (depending on field), with a median redshift of 0.14, and a maximum redshift of 0.54. This subset is statistically representative in its sampling of the apparent color distribution of galaxies. Thirty six galaxies were selected to have the reddest red-optical colors in two redshift intervals between 0.2 &lt; z &lt; 0.3. Photometric passbands are similar to U, B, V, I, and K, and sample galaxy spectral energy distributions between 0.37 and 2.2 microns in the observed frame, or down to 0.26 microns in the rest frame for the most distant galaxies. B and K images of the entire sample are assembled to form the first optical and near-infrared atlas of a statistically-representative sample of field galaxies. We discuss techniques for faint field-galaxy photometry, including a working definition of a total magnitude, and a method for matching magnitudes in different passbands and different seeing conditions to ensure reliable, integrated colors. Photographic saturation, which substantially affects the brightest 12% of our sample in the optical bands, is corrected with a model employing measured plate-density distributions for each galaxy, calibrated via similar measurements for stars as a function of known saturation level. Both the relative and absolute calibration of our photometry are demonstrated.
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12.556984
6.184306
1994-09-01
26
1994AJ....108..870B
[ "field galaxies", "sample", "galaxies", "field", "spectral energy distributions", "faint field-galaxy photometry", "different passbands", "matching magnitudes", "similar measurements", "known saturation level" ]
[ "Astronomical Photography", "Astronomical Photometry", "Color", "Galaxies", "Image Analysis", "Image Processing", "Imaging Techniques", "Infrared Astronomy", "Infrared Photometry", "Infrared Spectroscopy", "Near Infrared Radiation", "Red Shift", "Spectral Energy Distribution", "Apertures", "Calibrating", "Graphs (Charts)", "Photographic Plates", "Samples", "Tables (Data)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117119" ]
[ "Bershady, Matthew A.", "Hereld, Mark", "Kron, Richard G.", "Koo, David C.", "Munn, Jeffrey A.", "Majewski, Steven R." ]
[ "University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US", "University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US", "Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, US", "Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, US", "University of Chicago, Williams Bay, WI, US", "University of Chicago, Williams Bay, WI, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....109...87B", "1995ApJ...444...21P", "1995LNP...463..139B", "1996AJ....112..929S", "1996ApJ...469L..81S", "1996ApJS..104..199W", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1997AJ....113.1983C", "1997AJ....114..887S", "1997ASPC..117..537B", "1997ApJS..109...45M", "1997PASP..109.1364S", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...495..251D", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998MNRAS.297..128C", "1999MNRAS.310..157D", "2000A&AS..145..111V", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2003A&A...409..899S", "2007MNRAS.380.1449R", "2010ApJ...716..198B", "2013A&A...557A.130M" ]
[ "1957PASP...69..291M", "1961ApJS....5..233D", "1965ApJ...141..923J", "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1972ApJ...173..485S", "1973AJ.....78..255K", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1975ApJ...195..605G", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJS...35..171H", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1979AJ.....84.1056S", "1979ApJS...40....1K", "1979ApJS...41..501S", "1979PASP...91..848M", "1980ApJ...241..493H", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980tdp..conf..329N", "1981A&A...100L..20V", "1981PASP...93..397K", "1981PhDT.........9B", "1981seg..book.....B", "1982A&A...105..107K", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1106G", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...257..527T", "1982MNRAS.199P...1W", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1983ESASP.201..195B", "1983MNRAS.203..685E", "1984A&AS...58...39W", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1984PASP...96..566T", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1985ApJ...298..528F", "1985ApJ...299..593W", "1985ApJS...58..561V", "1986AJ.....91..478K", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1986PASP...98..285K", "1987A&A...183..177I", "1987ApJ...319...44C", "1988A&AS...74..185G", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...325...92K", "1988ApJ...330..964B", "1988ApJ...331L..77E", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988uglr.work..203M", "1988uglr.work..209K", "1989AJ.....98..108T", "1989ApJ...341...80E", "1990ASPC...14....9B", "1990SPIE.1235...84H", "1991ASPC...21...32K", "1991ASPC...21...55M", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991vagn.conf...67B", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992PASP..104..159S", "1992mgm..conf...17K", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994ApJ...427L...9K" ]
1933545
null
A new model for the formation of kinematically decoupled cores in elliptical galaxies.
We propose a new mechanism for the formation of elliptical galaxies with kinematically decoupled cores (KDCs), in which the decoupling arises from an interaction event of an elliptical galaxy with an embedded disc. In this scenario, a merger is not required, as the galaxy halo is kinematically decoupled from the core as the result of a flyby interaction with another galaxy. We present the result of a test particle simulation in which an elliptical galaxy with an embedded disc is involved in a retrograde flyby encounter with a secondary elliptical. The rotation curve bears a strong resemblance to those of galaxies with KDCs, having a rapidly spinning core and a slowly rotating decoupled halo. We argue that systems like IC 1459, NGC 5322 and NGC 3656 are better explained by this model than by the merger of a small compact elliptical.
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11.074665
7.114186
1994-09-01
30
1994MNRAS.270L..23H
[ "elliptical galaxies", "galaxies", "an elliptical galaxy", "NGC", "the galaxy halo", "IC", "KDCs", "kinematically decoupled cores", "another galaxy", "systems" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.1.L23" ]
[ "Hau, G. K. T.", "Thomson, R. C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...298..405S", "1995AJ....109.1576F", "1995AJ....109.1988F", "1996ApJ...460..214J", "1996ApJ...470..444F", "1996MNRAS.282..149R", "1997A&A...321..409V", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&AS..130..267L", "1998JKPS...33S.574C", "1999ApJ...525...31S", "1999IAUS..186..149B", "1999MNRAS.306..437H", "1999MNRAS.307..967T", "2004A&A...426...53D", "2004AN....325..359P", "2005A&A...444..803G", "2006MNRAS.368..851R", "2009A&A...507.1303F", "2011ApJ...732L..33K", "2013A&A...558A..13F", "2014ApJ...784...70M", "2017ApJ...844...81L", "2017MNRAS.472.2889C", "2018MNRAS.475.4670D", "2018MNRAS.480.3215J", "2019ApJ...887...59A", "2021A&A...647A.103E", "2023A&A...672A..27B", "2023PASA...40...24M" ]
[ "1982MNRAS.201..975E", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984ApJ...287..577K", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988A&AS...74..385B", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1989ddse.work...13I", "1989ddse.work...25J", "1990A&A...235...49S", "1990AJ.....99.1823M", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...361..381B", "1990ApJ...362..443B", "1990MNRAS.247..122T", "1991A&A...244L..25N", "1991MNRAS.253..256T", "1991Natur.354..210H", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1992mpcg.work...99C", "1992mpcg.work..221B", "1993ApJ...414..454C", "1993sdce.conf..115S", "1993sdce.conf..669S", "1994AJ....107.2017F" ]
1912823
null
HI Observations of Weinberger Galaxies in the Galactic Anticenter Region
As part of a pilot program to map the distribution of galaxies in the galactic Anticenter region of the Zone of Avoidance, we present the results of a redshift survey for a homogeneous sample of low galactic latitude, faint, putative galaxies. A sample of 86 galaxy candidates selected from the list compiled by Weinberger [A&amp;AS, 40,123(1980)] has been observed with the Arecibo 305 m telescope in the 21 cm line of H I. The sample objects are located within 2^deg^ of the galactic plane. 21 cm line spectra provide a tool to confirm the identification as galaxies and measure their redshifts. Our H I observations have detected 30 of the 86 candidates observed.
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11.88833
7.553861
1994-09-01
9
1994AJ....108..921P
[ "low galactic latitude", "galaxies", "H I.", "the galactic Anticenter region", "faint, putative galaxies", "86 galaxy candidates", "Avoidance", "Anticenter", "Arecibo", "the galactic plane" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Galaxies", "H I Regions", "Line Spectra", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spatial Distribution", "Spectrum Analysis", "Astronomical Observatories", "Astronomical Photography", "Histograms", "Sampling", "Stellar Luminosity", "Tables (Data)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117122" ]
[ "Pantoja, Carmen A.", "Giovanardi, Carlo", "Altschuler, Daniel R.", "Giovanelli, Riccardo" ]
[ "University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, US", "University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, US", "National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Arecibo, Puerto Rico", "National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Arecibo, Puerto Rico" ]
[ "1995A&A...299..347C", "1995A&AS..110..269W", "1995ApJ...449..527L", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1997AJ....113..905P", "2005AJ....129..220D", "2017MNRAS.471.3087S", "2019MNRAS.482.5167S", "2021MNRAS.503.5351S" ]
[ "1973A&AS....8....1W", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1979PASP...91...41H", "1980A&AS...40..123W", "1982AJ.....87.1355G", "1984A&A...131..200N", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1987A&A...184...43H", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1988A&A...206...53M", "1988iras....1.....B", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990A&A...229..340C", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991PASJ...43..449S", "1992A&A...266..150K", "1992AJ....103..927S", "1993ApJ...419...30C" ]
1914374
null
Galaxy Properties in Different Environments. II. Star Formation in Bulges of Late-Type Spirals
The star formation history in the nucleus of late spiral galaxies is compared between a sample in a high galaxy density medium (HDS) and a control sample (CS) of isolated galaxies. We have observed 20 HDS and 18 CS galaxies from a larger list generated by the application of a group- finding algorithm to the SSRS survey. Using equivalent widths of absorption lines and the continuum distribution, we determined the nuclear stellar population types, from those dominated by old population to those containing star formation bursts of different ages and intensities. The HDS and CS stellar population type histograms are similar, suggesting that environmental influences, at least for the present sample, do not affect substantially the nuclear stellar population. However, the nuclear emission lines indicate that, in the BPT diagnostic diagrams, there is an excess of HDS galaxies located within or close to the AGN loci. For six HDS and two CS galaxies, it was possible to determine oxygen (O/H) and nitrogen (N/H) abundances. The samples present similar O/H values, but in the CS galaxies the N/O ratio is lower at equal galaxy luminosity.
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11.473775
7.196678
1994-09-01
7
1994ApJ...432..128P
[ "HDS galaxies", "late spiral galaxies", "isolated galaxies", "equal galaxy luminosity", "star formation bursts", "CS", "HDS", "old population", "absorption lines", "18 CS galaxies" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Bulge", "Galactic Nuclei", "Line Spectra", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Distribution", "Star Formation", "Abundance", "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Hydrogen", "Nitrogen", "Oxygen", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174554" ]
[ "Pastoriza, M. G.", "Bica, E.", "Maia, M.", "Bonatto, Ch.", "Dottori, H." ]
[ "IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil", "IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil", "Observatorio Nacional, Rio de Janerio, Brazil", "Observatorio Nacional, Rio de Janerio, Brazil", "IF-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil" ]
[ "1997ApJS..111..181D", "1998A&A...335..912K", "1999ApJS..121..445T", "1999IAUS..193..739D", "2001AJ....122.2243S", "2002A&A...381..771D", "2020A&A...640A.137R" ]
[ "1981ApJ...250..758T", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1982ac...proc..233G", "1983IAUS..103..143M", "1983MNRAS.204..347S", "1983RMxAA...8..117S", "1984AJ.....89..966D", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1986A&A...162...21B", "1986A&A...166...83B", "1986AJ.....91..255B", "1986ApJ...307..431D", "1987A&AS...70..281B", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1988A&A...195...76B", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1989A&A...226...23B", "1989AJ.....97..315D", "1989ApJ...345..186T", "1989ApJ...347..195S", "1989ApJS...69..809M", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990ApJ...352..457M", "1990MNRAS.242..241B", "1991ApJ...371...82S", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991MNRAS.253..245D", "1992MNRAS.258..321H", "1993ApJ...407L..17M", "1993MNRAS.260..177P", "1994ApJS...93..425M" ]
1936515
null
A Ring Nebula Surrounding Evolved Massive Stars in the Post-Starburst Galaxy NGC 1569
Broad stellar emission lines have been detected in the optical spectrum of a small cluster in the post-starburst galaxy NGC 1569. These lines, He I 5876, H-alpha, and He I 6678, have a full width at half maximum of 600 km s^-1, and are attributed to a late-type WN star. the cluster, located in the outskirts of the galaxy, is surrounded by a large (Radius = 30 pc) ring nebula. This detection of a Wolf-Rayet star is a direct evidence of recent (&lt;= 5 Myrs) massive (M_i &gt;= 40 solar mass) star formation in NGC 1569. (SECTION: Interstellar Medium and Nebulae)
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9.904657
9.954597
1994-09-01
13
1994PASP..106..974D
[ "Broad stellar emission lines", "Interstellar Medium", "the post-starburst galaxy", "NGC", "Nebulae", "Interstellar Medium and Nebulae", "Wolf", "WN", "a late-type WN star", "massive (M_i &gt;= 40 solar mass) star formation" ]
[ "Emission Spectra", "Irregular Galaxies", "Massive Stars", "Planetary Nebulae", "Star Clusters", "Star Formation", "Stellar Spectra", "Wolf-Rayet Stars", "H Alpha Line", "H Ii Regions", "Helium", "Nitrogen", "Sulfur", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 1569", "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "STARS: WOLF-RAYET" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133469" ]
[ "Drissen, Laurent", "Roy, Jean-Rene" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1584K", "1995ApJS...98..477H", "1996A&A...312..391G", "1996A&A...313..713V", "1997ApJ...482..765D", "1997ApJ...489..636K", "1997astro.ph..6235K", "1998ApJ...504..725G", "1999A&AS..136...35S", "2000AJ....120.2383H", "2000AJ....120.2402B", "2002A&A...392..473S", "2021ApJ...919...73K" ]
[ "1977ApJ...218..377W", "1982ApJS...49...53H", "1983AJ.....88..296H", "1984ApJ...287..116K", "1985AJ.....90.1163A", "1986A&A...160....1D", "1987A&A...174...28C", "1988A&A...194...24I", "1988A&A...198..109I", "1989A&A...210..236S", "1989ApJ...337..251C", "1990A&AS...84..139M", "1990ApJS...73....1L", "1991AJ....101.1659D", "1991ApJ...370..144W", "1993A&A...272..299E", "1993AJ....106.1460D", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993ApJ...418..749R", "1993ApJS...85..137M", "1993namc.meet..163D", "1994A&A...282..325L" ]
1914372
null
Clusters of Galaxies in the Long Cosmic String Model
We have tried to derive the characteristic features of clusters of galaxies from the cosmic-string model of galaxy formation in the flat universe dominated by cold dark matter. Clusters of galaxies are considered to be formed at around the crossing sites of three wakes of infinitely long cosmic strings. From this point of view, we have examined the wake-crossing angle distribution among three wakes and have asked what kinds of velocity distribution are suitable for explaining various observed features, for example, the mass function of the clusters We have calculated a number of cases of three wakes having crossing angles deviating from 90^deg^ to derive the interpolated formula for the accumulated mass around the crossing point. To investigate the correlation function of clusters of galaxies, we have distributed wakes of several sizes rather homogeneously with random orientations and then searched those crossing points whose crossing angles fall within a limited range of values. The simulated results for the number density, the mass function, and the correlation function of clusters of galaxies are in good agreement with observations under suitably adopted parameter values. We also estimate the mass functions of cold dark matter for globular clusters and galaxies in this model.
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11.769217
0.087311
1994-09-01
7
1994ApJ...432...31H
[ "globular clusters", "galaxy formation", "Clusters", "clusters", "galaxies", "wakes", "crossing angles", "cold dark matter", "various observed features", "velocity distribution" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Mathematical Models", "Missing Mass (Astrophysics)", "Correlation", "Galactic Mass", "Globular Clusters", "Mass Distribution", "Spatial Distribution", "Astrophysics", "COSMIC STRINGS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174545" ]
[ "Hara, Tetsuya", "Yamamoto, Hideki", "Maehoenen, Petri", "Miyoshi, Shigeru J." ]
[ "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan", "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan", "Oxford Univ., Oxford, UK", "Oxford Univ., Oxford, UK" ]
[ "1995ApJ...438...27H", "1996ApJ...461....1H", "1996ApJ...462..601H", "1997ApJ...482...22S", "1997PhRvD..56.4568A", "1999PThPh.102...51H", "2001ASPC..222..247M" ]
[ "1969PThPh..42..219M", "1969PThPh..42..523H", "1976JPhA....9.1387K", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1979PhRvL..42..407T", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1981csup.book.....H", "1982PThPh..68..236S", "1982PhRvL..48.1867V", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983PThPh..69...89M", "1983PThPh..70..119S", "1984PThPh..71..938S", "1984PhRvL..53.1700S", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985Natur.314..718S", "1985PhR...121..263V", "1986ApJ...300L..35B", "1986PThPh..75.1342S", "1986PhRvL..57.1655V", "1987ApJ...322....1S", "1987NuPhB.283..624S", "1987PThPh..77.1152H", "1987PhRvD..36..335B", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...324....5B", "1988ApJ...325..521C", "1988ApJ...327..584S", "1988Natur.335..410B", "1988PhRvD..37.3438H", "1988cscs.conf...32M", "1989ApJ...341L..71E", "1989ApJ...347..563P", "1989PThPh..81.1187H", "1989PhRvD..40..973A", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247P..21F", "1990Natur.346..233P", "1990NuPhB.333..815D", "1990PThPh..84..867H", "1990PhRvD..41..720B", "1990PhRvD..41.1764P", "1990PhRvL..64..119A", "1990fecs.conf..421S", "1990fecs.conf..465B", "1991ARA&A..29..239D", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...367..393B", "1991MNRAS.249...46P", "1991NuPhB.363..247H", "1991PhRvL..67.1057V", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...388..234B", "1992ApJ...389..499J", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...392..419B", "1992ApJ...393L...5G", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...397...14V", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399L...5B", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992PhLB..282..305V", "1992PhRvD..45.1000C", "1992PhRvD..45.1884V", "1993ApJ...405..419H", "1993ApJ...410..458D", "1993ApJ...412...22H", "1993ApJ...415..445H", "1993PhLB..298..305P", "1993PhRvD..47.2297H", "1993PhRvD..48.1530P" ]
11569614
astro-ph/9404005
Velocity Bias in Clusters
Hierarchical gravitational clustering creates galaxies that usually do not fully share the dynamical history of an average particle in the mass field. In particular, galaxy tracers identified in numerical simulations can have individual velocity dispersions in virialized regions a factor b_v_(1) lower than the dark matter. The field average of the pairwise velocity dispersion depends on the statistical weighting of collapsed regions, so that the tracer pairwise dispersion is at different factor, b_v_(2), times the density field value. A model of a cool equilibrium tracer population demonstrates that mass-to-light segregation is very sensitive to single particle velocity bias. For the φ~ = - GM/(r + a) potential a b_v_(1) = 0.9 tracer indicates a virial mass about a factor of 5 low. The likely value of b_v_(1) is estimated and the simple equilibrium model is tested for applicability using a 10^6^ particle simulation of the formation of a single cluster from cosmological initial conditions. A striking outcome is that the dense central cores of infalling galaxy scale dark matter halos survive infall and virialization within the cluster. These dense cores do not have the dissipationless infall of the bulk of mass, but during their first cluster crossing lose energy to the cluster background to become systematically more bound, thereafter orbiting freely as coherent, self-gravitating units. From this simulation, the value of b_v_(1) is estimated as 0.8+/-0.1. The pairwise velocity dispersion bias, b_v_(2), which is equal to b_v_(1) augmented with any anti-bias of galaxies against high-velocity dispersion clusters. The value of b_v_(2) is estimated to be 15% less than b_v_(1) on the basis of a biasing model where the M/L ratio rises a factor of 10 from binaries to clusters, consequently b_v_(2) = 0.6_-0.1_^+0.2^. The Cosmic Virial Theorem measures the combination b_v_^2^(2){OMEGA}/b (where b is the clustering bias) to be in the range 0.20-0.36, which at b_v_(2) = 0.6 is compatible with {OMEGA} = 1 for clustering bias b ~ 1 (IRAS galaxies) to b ~ 1.8 (optical galaxies) but is incompatible with the full COBE normalized CDM spectrum. Comparison of cluster mass and luminosity profiles at large radii is a test for the existence of single particle velocity bias.
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12.037654
3.781206
1994-10-01
87
1994ApJ...433..468C
[ "single particle velocity bias", "galaxy tracers", "individual velocity dispersions", "galaxy scale dark matter halos", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxies", "clusters", "b_v_(1", "different factor", "high-velocity dispersion clusters" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Bias", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitation", "Marking", "Velocity Distribution", "Virial Theorem", "Computerized Simulation", "Interacting Galaxies", "Mass Distribution", "Numerical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
16
[ "10.1086/174659", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9404005" ]
[ "Carlberg, R. G." ]
[ "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" ]
[ "1994ApJ...434L..51C", "1994ApJ...437...63C", "1995A&A...301....6C", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ApJ...453...40B", "1995ApJ...454....1S", "1995MNRAS.273..295V", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996ASPC...94..265V", "1996ApJ...457..455M", "1996ApJ...458....1C", "1996ApJ...462...32C", "1996ApJ...462..563N", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...467..191G", "1996ApJ...472...46M", "1996MNRAS.279..349D", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1996pcc..conf...95M", "1997AJ....114...14F", "1997ApJ...475..421E", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJ...478..462C", "1997ApJ...479..606S", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997ApJ...485L..13C", "1997MNRAS.284..286D", "1997MNRAS.289..327V", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1997astro.ph.10324M", "1998APh.....9..137B", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ASPC..136..426M", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...497..512M", "1998ApJ...498...95F", "1998ApJ...499L...5M", "1998ApJ...502..141D", "1998ApJ...502..505B", "1998MNRAS.300..146G", "1999ASPC..176..140G", "1999ApJ...516..530K", "1999ApJ...516..591O", "1999MNRAS.310...43V", "1999MNRAS.310.1147M", "1999astro.ph..3210M", "1999astro.ph..4270V", "2000ASPC..200...39V", "2000ApJ...530..525M", "2000ApJ...534L.143B", "2000ApJ...539..561C", "2000ApJ...544..616G", "2000PhRvD..62l3005C", "2000cucg.confE..71M", "2001ApJ...547..555G", "2001ApJ...561...69T", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001PhRvD..63h3515B", "2001PhRvD..64f3515H", "2002ApJ...581.1032S", "2002MNRAS.332..647Z", "2002RMxAC..13..191K", "2003ApJ...582..141G", "2004MNRAS.351..410G", "2004MNRAS.352..535D", "2006MNRAS.373..243M", "2011ApJ...728...40L", "2013MNRAS.436..460W", "2015MNRAS.449.4010K", "2016MNRAS.460.3900F", "2016MNRAS.461..248S", "2017ApJ...838..110G", "2017ApJ...844..101A", "2018MNRAS.474.3043V", "2018MNRAS.474.3746A", "2018MNRAS.475.4066V", "2018MNRAS.477..359C", "2018MNRAS.479.2256K", "2018PhR...733....1D", "2020MNRAS.491.1471S", "2021ApJ...909..112D", "2021JCAP...09..018D", "2021MNRAS.500.3309M", "2021MNRAS.504.1379S", "2022A&A...668A.188M", "2022EPJC...82..380C", "2023arXiv230500993D" ]
[ "1942psd..book.....C", "1962pfig.book.....S", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976ApJ...205L.109P", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1977MNRAS.181P..37F", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979ApJ...234...13G", "1981PhRvD..23..347G", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1983PhRvD..28..679B", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...308..743D", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...335..532W", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...351..121C", "1990ApJ...352L..29C", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990MNRAS.243..199H", "1991ApJ...367..385C", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...389..510D", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJ...400..460H", "1993ApJ...404...73H", "1993ApJ...405..437N", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993PhDT........65S", "1994ApJ...427L..83B" ]
11569656
astro-ph/9405013
The Cosmic X-Ray Background--IRAS Galaxy Correlation and the Local X-Ray Volume Emissivity
We have cross-correlated the galaxies from the IRAS 2 Jy redshift survey sample and the 0.7 Jy projected sample with the all-sky cosmic X- ray background (CXB) map obtained from the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment. We have detected a significant correlation signal between surface density of IRAS galaxies and the X-ray background intensity, with W_xg_, = (δIδN&gt;/&lt;I&gt;&lt;N&gt; of several times 10^3^. While this correlation signal has a significant implication for the contribution of the local universe to the hard (E &gt; 2 keV) X-ray background, its interpretation is model-dependent. We have developed a formulation to model the cross-correlation between CXB surface brightness and galaxy counts. This includes the effects of source clustering and the X-ray-far-infrared luminosity correlation. Using an X-ray flux-limited sample of AGNs, which has IRAS 60 micron measurements, we have estimated the contribution of the AGN component to the observed CXB-IRAS galaxy count correlations in order to see whether there is an excess component, i.e., contribution from low X-ray luminosity sources. We have applied both the analytical approach and Monte Carlo simulations for the estimations. Our estimate of the local X-ray volume emissivity in the 2-10 keV band is ρ_x_ ~ (4.3 +/- 1.2) x 10^38^ h_50_ ergs s^-1^ Mpc^-3^, consistent with the value expected from the luminosity function of AGNs alone. This sets a limit to the local volume emissivity from lower luminosity sources (e.g., star-forming galaxies, LINERs) to ρ_x_ &lt;~ 2 x 10^38^ h_50_ ergs s^-1^ Mpc^-3^.
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14.322218
6.604389
1994-10-01
40
1994ApJ...434..424M
[ "low X-ray luminosity sources", "IRAS galaxies", "-", "the local X-ray volume emissivity", "the X-ray background intensity", "lower luminosity sources", "galaxy counts", "CXB surface brightness", "Monte Carlo simulations", "_" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Astronomical Models", "Background Radiation", "Cosmic X Rays", "Cross Correlation", "Emissivity", "Galaxies", "Infrared Astronomy", "X Ray Astronomy", "Brightness", "Computerized Simulation", "Heao 1", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Luminosity", "Monte Carlo Method", "Poisson Density Functions", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174744", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405013" ]
[ "Miyaji, Takamitsu", "Lahav, Ofer", "Jahoda, Keith", "Boldt, Elihu" ]
[ "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...296....1C", "1995AdSpR..16c.111C", "1995ApJ...455..480B", "1995ApJ...455..508Y", "1995MNRAS.275...22C", "1995MNRAS.277.1169C", "1996A&A...312....1M", "1996MNRAS.280..469T", "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1997A&A...320..705S", "1997ApJ...477...58R", "1997MNRAS.284..499L", "1997MNRAS.286..393D", "1998AN....319...69M", "1998ApJ...499..533B", "1998MNRAS.293...60B", "1998NewA....3..275B", "1998astro.ph..7308B", "1999ApJ...526...14B", "1999MNRAS.305L..31G", "1999MNRAS.309..862W", "1999MNRAS.310..255N", "2000AdSpR..25..827M", "2000ApJ...544...49S", "2001A&A...380..397S", "2002ApJ...580..154S", "2002ApJ...580..672B", "2003MNRAS.339.1095G", "2004A&A...423..469S", "2004ApJ...612..647B", "2006AJ....131.2843S", "2006ApJ...652..126B", "2006MNRAS.366..171G", "2007A&A...467..529C", "2007ESASP.622..173B", "2008A&A...483..425R", "2012ApJ...757..181S", "2013ApJ...776...33I", "2014AstL...40..667R", "2021MNRAS.502.3966K" ]
[ "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1979SSI.....4..269R", "1980ApJ...236....1T", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJ...253..485P", "1983ASSL..100.....S", "1987PhR...146..215B", "1988A&A...206...53M", "1989ApJ...344..125P", "1989ApJ...346..638J", "1990ASSL..166..451B", "1990ApJ...349..408J", "1990ApJ...350..119L", "1990ApJ...352..448L", "1990ApJ...353L...3M", "1990ApJ...360..483G", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991A&A...246L...2H", "1991AIPC..222..431M", "1991ApJ...378L..37J", "1991Natur.353..315S", "1992ARA&A..30..429F", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...393...90H", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJ...399L.107J", "1992MNRAS.256..229S", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258..581P", "1992PhDT........12G", "1992xrb..work..102L", "1993A&A...275....1H", "1993ApJ...412...56D", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993MNRAS.260...49B", "1993MNRAS.260..285S", "1993Natur.364..693L" ]
11569217
astro-ph/9406018
Abundances of four very metal-poor stars of the BPS survey.
High resolution CASPEC and EMMI spectra (R=~10^4^) of the faint metal-deficient candidates CS 22891-209, CS 22897-8, CS 22948-66 and CS 22968-14 taken from the survey of Beers et al. (1985, BPS) are analyzed for abundances. The fine analysis with LTE model atmospheres gives an iron metallicity for the four stars between -3.15 and -3.45 in good agreement with the abundances inferred from CaII K index by Beers et al. (1992). These four objects considerably augment the number of spectroscopically studied stars at the low metallicity extreme. We found the α-elements Mg, Ca, Si, and Ti enhanced, and the iron-peak elements Sc, Mn and Cr tracking closely iron with the typical pattern of the more metallic halo stars. Aluminum results deficient with respect both to iron and to magnesium showing a strong odd-even effect, but for [Fe/H]&lt;=-3.0[Al/Mg] levels out into a plateau around -1.0, showing a primary behaviour. [Na/Fe] is =~-0.2 and only compared to magnesium it shows a mild odd-even effect. The heavy elements Sr and Ba show a large scatter which is not observed for other elements and cannot be due to observational errors only. In the case of CS 22891-209 they are particularly overabundant with [Sr,Ba/Fe]=~0.9. The spread might reflect the presence of strong inhomogeneities in the interstellar gas at the earliest stages of Galaxy formation. This might be an important signature of the still elusive processes of the early formation of these elements observed in old stars.
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8.139263
9.107645
1994-10-01
41
1994A&A...290..885P
[ "other elements", "Beers et al", "old stars", "CS", "strong inhomogeneities", "et al", "LTE model atmospheres", "CaII K index", "EMMI spectra", "Galaxy formation" ]
[ "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "STARS: POPULATION II", "GALAXY: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXY: HALO", "Astrophysics" ]
13
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406018" ]
[ "Primas, F.", "Molaro, P.", "Castelli, F." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...451L..49A", "1995MNRAS.276..505P", "1996A&A...308....1M", "1996A&ARv...7..217C", "1996ApJ...459..298C", "1996ApJ...471..254R", "1996ApJS..107..391N", "1996astro.ph..5039M", "1997A&A...317..108C", "1997A&A...321...45M", "1997A&A...324..435H", "1997ApL&C..36..375M", "1997MNRAS.288..108P", "1998AJ....116.1922A", "1998ApJ...496..155S", "1999AJ....117..981B", "1999ApJ...515..226C", "1999ApJ...517..193N", "1999MNRAS.309..533B", "1999PASJ...51..459I", "2000A&A...356..873A", "2000A&A...359..191G", "2000A&A...360.1077S", "2000ASSL..255...15R", "2000ASSL..255..461D", "2000ApJ...540..456N", "2000fist.conf...37R", "2000fist.conf..176R", "2001ApJ...554.1159C", "2001ApJ...561.1034N", "2002A&A...388..842A", "2003ChJAA...3..316T", "2005SSRv..116..625C", "2007A&A...476..935F", "2011A&A...527A..65H", "2014AJ....147..136R", "2014ApJ...784..158R", "2015ASPC..491..140B", "2017MNRAS.465..926D", "2017MmSAI..88..692M", "2020A&A...633A.129B" ]
[ "1981A&A....97..391T", "1981ApJ...245..238C", "1982ASIC...90...79W", "1983A&A...127L...7A", "1983ApJ...267..757S", "1984ApJ...285..622B", "1985ApJ...288L..55S", "1986ARA&A..24..205W", "1987A&A...178..179G", "1987A&A...179..176M", "1987A&A...181..323M", "1987AJ.....94.1066C", "1988A&A...204..193G", "1988ApJ...327..298G", "1988JPCRD..17S....F", "1988eaa..conf...23C", "1989A&A...209..211M", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1989ApJ...347..266P", "1989ApJS...71...47C", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1990A&A...228..426M", "1990A&A...236L...5M", "1990ApJ...350..173P", "1990Natur.345..491M", "1992A&A...259..301H", "1992ApJ...391..719M", "1992ApJ...395..202W", "1992adps.book.....L", "1993A&A...280..476B", "1993ApJ...415..797N", "1993oee..conf..476M", "1994A&A...281..817C" ]
11569646
astro-ph/9405017
Testing the Least Action Principle in an Omega 0=1 Universe
The least action principle (LAP) is a dynamically rigorous method for deriving the history of galaxy orbits. In particular it is an {OMEGA} test, predicting current epoch galaxy velocities as a function of position and of the cosmological background. It is most usefully applied to in-falling structures, such as the local group, where its application indicates that the preferred cosmological model is {OMEGA}_0_ = 0.1 and h = 0.75 (h is the Hubble parameter in units of 100 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^) The method assumes that all the mass acts as if it were distributed as the visible galaxies. We test the reliability of the LAP to Local Group-like systems extracted from {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 n-body simulations. While the orbits of the galaxies are qualitatively well reconstructed, the LAP systematically underestimates the mass of the system. This failure is attributed to the presence of extended halos weakly clustered around visible galaxies which prevent a large fraction of the group mass from being detected by the LAP technique. We conclude that the LAP method cannot rule out an {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 value on the Local Group scale. Better constraints on {OMEGA}_0_ may be obtained by applying this technique to in-falling systems, such as clusters, containing objects with separations large compared to galaxy sizes.
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12.246142
3.617993
1994-10-01
31
1994ApJ...434...37B
[ "visible galaxies", "current epoch galaxy velocities", "galaxy orbits", "galaxy sizes", "LAP", "OMEGA}_0", "_", "Local Group", "Local Group-like systems", "the LAP method" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Interacting Galaxies", "Orbital Mechanics", "Virial Theorem", "Dark Matter", "Halos", "Histories", "Spiral Galaxies", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174702", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405017" ]
[ "Branchini, E.", "Carlberg, R. G." ]
[ "SISSA-International School of Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA-International School of Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1995ApJ...443L...1D", "1995ApJ...449...52P", "1995ApJ...454...15S", "1995ApL&C..31..329T", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1996ApJ...473...42P", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998AJ....115.2231S", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1999MNRAS.308..763M", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ASPC..201..352S", "2000ASPC..209..445S", "2000MNRAS.313..587N", "2001ASIC..565...93F", "2001ApJ...546...85S", "2001MNRAS.322..121S", "2002ApJ...575....1P", "2002MNRAS.335...53B", "2003MNRAS.341..692F", "2005A&A...440..425R", "2005ApJ...635L.113M", "2006MNRAS.370.1361P", "2013MNRAS.436.2096S", "2017ApJ...850..207S", "2019MNRAS.484.3818S", "2021MNRAS.503..540S", "2022MNRAS.516..231S" ]
[ "1959ApJ...130..705K", "1974CoASP...6....7G", "1976ApJ...205L.109P", "1978ApJ...223..426G", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1985MNRAS.212..163M", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1988ApJ...332...17P", "1988lsmu.book..255S", "1989AJ.....97.1341M", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...344L..53P", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1989MNRAS.240..195R", "1990ApJ...352L..29C", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1991ApJ...367..385C", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...376....1K", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1993ApJ...405..459S", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993MNRAS.264..865D", "1993ppc..book.....P" ]
11569205
astro-ph/9403055
Diffuse X-ray emission around high-redshift, radio-loud QSOs.
We announce the detection of correlations on angular scales of &gt;10' between optically bright, high-redshift, radio-loud QSOs with diffuse X-ray emission seen by ROSAT in the All-Sky Survey. These correlations reach significance levels of up to 99.8%. A comparison of the results with a sample of control fields, bootstrapping analyses, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests provide unambiguous support for the statistical significance of the correlations found. We argue that the detected enhanced diffuse X-ray emission is in the foreground of the QSOs, and that it is probably due to galaxy clusters which magnify the QSOs by their gravitational lensing effect, thereby giving rise to a magnification bias in the background source sample. A comparison of the results presented below with correlations previously found between the same QSO sample and either Lick or IRAS galaxies provides further evidence for this interpretation, and identifies positions in the sky where weak gravitational lensing may be detected by searching for coherent distortions of background galaxy images.
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14.321542
6.085979
1994-10-01
18
1994A&A...290..399B
[ "diffuse X-ray emission", "weak gravitational lensing", "background galaxy images", "correlations", "the detected enhanced diffuse X-ray emission", "significance levels", "angular scales", "bootstrapping analyses", "unambiguous support", "control fields" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS OF", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9403055" ]
[ "Bartelmann, M.", "Schneider, P.", "Hasinger, G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...296L..49R", "1995A&A...298..661B", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1996A&A...309....9B", "1996A&A...310..705F", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...319..365F", "1997MNRAS.291..446D", "1998A&A...340..343W", "1998MNRAS.298..378W", "1998PASA...15..299M", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001qarr.conf...77B", "2002A&A...386..784M", "2005ApJ...633..589S", "2010CQGra..27w3001B" ]
[ "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1981A&AS...45..367K", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1991A&A...251L..35B", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992grle.book.....S", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B", "1993A&A...280..351B", "1993A&AS...97..483S", "1993A&AS..100..395S", "1994A&A...284....1B", "1994icse.book.....B" ]
11573365
astro-ph/9408031
A Survey of Galaxy Redshifts from Low Resolution Slitless Spectra - Suggestion of Largescale Structures at Z~0.1
We have conducted a galaxy survey based on low-resolution slitless spectra taken from the automated CFHT-Laval survey. We present redshift distributions for 522 galaxies distributed in four distinct regions of the sky. Redshifts are determined from the shifted positions of the 4000- A stellar break using an automated break-finding algorithm. The redshifts so obtained have a precision of &lt; 3000 km s^-1^, good enough to trace the large-scale distribution of galaxies. The most striking feature of the survey is an apparent excess of galaxies at z ~ 0.1 in eight of the 10 fields probed. Although the statistical significance of the peaks appears marginal (- 2.5 σ per field), after taking into account the small- scale galaxy clustering, the peaks may nevertheless reveal the existence of large-scale structures at z ~ 0.1, indicating that the known large structures in the local Universe are not unusual.
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12.702049
6.092538
1994-10-01
4
1994MNRAS.270..811B
[ "galaxies", "redshift distributions", "the small- scale galaxy", "large-scale structures", "Redshifts", "field", "a galaxy survey", "the known large structures", "lt", "low-resolution slitless spectra" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.4.811", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408031" ]
[ "Beauchemin, M.", "Borra, E. F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...459..467S", "1996MNRAS.279.1057S", "1996PASP..108..271C", "2001astro.ph..2432B" ]
[ "1963cgcg.book.....Z", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1983ARA&A..21..373O", "1983ApJ...274..529S", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985ApJ...289..446E", "1987PASP...99..535B", "1988IAUS..130..221K", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1988PASP..100.1276B", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990MNRAS.247..182B", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ARA&A..29..499G", "1991ApJ...378L...1S", "1991ApJ...379..482K", "1991MNRAS.252..163B", "1992A&A...258..243P", "1992AJ....103..405B", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...390...17M", "1992ApJ...393L...5G" ]
1934486
null
Distance to the Virgo cluster galaxy M100 from Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheids
Accurate distances to galaxies are critical for determining the present expansion rate of the Universe or Hubble constant (H<SUB>0</SUB>). An important step in resolving the current uncertainty in H<SUB>0</SUB> is the measurement of the distance to the Virgo cluster of galaxies. New observations using the Hubble Space Telescope yield a distance of 17.1 +/- 1.8 Mpc to the Virgo cluster galaxy M100. This distance leads to a value of H<SUB>0</SUB> = 80 +/- 17 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. A comparable value of H<SUB>0</SUB> is also derived from the Coma cluster using independent estimates of its distance ratio relative to the Virgo cluster.
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11.004238
6.963595
1994-10-01
447
1994Natur.371..757F
[ "H<SUB>0</SUB", "Accurate distances", "Virgo", "galaxies", "independent estimates", "the Virgo cluster galaxy", "New observations", "the Virgo cluster", "its distance ratio", "Universe" ]
[ "None" ]
3
[ "10.1038/371757a0" ]
[ "Freedman, Wendy L.", "Madore, Barry F.", "Mould, Jeremy R.", "Hill, Robert", "Ferrarese, Laura", "Kennicutt, Robert C.", "Saha, Abhijit", "Stetson, Peter B.", "Graham, John A.", "Ford, Holland", "Hoessel, John G.", "Huchra, John", "Hughes, Shaun M.", "Illingworth, Garth D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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"2016ApJ...828...35A", "2016JETP..123..827J", "2017JETP..125..638J", "2017JMPh....8...24E", "2017hsn..book..693V", "2018A&A...611A..25G", "2018EPJH...43...73O", "2018Prama..90....2S", "2018RPPh...81a6901H", "2019ChJPh..58...85K", "2020HEDP...3700853W", "2020PhLB..80235226S", "2021JMPh...12.1656M", "2022ApJ...924...55G", "2023MPLA...3850135S", "2023arXiv230511950T", "2023arXiv231106365M" ]
[ "1925ApJ....62..409H", "1926ApJ....63..236H", "1973ApJ...183..743S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1982ApJ...253..520D", "1985ApJ...294...81T", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987ApJ...315L..77W", "1987ApJ...316..517P", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ASPC....4..257H", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...356..332J", "1991ApJ...376....8F", "1991ApJ...380L..23P", "1991PASP..103..933M", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992AJ....104.1072S", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1992ApJ...387...47P", "1992ApJ...395..366S", "1992ApJ...396..453H", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992MNRAS.255..557P", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1993A&A...276....1J", "1993AJ....106..719S", "1993ApJ...402....3S", "1993ApJ...405L...5B", "1993ApJ...413L.105P", "1993ApJ...415....1S", "1993ApJ...415...10D", "1993ApJ...417..553L", "1993Natur.366..309F", "1994ApJ...425...14S", "1994ApJ...427..628F", "1994ApJ...430...53P", "1994ApJ...432...42S", "1994Natur.371..385P" ]
1915184
null
The Hawaii K-Band Galaxy Survey. I. Deep K-Band Imaging
We present the results of a very deep K-band survey with a 5σ total galaxy magnitude limit of K = 21.9 in the deepest field. A 5 σ K-band-selected sample of 123 galaxies is presented, together with their optical colors. Only three galaxies in this sample are not detected at the 1 σ level in the Kron-Cousins I band. At K &lt;= 20 the reddest (I-K) color is 5.1 +/- 0.4, and 15 of the 123 objects in the deep field sample have (I-K) &gt; 4. In the blue, the galaxies show a rapid blueward trend at magnitudes beyond K = 19, dropping from a median (B-K) = 6 at K = 18 to a median (B-K) of only 4.2 at K = 21.5. The surface density of (I-K) &gt; 4 objects is interpreted to imply either that there is a significant evolution toward later types in the colors of the normal galaxy population beyond z = 1.1 or that galaxies have faded by that redshift.
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12.519047
6.086113
1994-10-01
180
1994ApJ...434..114C
[ "total galaxy", "K", "galaxies", "I", "later types", "magnitudes", "the normal galaxy population", "I-K", "the deep field sample", "gt" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Extremely High Frequencies", "Galactic Evolution", "Infrared Imagery", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Cosmology", "Red Shift", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174709" ]
[ "Cowie, L. L.", "Gardner, J. P.", "Hu, E. M.", "Songaila, A.", "Hodapp, K. -W.", "Wainscoat, R. J." ]
[ "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US" ]
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[ "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987iawa.conf..473L", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1989ASIC..264...31C", "1990ApJ...348..371S", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992PASP..104..441H", "1992PhDT.........7G", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1994AJ....107.1303H", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994aosi.conf.....C" ]
1936476
null
The Search for Primeval Galaxies
Isolated examples of young star-forming galaxies have been discovered, but the predicuted widespread population of primeval galaxies (estimated to have surface densities in the range 10^4-5 deg^-2) has so far escaped detection. This paper deals with the search for this extensive (and, so far, elusive) population, and concentrates on the formation of spheroidal systems (bulges and halos) since there is considerable evidence that disk formation was more quiescent. The review begins with a summary of the expected model independent properties of primeval galaxies. Particular attention is paid to the redshift of galaxy formation; empirical evidence is presented that supports galaxy formation at z &lt; 5; however, there exist persuasive arguments that at least some galaxy formation must have taken place at higher redshifts. A major part of this review concerns primeval galaxy search strategies. Most (although not all) constraints on the properties of primeval galaxies come from searches for Ly-alpha emitting objects. Flux limits for these searches have now reached levels at which surveys should, according to simple models, have detected a total of 10^1-3 objects; yet no really good candidates have been found. This discrepancy between models and observations can possibly be explained by a combination of (i) dust absorption, and (ii) finite angular extent, which degrades flux limits. Technological advances in sub-mm instrumentation should result in the detection of the far-IR flux of primeval galaxies in the next few years. (SECTION: Invited Review Papers)
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12.743672
6.693627
1994-10-01
99
1994PASP..106.1052P
[ "primeval galaxies", "galaxy formation", "disk formation", "simple models", "search strategies", "searches", "Ly-alpha emitting objects", "sub-mm instrumentation", "Flux limits", "flux limits" ]
[ "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Nuclei", "Lyman Alpha Radiation", "Red Shift", "Searching", "Star Formation", "Star Formation Rate", "Starburst Galaxies", "Angular Distribution", "Cosmic Dust", "Infrared Radiation", "Millimeter Waves", "Submillimeter Waves", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "INVITED REVIEW PAPER" ]
1
[ "10.1086/133479" ]
[ "Pritchet, C. J." ]
[ "University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1947D", "1995AJ....110..963T", "1995ApJ...449L...1P", "1995MNRAS.277L..51B", "1996A&A...307L..53C", "1996AJ....111.1783Y", "1996AJ....112..948W", "1996AJ....112.1794T", "1996ASPC...98..592Y", "1996ApJ...466L..71E", "1996IAUS..171..277D", "1996Natur.380..411P", "1996Natur.382..234D", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996SSRv...77..303M", "1996astro.ph..7164L", "1997A&A...321..771B", "1997ASPC..114...11P", "1997ApJ...477..661T", "1997ApJ...489..623T", "1997MNRAS.290L..43C", "1997RvMA...10..297T", "1998AJ....115.1319C", "1998ASPC..146...70A", "1998ASPC..146..134M", "1998ApJ...492L..99G", "1998ApJ...498L..93D", "1998ApJ...502L..99H", "1998MNRAS.293L...6T", "1998MNRAS.296..643A", "1998PNAS...95...22S", "1999ASPC..177...89T", "1999ASPC..193..448B", "1999ASPC..193..521M", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999ApJ...518..138H", "1999ConPh..40....1C", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000A&AT...19..567N", "2000AdSpR..25.2233T", "2000ApJ...532L..13T", "2000ApJ...537...65M", "2000ApJ...537...73S", "2000ApJ...537L...5H", "2000ApJ...545L..85R", "2000eaa..bookE1670D", "2001AJ....122..598D", "2001ASPC..232..196R", "2001ASPC..240...97M", "2001ApJ...556...87H", "2001ApJ...562..605F", "2001ApJ...562L..15T", "2001PASP..113..515E", "2002ASPC..268...23K", "2002ApJ...565L..71M", "2003A&A...407..147F", "2003AJ....125...13F", "2003ApJ...585...73M", "2003ApJ...592..728S", "2003JKAS...36..123T", "2003astro.ph.12363T", "2004ASPC..309..195M", "2004ApJ...602..685P", "2004ApJ...606..683S", "2004astro.ph..7625F", "2005A&A...430..877T", "2005A&A...438...71H", "2005ApJ...619...12S", "2005RMxAC..24..247G", "2006A&A...460..681H", "2006IAUS..234...33F", "2007A&A...471...71N", "2007AJ....134..169X", "2008A&A...488..491A", "2008SPIE.7016E..02I", "2009A&A...508L..21N", "2011PJAB...87..575I", "2013A&A...552A..95S", "2013ASSL..396..223D", "2014MNRAS.440.2375M", "2014PASP..126..969B", "2015A&A...580A..91S", "2015MNRAS.449.4336S", "2015MNRAS.451..400M", "2015PASA...32...27H", "2016ASSL..435..479R", "2016ASSL..435..739D", "2016MNRAS.463.1678S", "2017MNRAS.466.1242S", "2018MNRAS.476.4725S", "2018MNRAS.479.2294D", "2019A&A...621A.107H", "2019A&A...623A.157S", "2019SAAS...46..319H", "2020MNRAS.493.3341C", "2022A&A...662A..64R", "2023A&A...680A..14T" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1962ApJ...135..195O", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1965ApJ...142.1633G", "1967ApJ...147..868P", "1974ApJ...192..241P", "1974ApJ...192..251D", "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1974MNRAS.166..585L", "1975A&A....44..195N", "1975MNRAS.171..375S", "1976AJ.....81..954S", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJ...207..343M", "1978MNRAS.182..727D", "1979ApJ...232..333D", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1979MNRAS.188..791H", "1980PASP...92..537K", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...246L.109M", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984ApJ...287..487H", "1985ApJ...289..105F", "1985ApJ...299L...1D", "1985ComAp..11...53F", "1986AJ.....92.1068F", "1986ApJ...301...17B", "1986ApJ...310..593C", "1986MNRAS.218..577B", "1986isos.book..258K", "1986sfdg.conf..431D", "1987A&A...180...12D", "1987AJ.....93.1318D", "1987AJ.....94.1469H", "1987ApJ...314..129C", "1987ApJ...315L..77W", "1987ApJ...318L..11S", "1987ApJ...319L..39M", "1987ApJ...320..464P", "1987ApJ...322..585B", "1987NASCP2466..559K", "1987hrpg.work..281T", "1987iawa.conf..473L", "1987nngp.proc...67T", "1988A&A...202...41K", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988AJ.....96.1845N", "1988ApJ...325...92K", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1988ApJ...332...26C", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988PhDT........63P", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989A&A...217....1R", "1989ASIC..264....1P", "1989ASIC..264...15W", "1989ASIC..264..339N", "1989ApJ...340...77L", "1989ApJ...345...59C", "1989ApJ...346..773G", "1989ApJ...347...87S", "1990AJ....100..445V", "1990ApJ...348L...1C", "1990ApJ...350....1M", "1990ApJ...350..155L", "1990ApJ...350..505C", "1990ApJ...351..343D", "1990ApJ...355L..11P", "1990ApJ...357....3L", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990ApJ...365..219S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990PASP..102..503V", "1990PASP..102..709L", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1991AJ....101.1187S", "1991AJ....102.1956B", "1991ASPC...21..109S", "1991ASPC...21..361T", "1991ApJ...367..420B", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370L..85N", "1991ApJ...373L..39E", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...377L..65U", "1991ApJ...377L..73L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1991PhRvL..67.3328U", "1991mss..book..289H", "1992ASPC...24..147T", "1992ASPC...31..253F", "1992ApJ...385..151W", "1992ApJ...390L..53K", "1992ApJ...394..523L", "1992ApJ...398L..29S", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1992ApJ...399L..47E", "1992ApJ...400L...1W", "1992ApJS...81..163B", "1992IAUS..149..337D", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992sfss.conf..125L", "1993A&A...270...43M", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....105.1243D", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ASPC...43..185T", "1993ASPC...43..189S", "1993ApJ...402..411W", "1993ApJ...404..511M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...406L...1K", "1993ApJ...409..578E", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...411L...1N", "1993ApJ...415...82H", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...418...11H", "1993ApJ...419....7V", "1993MNRAS.260....3T", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261..513R", "1993MNRAS.261L..25N", "1993MNRAS.262..491T", "1993MNRAS.264..509B", "1993MNRAS.265L..21B", "1993PASP..105.1051M", "1993PASP..105.1063L", "1993PhR...231..293S", "1993flus.conf...67D", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994AJ....107....1T", "1994AJ....107..910E", "1994AJ....107.1303H", "1994AJ....107.2021M", "1994ApJ...420..439M", "1994ApJ...420..450W", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...424L..65C", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994MNRAS.266..983P", "1994Natur.369..294D" ]
1912817
null
Stellar Populations in Edge-on Galaxies From Deep CCD Surface Photometry. I. NGC 5907
We present extremely deep CCD surface phOtometry of the edge-on Sc galaxy NGC 5907. Our data reach reliably to a surface brightness of R=27 mag/sq arcsec, some two magnitudes fainter than any previous work. We obtained this improvement using a 2048 x 2048 CCD with a wide (~24') field, which made it possible to sky subtract directly from the galaxy frame, and by taking many dark sky flatfields. Our analysis of these data, using a full 2D model fitting procedure with a detailed error model, confirm the thin disk of van der Kruit &amp; Searle [A&amp;A, 95, 105 (1981a)]. In particular, we confirm that the galaxy's disk has a radial cutoff and a constant scale height with radius. We find evidence for a stellar warp in this system, which has the same orientation as the H I warp. Our deep data also confirm that NGC 5907 has no thick disk. This suggests that theories of thick disk formation from star formation in the early stages of disk collapse, or by secular heating mechanisms, are unlikely to be correct, because they would predict that every galaxy would have a thick disk. Thick disk formation from the accretion of satellite galaxies is more likely.
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10.874196
7.356579
1994-10-01
80
1994AJ....108.1191M
[ "Thick disk formation", "thick disk formation", "disk collapse", "satellite galaxies", "galaxy", "many dark sky", "van der Kruit", "star formation", "secular heating mechanisms", "van der" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Astronomical Photometry", "Disk Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Structure", "Star Distribution", "Astronomical Photography", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Error Analysis", "Space Infrared Telescope Facility", "Stellar Luminosity", "Two Dimensional Models", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5907", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117148" ]
[ "Morrison, Heather L.", "Boroson, Todd A.", "Harding, Paul" ]
[ "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ", "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ", "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2692M", "1996A&A...312L...1L", "1996ApJ...460..121W", "1996ApJ...468..663F", "1996IAUS..169..353N", "1996PASP..108..944C", "1997A&A...325..915N", "1997AJ....113.2061M", "1997AJ....114..655B", "1997AJ....114.1014D", "1997ASPC..117..148F", "1997Natur.387..124S", "1997Natur.387..159R", "1998ApJ...504L..23S", "1998ApJ...506..116R", "1998MNRAS.301..280J", "1998astro.ph..5199T", "1999A&A...344..868X", "1999AJ....117.2077H", "1999AJ....117.2757Z", "1999AJ....118..197K", "1999AJ....118..261A", "1999AJ....118.1209F", "1999AJ....118.2751M", "1999ASPC..165..174M", "1999ASPC..165..187Y", "1999Ap&SS.269..119F", "1999astro.ph..2276B", "2000A&A...358..671G", "2000AJ....119.1701Z", "2000AJ....120.2513P", "2001ASPC..230...91F", "2001ApJ...546..916W", "2001ApJ...557..137J", "2001MNRAS.324..685L", "2001MNRAS.324.1074D", "2002A&A...383..472N", "2002AJ....123.1364W", "2002AJ....124.1328D", "2002ASPC..275....3F", "2002ApJ...575..779F", "2002ApJ...578..151S", "2002MNRAS.334..646K", "2003MNRAS.343..665G", "2004A&A...422..465P", "2004AJ....127.3642Z", "2004ApJ...603...87M", "2004ApJ...609..617F", "2004ApJ...616..804H", "2004IAUS..217...86F", "2004cgpc.sympE..14F", "2005ApJ...628L.105I", "2006A&A...445..123I", "2006A&A...459..703J", "2006AJ....131..431B", "2006MNRAS.365..747A", "2006MNRAS.371.1047W", "2007A&A...466..883V", "2007IAUS..241..321B", "2008A&A...485...21S", "2008A&ARv..15..145H", "2008ApJ...689..184M", "2008MNRAS.388.1521D", "2009ApJ...705.1686H", "2010ApJ...714L..12M", "2010ApJ...716..234B", "2010EAS....45..421Q", "2011A&A...530A..10Q", "2011ARA&A..49..301V", "2013A&A...556A..54V", "2013ApJ...773...45S", "2013ApJ...776...75F", "2014A&A...567A..97S", "2014ApJ...795..136S", "2015A&A...577A.106S", "2017ASSL..434...31C", "2019AN....340..712S", "2019ApJ...872..116H", "2019MNRAS.483..664M", "2022ApJ...925..219L" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972JOSA...62...55R", "1973AJ.....78..959L", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1976A&A....53..159S", "1976ApJ...204..649G", "1976MNRAS.176...31L", "1977A&A....60..263W", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1979A&AS...38...15V", "1979ApJ...234..829B", "1981A&A....95..105V", "1981A&A....95..116V", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1982AJ.....87.1679H", "1982PASJ...34..365Y", "1982jbor.book.....E", "1983MNRAS.202.1025G", "1984ApJS...55...67B", "1984MNRAS.207..223G", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985ApJ...295..422C", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1986ApJ...309..472Q", "1987AJ.....93...74S", "1987AJ.....93..323Y", "1987AJ.....93.1388F", "1987ARA&A..25..603F", "1987PASJ...39..849S", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988AJ.....96.1581L", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989AJ.....97..423C", "1989AJ.....98..131S", "1989ARA&A..27..555G", "1989ApJ...339..126R", "1989ApJ...340..739N", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989MNRAS.237..903S", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1989nrpa.book.....P", "1990A&A...236....1B", "1990AJ....100.1191M", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...357..435C", "1990MNRAS.242...59S", "1990MNRAS.245..305J", "1991ApJ...378..131K", "1991ApJ...380..403N", "1992AJ....103...41B", "1992AJ....104.1144R", "1992ARA&A..30...51B", "1992ApJ...391..651B", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993AJ....105..539M", "1993AJ....106..578M", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1993ApJ...411..178V", "1993ApJ...417L...1R", "1993PASP..105..977M", "1993PhR...231..293S", "1994AJ....107.1717B" ]
1933543
null
Formation of Quasars at High Redshift
Analytic arguments have suggested that the existence of high-redshift quasars challenges hierarchical galaxy formation theories in which the majority of galaxies form late. We address this issue by using a series of numerical simulations of the biased cold dark matter model with and without gas dynamics. Potential quasar sites are identified with massive density peaks collapsing to form massive self-gravitating cold gas clouds. The Press-Schechter formalism, using a Gaussian filter with δ_c_ = 1.61, correctly predicts the number of high-mass dark haloes. Very efficient cooling and angular momentum transfer to the dark halo, however, allow the gas to become much denser than naive predictions would suggest. We find that there are &gt; 10^3^ times the required number of potential quasar sites at z = 4.5; at z = 8 there is already at least one site in our simulation volume of 10^6^ Mpc^3^. Thus sites for quasars could easily form at significantly higher redshifts than those of observed quasars, even in models where most galaxy formation occurs late.
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14.549117
6.636668
1994-10-01
74
1994MNRAS.270L..71K
[ "Potential quasar sites", "potential quasar sites", "hierarchical galaxy formation theories", "numerical simulations", "sites", "massive density peaks", "gas dynamics", "angular momentum transfer", "observed quasars", "the biased cold dark matter model" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.1.L71" ]
[ "Katz, N.", "Quinn, T.", "Bertschinger, E.", "Gelb, J. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110...68S", "1995MNRAS.276L..69W", "1995NYASA.759...87S", "1995PhRvL..75....7S", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996A&A...311....1A", "1996AJ....111.1816K", "1996ApJS..104..185H", "1996ApJS..105...19K", "1996MNRAS.278..644L", "1996MNRAS.278L..49Q", "1996MNRAS.281..531L", "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996Natur.384..415O", "1997ApJ...481..587S", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997astro.ph.11118N", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ASPC..141..349S", "1998ApJ...503L...9J", "1998IAUS..179..249O", "1998MNRAS.295..632A", "1998MNRAS.300..146G", "1998PASP..110..991S", "1999ARA&A..37..487H", "1999ASPC..193..397D", "1999ApJ...515L..45J", "1999MNRAS.305..937M", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000MNRAS.311..279M", "2000SJSC...21.1790G", "2001ApJ...547...12M", "2001ApJS..137....1B", "2002ApJ...565...50C", "2003ASSL..281..185K", "2003ApJ...593....1B", "2005MNRAS.363....2K", "2005MNRAS.364..407C", "2007ARep...51..709D", "2007MNRAS.376..273Z", "2008MNRAS.388..697M", "2009ApJ...694..396B", "2009MNRAS.400...43C", "2010ApJ...714.1081S", "2010ApJ...725..633F", "2010IJMPD..19.1417M", "2010MNRAS.403.1859J", "2011A&A...531A..21S", "2011ApJ...728...51B", "2011MNRAS.415.2101H", "2012ApJ...749..181F", "2012MNRAS.421.3443H", "2013MNRAS.434.3310S", "2014MNRAS.440.2843C", "2014MNRAS.442..732W", "2015MNRAS.447..969B", "2016ASSL..418..317B", "2016ApJ...818...10G", "2018MNRAS.476..198B", "2018MNRAS.480.4455M", "2019ApJ...883L...5B", "2019MNRAS.483.1388T", "2019MNRAS.486..523B", "2021ApJS..252...28S", "2021MNRAS.501.1539N", "2021MNRAS.501.4759S", "2021MNRAS.505...65H", "2022LRCA....8....1A", "2022arXiv221105107T", "2023MNRAS.522.1451N", "2024arXiv240602693B" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1988ApJ...334L..59B", "1988ApJS...68..521B", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1989AJ.....98.1951S", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1991ApJ...368L..23C", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993MNRAS.265..689K", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...431..486B" ]
1933485
null
The MOST Galactic Centre survey - III. Images of new candidate supernova remnants.
The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) has recently been used to make an 843-MHz survey of the Galactic Centre region. A previous paper in this series discussed the new data on 11 objects within the survey boundaries which were already known or suspected to be supernova remnants. This paper discusses 17 new objects identified in the survey as candidate SNRs, primarily on the basis of thermal/ non-thermal separations performed on the survey data. An image of each object is presented, along with a brief discussion of its properties. Key words: supernova remnants - Galaxy: centre - radio continuum: general.
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4.09343
5.154036
1994-10-01
40
1994MNRAS.270..847G
[ "supernova remnants", "candidate SNRs", "Galactic Centre", "Key words", "the survey data", "thermal/ non-thermal separations", "the survey boundaries", "17 new objects", "The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope", "supernova remnants - Galaxy: centre - radio continuum" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.4.847" ]
[ "Gray, A. D." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.270..822G", "1994MNRAS.270..835G", "1994MNRAS.270..861G", "1995ApJ...448..164G", "1996MNRAS.283L..51K", "1998ApJ...493..274M", "1998ApJ...493..781G", "1998BSAO...46...62T", "1999A&A...352L.103T", "1999ASPC..168...43G", "1999ApJS..122..207G", "2001BASI...29..277B", "2001ESASP.459..109T", "2002ChPhL..19.1738Y", "2002IAUS..199..274R", "2002MNRAS.329..775R", "2002MNRAS.332....1B", "2003ANS...324Q..65K", "2003PhR...382..303T", "2004ApJS..155..421Y", "2006JPhCS..54..152R", "2009BASI...37...45G", "2010MNRAS.407...94M", "2010MNRAS.409..701P", "2010PASJ...62..557T", "2010RMxAA..46..349T", "2012ApJ...744..105P", "2012ApJ...761..162H", "2013PASJ...65...99M", "2014AJ....147...73P", "2014ApJ...792L..36B", "2014PASA...31...42G", "2019PASA...36...45H", "2019PASA...36...48H", "2020MNRAS.492.2606L", "2020MNRAS.493.2706C", "2022ApJ...934...78C", "2023ApJS..268...61Z", "2024MNRAS.531.3579T", "2024arXiv240513183W" ]
[ "1974AuJPh..27..687J", "1978AuJPA..45....1H", "1979AuJPA..48....1H", "1979MNRAS.187..201C", "1980A&A....90..269W", "1981PASA....4..156M", "1985ApJ...299L..13L", "1985Natur.313..113S", "1986A&A...166..257B", "1986Natur.320...43C", "1986Natur.322..522K", "1987A&A...171..205M", "1987A&A...171..261C", "1987A&A...183..118K", "1988A&A...200L..21W", "1988srim.conf..293R", "1989ApJ...340..355B", "1989ApJ...342..769P", "1989ApJS...70..181A", "1989IAUS..136..345G", "1989MNRAS.237..277L", "1989MNRAS.237..381B", "1989PASA....8..176W", "1989PASA....8..184C", "1990A&AS...83..539R", "1990PASA....8..274W", "1991AuJPh..44..729R", "1991MNRAS.249..262A", "1991PASP..103..209G", "1992ApJS...81..715S", "1992ApJS...82..495L", "1992MNRAS.254..177C", "1993ApJS...88..529T", "1993Natur.362..135K", "1993PhDT........36G", "1994MNRAS.270..822G", "1994MNRAS.270..835G", "1994MNRAS.270..861G" ]
1933452
null
H I observations of the new Sagittarius dwarf.
Neutral hydrogen (HI) observations of the recently discovered Sagittarius dwarf galaxy (D = 24 kpc) have been obtained using the 22-m Mopra telescope. We derive upper limits on the HI mass, at several positions in the galaxy's central region, of between 51 and 75 M_sun_. Interpolation over the extent of the stellar distribution of the galaxy gives an upper limit of about 10^4^ M_sun_.
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11.268396
7.649224
1994-10-01
42
1994MNRAS.270L..43K
[ "upper limits", "several positions", "M_sun", "Sagittarius", "the recently discovered Sagittarius dwarf galaxy", "an upper limit", "the HI mass", "the galaxys central region", "Interpolation", "Neutral hydrogen (HI) observations" ]
[ "galaxies: ISM", "galaxies: Local Group", "radio lines: galaxies" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.1.L43" ]
[ "Koribalski, B.", "Johnston, S.", "Otrupcek, R." ]
[ "Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia", "Research Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia", "Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1129L", "1995MNRAS.275L..23V", "1996A&A...312...49M", "1996A&A...312L..21Z", "1996AJ....112.1969O", "1996ASPC..106..208S", "1997AJ....114.2505S", "1997ApJ...487..651W", "1997MNRAS.290....7E", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998AJ....116.1690C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998MNRAS.294..315M", "1999A&A...349....7B", "1999AJ....117.1758Y", "1999AJ....118.1245B", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999MNRAS.304..633B", "1999MNRAS.307..619B", "1999PASA...16...18C", "2000A&A...359..347D", "2000AJ....119..188Y", "2003AJ....125.1926G", "2003ApJ...586..170P", "2003ApJ...591..167C", "2003ApJ...599.1082M", "2004ApJ...603L..77P", "2004IAUS..217..406P", "2004MNRAS.349...52B", "2005A&A...432...45B", "2005A&A...433..241M", "2009ApJ...696..385G", "2010PASA...27..321U", "2015MNRAS.449.1327V", "2016ASSL..420...31L", "2016ApJ...824..151G", "2018MNRAS.478.5263T", "2021ApJ...910..114M", "2021ApJ...922...69G", "2022MNRAS.517.6121V", "2023MNRAS.524.4574E", "2024A&A...687A..82L" ]
[ "1973A&AS....8..505W", "1977ApJ...212L..57C", "1978AJ.....83..360K", "1985A&AS...62..365B", "1985A&AS...62..645B", "1990ApJ...362L..55M", "1991ApJ...381L..13C", "1992IAUS..149..191D", "1994AJ....107.1328V" ]
1915198
null
Properties of the Highly Ionized Disk and Halo Gas toward Two Distant High-Latitude Stars
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) intermediate -resolution observations of S III, Si III, Al III, Si IV, C IV, and N V absorption along the sight lines to HD 18100 (l = 217.9 deg, b = -62.7, d = 3.1 kpc, z = -2.8 kpc) and HD 100340 (l = 258.9 deg, b = +61.2 deg, d = 5.3 kpc, z = 4.6 kpc) are presented. These small science aperture spectra have resolutions ranging from 11 to 20 km/s full width at half maximum (FWHM) and S/N from 30 to 65 per diode substep. Strong absorption by moderately and highly ionized gas is seen in each direction. The absorption in the direction of the south Galactic polar region (HD 18100) is kinematically simple, while the absorption in the direction of north Galactic polar region (HD 100304) is kinematically complex. In each case the absorption by the highly ionized gas lies within the velocity range of absorption by neutral and weakly ionized gas. Along each sight line, the velocity dispersion determined from the unsaturated absorption lines increases with the energy required to create each ion. The logarithmic column densities for Al III, Si IV, C IV, and N V are log N(atoms/sq cm = 12.71, 13.10, 13.58, and 12.75 toward HD 18100 and log N = 12.88, 13.31, 13.83, and 13.04 toward HD 100340. Average ionic ratios among these species are very similar along the two sight lines. Differences in profile shape between the absorption for AL II, Si IV, C IV, and N V provide additional support for the claim of Savage, Sembach, &amp; Cardelli (1994) that there exists two types of highly ionized gas in the interstellar medium. One type of highly ionized gas is responsible for the structured Si IV absorption and part of the C IV absorption. In this gas N(C IV)/N(Si IV) approximately 3.0 and N(C IV)/N(N V) greater than 6. The absorption by this gas seems to be associated with some type of self-regulating interface or mixing layer between the warm and hot interstellar medium. The other type of highly ionized gas is responsible for most of the N V absorption, part of the C IV absorption, and has very little associated Si IV absorption. In this gas N(C IV)/N(N V) is approximately 1 to 3. This gas is hot (T greater than 2 x 10<SUP>5</SUP> K) and may be tracing the cooling gas of supernova (SN) bubbles or a Galactic fountain. The relative mixture of these two types of highly ionized gas varies from one sight line to the next. The two sight lines in this study sample halo gas in the solar neighborhood and have a smaller percentage of the more highly ionized gas than inner Galaxy sight lines.
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12.450981
9.38883
1994-10-01
39
1994ApJ...434..145S
[ "N V absorption", "Si IV", "C IV", "absorption", "Strong absorption", "N V", "inner Galaxy sight lines", "IV", "IV)/N(Si IV", "Si III" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Abundance", "Disk Galaxies", "Galactic Halos", "Interstellar Gas", "Ionized Gases", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Spectrum Analysis", "Aluminum", "Carbon", "Gauss Equation", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Nitrogen", "Silicon", "Sulfur", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXY: HALO", "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "ULTRAVIOLET: ISM" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174712" ]
[ "Savage, Blair D.", "Sembach, K. R." ]
[ "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US", "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US" ]
[ "1994ApJ...434..244S", "1995ApJ...439..672S", "1995ApJ...445..314S", "1995ApJ...447..597L", "1995ApJ...450..149H", "1995ApJ...450..163H", "1995ApJ...452..275C", "1996A&A...314..609R", "1996A&A...314..927S", "1996ARA&A..34..279S", "1996ASPC..106....1W", "1996ASPC..112...63C", "1996ApJ...457..211S", "1996ApJ...465..296H", "1996ApJ...470..893S", "1996ApJS..102..239T", "1996GApFD..82...69S", "1997AJ....113.2158S", "1997ApJ...480..216S", "1998ApJ...504..785S", "1998JPhB...31..677C", "1999AJ....118...59C", "1999ASPC..166...88B", "1999ApJ...517..746H", "1999MNRAS.304..947R", "2001ASPC..247..127K", "2003ApJ...586.1019Z", "2004ApJ...612..152C", "2006Ap&SS.303...33G", "2009ApJ...702.1472S", "2010ApJ...719..523K", "2011A&A...534A..82F", "2012ApJ...749..157W", "2012ApJS..199....8G", "2012MNRAS.421..446M", "2015ApJ...812..111K", "2018ApJ...866...34S", "2019ApJ...882...76B", "2019ApJ...887...89W" ]
[ "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1977ApJ...215..213M", "1977ApJ...218..377W", "1982ApJ...252..529B", "1983ApJ...275..661V", "1983MNRAS.203.1233D", "1985ApJ...295..422C", "1986A&A...155..333K", "1986A&A...161...12B", "1986ApJ...302..432L", "1986ApJ...310L..27E", "1987A&A...178..194K", "1987A&A...178..317K", "1988qal..conf..195S", "1989ApJ...342..785D", "1990ARA&A..28...71S", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ApJ...355..501B", "1990MNRAS.244P..26B", "1990hsth.book.....D", "1991ApJ...375..342Q", "1991ApJ...379..245S", "1991ApJ...381...55B", "1991ApJS...77..119M", "1991IAUS..144..109T", "1992ApJ...391L..41S", "1992ApJ...392..131S", "1992ApJS...81..125D", "1992ApJS...83..147S", "1993A&AS..100..107S", "1993AIPC..278..156R", "1993AIPC..278..499M", "1993ApJ...404..124S", "1993ApJ...407...83S", "1993ApJ...409..299S", "1993ApJ...413..116S", "1993ApJ...413..401C", "1993ApJ...415..652T", "1993ApJ...417..187S", "1993ApJ...417..579M", "1993ApJS...88..253S", "1993sfgi.conf..275S", "1994ApJ...420..183S", "1994ApJ...421..585S", "1994ApJ...426..563L", "1994ApJ...427..784S", "1994ApJ...428..647D", "1994ApJ...430..222D", "1994ApJ...431..201S", "1994ApJS...93..211D" ]
1912826
null
The RSA Survey of Dwarf Galaxies. I. Optical Photometry
We present detailed surface photometry, based on broad B-band CCD images, of about 80 dwarf galaxies. Our sample represents ~10% of all dwarf galaxies identified in the vicinity of RSA galaxies on high resolution blue photographic plates, referred to as the RSA survey of dwarf galaxies [Vader and Sandage (in preparation) (1994)]. We derive global properties and radial surface brightness profiles, and examine the morphologies. The radial surface brightness profiles of dwarf galaxies, whether early or late type, display the same varieties in shape and complexity as those of classical giant galaxies. Only a few are well described by a pure r^1/4^ law. Exponential profiles prevail. Features typical of giant disk galaxies, such as exponential profiles with a central depression, lenses, and even, in one case (IC 2041), a relatively prominent bulge are also found in dwarf galaxies. Our data suggest that the central region evolves from being bulge-like, with an r^1/4^ law profile, in bright galaxies to a lens-like structure in dwarf galaxies. We prove detailed surface photometry to be a helpful if not always sufficient tool in investigating the structure dwarf galaxies. In many cases kinematic information is needed to complete the picture. We find the shapes of the surface brightness profiles to be loosely associated with morphological type. Our sample contains several new galaxies with properties intermediate between those of giant and dwarf ellipticals (but no M32-like objects). This shows that such intermediate galaxies exist so that at least a fraction of early-type dwarf ellipticals is structurally related to early-type giants instead of belonging to a totally unrelated, disjunct family. This supports an origin of early-type dwarf galaxies as originally more massive systems that acquired their current morphology as a result of substantial, presumable supernova-driven, mass loss. On the other hand, several early-type dwarfs in our sample are merger candidates. Merger events may lead to anisotropic velocity distributions in systems of any luminosity, including dwarfs. The RSA sample of dwarf galaxies is more likely to contain mergers because, in contrast to earlier dwarf galaxy surveys that have focused on clusters and rich groups of galaxies, the RSA dwarfs are typically located in low density environments. The occurrence of mergers among dwarf galaxies is of interest in connection with the rapid evolution of faint blue galaxy counts at redshift z &lt; 1 which suggests that dwarf galaxies were about five times more numerous in the recent past. Finally, our sample contains several examples of late-type dwarfs and "transition" types that are potential precursors of nucleated early-type dwarfs. All the above processes-mass loss, mergers, astration-are likely to have contributed to the formation of the current population of diffuse early-type dwarfs. A few new redshifts of dwarf galaxies are reported in this paper.
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10.985784
7.141971
1994-10-01
41
1994AJ....108.1209V
[ "dwarf galaxies", "earlier dwarf galaxy surveys", "RSA galaxies", "galaxies", "several new galaxies", "bright galaxies", "giant disk galaxies", "such intermediate galaxies", "classical giant galaxies", "faint blue galaxy counts" ]
[ "Astronomical Photography", "Astronomical Photometry", "Disk Galaxies", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Galactic Bulge", "Galactic Evolution", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Spectra", "Visible Spectrum", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Reduction", "Image Processing", "Power Series", "Red Shift", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117149" ]
[ "Vader, J. Patricia", "Chaboyer, Brian" ]
[ "Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Pasadena, CA, US", "Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Pasadena, CA, US" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.277..641M", "1996A&AS..117..261V", "1996A&AS..117..343K", "1996A&AS..120..207P", "1996AN....317..289V", "1996ASPC..112...79A", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1997AJ....113..531D", "1997AJ....114.1899M", "1997ApJ...478..435W", "1997ApJ...489..543P", "1997MNRAS.285..374H", "1997MNRAS.288...78T", "1998AJ....116.2196M", "1999AJ....118.1618O", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999MNRAS.304..254V", "1999MNRAS.309..161M", "1999astro.ph.10098S", "2000A&AS..142..399V", "2000AJ....120..733E", "2000ApJ...529..201S", "2001AJ....121.1385S", "2001ApJS..134...53F", "2001RMxAC..11..189V", "2003A&A...412...45P", "2003ASPC..297..271G", "2003Ap&SS.284..599T", "2004ApJ...607..810M", "2005ARA&A..43..581S", "2005MNRAS.359.1287B", "2008A&A...481...79V", "2008AJ....136.1866K", "2008MNRAS.386.2311S", "2011AstL...37..751S", "2013A&A...554A.128S", "2014AN....335..992H", "2015A&A...574A..21R", "2018A&A...620A.133R", "2018A&A...620A.166G", "2018MNRAS.473.3358S" ]
[ "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1974MNRAS.169..229L", "1977ApJ...214..359K", "1977ApJ...217..406K", "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1979ApJ...227..714K", "1979ApJ...234..435B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981A&A....98..119V", "1981AJ.....86..662S", "1982ApJ...257..423H", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJ...266...41D", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984AJ.....89..919S", "1984ApJ...282...85W", "1985A&AS...61..503F", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJ...292L...9K", "1985ApJ...295...73K", "1986ApJ...305..669V", "1986ApJS...60..475I", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987A&A...173...49P", "1987ApJ...317..128V", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&A...203..217V", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989A&A...219...34K", "1989A&A...222....5P", "1989A&AS...77...75F", "1989ApJS...69..809M", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990A&A...239...97B", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990AJ....100....1F", "1990AJ....100..415H", "1990MNRAS.245P..12C", "1991A&A...246..349B", "1991A&A...252...27B", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...379L...1V", "1991ApJ...379L..45S", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992PASP..104...57V", "1993ApJ...407...14S" ]
1915096
null
A ROSAT Observation of the Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 6946
I present the ROSAT Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter image of the nearby, nearly face-on, spiral galaxy NGC 6946. The galaxy was observed with Einstein in 1980, uncovering a nuclear source, a source on or near the northern spiral arm, SN 1980K, and evidence for non-point- source (i.e., diffuse) emission. The ROSAT image resolves the nuclear region into approximately three sources, yields an accurate position for the north arm source, and reveals diffuse extended emission across the galaxy face, tracing at least the bright northern spiral arm of the galaxy. The diffuse emission is almost certainly the very hot component of the galaxy's interstellar medium and is probably similar to that found in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud.
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13.116249
8.095241
1994-10-01
35
1994ApJ...434..523S
[ "non-point- source", "extended emission", "diffuse", "the north arm source", "the northern spiral arm", "a nuclear source", "ROSAT", "at least the bright northern spiral arm", "the galaxy face", "the ROSAT Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter image" ]
[ "Emission", "Galactic Nuclei", "Interstellar Matter", "Spiral Galaxies", "Supernovae", "X Ray Astronomy", "X Rays", "Heao 2", "Proportional Counters", "Rosat Mission", "X Ray Imagery", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 6946", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174754" ]
[ "Schlegel, Eric M." ]
[ "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...441..568S", "1995ApJ...446..177C", "1995MNRAS.277..397R", "1996A&A...305...74V", "1996ARA&A..34..155B", "1996Natur.379...47B", "1997A&A...319..459V", "1997A&A...326..465U", "1997AJ....113.1296S", "1997ApJ...478..107P", "1997ApJS..112...49M", "1998A&A...332...77H", "1998A&A...335..123F", "1998AJ....116.1657M", "1998AN....319..110V", "1998ApJS..118..401D", "1999A&A...342..101V", "1999A&A...352...64V", "1999ApJS..120..179P", "2000AJ....120..791S", "2000AJ....120.2373S", "2000MNRAS.319...17L", "2001ApJ...557..626K", "2002A&A...388....7W", "2003AJ....125.3025S", "2003ApJ...588..792H", "2003ApJ...598..982S", "2004AJ....127..239G", "2007AJ....134.1827C", "2008ApJS..177..465F", "2009MNRAS.398.1041B", "2010ApJ...723...54K", "2010ApJ...725..842L", "2016A&A...585A...3W", "2024PASJ...76..523Y" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1973A&A....22..111R", "1977A&A....55..421V", "1980A&A....90..246I", "1980ApJ...235..392T", "1982A&A...108..176K", "1982ApJ...256..397F", "1982ApJ...258..467Y", "1982PhDT........35M", "1984ApJ...278..564D", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985ApJ...290...96T", "1987ApJ...315...46F", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1988ApJ...324..749F", "1988ApJ...325..531T", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989Natur.341..309W", "1990ApJ...352..595T", "1990ApJ...355..436I", "1991A&A...246L...2H", "1991A&A...251...15B", "1991ApJ...374..475W", "1991ApJS...76..875E", "1991MNRAS.250..392G", "1991Natur.349..579T", "1992A&A...266...37B", "1992ApJ...393..819S", "1992ApJS...80..645K", "1993A&A...273...45E", "1993A&A...273L..31K", "1993AJ....106..948D", "1993ApJ...406...60R", "1993ApJ...407..579M", "1993ApJ...410..615P", "1993sfgi.conf...56W", "1994AIPC..313..339L", "1994ApJ...424..714S", "1994ApJ...424L..99S", "1994ApJ...424L.103B", "1994ApJ...425L..77V" ]
1915153
null
The 3.28 Micron Emission Feature in NGC 253
The 3.28 micron polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature in the galaxy NGC 253 comes from an extended star formation region ~100 pc across. The brightest mid-infrared source in the galaxy, which is displaced ~45 pc from the probable nucleus, does not show the PAH feature; it may be a dust-enshrouded recent supernova.
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12.618988
8.703966
1994-10-01
25
1994ApJ...434..546K
[ "~100 pc", "PAH", "NGC 253", "The brightest mid-infrared source", "an extended star formation region", "the PAH feature", "The 3.28 micron polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon", "a dust-enshrouded recent supernova", "the probable nucleus", "the galaxy" ]
[ "Emission Spectra", "Infrared Astronomy", "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Formation", "Supernovae", "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Infrared Imagery", "Luminosity", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 253", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174756" ]
[ "Kalas, Paul", "Wynn-Williams, C. G." ]
[ "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US", "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470..821P", "1997ApJ...485..598K", "1997ApJ...488..621U", "1998ApJ...498L.115B", "1999ApJ...510..669S", "1999ApJ...518..183K", "1999MNRAS.304..549D", "2000AJ....120..278U", "2000ApJ...545..701I", "2000MNRAS.312..689F", "2000PASJ...52..785S", "2001ApJ...551..730E", "2002ApJ...574..701M", "2002PASJ...54..195T", "2003A&A...399..833F", "2003ApJ...584L...9S", "2004A&A...414..117H", "2005A&A...432....1M", "2005A&A...432...91T", "2005A&A...438..803G", "2005PASJ...57..549T", "2006ApJ...636..685S", "2007ApJ...661L.135M", "2008A&A...484..341R", "2011ApJ...735...19S" ]
[ "1974PASP...86....5W", "1975ApJ...197...17R", "1975LNP....42..137J", "1979MNRAS.189..163W", "1980ApJ...235..392T", "1980ApJ...238...24R", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1984ApJ...277..623S", "1985ApJ...289..129S", "1985ApJ...299L..77T", "1985MNRAS.213..777A", "1986A&A...166....4M", "1988ApJ...325..679R", "1988ApJ...330L..97A", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1991ApJ...380L..63F", "1991psc..book.....R", "1992ApJ...401L..75P", "1992ESASP1136.....T", "1993ApJ...413L..23K", "1993ApJ...414..120T" ]
1933462
null
The MOST Galactic Centre survey - IV. Supernova remnant distribution, small-diameter supernova remnants and supernova remnant-pulsar coincidences.
The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) has been used to make a new 843-MHz survey of the Galactic Centre region. This paper considers the effect of the 17 new candidate supernova remnants (SNRs) discovered on the observed longitude distribution of SNRs in the Galaxy. An excess of SNRs by a factor of 2 in number over that expected for a uniform Galaxy-wide distribution is identified, and the implications are discussed. Also described is a search for small-diameter SNRs in this region, in which one possible candidate has been found. Finally, the relationship between the new SNR candidates and known pulsars in the region is examined, but no compelling evidence is found for a new SNR-pulsar association. words: pulsars: general - supernova remnants - Galaxy: centre - radio continuum: general.
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4.220684
5.037489
1994-10-01
27
1994MNRAS.270..861G
[ "SNRs", "known pulsars", "Galaxy", "the new SNR candidates", "SNR", "pulsars", "Galactic Centre", "the 17 new candidate supernova remnants", "general - supernova remnants", "small-diameter SNRs" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.4.861" ]
[ "Gray, A. D." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.270..822G", "1994MNRAS.270..835G", "1994MNRAS.270..847G", "1995ApJ...448..164G", "1995MNRAS.277.1243G", "1995PASA...12..227B", "1996MNRAS.283L..51K", "1997AJ....114.2058G", "1997ApJ...475..557C", "1997ApJ...491..725P", "1997MNRAS.287..722D", "1998ApJ...498L..55Y", "1999ASPC..168...43G", "1999ApJS..122..207G", "1999irpa.conf...67A", "2000AJ....119..207L", "2002MNRAS.329..775R", "2002MNRAS.335..114M", "2003ANS...324Q..65K", "2006JPhCS..54..152R", "2007ApJ...656..847Y", "2007ApJ...665L.123Y", "2008MNRAS.389L..23M", "2009ApJ...694..943A", "2009ApJ...694L..16H", "2013ApJ...762...85W", "2020MNRAS.498.1335S" ]
[ "1971NPhS..230..114C", "1974AuJPh..27..713C", "1975AuJPh..28..633C", "1977hisu.book.....C", "1981PASA....4..156M", "1983A&A...122...45N", "1983ApJ...268..370C", "1984AJ.....89..819H", "1984MNRAS.207..745C", "1984Natur.312..527G", "1985MNRAS.216..691G", "1986Natur.320...41C", "1986Natur.320...42G", "1987Ap&SS.135..187A", "1987ApJ...314..203H", "1987ApJ...319..162N", "1988AJ.....96.1655G", "1988ARA&A..26..295W", "1988ApJ...325L..43N", "1988ApJ...329..116C", "1988ApJ...329..225D", "1988PASP..100..205V", "1988gera.book..439R", "1988srim.conf..481W", "1989AJ.....98.1358G", "1989AJ.....98.1652H", "1989ASIC..262..573D", "1989ApJ...340..355B", "1989ApJS...70..181A", "1989IAUS..136...55F", "1989IAUS..136..477S", "1989MNRAS.237..381B", "1989PASA....8..176W", "1989PASA....8..184C", "1990A&AS...83..539R", "1990A&AS...85..633R", "1990ASIC..300...91S", "1990PASA....8..274W", "1990puas.book.....L", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...378...93L", "1991AuJPh..44..729R", "1991Natur.354..121C", "1991PASP..103..209G", "1992A&A...262..251W", "1992AJ....104..704S", "1992ApJ...392..530K", "1992ApJS...81..715S", "1992Natur.355..147S", "1992sswi.book.....L", "1993ApJ...408..428O", "1993ApJS...88..529T", "1993MNRAS.262...79Y", "1993MNRAS.263..868S", "1993Natur.361..417B", "1993Natur.362..135K", "1994MNRAS.270..822G", "1994MNRAS.270..835G", "1994MNRAS.270..847G", "1994yCat.7163....0G" ]
1915261
null
Observations and Models of the Sacred Mushroom: AM 1724-622
Results of multiband (UBVRI) surface photometry of the collisional ring galaxy AM 1724-622 (ESO 138-IG 29/30), nicknamed the "Sacred Mushroom," are presented. The reddish ring colors and the apparent lack of gas in the ring both support the hypothesis that the ring consists primarily of old stars. The theory of collisional ring formation also leads us to expect that only a stellar ring will be as broad as that in AM 1724 - 622. The theory predicts that the ring should be. bounded by sharp, caustic edges. In order to test the theory several types of models of the ring galaxy were constructed, including an analytic models for the form and location of caustics, semianalytic calculations in a kinematic approximation to the stellar orbits following an impulsive disturbance, and an extensive series of restricted three-body model simulations. We find good agreement between the results of all these techniques, and between the models and observation. This agreement confirms the applicability of our analytic models and the approximations they are based on. The restricted three- body simulations also successfully model the morphology of the companion galaxy in AM 1724 - 622, and suggest that an apparent second bulge may be a tidal tail seen at a rather special viewing angle. Although no kinematical data are available yet, the best-fitting models have a rising rotation curve, suggesting the importance of the bulge component in AM 1724 - 622. Thus, several lines of evidence suggest that the precursor to the ring was an S0-type galaxy.
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11.197403
7.594266
1994-10-01
18
1994ApJ...433..631W
[ "collisional ring formation", "models", "AM", "the collisional ring galaxy", "several types", "the ring galaxy", "good agreement", "several lines", "The reddish ring colors", "semianalytic calculations" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Computerized Simulation", "Galactic Structure", "Interacting Galaxies", "Kinematics", "Ring Galaxies", "Three Body Problem", "Astronomical Photography", "Astronomical Photometry", "Caustic Lines", "Galactic Bulge", "Interstellar Gas", "Morphology", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: AM 1724-622", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174672" ]
[ "Wallin, John F.", "Struck-Marcell, Curtis" ]
[ "George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, US", "George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, US" ]
[ "1996A&AS..116..515R", "1996ASPC..106..141S", "1996ApJ...467..241H", "1997AJ....113..201A", "1997ApJ...474..686H", "1997ApJ...483..754S", "1997ApJS..113..269S", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000MNRAS.318..124G", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2010MNRAS.403.1516S", "2011ApJ...739...97H", "2012MNRAS.423..543S", "2013AJ....145..130L", "2014MNRAS.443.3528S", "2014MNRAS.444..629R", "2016A&C....16...26W", "2018ApJ...864...72C" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1976ApJ...208..650T", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1978IAUS...79..109T", "1982GApFD..20..111A", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1986PhDT.........1J", "1987A&A...174...57B", "1987ApJ...312..566A", "1987ApJ...318..103A", "1987ApJ...323..480S", "1987BAAS...19.1032M", "1990ApJ...358...99S", "1991A&A...252..571D", "1991ApJS...75..241D", "1992ApJ...393..544S", "1992ApJ...399...29W", "1992ApJ...399...57M", "1992ApJ...399L..51G", "1993ApJ...411..108S", "1993MNRAS.261..804H", "1993PhDT.........2G" ]
1915218
null
Measurement of Large- and Superlarge-Scale Structures of the Universe
Gravitational instability theory provides our physical understanding of how structure forms in the universe. The growth of the velocity field leads to the formation of filaments or chains of galaxies, which we shall term large-scale structure (LSS). As galaxies are not continuous tracers of structure, this leads us to introduce the concept of a "broken network structure" as a model of LSS. Furthermore, modulation by the gravitational potential results in "voids" containing regions of positive potential with boundaries of sheets or "walls" of rich filaments, which we shall identify as superlarge-scale structure (SLSS), with then a "broken cellular structure" as a model of SLSS. Observationally, large galaxy redshift surveys corroborate the theory by their striking visual evidence for such a structure. Thus, it would seem that the most basic physical measures of structure in the universe are simply the surface density of filaments, that is, the number intersecting unit area, and the size of "cells." We introduce here a new simple method of analysis to measure these directly. As this present method deals with pencil beam surveys, instead of attempting to measure the cell size we measure the linear density of "sheets," that is, the number intersecting a line of unit length. As the more frequent elements of SLSS are probably superclusters and rich filaments of galaxies, we shall simply term an element of SLSS a "supercluster"; to a pencil beam survey such elements appear sheetlike. We test out the method using simple numerical simulations of such structure, as well as on simulations of Poisson and the geometric Soneira-Peebles hierarchical models, which clearly have no such structure. In an exploratory investigation of the method with real data, we apply it to the presently available deep pencil beam galaxy redshift surveys. We find for the mean surface density of filaments σ_f_ ~0.45 x 10^-2^ h^2^ Mpc^-2^, which corresponds to a mean separation of D_f_ ~ 14 h^-1^ Mpc, and for the mean linear density of "sheets,' (superclusters) σ_s_~ 0.02 h Mpc^-1^, corresponding to a mean distance between superclusters of D_s_ ~ 50 h^-1^ Mpc. For the very deep surveys, we find instead D_S_^(2)^~130 h^-1^ Mpc. If we take into account the low probability of ~0.4 for a "sheet" to be detected in these surveys, the result also corresponds to a supercluster scale of ~50 h^-1^ Mpc. Finally, we consider the theoretical interpretation of these scales and discuss some of the possible observational problems and their future resolution.
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12.106986
4.691016
1994-10-01
19
1994ApJ...434...24B
[ "such structure", "pencil beam surveys", "large galaxy redshift surveys", "structure", "rich filaments", "such elements", "filaments", "sheets", "simple numerical simulations", "galaxies" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Mass", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitational Collapse", "Gravitational Fields", "Universe", "Analytic Functions", "Poisson Equation", "Red Shift", "Velocity", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174701" ]
[ "Buryak, Olga E.", "Doroshkevich, Andrei G.", "Fong, Richard" ]
[ "Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Moscow, Russia", "Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Moscow, Russia", "University of Durham, Durham, England, UK" ]
[ "1996A&A...306....1B", "1996ASPC...94..235D", "1996ApJ...469..445D", "1996MNRAS.283.1281D", "1997A&AS..123..495D", "1997ApJ...491..421E", "1997MNRAS.284..633D", "1998A&A...329...14D", "1999ASPC..176..297M", "1999MNRAS.306..575D", "1999MNRAS.306..779D", "2000ApJ...545...32H", "2000MNRAS.314..256K", "2000MNRAS.315..767D", "2000MNRAS.318..665D", "2000MNRAS.318.1177D", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001MNRAS.322..369D", "2011ApJ...727...48W" ]
[ "1978AJ.....83..845S", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1979MNRAS.186..583S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1983ARA&A..21..373O", "1983SvAL....9..104S", "1984MNRAS.206..529E", "1985ApJ...288..411D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987SvA....31....8K", "1988ApJ...324..627B", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989MNRAS.236..207M", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1989MNRAS.237..589S", "1989RvMP...61..185S", "1990AJ.....99..463D", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991A&A...243..295K", "1991ApJ...376...43B", "1991ApJ...379..482K", "1991ApJ...383...41B", "1991MNRAS.249..288P", "1992A&A...257....1M", "1992ASSL..174..389B", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...388..234B", "1992ApJ...393..437K", "1992ApJ...393..464B", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992MNRAS.256..477M", "1992MNRAS.257..715D", "1992rac..conf...16B", "1993ApJ...409..517S", "1993ApJ...416....1K" ]
1933480
null
An unusual high-redshift object discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope : peculiar starburst galaxy or new gravitational lens?
We report the discovery of an object with a very peculiar structure, using observations from the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as part of the Medium-Deep Survey project. The object includes four compact blue components arranged around an extended red component, with mutual separations of &lt;1 arcsec. Using a ground-based spectrum as an additional constraint, we consider the plausibility of two solutions to the structural problem. First, the blue components could be individual supergiant HII regions sitting in a host spiral or irregular galaxy which they dominate. Secondly, the system could be gravitationally lensed, where the blue components are all images of a single background source. In this case, a severe limit can be placed on the size of the emitting region, and the system has considerable potential for studies of H_0_ because of the short time-delay. A high mass-to-light ratio, compared with those known for low-redshift galaxies, however, would be required to produce the observed image separation.
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13.329914
4.65531
1994-10-01
12
1994MNRAS.270L..63G
[ "individual supergiant HII regions", "Hubble Space Telescope", "irregular galaxy", "mutual separations", "considerable potential", "images", "four compact blue components", "the blue components", "lt;1 arcsec", "an extended red component" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/270.1.L63" ]
[ "Glazebrook, K.", "Lehar, J.", "Ellis, R.", "Aragon-Salamanca, A.", "Griffiths, R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995MNRAS.275L..67G", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...462...89F", "1996ApJ...467L..73H", "1996IAUS..168..219G", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997ApL&C..36..355G", "1999AJ....117.2010R", "1999ApJ...514...77N", "2001ASPC..237...33R", "2016ASPC..503...85A" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1966apga.book.....A", "1980MNRAS.193..219P", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1987ApJ...321..658B", "1987MNRAS.224..801H", "1987cspg.book.....A", "1988ApJ...334..144K", "1989ApJ...337..761K", "1990ASPC...10..248E", "1992MNRAS.259P..31M", "1993AJ....105..847L", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C" ]
1423962
astro-ph/9406037
VLBI Observations of a Complete Sample of Radio Galaxies. IV. The Radio Galaxies NGC 2484, 3C 109, and 3C 382
We present here new VLBI observations of one F-R I radio galaxy (NGC 2484) and two broad-line F-R II radio galaxies (3C 109 and 3C 382). For 3C 109 new VLA maps are also shown. These sources belong to a complete sample of radio galaxies under study for a better knowledge of their structures at parsec resolution. The parsec structure of these three objects is very similar: asymmetric emission, which we interpret as the core plus a one-sided jet. The parsec-scale jet is always on the same side of the main kiloparsec-scale jet. The limit on the jet to counterjet brightness ratio, the ratio of the core radio power to the total radio power and the synchrotron-self Compton model allow us to derive some constraints on the jet velocity and orientation with respect to the line of sight. From these data and from those published on two other sources of our sample, we suggest that parsec-scale jets are relativistic in both F-R I and F-R II radio galaxies and that parsec scale properties in F-R I and F-R II radio galaxies are very similar despite the large difference between these two classes of radio galaxies on the kiloparsec scale.
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15.657997
5.699117
1994-11-01
83
1994ApJ...435..116G
[ "radio galaxies", "radio", "galaxy", "parsec resolution", "counterjet brightness ratio", "F-R I and F-R II radio galaxies", "new VLBI observations", "parsec-scale jets", "F-R II", "the core radio power" ]
[ "Astronomical Interferometry", "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Structure", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Emission", "Radio Galaxies", "Radio Jets (Astronomy)", "Very Long Base Interferometry", "Mathematical Models", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: JETS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "TECHNIQUES: INTERFEROMETRIC", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174799", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406037" ]
[ "Giovannini, G.", "Feretti, L.", "Venturi, T.", "Lara, L.", "Marcaide, J.", "Rioja, M.", "Spangler, S. R.", "Wehrle, A. E." ]
[ "Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy", "Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy", "Inst. di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy", "Inst. di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy", "Univ. de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain", "Univ. de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain", "University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US", "University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...452..605C", "1995ApJ...454..735V", "1995MNRAS.277.1097L", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1996A&A...314..672L", "1996ASPC..100...97P", "1996ApJ...460..174K", "1996IAUS..175..124V", "1996IAUS..175..127G", "1997ARA&A..35..607Z", "1997ASPC..116..421L", "1997ApJ...474..179L", "1997MNRAS.286..765A", "1998A&A...336..455S", "1998ASPC..144...85G", "1998ApJ...493..632G", "1998MNRAS.296..721C", "1999A&A...341...29F", "1999A&A...342..378G", "1999AJ....117.2626X", "1999ASPC..159..339P", "1999ApJ...513..197L", "1999ApJ...519..108C", "1999ApJ...522..101G", "1999MNRAS.309..681G", "1999MmSAI..70..129F", "2000A&A...353..507G", "2000A&A...363...84V", "2000A&A...364..501D", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000AJ....120.2950X", "2000MNRAS.311..846A", "2000MNRAS.314...11B", "2000evn..conf...15V", "2001AJ....122.2954P", "2001ASPC..250..170G", "2001ASPC..250..276B", "2001ApJ...552..508G", "2001astro.ph..3020W", "2002A&A...396..801F", "2002AJ....124.1239H", "2002PASA...19...69G", "2003Ap&SS.287..223M", "2003MNRAS.343L..73W", "2004A&A...415..905L", "2004A&A...421..899L", "2004ApJ...613..752G", "2004MNRAS.351..845G", "2005ApJ...626..733C", "2005ApJ...629..100C", "2006MNRAS.371..283M", "2007ApJ...670L..85B", "2009A&A...505..509L", "2009ASPC..407..200B", "2009ApJ...701..891L", "2010MNRAS.407.1998N", "2011A&A...533A..72M", "2011ApJ...740...29K", "2011arXiv1110.6360L", "2012MNRAS.424.2971O", "2012NIMPA.692..280G", "2012arXiv1205.0700L", "2013A&A...560A..23L", "2013EPJWC..6108006G", "2014IAUS..304..200G", "2016A&A...596A..12M", "2016ApJ...823L..26A", "2018MNRAS.476.4187H", "2018MNRAS.478.2663U", "2018arXiv180805881C", "2019MNRAS.484.3376L", "2020A&A...643L..12S", "2020ApJ...897...47C", "2020JHEAp..27...77C", "2020MNRAS.496..903H", "2021ApJ...909...76P", "2021ApJ...916...95I", "2021ApJ...920...15M", "2022ApJ...931..138F", "2022ApJ...932...64B", "2022MNRAS.512...86B", "2023Univ....9..479H", "2024ApJ...961..241K" ]
[ "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975A&A....38..209C", "1975PhDT........63R", "1976ApJ...206..898O", "1978A&A....68..367S", "1978ApJ...220..783G", "1981AJ.....86...16P", "1982MNRAS.200.1067O", "1983A&A...120..297E", "1984AJ.....89..342S", "1984AJ.....89.1478S", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...277..115F", "1984ApJ...278..530R", "1986A&AS...65..111D", "1986MNRAS.219..555T", "1987A&A...181..244P", "1987A&A...185....9B", "1987slrs.work....1P", "1987slrs.work..280M", "1988A&A...199...73G", "1988ApJ...325L..21A", "1988Natur.331..147G", "1988Natur.331..149L", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989LNP...327...27L", "1990ApJ...358..159G", "1991A&A...242...27K", "1991AJ....102..537L", "1991BAAS...23..991P", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1992ApJ...391..623G", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992MNRAS.255..495B", "1992MNRAS.256..186B", "1992MNRAS.258P..29A", "1993A&A...267...31P", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...407...65G", "1993ApJ...408...81V", "1993ApJ...408..446F", "1993LNP...421..145B", "1994ASPC...54..241P", "1994ApJ...427..134W" ]
11569657
astro-ph/9401051
A Survey of Faint Galaxy Pairs
A sample of faint, V-magnitude selected, galaxy pairs, having physical separations less than ~20 h^-1^ kpc, is used to examine the rise in the merger rate with redshift and the statistical relations between close pairs and the field galaxy population. Redshifts have been obtained for a subset of 14 galaxies (V &lt;= 22.5) that are in close (θ &lt; 6") pairs, along with a comparison sample of 38 field galaxies. Two-color photometry is available for 378 galaxies in the same fields. The average redshift of the V &lt;= 22.5 field population is 0.36, statistically equal to the average redshift of 0.42 for the pairs. The similarity of the two redshift distributions, {DELTA}z &lt;= 0.1, limits any differential luminosity enhancement of close pairs to less than half a magnitude. The pairs are somewhat bluer than the field and have nearly twice the average [O II] detection rate of the field, but the differences are not statistically significant. The field population has an angular correlation at separations of θ &lt;= 6" higher than the inward extrapolation of ω(θ) is proportional to θ^-0.8^, which may be a population of "companions" not present at the current epoch, or, luminosity enhancement of intrinsically faint galaxies in pairs. Physical pairs closer than 20 h^-1^ kpc comprise ~10% of the faint galaxies in our survey fields. The same physical separation applied to local galaxies finds only 4.6% in pairs. If the rise in close, low relative velocity pairs with redshift is parameterized as (1+z)^m^, then m = 3.4 +/- 1.0. If all the pairs merge, then the average galaxy mass would be about 32% smaller at z = 0.4 than locally.
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11.579967
6.248421
1994-11-01
129
1994ApJ...435..540C
[ "close pairs", "Physical pairs", "local galaxies", "pairs", "Redshifts", "redshift", "physical separations", "lt;=", "the field galaxy population", "luminosity enhancement" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Galaxies", "Luminosity", "Astronomical Observatories", "Celestial Bodies", "Red Shift", "Scale Effect", "Statistical Distributions", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "SURVEYS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174835", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9401051" ]
[ "Carlberg, R. G.", "Pritchet, C. J.", "Infante, L." ]
[ "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "Univ. Catolica De Chile, Santiago, Chile" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..167C", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...445...37Y", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...461..546C", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1997A&A...323..685B", "1997ASPC..114...55C", "1997ASPC..114..111D", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJS..108...99D", "1997ApJS..110..227D", "1997MNRAS.284..286D", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997Natur.390..257G", "1997astro.ph.10140G", "1998A&AS..129...69J", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998AJ....116.2659P", "1998ApJS..115...43N", "1998AstL...24..153R", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998astro.ph..4121C", "1999AJ....117.1651G", "1999ASPC..156..113G", "1999ASPC..182..513P", "1999ASPC..193..411B", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999ApJ...525...31S", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999MNRAS.304..254V", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "1999MNRAS.307..111R", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...353...92R", "2000ASPC..197..327L", "2000ASPC..209...31I", "2000ApJ...530..652H", "2000ApJ...532L...1C", "2000ApJ...536..153P", "2000AstL...26...61R", "2000MNRAS.311..565L", "2000MPLA...15...41J", "2001ApJ...546..223G", "2001ApJ...558L..83O", "2001ApJ...561..517K", "2001ApJ...562..179X", "2001IAUS..204..179S", "2001MNRAS.327.1313P", "2002A&A...383..755W", "2002ApJ...565..208P", "2002ApJ...567..155I", "2002ApJ...570...33H", "2002ApJ...571....1M", "2002ApJ...574..527L", "2003ChPhL..20.1652S", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2003MNRAS.343....1B", "2004AJ....127.1883A", "2004ApJ...601L.123B", "2004ApJ...603L..73X", "2004ApJ...612..679L", "2004ApJ...617L...9L", "2005AJ....130.1516D", "2005AJ....130.2043P", "2005ApJ...632..191M", "2006ApJ...638..686C", "2006ApJ...643..707V", "2006ApJ...652...56B", "2006ApJ...652..864H", "2006ApJS..163...50H", "2006NewAR..50..701V", "2006astro.ph..3028V", "2007ApJ...659..931B", "2007ApJ...666..212D", "2007ApJS..172..320K", "2007ApJS..172..329K", "2008A&A...484..655F", "2008AJ....135.1877E", "2008ApJ...678..751R", "2008ApJ...679..260M", "2008ApJ...681..232L", "2008ApJ...681.1089R", "2008ApJ...683...33H", "2008MNRAS.386..577F", "2008MNRAS.388.1537M", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2009A&A...498..379D", "2009ApJ...692..511W", "2009ApJ...695.1559D", "2009MNRAS.392.1141B", "2009arXiv0901.4545D", "2010ApJ...709.1067B", "2010ApJ...713..330X", "2010RAA....10..301C", "2011AJ....142..137C", "2011ApJ...728..119W", "2011arXiv1104.5470D", "2012AJ....144..128A", "2012ApJ...744...85M", "2012ApJ...759..140J", "2012MNRAS.426.1647B", "2013ASPC..477...43D", "2013ApJ...762...43K", "2013MNRAS.436.1765M", "2013PASA...30...56G", "2014AJ....148..137L", "2015ApJ...799..213B", "2015ApJ...804...34H", "2017MNRAS.470.3507M", "2019ApJ...876..110D", "2019MNRAS.486.2643M", "2019MNRAS.490.5390B", "2022ApJ...940..168C", "2022MNRAS.515.5375C", "2023A&A...679A.142O", "2023MNRAS.522.1270C", "2024MNRAS.528.4993C", "2024arXiv240709472D" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1980ApJ...236...43A", "1980ApJ...238L..13L", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1990ApJ...358...60L", "1990ApJ...359L...1C", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...404...51E" ]
11573225
astro-ph/9407018
The fate of central black holes in merging galaxies
This paper presents results of a series of numerical N-body experiments that describe the merging of galaxy pairs containing massive black holes in their cores. The aim is to study the orbital evolution of the two black holes through the merger event. It is found that merging does not lead to the formation of a close black hole pair at the centre of the remnant when the two progenitor galaxies have (1) similar masses, (2) different central densities, and (3) a relative orbit with non-zero angular momentum. Under these conditions, the central black hole of the less dense galaxy settles into a wide orbit, i.e., at a distance from the centre comparable to the half-mass radius of the remnant, where the time-scale for orbital decay by dynamical friction can be several Gyr. The implications of this result are briefly discussed. Key words: black hole physics - celestial mechanics, stellar dynamics - galaxies: interactions.
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7.909418
3.400872
1994-11-01
60
1994MNRAS.271..317G
[ "massive black holes", "galaxy pairs", "black hole physics - celestial mechanics", "a close black hole pair", "orbital decay", "dynamical friction", "results", "merging", "several Gyr", "stellar dynamics - galaxies" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.2.317", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407018" ]
[ "Governato, F.", "Colpi, M.", "Maraschi, L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1973ApJ...180..531S", "1976ApJ...204L...1T", "1978MNRAS.184..871A", "1980Natur.287..307B", "1985Natur.315..386G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...333L..33C", "1988ApJ...334...95R", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989ApJS...70..389B", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1989IAUS..134..217D", "1990ApJ...361..381B", "1990Sci...247..817R", "1991ApJ...371L..19B", "1991ApJ...383..250N", "1991Natur.354..212E", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...393..559K", "1992ApJ...396L..61F", "1992MNRAS.259..115M", "1992PASJ...44..281F", "1993ApJ...407L...9C", "1993ApJ...409..130R", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.265..731G", "1994A&A...283..301P" ]
11569649
astro-ph/9405014
Galaxy Mergers and Gravitational Lens Statistics
We investigate the impact of hierarchical galaxy merging on the statistics of gravitational lensing of distant sources. Since no definite theoretical predictions for the merging history of luminous galaxies exist, we adopt a parameterized prescription, which allows us to adjust the expected number of pieces comprising a typical present galaxy at z ~ 0.65. The existence of global parameter relations for elliptical galaxies and constraints on the evolution of the phase space density in dissipationless mergers, allow us to limit the possible evolution of galaxy lens properties under merging. We draw two lessons from implementing this lens evolution into statistical lens calculations: (1) The total optical depth to multiple imaging (e.g., of quasars) is quite insensitive to merging. (2) Merging leads to a smaller mean separation of observed multiple images. Because merging does not reduce drastically the expected lensing frequency, it cannot make λ-dominated cosmologies compatible with the existing lensing observations. A comparison with the data from the HST Snapshot Survey shows that models with little or no evolution of the lens population are statistically favored over strong merging scenarios. A specific merging scenario proposed to Toomre can be rejected (95% level) by such a comparison. Some versions of the scenario proposed by Broadhurst, Ellis, &amp; Glazebrook are statistically acceptable.
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11.645998
6.158019
1994-11-01
51
1994ApJ...435...49R
[ "galaxy lens properties", "elliptical galaxies", "luminous galaxies", "strong merging scenarios", "statistical lens calculations", "merging", "observed multiple images", "multiple imaging", "global parameter relations", "gravitational lensing" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Lenses", "Interacting Galaxies", "Statistical Analysis", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Mathematical Models", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spaceborne Astronomy", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174792", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405014" ]
[ "Rix, Hans-Walter", "Maoz, Dan", "Turner, Edwin L.", "Fukugita, Masataka" ]
[ "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "Princeton Univ. Observatory, Princeton, NJ, US", "Princeton Univ. Observatory, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...450...27V", "1995ApJ...453..545K", "1995Natur.376..399B", "1996ApJ...463..404W", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996ApJ...473..595K", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173....1R", "1996MNRAS.283.1340B", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...326L...9Z", "1997ApJ...486...75M", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997ApJ...489..476P", "1997ApJ...489..489P", "1997ApJ...490...31Z", "1997PThPh..97...49N", "1998ASPC..133...96K", "1998ApJ...494...47F", "1998ApJ...498...11P", "1998ApJ...503...48B", "1998ApJ...503..118S", "1998NewAR..42...73N", "1999IJMPD...8..507J", "2000AJ....119.2535G", "2000ApJ...543..131K", "2000ApJ...545..129K", "2000MNRAS.319..860M", "2000MPLA...15...41J", "2001ApJ...559..531K", "2001astro.ph..1430P", "2001astro.ph..8160K", "2002MNRAS.329..445P", "2003ApJ...587..143R", "2003ApJ...599..829S", "2003ApJ...599L..61C", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2003MNRAS.343..639O", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2005ApJ...622...81M", "2005ApJ...623..666R", "2005ApJ...624...34H", "2005ApJ...627...26A", "2005IAUS..225..413M", "2009ApJ...698.1232V", "2009MNRAS.394.1449Y", "2012A&A...538A..43C", "2012arXiv1210.1868F", "2013ApJ...774L..30T", "2014Ap&SS.349..443F", "2022IJMPA..3750035K" ]
[ "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1980ApJ...242L.135T", "1980ComAp...8..177O", "1984ApJ...284....1T", "1986ApJ...310..593C", "1988MNRAS.231P..97N", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1990ApJ...365L..43T", "1990MNRAS.246P..24F", "1990dig..book...60S", "1991ApJ...379..517K", "1991ApJ...380....9M", "1991MNRAS.253...99F", "1991PASJ...43..781O", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...384....1K", "1992ApJ...387...56B", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...402...69M", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993ApJ...416..415H", "1993ApJ...416..425M", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1994ApJ...424..550D" ]
11569652
astro-ph/9310029
Optimal Galaxy Distance Estimators
The statistical properties of galaxy distance estimators corresponding to the Tully-Fisher and D_n_-σ relations are studied, and a rigorous framework for identifying and removing the effects of Malmquist bias due to observational selection is developed. The prescription of Schechter for defining unbiased distance estimators is verified and extended to more general-and more realistic - cases. Finally, the derivation of "optimal" unbiased estimators of minimum dispersion, by utilizing information from additional suitably correlated observables, is discussed and the results applied to a calibrating sample from the Fornax cluster, as used in the Mathewson spiral galaxy redshift survey. In this illustrative example the optimal distance estimator derived from apparent magnitude, isophotal diameter, and line width has an intrinsic scatter which is ~22% smaller than that of the conventional Tully-Fisher relation.
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11.774064
3.507988
1994-11-01
24
1994ApJ...435..515H
[ "unbiased distance estimators", "galaxy distance estimators", "Malmquist bias", "the optimal distance estimator", "line width", "isophotal diameter", "apparent magnitude", "minimum dispersion", "observational selection", "relations" ]
[ "Distance", "Galaxies", "Mathematical Models", "Spatial Distribution", "Three Body Problem", "Red Shift", "Statistical Analysis", "Three Dimensional Motion", "Time Dependence", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174832", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9310029" ]
[ "Hendry, M. A.", "Simmons, J. F. L." ]
[ "University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK", "University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK" ]
[ "1995ApL&C..31..263T", "1995MNRAS.275L..79C", "1995QJRAS..36..259T", "1995VA.....39..297H", "1996A&A...305....1K", "1996A&A...307..726R", "1996A&A...308....7E", "1996RvMA....9..139T", "1997A&AS..125..255R", "1997ARA&A..35..101T", "1997ApL&C..36..323H", "1997astro.ph..1184R", "1997eds..proc...91T", "1999A&A...347...99E", "1999ASIC..541..381S", "2000MNRAS.316..621R", "2001MNRAS.324..717H", "2001sgrb.conf..304S", "2012arXiv1210.1203J", "2013NJPh...15e3027M", "2015A&A...576A..75T", "2015MNRAS.450.2644S", "2016MNRAS.455.2078S", "2023A&A...679A...1S" ]
[ "1952ApJ...116..144N", "1977ApJ...216..214V", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984A&A...141..407T", "1986A&A...156..157B", "1987A&A...174...23G", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988Natur.334..209T", "1990A&A...234....1T", "1990A&A...237..275H", "1990ApJ...349....1F", "1990ApJ...355...44P", "1990ApJ...360..448H", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1992ApJ...391..494L", "1992ApJ...399....1B", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992MNRAS.257..187G", "1992PhDT.......146H", "1993A&A...280..443T", "1993ApJ...409...14M", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993MNRAS.262..392S", "1993cvf..conf...49N", "1993cvf..conf..537C", "1994ApJS...92....1W", "1994MNRAS.266..468H" ]
1206791
astro-ph/9403010
Is There Any Scaling in the Cluster Distribution?
We apply fractal analysis methods to investigate the scaling properties in the Abell and ACO catalogs of rich galaxy clusters. The methods are adapted to account for the incompleteness of the samples by appropriately using the known selection functions in the partition sums. We also discuss different technical aspects of the method when applied to data sets with small number of points as the cluster catalogs. Results are compared with simulations based on the Zel'dovich approximation. We limit our analysis to scales less than 100 h^-1^ Mpc. The cluster distribution show a scale-invariant multifractal behavior in a limited scale range. For the Abell catalog this range is 15-60 h^-1^ Mpc, while for the ACO sample it extends to smaller scales. Despite this difference in the extension of the scale-range where scale-invariant clustering takes place, both samples are characterized by remarkably similar multifractal spectra in the corresponding scaling regime. In particular, the correlation dimension turns out to be D_2_ ~ 2.2 for both Abell and ACO clusters. Although it is difficult to point out the scale at which homogeneity is reached with the present size of these redshift surveys, our results indicate that the cluster distribution shows a tendency to homogeneity at large scales, disproving the picture of a pure scale invariant fractal structure extending to arbitrarily large distances.
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12.006305
3.907179
1994-11-01
13
1994ApJ...435...37B
[ "large scales", "smaller scales", "fractal analysis methods", "rich galaxy clusters", "a pure scale invariant fractal structure", "different technical aspects", "small number", "ACO", "Abell", "scale-invariant clustering" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Astronomical Models", "Cluster Analysis", "Cosmology", "Fractals", "Galactic Clusters", "Scaling Laws", "Computerized Simulation", "Error Analysis", "Mathematical Models", "Statistical Correlation", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174791", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9403010" ]
[ "Borgani, Stefano", "Martinez, Vicent J.", "Perez, Miguel A.", "Valdarnini, Riccardo" ]
[ "INFN-Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy", "INFN-Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy", "Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia", "Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia" ]
[ "1995ApJ...438..507C", "1995MNRAS.276.1116P", "1995Sci...269.1245M", "1996ASPC...94..241M", "1996MNRAS.282..868C", "1997ASPC..117..491S", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1999ApJ...524..510G", "2000ApJ...535...24Z", "2000ApJ...542....9G", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2002MNRAS.330..719P" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983PhRvA..28.2591G", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984NCimL..41...82P", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.219..457E", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987PhR...156..147P", "1987PhyA..144..257P", "1988A&A...200L..32C", "1988ApJ...326..539B", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1988PhLA..128..369G", "1989A&A...226..373B", "1989ApJ...346..588P", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989RvMP...61..185S", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990MNRAS.242..517M", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991MNRAS.248..159S", "1991MNRAS.249...46P", "1991MNRAS.249..662P", "1992A&A...259..423C", "1992A&A...263....1C", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...394..422V", "1992ApJ...398...12P", "1992ApJ...398..429C", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...401...40Y", "1992MNRAS.258..114P", "1992MNRAS.259..146J", "1993A&A...280....5M", "1993ApJ...404...21B", "1993ApJ...405..428H", "1993MNRAS.260..537B", "1993MNRAS.260..765C", "1993MNRAS.263..798M", "1993PhRvE..47.3879B", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...424...42D", "1994MNRAS.266..524B", "1994MNRAS.267..390C" ]
1934515
null
Discovery of a nearby spiral galaxy behind the Milky Way
THE disk of the Milky Way contains a lot of gas and dust, which obscures about 20% of the extragalactic sky. Galaxies hidden behind the Milky Way may have an important influence on the dynamics of the Local Group and its peculiar motion relative to the cosmic microwave background radiation<SUP>1,2</SUP>. Here we report the discovery of a large spiral galaxy, which we call Dwingeloo 1, during the course of a search for emission from atomic hydrogen (H I) associated with galaxies hidden by the disk of the Milky Way—such H I emission is not obscured by the disk if the velocity of the emission differs from that of the local gas<SUP>3</SUP>. The new galaxy seems to be associated with the group containing IC342 and the Maffei galaxies, and a subsequent optical image suggests that it is of type SBb. The detection of Dwingeloo 1 early in the course of this survey suggests that many more galaxies hidden behind the Milky Way remain to be discovered.
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11.473966
7.762057
1994-11-01
84
1994Natur.372...77K
[ "many more galaxies", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "Milky Way", "emission", "atomic hydrogen", "such H", "a large spiral galaxy", "Dwingeloo", "gas" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/372077a0" ]
[ "Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.", "Loan, A. J.", "Burton, W. B.", "Lahav, O.", "Ferguson, H. C.", "Henning, P. A.", "Lynden-Bell, D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994Natur.372...38B", "1995A&A...293L..33H", "1995AJ....109.2460M", "1995AJ....110.1584K", "1995ApJ...449..527L", "1995ApL&C..31..227K", "1995MNRAS.277..125H", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996A&A...305L..25H", "1996A&A...307..424L", "1996A&A...309..687B", "1996A&AS..117..369L", "1996ASPC...94..145L", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1996ASSL..207...11R", "1996ASSL..207...75S", "1996ApJ...466..135H", "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1996IAUS..168..143H", "1996MNRAS.280..537L", "1996PASA...13..243S", "1996PASJ...48...19K", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...324..899T", "1997A&A...327..963P", "1997A&AS..124..559K", "1997A&AS..126..247S", "1997A&AT...14..141L", "1997AJ....113..905P", "1997AJ....113..981M", "1997ApJS..112..245N", "1997MNRAS.286..349R", "1997PASA...14...21H", "1997astro.ph..1227N", "1998A&A...331..891K", "1998A&A...332..523W", "1998A&A...337...64S", "1998A&AS..127..269H", "1998A&AS..127..397V", "1998A&AS..127..409K", "1998AJ....115..584H", "1998AJ....116.2717S", "1998ASPC..151...99S", "1998ASSL..230..209K", "1998MNRAS.299...24L", "1998astro.ph.10151S", "1999A&AS..137..293W", "1999AJ....117..194B", "1999AJ....118..826I", "1999ASPC..170..103K", "1999ASPC..170..299H", "1999ASPC..170..334R", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "1999PASA...16...38J", "1999PASA...16...42S", "1999PASA...16...48R", "1999astro.ph.11350H", "1999irpa.conf...67A", "1999ldss.work...23K", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000A&AS..141..469H", "2000AJ....119.2686H", "2000AJ....120..298J", "2000ASPC..209..158H", "2000ASPC..218...61H", "2000ASPC..218..119S", "2000ASPC..218..153S", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000astro.ph..5604S", "2001ASPC..240..589H", "2002A&A...391..159D", "2002ESASP.485..177G", "2003A&A...408..111K", "2003AJ....126.2362M", "2004AJ....127.2031K", "2005AJ....129..220D", "2005ASPC..329..199H", "2005AstHe..98..246N", "2007AN....328..376V", "2015AJ....150...28M", "2015ApJ...802L...4C", "2016MNRAS.460..923R", "2020A&A...644A.107R", "2020kdbd.book..307V" ]
[ "1959ApJ...130..705K", "1968PASP...80..618M", "1971ApJ...163L..25S", "1971Natur.231...35V", "1981Obs...101..111L", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983MNRAS.205..131B", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1988ApJ...331..620K", "1989AJ.....97.1341M", "1989MNRAS.240..195R", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1992AN....313..189S", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1993AJ....105..121H", "1993AJ....105..886V", "1993ApJ...410...81L", "1993MNRAS.264..865D", "1994AJ....107.1328V" ]
1912819
null
Preliminary Evidence for Dust in Galactic Halos
I use B and I photometry of distant galaxies observed through the halos of two nearby spiral galaxies, NGC 2835 and NGC 3521, to test for the existence of dust in galactic halos out to at least a radius of 60 kpc. B - I colors of background galaxies in fields centered along the nearby galaxy's major axis at a projected separation of 60 kpc are compared to the colors of background galaxies in fields centered at a projected separation of about 220 kpc. Background galaxies in the fields at smaller projected separations have average B - I colors that are 0.067+/-0.033 mag redder than those in the outer fields. Such a result will occur by chance less than 2.2% of the time and so is taken as preliminary evidence that galaxy halos contain more dust at galactic radii of 60 than 220 kpc. A model which assumes that the radial dust profile in galactic disks and halos is a single exponential has a corresponding scale length of 31+/- 8 kpc. I argue on the basis of the IRAS 100 micron flux maps that absorption by Galactic dust is not responsible for this result and briefly discuss connections between this result and other observations of the baryonic component of galaxy halos.
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12.270736
8.085546
1994-11-01
75
1994AJ....108.1619Z
[ "galaxy halos", "galactic halos", "Galactic dust", "Background galaxies", "background galaxies", "distant galaxies", "galactic radii", "smaller projected separations", "more dust", "galactic disks" ]
[ "Accretion Disks", "Astronomical Maps", "Astronomical Models", "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Structure", "Interplanetary Dust", "Spiral Galaxies", "Stellar Color", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Image Analysis", "Radial Distribution", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117182" ]
[ "Zaritsky, D." ]
[ "Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...296L..13L", "1996ASSL..209..422L", "1996ApJ...457..211S", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996ApJ...467L..69F", "1996ApJ...472...34G", "1997A&A...317..397S", "1997A&A...319..948T", "1997AIPC..408..403C", "1997AJ....114..932M", "1998AJ....115.2273N", "1998ASPC..136..152N", "1998ApJ...506..152G", "1998ApJ...508..106D", "1998PASA...15..299M", "1999A&A...343...51A", "1999A&A...345...93W", "1999Ap&SS.269..293H", "1999ApJ...515...69G", "1999ApJ...525..583A", "1999MNRAS.305..937M", "1999PhDT........19B", "2000A&A...359...65B", "2000A&AS..145...83A", "2000AJ....119..644H", "2000ASPC..221..287Z", "2000ApJ...536..584L", "2000ApJ...543..153T", "2000ApJ...544...81F", "2000ApJS..129..493H", "2001A&A...366..451A", "2001ApJ...554..190C", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2003A&A...410L..21P", "2005A&A...444..319H", "2005AJ....129.1381H", "2006ApJ...651L.107X", "2007AJ....134..135Z", "2008ApJ...680..975M", "2008MNRAS.388.1321P", "2009MNRAS.397.2057Z", "2009arXiv0908.3575M", "2010AJ....140.1194B", "2010ApJ...718..184C", "2010ApJ...720L..31B", "2010ApJ...722.1821C", "2010MNRAS.402.1780M", "2010MNRAS.405.1025M", "2010MNRAS.405.2697B", "2011Ap&SS.335..207S", "2011MNRAS.412.1059Z", "2011arXiv1102.0793Z", "2012ARA&A..50..491P", "2012MNRAS.421..190Z", "2013AN....334..268H", "2013MNRAS.434.2153R", "2013MNRAS.436.1852Z", "2014AJ....147..134Z", "2014ApJ...785L..18S", "2014ApJ...789..131H", "2015ApJ...815..133S", "2015MNRAS.451.4162K", "2015arXiv150700728P", "2016A&A...586A...8B", "2016A&A...587A..86B", "2016ApJ...833..276Z", "2018ApJ...866L...4Z", "2019ApJ...885..141B", "2020A&ARv..28....2V", "2020ApJ...905L..20R", "2021ARep...65..370S", "2022A&A...658A.148A", "2022MNRAS.515.5698M", "2024Univ...10..155D", "2024arXiv240303711R" ]
[ "1977AJ.....82..337S", "1978ApJ...224..132B", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...253...28O", "1984ApJ...278....1O", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984IAUS..108..405L", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1987ApJ...322..739L", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...332..328B", "1988ApJ...332..543H", "1989ApJ...337....7F", "1989ApJ...341L...5F", "1989ApJ...344..567T", "1990ApJ...359...57A", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991ApJ...378....6P", "1991MNRAS.249..729R", "1992AJ....103.1761P", "1993AcA....43..289U", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993ApJ...418..123R" ]
1933532
null
8C 1435+635: a radio galaxy at z = 4.25.
Radio galaxies at red shift z &gt;4 have proved to be very elusive. By searching for objects with unusual radio spectra between 38 and 4850 MHz, and following up with blind spectroscopy, we have discovered the first radio galaxy known with z &gt;4, 8C1435 +635. In this paper we present our observations, discuss the evidence for the redshift, and compare the radio properties of 8C1435 +635 with those of other z&gt; 3 radio galaxies. We also try to assess the likelihood of significant gravitational amplification by a foreground group or cluster of galaxies at z =0.23. Key words: galaxies: active - galaxies: formation - galaxies: individual: 8C 1435+635 - gravitational lensing - radio continuum: galaxies.
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14.701229
6.121392
1994-11-01
74
1994MNRAS.271..504L
[ "Radio galaxies", "unusual radio spectra", "galaxies", "significant gravitational amplification", "red shift z", "the first radio galaxy", "3 radio galaxies", "z", "blind spectroscopy", "other z&gt" ]
[ "Radio Galaxies: Redshifts", "Radio Galaxies: Gravitational Lenses" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.2.504" ]
[ "Lacy, M.", "Miley, G.", "Rawlings, S.", "Saunders, R.", "Dickinson, M.", "Garrington, S.", "Maddox, S.", "Pooley, G.", "Steidel, C. C.", "Bremer, M. N.", "Cotter, G.", "van Ojik, R.", "Röttgering, H.", "Warner, P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&A...303..705G", "1995ApJ...440..515D", "1995MNRAS.275L..33I", "1995MNRAS.277..389R", "1996A&A...310..705F", "1996A&A...313...25V", "1996AJ....111..102S", "1996ASSL..206..279C", "1996ASSL..209..547I", "1996ApJ...456L..13E", "1996ApJ...460...68E", "1996ApJ...468L...9M", "1996ApJS..106..215C", "1996ApJS..107...19M", "1996IAUS..171..277D", "1996IAUS..175..321L", "1996MNRAS.278L..11S", "1996MNRAS.279..535M", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996Natur.383..502R", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996VA.....40..167R", "1997A&A...321..389V", "1997A&A...326..505R", "1997ApJ...478L..57M", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJS..109....1C", "1997ApJS..109..367K", "1997MNRAS.289..766H", "1997astro.ph.10249S", "1998A&AS..132...31N", "1998ASPC..146..225S", "1998ASSL..226...63W", "1998ASSL..226..171R", "1998ApJ...492....1K", "1998ApJ...494..211I", "1998ApJ...502..614V", "1998ApJS..118..275K", "1998MNRAS.295..265B", "1999A&AS..134..505P", "1999AJ....117.1122S", "1999ASPC..193...94L", "1999MNRAS.308.1096L", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999mdrg.conf..123C", "1999mdrg.conf..437L", "2000A&A...362..519D", "2000A&AS..143..303D", "2000ApJ...529..189G", "2000ApJ...529..859K", "2000ApJS..126...37K", "2000SPIE.4005...83V", "2001AJ....121.1241D", "2001MNRAS.323..417A", "2001MNRAS.326.1467D", "2001MNRAS.326.1563J", "2002AJ....123..637D", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2003A&A...401..911D", "2004A&A...428..793K", "2004AJ....127.1313O", "2004IAUS..217..344O", "2004MNRAS.351..676R", "2006AstL...32..433K", "2007ApJS..171..353S", "2008A&ARv..15...67M", "2008ASPC..381..398S", "2010MNRAS.405..436I", "2015MNRAS.452.3457G", "2018MNRAS.480.2733S", "2020MNRAS.498.1550N", "2023MNRAS.521.1556P", "2024ApJ...961..120C" ]
[ "1966MNRAS.133..421L", "1977A&A....61...99B", "1979A&A....80...13B", "1982AJ.....87..859P", "1985A&A...152..262H", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1987ApJ...319L..39M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1989MNRAS.239..401L", "1989MNRAS.240..817E", "1990AJ....100.1014M", "1990ApJ...357...38H", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990ApJ...365..487M", "1990MNRAS.243P..14R", "1990MNRAS.244..233R", "1990MNRAS.246..256H", "1990MNRAS.247...19D", "1991AJ....102..518M", "1991AJ....102..522M", "1991ASPC...21..117I", "1992MNRAS.254..655P", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...409..578E", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993MNRAS.263..707L", "1994AJ....107..480C", "1994ApJ...421..412W" ]
1934473
null
The large-scale distribution of X-ray clusters of galaxies
CLUSTERS of galaxies are not distributed randomly in space, but are themselves clustered, reflecting inhomogeneities in the early Universe<SUP>1</SUP>. The degree of clustering-usually expressed as a correlation length, which measures the characteristic scale for clustering-can therefore be used to determine the size of the initial density fluctuations that gave rise to the clusters<SUP>1-3</SUP>. Optical studies of galaxy clusters<SUP>4-7</SUP> have indicated a correlation length that con-flicts with the predictions of some theories of large-scale structure formation<SUP>1-3</SUP>, leading to the suggestion that these optical samples are biased in that foreground or background galaxies not phys-ically associated with a cluster are counted as part of it<SUP>8-10</SUP>. Here we report a measurement of the correlation length for a sample of clusters that were selected based on their X-ray emission, which is free from the bias that is inherent to optical studies. We find a correlation length of <SUP>13-15</SUP> h<SUP>-l</SUP> Mpc, where h is the Hubble con-stant in units of 100 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. There is no evidence for clusters being significantly elongated along the line of sight, contrary to previous suggestions<SUP>11,12</SUP>.
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12.222514
4.659178
1994-11-01
66
1994Natur.372...75R
[ "galaxy clusters", "CLUSTERS", "clusters", "Optical studies", "optical studies", "galaxies", "previous suggestions", ">", "clustering", "a correlation length" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/372075a0" ]
[ "Romer, A. K.", "Collins, C. A.", "Böhringer, H.", "Cruddace, R. G.", "Ebeling, H.", "MacGillivray, H. T.", "Voges, W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995LNP...455..265B", "1995MNRAS.276..336G", "1995MNRAS.276.1116P", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1995NYASA.759...67B", "1995Sci...269.1245M", "1996ASPC...94..157G", "1996ASPC...94..283B", "1996MNRAS.281..703E", "1996MNRAS.281..799E", "1996astro.ph.11148B", "1996astro.ph.12046B", "1996dmu..conf..255M", "1997A&AS..123..119E", "1997ApJ...491....1C", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1997MNRAS.287..817V", "1997MNRAS.291..305C", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1998ApJ...509..494C", "1998MNRAS.294..245C", "1998MNRAS.295...19K", "1998MNRAS.297..128C", "1998MNRAS.301..881E", "1998Msngr..94...21B", "1998NewA....3..631R", "1998PhR...293...61S", "1999A&A...349..389V", "1999ApJ...514..148D", "1999ApJ...519..433G", "1999MNRAS.305..866B", "1999MNRAS.307..949G", "1999astro.ph.11499R", "1999fsu..conf.....D", "2000ApJS..126..209R", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2000ApJS..131..391A", "2000MNRAS.314..647M", "2000MNRAS.316..283M", "2000MNRAS.319..939C", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2000fepc.conf..157B", "2001A&A...368..749F", "2001A&A...369..826B", "2001AJ....122.2222E", "2001ApJ...547..594R", "2001Natur.409...39B", "2001astro.ph.11309G", "2002AJ....123...37T", "2002AJ....124.1918M", "2002ASPC..268...69G", "2002ApJ...571..129G", "2002ApJS..140..239C", "2003MNRAS.341.1093B", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2006MNRAS.366..163K", "2007ApJ...662..224K", "2008PASP..120..235R", "2009A&A...499..357G", "2009MNRAS.397..577S", "2011A&A...526A..18A", "2012MNRAS.420.2120M", "2013A&A...558A..75T", "2015ApJ...808L...6M", "2016MNRAS.457.2968S", "2018A&A...620A...1M" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983MNRAS.204...33L", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...311...15B", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.238..881L", "1990ApJ...365...66H", "1991MNRAS.248..159S", "1992ASSL..174...67Y", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...389..499J", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...392..419B", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1993ApJ...405..428H", "1994MNRAS.267..771N" ]
1933567
null
A search for weak distortion of distant galaxy images by large-scale structure.
We have completed a feasibility study for the measurement of weak distortion of distant galaxy images by intervening large-scale structure by using the 5-m Hale reflector to acquire a very deep, r 26, exposure of a single field. The error budget of our observations is dominated by the effects of atmospheric seeing (which strongiy degrades this signal because the faintest images are under-resolved) and tdescope effects. After performing a correction for telescope aberrations and possible guiding errors, the observed mean `polarization' of the images of 4363 galaxies with magnitudes 23 &lt; r &lt;26 within a circle of radius 4.8 arcmin was found to be p = 0.01 t 0.01. The associated two-point polarization correlation function has a constant value of Cpp = (1.4 * 3.0) x 10- over the angular range 1 to 6 arcmin. It is predicted that ffie cosmological polarization should be in the range p =0.03 t 0.01 for a standard CDNI universe normalized by a bias parameter, b, of unity (p scales inversely with b and approximately linearly with Q0). For the atmospheric seeing and sky noise condftions associated with our data, Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the efficiency of mea&amp;uring the mean cosmological polarization is on the order of 40 + 10 per ceni. Thus our preliminary analysis suggests an upper limit on the cosmological meaii polarization in the field of Pmax 0.04. Deep wide-field imaging in 0.5 arcsec seeing to study this polarization signal should provide limits that constrain current cosmological models. Key words: polarization - galaxies: photometry - cosmology: observations - gravitational lensing - large-scale structure of Universe.
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13.077887
1.815318
1994-11-01
63
1994MNRAS.271...31M
[ "ffie cosmological polarization", "distant galaxy images", "p =", "current cosmological models", "possible guiding errors", "p", "atmospheric seeing", "the cosmological meaii polarization", "the mean cosmological polarization", "Monte Carlo simulations" ]
[ "Faint Galaxies: Universe", "Faint Galaxies: Gravitational Lenses", "Universe: Polarization" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.1.31" ]
[ "Mould, J.", "Blandford, R.", "Villumsen, J.", "Brainerd, T.", "Smail, I.", "Small, T.", "Kells, W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1937PhRv...51..679Z", "1967ApJ...147..864K", "1967ApJ...150..737G", "1979Natur.279..381W", "1980poet.book.....B", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1981ApJ...246....1B", "1982A&A...107..338B", "1983ApJ...271..431V", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988IAUS..130..105H", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380....1M", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...388..272K", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ASPC...43..165E", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993NYASA.688..534M", "1994ApJ...425..403B", "1994MNRAS.270..245S" ]
1933610
null
Some aspects of the galactic orientation within the Local Supercluster.
Investigation of galactic alignment is very important for understanding the galaxy formation process. A method for investigating the galactic rotation axes in the Local Supercluster (LSC) is applied to a sample of 2227 galaxies chosen from the UGC and ESO catalogue to determine how the orientation depends on the supergalactic coordinates and radial velocity distance. The method takes into account both the galactic image position angle and the inclination of galaxy with respect to the observer's line of sight. Another independent sample of galaxies taken from Tully's Nearby Galaxy Catalog is also used. Statistical analysis of the distribution of galactic planes throughout the LSC reveals that the distribution is anisotropic. Throughout the Supercluster the planes tend to be oriented perpendicular to the LSC plane. The projection of galactic rotation axes on the LSC plane shows a tendency to point towards the Virgo cluster centre. This effect depends strongly on the supergalactic coordinate. Differences between spiral and non-spiral galaxies are observed, with a weaker alignment for spirals. Our results support the so-called `pancake' or `hedgehog' models as candidates for the galaxy formation scenario. Key words: galaxies: clustering - galaxies: formation - galaxies: fundamental parameters - cosmology: observations - large-scale structure of Universe.
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11.582502
5.1937
1994-11-01
45
1994MNRAS.271...19G
[ "galaxies", "galaxy", "galactic rotation axes", "galactic planes", "galactic alignment", "LSC", "spiral and non-spiral galaxies", "the galaxy formation scenario", "the galaxy formation process", "formation - galaxies" ]
[ "Local Supercluster: Galactic Planes", "Galaxies: Orientation" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.1.19" ]
[ "Godłowski, W." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.278...87C", "1998A&A...339..709G", "1998AJ....116.1094C", "1999IAUS..186..410G", "1999MNRAS.303...50G", "2000A&A...364L..97A", "2001ApJ...555..106L", "2003A&A...403..847B", "2003Ap&SS.283..173B", "2004A&A...425..871A", "2005A&A...432..431A", "2005A&A...432..841A", "2005GReGr..37..615G", "2005GReGr..37..907S", "2005MNRAS.360..125A", "2006A&A...452..807W", "2006A&A...458..357A", "2006Ap&SS.302...43H", "2006MNRAS.366..438A", "2006MsT..........3H", "2007MNRAS.379.1011A", "2008Ap&SS.314..177A", "2008MNRAS.389..741A", "2009ApJ...703..354S", "2010ApJ...708..920G", "2010ApJ...723..985G", "2010BASI...38..165A", "2011AcPPB..42.2313G", "2011AcPPB..42.2323G", "2011BaltA..20..251F", "2011IJMPD..20.1643G", "2012ApJ...747....7G", "2012BASI...40...65A", "2012JPhSt..16.3901G", "2012JPhSt..16.4901P", "2012OAP....25...21P", "2013Ap.....56..322P", "2013MNRAS.434.1939A", "2013arXiv1307.1830A", "2016MsT.........33H", "2016arXiv160602881Y", "2016pas..conf..223G", "2018AstSR..14...87T", "2019JCAP...02..005P", "2022arXiv220213244D" ]
[ "1972MmRAS..75...85H", "1975AJ.....80..477H", "1978IAUS...79..448J", "1982Ap&SS..81..231M", "1982ApJ...257..389T", "1982MNRAS.198..605M", "1983A&A...118...33K", "1983FCPh....9....1E", "1985A&A...145..269M", "1985A&A...150..192F", "1985ApJ...298..461D", "1986ApJ...303...25T", "1986MNRAS.222..525F", "1987AJ.....93.1024K", "1989LNP...332..124F", "1989SvAL...15..374F", "1993MNRAS.265..874G" ]
1915804
null
Slingshot Ejections from Clusters of Three and Four Black Holes
This paper continues the investigation of the dynamical evolution of three- and four-black-hole clusters which arise in the centers of giant galaxies in successive galaxy mergers. About 100,000 three- and four- black-hole systems of varying initial compactness and drawn from different initial mass functions have been studied. Orbits have been calculated using a new method which allows the calculation of energy losses to gravitational radiation in four-body systems. We look for ejections of black holes from the galaxy and compare them with populations of extended radio sources. The main conclusions are the following: 1. In conditions prevailing after galaxy mergers, the chances that black holes are ejected out of the galaxy are improved if the initial number of black holes is at least four. 2. Ejections from four-black-hole systems happen easily. The common types of ejection are a one-sided ejection and a two-sided ejection with a "remnant" central black hole. A two-sided ejection without a central black hole occurs in only a few percent of the cases. 3. The frequencies of different types of ejection agree with radio source populations only if many one-sided double sources have been misclassified as single-component sources. 4. In two-sided ejections the most common structure is the so-called dogleg structure of Stocke et al.; i.e., there is a major deviation from the opposite alignment of the ejected black holes as seen from the center of the galaxy. 5. The structures of the two-sided ejections agree with the double radio source populations only if many dogleg structures have been missed in the compilation of radio source samples. This could happen because of the overwhelming brightness of the central radio component. 6. If reasonable sample selection biases are introduced, the main properties of the ejection samples agree well with double radio source samples. The typical age of visibility of an ejected black hole is found to be about 10^8^ years. We predict that many more one-sided doubles as well as two-sided dogleg doubles will be discovered when the surroundings of single-component central radio sources are studied with high dynamical range.
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7.855426
3.290347
1994-11-01
38
1994ApJS...95...69V
[ "black holes", "double radio source samples", "radio source samples", "radio source populations", "extended radio sources", "Ejections", "ejection", "ejections", "galaxy mergers", "many dogleg structures" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Binary Stars", "Black Holes (Astronomy)", "Four Body Problem", "Interacting Galaxies", "Many Body Problem", "Orbital Mechanics", "Radio Sources (Astronomy)", "Stellar Systems", "Three Body Problem", "Two Body Problem", "Extragalactic Radio Sources", "Gravitational Waves", "Quasars", "Radio Emission", "Radio Jets (Astronomy)", "Astrophysics", "BLACK HOLE PHYSICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192094" ]
[ "Valtonen, M. J.", "Mikkola, S.", "Heinamaki, P.", "Valtonen, H." ]
[ "University of Turku, Piikkio, Finland", "University of Turku, Piikkio, Finland", "University of Turku, Piikkio, Finland", "University of Turku, Piikkio, Finland" ]
[ "1995CeMDA..62..377P", "1996MNRAS.278..186V", "1997A&A...324..888N", "1997ASSL..223..241V", "1997CeMDA..68...27V", "1997JApA...18...73H", "1997NewA....2..533Q", "1998A&AS..132...31N", "1998MNRAS.298..790H", "1998NewAR..42...41C", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999ApJ...520...97V", "1999MNRAS.310..811H", "2000ASPC..209..304H", "2000ASPC..209..310V", "2000ApJ...530..107V", "2001A&A...371..795H", "2001ApJ...557L..19B", "2002ApJ...578..775B", "2002ApJ...581.1256H", "2003AIPC..686..201M", "2003Ap&SS.284..551S", "2003ApJ...593..661V", "2003astro.ph.11312S", "2004MNRAS.349...39C", "2004cbhg.symp..263M", "2005ApJ...634..921A", "2005LRR.....8....8M", "2006AJ....131..666D", "2006RPPh...69.2513M", "2007MNRAS.377..957H", "2008ApJ...677L..47D", "2010ApJ...717..209C", "2010MNRAS.402.2308A", "2011PhRvD..84j4038G", "2012MNRAS.422.1306K", "2012MNRAS.425.2369L", "2016MNRAS.463.3311L" ]
[ "1963PhRv..131..435P", "1964PhRv..136.1224P", "1967AJ.....72..876S", "1974ApJ...190..253S", "1974IAUS...62..211V", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975MNRAS.173..729H", "1976A&A....46..435V", "1976AJ.....81..807Y", "1976MNRAS.176..633F", "1977ApJ...213..356V", "1977MmRAS..84...61J", "1978ApJ...222...78V", "1979A&A....73...40F", "1979AJ.....84..707P", "1979ApJ...227L..79V", "1979ApJ...231..312V", "1980ApJ...235..421M", "1980ApJ...240..442V", "1980ApJS...43...57H", "1981A&A...104..218R", "1981AJ.....86.1577H", "1981MNRAS.196..967M", "1983AJ.....88..709H", "1983ApJ...270...39H", "1983bhwd.book.....S", "1984A&A...130..373V", "1984A&A...140..148V", "1984AJ.....89.1658G", "1984Natur.308..617A", "1984QJRAS..25...28V", "1984RvMP...56..255B", "1985AJ.....90....5M", "1985ApJ...299..799S", "1985Natur.315..386G", "1986A&AS...64..557R", "1986JCoPh..64..195A", "1986nras.book.....P", "1988ApJ...325..628S", "1988ApJ...328..114P", "1988ApJ...334...95R", "1988LNP...307...61G", "1988LNP...307..290C", "1988Natur.331..147G", "1988Natur.331..149L", "1988VA.....32...23V", "1989AJ.....98..117V", "1989ApJ...336..601B", "1989ApJ...343...47V", "1989ComAp..14..165R", "1989LNP...327...27L", "1989LNP...327...45L", "1989Natur.339..286S", "1990ApJ...348..412M", "1991A&A...241...22Z", "1991ARA&A..29....9V", "1992ApJ...393..508M", "1992MNRAS.259..115M", "1993MNRAS.264..298M" ]
1934428
null
Dwarf galaxies as the source of X-ray-emitting gas in clusters
RICH clusters of galaxies contain more hot gas by mass than stars<SUP>1 3</SUP>. This gas is not associated with individual galaxies, but instead is smoothly distributed, like the dark matter that is inferred to reside in the clusters. Identifying the origin of this gas will allow us to constrain theories of galaxy formation by placing limits on the efficiency with which gas is converted into stars and on the fraction of the cluster mass that is comprised of normal baryonic matter. Here we suggest that this gas was originally condensed into dwarf galaxies, precursors to the low-surface-brightness dwarf spheroidal galaxies now observed. The condensed gas would have fuelled a burst of star formation, leading to supernova-driven winds<SUP>4</SUP> which could have expelled the gas back into the intracluster-medium. We show that this model can easily account for most of the present X-ray-emitting cluster gas.
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12.402225
7.261444
1994-11-01
32
1994Natur.372..157T
[ "galaxy formation", "dwarf galaxies", "individual galaxies", "galaxies", "star formation", "RICH clusters", "stars", "normal baryonic matter", "the present X-ray-emitting cluster gas", "mass" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/372157a0" ]
[ "Trentham, Neil" ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454..604N", "1996ApJ...468...79D", "1996IAUS..171..381G", "1997ASPC..116..237G", "1997ASPC..117..435M", "1997ApJ...475...47G", "1997ApJ...475L..97L", "1997ApJ...488...35R", "1997ApJ...490L..69W", "1997MNRAS.284..915W", "1997MNRAS.291..425N", "1997MNRAS.291..505N", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1998A&A...339..355C", "1998MNRAS.301..569L", "1999A&AS..138...55H", "1999ApJ...511...56K", "1999ApJ...515..542B", "1999MNRAS.309..941D", "1999PThPh.102...51H", "1999cezh.conf..197T", "2000A&A...353..108B", "2000A&A...364..423C", "2000ApJ...531..296A", "2001AJ....121.1974R", "2001ApJ...549...28S", "2001cghr.confE..52P", "2002ApJ...581.1019G", "2003A&A...408..431M", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2009MNRAS.396.2103M", "2023ApJ...944...75M" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977MNRAS.180..207M", "1977PASP...89..466T", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...303..535L", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1987ApJ...317..593C", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1990AJ....100..127P", "1990ASPC...10...33K", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ASSL..178..163P", "1992ApJ...389L...9G", "1993AJ....106.2197T", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1993ApJ...419...52R", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994MNRAS.268..393D" ]
1912816
null
Emission-Line Galaxies in the Slice of the Universe. II. The Deep Case Survey Sample
We present an analysis of the spatial distribution for a complete sample of galaxies cataloged in the first two lists of the Case Low-Dispersion Northern Sky Survey. This sample of 176 objects was selected for detailed follow-up investigation because it is located in fields which overlap the original Slice of the Universe survey of de Lapparent et al. We utilize the depth of the redshift sample of normal galaxies in this field to study the relative spatial distributions of the Case and SLICE galaxies. In this study we (i) investigate the role that galaxy-galaxy encounters might play in triggering star formation; (ii) assess the utility of using emission-line/UV-excess selected galaxies to map out large-scale structures at high redshift; (iii) look for evidence of biasing in the spatial distribution of low-luminosity galaxies, which are more readily detected in objective-prism surveys than in magnitude-limited surveys. We conclude that galaxy-galaxy encounters are not the primary cause of star formation in the majority of the Case galaxies which tend to be more, not less, isolated than their nonactive counterparts. This higher level of isolation is consistent with biasing in the spatial distribution of low- luminosity galaxies but is subtle enough that emission-line galaxies can be used as effective tracers of the large-scale clustering of field galaxies.
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12.450928
6.255232
1994-11-01
29
1994AJ....108.1557R
[ "field galaxies", "galaxies", "normal galaxies", "low- luminosity galaxies", "galaxy-galaxy encounters", "star formation", "emission-line galaxies", "low-luminosity galaxies", "high redshift", "the Case galaxies" ]
[ "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Interacting Galaxies", "Line Spectra", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spatial Distribution", "Star Formation", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Galactic Radiation", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Ultraviolet Spectroscopy", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117177" ]
[ "Rosenberg, Jessica L.", "Salzer, John J.", "Moody, J. Ward" ]
[ "Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, US", "Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, US", "Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2376S", "1995MNRAS.275....1T", "1996A&AS..120..207P", "1996A&AS..120..323G", "1997A&A...325..881P", "1997A&A...328..756P", "1997ApJ...475..502G", "1997MNRAS.288...78T", "1998ASSL..231...53P", "1998ASSL..231...59H", "1998IAUS..179..335H", "1999A&A...348..446E", "1999A&A...350..414P", "1999A&AS..135..511U", "1999AJ....117.1229M", "1999AJ....118.2723M", "1999ApJ...512...30C", "1999MNRAS.310..281L", "2000AJ....120...80S", "2000ApJ...536..606L", "2000MNRAS.311..307T", "2001A&A...371..806N", "2001AJ....121...66S", "2001AJ....122..121V", "2001ApJ...559..606C", "2001MNRAS.325..589H", "2002AJ....123.1292S", "2003PASP..115..295F", "2004AJ....127.1943G" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1976ApJS...32..217S", "1977ApJS...34...95M", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1981ApJS...45..113M", "1983ApJ...266..446T", "1983ApJS...51..171P", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJS...55..517S", "1985ApJ...288..481D", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1986ApJ...308..510B", "1986ApJ...310...75T", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...314..493K", "1987ApJ...314L..33M", "1987ApJ...315L..93T", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1987PhDT........15S", "1988AJ.....95.1602S", "1988AJ.....96.1511S", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...330L..17I", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1988BAAS...20.1087T", "1988PASP..100.1351M", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989ApJ...347..152S", "1990AJ.....99..463D", "1990ApJ...353...39S", "1990PhDT.........1A", "1991AJ....102.1680W", "1991ASPC...15..143H", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1993AJ....105..128T", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993AJ....106.1784C", "1994ESOC...49..129S", "1994ESOC...49..133P" ]
1915131
null
Interacting Binary Galaxies. VII. Kinematic Data for 12 Disturbed Ellipticals
We have analyzed long-slit spectroscopic data for a sample of 12 tidally disturbed elliptical galaxies. The spectra were obtained with the KPNO 4 m RC spectrograph. Rotation curves and velocity dispersion profiles have been measured at a variety of position angles in these galaxies and have been used to analyze the dynamical response and internal kinematics of stellar systems involved in strong gravitational encounters. We have confirmed with these data our previous observation that such galaxies often reveal U-shaped "rotation" profiles, indicative of a strong resonant tidal effect among those stars that are moving prograde with respect to the galactic encounter. Additional kinematic peculiarities, including U-shaped and W-shaped velocity dispersion profiles, are also revealed in these data. The observed morphologies of the tidal features seen in some of the sample galaxies are consistent with the idea that elliptical galaxies often contain an embedded disk component. Our velocity profiles along new position angles confirm the validity of tidal interaction models that we previously derived for specific pairs in our sample using only a single slit position angle per galaxy. Additional insight into possible refinements of those collision models has also resulted from this study.
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11.047808
6.838216
1994-11-01
14
1994ApJ...435...79B
[ "velocity dispersion profiles", "elliptical galaxies", "tidal interaction models", "such galaxies", "galaxy", "new position angles", "strong gravitational encounters", "Additional kinematic peculiarities", "position", "possible refinements" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Rotation", "Interacting Galaxies", "Kinematics", "Stellar Motions", "Stellar Systems", "Tides", "Velocity Distribution", "Astronomical Models", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Spectrographs", "Spectroscopic Telescopes", "Velocity Measurement", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174796" ]
[ "Borne, Kirk D.", "Balcells, Marc", "Hoessel, John G.", "McMaster, Matthew" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US", "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...302..665B", "1995A&AS..110...19D", "1996AJ....111.1512S", "1997ApJ...486L..87B", "1998A&A...330..423R", "1998ApJ...507..759A", "2000AJ....119.1157G", "2001AJ....122.2301R", "2007ApJ...657..197S", "2012A&A...543A..64F", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013A&A...558A..13F", "2013MNRAS.436.1322C", "2014MNRAS.441.1086F" ]
[ "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1975ApJ...199..545M", "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1978ApJ...221..731S", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980ApJS...44..137K", "1981ApJ...246..666T", "1981MNRAS.194..879D", "1982AJ.....87..602W", "1982ApJS...50..319T", "1983ApJ...266...41D", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1984ApJ...287..503B", "1985ApJ...291....8M", "1985ApJS...59....1W", "1985BAAS...17..601B", "1987A&A...173...49P", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1988ApJ...330...38B", "1988ApJ...330...51B", "1988ApJ...330...61B", "1988ApJ...330L..87J", "1988ApJ...333..567B", "1989ApJ...336..655B", "1989MNRAS.240..941R", "1990A&A...230L..17N", "1990ApJ...362...52R", "1990IAUCo.124..537B", "1990dig..book..196B", "1991A&A...242...58M", "1991A&A...246..349B", "1991A&A...247..348M", "1991ApJ...369..111B", "1991ApJ...372...31M", "1991RC3...C......0D" ]
1915412
null
Search for Low-Energy Neutrinos from Galactic Gamma-Ray Sources
Data from the Kamiokande detector are used to set upper limits on fluxes of low-energy neutrinos from possible nearby sources within or near our Galaxy. The search was conducted for 1557 live detector days from 1987 January to 1993 February.
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5.976616
-1.181627
1994-11-01
5
1994ApJ...435..225F
[ "possible nearby sources", "upper limits", "fluxes", "1557 live detector days", "low-energy neutrinos", "the Kamiokande detector", "Galaxy", "Data", "1987 January", "1993 February" ]
[ "Galactic Radiation", "Gamma Ray Astronomy", "Gamma Rays", "Neutrinos", "Radiation Measurement", "Monte Carlo Method", "Photomultiplier Tubes", "Radiation Counters", "Astronomy", "ELEMENTARY PARTICLES", "GAMMA RAYS: OBSERVATIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174809" ]
[ "Fukuda, Y.", "Hayakawa, T.", "Inoue, K.", "Ishida, T.", "Kajita, T.", "Koshio, Y.", "Nakahata, M.", "Nakamura, K.", "Sakai, A.", "Shiozawa, M.", "Suzuki, J.", "Suzuki, Y.", "Totsuka, Y.", "Mori, M.", "Hirata, K. S.", "Kihara, K.", "Oyama, Y.", "Suzuki, A.", "Yamada, M.", "Koshiba, M.", "Nishijima, K.", "Kajimura, T.", "Suda, T.", "Suzuki, A. T.", "Takei, H.", "Koga, M.", "Miyano, K.", "Miyata, H.", "Hara, T.", "Kishi, N.", "Nagashima, Y.", "Takita, M.", "Yoshimoto, A.", "Kaneyuki, K.", "Takeuchi, Y.", "Tanimori, T.", "Tasaka, S.", "Nishikawa, K.", "Beier, E. W.", "Frank, E. D.", "Frati, W.", "Kim, S. B.", "Mann, A. K.", "Newcomer, F. M.", "van Berg, R.", "Zhang, W." ]
[ "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995Ap&SS.231..377D", "1997ApJ...491..687H", "1998PAN....61.1024D", "2003PhLB..564...42S", "2004SSRv..112....1G" ]
[ "1988PhRvD..38..448H", "1988RvMP...60..297B", "1991PhRvD..44.2241H", "1992PhRvD..45.3355H", "1993Natur.361..613J", "1993Natur.361..704B", "1993NuPhS..31..105N", "1993eiut.conf..385I" ]
3120856
astro-ph/9402001
A recipe for galaxy formation.
We present a detailed prescription for the modelling of galaxy formation in hierarchical theories of structure formation. Our model incorporates the formation and merging of dark matter haloes, the shock heating and radiative cooling of baryonic gas gravitationally confined in these haloes, star formation regulated by the energy released by evolving stars and supernovae, the merging of galaxies within dark matter haloes, and the spectral evolution of the stellar populations that are formed. The procedure that we describe is very flexible and can be applied to any hierarchical clustering theory. Our prescriptions for regulated star formation and galaxy mergers are motivated and constrained by numerical simulations. We are able to predict galaxy numbers, luminosities, colours and circular velocities. This investigation is restricted to the standard cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology, and we explore the effects of varying other assumptions, including the stellar initial mass function, star formation rates and galaxy merging. We compare the results of these models with an extensive range of observational data, including the B and K galaxy luminosity functions, galaxy colours, the Tully-Fisher relation, faint galaxy number counts, and the redshift distribution at B~22. This combination of observed galaxy properties strongly constrains the models and enables the relative importance of each of the physical processes included to be assessed. We present a broadly successful model defined by a plausible choice of parameters. This fiducial model produces a much more acceptable luminosity function than have most previous studies. This is achieved through a modest rate of galaxy mergers and strong suppression of star formation in haloes of low circular velocity by energy injected by supernovae and evolving stars. The model also accounts for the observed faint galaxy counts in both the B and K bands, and their redshift distributions. It fails, however, to produce galaxies as red as are many observed ellipticals and, compared with the observed Tully- Fisher relation, the model galaxies have circular velocities which are too large for their luminosities.
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11.755819
6.533636
1994-12-01
856
1994MNRAS.271..781C
[ "galaxy formation", "galaxy luminosity functions", "galaxy numbers", "galaxy mergers", "galaxy colours", "faint galaxy number counts", "galaxies", "galaxy", "observed galaxy properties", "star formation" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
20
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.4.781", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9402001" ]
[ "Cole, S.", "Aragon-Salamanca, A.", "Frenk, C. S.", "Navarro, J. F.", "Zepf, S. E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11569743
astro-ph/9402017
Dark Matter in MS 1224 from Distortion of Background Galaxies
We explore the dark matter distribution in MS 1224.7+2007 using the gravitational distortion of the images of faint background galaxies. Projected mass image reconstruction reveals a highly significant concentration coincident with the X-ray and optical location. The concentration is seen repeatably in reconstructions from independent subsamples, and the azimuthally averaged tangential shear pattern is also clearly seen in the data. The projected mass within a 2.76' radius aperture is ~3.5 x 10^14^ h^-1^ M_sun_. This is ~3 times larger than that predicted if mass traces light with M/L = 275 as derived from virial analysis. It is very hard to attribute the discrepancy to a statistical fluctuation, and a further indication of a significant difference between the mass and the light comes from a second mass concentration, which is again seen in independent subsamples but which is not seen at all in the cluster light. We find a mass per galaxy visible to I = 22 of ~8 x 10^12^ h^-1^ M_sun_, which, if representative of the universe, implies a density parameter {OMEGA}~2. We find a null detection of any net shear from large-scale structure with a precision of 0.9% per component. This is much smaller than the possible detection in a recent comparable study, and the precision here is at about the level of the rms shear fluctuations in realistic models.
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12.957523
4.472245
1994-12-01
231
1994ApJ...437...56F
[ "Projected mass image reconstruction", "mass", "independent subsamples", "faint background galaxies", "light", "fluctuations", "a second mass concentration", "reconstructions", "optical location", "galaxy" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Lenses", "Image Reconstruction", "Mass Distribution", "Density Distribution", "Image Processing", "Mathematical Models", "Size Distribution", "Spatial Distribution", "Astrophysics", "Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
2
[ "10.1086/174974", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9402017" ]
[ "Fahlman, Greg", "Kaiser, Nick", "Squires, Gordon", "Woods, David" ]
[ "University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada", "University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada", "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" ]
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[ "1983ARA&A..21..109D", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991ApJ...380....1M", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1992ApJ...388..272K", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993A&A...280L...7B", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...411..501L" ]
11569759
astro-ph/9408028
Cold Dark Matter. I. The Formation of Dark Halos
We use numerical simulations of critically-closed cold dark matter (CDM) models to study the effects of numerical resolution on observable quantities. We study simulations with up to $256^3$ particles using the particle-mesh (PM) method and with up to $144^3$ particles using the adaptive particle-particle --particle-mesh (P$^3$M) method. Comparisons of galaxy halo distributions are made among the various simulations. We also compare distributions with observations and we explore methods for identifying halos, including a new algorithm that finds all particles within closed contours of the smoothed density field surrounding a peak. The simulated halos show more substructure than predicted by the Press-Schechter theory. We are able to rule out all $\Omega=1$ CDM models for linear amplitude $\sigma_8\gsim 0.5$ because the simulations produce too many massive halos compared with the observations. The simulations also produce too many low mass halos. The distribution of halos characterized by their circular velocities for the P$^3$M simulations is in reasonable agreement with the observations for $150\kms\lsim V_{\rm circ} \lsim 350\kms$.}}
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11.00803
5.1229
1994-12-01
161
1994ApJ...436..467G
[ "galaxy halo distributions", "numerical simulations", "halos", "simulations", "numerical resolution", "observations", "more substructure", "methods", "closed contours", "distributions" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Structure", "Grid Generation (Mathematics)", "Computerized Simulation", "Mathematical Models", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174922", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408028" ]
[ "Gelb, James M.", "Bertschinger, Edmund" ]
[ "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US", "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
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11569671
astro-ph/9406015
The Flattened Dark Halo of Polar Ring Galaxy NGC 4650A: A Conspiracy of Shapes?
Kinematics and photometry of the polar ring galaxy NGC 4650A, including new observations of the rotation and velocity dispersion of its central stellar disk, are used to infer the presence of a dark matter halo and to measure its shape. Fits to the observed disk and polar ring rotation curves from detailed mass and photometric modeling rule out a spherical dark halo. The best-fit models have halos with isodensity surfaces that are flattened to a shape between E6 and E7 (axis ratios between 0.4 and 0.3); the asymptotic equatorial speeds of these models are in excellent agreement with the I-band Tully-Fisher relation. This degree of dark halo flattening is larger than that expected from N-body collapse simulations of dissipationless dark matter. Since the kinematics and surface brightness profile of the central luminous body indicate that its light has an intrinsic axis ratio c/a &lt;0~ .4, in NGC 4650A the radial "conspiracy" between the dark and luminous components that leads to flat rotation curves may extend to the shape of the mass distribution as well.
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10.659908
6.816524
1994-12-01
149
1994ApJ...436..629S
[ "flat rotation curves", "dissipationless dark matter", "axis ratios", "NGC 4650A", "dark halo flattening", "isodensity surfaces", "halos", "the polar ring galaxy NGC 4650A", "excellent agreement", "4650A" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Dark Matter", "Disk Galaxies", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Rotation", "Kinematics", "Ring Galaxies", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrodynamics", "Galactic Mass", "Mass Distribution", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4650A", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/174938", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406015" ]
[ "Sackett, Penny D.", "Rix, Hans-Walter", "Jarvis, Brian J.", "Freeman, Kenneth C." ]
[ "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US", "European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile", "European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..591O", "1995ApJ...449L.123G", "1995ApJ...450...70M", "1995MNRAS.275..897N", "1995P&SS...43.1377A", "1995astro.ph..8098S", "1996A&A...305..763C", "1996AJ....112..481O", "1996ASPC..106..168C", "1996ApJ...457..177B", "1996ApJ...459..487W", "1996ApJ...465..278J", "1996ApJ...470..790Q", "1996ApJ...472...34G", "1996ApJ...473..810S", "1996ApJ...473..828H", "1996IAUS..171..157S", "1996IAUS..173..165S", "1996NuPhS..51..157G", "1996PhRvD..53.4138G", "1996astro.ph.10053S", "1997A&A...325...41B", "1997A&A...325..933R", "1997AJ....113..585A", "1997ASPC..116...54A", "1997ASPC..117...82O", "1997ASPC..117..126E", "1997ASPC..117..148F", "1997ASPC..117..206S", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997ApJ...486..259E", "1997ApJ...487..603Q", "1997ApJ...490..664W", "1997ApJ...490L..37B", "1997MNRAS.292..349S", "1997PASA...14...92A", "1997astro.ph.10251G", "1997dmap.conf...44O", "1998A&A...335...12S", "1998ASPC..136..219O", "1998ApJ...494..183M", "1998ApJ...495..157K", "1998ApJ...499..635B", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1998CeMDA..72...69B", "1998MNRAS.294..429D", "1998MNRAS.294..682G", "1998MNRAS.297L..44G", "1998MNRAS.298..811B", "1998NewA....3..493E", "1998PhRvD..57.3256K", "1998RvMA...11..129A", "1998astro.ph..1217Q", "1998astro.ph..3228G", "1998tsra.conf..309G", "1999A&A...352..149C", "1999AJ....118.2158B", "1999APh....11..303W", "1999ASPC..182..393S", "1999Ap&SS.267..227V", "1999Ap&SS.267..239D", "1999Ap&SS.269..119F", "1999ApJ...519L.127B", "1999ApJS..125...99B", "1999MNRAS.304..281G", "1999MNRAS.306..662T", "1999MNRAS.309...63S", "2000A&A...359..103R", "2000A&A...360..439S", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000AJ....120.2884P", "2000ASPC..197..119S", "2000ASPC..197..139S", "2000ApJ...537..708G", "2000ApJ...544..204C", "2000MNRAS.311..361O", "2000MNRAS.318.1131E", "2001AJ....121..244S", "2001AJ....121..692C", "2001ARA&A..39..137S", "2001ApJ...547..574D", "2001ApJ...553..184C", "2001ApJ...553..709R", "2001MNRAS.326.1015C", "2001MNRAS.326.1261M", "2001MmSAI..72..797P", "2001PhRvD..63d3005G", "2002AJ....123..195I", "2002ASPC..273..243S", "2002ASPC..275..367S", "2002ApJ...568..199G", "2002NewAR..46..755C", "2003A&A...401..817B", "2003ApJ...585..730I", "2003ApJ...586..152M", "2003ApJ...587L..23S", "2003ApJ...599.1082M", "2003IJMPD..12.1157T", "2004ChPhL..21.1179D", "2004IAUS..220..421S", "2004MNRAS.349..747P", "2004bdmh.confE..81I", "2005AJ....129.1443C", "2005ASPC..338..240M", "2005ApJ...621..757S", "2005ApJ...627..647B", "2005ApJ...627L..17B", "2005ApJ...634..281H", "2005PASA...22..190L", "2006A&A...446..905T", "2006ApJ...636L..25M", "2006ApJ...637..582B", "2006ApJ...643..200I", "2007AJ....134.1938C", "2007ApJ...666..165C", "2007MNRAS.377...50H", "2007arXiv0707.0488S", "2008ApJ...689..678B", "2009AJ....137.3976S", "2009ApJ...696L...6S", "2009ApJ...703.2068D", "2009JCAP...06..027B", "2010A&A...515A..63O", "2010AIPC.1240..379I", "2010MNRAS.406.2805J", "2011ARA&A..49..301V", "2011MNRAS.417..198V", "2011MSAIS..18..139C", "2011arXiv1102.0550B", "2011arXiv1103.0481S", "2011arXiv1103.4049S", "2012AstBu..67..374M", "2012MNRAS.425.1967S", "2013A&A...554A..11C", "2013MNRAS.431.1230K", "2013MNRAS.432.2846L", "2013arXiv1302.1339M", "2014ASPC..486..207C", "2014ASPC..486..217N", "2014MNRAS.441.2650K", "2015A&A...583A..48I", "2017A&A...597A.103K", "2017ASSL..434..209B", "2017IAUS..321...61A", "2017MNRAS.464...65P", "2017PhyU...60....3Z", "2019MNRAS.485.3296W", "2021MNRAS.500.3870K", "2024A&A...681L..15M" ]
[ "1963ApJ...138..385T", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1980A&A....82..314S", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1980JApA....1..177L", "1982ApJ...263L..51S", "1983AJ.....88..909S", "1984ApJ...277..526S", "1984MNRAS.208..111S", "1985ApJ...293L...7B", "1986ApJ...303..556V", "1986MNRAS.219..657S", "1987ApJ...314..439W", "1987ApJ...314..457V", "1987IAUS..117..289K", "1987IAUS..117..300A", "1987MNRAS.226..149B", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988MNRAS.235..949D", "1989PhDT........55N", "1990A&A...233..372B", "1990AJ....100.1489W", "1990ApJ...349....1F", "1990ApJ...361..408S", "1991ApJ...370..205B", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1991wdir.conf.....C", "1991wdir.conf...85S", "1992AJ....104.1339S", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993A&A...267...21A", "1993AcA....43..289U", "1993ApJ...419..648S", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993PASP..105.1022G", "1994AJ....107...99R", "1994ApJ...420L..21W", "1994ApJ...421..178K", "1994ApJ...423L.105G", "1994ApJ...427...86B", "1994ApJ...431..617D", "1994ApJ...436..642F" ]
11574415
astro-ph/9411067
Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies: Keystones of Galaxy Evolution
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are the most insignificant extragalactic stellar systems in terms of their visibility, but potentially very significant in terms of their role in the formation and evolution of much more luminous galaxies. We discuss the present observational data and their implications for theories of the formation and evolution of both dwarf and giant galaxies. The putative dark matter content of these low-surface-brightness systems is of particular interest, as is their chemical evolution. Surveys for new dwarf spheroidals hidden behind the stars of our Galaxy and those which are not bound to giant galaxies may give new clues as to the origins of this unique class of galaxy. (SECTION: Invited Review Paper)
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10.686862
6.544407
1994-12-01
122
1994PASP..106.1225G
[ "giant galaxies", "Dwarf spheroidal galaxies", "new dwarf spheroidals", "galaxy", "new clues", "evolution", "Review Paper", "particular interest", "terms", "theories" ]
[ "Brightness Distribution", "Chemical Evolution", "Dark Matter", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Dynamic Models", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Spheroids", "Galactic Mass", "Galactic Structure", "Kinematics", "Spatial Distribution", "Spectrographs", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/133500", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9411067" ]
[ "Gallagher, John S., III", "Wyse, Rosemary F. G." ]
[ "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US", "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1129L", "1995AJ....110.1155L", "1995AJ....110.2747S", "1996A&A...310..715C", "1996A&A...312...49M", "1996A&A...315...40S", "1996ASPC...98..315G", "1996ASPC..106..208S", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1996ApJ...459L..73M", "1996ApJ...466..732G", "1996ApJ...469..662D", "1996MNRAS.278..947B", "1997AJ....113..531D", "1997AJ....113.1001H", "1997AJ....114..147M", "1997AJ....114..680A", "1997ASPC..116..259M", "1997ASPC..127..183W", "1997ApJ...474L..99B", "1997ApJ...475L..97L", "1997ApJ...478..530B", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997MNRAS.284..327K", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1997PASP..109..125M", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1997astro.ph.10251G", "1998AJ....115..144G", "1998AJ....115.1869G", "1998AJ....115.1888S", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998AJ....116.2287A", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "1998ApJ...498..143K", "1998ApJ...503L..45D", "1998ApJ...504L..83H", "1998MNRAS.294..315M", "1998MNRAS.297L..44G", "1998MNRAS.300..200K", "1999AJ....117.1275K", "1999AJ....117.1792D", "1999AJ....118.1220A", "1999AJ....118.1235S", "1999ASPC..170...84J", "1999ApJ...511...56K", "1999ApJ...520..607H", "1999ApJ...525L..17T", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999IAUS..192..402H", "1999PASA...16....3N", "1999PASJ...51..375H", "1999PhRvD..61b3514B", "2000ESASP.445...87G", "2001A&A...369..750R", "2001AJ....122..750I", "2001AJ....122.2524A", "2001ApJ...552L.113T", "2001ApJ...559..791C", "2001ApJ...562..713M", "2002A&A...389..387L", "2002A&A...396..117K", "2002ApJS..143..419S", "2002MNRAS.334..117C", "2002NewA....7..395W", "2003A&A...399...63H", "2003AJ....125.1134E", "2003AJ....125.1926G", "2003AJ....126..218M", "2003ApJ...588..326G", "2003ApJ...589..752G", "2003ApJ...589L..85R", "2003ApJ...591..167C", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2003AstL...29..214B", "2003RMxAC..17..149G", "2004A&A...426...25H", "2004AJ....128..121V", "2004AJ....128.2797V", "2004ApJ...610L..89G", "2004oee..sympE..23G", "2005A&A...444..803G", "2005ASSL..327..201W", "2005MNRAS.357..819S", "2005nfcd.conf....1G", "2006A&A...455..845F", "2006ApJ...641..785K", "2006JASS...23....1S", "2006MNRAS.368..563M", "2006MNRAS.371..643M", "2007AJ....133..270K", "2007ApJ...656..746D", "2007ApJ...657..241K", "2007ApJ...671.1471B", "2007MNRAS.376..387M", "2007NewA...12..507C", "2007ggnu.conf....3G", "2007ggnu.conf..109S", "2008AJ....135.1580K", "2008AJ....136.1147B", "2008IAUS..244...44W", "2009ApJ...703.2024B", "2009ApJ...706L.150A", "2010AdAst2010E..18S", "2010arXiv1009.1369F", "2012AJ....144....4M", "2012MNRAS.419.2472S", "2013ApJ...773...17S", "2014ApJ...790...76S", "2015MNRAS.450.4198S", "2016A&A...588A..89J", "2017JKAS...50..111A", "2019MNRAS.487.5862B", "2020MNRAS.493.6109W", "2021MNRAS.500.2049P", "2021MNRAS.505.5884M", "2022MNRAS.514.5853S", "2023MNRAS.518.3083M", "2023MNRAS.520.5521S" ]
[ "1964AJ.....69..438H", "1969AJ.....74..587H", "1971ARA&A...9...35H", "1972ApJ...171L..31V", "1972ApJ...178L..99V", "1974MNRAS.169..229L", "1976ApJ...204...73I", "1976ApJ...209..418H", "1976RGOB..182..241K", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1978AJ.....83..360K", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979AJ.....84..752G", "1979ApJ...227L.103M", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1982A&A...110...61V", "1982AJ.....87.1668H", "1982Obs...102....7L", "1982Obs...102..202L", "1983ApJ...266L..17F", "1983ApJ...266L..21L", "1983ApJ...268L..75G", "1984A&A...134..258V", "1984AN....305...59K", "1984ApJ...282...85W", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...295...73K", "1985ApJ...296L...7A", "1985IAUS..113..427M", "1985IAUS..113..541W", "1986AJ.....92..766C", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...307...97A", "1986ApJ...309..472Q", "1986stpo.meet...45A", "1987AJ.....93..816K", "1987ApJ...315L..93T", "1987ApJ...317..128V", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987ApJ...322L..59S", "1987Natur.329..203D", "1987PASA....7...19M", "1987gady.book.....B", "1987nngp.proc...76T", "1987nngp.proc..163K", "1987txra.symp..426L", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988MNRAS.233..485P", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1989ASIC..264....1P", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989ApJ...341...26E", "1989ApJ...341L..41K", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989ApJ...347..201L", "1990A&A...230L..17N", "1990A&A...239...97B", "1990A&AS...82..207M", "1990AJ....100....1F", "1990AJ....100..127P", "1990ApJ...348..515M", "1990ApJ...354..438M", "1990ApJ...356L..15D", "1990ApJ...356L..43L", "1990ApJ...362L..55M", "1990MNRAS.244..701L", "1990MNRAS.244P..16I", "1990NYASA.596....1G", "1990dig..book...36F", "1991A&A...252...27B", "1991AJ....102..130V", "1991AJ....102..914M", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ApJ...367L..55G", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...378..487P", "1991ApJ...379L...1V", "1991ApJ...379L..45S", "1991ApJ...381L..13C", "1991IAUS..148...15W", "1992A&A...255...26M", "1992A&A...256L..19M", "1992AJ....103...60M", "1992AJ....103...81L", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992AJ....104..144W", "1992ASPC...24..135D", "1992ApJ...395..466L", "1992ApJ...398L..89M", "1992ApJ...400..510D", "1992IAUS..149..191D", "1992MNRAS.255P..29V", "1992MNRAS.257..225A", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993AIPC..278..599T", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1993AJ....105..933J", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993AJ....106..986A", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993AJ....106.1819K", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...49....5M", "1993ASPC...49..155A", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1993AcA....43..289U", "1993ApJ...409L..13K", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993ApJ...416..399S", "1993ApJ...418..208S", "1993MNRAS.260..610A", "1993MNRAS.261..657D", "1993MNRAS.261..819C", "1993MNRAS.261..827M", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993PASP..105..987M", "1993PhR...231..293S", "1994AAS...184.5106D", "1994AJ....107.1328V", "1994AJ....107.1737R", "1994AJ....107.2055B", "1994AJ....108..645H", "1994ApJ...431L..17M", "1994MNRAS.266....7D", "1994MNRAS.266..412K", "1994MNRAS.266..567G", "1994MNRAS.267L...1N", "1994MNRAS.268L...1C", "1994MNRAS.269..957H", "1994Natur.368..599S", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1994pvgt.conf..173B" ]
11573421
astro-ph/9407076
The two-point correlation function of rich clusters of galaxies: results from an extended APM cluster redshift survey.
We present new estimates of the spatial two-point correlation function of rich clusters of galaxies selected from the APM Galaxy Survey. We have measured redshifts for a sample of 364 clusters out to a depth of ~450 h^-1^ Mpc^-1^. The clusters have a mean space density of n^bar^ = 3.4 x 10^-5^ h^3^ Mpc^-3^. The two-point correlation function in redshift space, ξ_cc_(s), for this sample is equal to unity at a pair separation of r_0_ = 14.3 +/- 2.35 h^-1^ Mpc (2σ errors), consistent with our earlier results from a smaller sample. The new observations provide an accurate determination of the shape of ξ_cc_ to pair separations of about 50 h^-1^ Mpc. Our results show that ξ_cc_ has a higher amplitude than expected according to the standard {OMEGA} = 1 cold dark matter (CDM) model on spatial scales of 2 &lt;~ s &lt;~ 50 h^-1^ Mpc, but are in good agreement with scale-invariant fluctuations in either a low- density CDM model or a critical-density universe made up of a mixture of hot and cold dark matter. Our results provide strong constraints on so- called `cooperative' models of galaxy formation, in which the galaxy formation process introduces large-scale structure into the galaxy distribution.
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12.213707
4.581117
1994-12-01
91
1994MNRAS.271L..47D
[ "spatial scales", "galaxy formation", "redshift space", "rich clusters", "ξ_cc_", "galaxies", "lt;~ s", "new estimates", "good agreement", "strong constraints" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.1.L47", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407076" ]
[ "Dalton, G. B.", "Croft, R. A. C.", "Efstathiou, G.", "Sutherland, W. J.", "Maddox, S. J.", "Davis, M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1988MNRAS.231..309S", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1989MNRAS.238..881L", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ApJ...373....1W", "1991MNRAS.253P..31B", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...392..419B", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992PhDT.......140D", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1994ApJ...420....1W", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994MNRAS.267..771N", "1994MNRAS.268L..23C", "1994MNRAS.269..151D" ]
11569761
astro-ph/9408029
Cold Dark Matter. II. Spatial and Velocity Statistics
We examine high-resolution gravitational N-body simulations of the $\Omega=1$ cold dark matter (CDM) model in order to determine whether there is any normalization of the initial density fluctuation spectrum that yields acceptable results for galaxy clustering and velocities. Dense dark matter halos in the evolved mass distribution are identified with luminous galaxies; the most massive halos are also considered as sites for galaxy groups, with a range of possibilities explored for the group mass to light ratios. We verify the earlier conclusions of White et al. (1987) for the low amplitude (high bias) CDM model --- the galaxy correlation function is marginally acceptable but that there are too many galaxies. We also show that the peak biasing method does not accurately reproduce the results obtained using dense halos identified in the simulations themselves. The COBE anisotropy implies a higher normalization, resulting in problems with excessive pairwise galaxy velocity dispersion unless a strong velocity bias is present. Although we confirm the strong velocity bias of halos reported by Couchman \&amp; Carlberg (1992), we show that the galaxy motions are still too large on small scales. We find no amplitude for which the CDM model can reconcile simultaneously the galaxy correlation function, the low pairwise velocity dispersion, and the richness distribution of groups and clusters. With the normalization implied by COBE, the CDM spectrum has too much power on small scales if $\Omega=1$.
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12.032952
3.71332
1994-12-01
67
1994ApJ...436..491G
[ "excessive pairwise galaxy velocity dispersion", "galaxy groups", "luminous galaxies", "galaxy clustering", "CDM model", "Dense dark matter halos", "dense halos", "CDM", "halos", "acceptable results" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Background Radiation", "Dark Matter", "Extraterrestrial Radio Waves", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Many Body Problem", "Microwaves", "Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitation Theory", "Mathematical Models", "Microwave Radiometers", "Radio Astronomy", "Spaceborne Astronomy", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/174923", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408029" ]
[ "Gelb, James M.", "Bertschinger, Edmund" ]
[ "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US", "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1994astro.ph.12088M", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ApJ...454....1S", "1995ApJS...97..259F", "1995MNRAS.272..859L", "1995MNRAS.276L..69W", "1995MNRAS.277..143M", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996A&A...312..745R", "1996AJ....112....1A", "1996APh.....5...53M", "1996APh.....5..167B", "1996ApJ...458....1C", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...470..115G", "1996ApJS..105...19K", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1996PhRvD..53..606B", "1997ApJ...475....1T", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...479..606S", "1997ApJ...479..616S", "1997ApJ...481..633D", "1997ApJ...484L...1M", "1997ApJ...490....1C", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997ApJ...490L.127P", "1997MNRAS.284..189M", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1997NewA....2..165K", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ASPC..148...21W", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...496..577C", "1998ApJ...498...60P", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...503L...9J", "1998ApJS..114...37B", "1998MNRAS.299..417B", "1999ASPC..193..353T", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999ApJ...515L..45J", "1999ApJ...522..793S", "1999ApJ...523..463K", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "2000ASPC..201..186B", "2000ApJ...528..585F", "2000ApJ...539..561C", "2000MNRAS.312..781L", "2003ApJ...596...19K", "2004JKAS...37...15R", "2005ApJ...634..728S", "2005CSci...88.1088B", "2005MNRAS.358..939P", "2005MNRAS.358.1076B", "2006MNRAS.370..691P", "2006MNRAS.370..993B", "2007ApJ...669..663M", "2007JApA...28..117P", "2007PhRvD..75f3516J", "2009MNRAS.393..607B", "2009MNRAS.395..918B", "2010MNRAS.407..567B", "2015MNRAS.452.1727T", "2018MNRAS.479.2256K", "2021A&A...655A..54B", "2023MNRAS.518.2511L" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979ApJ...232L..79G", "1982ApJ...263L...1P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986Natur.321...27P", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ApJ...334L..59B", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989MNRAS.237..799C", "1990ApJ...352L..29C", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.242P..59P", "1991ApJ...367..385C", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1991MNRAS.251..167P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...393...22C", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992LNP...408...65B", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.358..718S", "1992PhDT........45G", "1993ApJ...403L...5G", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993MNRAS.260..610A", "1993MNRAS.265..689K", "1993PhRvD..47..426A", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...436..467G" ]
11569667
astro-ph/9406005
Effects of Photoionization on Galaxy Formation
We investigate the effects of the observed UV background radiation on galaxy formation. Photoionization by UV radiation decreases the cooling rate of the gas in halos, so that objects with only large density contrasts can self-shield against the background radiation, thereby allowing the shielded neutral cores to cool and form stars. In the context of the CDM model, we use the criterion that self-shielding is essential for star formation to calculate the mass function of galaxies based on both Press-Schechter and the peaks formalisms. The ionizing UV radiation causes inhibition of galaxy formation-we show the decrease in the number density of the galaxies quantitatively. We also find that the merging in general is made inefficient by the UV photons through photoionization of the gas in the bigger system into which small objects are incorporated. The latter means that, in a merging-dominated region, where the number density at the low-mass end (M_b_ &lt;~ 10^10^ M_sun_) is usually expected to decrease with time, the trend is reversed (the number of low-mass galaxies is greater at lower redshifts z) due to the decreasing UV flux with time after z ~ 2. We further discuss the implication of our results for the number counts of galaxies and possible evolution of the luminosity function of the galaxies.
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11.712785
8.042343
1994-12-01
24
1994ApJ...436..618C
[ "UV radiation", "galaxy formation", "galaxies", "only large density contrasts", "star formation", "lower redshifts", "the observed UV background radiation", "low-mass galaxies", "The ionizing UV radiation", "M_b_" ]
[ "Background Radiation", "Galactic Evolution", "Photoionization", "Radiation Effects", "Ultraviolet Radiation", "Diffuse Radiation", "Luminosity", "Radiative Transfer", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "RADIATIVE TRANSFER", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/174937", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406005" ]
[ "Chiba, Masashi", "Nath, Biman B." ]
[ "MPI für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany", "MPI für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany" ]
[ "1995ApJ...450...32C", "1995ApJ...454..604N", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1997ApJ...483..638C", "1997MNRAS.288..307B", "1998ApJ...502...59T", "1998MNRAS.293...71T", "1998MNRAS.294..193T", "1998MNRAS.295..360T", "1999ASSL..240...47T", "1999ApJ...511..585M", "1999MNRAS.305..449N", "2000ApJ...529..615K", "2000ApJ...537..578S", "2001MNRAS.326.1353K", "2002MNRAS.333..156B", "2003ApJ...587..605M", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2004ApJ...610...23N", "2006ApJ...641..785K", "2010ApJ...720.1225M", "2010ApJ...722.1864M", "2010MNRAS.404.1425J", "2023MNRAS.519.1425P" ]
[ "1965ApJ...142.1633G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1981MNRAS.197..553B", "1984ASSL..111..485R", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...298...18F", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987ApJ...315..180B", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...327..570B", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1990ApJ...350....1M", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.243..133P", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991ApJ...376...33J", "1991ApJ...377L..69D", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJ...380L...9B", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992A&A...264..365B", "1992ApJ...389L...1M", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...398L..89M", "1992MNRAS.255..319W", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1992pngn.conf..443F", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...410..493M", "1993ApJ...411L...9C", "1993ApJ...411L..59E", "1993ApJ...414...41M" ]
11569744
astro-ph/9402036
Lensing from the Light-Traces-Mass Map of MS 1224+20
To compare the gravitational lensing mass with the virial mass of the MS 1224+20 cluster of galaxies, we have completed a uniform, high- precision redshift survey over a field of 7' x 9', obtaining 75 redshifts. The velocity dispersion of 30 cluster galaxies is 770 km s^- 1^, and the projected harmonic radius is 0.32 h^-1^ Mpc. The virial mass is 2.1 x 10^14^ h^-1^ M_sun_. Correcting for faint cluster galaxies without redshifts and allowing for a modest evolution in the galaxy luminosity function gives a current epoch mass-to-light ratio M/L_v_(0) = 255 h M_sun_/L_sun_, comparable to Coma's 275 h. The same field contains galaxy groups at z = 0.225 and z = 0.412. The clusters' gravitational fields induce image ellipticities that are calculated from the light-traces-mass density distribution and compared with the tangential distortions observed by Fahlman et a]. (1994). Between 1 and 3 virial radii, the observed lensing distortions are &lt;e_T_&gt; = 0.054 +/- 0.017, as compared to the &lt;e_T_&gt; = 0.022 +/- 0.006 that the light-traces- mass model and the virial M/L predict, hence the gravitational mass of the cluster appears to be at least 2.5 +/- 1.1 times the virial mass.
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12.900868
4.650084
1994-12-01
26
1994ApJ...437...63C
[ "faint cluster galaxies", "galaxy groups", "galaxies", "the gravitational lensing mass", "M_sun_/L_sun_", "redshifts", "30 cluster galaxies", "Fahlman et a", "The virial mass", "the virial mass" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Lenses", "Mass Distribution", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "X Ray Astronomy", "Astronomical Maps", "Image Analysis", "Mathematical Models", "Virial Theorem", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: MS 1224", "20", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/174975", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9402036" ]
[ "Carlberg, R. G.", "Yee, H. K. C.", "Ellingson, E." ]
[ "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...303..643B", "1996A&A...305..383S", "1996AJ....112.1812L", "1996AJ....112.1816M", "1996ApJ...468...79D", "1996ApJ...469...73S", "1996ApJ...470..724M", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...319..764H", "1997ApJ...485...39C", "1997PhR...283..303O", "1998AJ....116.2108K", "1998ASPC..146..470G", "1998ApJS..116..231A", "1998ApJS..116..247E", "1999AJ....117.2024F", "1999ApJ...517..587L", "1999ApJ...524....9B", "1999PhRvL..83.1894S", "1999ldss.work..181G", "2000CaJPh..78..755C", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2003astro.ph..6465S", "2005astro.ph..9252S" ]
[ "1981PhRvD..23..347G", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1983PhRvD..28..679B", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1988ApJ...335..532W", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...405..437N", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994JRASC..88...39C" ]
11569765
astro-ph/9406023
Environmental Effects on Local Active Galactic Nuclei
Using an extensive sample of nearby galaxies (the Nearby Galaxies Catalog, by Tully), we investigate the environment of the galaxies hosting low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) (Seyfert galaxies and low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions [LINERs]). We define the local galaxy density, adopting a new correction for the incompleteness of the galaxy sample at large distances. We consider both a complete sample of bright and nearby AGNs, identified from the nuclear spectra obtained in available wide optical spectroscopic surveys, and a complete sample of nearby Seyfert galaxies. Basically, we compare the local galaxy density distributions of the AGNs with those of non-AGN samples, chosen in order to match the magnitude and morphological type distributions of the AGN samples. We find, only for the early-type spirals more luminous than ~M^*^, that both LINERs and Seyfert galaxies tend to reside in denser environments on all the scales tested, from tenths of Mpc to a few Mpc; moreover Seyfert galaxies show an enhanced small-scale density segregation with respect to LINERs. This gives support to the idea that AGNs can be stimulated by interactions. On larger scales, tens of Mpc, we find that the AGNs hosted in luminous early-type spirals show a tendency to stay near the center of the Local Supercluster. Finally we discuss the interpretations of our findings and their consequences for some possible scenarios of AGN formation and evolution and for the problem of how AGNs trace the large-scale structures.
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14.701622
6.87129
1994-12-01
27
1994ApJ...436..576M
[ "nearby Seyfert galaxies", "Seyfert galaxies", "nearby galaxies", "non-AGN samples", "AGNs", "larger scales", "the local galaxy density distributions", "Seyfert", "available wide optical spectroscopic surveys", "the local galaxy density" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Interacting Galaxies", "Line Spectra", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Luminosity", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/174932", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406023" ]
[ "Monaco, Pierluigi", "Giuricin, Giuliano", "Mardirossian, Fabio", "Mezzetti, Marino" ]
[ "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1995ApJ...450...41G", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...468..475G", "1996ApL&C..33..139G", "1997AN....318..249R", "1997ApJ...485..552M", "1998A&A...335..912K", "1998ASPC..146..202M", "1998ApJ...496...93D", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1999ASPC..176..292M", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000MNRAS.311..279M", "2001AJ....122.2301R", "2001ApJ...559..606C", "2002ApJ...581..161C", "2003AJ....126.1245T", "2003ApJ...597..142M", "2004A&A...418...25K", "2007A&A...475..169M", "2009MNRAS.394...38P", "2012AN....333..767D", "2012ApJ...753..166D", "2012ApJ...754...82D", "2012PASJ...64...93D", "2013PASA...30...18D", "2014RAA....14..401D" ]
[ "1959VV....C......0V", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1966apg..book.....A", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977A&AS...28....1V", "1977ApJS...33...19A", "1978MNRAS.183..633G", "1980A&A....87..142H", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1980A&AS...40..295H", "1980ApJ...237..404S", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ARA&A..20..431B", "1982Afz....18..548P", "1982ApJ...257..389T", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983ApJS...52..229K", "1984AJ.....89..966D", "1984ApJ...279L...5K", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1984ApJ...286...62B", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985AJ.....90.1772D", "1985ApJ...288..481D", "1985ApJS...57..643D", "1986A&A...160..259N", "1986A&A...163...26P", "1986A&A...166...75B", "1986A&AS...66..335V", "1986AJ.....91..255B", "1987A&A...171...16B", "1988A&A...192...95G", "1988A&A...201...37N", "1988A&A...203..259N", "1988AJ.....96...73T", "1988AJ.....96.1235F", "1988ApJ...328..103L", "1988ApJ...331..727D", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AJ.....98..798S", "1989ApJ...343..125M", "1989ApJ...345..101G", "1989ApJ...345..176L", "1989IAUS..134..425F", "1989IAUS..134..462S", "1989NYASA.571..190H", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1990NASCP3098..399S", "1990NASCP3098..689S", "1990Natur.345..679S", "1990dig..book..108H", "1990dig..book..479N", "1990dig..book..485P", "1991ApJ...366..393G", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AIPC..254..595H", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...393...90H", "1992ApJ...399...38D", "1992MNRAS.255..581S", "1993A&A...275..390G", "1993A&A...280..468V", "1993ApJ...404..551O", "1993ApJ...407...22G", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993MNRAS.263..349S", "1993nbpg.conf..226M", "1993rgrc.conf..175R", "1994ApJ...425..450G" ]
11569443
astro-ph/9410042
V and I Photometry of Bright Giants in the Central Regions of NGC 147
Deep V and I CCD images with subarcsec spatial resolution are used to investigate the stellar content of the central regions of the Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC 147. Red giant branch (RGB) stars are resolved over the entire field, and the RGB-tip occurs at I ~ 20.5, suggesting that the distance modulus is 24.3. A comparison_with globular cluster sequences indicates that the center of NGC 147 is moderately metal-poor, with [Fe/H]^bar^ ~ -1. This is not significantly different from what was found in the outer regions of the galaxy by Mould et al. (ApJ, 270,471(1983)]. Moreover, the width of the V - I color distribution at I = 21.0 indicates that a spread in metallicity is present, with σ_[Fe/H]_ ~ +/-0.3. There is no evidence of a component more metal- poor than [Fe/H]~ -1.3. A small population of moderately bright asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars has also been detected, and the AGB- tip occurs near M_bol_ ~ -5.0, indicating that an intermediate-age population is present. It is estimated that the intermediate-age population contributes ~2%-3% of the V light from NGC 147.
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9.117151
8.847102
1994-12-01
26
1994AJ....108.2123D
[ "subarcsec spatial resolution", "Mould et al", "elliptical galaxy", "NGC", "Deep V", "Local Group", "~2%-3%", "color distribution", "RGB", "images" ]
[ "Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Globular Clusters", "Hydrogen", "Iron", "Metallicity", "Red Giant Stars", "Andromeda Galaxy", "Astronomical Photometry", "Brightness", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Local Group (Astronomy)", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 147", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117224", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9410042" ]
[ "Davidge, T. J." ]
[ "University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.2280S", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996ASPC...98..315G", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1996MNRAS.278..829G", "1997AJ....113.1001H", "1997ASPC..116..270D", "1997ApJ...476..127Y", "1998AJ....116.1688V", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...507..726S", "1999AJ....118.2245G", "1999ASPC..163..289W", "1999Ap&SS.267..181F", "2001AJ....122.2524A", "2002AJ....123.3199C", "2003A&A...403...93N", "2005AJ....129.2217B", "2005AJ....130.2087D", "2006A&A...445...69S", "2006MNRAS.372.1259S", "2007AJ....134.1799D", "2007JASS...24..203K", "2007MNRAS.375..715G", "2009A&A...497...65S", "2017MNRAS.466.1764H" ]
[ "1951POMic..10....7B", "1963AJ.....68..691H", "1973ApJ...182..671H", "1976AJ.....81...25H", "1978MNRAS.183..569D", "1980ApJ...239..803S", "1981ApJ...246..842F", "1983ApJ...270..471M", "1984ApJ...284...98R", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJ...287..138R", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984ApJS...55...45Z", "1984PASP...96..247B", "1985ApJS...59...63R", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987AJ.....94..306K", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988AJ.....96..909S", "1988ApJ...334..159D", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988PASP..100..545R", "1989PASP..101.1156M", "1990AJ....100..108S", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1990ApJ...352...96F", "1991ApJ...379L...1V", "1992ApJ...397..457D", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993AJ....106..964L", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993MNRAS.261...19C" ]
1940198
astro-ph/9409066
The very red halo of the cD galaxy in A 3284.
We present deep CCD surface photometry in the Gunn g, r, i system and spectroscopy of the cD galaxy at the centre of the cluster A 3284 at z=0.15. The brightness profile of the galaxy has been tracked up to 40 arcsec (142kpc) from the centre, and down to 26 mag/arcsec^+2^. The core and halo components in the galaxy have been singled out deriving geometrical parameters of the fitting isophotes as well as magnitudes and colours. The spectral properties of the galaxy core indicate a stellar population super metal-rich with [Fe/H]=+0.5. The cD halo is clearly dominant at 45kpc from the galactic centre and has exceedingly red colours (g-r=1.03, g-i=1.82), about 0.7mag redder than the core g-i. A match with the models for evolutionary population synthesis by Buzzoni (1989) shows that the halo is consistent with a population of unevolved M-dwarf stars lower than 0.7 M<SUB>sun</SUB>_. The M/L ratio in B for the halo is estimated to range between 50 and 200 implying a total mass for the cD galaxy of 1.6-3.1x10^13^M<SUB>sun</SUB>_ and a total B luminosity of 6.0x10^11^L<SUB>sun</SUB>_.
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12.416889
5.929079
1994-12-01
8
1994A&A...292...54M
[ "halo components", "evolutionary population synthesis", "deep CCD surface photometry", "the core g-i. A match", "cD", "geometrical parameters", "sun</SUB", "the galaxy core", "the cD galaxy", "colours" ]
[ "Computational Astrophysics", "Dwarf Stars", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Halos", "Stellar Evolution", "Stellar Luminosity", "Stellar Physics", "Astronomical Models", "Brightness", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Photometry", "Spectroscopy", "Stellar Mass", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CD", "EVOLUTION", "PHOTOMETRY", "STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409066" ]
[ "Molinari, E.", "Buzzoni, A.", "Chincarini, G.", "Pedrana, M. D." ]
[ "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy" ]
[ "1995A&A...296L..13L", "1996A&AS..119..391M", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1999A&AS..140..155M", "2008ApJ...687..242Z", "2008IAUS..244...17Z", "2009ASSP....7...93K", "2012MNRAS.421..190Z" ]
[ "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1973asqu.book.....A", "1977ApJ...216..214V", "1977MNRAS.180..479F", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...276..413M", "1986ApJ...307..415S", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1988ApJ...334L...1M", "1989AJ.....98..538F", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989ApJS...71..817B", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1990MNRAS.246..576M", "1991ApJ...371L..15G", "1992AJ....103.1814B", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1993ApJ...410..499B", "1994A&AS..103..245M" ]
11569764
astro-ph/9407041
Scaling Analysis of the Galaxy Distribution in the SSRS Catalog
A detailed analysis of the galaxy distribution in the Southern Sky Redshift Survey (SSRS) by means of the multifractal or scaling formalism is presented. It is shown that galaxies cluster in different ways according to their morphological type as well as their size. Elliptical galaxies are more clustered than spirals, even at scales up to 15 h^-1^ Mpc, whereas no clear segregation between early and late spirals is found. It is also shown that smaller galaxies distribute more homogeneously than larger galaxies.
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12.1999
4.545189
1994-12-01
5
1994ApJ...436..565C
[ "smaller galaxies", "larger galaxies", "Elliptical galaxies", "different ways", "spirals", "means", "the Southern Sky Redshift Survey", "SSRS", "scales", "the galaxy distribution" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Mass", "Galactic Structure", "Mass Distribution", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Southern Sky", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Spiral Galaxies", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/174931", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407041" ]
[ "Campos, A.", "Dominguez-Tenreiro, R.", "Yepes, G." ]
[ "University of Durham, England, UK", "University of Durham, England, UK", "Univ. de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" ]
[ "1995ApJ...446...54C", "1995ApJ...450...41G", "1996ASPC...94..271D", "1996AstL...22..295K", "1997ApL&C..36..311D" ]
[ "1974JFM....62..331M", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980A&A....92..222B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982Natur.300..407Z", "1982euse.book.....L", "1982fgn..book.....M", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983PhyD....8..435H", "1984A&A...134L..15S", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985PhRvL..55.2798J", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...306..341G", "1986ApJ...306..358F", "1986MNRAS.219..457E", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1986PhRvA..33.1141H", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988ApJ...332L...1J", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1988JSP....51..135G", "1989A&A...221..191B", "1989ApJ...339L...9D", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1990ApJ...352..457M", "1990ApJ...353...39S", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991A&A...248..354B", "1991ApJ...369...30M", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991ApJ...382...44V", "1992ASIC..366...29O", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...394..422V", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...399...10L", "1992ApJ...401...40Y", "1992MNRAS.255..382M", "1992daec.conf...33S", "1993AJ....106.1784C", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1994ApJ...424L..73D" ]
1915447
null
The Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera. I. Methodology and Results on the Field near 3C 273
We present results from the Medium Deep Survey (MDS), a Key Project using the Hubble Space Telescope. Wide Field Camera images of random fields have been taken in "parallel mode" with an effective resolution of 0'2 FWHM in the V(F555W) and I(F785LP) filters. The exposures presented here were targeted on a field 6' away from 3C 273, and resulted in ~5 hr integration time in each filter. Detailed morphological structure is seen in galaxy images with total integrated magnitudes down to V~22.5 and I~21.5. Parameters are estimated that best fit the observed galaxy images, and 143 objects are identified (including 23 stars) in the field to a fainter limiting magnitude of I~23.5. We outline the extragalactic goals of the HST Medium Deep Survey, summarize our basic data reduction procedures, and present number (magnitude) counts, a color-magnitude diagram for the field, surface brightness profiles for the brighter galaxies, and best-fit half-light radii for the fainter galaxies as a function of apparent magnitude. A median galaxy half-light radius of 0.4" is measured, and the distribution of galaxy sizes versus magnitude is presented. We observe an apparent deficit of galaxies with half-light radii between ~0.6" and 1.5", with respect to standard no-evolution or mild evolution cosmological models. An apparent excess of compact objects (half-light radii~0.1") is also observed with respect to those models. Finally, we find a small excess in the number of faint galaxy pairs and groups with respect to a random low-redshift field sample.
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12.697615
6.265477
1994-12-01
99
1994ApJ...437...67G
[ "galaxy images", "galaxy sizes", "faint galaxy pairs", "galaxies", "random fields", "apparent magnitude", "total integrated magnitudes", "magnitude", "Wide Field Camera images", "half" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Astronomical Photometry", "Cosmology", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Size Distribution", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Calibrating", "Data Reduction", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Mathematical Models", "Astronomy", "SURVEYS", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
1
[ "10.1086/174976" ]
[ "Griffiths, R. E.", "Ratnatunga, K. U.", "Neuschaefer, L. W.", "Casertano, S.", "Im, M.", "Wyckoff, E. W.", "Ellis, R. S.", "Gilmore, G. F.", "Elson, R. A. W.", "Glazebrook, K.", "Schade, D. J.", "Windhorst, R. A.", "Schmidtke, P.", "Gordon, J.", "Pascarelle, S. M.", "Illingworth, G. D.", "Koo, D. C.", "Bershady, M. A.", "Forbes, D. A.", "Phillips, A. C.", "Green, R. F.", "Sarajedini, V.", "Huchra, J. P.", "Tyson, J. A." ]
[ "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1994ApJ...437..625E", "1994ApJ...437L..17F", "1995AJ....110..682E", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJ...444...21P", "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...453L...5R", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1995ApJ...454L..73W", "1995ApJ...455...50L", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.375..471W", "1995PASP..107..590N", "1995RMxAA..31...91C", "1996A&A...305..699P", "1996AJ....111..102S", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...462...89F", "1996ApJ...462L...9C", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996ApJ...467..221M", "1996ApJ...467L..53C", "1996ApJ...468..469F", "1996ApJ...468..655C", "1996ApJ...469..535K", "1996ApJ...471L..15S", "1996ApJS..104..185H", "1996IAUS..168..219G", "1996IAUS..173..323R", "1996IAUS..173..399A", "1996MNRAS.278..617E", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..971E", "1996MNRAS.282.1159G", "1996NuPhS..51..118A", "1997AJ....113..569S", "1997AJ....113.1537M", "1997AJ....114..887S", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASSL..210..111P", "1997ApJ...476..534F", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApL&C..36..255S", "1997ApL&C..36..355G", "1997MNRAS.286..771E", "1997astro.ph..8075E", "1998AJ....115.1412Q", "1998AJ....116.2644O", "1998AJ....116.2841K", "1998ASPC..146..420C", "1998ApJ...497..188C", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998ApJ...508..576X", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1998BASI...26..577G", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1998astro.ph..2036A", "1998astro.ph..9131A", "1999AJ....117.2010R", "1999AJ....117.2582B", "1999AJ....118...86R", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999ApJ...512...30C", "1999ApJ...513..733K", "1999ApJ...514..746S", "1999ApJS..121..417S", "1999MNRAS.304..319F", "1999astro.ph..4179R", "2000ApJS..128...99O", "2000MNRAS.311..707M", "2000astro.ph..4348B", "2001ASPC..237...33R", "2001ApJ...557..578F", "2001astro.ph..4124F", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2002ASPC..275...89A", "2002Ap&SS.281...13G", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2003ApJ...588..218A", "2003MNRAS.346.1125G", "2004AJ....127.1472B", "2004ARA&A..42..477M", "2005AJ....129.2217B", "2007ApJS..172..468Z", "2007MNRAS.374.1506B", "2008AdSpR..42..560B", "2008ApJS..179..283K", "2010ApJ...709.1018V" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1978PhDT........13K", "1980srst.coll....5B", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982PhDT........32V", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985MNRAS.214..575I", "1985PASP...97..451W", "1987OptEn..26..692J", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ESOC...31...19K", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991AJ....101.1075R", "1991AJ....102.1553K", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991PASP..103..723K", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...400L...1W", "1992ESOC...44..557L", "1992ESOC...44..565R", "1992ESOC...44..571T", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992wfpi.book.....M", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....105.1581S", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993AJ....106..455K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993NYASA.688..534M", "1993SPIE.1945..340M", "1994AJ....107..930W", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435..577W", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994rhis.conf..333R" ]
1911769
null
Imaging of Two Damped Lyman Alpha Absorbers at Intermediate Redshifts
By observing the fields of the QSOs 3C 286 and PKS 1229-021 in the I and K_s_ bands under good seeing conditions, we have resolved faint galaxy images close to the QSO sight lines. The sizes, magnitudes, and colors of these objects suggest that they are the galaxies producing 21 cm absorption at z_abs_ = 0.6922 and 0.3950 in the spectra of 3C 286 and PKS 1229-021, respectively. The absorber in front of 3C 286 appears to be a low surface brightness galaxy; this finding provides a natural explanation for the low metallicity and lack of molecular gas in this system at an epoch when the Milky Way had already reached near-solar abundances. The galaxy we identify as the z_abs_ = 0.3950 absorber in PKS 1229-021 is close to the position previously inferred from the character of the metal line absorption and Faraday rotation. In this field we also find several very red objects which we suspect to be elliptical galaxies in a group or cluster at z = 1.042, the redshift of the QSO.
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14.044037
8.260483
1994-12-01
96
1994AJ....108.2046S
[ "faint galaxy images", "elliptical galaxies", "good seeing conditions", "molecular gas", "_", "z_abs", "PKS", "QSO", "Faraday rotation", "the metal line absorption" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Infrared Astronomy", "Infrared Spectra", "Lyman Alpha Radiation", "Occultation", "Quasars", "Red Shift", "Visible Spectrum", "Abundance", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Faraday Effect", "Galactic Clusters", "Imagery", "Metallicity", "Molecular Gases", "Astronomy", "QUASARS: EMISSION LINES", "QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117217" ]
[ "Steidel, Charles C.", "Pettini, Max", "Dickinson, Mark", "Persson, S. E." ]
[ "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US", "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...440L..45S", "1995ApJ...447..597L", "1995ApJ...450...32C", "1995ApJ...451..100P", "1995ApJ...451..468T", "1995ApJ...451L..13M", "1996A&A...308....1M", "1996A&A...312..380J", "1996A&A...313L..25P", "1996AJ....111.1098M", "1996ASPC...98..559S", "1996ApJ...456..132C", "1996ApJ...457..529B", "1996ApJ...459..432E", "1996ApJ...459L...5L", "1996ApJS..107..475L", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996MNRAS.281..945A", "1996Natur.379..678C", "1996PASP..108..641L", "1996astro.ph..7111P", "1997A&A...321..733L", "1997A&A...325..479C", "1997A&A...327...22P", "1997AJ....114.1337L", "1997ASPC..114...79G", "1997ApJ...480..568S", "1997ApJ...481..703S", "1997ApJ...486..665P", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997ApJ...488L.101M", "1997ApJ...489..489P", "1997ApJ...490...38H", "1997ApJS..110..191D", "1997ApL&C..36..375M", "1997NuPhA.621..566P", "1997astro.ph..3076W", "1998A&A...333..841B", "1998A&A...340..381L", "1998ApJ...500L.115R", "1998MNRAS.299..123J", "1998MNRAS.299..661M", "1999A&A...341..709L", "1999ASPC..156...16B", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999ApJ...510..576P", "1999ApJ...514L..83J", "1999ApJS..120...51C", "1999ApJS..124...11L", "1999MNRAS.305..849F", "1999cezh.conf..256F", "2000A&A...353..457F", "2000A&A...363...69D", "2000ApJ...536...36K", "2000ChA&A..24..324Z", "2000MNRAS.318..303C", "2000MNRAS.319..517L", "2000pras.conf...75B", "2001A&A...372..820B", "2001AJ....121.1456B", "2001ASPC..237...81B", "2001Ap&SS.276.1007F", "2001ApJ...550..585B", "2001ApJ...562..133B", "2002ASPC..254..114B", "2002ASPC..254..179R", "2002ASPC..254..202O", "2002ApJ...566...51C", "2002ApJ...570..526S", "2002IAUS..199...83B", "2003ASSL..281...41R", "2003ApJ...585..256R", "2003ApJ...595...94R", "2003ApJ...597..706C", "2003MNRAS.338..131B", "2004ApJ...609..513B", "2004mmu..sympE...3I", "2005A&A...429..477C", "2005ASPC..331..371C", "2005ApJ...620..703C", "2005ApJ...623...99O", "2006AJ....131..686C", "2006AJ....132..478R", "2006ApJ...636...30K", "2006MNRAS.367..211W", "2008AJ....136..994L", "2008Natur.455..638W", "2010ApJ...710.1295O", "2011MNRAS.410.2516M", "2011MNRAS.416.1215R", "2013ApJ...770..138L", "2020MNRAS.493.5336B", "2020MNRAS.499.4293S", "2021MNRAS.501.1384Y", "2021MNRAS.503.3243A", "2024arXiv240608312K" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1973ApJ...184L...7B", "1979ApJ...230L...1B", "1985ApJ...293..387B", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1990AJ....100.1523S", "1990ASSL..161..387W", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...378....6P", "1992ApJ...387..528K", "1992ApJ...391...48L", "1992ApJ...399L.121M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJ...419L..13H", "1993ApJS...84..109L", "1994AJ....107..530M", "1994ApJ...421..453C", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994Natur.367..538M" ]
1915895
null
VLA Observations of the Rich X-Ray Cluster Abell 2256
The complex radio emission from the rich X-ray cluster of galaxies Abell 2256 has been mapped at 20 cm using the VLA in A, B, C, and D configurations and at 90 cm using the VLA in B configuration. The observations give detailed information about radio structures on scales up to 10 arcminutes with an angular resolution of 1.5" and with an unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio. The properties of the northern radio halo, the numerous head-tail sources and a unique ultra-steep spectrum source are discussed, taking into account the recent results of the ROSAT X-ray satellite. The northern halo of Abell 2256 has a remarkable morphology. It has sharp edges and possible filamentary structure. The origin of this halo is discussed. We suggest that the region contains two or three head-tail galaxies that are heavily distorted due to the infalling subcluster that has been inferred from the ROSAT data. We find that one radio tail extends to at least about 700 kpc from its parent galaxy and seems morphologically disconnected from the cluster halo. From the small deviations from the remarkable straightness of this source, we estimate the turbulence in the confining X-ray gas around this source to be ~200 km s^-1^ on scales of about 20 kpc. The nature of the ultrasteep spectrum source is unclear. The source, with a spectral index of -1.6, has a Z-shaped morphology and is extended by ~4'. We tentatively identify it with a cluster galaxy coincident with the eastern "flatter" region. The ultrasteep spectrum source may be a head-tail radio galaxy with peculiar morphology. The overall conclusion from the radio data is that the remarkable radio properties of Abell 2256 can be explained within the merging subcluster model as due to both the high velocity dispersion of the cluster galaxies and the high gas density of the intercluster medium which both contribute to shaping the radio morphologies.
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14.28721
4.852772
1994-12-01
89
1994ApJ...436..654R
[ "radio structures", "galaxies", "possible filamentary structure", "a unique ultra-steep spectrum source", "the rich X-ray cluster", "peculiar morphology", "Abell", "a head-tail radio galaxy", "the remarkable radio properties", "the northern radio halo" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Emission", "X Ray Astronomy", "X Ray Sources", "Continuums", "Galactic Halos", "Interstellar Gas", "Rosat Mission", "Spaceborne Astronomy", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astronomy", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ABELL 2256", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174940" ]
[ "Rottgering, H.", "Snellen, I.", "Miley, G.", "de Jong, J. P.", "Hanisch, R. J.", "Perley, R." ]
[ "Leiden Observatory, Leiden, Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, Leiden, Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, Leiden, Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, Leiden, Netherlands", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...443L...9H", "1995ApJ...446..583B", "1995JKAS...28....1K", "1995MNRAS.277.1580E", "1996ASPC..100..341B", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996ApJ...473..651R", "1996IAUS..175..333F", "1996MNRAS.280..309S", "1996MNRAS.282..137J", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...317..432F", "1997AJ....114.1711G", "1997ApJ...491..467M", "1997MNRAS.284..286D", "1997MNRAS.290..577R", "1997NCimB.112..343K", "1998A&A...332..395E", "1998A&A...339..693O", "1998ASSL..226..119R", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1999A&A...341...44S", "1999ApJ...518..594R", "1999ApJ...518..603R", "1999MNRAS.302..571R", "1999NewA....4..141G", "2000ASPC..200..339P", "2000ApJ...534L...7F", "2000ApJ...535..586T", "2001ASPC..250..428C", "2001ApJ...548..639K", "2001ApJ...552L..97F", "2001ApJ...562..233M", "2001MNRAS.328L..21L", "2001cghr.confE..56C", "2002A&A...392..795V", "2002AJ....123.2261B", "2002ARA&A..40..319C", "2002ApJ...565..867S", "2002MNRAS.331.1011E", "2003AJ....125.2393M", "2003ASPC..301..109F", "2003ApJ...584..190F", "2003MNRAS.339..913E", "2003PhPl...10.1539E", "2003safd.book..357B", "2004IJMPD..13.1549G", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2005AdSpR..36..729F", "2006A&A...455...45G", "2006AJ....131.2900C", "2006AN....327..553C", "2006MNRAS.372.1496S", "2006MNRAS.373...73L", "2007A&A...467...37B", "2007A&A...469..861B", "2008A&A...487...33B", "2008A&A...489...69B", "2008IAUS..255..167K", "2008LNP...740..143F", "2008MNRAS.385.1211P", "2008MNRAS.390..323A", "2009A&A...506.1083V", "2009A&A...508..599B", "2009A&A...508.1269V", "2009MNRAS.393.1073B", "2009MNRAS.397..281I", "2010ApJ...718..939K", "2010ISPM...27...14L", "2011A&A...527A..99E", "2011PASJ...63S1009T", "2011arXiv1104.4231K", "2012A&A...543A..43V", "2012SSRv..166..187B", "2013ApJ...764...46F", "2013lsmf.book..187B", "2014ApJ...794...24O", "2015A&A...575A..45T", "2015PASJ...67..110O", "2017A&A...608A..58T", "2017PhPl...24d1402J", "2019ApJ...876..154N", "2019SSRv..215...16V", "2021ApJS..252...31J", "2022ApJ...927...80R", "2023A&A...669A...1R", "2024arXiv240504374K", "2024arXiv240509384O" ]
[ "1973A&A....26..423J", "1974ASSL...43...99B", "1974MNRAS.169..395B", "1975A&A....38..381M", "1976A&A....52..107B", "1977A&A....57...41A", "1977A&A....61L..23M", "1977AJ.....82..187F", "1978A&AS...31...99H", "1978ApJ...225...21M", "1978ApJ...226..559B", "1979A&A....78..367V", "1979A&A....80..201B", "1979ApJ...228..576H", "1979ApJ...233..453J", "1980ARA&A..18..165M", "1981A&A....93..407R", "1981MNRAS.196.1067C", "1982A&A...111...97H", "1982A&A...116..137H", "1982AJ.....87.1266V", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1984AJ.....89.1076S", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1985A&A...143..136B", "1985A&AS...62..197M", "1985AJ.....90..927O", "1985AJ.....90..954O", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1986A&AS...65..561A", "1986ApJ...301..841O", "1986ApJ...307...73B", "1986PhDT.........5J", "1988A&A...195...21K", "1989ApJ...336...77F", "1990A&A...233..325F", "1990ApJ...355...29K", "1990ApJ...360..436B", "1991A&A...246L..10B", "1991A&A...246L..14H", "1991AJ....101.1623P", "1991ApJ...380..344G", "1991MNRAS.250..171G", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1991MNRAS.250..726T", "1991MNRAS.252P..17F", "1992ASIC..366..109J", "1992ApJ...386..464D", "1992ApJ...388L..49B", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1992MNRAS.258..738W", "1993AJ....105..409D", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993MNRAS.263...31T" ]
1933588
null
QSO clustering - I. Optical surveys in the redshift range 0.3 &lt; Z &lt; 2.2.
We present QSO clustering results from ~700 QSOs detected in three surveys, including the Durham/AAT UVX Survey. We have made a 4σ detection of QSO clustering at scales of &lt; 10 h^-1^ Mpc (q_0_ = 0.5), stronger than expected on the basis of models of the evolution of the galaxy correlation function where the clustering is assumed to be stable in proper coordinates. A model in which QSOs randomly sample a galaxy distribution with present-day clustering coherence length, r_0_ ~ 6 h^-1^ Mpc, and which is fixed in comoving coordinates, is strongly suggested by the data; a stable-clustering, high-amplitude (r_0_ ~ 11 h^-1^ Mpc) model can be excluded when the low-redshift Seyfert clustering results of Georgantopoulos &amp; Shanks (Paper II) are considered. The conclusion that ultraviolet-excess (UVX) QSOs randomly sample the underlying galaxy distribution is also given strong support from the observation by Ellingson, Yee &amp; Green that the clustering environment of z ~ 0.6 radio- quiet QSOs is no different from that of average galaxies. Our results therefore suggest that a comoving model may also describe the evolution of galaxy clustering out to z = 2.2; such a model is consistent with biased models of galaxy clustering with either q_0_ = 0.01 or q_0_ = 0.5. We have also tentatively detected, at a lower level of significance (~2σ), anticorrelation at the ξ ~ -0.1 level in the range 40 &lt; r &lt; 100 h^-1^ Mpc in the q_0_ = 0.5 QSO correlation function. Anticorrelation is expected in models where the power-law spectral index, n, of the primordial mass spectrum has a value &gt;= 1. No other features are detectable at the +/- 0.05 level in ξ at any scale in the range 10 &lt; r &lt; 1000 h^-1^ Mpc. Finally, we show that the spatial position of features in the QSO correlation function is very sensitive to the cosmological model. In particular, we find that, in a model with zero spatial curvature, {LAMBDA} not equal to 0 and {OMEGA}_0_ &lt; 0.03, the QSO clustering extends up to a comoving scale of ~40 h^-1^ Mpc, and we suggest that, at the 3σ level, it is difficult to reconcile this {LAMBDA} not equal to 0 result with the known correlation functions of galaxies and Seyferts at low redshift.
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14.560739
6.188782
1994-12-01
64
1994MNRAS.271..753S
[ "biased models", "models", "average galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy", "lt", "QSO", "result", "results", "low redshift" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.4.753" ]
[ "Shanks, T.", "Boyle, B. J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1994MNRAS.271..773G", "1995ApJ...455L.109V", "1995MNRAS.277..270S", "1995Sci...267..980B", "1996A&A...316....1V", "1996Ap&SS.240..241P", "1996MNRAS.281..893C", "1996MNRAS.282..713K", "1996MNRAS.282..877B", "1996PASA...13..127D", "1996astro.ph..8112K", "1997A&A...323..659S", "1997AJ....114...41S", "1997MNRAS.285..820C", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.286..994L", "1997MNRAS.291..203G", "1998ASPC..146..405P", "1998ApJ...498...11P", "1998IAUS..179..249O", "1998IAUS..179..348V", "1998IAUS..188..177P", "1998MNRAS.296..173R", "1999A&A...349..354S", "1999ARep...43...13D", "1999ASIC..541..365M", "1999ASPC..176..223C", "1999ApJ...517....1Y", "1999MNRAS.307L..17C", "1999Natur.397..225W", "1999RSPTA.357..133P", "1999hxra.conf..218E", "2000ASPC..200...57S", "2000MNRAS.313..377T", "2000MNRAS.318.1036A", "2001ApJ...547...12M", "2001MNRAS.325..483C", "2001MNRAS.326..203B", "2002ASSL..276..289B", "2002MNRAS.329..336H", "2002MNRAS.335..459C", "2002moco.conf....9P", "2004AJ....127..592G", "2004ApJ...617..192M", "2004MNRAS.347.1241S", "2004MNRAS.355..385M", "2004MNRAS.355.1010P", "2005MNRAS.356..415C", "2005MNRAS.359..741M", "2005MNRAS.360.1040D", "2005MNRAS.361..879D", "2006AJ....131....1H", "2007MNRAS.380..113M", "2008MNRAS.383..565D", "2008MNRAS.388..227W", "2009A&A...498..347Z", "2009ApJ...697.1634R", "2011arXiv1112.6030I", "2015ApJ...807...76L", "2015KPCB...31....1I", "2017MNRAS.468...77E", "2018ApJ...859...20T", "2018MNRAS.479.4091A", "2024arXiv240307986E" ]
[ "1972gcpa.book.....W", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...247..762O", "1981ApJ...248..885P", "1984A&A...136L...9S", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1985AJ.....90..987C", "1986PhDT.......144B", "1987ApJ...314..129C", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1987MNRAS.227..739S", "1988ASPC....2..244S", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1989ApJ...345...59C", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989MNRAS.237..589S", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1991AJ....101.1121H", "1991ASPC...21..202I", "1991ASPC...21..300G", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991MNRAS.249..218C", "1991MNRAS.251..482B", "1992ApJ...392..452M", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..13A", "1993MNRAS.260..925B", "1993MNRAS.262..619G", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993MNRAS.264..604B", "1994MNRAS.271..773G" ]
1911832
null
VRI Photometry of Globular Clusters in Virgo and Leo Ellipticals
We present VRI photometry for the globular cluster systems (GCS's) of ten elliptical and S0 galaxies in Virgo and Leo. We find that the V - I color (metallicity) distributions are quite different from galaxy to galaxy. One extreme is represented by NGC 4374 with a narrow, blue distribution. NGC 4472 has a very broad, uniform distribution in color, corresponding to -1.8 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt; +0.47. At the other extreme is NGC 4365, which is weighted towards red colors, and possibly has a peculiar luminosity function. We suggest that this variation of GCS metallicity depends on environment, with formation of high metallicity globular clusters inhibited in higher density environments. We compare color-color plots of the GCS's of these galaxies with the Milky Way GCS and with integrated isochrones. We find good agreement with the galaxies studied here except that the isochrones predict colors which are slightly too bright in the I band for metal-rich clusters. We also consider the radial GC color distributions in these galaxies. We find evidence for a V - I color gradient only in NGC 4374, in the sense of redder clusters toward the center of the galaxy but warn that possible systematic effects must be ruled out with new data. Lastly, using the surface brightness fluctuation distances to these galaxies, we find supporting evidence for the universality of the globular cluster luminosity function.
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9.918509
8.089828
1994-12-01
52
1994AJ....108.2087A
[ "red colors", "high metallicity globular clusters", "color", "colors", "galaxy", "redder clusters", "GCS metallicity", "color-color plots", "GCS", "NGC" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Globular Clusters", "Metallicity", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Photometry", "Color-Color Diagram", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117221" ]
[ "Ajhar, Edward A.", "Blakeslee, John P.", "Tonry, John L." ]
[ "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ", "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ", "National Optical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1044F", "1995AJ....110..179S", "1995AJ....110.1164A", "1995AJ....110.2537B", "1995ApJ...442..579B", "1995ApJ...446....1S", "1995ApJ...450...27V", "1995RvMA....8..163R", "1996A&A...308..704K", "1996AJ....111....1S", "1996AJ....111.1529G", "1996AJ....111.2212S", "1996AJ....111.2224K", "1996AJ....112..954F", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1996ApJ...465L..19B", "1996ApJ...467..126F", "1996IAUS..171...87H", "1996MNRAS.278..617E", "1996MNRAS.280..971E", "1997A&A...319...83K", "1997AJ....113.1483B", "1997AJ....114..482B", "1997AJ....114.1797W", "1997AJ....114.2381M", "1997MNRAS.286..771E", "1998AJ....115..947L", "1998AJ....115.1801H", "1998AJ....116.2854O", "1998ApJ...492L.107S", "1998MNRAS.299..267D", "1999AJ....118.1506B", "1999AJ....118.2734P", "1999ASPC..167..204T", "1999Ap&SS.265..513A", "1999Ap&SS.267...95H", "1999PASP..111..919H", "2000ApJ...533..125K", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2000NuPhS..80C1311T", "2000cucg.confE..61B", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002ApJ...568..174M", "2003AJ....126.1227K", "2003MNRAS.345..949W", "2004A&A...415..499G", "2005A&A...443..413L", "2008ApJ...678..168B", "2011ApJ...731...93M", "2013A&A...552A.106C", "2013ApJ...768..194M" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1981ApJ...245..416S", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1987ryil.book.....G", "1988AJ.....95..682C", "1988PASP..100..545R", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJS...73..671C", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...372...97C", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992PhDT........38A", "1993ASPC...52..300M", "1993MNRAS.264..611Z", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1993adass...2..300M", "1994ApJ...429..557A" ]
1911786
null
Radii, Structure, and Orbits of Globular Clusters
Galactic globular clusters, that do not have collapsed cores, are found to exhibit a well defined correlation between luminosity and central concentration of light. Available observations tentatively suggest that globulars in the Large Cloud, and perhaps in M31 obey similar relationships. Galactic globular clusters on nearly circular orbits are seen to be systematically larger than other globulars (greater than 99% confidence). Clusters on retrograde orbits are systematically smaller than other globulars. Globular clusters in the outer halo of the Galaxy and in the halo of the Magellanic Clouds have very large radii. The observation that globulars in the Fornax dwarf are smaller than those in the outer halo of the Galaxy, and that carbon stars are rare in the halo, suggests that the bulk of outer halo of the Galaxy may not have formed by the disintegration of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Implications of the present results for ideas on the formation of (baryonic) galactic halos are briefly discussed.
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9.601853
8.116125
1994-12-01
52
1994AJ....108.2145V
[ "Globular clusters", "outer halo", "other globulars", "Galactic globular clusters", "Globular", "globulars", "Clusters", "dwarf spheroidal galaxies", "Galaxy", "retrograde orbits" ]
[ "Andromeda Galaxy", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Structure", "Globular Clusters", "Magellanic Clouds", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Orbits", "Radii", "Carbon Stars", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomy", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117226" ]
[ "van den Bergh, Sidney" ]
[ "National Research Council, Victoria, BC, Canada" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2206K", "1995ApJ...450...27V", "1995PASP..107..937D", "1996ARA&A..34..511O", "1996IAUS..174....9D", "1996IAUS..174..335K", "1996MNRAS.278..727U", "1996PASP..108..986V", "1997A&A...321..379D", "1997AJ....114.1030H", "1997ApJ...478L..99C", "1997ApJS..109..397A", "1998AJ....116.2841K", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1999AJ....117.1297D", "1999AJ....117.2781D", "1999AJ....118.2734P", "1999Ap&SS.267..201O", "1999Ap&SS.269..469E", "1999ApJ...511L.101G", "1999ApJ...513..733K", "1999ApJ...517..668C", "2000ASPC..211..262G", "2000ApJ...530..777V", "2000PASP..112..932V", "2001AJ....121.3100D", "2001AJ....122.3136L", "2001MNRAS.324..785G", "2001MNRAS.327.1116L", "2001PhDT.........5B", "2002AJ....123.1502S", "2002AJ....123.1937B", "2002ApJ...574..783C", "2002MNRAS.337..597D", "2004ApJS..153..223C", "2005MNRAS.360..631M", "2006A&A...458...53S", "2006ApJ...638..585F", "2007A&A...473..171B", "2008AJ....136.1013K", "2008ApJ...683..172M", "2008MNRAS.384.1231B", "2009AJ....138.1667B", "2011PASP..123.1044V", "2012A&A...546A..31P", "2012ApJ...746..189V", "2013ApJ...774..151M", "2013MNRAS.429.2953E", "2014MNRAS.444.2157L", "2017ApJ...840...30F", "2020MNRAS.498..205S", "2023MNRAS.519.5059H" ]
[ "1955ZA.....35..255H", "1959MNRAS.119..559K", "1962PASP...74..248H", "1967ApJ...150..469S", "1972ApJ...175...31S", "1973dses.conf..183H", "1977MNRAS.181P..37F", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1978RvMP...50..437L", "1984ApJ...276..491H", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1985ApJ...288..521E", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985ApJ...297..361V", "1985IAUS..113..541W", "1986ApJ...305L..61D", "1987ApJ...323L..41M", "1988ApJ...335..720A", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1990AJ.....99..774B", "1990ApJ...363..488K", "1990MNRAS.245..335M", "1991AJ....102..152R", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ASPC...13..112D", "1991ApJ...375..594V", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1992AJ....104..154D", "1992AJ....104.1743S", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1992ApJ...400..265M", "1992IAUS..149...23S", "1992IAUS..149..201A", "1993ASPC...48..302Z", "1993ASPC...48..738M", "1993ASPC...49..155A", "1993ASPC...50....1V", "1993ASPC...50..313M", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1993ApJ...411..178V", "1994AJ....107.1737R", "1994ApJ...429..177H", "1994AstL...20...15S" ]
1933575
null
Predicting line-of-sight velocity distributions of elliptical galaxies
We extend the galaxy modelling technique of Binney, Davies &amp; Illingworth to the calculation of the predicted line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) at each point on the sky. Following Gerhard and van der Marel &amp; Franx we characterize the LOSVD by the coefficients h_j_ in its optimized Gauss-Hermite expansion. We prove some results concerning this expansion and test our technique on pseudo-data. We find that LOSVDs, under the assumption of velocity dispersion isotropy, can be accurately predicted out to two effective radii provided that the galaxy has inclination angle i ~&gt; 70^deg^.
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10.852436
6.571393
1994-12-01
40
1994MNRAS.271..949M
[ "velocity dispersion isotropy", "van der Marel", "LOSVD", "LOSVDs", "amp", "inclination angle", "van der", "i ~&gt", "the galaxy modelling technique", "_" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.4.949" ]
[ "Magorrian, John", "Binney, James" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.274..602Q", "1995MNRAS.274..919D", "1995MNRAS.277.1185M", "1996A&A...306..363D", "1996MNRAS.280..903D", "1996MNRAS.282..223S", "1996MNRAS.282..909D", "1997ASPC..116...95M", "1998A&A...334..805L", "1998AJ....115.2285M", "1999AJ....117..126S", "1999ApJS..124..383C", "1999MNRAS.302..530M", "1999MNRAS.307..162S", "2000AJ....119.2038V", "2000ASPC..197..205M", "2001MNRAS.322..702M", "2003MSAIS...3..151P", "2004MNRAS.353..391T", "2005MNRAS.360.1355T", "2008IAUS..245...27D", "2008MNRAS.385.1729D", "2009PhRvD..79h3525R", "2012ASPC..453..147M", "2012ApJ...750...29B", "2012ApJ...755..145H", "2012MNRAS.419.1667H", "2012MNRAS.421.2580L", "2012MNRAS.422.1571M", "2013JCAP...09..005F", "2013MNRAS.430.1928H", "2014MNRAS.444.3357N", "2014RvMP...86...47C", "2015MNRAS.447..948C", "2016MNRAS.463..927T", "2017MNRAS.469.4740J", "2018MNRAS.473.3000Z", "2020IAUS..353..101B", "2020MNRAS.495.3175S", "2022MNRAS.515.4838N" ]
[ "1962MNRAS.123..447L", "1965hmfw.book.....A", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1980PASJ...32...41S", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1990ApJ...361...78B", "1990MNRAS.245..582V", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992ApJ...391..531D", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993MNRAS.264..712K", "1993MNRAS.265..213G", "1994AJ....107.1295S", "1994MNRAS.268..521V", "1994MNRAS.268.1019D", "1994MNRAS.269..785B", "1994MNRAS.271...99V" ]
1933565
null
The accuracy of the brightest stars in galaxies as distance indicators.
The brightest stars in galaxies have attracted considerable interest and observational effort as potential distance indicators. We present a thorough assessment of the problems and uncertainties associated with the method. We find that the inherent error associated with any distance estimate using the method has been underestimated, a comment that also applies to several recent claims using the method in support of the `short' distance scale. In this paper we re-examine most of the existing observational data. Comparisons between different sets of data are discussed in an attempt to place all the data on a common scale so that it can be properly combined. For the first time, an error is associated with the quantity M_*_(3), and a rigorous procedure is established for the accounting of errors. The appropriate use of the technique in the infrared (K) band and non- calibrating bands is fully discussed. The resulting calibrations are compared with those obtained by other researchers in the field: Humphreys and Sandage. The well-known dependence of the brightest blue supergiant luminosity on parent galaxy magnitude is confirmed. However, &amp; similar dependence is found for the brightest red supergiants in both the V and K bands. The resulting error in any distance estimate obtained using the method a found to be much higher than previously thought for all calibration techniques, and in no case is δμ less than 0.55 mag. The method's use in two programmes observing the Virgo group and other galaxies is critically assessed. The prospects for reducing the errors associated with the method are assessed and we conclude that the method is unable to distinguish between the `long' and `short' distance scales on the basis of observations to single galaxies.
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8.612989
9.785783
1994-12-01
47
1994MNRAS.271..530R
[ "other galaxies", "potential distance indicators", "parent galaxy magnitude", "errors", "single galaxies", "galaxies", "other researchers", "observational effort", "data", "calibrating bands" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/271.3.530" ]
[ "Rozanski, R.", "Rowan-Robinson, M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...455L.135M", "1996A&A...310..722K", "1996A&AS..119..499S", "1996AJ....111....1S", "1996AJ....111.1872S", "1996AJ....111.2280S", "1996AJ....112.2559S", "1996IAUIn...8...27G", "1997ARep...41..150B", "1997ApJ...479..231F", "1997ApJ...482..757M", "1997AstL...23..644G", "1997AstL...23..656G", "1997JKAS...30...27L", "1998AJ....115..130S", "1998AJ....115.1869G", "1998AJ....116.2886S", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...501..153M", "1999A&AS..134..317H", "1999ApJ...527..479S", "1999LNP...523..405K", "2002A&A...389...29S", "2002A&A...390..863S", "2002AJ....123.1438D", "2002AJ....123.3154D", "2002AJ....124..213M", "2002ApJ...572L.147S", "2002PASP..114.1206D", "2003A&A...398..467K", "2003ApJ...594..247L", "2003LNP...635..149B", "2004AJ....127.1460D", "2004Sci...303..499S", "2005ApJ...622..279D", "2005ApJ...633..810M", "2005MNRAS.359..906H", "2006ApJ...641..822D", "2006MNRAS.369.1303H", "2006PASP..118.1626D", "2008ARep...52..985T", "2010JKAS...43....1K", "2012PASJ...64...23K", "2014A&A...570A..13M", "2016MNRAS.458.4172H", "2017AJ....154...51M", "2017ApJS..228....5K" ]
[ "1936ApJ....84..158H", "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1958ApJ...127..513S", "1966CoLPL...4...99J", "1967AJ.....72..134K", "1968ApJ...151..825T", "1970A&A.....4..234F", "1970ApJ...162..217L", "1971ApJ...166...13S", "1972A&AS....6..249A", "1972MNRAS.155..337W", "1973ApL....14..187K", "1974A&A....31..245R", "1974ApJ...191...63S", "1974ApJ...191..603S", "1974ApJ...194..223S", "1974IAUS...58..157V", "1975ApJ...195...23G", "1976AJ.....81..743S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978ApJ...224...14D", "1978ApJS...38..309H", "1978rmsa.book.....M", "1979A&AS...36..135A", "1979ApJ...231..384H", "1979ApJ...232..409H", "1979ApJ...234..854H", "1979ApJS...39..389H", "1980A&A....90..311M", "1980ApJ...238...65H", "1980ApJ...241..587H", "1980ApJ...241..598H", "1980ApJS...44..319H", "1980IAUS...85...71H", "1981MNRAS.195..327A", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...254...38H", "1982ApJ...256..339S", "1982ApJ...258..439S", "1982ApJ...260..495B", "1983AJ.....88.1108S", "1983AJ.....88.1569S", "1983ApJ...264..458H", "1983ApJ...269..335H", "1983ApJ...274..577H", "1983PASP...95..782F", "1984AJ.....89..621S", "1984AJ.....89..630S", "1984AJ.....89.1155H", "1984AJ.....89.1160D", "1984ApJ...283..457J", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984IAUS..108..145H", "1984PhDT........29F", "1985AJ.....90.1019S", "1985AJ.....90.1464S", "1985ApJ...289..141E", "1985ApJS...57...91E", "1985cdld.book.....R", "1986AJ.....91..496S", "1986AJ.....91..522H", "1986AJ.....91..808H", "1986AJ.....92.1303M", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1986IAUS..116...31S", "1986IAUS..116...45H", "1986IAUS..116...61F", "1986IAUS..116..439H", "1987A&A...188....5H", "1987AJ.....94.1156H", "1987ApJ...318L..69H", "1987ApJ...319...61K", "1987PASP...99....5H", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&AS...74..475P", "1988A&AS...76...65B", "1988AJ.....96.1599S", "1988AJ.....96.1884H", "1988ASPC....4..103H", "1988SSRv...48....1R", "1989AJ.....97.1607D", "1989Ap&SS.162....1N", "1990AJ.....99...84H", "1990ApJ...365....1S", "1991A&AS...89....1T", "1991A&AS...89..529G", "1991A&AS...91..503K", "1991AJ....102..113Z", "1991MNRAS.249..729R", "1991MNRAS.253P..21T", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&AS...95..581G", "1992ApJ...390L..45P", "1992ApJ...393..523P", "1992ApJ...396...80F", "1992ApJ...401L...7S", "1992MNRAS.256P..29S", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....106...66L" ]
1915703
null
Correlations and Scaling in the QDOT Redshift Survey
We have calculated the redshift space two-point correlation function, ξ(r), for galaxies in the QDOT redshift survey. In the range 1-30 h^- 1^ Mpc, the data are well described by a power law ξ(r) ~ (r/r_0_)^- γ^ with γ = 1.27 +/- 0.11 and r_0_ = 4.82 +/- 0.81 h^-1^ Mpc. Furthermore, we find that the sample exhibits clear multifractal scaling properties, but with dimensions different from those extracted from the CfA survey. For example, D_0_ = 2.90, D_2_ = 2.77 for QDOT on large scales (&gt;10 h^-1^ Mpc), compared with 2.1 and 1.3 obtained from the CfA survey; on small scales (&lt;10 h^-1^ Mpc), the correlation dimension for QDOT galaxies is D_2_ ~ 2.25. The differences in these values between the QDOT data on large and small scales, and between the QDOT and CfA data, provide further evidence that multifractal scaling properties are a useful diagnostic of the dynamics of galaxy clustering.
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12.335761
4.800086
1994-12-01
36
1994ApJ...437..550M
[ "QDOT galaxies", "clear multifractal scaling properties", "multifractal scaling properties", "small scales", "large scales", "QDOT", "data", "galaxy clustering", "galaxies", "ξ(r" ]
[ "Correlation", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Red Shift", "Scaling Laws", "Dimensional Analysis", "Galactic Evolution", "Two Dimensional Models", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175019" ]
[ "Martinez, Vicent J.", "Coles, Peter" ]
[ "Queen Mary and Westfield Coll., London, UK", "Queen Mary and Westfield Coll., London, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276.1116P", "1995PhR...262....1S", "1995Sci...269.1245M", "1996AJ....111.1816K", "1996MNRAS.282..868C", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996dmu..conf..255M", "1997ASPC..117..491S", "1997PhyD..106..314C", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1999A&A...344....1K", "1999ApJ...523..480P", "1999MNRAS.308..897L", "1999Natur.397..225W", "2000MNRAS.318L..51P", "2001A&A...370..358K", "2001PhRvL..86.4215B", "2002MNRAS.330..719P", "2002PhyA..309..183M", "2004A&AT...23..453B", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2010MNRAS.406.1609B", "2012MNRAS.425..116S", "2013MNRAS.430.3376P", "2014Ap&SS.353..621I", "2014MNRAS.440...10A", "2015MNRAS.454.2647P", "2016JCAP...11..060L", "2016MNRAS.460.1519P", "2016MNRAS.463L..12S", "2017JCAP...06..019N", "2018JCAP...04..045M", "2018LRR....21....2A", "2021JCAP...02..023P", "2023Entrp..25.1094P", "2023MNRAS.519.3227S" ]
[ "1979MNRAS.189..203E", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1986ApJ...301...70R", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988ApJ...332L...1J", "1988JSP....51..135G", "1988PhLA..128..369G", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.242..517M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1991ApJ...382L...5G", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...392..452M", "1992MNRAS.256..477M", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.259..146J", "1993A&A...280....5M", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.269..742M" ]
1915459
null
Complex Ionization Structure and Kinematics in the Circumnuclear Region of NGC 3227
We present bidimensional spectroscopy of the circumnuclear region of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3227. The physical and kinematical characteristics of the two gaseous components reported recently by Mediavilla &amp; Arrribas are discussed. One of the components seems to be directly related to activity. We propose that it represents gas streaming from the nucleus toward the north. The other component has more regular properties, appearing to be kinematically connected with the galactic mean velocity field. The broadening distribution inferred from this component is not centered around the broad-line region but next to the kinematical center derived from the ionized gas. This fact gives independent support to the offset location of the active nucleus with respect to the galaxy mass centroid. Despite this anomaly, the velocity field of NGC 3227 exhibits a rotational pattern. Fitting a simple model to the observed velocity field we found that the resulting parameters agree fairly well with those expected for spirals if warps on the galactic plane are allowed. This result is obtained assuming the kinematical center derived from the ionized gas. On the contrary, the BLR occupies a fairly asymmetrical position in the velocity field and could hardly be taken as the kinematical center. The ionization structure is rather complex in NGC 3227. Analysis of the line flux ratios shows Seyfert and LINER emission characteristics in most of the central regions. This suggests that an AGN-like continuum (with varying ionization parameter) is likely to be the main source of ionization of the gas in these regions. However, H II-type emission is found over an extended area at about 300 pc from the optical nucleus, suggesting that young stars are responsible of the ionization of the gas in this region, which could be identified as an extranuclear starburst. Other zones, where thermal and AGN-like continua seem to contribute in a comparable manner to the ionization, are also found. In this respect, NGC 3227 is another example of a galaxy with composite AGN/H II ionization.
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14.648625
8.176309
1994-12-01
26
1994ApJ...437..149A
[ "varying ionization parameter", "ionization", "gas streaming", "LINER emission characteristics", "more regular properties", "composite AGN/H II ionization", "NGC", "AGN", "the galactic mean velocity field", "galaxy" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Astronomical Models", "Gas Dynamics", "Gas Ionization", "H Ii Regions", "Interstellar Gas", "Kinematics", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Continuums", "Mathematical Models", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 3227", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174983" ]
[ "Arribas, S.", "Mediavilla, E." ]
[ "Inst. de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain", "Inst. de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276..579M", "1996ApJ...463..509A", "1997A&A...327..483K", "1997ApJS..108..155G", "1997MNRAS.284..931G", "1998ASPC..152..180M", "1998ApJ...509..146G", "1998MNRAS.301....1S", "1999ESOC...56...73C", "2000ASPC..195..295A", "2000ApJ...533..826S", "2000MNRAS.319..666C", "2001ASPC..249..411K", "2001Ap&SS.276.1121G", "2001ApJ...549..254S", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2006AJ....131.1394M", "2007MNRAS.379.1249D", "2007MNRAS.380..489C", "2007MNRAS.382L..16J", "2008AJ....136.1677W", "2008ApJS..174...31H", "2019AJ....157...44G", "2019MNRAS.485.2054S", "2021MNRAS.500..786D", "2021MNRAS.503.5161R" ]
[ "1968ApJ...154..431R", "1977ARA&A..15...69W", "1981A&A....97...71V", "1981ApJ...247..419U", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1983ApJ...274..558P", "1983MNRAS.203..759P", "1985ApJ...289..124W", "1985ApJ...294..106V", "1985MNRAS.213....1W", "1985MNRAS.213..841T", "1985MNRAS.216..193M", "1986ApJ...310..121W", "1987ApJ...315...74W", "1988ApJ...324..154S", "1988hbic.book.....F", "1989ApJ...339..729W", "1989ApJ...345..730P", "1989epg..conf..149T", "1990ApJ...354..158M", "1990MNRAS.243..504A", "1990PASP..102.1359S", "1991ApJ...369..260A", "1991ApJ...369..331V", "1991RPPh...54..579O", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...393..508M", "1992ApJ...396..517M", "1992ApJS...81...59R", "1993ApJ...410..552A", "1993ApJ...419L..61W", "1993Natur.365..420M", "1994A&A...282..742S" ]
1915507
null
Synthesizing the Observed Distribution of Galaxies
We develop a technique, based on the galaxy distribution function, to synthesize the observed distribution of galaxies. It populates space with a Poisson distribution of cluster centers and places particles around each center according to a specific prescription. We specify each cluster, assumed to be spherical, by three quantities: the number of particles in the cluster, its radius, and its radial density profile. The observed galaxy distribution function and its scale dependence gives the probability that a cluster has N associated particles and also constrains the distribution of cluster radii and the radial density profiles. ] In our most successful models, identical particles are arranged in Poisson distributed spherical clusters that do not overlap, the radial density profile of any cluster resembles an isothermal sphere, and the probability that a cluster has N associated particles is given by the observed gravitational quasi-equilibrium distribution function. Various statistical analyses (two-point correlation function, counts-in-cells distribution functions, percolation) all show that this model is remarkably similar to the observed distribution of galaxies. This technique also illustrates the constraints that galaxy distribution functions place on models of large-scale structure. All these models should be tested against the observed galaxy distribution function over a wide range of scales.
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11.655542
4.192686
1994-12-01
16
1994ApJ...437...35S
[ "distribution functions place", "spherical clusters", "cluster radii", "cluster centers", "N associated particles", "identical particles", "particles", "the observed galaxy distribution function", "the observed gravitational quasi-equilibrium distribution function", "The observed galaxy distribution function" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Density Distribution", "Distribution Functions", "Galactic Clusters", "Poisson Density Functions", "Statistical Correlation", "Universe", "Mathematical Models", "Statistical Distributions", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174973" ]
[ "Sheth, Ravi K.", "Saslaw, William C." ]
[ "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.274..213S", "1995MNRAS.276..796S", "1996ApJ...470...78S", "1996MNRAS.281.1124S", "1996MNRAS.281.1277S", "1998MNRAS.299..207S", "1998MNRAS.301..787L", "2001MNRAS.325.1288S", "2001MNRAS.326..463S", "2002MNRAS.329..629S", "2011MNRAS.415..153F", "2013MNRAS.433..581F", "2015JCAP...03..019B", "2016Oikos.125.1677P", "2020ApJ...890..160W", "2022RuPhJ..65...42U" ]
[ "1952ApJ...116..144N", "1953ApJ...117...92N", "1956AJ.....61..383L", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1959HDP....53..416N", "1959flme.book.....L", "1962IAUS...15..269S", "1962IAUS...15..294N", "1965hmfw.book.....A", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1977ApJ...217..331M", "1978ApJS...36..389M", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983MNRAS.205P..61B", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986ApJ...301....1C", "1988ApJ...331...45I", "1988IJMPA...3.1373H", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...340...23Z", "1989ApJ...341..588S", "1990ApJ...353..354C", "1991ApJ...380..315S", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...391..423S", "1992ApJ...393..450D", "1992ApJ...396..430L", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992PhR...213..311C", "1993ApJ...403..476I", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...409..504S", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994ApJ...421....9F", "1994ApJ...427..562S" ]
1915745
null
Formation of Galaxies in the Early Universe
We study the formation of galaxies in the early universe for masses 10^9^-10^12^ M_sun_. We study in particular the role of nonspherical collapse and rotation on the epoch of galaxy formation. We begin the calculations at the recombination era and take into account the physical processes: expansion of the universe, photon-drag, recombination, photoionization, collisional-ionization, photon-cooling, and hydrogen molecular production, destruction and cooling. For the standard isothermal density perturbation spectrum studied by de Araujo &amp; Opher and Gott &amp; Rees, we obtain, for example for M = 10^11^ M_sun_, the collapse redshifts z_c_ = 0.76-1.72 for eccentricities between zero and 0.866. We argue that the natural way to explain why galaxies have a maximum mass is that the maximum mass is a natural result of the existence of the primordial perturbation spectrum. The maximum mass that we find is on the order of observed galactic masses M ~ 10^11^ M_sun_.
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11.809438
6.572672
1994-12-01
10
1994ApJ...437..556D
[ "observed galactic masses", "galaxy formation", "nonspherical collapse", "hydrogen molecular production", "galaxies", "M_sun", "recombination", "masses", "redshifts z_c", "amp" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Red Shift", "Star Formation Rate", "Universe", "Big Bang Cosmology", "Hydrogen", "Perturbation Theory", "Photoionization", "Recombination Reactions", "Stellar Motions", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: EARLY UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175020" ]
[ "de Araujo, J. C. N.", "Opher, R." ]
[ "Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil", "Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil" ]
[ "1995PASJ...47L..37M", "1996ApJ...461....1H", "1997ApJ...481..587S", "1997ApJ...490..488D", "1997MNRAS.285..811O", "1998MNRAS.301..101O", "1998MNRAS.301..115O", "1999ASPC..176..210M", "1999PPCF...41A.209O", "2007IJMPD..16..453P" ]
[ "1964ApJ...139.1195L", "1965QJRAS...6..161M", "1968ApJ...153....1P", "1969JPhB....2..885B", "1969PThPh..42..219M", "1969PThPh..42..523H", "1971PhRvA...3.1651P", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1975A&A....45..365G", "1976ApJ...204..649G", "1976PhRvA..13...58R", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979JChPh..70.2877K", "1982ApJ...256..514S", "1983ApJ...270..578L", "1983PhRvA..28..682G", "1988MNRAS.231..923D", "1990ApJ...350..502D", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..461D", "1991Natur.349..753K", "1992ApJ...391..502K", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1993ApJ...403...26D" ]
1915896
null
Merging Rates inside Large-Scale Structures
We use data from cosmological N-body simulations to determine amplitude and time evolution of the galaxy number density and relative velocity inside large-scale filamentary structures. We use the above determinations in analytical formulas to evaluate the galaxy merging rate in such environments where most of the galaxies are found. The resulting rate does not decrease with time (as it would in a Hubble expanding field) and is of order of ~5-10 Gyr^-1^ &gt;&gt; H_0_^-1^ so that the evolution of galaxy statistics can be significantly affected by binary aggregations.
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11.686059
6.268586
1994-12-01
8
1994ApJ...436..559M
[ "galaxy statistics", "time evolution", "relative velocity", "analytical formulas", "time", "such environments", "the galaxy merging rate", "the galaxy number density", "binary aggregations", "cosmological N-body simulations" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Interacting Galaxies", "Many Body Problem", "Computerized Simulation", "Mathematical Models", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/174930" ]
[ "Menci, Nicola", "Caldarnini, Riccardo" ]
[ "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..129K", "1995ApJ...445.1019M", "1997A&AT...14..133K", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2001ASPC..245..451R", "2001ApJ...554..823R" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...264...24M", "1983ApJ...268...30R", "1983PASJ...35...61I", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984MNRAS.206..529E", "1985ApJ...288..411D", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...327....1W", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988lsmu.book....3G", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...392...41C", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...406....6J", "1993ApJ...407L...9C" ]
1915840
null
The Solar Corona as a Quadric Surface in Three-dimensional Space
The topology of the outer solar corona has been analyzed. In so doing the outer corona was treated as a visible manifestation of the heliospheric current sheet base. A generalization of the recent conception of the flat (galaxy-like) solar corona has been suggested. It is shown that the three-dimensional shape of the outer corona is well fitted by the second-degree surface the hyperbolic paraboloid.
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12.555152
15.443563
1994-12-01
7
1994ApJ...437..867G
[ "the outer solar corona", "the outer corona", "second", "the heliospheric current sheet base", "a visible manifestation", "the recent conception", "the flat (galaxy-like) solar corona", "the second-degree surface", "the hyperbolic paraboloid", "the three-dimensional shape" ]
[ "Numerical Analysis", "Solar Corona", "Solar Magnetic Field", "Sunspots", "Three Dimensional Motion", "Topology", "Astronomical Models", "Current Sheets", "Heliosphere", "Hyperbolic Functions", "Solar Cycles", "Solar Rotation", "Solar Physics", "SUN: CORONA", "SUN: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175047" ]
[ "Gulyaev, R. A." ]
[ "Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia" ]
[ "1997A&AT...13..137G", "1999A&AT...18..279N", "2001AstL...27..590M", "2003SoPh..212..301S", "2008CoSka..38..519B", "2011Ge&Ae..51..170G", "2020Ge&Ae..59.1103M" ]
[ "1974SoPh...37..157S", "1974SoPh...37..469H", "1977SoPh...55..505K", "1983JGR....88.8095W", "1984JGR....89.5381B", "1991BSolD..12...92V", "1992DoSSR.322..268G", "1992SoPh..140..369G", "1992SoPh..142..213G", "1993JGR....98.5639S", "1994AdSpR..14...53G" ]
1915672
null
Structural Parameters of Globular Clusters in the Fornax Cluster
We present measurements of the structural parameters of 24 globular cluster candidates with 19 &lt; I &lt; 22, ~4' from NGC 1399, the central giant elliptical galaxy in the Fornax cluster (distance modulus ~31). The data were obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera prior to refurbishment. We use a two-dimensional model-fitting technique to take into account the aberrated point-spread function. This is the first time sizes have been measured for globular clusters in a galaxy beyond the Local Group. The concentration parameters range from 1 &lt; c &lt; 2.7, and the core radii from 1 &lt; r_c_ &lt; 10 pc. This is the same as the range for globular clusters in our Galaxy. The deduced tidal radii are consistent with recent determinations of the mass of NGC 1399 based on photometric and kinematic profiles.
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10.036082
8.089397
1994-12-01
2
1994ApJ...437..625E
[ "globular clusters", "lt", "NGC", "recent determinations", "24 globular cluster candidates", "distance modulus", "account", "the central giant elliptical galaxy", "the Hubble Space Telescopes Wide Field Camera", "the Fornax cluster" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Computerized Simulation", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Globular Clusters", "Two Dimensional Models", "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Structure", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Kinematics", "Satellite-Borne Photography", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1399", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175026" ]
[ "Elson, Rebecca A. W.", "Schade, David J." ]
[ "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK" ]
[ "2001PASP..113.1522C", "2014ApJ...786...78P" ]
[ "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1976ApJ...204...73I", "1980glcl.conf.....H", "1982MNRAS.199..565F", "1984IAUS..108...25K", "1985ApJ...288..494C", "1985ApJ...288..521E", "1986ApJ...305..645P", "1986ApJ...309..564H", "1987ARA&A..25..565E", "1988ApJ...325..165K", "1988ApJ...333..594E", "1988PASP..100..545R", "1989ApJ...347L..69E", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1990ApJ...350L...5G", "1990PASP..102..632D", "1991AJ....101..469B", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...369L..21B", "1992ApJ...384..433S", "1994ApJ...437...67G" ]
11580367
astro-ph/9406052
Mapping Cluster Mass Distributions via Gravitational Lensing of Background Galaxies
We present a new method for measuring the projected mass distributions of galaxy clusters, based solely on the gravitational lens amplification of background galaxies by the cluster potential field. The gravitational amplification is measured by comparing the joint distribution in redshift and magnitude of galaxies behind the cluster with that of the average distribution of field galaxies. Lensing shifts the magnitude distribution in a characteristic redshift-dependent way, and simultaneously dilutes the surface density of galaxies. These effects oppose, with the latter dominating at low redshift and the former at high redshift, owing to the curvature of the galaxy luminosity function. Lensing by a foreground cluster thus induces an excess of bright high-redshift galaxies, from which the lens amplification may be inferred. We show that the total amplification is directly related to the surface mass density in the weak field limit, and so it is possible to map the mass distribution of the cluster. The method is shown to be limited by discreteness noise and galaxy clustering behind the lens. Galaxy clustering sets a lower limit to the error along the redshift direction, but a clustering independent lensing signature may be obtained from the magnitude distribution at fixed redshift. Provided the luminosity function deviates from a pure power law, the lens induced brightening can be measured directly by comparison with the field. In the limit that galaxy luminosities are independent of environment, this method is only shot-noise limited. Statistical techniques are developed for estimating the surface mass density of the cluster. We extend these methods to account for any obscuration by cluster halo dust, which may be mapped independently of the dark matter. We apply the method to a series of numerical simulations and show the feasibility of the approach. We consider the use of approximate redshift information, and show how the mass estimates are degraded; finally we discuss the data required to map the dark matter in clusters from photometry alone.
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12.669046
4.286461
1995-01-01
289
1995ApJ...438...49B
[ "galaxy clusters", "low redshift", "high redshift", "approximate redshift information", "redshift", "fixed redshift", "field galaxies", "cluster halo dust", "background galaxies", "clusters" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Lenses", "Mapping", "Mass Distribution", "Astronomical Photometry", "Computerized Simulation", "Cosmic Dust", "Dark Matter", "Red Shift", "Statistical Analysis", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "Astrophysics" ]
8
[ "10.1086/175053", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406052" ]
[ "Broadhurst, T. J.", "Taylor, A. N.", "Peacock, J. A." ]
[ "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, UK" ]
[ "1995A&A...303..331B", "1995A&A...303..643B", "1995ApJ...451...60B", "1996A&A...305..383S", "1996A&A...314..707S", "1996ASPC...94..265V", "1996ApJ...461..572S", "1996ApJ...464...92G", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...473..570G", "1996IAUS..173..131M", "1996IAUS..173..137S", "1996IAUS..173..143B", "1996IAUS..173..149T", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996MNRAS.283..431B", "1996NuPhS..51..101B", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...317..303V", "1997A&A...318..687S", "1997A&A...321..353F", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..126..349S", "1997ApJ...477L...5C", "1997ApJ...478..476R", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997MNRAS.287..833N", "1997MNRAS.289..169T", "1997MNRAS.290..553B", "1997PhyS...56..315C", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997euvl.conf..189M", "1997euvl.conf..219W", "1997hsth.conf..237M", "1998A&A...337..325S", "1998A&A...338..375B", "1998ASPC..146..465M", "1998ASPC..151...53L", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998ApJ...501..539T", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998IAUS..179..241S", 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[ "1966MNRAS.132..101R", "1973ApJ...185..397P", "1981ApJ...244..756Y", "1984ApJ...281L..59T", "1986AJ.....92.1272D", "1988MNRAS.231..897B", "1989ApJ...344..637G", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261L...8W", "1993MNRAS.263..343F", "1993MNRAS.263..628S", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...437...56F" ]
11580530
astro-ph/9408090
Optical Radii of Galaxy Clusters
We analyze the density profiles and virial radii for a sample of 90 nearby clusters, using galaxies with available redshifts and positions. Each cluster has at least 20 redshifts measured within an Abell radius, and all the results come from galaxy sets of at least 20 members. Most of the density profiles of our clusters are well fitted by hydrostatic isothermal-like profiles. The slopes we find for many cluster density profiles are consistent with the hypothesis that the galaxies are in equilibrium with the binding cluster potential. The virial radii correlate with the core radii at a very high significance level. The observed relationship between the two size estimates is in agreement with the theoretical one computed by using the median values of the density profile parameters fitted on our clusters. After correcting for incompleteness in our cluster sample, we provide the universal distribution functions of core and virial radii (obtained within half an Abell radius).
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12.29401
5.113768
1995-01-01
63
1995ApJ...438..527G
[ "many cluster density profiles", "virial radii", "radii", "galaxy sets", "galaxies", "available redshifts", "the density profile parameters", "the density profiles", "core", "hydrostatic isothermal-like profiles" ]
[ "Density (Mass/Volume)", "Distribution Functions", "Galactic Clusters", "Radii", "Red Shift", "Star Distribution", "Correlation", "Cosmology", "Galactic Mass", "Size Determination", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175099", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408090" ]
[ "Girardi, M.", "Biviano, A.", "Giuricin, G.", "Mardirossian, F.", "Mezzetti, M." ]
[ "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy", "SISSA, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1995AN....316..319B", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ASPC...94..215B", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996PhRvD..53..731B", "1997A&A...321...84B", "1997AJ....114..482B", "1997ASPC..117...66G", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997ApL&C..36..125G", "1997CeMDA..68..313C", "1997PhR...283..303O", "1998A&A...330...90E", "1998A&A...331..439A", "1998A&A...333..809A", "1998A&A...333L..47E", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998ApJ...506...45G", "1998MNRAS.299..349T", "1999A&A...344..409E", "1999ASPC..176...28G", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "2000Ap.....43...32N", "2000ApJ...544..188F", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2000cucg.confE..80G", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001MNRAS.320...49K", "2001MNRAS.320..365B", "2001MNRAS.328L..32L", "2002A&A...383..367S", "2002ApJ...569..720G", "2003A&A...397..421I", "2003A&A...408....1P", "2003AJ....125..506M", "2003MNRAS.345.1241S", "2003NewA....8..629M", "2004ApJS..153..223C", "2004MNRAS.351..989B", "2005A&A...433..431P", "2005ApJ...633..122H", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2007A&A...464..451P", "2007ApJS..169..213J", "2008A&A...485..633L", "2008A&A...486..697M", "2008ICRC....3.1005K", "2009A&A...503..357B", "2010ApJS..191....1C", "2011A&A...531A...4M", "2012ApJS..203....5T", "2012MNRAS.422..719R", "2013OAP....26..175B", "2017ApJ...834...16M", "2017ApJ...844L..23C", "2018MNRAS.475..343W", "2018MNRAS.481.4158W", "2020A&A...633A.108G", "2021MNRAS.503.6078C", "2022A&A...659A..92L", "2022ApJ...935...71K" ]
[ "1960ApJ...132..286L", "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1970AJ.....75...13P", "1973ApJ...184L.105L", "1974ApJ...194....1O", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976ApJ...205L.109P", "1976ApJ...210..642A", "1976MNRAS.174...47D", "1976PASP...88..388C", "1977AJ.....82..187F", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1977MNRAS.178..701M", "1978AJ.....83..478H", "1978ApJ...222...54T", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1979ApJ...227...37S", "1979ApJ...228..379S", "1979ApJ...234..793T", "1980ApJ...236...75S", "1980ApJ...241...63S", "1981ApJ...243..411G", "1982A&A...109..155R", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1982AJ.....87.1656H", "1982ApJ...262..442G", "1983AJ.....88..697K", "1983ApJ...268...47B", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1983MNRAS.203..253K", "1984A&A...141..419G", "1984AJ.....89..319G", "1984ASSL..111..353G", "1984Ap.....21..478S", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...283...33B", "1984ApJ...286..422G", "1984MNRAS.210..883F", "1985AJ.....90..410Q", "1985AJ.....90.1665K", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJS...57..423B", "1986AJ.....92.1238P", "1986ApJ...301..689H", "1986ApJ...308...10M", "1986MNRAS.220..679D", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987A&A...179..108C", "1987A&AS...67..237R", "1987AJ.....94..571C", "1987ApJ...316....1W", "1987ApJ...320...96G", "1987MNRAS.224..453C", "1987MNRAS.225..581M", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....95..284D", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988AJ.....95..999C", "1988AJ.....96.1775O", "1988ApJ...327....1W", "1988ApJ...335...18F", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1988MNRAS.234..725B", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989A&AS...77..237R", "1989AJ.....98.1531W", "1989ApJ...336...77F", "1989ApJ...347..563P", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989ApJS...70..139B", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990A&A...237..319P", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990AJ....100.1424Q", "1990ApJ...350...36W", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990ApJ...364..104I", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1991AJ....101...57W", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...374...29L", "1991ApJ...376...23E", "1991ApJ...380...15C", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992A&A...253...77G", "1992A&A...258..243P", "1992AJ....103.1721R", "1992AJ....104..495M", "1992AJ....104.2078O", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1992ASIC..366..199S", "1992ApJ...386....9I", "1992ApJ...386L..37K", "1992ApJ...389...68P", "1992ApJ...390L..65M", "1992ApJ...396...35B", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1992MNRAS.259..233S", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993AJ....105..788F", "1993AJ....106..831H", "1993ApJ...404...38G", "1993ApJ...411L..13B", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1994A&A...287..733D", "1994ApJ...423..539E" ]
11579282
astro-ph/9411101
Are spiral disks really opaque?
We compare the ultra-violet, optical, and far-infrared emission for a sample of 135 spiral galaxies in order to address the widely debated problem concerning the opacity of spiral disks. We find that the re-radiation of the dust, estimated from the far-infrared emission, is on average only 31+/-1 percent of the bolometric luminosity of a spiral galaxy, indicating that less than one third of the stellar radiation is absorbed and then re-radiated by dust in a spiral disk. Applying a radiation transfer model which assumes a "Sandwich" configuration for the spiral disk, and fully takes into account the effect of scattering, we find for our sample a median of the face-on blue (4400A) optical depth τ_B_=0.49 and the mean &lt;τ_B_&gt;=0.60+/-0.04, indicating that most spiral galaxies in our sample are not opaque for blue light (τ_B_&lt;1).
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12.250284
8.210602
1995-01-01
69
1995A&A...293L..65X
[ "most spiral galaxies", "spiral disks", "radiation", "blue light", "dust", "135 spiral galaxies", "a spiral galaxy", "a spiral disk", "the spiral disk", "a radiation transfer model" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: ISM", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9411101" ]
[ "Xu, C.", "Buat, V." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...306...61B", "1996A&A...306..677L", "1996A&A...314..745L", "1996ASSL..209..105X", "1996ASSL..209..187B", "1996ASSL..209..357D", "1996ApJ...456..152X", "1996ApJ...456..163X", "1996ApJ...463..681W", "1997A&A...320...54N", "1997A&A...324...32X", "1997A&A...325..135X", "1997AJ....113..162C", "1998A&A...334..772B", "1998ASPC..133..209B", "1998ApJ...496..145L", "1998ApJ...500..693F", "1998ApJ...506..673L", "1999A&A...352..371B", "1999ApJ...519...27C", "1999PhDT........19B", "1999astro.ph..7142S", "2000A&A...359...65B", "2000ApJ...542..710G", "2001A&A...372..775M", "2001ApJ...548..681B", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002A&A...382..860L", "2002A&A...384..866M", "2002ApJ...567..221P", "2002ApJS..139...37T", "2002MNRAS.335L..41P", "2002PASJ...54..695N", "2002RvMA...15..239P", "2002astro.ph..8104T", "2003A&A...410...83H", "2003ApJ...587...90X", "2003MNRAS.344...13R", "2004A&A...417...39M", "2004A&A...419..109I", "2005AIPC..761..155P", "2005AIPC..761..344T", "2005ApJ...619L..51B", "2005ApJ...619L..75P", "2005ESASP.577..313P", "2005SSRv..119..313S", "2006ApJ...637..242C", "2006ApJ...646..834X", "2006astro.ph..1086X", "2007ApJ...670..279I", "2007ApJS..173..432X", "2008MNRAS.386.1157C", "2009MNRAS.396L..41H", "2009MNRAS.400.1225C", "2010ApJ...717....1L", "2010ApJ...718..184C", "2012ApJ...754...61M", "2012ApJ...757...52M", "2014ApJ...789...76M", "2014MNRAS.440..731S", "2016A&A...586A..13V", "2016MNRAS.461.3563S", "2016arXiv160407844L", "2018A&A...620A.112B", "2018ApJS..234...20C", "2019A&A...624A..80N", "2019MNRAS.482..560M", "2019MNRAS.484.4069B", "2024MNRAS.528.1997S" ]
[ "1958MeLuS.136....1H", "1959AJ.....64..397D", "1969Phy....41..151V", "1972MNRAS.159P..35T", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1978A&A....70..565M", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1983A&A...128..212M", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1986A&A...166L...8C", "1987A&A...180...12D", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1989A&A...225...12X", "1989A&ARv...1...49C", "1989ARA&A..27..161P", "1989ApJ...337..650S", "1989ApJ...339..859E", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990AJ....100..373R", "1990ApJ...359...42D", "1990ApJ...365L..47X", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991ApJ...372..167H", "1991IAUS..144..245V", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1992A&A...256...45M", "1992AJ....103.1484B", "1992AJ....103.1536D", "1992ApJ...395..130P", "1992ApJ...398..105K", "1992Natur.356..114B", "1992Natur.356..114D", "1993A&A...279L..37G", "1993ApJ...415..875B", "1994A&A...283...12B", "1994A&A...285...19X" ]
1952770
null
The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies
The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies (CSRG) is a comprehensive compilation of diameters, axis ratios, relative bar position angles, and morphologies of inner and outer rings, pseudorings, and lenses in 3692 galaxies south of declination - 17^deg^. The purpose of the catalog is to evaluate the idea that these ring phenomena are related to orbital resonances with a bar or oval in galaxy potentials. The catalog is based on visual inspection of most of the 606 fields of the Science Research Council (SRC) IIIa-J southern sky survey, with the ESO-B, ESO-R, and Palomar Sky surveys used as auxiliaries when needed for overexposed core regions. The catalog is most complete for SRC fields 1-303 (mostly south of declination -42^deg^). In addition to ringed galaxies, a list of 859 mostly nonringed galaxies intended for comparison with other catalogs is provided. Detailed analysis of 5403 duplicate estimates of ring diameters (D) and 1606 duplicate estimates of bar/ring position angles (θ) indicates that the CSRG has very good internal precision and homogeneity in these parameters. For an "average" ring or lens of angular diameter 0.6' and apparent axis ratio 0.8, the internal errors are σ(D) = 0.026' and σ(θ) = 6.3^deg^. Based on a comparison with two other major sources of ring-diameter measurements, the external mean error in CSRG diameters is ~3.2 times the internal error at a given diameter. Comparison of the type classifications with those in other catalogs indicates good agreement on interpretations of features, including family and variety. Improved model distributions of apparent axis ratios and bar/ring position angles are computed which allow for the errors in the observed parameters and the fact that most of the observed rings have small angular diameters. These model distributions use Gaussian intrinsic distributions of shapes and angles, and contain the fundamental assumption that the spin axes are randomly oriented to the line of sight. Comparison with observed distributions is accomplished using the x^2^ test. The results are consistent with my previous 1986 analysis, but are much stronger because the samples are larger and better defined and the analysis is more thorough. The full CSRG confirms the noncircular average intrinsic shapes of galaxy rings, pseudorings, and lenses. The typical outer feature has an intrinsic axis ratio of 0.87 +/- 0.14, while the typical inner feature has an intrinsic axis ratio of 0.84 +/- 0.10. Weak dependences on family (i.e., apparent bar strength) are found, with SB features being more elongated than SA features. Similar results, but with smaller best-fitting dispersions, are found from an identical analysis of the completely independent set of ring axis ratio measurements from the Southern Galaxy Catalogue of Corwin, de Vaucouleurs, &amp; de Vaucouleurs (1985). The distribution of bar/ring position angles shows once again that outer features have two preferred intrinsic alignment angles with respect to bars (parallel and perpendicular), while inner features have one preferred intrinsic alignment angle (parallel). Most outer features in SB galaxies are aligned perpendicular to the bar, while most outer features in SAB galaxies are aligned parallel to the bar. The perpendicular and parallel varieties of outer features are readily distinguished morphologically in many galaxies as the R'_1_ and R'_2_ subclasses, respectively. These findings again link the observed ring features to specific orbital resonances with a bar or oval. Outer features are very likely tracers of the location of the outer Lindblad resonance, while inner features are very likely tracers of the location of an ultraharmonic resonance near and inside corotation. These firm identifications allow the possibility for indirect measurement of the bar pattern speed in many galaxies. Other findings from the CSRG that are not based on statistics are the identification of intrinsic bar/ring misalignment; bars which underfill inner rings; dimpling of R'_1_ pseudorings; pointy, rectangular, or hexagonal inner or outer ring shapes: a peculiar polar-ring-related system; and other extreme examples of spiral structure and ring morphology.
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10.586996
7.194236
1995-01-01
230
1995ApJS...96...39B
[ "galaxy rings", "ring diameters", "inner rings", "ring axis ratio measurements", "most outer features", "Outer features", "outer features", "inner features", "ring morphology", "Most outer features" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Ring Galaxies", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Southern Hemisphere", "Statistical Analysis", "Barred Galaxies", "Gravitational Effects", "Gravitational Lenses", "Morphology", "Astronomy", "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
6
[ "10.1086/192113" ]
[ "Buta, R." ]
[ "University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL" ]
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1952789
null
Kinematics of Metal-poor Stars in the Galaxy
We discuss the kinematic properties of a sample of 1936 Galactic stars, selected without kinematic bias, and with abundances (Fe/H) is less than or equal to -0.6. The stars selected for this study all have measured radial velocities, and the majority have abundances determined from spectroscopic or narrow-/intermediate-band photometric techniques. In contrast to previous examinations of the kinematics of the metal-poor stars in the Galaxy, our sample contains large numbers of stars that are located at distances in excess of 1 kpc from the Galactic plane. Thus, a much clearer picture of the nature of the metal-deficient populations in the Galaxy can now be drawn.
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8.64222
8.701184
1995-01-01
178
1995ApJS...96..175B
[ "stars", "kinematic bias", "abundances", "radial velocities", "large numbers", "Galaxy", "previous examinations", "distances", "1936 Galactic stars", "the metal-poor stars" ]
[ "Abundance", "Astronomical Models", "Kinematics", "Metallicity", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Radial Velocity", "Star Distribution", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Mass Spectroscopy", "Maximum Likelihood Estimates", "Astrophysics", "STARS: KINEMATICS", "STARS: POPULATION II" ]
3
[ "10.1086/192117" ]
[ "Beers, Timothy C.", "Sommer-Larsen, Jesper" ]
[ "Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US", "Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...302...69P", "1995AJ....110.2288L", "1995ApJ...451L..29C", "1995JKAS...28..139L", "1995MNRAS.276..505P", "1995PASP..107..785W", "1996A&A...310..106P", "1996A&A...311..456O", "1996A&ARv...7..217C", "1996A&AS..117..317S", "1996AJ....112..668C", "1996AJ....112.1500T", "1996AJ....112.1517S", "1996ASPC...92..491M", "1996ASPC...98..543P", "1996ApJ...460..121W", "1996ApJ...468..641D", "1996ApJS..107..475L", "1996AstL...22..455K", "1996IAUS..171....3F", "1996PASP..108..166C", "1997A&A...319..796S", "1997A&A...324...65N", "1997A&A...326..751N", "1997A&A...327..983F", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997ARA&A..35..503M", "1997ASPC..127...63R", "1997ASPC..127..137H", "1997ASSL..212..133N", "1997ApJ...477..765C", "1997ApJ...481..775S", "1997ApJ...486..665P", "1997ApJ...490L..73C", "1997MNRAS.285..711P", "1997MNRAS.291..717M", "1997MNRAS.292L...1M", "1997NewA....2..477O", "1997astro.ph..3140P", "1997astro.ph.10311R", "1998A&A...330..480B", "1998A&A...330..937M", "1998A&A...339..791R", "1998AJ....115..168C", "1998AJ....115..204R", "1998AJ....116.1724M", "1998AN....319..285C", "1998ASPC..136...14L", "1998ASSL..230...31B", "1998ApJ...497..713G", "1998ApJ...503..798G", "1998ApJ...506..271P", "1998ApJ...508..844G", "1998IAUS..179..209B", "1998SSRv...84..139B", "1998astro.ph..2168P", "1998pnge.conf..139B", "1999A&A...344..494C", "1999A&A...349..521F", "1999A&A...351..945O", "1999A&A...352..117R", "1999AJ....117..508G", "1999AJ....117..981B", "1999AJ....117.1771S", "1999AJ....117.1792D", "1999ARA&A..37..191R", "1999ASPC..165..202B", "1999ASPC..165..269C", "1999ASPC..165..274P", "1999ASPC..182..307G", "1999ASPC..187....3P", "1999ASSL..237...53P", "1999Ap&SS.265..105B", "1999Ap&SS.265..123S", "1999Ap&SS.265..213N", "1999Ap&SS.265..221K", "1999Ap&SS.265..425C", "1999Ap&SS.267..129F", "1999ApJ...519..501S", "1999IAUS..186...23F", "1999IAUS..186..333V", "1999MNRAS.307..495H", "1999MNRAS.309..533B", "1999Natur.402...53H", "2000AJ....119.2843C", "2000AJ....119.2866B", "2000AJ....120.1014P", "2000AJ....120.1841F", "2000AJ....120.2513P", "2000AN....321..323C", "2000ASSL..255..505T", "2000ASSL..255..565C", "2000ASSL..255..587S", "2000MNRAS.313...87M", "2000Sci...287...69B", "2001A&A...365..431R", "2001A&A...370..456T", "2001AJ....121..458Y", "2001ASPC..230..337M", "2001ASPC..245..149B", "2001ApJ...554.1044C", "2001ApJ...558..666B", "2001coev.conf..223P", "2001stcl.conf....1C", "2002AJ....123..404F", "2002AJ....123.1647S", "2002AJ....124..931B", "2002ASPC..273..123M", "2002ApJ...572..861C", "2002ApJ...578..151S", "2002NewA....7..161F", "2002RMxAC..12..146T", "2003A&A...410..565A", "2003AJ....125.2502M", "2003ARep...47..443K", "2003ASSL..289..273V", "2003ApJ...588..805K", "2003ApJS..149..101B", "2003MNRAS.343.1013K", "2003PASA...20..165K", "2004A&A...427..131C", "2004ApJ...601L..43N", "2004MNRAS.355..307K", "2004NewAR..48..861D", "2004PASA...21..275K", "2004oee..symp..154N", "2005A&A...433..911A", "2005A&A...434..301D", "2005A&A...442..929A", "2005ApJ...633..828M", "2005MNRAS.359.1306W", "2005astro.ph..4109R", "2006A&A...451..125V", "2006AJ....132.1202K", "2006AJ....132.1768G", "2006AN....327...72B", "2006AN....327...97K", "2006MNRAS.366.1295B", "2007AJ....134.1579K", "2007ApJ...662..322H", "2007NewA...12..605A", "2008A&A...483..401C", "2008MNRAS.384...11S", "2009A&A...499..835V", "2009AJ....137..272R", "2009Ap&SS.324...23K", "2009MNRAS.396..553D", "2009PhDT.........1M", "2010AJ....140.2013R", "2010ApJ...712..692C", "2012AJ....144...26C", "2012ApJ...747..101M", "2012ApJ...751...30M", "2012ApJ...755...89R", "2013ApJ...762...28N", "2013NewAR..57...80F", "2014A&A...567A.122D", "2014AJ....147..136R", "2014ApJ...794...58B", "2015A&A...577A...1D", "2016ASSL..420..113S", "2017Obs...137...96L", "2018MNRAS.478..611B", "2019A&A...625A...5K", "2019A&A...629A..82T", "2019ApJ...880...36Y", "2019MNRAS.488..482P", "2020A&A...636A.115D", "2020ApJ...903..131Y", "2020arXiv200709474E", "2021ApJ...908...79G", "2021ApJ...908..191C", "2021ApJ...910...46L", "2021ApJ...913...11L", "2021ApJ...915....9Z", "2023arXiv231005287K", "2023arXiv231109294Z", "2024ApJ...966..174Z" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1975ApJ...195..343E", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1978MNRAS.184..311W", "1979AJ.....84.1181G", "1980ApJS...44..517B", "1980MNRAS.193..295F", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982AJ.....87.1679H", "1983ApJS...53..791P", "1984ApJ...281..260P", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1985AJ.....90.2089B", "1985AJ.....90.2244H", "1985ApJ...291..260R", "1985ApJS...58..463N", "1985PASP...97..130M", "1985PASP...97..551H", "1986AJ.....92...60C", "1986ApJ...302..626H", "1986ApJS...61..667N", "1987AJ.....93...74S", "1987AJ.....93..116C", "1987AJ.....94.1600Y", "1987ASIC..207..211E", "1987ASIC..207..229S", "1987MNRAS.225..499S", "1987MNRAS.227P..21S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....95..463N", "1988AJ.....95.1727F", "1988AJ.....95.1843L", "1988AJ.....96.1908L", "1988ApJS...67..461B", "1988PhDT.......202C", "1988mmia.book.....M", "1989AJ.....97..139L", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989AJ.....97..423C", "1989ApJ...337..272N", "1989ApJ...339..126R", "1989ApJ...340..739N", "1989ApJ...340L..57D", "1990AJ.....99..201C", "1990AJ.....99..572C", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990AJ....100..849B", "1990AJ....100.1159E", "1990AJ....100.1191M", "1990ApJ...359..104V", "1990MNRAS.242...10S", "1991A&A...244..280A", "1991AJ....101.1835R", "1991AJ....101.1865R", "1991AJ....101.2078C", "1991AJ....101.2220B", "1991AJ....102..152R", "1991AJ....102..975Y", "1991ApJ...367..528S", "1991ApJ...372..125K", "1991ApJ...375..121P", "1991ApJ...380..403N", "1991ApJ...383...72G", "1991ApJS...76.1001P", "1991ApJS...77..515L", "1992A&AS...95..273C", "1992AAS...181.3807B", "1992AJ....103.1608C", "1992AJ....103.1987B", "1992AJ....104.1144R", "1992ASSL..174..245Y", "1992ApJ...389..234B", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1992IAUS..149..133P", "1992IAUS..149..471P", "1992MNRAS.257..225A", "1992PhDT.......131W", "1993A&A...280..131F", "1993A&AS...97..835F", "1993A&AS...97..951S", "1993AJ....105..539M", "1993AJ....105..971V", "1993AJ....105.1455N", "1993AJ....105.1596B", "1993ARA&A..31..345R", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..326L", "1993ASPC...49...83C", "1993ASPC...49..103R", "1993ASPC...49..125F", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1993ApJ...415..797N", "1993MNRAS.261..185W", "1993MNRAS.262..350S", "1994ApJ...427L..37M" ]
1950085
null
Color Evolution from Z = 0 to Z = 1
Rest frame Stromgren photometry (3500 A, 4100 A, 4750 A, and 5500 A) is presented for 509 galaxies in 17 rich clusters between z = 0 and z = 1 as a test of color evolution. Our observations confirm a strong, rest frame, Butcher-Oemler effect where the fraction of blue galaxies increases from 20% at z = 0.4 to 80% at z = 0.9. We also find that a majority of these blue cluster galaxies are composed of normal disk or post-starburst systems based on color criteria. When comparing our colors to the morphological results from HST imaging, we propose that the blue cluster galaxies are a population of late-type, low surface brightness objects which fade and are then destroyed by the cluster tidal field. Alter isolating the red objects from Butcher-Oemler objects, we have compared the mean color of these old, non-star-forming objects with spectral energy distribution models in the literature as a test for passive galaxy evolution in ellipticals. We find good agreement with single-burst models which predict a mean epoch of galaxy formation at z = 5. Tracing the red envelope for ellipticals places the earliest epoch of galaxy formation at z = 10.
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12.202391
6.13633
1995-01-01
150
1995ApJ...439...47R
[ "blue galaxies", "galaxy formation", "passive galaxy evolution", "color evolution", "post-starburst systems", "Rest frame Stromgren photometry", "spectral energy distribution models", "z", "color criteria", "the blue cluster galaxies" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Color", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Red Shift", "Data Correlation", "Image Analysis", "Spectrum Analysis", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175150" ]
[ "Rakos, Karl D.", "Schombert, James M." ]
[ "University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria", "University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2019M", "1995ApJ...450..512S", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1996A&A...314..379P", "1996AJ....111...29O", "1996AJ....111..615P", "1996AJ....112...23L", "1996AJ....112.2454L", "1996ASPC...98...60S", "1996ASSL..209..291P", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460L..89B", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996ApJ...466..122R", "1996ApJ...470..681K", "1996IAUS..171...97M", "1996IAUS..171..233F", "1996MNRAS.281..985V", "1997A&A...323..337A", "1997AIPC..408..258Y", "1997AJ....113..492C", "1997ASPC..116..154P", "1997ApJ...477L..17S", "1997ApJ...478L..13K", "1997ApJ...480..568S", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...484L..11D", "1997ApJ...490..194R", "1997JApA...18..241G", "1997MNRAS.287..137S", "1997astro.ph..6161C", "1997hsth.conf..199S", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998AJ....116..549O", "1998AJ....116..560P", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998ApJ...492..461S", "1998ApJ...497..188C", "1998ApJ...500..714V", "1998ApJ...501..522B", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998MNRAS.297..427A", "1998Sci...280..400.", "1999A&A...346...13Z", "1999AJ....117..140C", "1999AJ....118..625D", "1999ASPC..176...83L", "1999ApJ...512...30C", "1999ApJ...518..632Q", "1999ApJ...525...31S", "1999ApJ...527...54B", "1999ApJS..122...51D", "1999MNRAS.308..833J", "1999PASJ...51..719K", "2000A&A...361..827F", "2000AJ....119.1562M", "2000AJ....119.2118G", "2000AJ....120.2148G", "2000ASPC..195..408B", "2000ASPC..200..332B", "2000ApJ...528..123T", "2000ApJ...540..715R", "2000ApJ...541...95V", "2000PASJ...52...61K", "2001A&A...369..750R", "2001AJ....121.1821B", "2001AJ....121.1974R", "2001AJ....122.2267E", "2001ASPC..230..363R", "2001ASPC..232..153A", "2001Ap&SS.276..585R", "2001Ap&SS.276..983P", "2001ApJ...548L.143M", "2001ApJ...550..612F", "2001ApJ...563..629N", "2001ApJS..132...19S", "2001MNRAS.321...18K", "2001PASJ...53.1139N", "2002A&A...396..773S", "2002AJ....124.2453M", "2002AJ....124.3061O", "2002MNRAS.330..167D", "2002MNRAS.330..755F", "2003A&A...399..899L", "2003AJ....126..119R", "2003Ap&SS.285...43D", "2003Ap&SS.285..121P", "2003ApJ...596..129B", "2003ApJ...598...20D", "2003MNRAS.344..337T", "2003PASA...20..294P", "2003PASJ...55..739G", "2003PASJ...55..757G", "2003PhDT.........2G", "2004AJ....127.1502R", "2004ApJ...601..654S", "2004ApJ...610..161M", "2004MNRAS.348..515G", "2004MNRAS.349..889A", "2004MNRAS.350..253D", "2004MNRAS.352..815Y", "2004PASJ...56...29F", "2004PASJ...56..621F", "2004cgpc.symp..245P", "2004cgpc.symp..325B", "2005A&A...431..433C", "2005AJ....130.1002R", "2005ApJ...619..134T", "2005ApJ...619..193M", "2005ApJ...621..188G", "2005ApJ...627..186W", "2005ApJS..157..228S", "2005MNRAS.356L...6G", "2005MNRAS.359.1415G", "2005MNRAS.362..268T", "2006A&A...448..447A", "2006ARA&A..44..141R", "2006ApJ...636L..13C", "2006MNRAS.365..915A", "2006MNRAS.371..121S", "2006MNRAS.372..253M", "2006fdg..conf..463A", "2007ApJ...658..710N", "2007ApJ...658..929R", "2007MNRAS.376.1425G", "2008ApJ...677.1019R", "2008ApJ...680..214L", "2008ApJ...686..966M", "2008MNRAS.390..383Y", "2008arXiv0810.4102S", "2009AJ....137..528S", "2009ApJ...699.1333H", "2009ApJ...699.1530S", "2009ApJ...706..158F", "2009MNRAS.394..357L", "2010A&A...509A..40I", "2011ApJ...734....3Z", "2012MNRAS.426.1632P", "2014A&A...563A..92F", "2014BASI...42...67S", "2014JApA...35...55S", "2015AJ....150...46F", "2016AJ....152..214S", "2016ApJ...817..158F", "2017ApJ...836..136F", "2017RAA....17..101A", "2018AJ....155...69S", "2020A&A...638A.133L", "2020MNRAS.498.5450P", "2021ApJ...914..145M" ]
[ "1951ApJ...113..413S", "1969ApJ...158.1137M", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1976ApJ...209..693O", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1984ApJ...276..413M", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.1927R", "1985ApJ...289...18M", "1985ApJ...294...70D", "1985ApJ...297..371H", "1985ApJ...299..593W", "1986ApJ...306...30G", "1986ApJ...307..426M", "1986PASP...98...70F", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...316...70E", "1988ASIC..229..305E", "1988ApJ...328..315M", "1988ApJ...328..463R", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1989ApJS...71..817B", "1990ApJ...350...73B", "1990ApJ...351L...9E", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...377..382R", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ApJ...386...52M", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993ASPC...51..225D", "1993ASPC...51..240C", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...404..521A", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1994AJ....107.1303H", "1994ApJ...430..107D" ]
1947880
null
Optical Spectroscopy of Radio Galaxies in abell Clusters. I. Redshifts and Emission-Line Properties
We present results of a program of optical spectroscopy of radio galaxies in rich clusters. Redshifts are reported for 268 radio galaxies or close companions in Abell clusters and 36 objects which turned out to be foreground or background objects. Absolute line strengths are also reported for the 3727 A [O II] line and the [N II]/Hα complex. We find no evidence that the radio activity in our sample of mostly FR I radio galaxies is associated with emission-line luminosities above those found in "normal" galaxies of the same absolute magnitude and optical type. We also find that the radial velocity differences between radio galaxies and the cluster mean seem mainly to be a function of galaxy absolute magnitude rather than radio properties.
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14.790031
5.961026
1995-01-01
92
1995AJ....109...14O
[ "radio galaxies", "galaxy absolute magnitude", "Absolute line strengths", "radio properties", "Abell clusters", "rich clusters", "optical spectroscopy", "FR I radio galaxies", "268 radio galaxies", "close companions" ]
[ "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Emission Spectra", "Galactic Clusters", "Line Spectra", "Radio Galaxies", "Red Shift", "H Alpha Line", "Luminosity", "Nitrogen", "Oxygen Spectra", "Radial Velocity", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Emission", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117252" ]
[ "Owen, Frazer N.", "Ledlow, Michael J.", "Keel, William C." ]
[ "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM, US", "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM, US", "University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL" ]
[ "1995AJ....109..853L", "1995AJ....110.1959L", "1995MNRAS.277.1006E", "1995MNRAS.277.1580E", "1996AJ....111...53O", "1996AJ....112....9L", "1996ASPC..100..353O", "1996ASPC..100..359L", "1996ApJ...470..394T", "1996AuJPh..49..977S", "1996MNRAS.281..799E", "1996MNRAS.282.1274H", "1997ASPC..116..421L", "1998A&A...332..449D", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1998ApJ...506..519T", "1998ApJ...508..608K", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1998MNRAS.301..881E", "1999ApJ...510...90S", "1999ApJ...525..621K", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.306..857C", "1999PASP..111..438F", "2000AJ....120.2269P", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2000MNRAS.318..333E", "2000astro.ph..1513B", "2001ApJ...548..639K", "2001ApJ...552..120L", "2001MNRAS.328..762E", "2002A&A...386...97J", "2002NewAR..46..149K", "2003A&A...412..657S", "2003AJ....126.2740L", "2003ApJ...591..640C", "2003MNRAS.343L..20F", "2003MNRAS.344..110S", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004AJ....127...48L", "2004AJ....128.2642C", "2004MNRAS.349..560H", "2004evn..conf..125F", "2005AJ....129...31O", "2005MNRAS.358..585M", "2005MNRAS.361..469M", "2006A&A...456..791T", "2007AJ....133.2097C", "2007ApJS..170...33P", "2007ApJS..172..561B", "2007MNRAS.381..211S", "2008A&A...487...33B", "2008ApJS..176...39Q", "2008MNRAS.384..692J", "2008MNRAS.391..967L", "2008arXiv0803.2168H", "2009AJ....137.4002W", "2009ApJ...693.1261M", "2009ApJ...694..992L", "2009ApJS..181..548C", "2010A&A...521A..78B", "2010AJ....140.1891E", "2010ApJ...721.1262M", "2011A&A...528A.102M", "2011ApJ...734..103G", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013MNRAS.436L..84G", "2014A&A...567A..89T", "2015ApJ...805..101H", "2015MNRAS.447.2468H", "2016AJ....152...12L", "2016AstBu..71..165Z", "2016MNRAS.459..820T", "2018A&A...610A..89I", "2018MNRAS.476.5535T", "2019A&A...622A.178M", "2019Ap&SS.364...72P", "2020A&A...643A.111D", "2021AJ....162..193H", "2021ApJ...923...67H", "2021JCAP...02..048A", "2021PASA...38...10D", "2022A&A...668A..67A", "2022MNRAS.514L..36G", "2023ApJ...955...16B", "2023ApJ...957L...4L", "2023ApJS..265...32M", "2024ApJ...961..240K", "2024ApJS..271....8G", "2024arXiv240208453K" ]
[ "1976MmRAS..81....1C", "1978MNRAS.183..633G", "1981MNRAS.196..669W", "1982AJ.....87.1083O", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983ApJ...269..466K", "1985AJ.....90.2540C", "1985ApJ...288..481D", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1985MNRAS.213..243A", "1986AJ.....91.1051C", "1986AJ.....91.1062P", "1986ApJ...306..490I", "1989AJ.....98...64Z", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989MNRAS.238..357O", "1991ApJS...77..363S", "1991MNRAS.249..164O", "1992ApJS...80..501O", "1992BAAS...24..839L", "1993ApJS...87..135O", "1993LNP...421..273O", "1994ASPC...54..319O", "1994PhDT.......269L" ]