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A Multifrequency Radio Continuum and IRAS Faint Source Survey of Markarian Galaxies
Results are presented from a multifrequency radio continuum survey of Markarian galaxies (MRKs) and are supplemented by IRAS infrared data from the Faint Source Survey. Radio data are presented for 899 MRKs observed at ν = 4.755 GHz with the NRAO-Green Bank 300 foot (91 m) telescope, including nearly 88% of those objects in Markarian lists VI-XIV. In addition, 1.415 GHz measurements of 258 MRKs, over 30% of the MRKs accessible from NAIC-Arecibo, are reported. Radio continuum observations of smaller numbers of MRKs were made at 10.63 GHz and at 23.1 GHz and are also presented. The (1.415 GHz, 4.755 GHz) percentages of "probable" detections were found to be (37%, 15%) for the MRK sample as a whole. These detection rates increased to (49%, 33%) among Seyfert MRKs, and to (73%, 42%) for those classified as having starburst nuclei. The vast majority of radio-detected MRKs have radio luminosities h^2^P_1.415_ < 10^23^ W Hz^-1^, characteristic of "normal galaxies." Infrared data from the IRAS Faint Source Survey (Ver. 2) are presented for 944 MRKs, with reasonably secure identifications extracted from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. MRKs exhibit the same canonical infrared characteristics as those reported for various other galaxy samples, that is, the well-known enhancement of the 25 micron/60 micron color ratio among Seyfert MRKs, and a clear tendency for MRKs with warmer 60 micron/100 micron colors to also possess cooler 12 micron/25 micron colors. In addition, non-Seyfert MRKs are found to obey the well- documented infrared/radio luminosity correlation, with the tightest correlation seen for starburst MRKs. Linear regression fits to the infrared/radio correlations yield these relationships: log L_FIR_ = 0.77 log P_1.415_ + 19.95 (r = 0.96) and log L_FIR_ = 0.89 log P_4.755_ + 17.51 (r = 0.90). Mean values of the infrared/radio ratios are consistent with those derived for various optically selected galaxy samples. The FIR/radio ratios for starburst MRKs are enhanced by a factor of 3 over those for Seyfert MRKs. There is no statistically significant difference between the infrared/radio ratios of single-nucleus and multiple-nucleus MRKs, although the analysis is complicated by small sample sizes.
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15.01986
7.924217
1995-06-01
50
1995ApJS...98..369B
[ "Radio data", "radio luminosities", "Seyfert MRKs", "starburst MRKs", "Radio", "MRKs", "various other galaxy samples", "non-Seyfert MRKs", "IRAS infrared data", "small sample sizes" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Continuous Spectra", "Faint Objects", "Infrared Astronomy", "Markarian Galaxies", "Radio Astronomy", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Starburst Galaxies", "Centimeter Waves", "Decimeter Waves", "Infrared Astronomy Satellite", "Superhigh Frequencies", "Ultrahigh Frequencies", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192168" ]
[ "Bicay, M. D.", "Kojoian, G.", "Seal, J.", "Dickinson, D. F.", "Malkan, M. A." ]
[ "NASA. Headquarters, Washington, DC, US", "NASA. Headquarters, Washington, DC, US", "Cambridge Research, Champaign, IL, US", "Cambridge Research, Champaign, IL, US", "University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996Ap.....39..183K", "1996ApJ...468..475G", "1996ApJS..106..399P", "1998A&AS..130..285C", "1999A&A...343..373T", "1999A&A...345...81C", "1999AJ....118.1169X", "1999Ap&SS.266..321J", "1999ApJ...523...87T", "1999ApJ...527..709I", "2000A&A...360..457S", "2000AJ....120..244B", "2001A&A...367..405P", "2001AJ....121..793R", "2001ApSSS.277..527A", "2001MNRAS.327..459L", "2002MNRAS.335..574V", "2003A&A...398..493K", "2003A&A...412...45P", "2003ApJ...588..746S", "2003MNRAS.340.1052P", "2003MNRAS.344..181C", "2005RMxAA..41..155S", "2005astro.ph.11156R", "2006AJ....132..546G", "2006ApJS..164...52S", "2007Ap.....50..301M", "2007ApJS..170...33P", "2012Ap.....55..317M", "2013AN....334..887M", "2013MNRAS.431..102M", "2014A&A...570A..97I", "2014IAUS..304....1M", "2014IAUS..304...41M", "2016ASPC..505....3M", "2016ApJ...833..190T", "2016PASJ...68...20S", "2017A&A...603A..32C", "2017ApJ...838..102D", "2017MNRAS.468....2M", "2019A&A...625A..25M", "2019MNRAS.484..543F", "2021MNRAS.508.1305Y", "2022A&A...657A.122K", "2022A&A...658A..12J", "2022MNRAS.512.1608G", "2023KFNT...39b..47P", "2024ApJ...966...61D", "2024ApJ...966..201K" ]
[ "1981AJ.....86..811K", "1981AJ.....86..816K", "1981ApJS...45..113M", "1982AJ.....87.1364K", "1984AJ.....89..332K", "1985ApJ...293L..11M", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1985Natur.314..240D", "1986ApJ...311L..33H", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1988ApJ...333..168M", "1989A&A...225...12X", "1989ApJ...338L..53B", "1991AJ....101.2034M", "1991ApJS...75....1B", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1992ApJS...79..331W", "1992ApJS...81...49S", "1993ApJS...85...27M" ]
1971819
null
A massive counter-rotating gas disk in a spiral galaxy
IN some galaxies that have little gas remaining from the epoch of galaxy formation, the gas that is present rotates in the opposite sense to the stars<SUP>1-4</SUP>. It is thought that this counter-rotating gas may result from the capture by a massive early-type galaxy of a gas-rich dwarf galaxy that was orbiting in the opposite sense to the main galaxy’s rotation; but as there are few examples of galaxies with counter-rotating gas, we have little information about the details of this process. Here we present optical spectra of the spiral<SUP>5,6</SUP> galaxy NGC3626, which clearly show the presence of counter-rotating ionized gas; combining these results with preexisting atomic hydrogen data<SUP>7</SUP> leads to an estimate of 10<SUP>9</SUP> Msolar for the mass of the gas. Spiral galaxies generally contain substantial amounts of gas left over from the formation epoch, which would be co-rotating with the stars; this gas should interact strongly with the counter-rotating gas on a relatively short timescale, causing it to fall towards the centre of the galaxy. We therefore propose that the counter-rotating gas in NGC3626 has been captured recently; the merger process is just beginning.
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11.055796
7.175412
1995-06-01
60
1995Natur.375..661C
[ "counter-rotating gas", "counter-rotating ionized gas", "little gas", "gas", "Spiral galaxies", "galaxy formation", "the counter-rotating gas", "this counter-rotating gas", "galaxies", "preexisting atomic hydrogen data" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1038/375661a0" ]
[ "Ciri, R.", "Bettoni, D.", "Galletta, G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312..761F", "1996A&AS..120C.591M", "1996AJ....112..438J", "1996ApJ...458L..67B", "1996ApJ...461...55T", "1997ApJ...475...83L", "1997ApJ...479..702T", "1997ApJ...484...79D", "1997MNRAS.285...49C", "1997NewA....2....1C", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...337...80C", "1998ApJ...502..235G", "1998ApJ...506...93T", "1998JKPS...33S.574C", "1998NYASA.867..217L", "1998PhRvB..58.9549M", "1999ASPC..182..221P", "1999IAUS..186..149B", "1999PASA...16...77B", "2000A&A...363..869G", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000ASPC..197..125B", "2001A&A...368...16M", "2001A&A...374...83B", "2001A&A...374..394V", "2001AJ....121.1358K", "2001MmSAI..72..779B", "2002A&A...382..488C", "2002ASSL..276..273V", "2003AJ....125.3005H", "2003ApJ...589..709E", "2004A&A...424..447P", "2009ApJ...694.1550S", "2009IJMPD..18.1461G", "2010AJ....140.1462S", "2011AstL...37....1S", "2011GReGr..43.3001G", "2011MNRAS.412L.113C", "2012ApJ...750..107S", "2012AstBu..67..147M", "2012GReGr..44.1563C", "2013A&A...560A..14P", "2013ApJ...769..105K", "2013MNRAS.428..476M", "2013MNRAS.431.2397D", "2014ASPC..486...35B", "2014ASPC..486...51C", "2014AdSpR..53..950M", "2014IJMPD..2350010G", "2014arXiv1401.4382B", "2015MNRAS.446..613D", "2016NatCo...713269C", "2018A&A...616A..22P", "2018MNRAS.480.3152V", "2020A&A...641A..31S", "2021MNRAS.500.3870K", "2023A&A...674L...7Z", "2024ApJ...961L..40C", "2024arXiv240608213Y" ]
[ "1961hag..book.....S", "1978ApJ...226..770P", "1978ApJ...226L.115B", "1983ApJ...265..664D", "1984Msngr..37...17B", "1986MNRAS.218..743B", "1987ApJ...318..531G", "1987IAUS..127..135B", "1988A&A...202L...5B", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1989A&A...218...49V", "1990AJ....100.1489W", "1990dig..book..249B", "1991A&A...243...71V", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991MNRAS.248..544B", "1991Natur.354..210H", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...396..510W", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1992ApJ...401L..79B", "1992Natur.360..442B", "1993AJ....106..907H", "1993ApJ...419..544S", "1994AJ....107..173R", "1994AJ....108..456R", "1994ApJ...432..575M", "1995ApJ...438..155R" ]
1489184
null
Wavelet Transform Analysis of the Small-Scale X-Ray Structure of the Cluster Abell 1367
We have developed a new technique based on a wavelet transform analysis to quantify the small-scale (less than a few arcminutes) X-ray structure of clusters of galaxies. We apply this technique to the ROSAT position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) and Einstein high- resolution imager (HRI) images of the central region of the cluster Abell 367 to detect sources embedded within the diffuse intracluster medium. In addition to detecting sources and determining their fluxes and positions, we show that the wavelet analysis allows a characterization of the source extents. In particular, the wavelet scale at which a given source achieves a maximum signal-to-noise ratio in the wavelet images provides an estimate of the angular extent of the source. To account for the widely varying point response of the ROSAT PSPC as a function of off- axis angle requires a quantitative measurement of the source size and a comparison to a calibration derived from the analysis of a Deep Survey image. Therefore, we assumed that each source could be described as an isotropic two-dimensional Gaussian and used the wavelet amplitudes, at different scales, to determine the equivalent Gaussian FWHM (and its uncertainty) appropriate for each source. In our analysis of the ROSAT PSPC image, we detect 31 X-ray sources above the diffuse cluster emission (within a radius of 24'), 16 of which are apparently associated with cluster galaxies and two with serendipitous, background quasars. We find that the angular extents of 11 sources exceed the nominal width of the PSPC point-spread function. Four of these extended sources were previously detected by Bechtold et al. (1983) as 1" scale features using the Einstein HRI. The same wavelet analysis technique was applied to the Einstein HRI image. We detect 28 sources in the HRI image, of which nine are extended. Eight of the extended sources correspond to sources previously detected by Bechtold et al. Overall, using both the PSPC and the HRI observations, we detect 16 extended features, of which nine have galaxies coincident with the X-ray- measured positions (within the positional error circles). These extended sources have luminosities lying in the range (3-30) x 10^40^ ergs s^-1^ and gas masses of approximately (1-30) x 10^9^ M_sun_, if the X-rays are of thermal origin. We confirm the presence of extended features in A1367 first reported by Bechtold et al. (1983). The nature of these systems remains uncertain. The luminosities are large if the emission is attributed to single galaxies, and several of the extended features have no associated galaxy counterparts. The extended features may be associated with galaxy groups, as suggested by Canizares, Fabbiano, &amp; Trinchieri (1987), although the number required is large.
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13.266479
5.075453
1995-06-01
58
1995ApJ...445..607G
[ "sources", "X-ray structure", "cluster galaxies", "extended features", "31 X-ray sources", "galaxy groups", "single galaxies", "Bechtold et al", "galaxies", "different scales" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Image Processing", "Wavelet Analysis", "X Ray Astronomy", "X Ray Sources", "High Resolution", "Luminosity", "Point Spread Functions", "Proportional Counters", "Rosat Mission", "Signal To Noise Ratios", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ABELL 1367", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175725" ]
[ "Grebenev, S. A.", "Forman, W.", "Jones, C.", "Murray, S." ]
[ "Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia", "Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...304..325G", "1996A&A...311...95B", "1996ASPC...94...63A", "1996ASPC..101..143D", "1997A&A...317..318M", "1997ApJ...482...41G", "1997ApJ...482.1011S", "1997ApJ...483..350D", "1997ApJ...488..136G", "1997astro.ph.12299H", "1998A&A...330..801P", "1998A&A...331...41L", "1998A&A...331..838K", "1998A&A...339...52L", "1998A&AS..128..397S", "1998ASPC..138..289S", "1998ASPC..145..500S", "1998Ap.....41...32P", "1998Ap.....41...41M", "1998ApJ...500..138D", "1998ApJ...502..558V", "1998MNRAS.293..489S", "1998MNRAS.295..177G", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1998lsst.conf..197B", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999ApJ...524..414L", "1999ApJ...524..423C", "1999MNRAS.310..835P", "2000ApJ...531L...9K", "2000ApJ...534..490K", "2000AstL...26...77L", "2000ChPhL..17..388C", "2000MNRAS.314..768D", "2001A&A...370..689V", "2001ApJ...553...84H", "2001ApJ...560L..19C", "2001ChA&A..25..132C", "2001ISPM...18...30S", "2002ASSL..272...79B", "2002ApJ...570..502M", "2002ApJ...573L..91M", "2002ApJ...576..708S", "2002ApJ...577..139S", "2002ApJ...580..610H", "2002ApJS..138..185F", "2004A&A...425..429C", "2008A&A...488.1221R", "2008ApJ...687..738C", "2009ApJ...691..875L", "2009ApJ...700.1161G", "2010A&A...519A.107K", "2011ApJ...732..114L", "2011MNRAS.412.1295M", "2017ApJ...839...65Y", "2019ApJ...874...75C", "2024ApJ...965...65M", "2024arXiv240500920L" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...208..177L", "1976ApJ...210..642A", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1979ApJ...234L..21J", "1981ApJ...246...20E", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1983ApJ...265...26B", "1984ApJ...283...59A", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1988ApOpt..27.1404A", "1989PhLA..135..327A", "1990A&A...227..301S", "1992A&A...264..379E", "1992ApJ...388...23E", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993ApJ...409..517S", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1994ApJ...435..162V" ]
1971293
null
CCD galaxy photometry and the calibration of photographic surveys
We present CCD UBVRI aperture photometry and total B-band magnitudes for a sample of 155 galaxies with &lt;e1&gt;B&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;18 covering 14 UK Schmidt fields. The data, taken on a variety of telescopes, have been acquired in order to calibrate photographic photometry on these fields. Using these data, we discuss the calibration of photographic galaxy surveys at these magnitudes, and show that the accuracy of such photometry is potentially better than +/-0.05 mag. However, data from both the COSMOS and APM automatic plate measuring machines show strong surface-brightness-dependent systematic errors, which primarily manifest themselves as a much increased scatter (~+/-0.25 mag). The cause of these effects is almost certainly related to the limited dynamic range of the automated machines. They have the potential to introduce scale errors of up to ~0.1 mag per magnitude into the photographic magnitudes, and we discuss the implications of this for bright galaxy number-magnitude counts. We show evidence for a scale error in the APM galaxy survey magnitudes. Our revised APM magnitudes allow a standard, non-evolving cosmological model to fit the APM galaxy counts in the range 17&lt;&lt;e1&gt;B&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;20, although this model continues to overpredict the galaxy count at brighter magnitudes.
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12.349203
5.888212
1995-06-01
66
1995MNRAS.274..769M
[ "photographic galaxy surveys", "brighter magnitudes", "magnitude", "photographic photometry", "scale errors", "CCD UBVRI aperture photometry", "the APM galaxy survey magnitudes", "bright galaxy number-magnitude counts", "such photometry", "APM" ]
[ "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: MISCELLANEOUS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.3.769" ]
[ "Metcalfe, N.", "Fong, R.", "Shanks, T." ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996A&AS..116...43P", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1997A&A...317...43B", "1997A&A...326..477Z", "1997A&A...326..950F", "1997A&AS..124....1J", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997astro.ph..8075E", "1997astro.ph..9064F", "1998A&AS..127..367Y", "1998A&AS..130..173Y", "1998ASSL..231...83Z", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.294..147M", "1998MNRAS.294..193T", "1998MNRAS.296..173R", "1998MNRAS.296..191R", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.300..303T", "1998MNRAS.300..417R", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1999A&A...344..393F", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "2000AJ....119..524C", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...530...62G", "2000MNRAS.311..707M", "2000MNRAS.312..417G", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2000astro.ph..3215S", "2001AJ....121.2358B", "2001MNRAS.323..795M", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2001MNRAS.325..550D", "2001MNRAS.326..255C", "2001MNRAS.327..588P", "2001MNRAS.328.1039C", "2002ApJ...569..720G", "2002ApJS..143....1M", "2002MNRAS.336..907N", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003Ap&SS.285..175D", "2003ApJ...592..819B", "2003MNRAS.343..971L", "2003MNRAS.344..307L", "2003MNRAS.345.1049F", "2004MNRAS.349..135G", "2004MNRAS.352.1255M", "2004MNRAS.354..991B", "2005ASPC..329...49F", "2005MNRAS.361..701F", "2005MNRAS.362..505C", "2006MNRAS.371.1601F", "2007MNRAS.378..429F", "2010A&A...514A..11M", "2011MNRAS.414.1875H", "2012MNRAS.419.1315B" ]
[ "1976MmRAS..81...25C", "1977MNRAS.181..323G", "1978PhDT........13K", "1979MNRAS.187..711C", "1981PhDT........99C", "1982Obs...102..141M", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1982PASP...94..742B", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1984MNRAS.209...83W", "1985PhDT........64S", "1986ASSL..122..439S", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987MNRAS.224..557C", "1989MNRAS.236..207M", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991MNRAS.248..642M", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.257..650F", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1994IAUS..161..295F", "1995MNRAS.273..257M" ]
1950280
null
GR 8: CO-to-H 2 Conversion Factor at Extremely Low Metallicity
We have obtained CO(2-1) upper limits of 6 and 7 mK toward two positions in the extremely metal poor dwarf irregular galaxy GR 8. The Hα emission of GR 8 shows active star formation which requires that the galaxy contain at least 1.5 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> M<SUB>sun</SUB> of molecular gas. Our inability to detect CO emission implies that the CO-to-H_{2 }conversion factor in the vicinity of the dominant star-formation region is at least 80 × 10<SUP>20</SUP> molecules cm<SUP>-2</SUP> (K km s<SUP>-1</SUP>)<SUP>-1</SUP>. We compare GR 8 to all other irregular galaxies for which N(H<SUB>2</SUB>)/W<SUB>CO</SUB> has been measured; we confirm that the CO-to-H<SUB>2</SUB> conversion factor increases with decreasing metallicity or with increasing linear scale of the observations.
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12.32454
8.649117
1995-06-01
61
1995ApJ...446..616V
[ "irregular galaxy GR", "active star formation", "CO emission", "increasing linear scale", "upper limits", "GR", "molecular gas", "all other irregular galaxies", "cm", "N(H" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: GR 8", "ISM: MOLECULES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175821" ]
[ "Verter, Frances", "Hodge, Paul" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996ASPC..106..208S", "1996ApJ...461..202H", "1996ApJ...462..215S", "1996ApJ...466..668M", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...317...65I", "1997A&A...327..453C", "1997A&A...327..522B", "1997A&A...328..471I", "1997AJ....113.1618V", "1997ApJ...474L..11T", "1997ApJ...475..519M", "1997ApJ...480L..59S", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...483..200M", "1997IAUS..170..265R", "1998AJ....115.1000V", "1998AJ....116.1186V", "1998AJ....116.1227D", "1998AJ....116.2746T", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998NewA....3..247P", "1999ASPC..170..274V", "1999ApJ...513..695M", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "1999ApJ...523..701S", "1999ESASP.427.1049P", "1999MNRAS.303..321G", "1999NewAR..43..223P", "2000MNRAS.317..649B", "2001A&A...366..811T", "2001AJ....121..710S", "2001AJ....121..727W", "2001AJ....121..740M", "2001AJ....121.2003V", "2001AJ....122..797C", "2001AJ....122.1770M", "2001ApJ...553..121H", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002A&A...383...14P", "2002A&A...386..464V", "2002A&A...388....7W", "2002AJ....123.1892C", "2002AJ....123.3055M", "2002AJ....124..877M", "2002astro.ph..3399M", "2003A&A...409..879B", "2003astro.ph..2093M", "2005MNRAS.358..521M", "2006AJ....131.2888I", "2006ApJ...636..214V", "2006ApJ...646..192J", "2008AJ....135..527K", "2008IAUS..255..285S", "2009A&A...501..495S", "2009ApJ...703..736P", "2011PASJ...63L...1K", "2012ApJ...757...84W", "2017A&A...604A..53C", "2023PASJ...75.1337K" ]
[ "1959PDDO....2..147V", "1962PASP...74..392R", "1972ApJ...173...25S", "1974PASP...86..645H", "1975A&A....44..151F", "1976asqu.book.....A", "1980A&A....87..142H", "1981ApJ...247..823T", "1982A&A...107..247K", "1982ApJS...49..183B", "1983ApJ...271...65H", "1983ApJ...271..123D", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983PhDT.........2V", "1984ARA&A..22...37G", "1984IAUS..108..353D", "1985ApJ...291..188K", "1985ApJ...296..481B", "1985ApJS...57..261V", "1985ApJS...58..321D", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986A&AS...63..323H", "1986ApJ...300..496K", "1986ApJ...303..186I", "1987ApJ...322..681T", "1987ApJS...65..555V", "1987NASCP2466..263S", "1988A&A...196...31S", "1988A&AS...74..375A", "1988ApJ...325..389M", "1988ApJ...331L..95C", "1988ApJ...332L..33C", "1988PASJ...40..653O", "1989A&A...211L..19B", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJ...344L..61D", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1989PASP..101..640H", "1990AJ.....99..178C", "1990ApJ...350..149D", "1990ApJ...362..100C", "1990ApJ...363..142G", "1990PASJ...42..361S", "1990PASP..102.1281V", "1991ApJ...366L..11W", "1991ApJ...368..173R", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1992ApJ...391..144W", "1993A&A...271....1R", "1993A&A...271....9R", "1993A&A...274..743G", "1993A&A...276...25I", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993PASJ...45L..21O", "1994AJ....107..971T", "1994ApJ...431..658C", "1994ApJ...434L..11W" ]
1948135
null
Imaging and Spectroscopic Observations of the Case Survey Blue/Emission- Line Galaxies
We present CCD imaging and spectroscopic data for 176 blue and/or emission-line galaxies from Lists I and II of the Case Northern Sky Survey. Our sample consists of all Case galaxies which lie in the region which overlaps the original Slice of the Universe survey. We use the observational data to investigate the physical properties of the galaxies selected by the survey, to compare with various parameters published in the survey lists, and to investigate the selection characteristics and completeness limit of the survey. The majority of the Case galaxies are energized by regions of active star formation; only 5% of the sample are Seyfert galaxies. The dual selection techniques used (both UV-excess and emission lines) allow the survey to detect star-forming galaxies with a wide range of properties and evolutionary states. In particular, the Case survey selects galaxies with lower levels of activity than most previous surveys. The survey also includes a larger fraction of intermediate and low-luminosity galaxies than would be present in a purely magnitude- limited sample. Although galaxies as faint as m_B_ = 19 are present in the sample, the completeness limit of the UV-excess selected portion of the survey is closer to m_B_ = 16. The luminosity function of the Case galaxies is derived and compared with that of the "normal" field galaxies in the same volume of space. The shape of the Case luminosity function is similar to that for the field sample. A surprising result is that 31% of the field galaxy population can be accounted for by galaxies of the type selected in the Case survey.
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12.470216
6.988585
1995-06-01
53
1995AJ....109.2376S
[ "galaxies", "Seyfert galaxies", "Case", "all Case galaxies", "the Case galaxies", "the field galaxy population", "star-forming galaxies", "active star formation", "completeness limit", "lower levels" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117458" ]
[ "Salzer, John J.", "Moody, J. Ward", "Rosenberg, Jessica L.", "Gregory, Stephen A.", "Newberry, Michael V." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&AS..116...43P", "1996A&AS..120..323G", "1996ApJS..105..343Z", "1997A&A...321...84B", "1997AJ....113.1548C", "1997AJ....114.2366C", "1997ApJ...475..502G", "1997astro.ph..8116W", "1998A&AS..127..107G", "1998A&AS..131..295U", "1998A&AS..133..171S", "1998Ap.....41...89C", "1998ApJ...502..134W", "1998ApJ...504..720B", "1998astro.ph..6069S", "1999A&A...347...47B", "1999A&AS..135..437G", "1999A&AS..135..511U", "1999A&AS..137..299P", "1999AJ....117.2789H", "1999AJ....118.2705S", "1999ApJ...521L.103T", "1999ApJ...522..183M", "1999ApJS..121..417S", "2000A&ARv..10....1K", "2000A&AS..142..417H", "2000AJ....120...80S", "2000Ap.....43..141E", "2000ApJ...536..606L", "2000AstL...26..129K", "2001A&A...366..771K", "2001A&A...374..907U", "2001AJ....121...66S", "2001ApJ...551..277M", "2002A&A...389..405P", "2002AJ....123.1292S", "2002AJ....124..191S", "2002ApJS..143..377W", "2003A&A...397..463U", "2004AJ....127..686M", "2004AJ....127.1943G", "2004ApJ...617.1004W", "2004ApJS..153..429K", "2005A&A...442..109P", "2005AJ....130.2571J", "2006MNRAS.365..454H", "2008MNRAS.385..854M", "2009MNRAS.399..924Z", "2010ApJ...725.1749T", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.420.1294M", "2014AJ....148..136M", "2021ApJS..253...39W" ]
[ "1888MmRAS..49....1D", "1895MmRAS..51..185D", "1910MmRAS..59..105D", "1956BOTT....2n...8H", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1967Afz.....3...55M", "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1971MNRAS.155...95L", "1973ApJ...186..433H", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJS...32..217S", "1977ApJS...34...95M", "1977ApJS...35..171H", "1979ApJ...231..645T", "1981Afz....17..619M", "1981ApJS...45..113M", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1981gask.book.....M", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983Afz....19..639M", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...272...68W", "1983ApJS...51..171P", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984ApJS...55..517S", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...307..431D", "1986ApJ...310...75T", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1987A&A...185....4A", "1987ApJ...314L..33M", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1988A&A...196...59X", "1988ApJ...328..315M", "1988ApJ...331..172W", "1989AJ.....97..357W", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989ApJ...347..152S", "1989ApJS...70..271B", "1989ApJS...70..447S", "1989ApJS...70..479S", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991A&AS...91..285T", "1991AJ....102.1680W", "1991ASPC...15..143H", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJS...82..471S", "1993AJ....105...35C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993PNAOJ...3...21T", "1994A&A...285....1C", "1994AJ....108.1557R" ]
1971252
null
Radio properties of spiral galaxies in high-density groups
Radio-continuum observations with the Very Large Array (VLA) of 133 spiral galaxies in 68 Hickson Compact Groups are used to investigate possible enhancement of the effects of interactions among galaxies in such high-density groups. In most of the 56 HCG spirals that were detected the radio radiation is confined to slightly extended nuclear regions suggestive of starburst activity. It is found that the total radio radiation from compact group spirals is significantly lower than from a comparison sample of isolated spirals. However, the radio radiation from the nuclear regions is more than 10 times that from comparable regions in the comparison sample. This effect is more dominant in late-type spirals than it is in early-type spirals. The observations are interpreted in a scenario, suggested by numerical simulation studies by a number of authors, in which galaxy interactions are shown to cause both massive inflows of gas towards the centres of galaxies and outflows from the outer regions. The resultant star formation activity at the centre leads to the formation of supernovae and the subsequent radio radiation. On the other hand, the outflow from the outer regions may be expected to remove the gas and magnetic fields from the disc, resulting in reduced disc radio emission. Observations of gaseous and molecular line distributions may be expected to provide kinematic information for modelling of specific interacting systems.
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13.10815
8.150221
1995-06-01
39
1995MNRAS.274..845M
[ "galaxy interactions", "reduced disc radio emission", "compact group spirals", "comparable regions", "galaxies", "isolated spirals", "numerical simulation studies", "Hickson Compact Groups", "kinematic information", "specific interacting systems" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.3.845" ]
[ "Menon, T. K." ]
[ "Department of Geophysics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1498P", "1995AJ....110.2605M", "1996A&A...314..738B", "1997A&A...325..473H", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..117..530V", "1998A&A...330...37L", "1998AJ....116.2123P", "1998ApJ...493..563C", "1998ApJ...497...89V", "1998ApJ...507..691M", "1999A&A...343...93G", "1999A&AS..139..483B", "1999AJ....117.1657D", "1999Ap&SS.269..435M", "1999ApJ...518...94I", "1999ApJ...523...87T", "1999IAUS..186..367H", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000AJ....119.1687T", "2000AJ....119.2664S", "2000ASPC..209...46B", "2000ASPC..209..349I", "2001A&A...377..812V", "2001AJ....122.2993S", "2001ApJ...550..204I", "2001PASP..113..543T", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2002AN....323..488T", "2002ApJ...575..747O", "2003AJ....125.1736P", "2003MNRAS.340.1400Z", "2004MNRAS.353.1117X", "2005JApA...26...89O", "2008A&A...485..475L", "2009MNRAS.392.1141B", "2012A&A...540A..96M", "2015MNRAS.454.3222B", "2018MNRAS.475.4223G" ]
[ "1961hag..book.....S", "1973A&A....28..379B", "1973Natur.241..260A", "1974MNRAS.167..251W", "1974MNRAS.167..273W", "1976ApJS...32..171S", "1977A&A....57...41A", "1978AJ.....83..322S", "1978AJ.....83..348S", "1981A&A....93...93H", "1981A&A....96..111H", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1985ApJ...296...60M", "1986ApJ...310...53G", "1986MNRAS.219..305N", "1987A&AS...70..517H", "1987ApJS...63..265W", "1987ApJS...65..485C", "1987MNRAS.228..635N", "1988A&A...199...91H", "1988ApJ...331L..69H", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1990A&A...236..333H", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990NASCP3098..269K", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1990NASCP3098..689S", "1991A&A...244...52E", "1991ASPC...18.....D", "1991ASPC...18..215V", "1991ApJ...372..419M", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1992ASPC...31..335S", "1992MNRAS.255...41M", "1992pngn.conf...85G", "1993A&A...269....7B", "1993AJ....106.1771K", "1993ApJ...417..502H", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1994A&A...281..725C", "1994AJ....107.1235P", "1994AJ....108...24G" ]
1948208
null
The Formation of Compact Groups of Galaxies. II. X-Ray Properties
We use N-body/hydrodynamic simulations of collapsing rich galaxy groups to predict X-ray properties of compact groups. The model is consistent with the X-ray observations of a few compact groups and naturally explains the correlation between the spiral fraction and the velocity dispersion and crossing time observed in compact groups. The model predicts a correlation between X-ray luminosity and gas temperature only if the systems are bound. The model is an extension of the one used by Diaferio et at. [AJ, 107,868(1994)] to show that substructures within collapsing rich loose groups have dynamical properties and a multiplicity function similar to the Hickson compact groups. So far, both X-ray and optical results suggest that most observed compact groups are three- dimensional systems rather than chance alignments of unrelated galaxies. We propose some direct observational tests to discriminate among models.
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12.468432
5.645112
1995-06-01
30
1995AJ....109.2293D
[ "compact groups", "X-ray properties", "X-ray luminosity", "collapsing rich loose groups", "rich galaxy groups", "the X-ray observations", "dimensional systems", "most observed compact groups", "a few compact groups", "the Hickson compact groups" ]
[ "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: COMPACT" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117452" ]
[ "Diaferio, Antonaldo", "Geller, Margaret J.", "Ramella, Massimo" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..388L", "1996AJ....112..871B", "1996AJ....112.1390V", "1996ApJ...456...80M", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996MNRAS.283..690P", "1997A&A...321..409V", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..116..469B", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJ...506..545C", "1999A&A...348..693T", "1999AJ....117.1657D", "1999IAUS..192..433Z", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..209..239D", "2000ASPC..209..434D", "2001A&A...378..740T", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2002AN....323..488T", "2002ASPC..257..123Z", "2002astro.ph..3066T", "2004AJ....127.1811L", "2005AJ....129.1832G", "2005ApJ...630L.109D", "2006A&A...456..839T", "2008AJ....135..130D", "2011PhDT........96N" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...284L..29B", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1988ApJ...331...64H", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990ApJ...348..647B", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...380..320N", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1991Natur.351..629B", "1992ARA&A..30..543M", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1992daec.conf...51M", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993AJ....105.2035D", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...407..448Z", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJS...88..253S", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1993nbpg.conf..188M", "1994A&A...285..404M", "1994AJ....107..427D", "1994AJ....107..868D", "1994AJ....107.1623R", "1994ApJ...420..570B", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...423..553T", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJ...436...44E", "1994MNRAS.267..401N", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995ApJ...442...57H" ]
1948194
null
The Variability of Optical Narrow Lines in 3C 390.3
Based on the optical spectroscopic data, we study the intensities of the narrow lines in broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3 between 1974 and 1990. The flux of [O III] λ4959 has declined by ~40% between 1974 and 1984. It has remained at a low level between 1984 and 1987, and then increased to a higher level since 1988, in step with the long-term variation of the underlying optical continuum and with the reported fading of narrow core of the Lyα and C IV emission line between 1978 and 1986. Differential variations are found among narrow lines, following a pattern in which low-ionization lines, such as [O I] λ6300 and [N II] λ6583, become relatively stronger. A significant change in the [O III] λ4363/4959 ratios took place around 1980, and the Hβ/Hα ratio has varied between 0.25 and 0.40, suggesting that we have observed emission from regions with different densities and extent of reddening. In 1984 when the continuum reached a minimum level, the fluxes of narrow lines declined within four months by ~40%. The short time scale of variations implies that the narrow-line region in this object must be compact (~1 lt yr) and dense (n ~&gt; 10^6^ cm^-3^). The most probable scenario is the alignment of an elongated narrow-line region close to the line of sight, which would respond to the continuum variation without a significant lag.
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15.624652
7.336538
1995-06-01
23
1995AJ....109.2355Z
[ "narrow lines", "narrow core", "Differential variations", "variations", "the narrow lines", "regions", "broad-line radio galaxy", "an elongated narrow-line region", "n ~&gt", "the narrow-line region" ]
[ "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 3C 390.3" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117455" ]
[ "Zheng, Wei", "Perez, Enrique", "Grandi, Steven A.", "Penston, Michael V." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1498Z", "1996Ap&SS.239...97P", "1997A&A...323....5K", "1997ASPC..113..163D", "1997ApJ...490..216E", "1998ApJS..115..185D", "1999A&A...345...49B", "2001A&A...376..775S", "2002ApJ...567...73N", "2008AJ....135..737T", "2008NewAR..52..227T", "2009ApJ...694..268D", "2010ApJ...722.1333D", "2011MNRAS.410.1877S", "2012ApJ...757...53D", "2013ApJ...779..109P", "2014ApJ...796..134D", "2016A&ARv..24...10T", "2016MNRAS.457L..64Z", "2017MNRAS.465.1898S", "2020MNRAS.495..971S", "2021MNRAS.504.4377T", "2021MNRAS.504.5726F" ]
[ "1975ApJ...197L..41O", "1976ApJ...210L.117T", "1978AJ.....83.1257D", "1980MNRAS.193..549B", "1982MNRAS.198..589N", "1983ApJ...271..564A", "1984MNRAS.211P..33P", "1985aagq.conf...39W", "1986ApJ...301..727D", "1987ApJ...320L...9C", "1987IAUS..121..169P", "1987IAUS..121..223B", "1987IAUS..121..227P", "1987slrs.work..267O", "1988A&A...192...53A", "1988AJ.....95.1695V", "1988AJ.....96.1215P", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1988MNRAS.230..353P", "1988PASP..100...18P", "1989MNRAS.239...55P", "1989MNRAS.239...75P", "1989MNRAS.241P..31P", "1989Natur.341..422T", "1989agna.book.....O", "1991ApJ...377...89V", "1991ApJ...381..418Z", "1993PASP..105..247P", "1994ASPC...61..437K", "1994ApJ...420..143I", "1995ApJ...438..610E" ]
1950247
null
Nonlinear Evolution of Internal Gravity Waves in Cluster Cooling Flows
We investigate the formation and evolution of finite-amplitude and finite-wavelength disturbances through time-dependent axisymmetric numerical simulations of model cluster atmospheres perturbed by a single galaxy orbiting along the symmetry axis. For density and temperature profiles typical of a large cluster cooling flow, the perturbing galaxy excites nonlinear g-modes which result in local density enhancements of order unity and fluid velocities in excess of 500 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. The modes are trapped within the resonant radius, where the local buoyant oscillation frequency exceeds the orbital frequency of the perturbing galaxy. The resulting perturbed velocity field is characterized by nonzero vorticity. By contrast, acoustic disturbances travel out of the cluster center and generally correspond to an irrotational velocity field. In cases where modes are resonantly excited, a global dipole mode dominates after several orbits of the perturbing galaxy. These results suggest that in the presence of a temperature gradient due to cooling in the cluster center, an orbiting galaxy can generate local inhomogeneities via the excitation of internal gravity modes. This process may be important for understanding the clumpy X-ray structure now becoming apparent in ROSAT images.
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14.067465
5.175847
1995-06-01
23
1995ApJ...446..529L
[ "model cluster atmospheres", "local density enhancements", "internal gravity modes", "local inhomogeneities", "fluid velocities", "modes", "acoustic disturbances", "The resulting perturbed velocity field", "the perturbing galaxy excites", "order unity" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GRAVITATION", "WAVES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175811" ]
[ "Lufkin, Eric A.", "Balbus, Steven A.", "Hawley, John F." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1390V", "1996PASP..108....8T", "2000ApJ...542...94L", "2001ApJ...558....1L", "2001MNRAS.322...67S", "2002MNRAS.332..729C", "2002luml.conf...37C", "2005ApJ...620..191C", "2005MNRAS.357..381R", "2006ESASP.604..739D", "2007ApJ...667L...5K", "2007ApJ...671..181D", "2010ApJ...713.1332R", "2010ApJ...725.1069K", "2011ApJ...740...81R", "2011MNRAS.413.2057R", "2011MNRAS.414.1493R", "2014A&A...569A..67G", "2014Natur.515...85Z", "2016MNRAS.457.2554C", "2017ApJ...841...38V", "2018MNRAS.478.4785Z", "2019ApJ...874...42V" ]
[ "1942psd..book.....C", "1964JMP.....5..133S", "1967dmiv.book.....R", "1971MNRAS.154..141H", "1981MNRAS.194..195B", "1982AJ.....87....1Q", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1987ApJ...318..629W", "1987MNRAS.228..973T", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...332L..23H", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1988cfcg.work...63C", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989A&A...217..351M", "1989AJ.....98..180O", "1989ApJ...336L..13L", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1989ApJ...341..611B", "1989MNRAS.238...15L", "1990ApJ...357..353B", "1990ApJ...360...20M", "1990MNRAS.242..120L", "1990MNRAS.242..399H", "1990MNRAS.247..367M", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...372...25B", "1991ApJ...383...66H", "1991MNRAS.248..741T", "1991MNRAS.251..379R", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...393..579M", "1993ApJ...408...71W", "1993ApJS...88..569L" ]
1948143
null
Discovery of Two Likely Dwarf Companions of Maffei 1
Deep wide-field CCD images have revealed two likely late-type galaxies about 20 arcmin away from Maffei 1. The brighter object may be a spiral, but the fainter is probably a dwarf irregular galaxy. The two objects are probably members of the IC 342-Maffei group of galaxies.
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10.74988
7.499282
1995-06-01
22
1995AJ....109.2460M
[ "galaxies", "Maffei", "Deep wide-field CCD images", "CCD", "a dwarf irregular galaxy", "members", "two likely late-type galaxies", "The brighter object", "the IC 342-Maffei group", "Maffei 1" ]
[ "LOCAL GROUP" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117463" ]
[ "McCall, Marshall L.", "Buta, Ronald J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...305L..25H", "1996A&A...309..687B", "1996A&AS..117..369L", "1996ASPC...94..145L", "1996ApJ...466..135H", "1996MNRAS.280..537L", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&AS..124..559K", "1997A&AT...14..141L", "1997AJ....113..981M", "1998A&A...331..891K", "1998A&A...332..523W", "1998A&A...337...64S", "1998A&AS..127..269H", "1998A&AS..127..409K", "1999ASPC..170..334R", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "1999PASA...16...48R", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000ASPC..209..158H", "2004AJ....128..375M", "2005nfcd.conf..265V" ]
[ "1968PASP...80..618M", "1983MNRAS.205..131B", "1986JRASC..80..271M", "1987BAAS...19..689M", "1989AJ.....97.1341M", "1992AN....313..189S", "1993AJ....105..886V", "1993ApJ...410...81L", "1994AJ....107.2055B", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1995A&A...293L..33H" ]
1952800
null
A Near-Infrared Faint Galaxy Survey: The Catalog
The catalogs from two K-band surveys of the extragalactic sky are presented. The surveys are the Hawaii Medium Wide Survey, covering 580 square arcminutes to a depth of K = 17, and the Hawaii Medium Deep Survey, covering 170 square arcminutes to a depth of K = 18. The fields have been observed to a corresponding depth in the B and I bands. The methods of field selection, observations, image processing, object identification, catalog preparation, and star/galaxy separation are presented. These methods are compared with those used in other surveys.
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12.695355
6.065504
1995-06-01
19
1995ApJS...98..441G
[ "other surveys", "catalog preparation", "image processing", "object identification", "field selection", "K =", "the Hawaii Medium Wide Survey", "the Hawaii Medium Deep Survey", "observations", "star/galaxy separation" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Faint Objects", "Galactic Evolution", "Galaxies", "Infrared Astronomy", "Near Infrared Radiation", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astronomical Photometry", "Image Processing", "Imaging Techniques", "Infrared Photometry", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192169" ]
[ "Gardner, J. P." ]
[ "University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...452..538G", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1996MNRAS.283L..15B", "1997AJ....114..887S", "1997ApJ...491...93L", "1998AJ....115.1377M", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998ApJS..119....1H", "1999A&A...351..495S", "1999Ap&SS.267..343G", "2000ApJ...528..123T", "2000ApJ...536..500A", "2000MNRAS.311..707M", "2000astro.ph..7322S", "2001AJ....121..598M", "2002MNRAS.332..479J" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1986JOSAA...3.2131T", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1994ASSL..190...29G", "1994ApJ...434..114C" ]
1974389
null
IC 1613 X-1: A Galaxy Cluster at Z ~ 0.2 behind a Local Group Dwarf Galaxy
Based on Einstein IPC imaging and spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy and optical imaging, I argue that the x-rays seen in the direction of the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy IC 1613 are mainly due to emission from a previously uncataloged cluster of galaxies (CL B0102+0146) at a redshift of z ~ 0.2 and of richness class ~3, centered at the IPC x-ray position. The Einstein data are not adequate to determine if the x-rays are due to cluster emission or an AGN. However, both the available optical data, and the non-detection of this object in deep radio surveys argue that a hote intracluster medium is the source of the x-ray emission. The x-ray flux of this cluster in the Einstein IPC band (0.2-4.0 keV) is higher than 78% of the clusters in the Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey sample of Gioia et al. (1990). It is thus likely that only its position behind IC 1613 prevented its earlier detection. (SECTION: Galaxies)
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13.556311
5.040488
1995-06-01
7
1995PASP..107..561E
[ "Einstein IPC imaging", "-", "cluster emission", "rays", "the IPC x-ray position", "the x-ray emission", "irregular galaxy IC", "The x-ray flux", "optical imaging", "Einstein" ]
[ "LOCAL GROUP", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: IC 1613 X-1" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133592" ]
[ "Eskridge, Paul B." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114..988E", "1997Ap&SS.252..199L", "1998AJ....116.2328L", "2001ApJ...556...24Z", "2001PASP..113.1115K", "2001RvMA...14..297B", "2022AJ....163...66S" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1979ApJ...230..540G", "1980PhyS...21..652K", "1982ApJ...257..499B", "1985ApJ...297..564M", "1985ApJS...57..711F", "1987ApJ...313..596W", "1987ApJ...316..127F", "1988AJ.....96.1248F", "1988ApJ...325..531T", "1988ApJ...326..680M", "1989AJ.....98.1274L", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1990MNRAS.244..207M", "1991ApJ...369..372H", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...374..475W", "1991ApJS...75....1B", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1992ASPC...25..432K", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJS...78..391W", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992ApJS...80..645K", "1993ARA&A..31..717M", "1993ApJ...410..615P", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993MNRAS.263..461P", "1994ApJ...430..533D", "1994ApJ...432...49H", "1994ApJ...432..464N", "1995ApJ...438..663M", "1995ApJS...97..141E" ]
1974327
null
Detection, Photometry, and Completeness of FOCAS Catalogs for the HST Medium-Deep Survey
We discuss the methods which we have developed and applied to optimize the detection efficiency of faint galaxies with the HST Wide Field and Planetary Cameras both prior and subsequent to the HST refurbishment mission in December 1993. Our methods are based on the FOCAS (Tyson and Jarvis 1979) automated detection software package, which we have applied to compile galaxy catalogs. Using this package, we examine photometry and detection efficiency as a function of image convolution filter width (rho). We measure completeness and reliability for the catalogs from image simulations, and we also compare a WF/PC data frame with an exposure of the same field obtained with the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Further, we investigate the quality of galaxy scale lengths and axial ratios derived by FOCAS on WF/PC data. We summarize several results applicable to WF/PC and WFPC2 data. The object detection efficiency increases monotonically with increasing rho, independent of galaxy half-light radius (r_hl), although only marginal improvement in efficiency occurs for rho &gt; r_hi. Secondly, for both WF/PC and WFPC2, the FOCAS 95% completeness limit shifts toward brighter apparent magnitude as a function of increasing r_hl, best fit by a second order polynomial but roughly equivalent to a 0.8 mag per 1" increment in half-light radius. As a result of the elimination of the HST spherical aberration and the use of filters with higher throughput, the 95% completeness limits for WFPC2 F606W and F814W data are &gt;= 1.1 mag fainter than those for WF/PC F555W and F785LP data, respectively, for a given integration time and sky background level. Fixed-aperture magnitudes grow fainter with increasing r_hl for a given intrinsic flux. Finally, 1"-diamter aperture photometry in WF/PC and WFPC2 data serves to parameterize the detection efficiency fairly independently of galaxy scale-lengths for 0.2" &lt;= r_hl &lt;= 2", i.e., the spread in detection efficiency over the range 0.2" &lt;= r_hl &lt;= 2", for galaxies of a given fixed aperture magnitude, is mimimized when the diameter of the fixed aperture is 1". (SECTION: Computing and Data Analysis)
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11.069263
4.631902
1995-06-01
6
1995PASP..107..590N
[ "detection efficiency", "galaxy scale lengths", "automated detection software package", "efficiency", "F785LP data", "F814W data", "compile galaxy catalogs", "WF", "faint galaxies", "r_hl" ]
[ "TECHNIQUES: PHOTOMETRIC" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133596" ]
[ "Neuschaefer, Lyman", "Ratnatunga, Kavan U.", "Griffiths, Richard E.", "Valdes, Francisco" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997AJ....113..569S", "1997AJ....114..474G", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997MNRAS.291..383C", "2003A&A...397..371D" ]
[ "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1985MNRAS.214..575I", "1987AJ.....94..876O", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...369L..21B", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992wfpi.book.....M", "1993AJ....105.1581S", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJS...96..371N" ]
1974336
null
The Energy Generation Mechanisms Powering Infrared-Selected Galaxies
I have applied newly available optical emission line diagnostics to two samples of infrared-luminous galaxies in a program to discriminate between possible energy generation mechanisms, i.e., active nuclei and starbursts. The first sample was composed of very faint (F(60 microns) &lt; 180 mJy, z &lt; 0.3) galaxies drawn from coadded IRAS scans of the North Ecliptic Pole Region (NEPR). The second sample consisted of 37 much brighter sources drawn from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample (BGS). Analysis of the redshift distribution of the NEPR sample revealed clustering is present on scales ~10 Mpc. In addition, a very strong cluster was identified at z=0.088 that has a surface density roughly three times greater than the Great Wall. Out of the 76 galaxies observed from the NEPR sample 17 had strong spectra suitable for the analysis, which was based on the relative intensities of forbidden and permitted emission lines. While 3 sources could be classified as AGNs and another 7 as starburst galaxies, the remaining 7 eluded classification. Longslit optical emission-line spectra, which effectively separated nuclear and disk contributions to the emission, indicated the BGS galaxies contained 7 AGNs and 24 starbursts. In a minority of 6 cases, however, the line diagnostics failed to unambiguously classify the luminosity source. Follow-up near-infrared imaging showed that the 'straddlers' have redder near-infrared colors than the other BGS galaxies. The optical spectra and near-infrared colors taken together with morphological peculiarities imply that the straddlers are composite objects harboring low-luminosity active nuclei residing within starburst disks. Finally, the optical spectrum of a high redshift IRAS galaxy was analysed. IRAS 18003+6652 is the third most distant (z=0.088) galaxy known to have been observed by IRAS and has an unusually strong emission line spectrum in combination with low-ionization absorption features. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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13.541217
7.516669
1995-06-01
0
1995PASP..107..601A
[ "starburst galaxies", "coadded IRAS scans", "strong spectra", "IRAS", "Longslit optical emission-line spectra", "newly available optical emission line diagnostics", "a high redshift IRAS galaxy", "possible energy generation mechanisms", "starburst disks", "forbidden and permitted emission lines" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133598" ]
[ "Ashby, Matthew L. N." ]
[ "-" ]
null
null
11591078
astro-ph/9408067
The assembly of galaxies in a hierarchically clustering universe
We study the formation of galaxies by using N-body/hydrodynamics simulations to investigate how baryons collect at the centre of dark matter haloes. We treat the dark matter as a collisionless fluid and the baryons as an ideal gas. We include the effects of gravity, pressure gradients, hydrodynamical shocks, and radiative energy losses, but we neglect star formation. Our initial conditions assume a flat universe dominated by cold dark matter with a mean baryon abundance of 10 per cent by mass. Typical haloes form through the merging of a few smaller systems which had themselves formed in a similar manner at higher redshift. The gas collects at the bottom of dark matter potential wells as soon as these are properly resolved by our simulations. There it settles into cold, tightly bound discs, and it remains cold during subsequent evolution. As their haloes coalesce, these discs merge on a time-scale that is consistent with dynamical friction estimates based on their total (gas+surrounding dark matter) mass. Both the merger rates of the discs and their mass spectrum are in remarkably good agreement with recent analytic models that describe the evolution of dark haloes in a hierarchical universe. This very simple model of galaxy formation suffers from serious shortcomings. It predicts that most baryons should be locked up in galaxies, whereas in the real universe most baryons are thought to lie outside visible galaxies. In addition, it predicts the specific angular momentum of a disc to be only about 20 per cent of that of its surrounding halo, corresponding to a radius smaller than that of observed spiral galaxy discs.
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11.086581
5.559683
1995-07-01
391
1995MNRAS.275...56N
[ "dark matter haloes", "cold dark matter", "dark matter", "dark haloes", "dark matter potential wells", "observed spiral galaxy discs", "galaxy formation", "most baryons", "baryons", "visible galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
13
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.56", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408067" ]
[ "Navarro, Julio F.", "Frenk, Carlos S.", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
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11580459
astro-ph/9501090
Excitation of Activity in Galaxies by Minor Mergers
Mergers between gas-rich disks and less massive dwarf galaxies are studied using numerical simulation. As the orbit of a satellite decays through dynamical friction, the primary disk develops large-amplitude spirals in response to its tidal forcing. While these features arise in both the stars and the gas in the disk, the nonaxisymmetric structures in the gas differ slightly from those in the stars. In particular, as a consequence of the formation of strong shocks in the gas and the effects of radiative cooling, the gas response tends to lead the stellar response, enabling the stars to strongly torque the gas. These torques deprive the gas of its angular momentum, forcing a significant fraction of it into the inner regions of the disk. Depending on the detailed treatment of the gas physics and the structure of the primary galaxy, the gas can also condense into dense knots in reaction to the gravitational perturbation of the dwarf, which later sink to the center of the primary by dynamical friction against the stellar background. <P />The radial inflows induced by these mergers accumulate large quantities of interstellar gas in the nuclear regions of the host disks. In some cases, nearly half of all the gas initially distributed throughout the disk winds up in a dense "cloud" extending several hundred parsecs. The models reported here do not include star formation, and so we cannot determine the ultimate fate of the gas. Nevertheless, given the high densities in the nuclear gas, it is plausible to identify these concentrations of dense gas in the remnants with those accompanying intense starbursts in some active galaxies. Therefore, the calculations here provide a framework for interpreting the origin of nuclear activity in otherwise quiescent disk galaxies. To the extent that galaxy formation is a chaotic process in which large structures are built up by the accretion of smaller fragments, our models may also be relevant to starbursts and the onset of nuclear activity in protogalaxies at high red shifts.
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11.210508
6.622115
1995-07-01
356
1995ApJ...448...41H
[ "dense gas", "interstellar gas", "galaxy formation", "nuclear activity", "less massive dwarf galaxies", "star formation", "large structures", "gas-rich disks", "dynamical friction", "large quantities" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "Astrophysics" ]
13
[ "10.1086/175940", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501090" ]
[ "Hernquist, Lars", "Mihos, J. Christopher" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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11591188
astro-ph/9503101
The morphological identification of the rapidly evolving population of faint galaxies
The excess numbers of blue galaxies at faint magnitudes are a long-standing cosmological puzzle. We present new number-magnitude counts as a function of galactic morphology from the first deep fields of the Cycle 4 Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey project. From a sample of 301 galaxies we define counts for elliptical, spiral and irregular/peculiar galaxies to I=22. We find two principal results. First, the elliptical and spiral galaxy counts both follow the predictions of high-normalization no-evolution models at all magnitudes, indicating that regular Hubble types evolve only slowly to z~0.5. Secondly, we find that irregular/peculiar galaxies, including multiple-peaked, possibly merging objects, have a very steep number - magnitude relation and greatly exceed predictions based on proportions in local surveys. These systems make up half the total counts by I=22 and imply that the rapidly evolving component of the faint galaxy population has been identified.
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12.246816
6.258506
1995-07-01
223
1995MNRAS.275L..19G
[ "faint magnitudes", "blue galaxies", "counts", "regular Hubble types", "new number-magnitude counts", "Hubble", "predictions", "irregular/peculiar galaxies", "galactic morphology", "the faint galaxy population" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.L19", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503101" ]
[ "Glazebrook, Karl", "Ellis, Richard", "Santiago, Basilio", "Griffiths, Richard" ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996A&A...315...21V", "1996AJ....111.1098M", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996ASPC...94...83F", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...464...44C", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996ApJ...465L..15V", "1996ApJ...466..104Z", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...467L..53C", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996ApJ...469..535K", "1996ApJ...469..662D", "1996ApJ...470..189G", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996ApJ...473..356P", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.278..617E", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.280..469T", "1996MNRAS.280L..43C", "1996MNRAS.281.1363S", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1996MNRAS.282L..27B", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996Natur.383..236M", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997A&A...323..337A", "1997AJ....113....1S", "1997AJ....113..185M", 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"2005ApJ...630..784T", "2005MNRAS.357..903C", "2006ApJ...636..115P", "2006ApJ...648L..17B", "2006MNRAS.365..439C", "2006NewAR..50..113W", "2007ApJ...659..162T", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2008AIPC.1035..318W", "2008AdSpR..41.1965W", "2008ApJ...672..177L", "2008MNRAS.386..909C", "2008flu..book..259E", "2009ApJ...696..348W", "2009ApJ...701..306E", "2009Natur.457...41D", "2010ApJ...713..330X", "2010MNRAS.401.2113E", "2011A&A...532A..37S", "2011AJ....142..118S", "2011ASPC..446..235W", "2011ApJ...729...48B", "2011ApJS..193...27W", "2011MNRAS.417.2601W", "2012ApJ...753...95B", "2012ApJ...760...72X", "2013LNP...861..327D", "2013PASA...30...56G", "2014A&A...572A..47R", "2014A&ARv..22...71S", "2014ARA&A..52..291C", "2014MNRAS.437.2146W", "2015MNRAS.447.1224M", "2015MNRAS.451.1158P", "2015MNRAS.452...88K", "2016arXiv161001163H", "2017A&A...599A..25P", "2017ApJ...837....6S", "2019ApJ...872...76N", "2019MNRAS.485.5700S", "2020MNRAS.494.5421S", "2021ApJ...912...45N", "2021ApJ...912...49M", "2021MNRAS.507.3830I", "2021PASA...38...31F", "2021arXiv210602664W", "2022MNRAS.509.2318E", "2022MNRAS.512.3480G", "2022arXiv220309051H", "2024ApJ...963...54P", "2024arXiv240507986P" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1974ApJ...194..555B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ASPC...10..248E", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994MNRAS.269..953Z", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994PhDT.......151D", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.274..769M", "1995MNRAS.275..169G" ]
11591179
astro-ph/9502094
An imaging K-band survey - II. The redshift survey and galaxy evolution in the infrared
We present further results from an imaging K-band survey of 552 arcmin^2, complete to a 5sigma limit of K~=17.3. This paper describes a redshift survey of 124 galaxies, and addresses the colours of faint galaxies and the evolution of the K-band luminosity function. The optical-to-infrared colours are consistent with the range expected from synthetic galaxy spectra, although there are some cases of very red nuclei. These may possibly be attributed to either extinction or metallicity gradients. Our data show no evidence for evolution of the K-band luminosity function at &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;0.5, and the results are well described by a Schechter function with M^*_K=-22.75+/-0.13+5 log_10h and phi*=0.026+/-0.003h^3 Mpc^-3. This is a somewhat higher normalization than has been found by previous workers, and it removes much of the excess in faint K and b_J counts with respect to a no-evolution model. However, we do find evidence for evolution at z&gt;0.5: M^*K is approximately 0.75 mag brighter at z=1. This luminosity evolution is balanced by a reduced normalization at high redshift: the total luminosity density is required to be approximately constant in order not to exceed the faint counts. The overall evolution is thus opposite to that expected in simple merger-dominated models; we briefly consider possible interpretations of this result.
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12.476797
6.12314
1995-07-01
118
1995MNRAS.275..169G
[ "faint K", "evolution", "faint galaxies", "synthetic galaxy spectra", "high redshift", "further results", "metallicity gradients", "b_J counts", "previous workers", "This luminosity evolution" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "INFRARED: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.169", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502094" ]
[ "Glazebrook, Karl", "Peacock, J. A.", "Miller, L.", "Collins, C. A." ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996A&A...312L..13H", "1996ASPC...94...83F", "1996ASPC...98..588P", "1996ApJ...459..491S", "1996ApJ...463L..51B", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...470L..93K", "1996IAUS..171..247F", "1996MNRAS.279....1B", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.282..903C", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996MNRAS.283L..15B", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997AJ....113....1S", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..116...11B", "1997ApJ...475..445M", "1997ApJ...475..494L", "1997ApJ...476...12H", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997ApJ...481...49H", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...484....7G", "1997MNRAS.291..527Z", "1997euvl.conf..105B", "1997hsth.conf...67C", "1998A&A...330...57C", "1998AJ....115.1234C", "1998ASPC..146..210M", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...493..529B", "1998ApJ...496...31H", "1998ApJ...503L..19Y", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998IAUS..179..278G", "1998IAUS..179..339M", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.297..128C", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998astro.ph..2352P", "1998astro.ph.11202F", "1999A&A...349..751S", "1999ASPC..170...68L", "1999ASPC..176..276B", "1999AdSpR..23.1131K", "1999ApJ...511...16J", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ApJ...517..148F", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999MNRAS.308..377M", "1999MNRAS.309..585J", "1999MNRAS.310...43V", "2000A&A...362L..45D", "2000ASPC..200..109C", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...540..593V", "2000MNRAS.311..707M", "2000MNRAS.312..557L", "2000MNRAS.318..453C", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000RSPTA.358.2093C", "2000astro.ph..4224V", "2001ApJ...550..570H", "2001ApJ...557..117B", "2001ApJ...560..566K", "2001MNRAS.322...43B", "2001MNRAS.322..843P", "2001MNRAS.326..255C", "2001MNRAS.326..745M", "2002A&A...395..443B", "2002ApJS..143..315V", "2002MNRAS.332..479J", "2002MNRAS.335...10B", "2003AJ....126.2330C", "2003ApJ...584..203H", "2003ApJ...592..710A", "2003ApJ...595..698D", "2003ApJS..149..289B", "2003MNRAS.342..605F", "2003MNRAS.345.1049F", "2004A&A...421..847Z", "2005A&A...433...17A", "2006MNRAS.367..349S", "2007A&A...468..937H", "2007AJ....133.2418I", "2007MNRAS.375..931M", "2007MNRAS.378..429F", "2007MNRAS.380..585C", "2007NCimB.122.1147M", "2008ApJ...683...45I", "2008MNRAS.383.1319G", "2009MNRAS.397..868S", "2009MNRAS.398..497G", "2010MNRAS.401.1166C", "2010MNRAS.405.2419G", "2011MNRAS.410.1155B", "2013MNRAS.429..881S", "2013MNRAS.433.2946W", "2014MNRAS.440..269M", "2015ApJ...815...97O", "2017MNRAS.465..672M", "2018MNRAS.477..335L", "2019MNRAS.485.5700S", "2021PASA...38...41F", "2023A&A...677A.184W", "2023Sci...382..294R" ]
[ "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1976ApJ...207..700F", "1978ApJ...221L.103A", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1983ApJ...268..476S", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1987MNRAS.224..801H", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988ASPC....3...93P", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988Obs...108..161W", "1990A&A...233...62P", "1990ASPC...10..248E", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991AJ....101.1595J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.253..686C", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992PhDT.........7G", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1994MNRAS.269..953Z", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994PASP..106..983A", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJS...96..117M", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.274..769M" ]
11579297
astro-ph/9410076
Arc statistics with realistic cluster potentials. III. A systematic effect on cluster mass estimates.
It is shown in this paper that deviations of galaxy cluster lenses from spherical symmetry can render mass estimates for galaxy clusters based on the formation of large arcs systematically to high. Numerical models show that the mass needed for producing large arcs in clusters can be notably smaller than expected from simple spherically symmetric lens models. The reason is that the enhanced tidal effect in asymmetric and substructured lenses can compensate for part of the convergence necessary for strong lensing effects. An analytic argument is given to explain why deviations from radial symmetry will in general decrease the required lens mass. Mass estimates assuming radially symmetric lenses are on average too high by a factor of =~1.6, and with a probability of =~20% by a factor of =~2.
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12.625516
4.258601
1995-07-01
43
1995A&A...299...11B
[ "galaxy cluster lenses", "symmetric lenses", "galaxy clusters", "mass estimates", "large arcs", "strong lensing effects", "radial symmetry", "spherical symmetry", "clusters", "Mass estimates" ]
[ "DARK MATTER", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9410076" ]
[ "Bartelmann, M." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1812L", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996MNRAS.279..615A", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996MNRAS.283..263A", "1996MNRAS.283..431B", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...319..764H", "1997ApJ...481..633D", "1997ApJ...483L..17M", "1997ApJ...484..574H", "1997ApJ...491..467M", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1998MNRAS.296..392A", "1998ptc..conf..288F", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ApJ...517..587L", "1999ApJ...527..545M", "2001AJ....121...10C", "2001ApJ...559..572O", "2001MNRAS.327.1057S", "2002ApJ...564...65G", "2002ApJ...572...66A", "2002ApJ...573...51O", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003ApJ...599....7O", "2003MNRAS.340..105M", "2003astro.ph..6465S", "2004A&A...423...65J", "2005A&A...443..793G", "2005ApJ...632..841O", "2007A&A...461...25M", "2010A&A...514A..93M", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2010MNRAS.408.1277S", "2012A&A...545A.100L", "2012ApJ...753..163G", "2013A&A...560A..86D", "2013SSRv..177...31M", "2013SSRv..177...75H", "2014ApJ...789...51Z", "2014MNRAS.440.1899G" ]
[ "1986MNRAS.219..333S", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987MNRAS.228..973T", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1994A&A...287....1B", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...435L.109L", "1995A&A...294..411S" ]
11580400
astro-ph/9501031
The Mass Distribution of the Lens Galaxy in MG 1131+0456
We present the results of modeling 5, 8, and 15 GHz maps of the gravitational lens MG 1131+0456 using the LensClean algorithm. Two models for the mass distribution in the lens were fitted: a de Vaucouleurs model and a model with the two-dimensional potential φ = b<SUP>2</SUP> r<SUP>2</SUP> + s<SUP>2</SUP>)<SUP>α/2/α, both in an external shear field. The best-fit de Vaucouleurs model has an effective radius of R<SUB>e</SUB> = 0."83±0."13, larger than that measured at optical wavelengths. The best-fit "α-model" has α = 0.6±0.2 and a core radius of 5 = 0."19±0."07. An isothermal model (α = 1) is inconsistent with the data. The best α-model fits the 8 GHz map significantly better than the best de Vaucouleurs model, and it is a good fit at all three frequencies. Although the peak residuals in the best reconstructions are less than 5% of the map peak and it is difficult to distinguish visually the original image and the reconstructions, none of the models is statistically consistent with the data. Experiments on the effects of using Clean maps suggest that systematic errors are not the source of the discrepancy. We believe the primary problem is that an external shear is an inadequate model for the angular structure of the lens galaxy. The finite core radius in the models is required by the structure of the extended ring, so we confirm that the central component in the 8 GHz map is a central, lensed image of the source rather than the lens galaxy. Two galaxies 3" from the ring add an external shear to the lens model that is within 3° of the fitted model. The alignment is remarkable, but the two galaxies cannot account for the magnitude of the shear unless the effective ratio of their luminosity to the primary lens galaxy is 25 times larger than the measured ratio. The model lens positions, the position angle of the shear, and the mass interior to the ring are determined very precisely by the lens models. The time delay between the compact components is predicted with an uncertainty we estimate to be at most ±9%. the formal uncertainty is ±4%.</SUP>
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13.044869
4.123102
1995-07-01
25
1995ApJ...447...62C
[ "Clean maps", "The model lens positions", "the lens model", "the lens models", "the fitted model", "an inadequate model", "the primary lens galaxy", "An isothermal model", "=", "systematic errors" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: MG 1131+0456", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/175857", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501031" ]
[ "Chen, G. H.", "Kochanek, C. S.", "Hewitt, J. N." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Department of Astronomy, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge MA 02138", "Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139" ]
[ "1996ApJ...464..556E", "1996IAUS..173..407P", "1997ASPC..116...65R", "1997ASPC..117..120R", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1998astro.ph..9371K", "2000ApJ...535..692K", "2000MNRAS.319..879M", "2000astro.ph..9048S", "2001ApJ...549L..33R", "2001ApJ...554.1216C", "2001ApJ...558..657M", "2001MNRAS.327..557M", "2002ApJ...575..103W", "2003AJ....126.2281J", "2003ApJ...583..606K", "2003ApJ...587...80W", "2003MNRAS.338..599B", "2004ApJ...617...81B", "2005IAUS..225..281S", "2010ApJ...723.1319B", "2016Univ....2....6D", "2020ApJ...895L..38S", "2022A&A...658A...7B", "2023arXiv230108622W" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1975ApJ...195...13B", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1979Natur.279..381W", "1980A&A....89..377C", "1984AJ.....89.1076S", "1985A&A...143...77C", "1985ApJ...291L..29A", "1986ApJ...302...43A", "1987ApJ...321..658B", "1988ApJ...327..693G", "1988Natur.333..537H", "1989AJ.....97.1283L", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989MNRAS.238...43K", "1991A&A...250L...5H", "1991ARA&A..29..239D", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992ApJ...384....1K", "1992ApJ...384..423B", "1992ApJ...391L..17A", "1992ApJ...401..461K", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993AJ....106.1719C", "1993ApJ...403..567S", "1993ApJ...416..425M", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1994ApJ...420L...9L", "1994ApJ...427...86B", "1995ApJ...441...58W" ]
11579836
astro-ph/9503066
The Dwarf Galaxy NGC 1705-A Highly Composite Stellar Population
We present visible and near-infrared images of the amorphous dwarf galaxy NGC 1705 in the B, V, R, J, H, and K bands. Optical and near-infrared colors in the galaxy are consistent with a composite population with colors similar to those of the bluest Sc nuclei. The contribution of young stars to the disk population of the galaxy decreases outward from the center. In the near-infrared images we detect three unresolved point sources, two of which have colors and luminosities comparable to intermediate age LMC clusters.
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11.081628
8.255633
1995-07-01
11
1995AJ....110..205Q
[ "colors", "intermediate age LMC clusters", "young stars", "K bands", "the amorphous dwarf galaxy", "J", "R", "V", "luminosities", "NGC" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 1705", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES", "PECULIAR", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117508", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503066" ]
[ "Quillen, A. C.", "Ramirez, Solange V.", "Frogel, Jay A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470..790Q", "1998ApJ...493..650M", "1998ApJ...502L..17H", "1998ApJS..116...29G", "1999ApJ...514...96O", "2001AJ....122.1271T", "2003AJ....126.2752A", "2003MNRAS.339..225D", "2004ApJ...614..698L", "2008JKAS...41..121S", "2009AJ....138..169A" ]
[ "1978AJ.....83..904S", "1979AJ.....84..472S", "1979ApJS...39...61P", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980ApJ...240..785F", "1982ApJ...258..143C", "1983AJ.....88.1027E", "1983ApJ...266..105P", "1983ApJ...268..667T", "1985A&A...149L..24M", "1985ApJ...291...63L", "1985ApJ...298..528F", "1985RMxAA..11...91M", "1986AJ.....92.1007B", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1990ApJ...352...96F", "1991MNRAS.250..544J", "1992AJ....103...60M", "1992PASP..104..204P", "1994ApJ...433...65O" ]
11591153
astro-ph/9501081
Cosmic rays from accreting isolated neutron stars
Interstellar matter that is accreted on to isolated magnetic neutron stars in the Galaxy (~10^9 by number) is accelerated and reflected back by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shocks, which envelop the stars. The integrated power in the Galaxy, L_cr,ns, is &gt;~10^40 erg s^-1, the energy distribution is a power law of spectral index &gt;2, and the particle energy can be raised to 10^6 GeV, consistent with the power and spectrum of primary cosmic rays in the Galaxy. The major contribution to L_cr,ns comes from a minority of ~10^7 isolated neutron stars which are located within dense clouds. Sources in these clouds, which are generally spread within the Galactic disc, can explain the concentration of high-energy cosmic rays in the Galactic plane, as deduced from pion decay spectra in gamma-ray observations. The soft X-ray luminosity from these neutron stars is consistent with the Galactic X-ray background. The accretion may be associated with ion-neutral bias, which is further enhanced by ion confinement in frozen-in magnetic fields which can raise the relative abundance of first ionization potential (FIP) elements in the cosmic rays.
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6.221941
0.967668
1995-07-01
9
1995MNRAS.275..115S
[ "isolated magnetic neutron stars", "isolated neutron stars", "primary cosmic rays", "Galactic", "high-energy cosmic rays", "ion confinement", "the Galactic X-ray background", "pion decay spectra", "Galaxy", "The soft X-ray luminosity" ]
[ "ACCELERATION OF PARTICLES", "MHD", "SHOCK WAVES", "STARS: NEUTRON", "COSMIC RAYS", "X-RAYS: ISM", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.115", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501081" ]
[ "Shemi, Amotz" ]
[ "Wise Observatory &amp; School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.275L...7S", "1996ApJ...473..985B", "1997ApJ...484..323V", "1997JPhG...23....1B", "1997MNRAS.287..293M", "1997astro.ph.11066F", "1999Ap&SS.264..423B", "1999ApJ...510L..91M", "2000PASP..112..297T" ]
[ "1970ApL.....6..179O", "1970Natur.226.1234S", "1975A&A....39..185I", "1978MNRAS.182..147B", "1980ApJ...237..793B", "1982RSPSA.383..409C", "1982SSRv...33..201G", "1983RPPh...46..973D", "1983bhwd.book.....S", "1985ApJS...57..151M", "1985ApJS...57..173M", "1985PhRvL..55.2735E", "1986Natur.319..380K", "1987ASIC..195..331C", "1987PhR...154....1B", "1988ApJ...333L..65V", "1989A&ARv...1..209S", "1989ApJ...339L..25A", "1990ApJ...363..265S", "1993ARA&A..31..373D", "1993ApJ...403..690B", "1994ARA&A..32..591P", "1994ApJ...426L..35T", "1994ApJS...90..797A", "1994ApJS...90..937A" ]
1952732
null
Stellar and Gaseous Kinematics of Seyfert Galaxies. I. Spectroscopic Data
In order to study the relationship between the gravitational potential and the properties of active galaxies, we have measured nuclear stellar and gaseous kinematics for a large sample of Seyfert galaxies. In this paper we present moderate-resolution data (80-230 km s^-1^ FWHM) from two spectral regions, one in the near-infrared containing the Ca II triplet absorption features at ~8550 A and the [S III] 9069 A emission line, and the other in the visual including the Mg b absorption lines at ~5175 A and the [O III] 5007 A emission line. Nuclear stellar velocities, V_*_,and velocity dispersions, σ_*_, were measured using the cross- correlation method. Complications for the kinematic analysis associated with the featureless continua and strong emission lines in Seyfert galaxies are briefly discussed. Emission-line velocities and widths were also measured from our spectra. The final sample contains 85 objects (22 type 1 Seyfert galaxies, 51 type 2 Seyferts, nine LINERs, and three normal galaxies). We provide a supplement to the database of narrow-line region and host galaxy properties compiled by Whittle (1992a) for 20 Seyfert galaxies not originally included. We plan to use our measurements in conjunction with this database to investigate the relationship between the nuclear gravitational potential and other properties of Seyfert galaxies.
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14.957441
7.864337
1995-07-01
238
1995ApJS...99...67N
[ "Seyfert galaxies", "strong emission lines", "host galaxy properties", "Nuclear stellar velocities", "active galaxies", "other properties", "Seyfert", "V_*_,and velocity dispersions", "Emission-line velocities", "the Mg b absorption lines" ]
[ "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
2
[ "10.1086/192179" ]
[ "Nelson, Charles H.", "Whittle, Mark" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454..106B", "1996A&A...315L..75K", "1996AJ....112...91M", "1996ApJ...465...96N", "1996ApJ...468..475G", "1996ApJS..106..399P", "1997A&A...323..749P", "1997A&A...328..493F", "1997ASPC..113..175E", "1998A&A...333..459M", "1998A&AS..130..513G", "1998Ap&SS.263..111J", "1998ApJ...492..511C", "1998ApJ...495..680B", "1998ApJ...496..117F", "1998ApJ...505..174G", "1998MNRAS.301..782C", "1999ASPC..182...53N", "1999AdSpR..23..891N", "1999ApJ...510..637H", "1999ApJ...519L..39W", "1999ApJ...523..147F", "1999ApJ...524..684G", "1999MNRAS.309....1F", "1999MNRAS.310..863P", "2000A&A...357..850B", "2000ASPC..195..289F", "2000ApJ...539L..13G", "2000ApJ...543L...5G", "2000ApJ...544L..91N", "2000ApJ...545..157S", "2000ApJS..128..139F", "2000MNRAS.317..907J", "2000astro.ph..9357W", "2001A&A...377...52W", "2001A&A...378..787G", "2001A&A...380...19J", "2001A&A...380...31W", "2001AJ....121..198V", "2001AJ....121..225B", "2001AJ....122..653R", "2001ASPC..224..365W", "2001ASPC..249..335M", 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1971810
null
Interacting elliptical galaxies as hosts of intermediate-redshift quasars
QUASARS are the most luminous objects in the Universe. It has been speculated that they are the visible evidence for accretion of gas onto supermassive black holes that reside at the centres of host galaxies. Direct observational confirmation that quasars reside in the centres of galaxies has been hard to obtain, because atmospheric turbulence usually scatters the quasar light sufficiently to swamp the signal from the fainter surrounding galaxy. Despite the difficulties, however, many attempts have been made to observe the host galaxies<SUP>1-17</SUP>, although the results have not been definitive<SUP>18</SUP>. Here we report observations of four quasars, made with the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope. In all four cases the quasars reside in luminous elliptical galaxies with very close companions. This is in contrast to recent work<SUP>19,20</SUP>in which host galaxies were not observed (in a sample of quasars that has one in common with ours). The elliptical galaxies are featureless, but the presence of close companions is suggestive of continuing interactions.
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14.974206
6.640817
1995-07-01
135
1995Natur.376..150D
[ "host galaxies", "luminous elliptical galaxies", "surrounding galaxy", "galaxies", "QUASARS", "quasars", "close companions", "supermassive black holes", "Hubble Space Telescope", "atmospheric turbulence" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/376150a0" ]
[ "Disney, M. J.", "Boyce, P. J.", "Blades, J. C.", "Boksenberg, A.", "Crane, P.", "Deharveng, J. M.", "Macchetto, F.", "Mackay, C. D.", "Sparks, W. B.", "Phillipps, S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454L..77M", "1995Natur.376..118H", "1996Ap&SS.235..319K", "1996ApJ...460L..81F", "1996ApJ...473..746H", "1996ApJ...473..760B", "1996ApJ...473..806K", "1996MNRAS.282..713K", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1996MNRAS.283..282R", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996Natur.379..613M", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...479..642B", "1997ApJ...480L..95H", "1997ApJ...491...78C", "1997ApJ...491..146J", "1997MNRAS.289..621A", "1997quho.conf..177K", "1998A&A...332..503K", "1998AJ....115.1234C", "1998ASPC..133..106S", "1998ASPC..146...26C", "1998ApJ...495..152L", "1998ApJ...495..189C", "1998CQGra..15.2509W", "1998IJMPD...7..463Z", "1998MNRAS.295..799W", "1998MNRAS.296..643A", "1998MNRAS.297..366K", "1998MNRAS.298..121B", "1998MNRAS.298..399F", "1998PASP..110..374H", "1998lsst.conf...27C", "1999A&A...352..383S", "1999A&AS..135...83M", "1999AIPC..470..191B", "1999ASPC..159..389F", "1999ASPC..187..293B", "1999AdSpR..23.1131K", "1999Ap&SS.269..269M", "1999ApJ...512...88U", "1999ApJ...514L...9T", "1999ApJ...520...67K", "1999ApJ...524...65T", "1999ApJ...524L..83S", "1999ApJS..123..351L", "1999IAUS..186..311S", "1999MNRAS.302L..39B", "1999MNRAS.308..377M", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999RvMA...12..107K", "1999astro.ph..4044B", "1999astro.ph..4106L", "1999astro.ph.10089D", "2000A&A...354..453H", "2000AJ....119.1677G", "2000ASPC..197..295S", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000ApJ...542..731F", "2000MNRAS.316..204H", "2000Msngr.101...15F", "2001A&A...371...97M", "2001ASPC..227...22S", "2001ApJ...547..124F", "2001ApJ...555..719C", "2001ApJ...557..578F", "2001MNRAS.323..308N", "2001MNRAS.326.1333F", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2001astro.ph..4124F", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2001qarr.conf...96M", "2001sac..conf..223C", "2002A&A...394..863C", "2002ASPC..255..245K", "2002ASPC..258..303T", "2002ApJ...576...61H", "2002ApJS..143..315V", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2002Msngr.107...28C", "2002NewAR..46...41O", "2002luml.conf..277C", "2003A&A...406..435S", "2003ASPC..290..411C", "2003MNRAS.340.1095D", "2003MNRAS.346..304J", "2003RMxAC..16..135M", "2003RMxAC..16..271D", "2003dhst.symp..198M", "2003mglh.conf...85T", "2004ASSL..319..189K", "2004ApJ...604..495F", "2004IAUS..222..477S", "2004MNRAS.353L..45M", "2004cbhg.symp..341D", "2004cbhg.sympE..49P", "2005Natur.437..381M", "2006ApJ...639..740B", "2006LNP...693..143J", "2006MNRAS.371..805B", "2006NewAR..50..650C", "2007ApJ...669..801C", "2008A&A...478..321B", "2008ApJ...677..846B", "2008ApJ...678...22H", "2008MmSAI..79.1247B", "2009ApJ...695..276B", "2010ApJ...708.1507B", "2012ASSL..386..439D", "2012ApJ...756L..38M", "2012MNRAS.420.3621T", "2012MNRAS.423..464H", "2013ASPC..477..173C", "2013ApJ...779..136B", "2013MNRAS.429....2F", "2014A&A...569A..37M", "2014MNRAS.438..217Y", "2015A&A...574A..46P", "2015A&A...576A..32G", "2015ApJ...814L..12J", "2015MNRAS.447.2603L", "2015MNRAS.451L..95H", "2016AJ....152...38L", "2016ApJ...830..156M", "2016arXiv160302590D", "2017AJ....154..253K", "2020ApJ...900...21M", "2021ApJ...911...94Z", "2021MNRAS.506.1209M", "2022ApJ...928..192W", "2023MNRAS.523.4441T" ]
[ "1973ApJ...179L..61K", "1981ApJ...247..750W", "1983Natur.303..584H", "1984ApJ...280...41H", "1984ApJ...280...66M", "1984ApJ...287..555M", "1984ApJS...55..319H", "1984PASP...96...19G", "1985ApJS...59...23M", "1985aagq.conf.....M", "1986A&A...155L...8B", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1989ApJ...342..660H", "1990A&A...236...69V", "1990AJ.....99.1715H", "1990AJ....100.1441N", "1992A&A...262..401B", "1992AJ....104....1H", "1992ApJ...401..474A", "1992MNRAS.256..673P", "1993A&A...280..694B", "1993MNRAS.263.1023M", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1993cqan.book.....V", "1994ApJ...429L...1H", "1994ApJ...435L..11B", "1994PASP..106..642H", "1995AJ....109.1541H" ]
1948195
null
Kinematics of the Ionized Gas in NGC 253
High resolution optical spectra acquired with the ESO New Technology Telescope + the ESO-Multimode Instrument along the major axis of the barred Sc starburst galaxy NGC 253 give detailed information on the kinematics of the galaxy at different scales from the inner nuclear region up to distances of 10'. We find strong evidence for a nuclear ring about 20" in diameter, with a circular velocity V_max_ = 110 km/s, which is possibly responsible for the gas supply to the nuclear starburst region of the galaxy. The analysis of the dynamics of the bar in NGC 253 indicates that the nuclear ring is related to the presence of an inner Lindblad resonance at ~300 pc. In this framework, the observed velocities indicate a mass in the central 10" of 3 X 10^8^ M_sun_. Good agreement is obtained between the new optical data and published H I rotation curves at larger radii.
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11.991055
8.519075
1995-07-01
34
1995AJ....110..199A
[ "High resolution optical spectra", "NGC", "the inner nuclear region", "different scales", "the nuclear starburst region", "detailed information", "the barred Sc starburst galaxy", "strong evidence", "larger radii", "Good agreement" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 253", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES", "FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117507" ]
[ "Arnaboldi, M.", "Capaccioli, M.", "Cappellaro, E.", "Held, E. V.", "Koribalski, B." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470..821P", "1997A&A...325..923H", "1997AJ....113..950F", "1998ApJ...495..765P", "1998ApJ...498L.115B", "1998ApJ...505..639E", "1999AJ....118.2071B", "1999MNRAS.303..157H", "2000A&A...355..499G", "2000A&A...363...93H", "2000ApJ...545..216B", "2000MNRAS.312..689F", "2000MNRAS.316...33W", "2000PASJ...52..785S", "2000astro.ph..8511H", "2001ApJ...549..896D", "2001IAUS..205..400A", "2004ApJ...611..835P", "2006AJ....132.1333L", "2006ApJ...644..914R", "2007MNRAS.376...98C", "2010ApJ...716.1166M", "2011A&A...533A.104E", "2011MNRAS.411...71H", "2012MNRAS.427..393J", "2012MmSAI..83.1174I", "2014A&A...567A..86I", "2014arXiv1401.4791L", "2019AJ....158..115G", "2020MNRAS.493..627C", "2022ApJ...935L..24N", "2024MNRAS.530.2199A", "2024MNRAS.531.1338N", "2024arXiv240313751B" ]
[ "1976ApJ...209..466L", "1978ApJ...219..424U", "1978ApJ...224..710D", "1979ApJ...233...67R", "1980ApJ...238...24R", "1980ApJ...239...54P", "1981ApJ...247..473P", "1982A&A...110..287C", "1983A&A...121..297D", "1984ApJ...286..491F", "1985ApJ...289..129S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...203...44G", "1988ASIC..232..475C", "1988ApJ...333..157C", "1988ApJ...334..573T", "1990AJ....100..102D", "1991AJ....101..456P", "1991ApJ...378..487P", "1992A&A...259...97F", "1992A&A...266..167S", "1993A&A...278..364M", "1993ApJ...414..120T", "1994ASIC..445...65C", "1994ApJ...423..223C" ]
1948102
null
The Local Merger Rate of Disk Galaxies
We consider the local population of galaxy merger remnants, more specifically the remnants of disk-disk mergers for which there are diagnostic features (such as tails) that might be catalogued in a fairly complete manner. We estimate the current rate of mergers for such galaxies by comparing the luminosity function for mergers with those of spiral-spiral pairs (their most common precursors) and for all disk galaxies, incorporating the effects of changing crossing time with luminosity. These are connected via the time scale for mergers, which we estimate from the dynamical properties of our sample and published n-body models. We derive a merger rate for spirals in pairs, at the present epoch, of 4.2 per Hubble time (2.8 over the age of the Universe at critical density, or extrapolated to all spirals, 0.33 per Hubble time). Given this large difference, depending on which precursor population is considered, a two-component model seems most appropriate to assess the effects of mergers on galaxy evolution - one for galaxies originally in pairs or small groups, and a second for galaxies which have never been in environments so susceptible to merging. Distinguishing the initial contributions of each to the overall galaxy populations will require samples at high redshift. We also evaluate the history of several indicators of observable star formation, using the dynamical state of each remnant as an age estimate. With large scatter, we see evidence that star formation builds up to the time of merger rather slowly, with a rapid decline thereafter. For most systems, dust seems to be so important in obscuring much of the starburst's optical radiation that the luminosity increase of a merger over its initial components does not have a profound effect on either our derived merger rate or on higher-redshift counts. This rapid fading means that mergers per se can be at most a minor contributor to the Butcher-Oemler effect; most blue galaxies in systems fated to merge will be observed during the interactions that precede the final merging event. Further observations of the dynamical state of high-redshift systems are clearly needed to assess the time- integrated impact of merging on the overall galaxy population; the crude estimates given per Hubble time must be lower limits under most conditions. An Appendix describes the luminosity function of "field" galaxies of various morphological types, derived from a new analysis of the CfA survey in the B_t_^0^ system.
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11.624729
6.30888
1995-07-01
44
1995AJ....110..129K
[ "galaxy merger remnants", "most blue galaxies", "such galaxies", "merger", "mergers", "galaxies", "galaxy evolution", "Hubble time", "most systems", "crossing time" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES", "INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117501" ]
[ "Keel, William C.", "Wu, Wentao" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312..797C", "1996AJ....111..696K", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997CQGra..14.1431V", "1997MNRAS.287..415S", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998ARep...42..439R", "1998Ap&SS.262...39C", "1998SerAJ.157...19C", "1999A&A...343..100B", "1999MNRAS.306..437H", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000AstL...26...61R", "2000MNRAS.317..406B", "2000MNRAS.318..124G", "2001A&A...373...24P", "2001ASPC..240..155G", "2001MNRAS.326.1431G", "2002A&A...381....6E", "2002ApJS..143..377W", "2003ApJ...599.1043N", "2003ChPhL..20.1652S", "2004ApJ...603L..73X", "2004ApJ...611..186N", "2004MNRAS.355...57X", "2005AIPC..761..441G", "2006ApJ...652..864H", "2006MNRAS.370.1541S", "2008ASPC..396..243K", "2009A&A...507L..17P", "2010A&A...519A..55E", "2010A&A...519L...5P", "2010arXiv1003.0686E", "2012A&A...539A.134B", "2013ASSP...34..141P", "2013MNRAS.428..999P", "2016A&A...593A..89R", "2017MNRAS.471.1634H", "2018AJ....155...81S", "2022A&A...658A...4R", "2022MNRAS.510.4608K" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..161V", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1980A&A....83..100H", "1980A&A....88...32B", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1981A&A....96..271B", "1982A&A...112..361G", "1982ApJ...252..455S", "1982ApJ...256..427F", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.2207K", "1985MNRAS.214...87J", "1986ApJ...310..605L", "1987AJ.....93..276H", "1987PhDT........68B", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1990AJ.....99..497S", "1990AJ.....99.1088N", "1990AJ....100..356K", "1990AJ....100.1489W", "1990ApJ...355...59S", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1991AJ....101.2034M", "1991ApJ...366...38D", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...371...92S", "1992AJ....103..743R", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992pngn.conf..283S", "1992yCat.7137....0D", "1993AJ....106.1354W", "1993AJ....106.1771K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...417..502H", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1994AJ....107.1695S", "1994ApJ...423L..35P", "1994ApJ...429..531S", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJ...436..559M" ]
1948106
null
Initial Galaxy Counts from Digitized Poss-II
In our first analysis of the Digitized Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (DPOSS), we examine galaxy counts on an overlapping set of four survey fields near the North Galactic Pole, in both the J and F passbands. Through detailed simulations of a subset of these data, we were able to analyze systematic aspects of our detection and photometric procedures, as well as optimize them. We discuss how we calibrate the plate magnitudes to the Gunn-Thuan g and r photometric system using CCD sequences obtained in a program devoted expressly to calibrating DPOSS. Our technique results in an estimated plate-to-plate zero-point standard error of under 0.10^m^ in g and below 0.05^m^ in r, for J and F plates, respectively. Using the catalogs derived from these fields, we compare our differential galaxy counts in g and r with those from recent Schmidt plate surveys as well as predictions from evolutionary and nonevolutionary (NE) galaxy models. While we find some differences between our measurements and others, particularly at the bright end, we find generally good agreement between our counts and recent NE and mild evolutionary models calibrated to consistently fit bright and faint galaxy counts, colors, and red-shift distributions. The consistency of our results with these predictions provides additional support to the view that very recent (z &lt; 0.1) and exotic galaxy evolution, or nonstandard cosmology, may not be necessary to reconcile these diverse observations with theory.
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12.208655
5.413043
1995-07-01
44
1995AJ....110....1W
[ "galaxy counts", "recent Schmidt plate surveys", "F plates", "r photometric system", "plate", "calibrating DPOSS", "bright and faint galaxy counts", "our differential galaxy counts", "systematic aspects", "recent NE and mild evolutionary models" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117493" ]
[ "Weir, Nicholas", "Djorgovski, S.", "Fayyad, Usama M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2553K", "1995ApJ...454..611M", "1995PASP..107.1243W", "1996ASPC..101...41Y", "1996astro.ph.12108D", "1997A&A...317...43B", "1997AJ....113..117G", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...487..512S", "1997ApJS..111....1S", "1997SPIE.3164...98D", "1998AJ....115....6B", "1998ASSL..231..155S", "1998ApJ...492...45S", "1998ApJ...500..525S", "1998ApJ...508..200T", "1998IAUS..179..424D", "1999A&A...344..393F", "1999ASPC..191..185G", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "2000A&A...362..419H", "2000A&A...363..851D", "2000AJ....119...12G", "2000ApJ...543..521H", "2000astro.ph..3215S", "2001A&A...367...59P", "2001A&A...379..426P", "2001AJ....122.1104Y", "2001defi.conf..259C", "2002A&A...386..816B", "2002AJ....123...87Y", "2002ApJ...571..107B", "2002astro.ph.10298G", "2003A&A...403...73P", "2003AJ....125.2064G", "2003MNRAS.343..107B", "2004AJ....128.3082G", "2004AJ....128.3092O", "2005AJ....130..425D", "2006PASA...23..135M", "2009A&A...496....7S", "2009A&A...508...17S", "2013pss2.book..223D" ]
[ "1976PASP...88..543T", "1979SPIE..172..422J", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1987IAUS..124..367E", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990AJ.....99.2059R", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991AJ....102..445P", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991PhDT.........5P", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992BAAS...24..741L", "1992BAAS...24..750D", "1993AJ....105.1333L", "1993ASPC...43..125R", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993PhDT.........1T", "1993sspp.conf..125R", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995PhDT.........6W" ]
1948105
null
ROSAT Observations of Five Poor Galaxy Clusters with Extended Radio Sources
We present the results of deep ROSAT PSPC observations of the poor clusters MKW2, N79-299A, S49-128, S49-132, and S49-140. These poor clusters all contain extended radio sources, generally with a bent, head- tail (HT) morphology. It had been previously thought that HTs should only be found in rich clusters, which have sufficiently high intracluster medium (ICM) densities and velocity dispersions for effective ram pressure bending of the radio jets. We have found that the X-ray emission associated with these poor clusters is generally quite clumpy and asymmetrical. Often, the clumps are associated with subgroups or individual galaxies, as well as with extended regions around the radio sources. Our results also indicate that there is a continuum of X-ray properties from poor to rich clusters. In many respects, poor clusters seem to be a low-mass extension of rich clusters. We find that these poor clusters have baryon fractions ranging from 1% to 25%. Also, the radio sources within these clusters are probably thermally confined by the ICM. Although four of our clusters have central X-ray luminosity excesses, the implied cooling times are longer than a Hubble time. We interpret the central X-ray luminosity excesses as unresolved galaxy emission. We hypothesize that these poor clusters have recently collapsed out of large, loose clouds of galaxies. We believe that many of the poor cluster properties are understandable in light of this hypothesis. First, four of these five clusters are embedded within larger Zwicky clusters. This may indicate that these large Zwicky clusters act as "incubators" of poor clusters. Second, the observed flat, broad velocity distributions may reflect the velocities associated with the larger-scale systems from which we believe that these poor clusters have collapsed. Third, some of these galaxies (such as NGC 4061, within N79-299A) show signs of interactions with neighboring galaxies with large relative velocities (~850 km/s). Fourth, the observed ICM densities, coupled with velocity distributions which are suggestive of unrelaxed systems, and the peculiar velocities of the radio galaxies may explain the ram pressure bending of the radio jets in the HTs.
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14.158773
5.340288
1995-07-01
36
1995AJ....110...46D
[ "poor clusters", "larger Zwicky clusters", "rich clusters", "large relative velocities", "X-ray properties", "central X-ray luminosity", "extended radio sources", "velocity distributions", "velocity dispersions", "unresolved galaxy emission" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MKW2", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: N79-299A", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: S49-128", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: S49-132", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: S49-140" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117496" ]
[ "Doe, Stephen M.", "Ledlow, Michael J.", "Burns, Jack O.", "White, Richard A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..388L", "1996ASPC..100..341B", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...467L..49B", "1996MNRAS.283..673S", "1997AJ....114.1711G", "1997ApJ...474..580G", "1997ApJ...482..588R", "1997ApJ...487L..13W", "1998A&A...330..423R", "1998ApJ...496...73M", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1999AJ....118.1988M", "1999AJ....118.2014W", "1999ApJ...516..604H", "1999MNRAS.309.1017W", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ApJ...541..624S", "2000MNRAS.313..515I", "2000MNRAS.313..617L", "2000MNRAS.315..356H", "2000PASP..112..148D", "2001ApJ...552..120L", "2002AJ....123.2985L", "2003ApJS..145...39M", "2004MNRAS.351..101K", "2004cgpc.symp..353M", "2008ASPC..386...39F", "2008ApJ...685..858F", "2009JApA...30...37K", "2010A&A...517A..73G", "2013MNRAS.431..781M", "2014NJPh...16d5001E", "2016A&A...592A..37T", "2023ApJ...956...87G" ]
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1951067
null
The Nuclear Energy Sources Powering Bright Infrared-selected Galaxies
We present the results of a multiwavelength investigation of energy generation mechanisms in 33 objects from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample. This study is based on long-slit optical spectroscopy and near-infrared broadband imaging at J, H, and K. We used established emission-line criteria, involving [O III] λ5007/Hβ, [N II λ6583/Hα, [S II] (λ6716 + λ6731)/Hα, and [O I] λ6300/Hα intensity ratios, to classify the optical spectra of all 36 sample nuclei (three sources were binary systems). The line ratios indicate that our sample contains seven active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 24 starburst galaxies. We also find that five galaxies (straddlers) cannot be straightforwardly classified by this simple scheme. Follow-up near-infrared imaging of the straddler galaxies yields near-infrared colors consistent with emission from relatively weak AGNs. Considered together with the fact that their narrow optical emission-line ratios resemble those of NGC 7469, which is known to contain an unresolved AGN inside an H II region-like galaxy disk or torus, the evidence seems to indicate that NGC 7469 may be typical of a pattern exhibited by infrared luminous galaxies, i.e., that low-luminosity AGNs and starbursts often coexist in infrared-selected galaxies.
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14.350901
7.520232
1995-07-01
21
1995ApJ...447..545A
[ "infrared luminous galaxies", "energy generation mechanisms", "N II", "emission", "AGN", "infrared-selected galaxies", "H", "established emission-line criteria", "an H II region-like galaxy disk", "their narrow optical emission-line ratios" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175898" ]
[ "Ashby, M. L. N.", "Houck, J. R.", "Matthews, K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJS..106..399P", "1997Natur.386..445B", "1998ApJ...494..150S", "1998ApJ...508..627K", "1998ApJ...509..633B", "1999AJ....117..111H", "1999AJ....118..730H", "1999ARep...43..377A", "1999Ap&SS.266...67V", "1999ApJ...522..113V", "1999IAUS..186..295V", "2001A&A...372..406R", "2001AJ....121..128H", "2002ApJS..138....1B", "2003ApJS..146..299E", "2005AJ....129.2597H", "2005ApJ...630..269N", "2006ApJ...653.1129B", "2007MNRAS.376...98C", "2008ApJS..178..189W", "2015RAA....15..199F" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982ApJ...255..458T", "1982MNRAS.199..943H", "1982MNRAS.199..953W", "1982PASP...94..586O", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...273..489C", "1984ApJ...285..580J", "1985MNRAS.214..429G", "1987ARA&A..25..187S", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987IAUS..121..545M", "1987PhDT.........1H", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1989AJ.....97...10S", "1989ApJ...338..162A", "1989ApJ...346..126D", "1989MNRAS.238..523R", "1989MNRAS.240..349L", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...353..445B", "1990ApJ...360..474V", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1991ApJ...381...79W", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...259..462L", "1992AJ....104..980A", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...393..648T", "1992MNRAS.259..709C", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...414..552O", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1994AJ....107.1283M", "1994AJ....108...90M", "1994ApJ...425L..37M", "1995ApJ...438..604M" ]
1950991
null
Neutral Hydrogen Absorption Measurements of Four Distant Pulsars and the Electron Density in the Inner Galaxy
We have used the VLA to measure neutral hydrogen absorption and emission spectra toward four distant low-latitude pulsars in the inner Galaxy whose spectra have not been previously recorded. In two cases, there is also a second reasonably bright source in the main beam of the telescope. We use the companion spectra plus all published H I absorption spectra in the direction of each pulsar to assist in the kinematic determination of pulsar distances. We also derive limits on the main electron density along each line of sight, and we find that even along paths toward the inner Galaxy, the average electron density does not exceed ∼0.1 cm<SUP>-3</SUP>. We test the Taylor &amp; Cordes (1993) Galactic electron density model against our measured electron densities plus additional inner Galaxy values recently determined by Koribalski et al. (1995), and conclude that no major corrections to the model are indicated.
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6.342857
4.242587
1995-07-01
21
1995ApJ...447..204W
[ "additional inner Galaxy values", "Galactic electron density model", "neutral hydrogen absorption", "Galaxy", "Koribalski et al", "pulsar distances", "spectra", "the main electron density", "the average electron density", "our measured electron densities" ]
[ "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "ISM: GENERAL", "RADIO LINES: ISM", "STARS: DISTANCES", "STARS: PULSARS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175866" ]
[ "Weisberg, J. M.", "Siegel, M. H.", "Frail, D. A.", "Johnston, S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...308..433V", "1996ASPC..105..447W", "1998ApJ...503L.161K", "2001AJ....122..908G", "2001MNRAS.322..715J", "2003ApJ...592..953S", "2003astro.ph..1598C", "2004Ap&SS.292..167S", "2004NewAR..48..763V", "2005Sci...309..106W", "2007ApJ...657L..25T", "2007MNRAS.378.1283T", "2008ApJ...674..286W", "2008ApJ...677..373M", "2009ApJ...691.1707M", "2011NewAR..55...91V", "2012ApJ...755...39V", "2013ApJ...774...36C", "2020MNRAS.494.2012P", "2021MNRAS.504..228S", "2023ApJS..268...61Z" ]
[ "1972ApJS...24...49R", "1972ApJS...24..123G", "1973A&AS....8..505W", "1974A&AS...17....1W", "1975A&A....45..239C", "1976A&A....50..177A", "1978A&AS...32..205C", "1979A&A....77..204W", "1983ApJS...53..591D", "1986A&AS...66..373K", "1986MNRAS.221.1023K", "1987A&A...171..261C", "1989ApJ...338..841G", "1989ApJ...342..272F", "1990AJ....100..743F", "1991ApJ...382..168F", "1991Natur.354..121C", "1992MNRAS.254..177C", "1992MNRAS.255..401J", "1993ApJ...411..674T", "1993ApJS...88..529T", "1993MNRAS.263..403L", "1994MNRAS.268..595J", "1995ApJ...441..756K" ]
1951059
null
A 325 Square Degree Survey of B-Type Stars at High Galactic Latitudes
Final results from model atmosphere analyses of all blue stars in a ∼325 square degree region of the Galactic halo are presented. A kinematic analysis reveals the presence of one star which cannot have been ejected from the disk according to contemporary theories. Ten other objects have, however, evolutionary times consistent with classification as disk runaway stars. Our results therefore imply the existence of some 200 stars in the Galaxy unexplainable in terms of disk ejection models, and set a lower limit of 10,000 runaway halo B-type stars.
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7.911675
7.972258
1995-07-01
20
1995ApJ...447..783L
[ "disk runaway stars", "disk ejection models", "model atmosphere", "Final results", "10,000 runaway halo B-type stars", "contemporary theories", "all blue stars", "a ∼325 square degree region", "classification", "Galaxy" ]
[ "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "STARS: ATMOSPHERES", "STARS: DISTANCES", "STARS: EARLY-TYPE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175916" ]
[ "Little, J. E.", "Dufton, P. L.", "Keenan, F. P.", "Hambly, N. C.", "Conlon, E. S.", "Brown, P. J. F.", "Miller, L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466.1018H", "1997ApJ...486..810C", "1997ApJ...486..818I", "1997ApJS..111..419H", "1997MNRAS.290..422R", "1997MNRAS.292..686G", "1997PASP..109....1S", "1999A&A...347...69R", "1999ASPC..164..118J", "2000A&A...357..553M", "2001A&A...366..796C", "2001ASPC..243..807C", "2001ApJS..136..631S", "2001MNRAS.324..747M", "2002AJ....123.2121S", "2002MNRAS.336.1287L", "2003ApJS..144...21R", "2004Ap&SS.289..395C", "2008ApJS..176...59B", "2012ApJS..199....8G" ]
[ "1947ApJ...105...85H", "1961BAN....15..265B", "1974ApJS...28..157G", "1974HiA.....3..395W", "1976ApJS...30...97D", "1977ApJ...213..438C", "1979ApJ...232..520S", "1979ApJS...40....1K", "1979MNRAS.187..823B", "1980A&A....81..251H", "1980A&AS...39..347H", "1980A&AS...40....1H", "1980AJ.....85.1046L", "1980AJ.....85.1155G", "1982ApJ...261L..47C", "1982MNRAS.200..673K", "1983MNRAS.203.1233D", "1984A&AS...56..221T", "1984ApJ...287..926B", "1984MNRAS.211..969K", "1985A&AS...60..459T", "1986ApJS...61..509L", "1986MNRAS.222..719L", "1988A&AS...75..191H", "1988A&AS...76..411M", "1988AJ.....96..222L", "1989ApJ...339..397B", "1989ApJ...342..272F", "1990MNRAS.244....1M", "1990clst.book.....J", "1991AJ....101..562L", "1991AJ....102..333S", "1991MNRAS.248..664K", "1991ppag.conf...27K", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992ApJ...394..298M", "1992ApJ...400..273C", "1992MNRAS.255..423C", "1992QJRAS..33..325K", "1993A&A...268..653N", "1993A&A...270..107R", "1993ApJ...417..706H", "1994ApJ...427..267L" ]
1974320
null
CCD Photometry of a Sequence near NGC 300
New V, B-V and V-I photometry is presented for a sequence near NGC 300, a nearby spiral galaxy in the South Galactic Cap. In combination with earlier work, reliable photometry is now available for 26 stars ranging over more than 13 magnitudes in brightness. (SECTION: Stars)
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9.612782
8.728231
1995-07-01
9
1995PASP..107..683W
[ "reliable photometry", "earlier work", "Stars", "NGC", "a nearby spiral galaxy", "brightness", "combination", "New V, B-V and V-I photometry", "the South Galactic Cap", "26 stars" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC300", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "STARS: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133608" ]
[ "Walker, Alistair R." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..772C", "1997A&A...326..936B", "1997Msngr..90...19M", "1999AJ....118..432W", "2001A&A...371..487J", "2002AJ....123..789P", "2002JKAS...35....9K", "2002PASP..114..298P", "2002astro.ph..2494P" ]
[ "1891AnHar..26....1P", "1969AJ.....74.1073R", "1980SAAOC...1..149M", "1981PASP...93...29G", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1984AJ.....89.1332G", "1984MNRAS.209...83W", "1987ApJ...320...26M", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988PASP..100..949W", "1989AJ.....98.1693R", "1989SAAOC..13....1M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...396...80F" ]
1974371
null
Study of a Complete Sample of H-alpha Emission-Line Galaxies
The Universidad Complutense de Madrid survey is a long project with the aim of finding and analyzing star formation galaxies using the H-alpha line as the tracer for the massive star formation processes. In order to obtain a representative complete sample of such a technique, several objective prism plates were taken with the Schmidt telescope at Calar Alto Almeria (Spain). The combination of IIIaF Kodak emulsion and a RG630 filter was used for covering the red spectral region, from 6400A to a redshift of 0.045 for the H-alpha line. A compilation of descriptions and positions is presented for 272 emission-line candidates from 545 square degrees of the sky. Also apparent magnitude and equivalent width estimators are given. Spectroscopical observations were carried out for the full sample of H-alpha emission--line galaxy (ELGs) candidates. All the spectroscopic information is presented in the form of an appendix. Each ELG was classified into one of eight natural groups of star forming galaxies. The ELG types most commonly found (47%) are intermediate to low-luminosity objects with a very intense star-formation region which dominates the optical output of the galaxy. This kind of ELGs is similar to the galaxy population detected in the blue objective prism surveys, but what is more important, it was found a second population (43%) of star-forming galaxies with low ionization or high extinction properties. This ELGs group are not detected nor in the blue (University of Michigan survey) neither in other surveys (Kiso, IRAS, Markarian) using other selection techniques. Emission-line ratio diagnostic diagrams reveal that the ELGs in the different natural groups tend to have distinctly different line ratios. This suggests that the various ELGs types differ from one another in terms of metal abundance of their ionized gas, the ionization parameter and the relative importance of the starburst process in the galaxy, confirming a previous similar result found for the UM survey. There is present a trend for lower metallicities at lower luminosities. It has not been found any galaxy with metallicity lower than I Zw 18. &gt;From the original IRAS data it was obtained for the whole sample the far-infrared fluxes. In the one hand it is necessary to apply a two-component model for reproducing the general behaviour of the UCM sample at that spectral range. In the other hand the FIR properties of a H-alpha selected sample are well differentiated against FIR-selected samples. The line+continuum flux is the main selection parameter for the UCM survey, but other secondary effects are discussed. An study of the luminosity and spatial distribution of the UCM galaxies is presented. The ELGs follow at great scale the distribution of the catalog galaxies. Using the UCM ELGs as SFR tracers a luminosity function for the SFR at the local Universe is computed. These result has important implications for our understanding of the origin of the star formation phenomena as well as the evolution of the galaxies. In the future, we propose to extend the survey to new sky regions and deeper redshifts and to quantify the SFR at the Local Universe by means of the UCM sample. The original is written in spanish. (SECTION: Dissertation Summary)
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12.643358
6.816085
1995-07-01
1
1995PASP..107..708G
[ "star formation galaxies", "line galaxy", "star forming galaxies", "other surveys", "lower luminosities", "low ionization", "other selection techniques", "new sky regions", "lower metallicities", "several objective prism plates" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133612" ]
[ "Gallego Maestro, Jesus" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...455L...1G" ]
null
11591132
astro-ph/9408069
Simulations of X-ray clusters
We present simulations of the formation and evolution of galaxy clusters in the cold dark matter cosmogony. Clusters with a wide range of mass were selected from previous N-body models, and were resimulated at higher resolution using a combined N-body/smooth particle hydrodynamics code. The effects of radiative cooling on the gas are neglected. While many present-day clusters are predicted to be undergoing mergers, the density profiles of those that are approximately in equilibrium are all very similar, both for the gas and for the dark matter. These profiles show no sign of a uniform-density core and steepen gradually from the centre outwards. The standard beta-model is a reasonable fit over most of the radius range observable in real clusters. However, the value obtained for the slope parameter beta_f increases with the outermost radius of the fit. Temperature profiles of different simulated clusters are also similar. Typically, the temperature is almost uniform in the regions that emit most of the X-ray flux, but drops at larger radii. The gas temperature and dark matter velocity dispersion in equilibrium clusters give values of beta_T=mum_psigma^2DM/kT which are consistent with unity provided an X-ray emission-weighted temperature is used. Larger values of beta_T are found in merging objects where there is a transient boost in the velocity dispersion of the system. Thus beta&lt;e1&gt;_T&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1 may be an observational indicator of merging in real clusters. The similar structure of clusters of differing mass results in scaling relations between the X-ray and dynamical properties of clusters identified at any given redshift. These scalings are inconsistent with the observed slope of the luminosity-temperature relation or the observed sense of evolution of the cluster luminosity function. This suggests that the central properties of the intracluster medium are determined by non-gravitational processes such as radiative cooling or substantial pre-heating at high redshift.
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13.271082
4.80779
1995-08-01
870
1995MNRAS.275..720N
[ "equilibrium clusters", "real clusters", "galaxy clusters", "Clusters", "clusters", "different simulated clusters", "Temperature profiles", "dark matter velocity dispersion", "-", "non-gravitational processes" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "X-RAYS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
15
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.3.720", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408069" ]
[ "Navarro, Julio F.", "Frenk, Carlos S.", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
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11581331
astro-ph/9502091
Rotation Curves of 967 Spiral Galaxies
We present the rotation curves of 967 southern spiral galaxies, obtained by deprojecting and folding the raw Hα data originally published by Mathewson, Ford, &amp; Buchhorn (1992). For 900 objects, we also present, in figures and tables, the rotation curves smoothed on scales corresponding to 5%-20% of the optical size; of these, 80 meet objective excellence criteria and are suitable for individual detailed mass modeling, while 820, individually less compelling mainly because of the moderate statistics and/or limited extension, are suitable for statistical studies. The remaining 67 curves suffer from severe asymmetries, small statistics, and large internal scatter that may largely limit their use in galaxy structure studies. The deprojected folded curves, the smoothed curves, and various related quantities are available via anonymous ftp at galileo.sissa.it in the directory /users/ftp/pub/psrot.
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10.84847
6.303665
1995-08-01
188
1995ApJS...99..501P
[ "individual detailed mass modeling", "galaxy structure studies", "small statistics", "objective excellence criteria", "various related quantities", "large internal scatter", "anonymous ftp", "limited extension", "severe asymmetries", "The deprojected folded curves" ]
[ "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/192195", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502091" ]
[ "Persic, Massimo", "Salucci, Paolo" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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[ "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993ApJ...419..150M", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994MNRAS.267..401N" ]
11580496
astro-ph/9412081
On the Validity of the Streaming Model for the Redshift-Space Correlation Function in the Linear Regime
The relation between the galaxy correlation functions in real-space and redshift-space is derived in the linear regime by an appropriate averaging of the joint probability distribution of density and velocity. The derivation recovers the familiar linear theory result on large scales but has the advantage of clearly revealing the dependence of the redshift distortions on the underlying peculiar velocity field; streaming motions give rise to distortions of θ(Ω<SUP>0.6</SUP>/b) while variations in the anisotropic velocity dispersion yield terms of order θ(Ω<SUP>1.2</SUP>/b<SUP>2</SUP>). This probabilistic derivation of the redshift-space correlation function is similar in spirit to the derivation of the commonly used "streaming" model, in which the distortions are given by a convolution of the real-space correlation function with a velocity distribution function. The streaming model is often used to model the redshift-space correlation function on small, highly nonlinear, scales. There have been claims in the literature, however, that the streaming model is not valid in the linear regime. Our analysis confirms this claim, but we show that the streaming model can be made consistent with linear theory provided that the model for the streaming has the functional form predicted by linear theory and that the velocity distribution is chosen to be a Gaussian with the correct linear theory dispersion.
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11.823297
2.704679
1995-08-01
145
1995ApJ...448..494F
[ "linear theory", "streaming motions", "linear", "velocity", "distortions", "the correct linear theory dispersion", "large scales", "a velocity distribution function", "the redshift-space correlation function", "the galaxy correlation functions" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175980", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9412081" ]
[ "Fisher, Karl B." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996MNRAS.278...73H", "1996MNRAS.279.1310S", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1998ApJ...498...11P", "1998ApJ...504L...1J", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.300..747V", "1999ApJ...516..507B", "1999ApJ...518...24M", "1999ApJ...522..569N", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "2000ApJ...528....1N", "2001MNRAS.325.1288S", "2001astro.ph.10137Y", "2002ApJ...571..172Z", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002moco.conf..344G", "2003ApJS..148..195V", "2003MNRAS.343.1038Y", "2004ApJ...601....1W", "2004PhRvD..70h3007S", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005MNRAS.358..939P", "2007MNRAS.374..477T", "2008MNRAS.389.1249L", "2008PhRvD..77d3525S", "2009ApJ...698..967Y", "2009MNRAS.393..297P", "2009MNRAS.394.1459S", "2009MNRAS.394.2050M", "2010ApJ...719...88T", "2010JCAP...01..025S", "2010MNRAS.402.2397L", "2010MNRAS.407.1123S", "2010PhRvD..81b3526D", "2010PhRvD..82f3001S", "2011MNRAS.410.2081J", "2011MNRAS.417.1913R", "2012ApJ...748...78K", "2012MNRAS.420.2102S", "2012MNRAS.425..116S", "2012MNRAS.426.2719R", "2012PhRvD..86b3530B", "2013MNRAS.429.1674C", "2013MNRAS.431.3319Z", "2013PhRvD..87b3005S", "2013PhRvD..87f3526Z", "2013PhRvD..87l3510S", "2014JCAP...05..003O", "2014MNRAS.437..588W", "2014MNRAS.439.3139Z", "2014MNRAS.439.3630W", "2014MNRAS.444..476R", "2014PhRvD..89d3509T", "2014PhRvD..89j3541S", "2015JCAP...08..007S", "2015JCAP...11..036H", "2015MNRAS.446...75B", "2015MNRAS.447..234W", "2015MNRAS.449..848H", "2015MNRAS.449.3312J", "2015MNRAS.451L..45H", "2015MNRAS.453.1754A", "2015PhRvD..92f3004U", "2015PhRvD..92j3516O", "2016IAUS..308..340B", "2016JCAP...08..050Z", "2016JCAP...12..007V", "2016MNRAS.455.4046M", "2016MNRAS.462.2465C", "2016MNRAS.463.3783B", "2016PASJ...68...38O", "2016PhRvD..93b3525S", "2016PhRvD..93f3515U", "2016PhRvD..94l3522K", "2016PhRvL.117i1302H", "2016arXiv161008362W", "2017A&A...604A..33P", "2017JCAP...05..030Z", "2017JCAP...08..029B", "2017JCAP...10..003A", "2017MNRAS.469.1369S", "2017MNRAS.471..839A", "2017PhRvD..96h3506A", "2017arXiv170608860O", "2018IJMPD..2748004L", "2018JCAP...07..018S", "2018JCAP...10..032T", "2018JCAP...12..035D", "2018JKPS...73..504S", "2018MNRAS.474.3435L", "2018MNRAS.477.1639Z", "2018MNRAS.479.2256K", "2018MNRAS.480.2521H", "2018MNRAS.480.5140K", "2018PhRvD..97d3502Z", "2018PhRvD..98b3523O", "2018arXiv181103132M", "2019JCAP...03..007V", "2019JCAP...05..041U", "2019JCAP...06..013Z", "2019MNRAS.483.3472N", "2019MNRAS.489.1344H", "2019MNRAS.489.3472B", "2019PhRvD.100j3507O", "2019PhRvD.100l3513A", "2020A&A...644A.170K", "2020JCAP...01..055V", "2020JCAP...06..012H", "2020JCAP...07..043K", "2020JCAP...07..062C", "2020JCAP...09..001B", "2020JCAP...10..034A", "2020MNRAS.498.1175C", "2021A&A...653A.130K", "2021JCAP...03..100C", "2021JCAP...09..018D", "2021MNRAS.500..259S", "2021MNRAS.502.2087T", "2021MNRAS.505.5731P", "2021PhRvD.103j3524G", "2021PhRvD.104f3504N", "2021PhRvD.104j3519L", "2021RAA....21..176C", "2022A&A...660A.113K", "2022MNRAS.514..440R", "2022MNRAS.514.3993P", "2022MNRAS.517..374H", "2022MNRAS.517.4458M", "2022PhRvD.106d3523O", "2023A&A...674A.185M", "2023ApJ...942..110A", "2023ApJ...958..180A", "2023JCAP...12..044V", "2023MNRAS.522..606P", "2023MNRAS.523.3219C", "2023MNRAS.525.2135C", "2023PhRvD.107l4008W", "2023PhRvD.108j3505D", "2023arXiv231017834R", "2023arXiv231200679E", "2024MNRAS.527..501B", "2024arXiv240407268R" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...332L...7G", "1989MNRAS.236..851L", "1990MNRAS.242..428M", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992LNP...408...65B", "1993ASPC...43..267G", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994MNRAS.266..219F", "1994MNRAS.267..785C", "1994MNRAS.267..927F" ]
11579589
astro-ph/9505062
Galaxy Selection and the Surface Brightness Distribution
Optical surveys for galaxies are biased against the inclusion of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. Disney [Nature, 263,573(1976)] suggested that the constancy of disk central surface brightness noticed by Freeman [ApJ, 160,811(1970)] was not a physical result, but instead was an artifact of sample selection. Since LSB galaxies do exist, the pertinent and still controversial issue is if these newly discovered galaxies constitute a significant percentage of the general galaxy population. In this paper, we address this issue by determining the space density of galaxies as a function of disk central surface brightness. Using the physically reasonable assumption (which is motivated by the data) that central surface brightness is independent of disk scale length, we arrive at a distribution which is roughly flat (i.e., approximately equal numbers of galaxies at each surface brightness) faintwards of the Freeman (1970) value. Brightwards of this, we find a sharp decline in the distribution which is analogous to the turn down in the luminosity function at L^*^. An intrinsically sharply peaked "Freeman law" distribution can be completely ruled out, and no Gaussian distribution can fit the data. Low surface brightness galaxies (those with central surface brightness fainter than 22 B mag arcsec^-2^) comprise &gt;~ 1/2 the general galaxy population, so a representative sample of galaxies at z = 0 does not really exist at present since past surveys have been insensitive to this component of the general galaxy population.
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11.209021
6.981116
1995-08-01
117
1995AJ....110..573M
[ "Low surface brightness galaxies", "disk central surface brightness", "central surface brightness", "LSB galaxies", "central surface brightness fainter", "galaxies", "disk scale length", "the general galaxy population", "Freeman", "past surveys" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/117543", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505062" ]
[ "McGaugh, Stacy S.", "Bothun, Gregory D.", "Schombert, James M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...310..456P", "1996A&AS..117..393B", "1996ApJ...457L..73C", "1996ApJS..103..363C", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.283...18D", "1997AJ....113.1212O", "1997AJ....114...54M", "1997AJ....114.2448O", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...484..145T", "1997ApJ...484..618B", "1997MNRAS.290..533D", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1997RvMA...10..159G", "1997astro.ph.11209V", "1997gsr..proc..119T", "1998AJ....116.1082L", "1998AJ....116.2776O", "1998ApJ...495..251D", "1998ApJ...499...66M", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...506..673L", "1998MNRAS.299..123J", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999ASPC..170...19M", "1999ASPC..170...52D", "1999ASPC..170...92V", "1999Ap&SS.269..569D", "1999ApJ...510..637H", "1999AstL...25..582E", "1999MNRAS.302L..55B", "1999MNRAS.304....8H", "1999MNRAS.304..311M", "1999PASA...16...12M", "2000A&A...358..494B", "2000AJ....120.2884P", "2000ApJ...529..644L", "2000ApJ...529..811O", "2000ApJ...534..146V", "2000ApJ...545..781D", "2000ApJS..126..271J", "2001A&A...365..370P", "2001ASPC..232..175B", "2002ARA&A..40..263S", "2002ApJ...574L.115M", "2002MNRAS.336.1329S", "2003A&A...404..831D", "2003AJ....125..116B", "2004AJ....127.1336S", "2005A&A...435...29Z", "2007ApJ...663..908R", "2008AJ....135..467V", "2009A&A...504..807R", "2009A&A...505..483V", "2009RAA.....9..269M", "2010A&A...520A..69Z", "2010A&A...523A..63D", "2010ApJ...722L.120F", "2011A&A...532A..75D", "2011ApJ...741L..29K", "2012A&A...538A..30Z", "2012RAA....12.1486Z", "2012arXiv1205.2404Z", "2013ApJ...763...19R", "2013MNRAS.433..751S", "2015A&A...579A..57S", "2015CaJPh..93..139B", "2015MNRAS.452.2973Y", "2016AJ....152..157L", "2016MNRAS.456L.127D", "2018ApJ...857..104G", "2018JCAP...09..021B", "2018MNRAS.476.2938P", "2018MNRAS.478.4657P", "2018arXiv181203490R", "2019MNRAS.483.1754D", "2019MNRAS.484..850P", "2019arXiv191014649V", "2020AJ....159..138D", "2020Galax...8...35M", "2020IAUS..353..144M", "2020MNRAS.493...55Y", "2020Univ....6..107D", "2020arXiv200301760W", "2020arXiv200503520D", "2020arXiv200608148R", "2021A&A...649L..14R", "2021ApJ...920...72K", "2021ApJS..252...18T", "2021EPJST.230.2139V", "2021MNRAS.500.2049P", "2021PhLB..81336060V", "2021PhRvD.104f4030M", "2021SHPSA..88..220M", "2021Univ....7..344S", "2021arXiv210107763M", "2021gamo.book.....H", "2022ApJ...924...87M", "2022ApJ...933..150G", "2022ApJ...939..101K", "2022ApJ...941...11K", "2022MNRAS.514.5840P", "2022Symm...14.1331B", "2022arXiv220710638A", "2023ApJ...955....1L", "2023MNRAS.523.3991Z", "2023MNRAS.525.6130S", "2023arXiv231200773B", "2024A&A...682A.111B", "2024MNRAS.528..873S", "2024RAA....24a5018Z", "2024RAA....24e5015D", "2024arXiv240613732K" ]
[ "1957moas.book.....Z", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976Natur.263..573D", "1979ApJ...227...67A", "1979MNRAS.187..357E", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1983ApJS...53..105R", "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1984AJ.....89.1124E", "1985MNRAS.212..197S", "1986ApJ...303..336G", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1988MNRAS.232..239D", "1989AJ.....98..367F", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1990ApJ...360..427B", "1990ApJ...365..704S", "1990MNRAS.244....8D", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992PhDT.........7M", "1993AJ....106.1394B", "1993ApJ...404..403S", "1993ApJ...413..333D", "1993MNRAS.260..285S", "1994A&AS..106..451D", "1994AJ....107..530M", "1994MNRAS.267..129M", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995AJ....109..558S", "1995AJ....109.2019M", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995MNRAS.274..235D", "1995PhDT.......129D" ]
11591071
astro-ph/9503001
Automated morphological classification of APM galaxies by supervised artificial neural networks
We train artificial neural networks to classify galaxies based solely on the morphology of the galaxy images as they appear on blue survey plates. The images are reduced, and morphological features such as bulge size and the number of arms are extracted, all in a fully automated manner. The galaxy sample was first classified by six independent experts. We use several definitions for the mean type of each galaxy, based on those classifications. We then train and test the network on these features. We find that the rms error of the network classifications, as compared with the mean types of the expert classifications, is 1.8 Revised Hubble types. This is comparable to the overall rms dispersion between the experts. This result is robust and almost completely independent of the network architecture used.
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11.596092
4.844933
1995-08-01
96
1995MNRAS.275..567N
[ "artificial neural networks", "galaxies", "morphological features", "bulge size", "blue survey plates", "several definitions", "the network classifications", "arms", "the network architecture", "the galaxy images" ]
[ "CATALOGUES", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.3.567", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503001" ]
[ "Naim, A.", "Lahav, O.", "Sodre, L., Jr.", "Storrie-Lombardi, M. C." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP9638, 01065-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996ASPC...94..145L", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996MNRAS.283..207L", "1996MNRAS.283..651F", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AJ....114.1297H", "1997ApJ...476..510N", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...487..847W", "1997MNRAS.286..969N", "1997MNRAS.287..137S", "1997NYASA.808..184O", "1997astro.ph..1227N", "1997daa..conf...43L", "1998A&A...330..447M", "1998A&A...332..459G", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...508L..71T", "1998ApJS..116...47B", "1999A&A...341..371D", "1999ASPC..169...30G", "1999ASPC..191..173L", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "1999BaltA...8..535M", "1999IAUS..183..107E", "1999MNRAS.308..459F", "2000AJ....119.2645B", "2000ASPC..216..611F", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2000ApJ...541..261M", "2000MNRAS.316..519B", "2000astro.ph.11458K", "2001ApJ...548..219B", "2001ApJ...556..937C", "2001ApJ...560..566K", "2001MNRAS.323..270S", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001misk.conf...33L", "2002ASPC..281..405S", "2002Ap&SS.279..377G", "2002ApJ...568..539O", "2002PABei..20..312Z", "2003A&A...405.1163L", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2003MNRAS.339.1195F", "2003PASP..115.1006Z", "2004A&A...422.1113Z", "2004MNRAS.348.1038B", "2004MNRAS.349...87D", "2005AJ....130.1545Y", "2006A&A...446...19T", "2006ApJ...649..678B", "2006AsBio...6...17M", "2006MNRAS.367..879C", "2006MNRAS.368..211Y", "2006MNRAS.368..414D", "2006MNRAS.370..828F", "2006MNRAS.371....2A", "2008MNRAS.383..907B", "2009arXiv0911.0505B", "2010IJMPD..19.1049B", "2010MNRAS.406..342B", "2012A&A...538A..76N", "2012MNRAS.420..926F", "2015MNRAS.450.1441D", "2016MNRAS.463.2939T", "2018MNRAS.477..894A", "2018arXiv181111478Y", "2018arXiv181204706C", "2019Ap&SS.364...55Z", "2019MNRAS.485.5573T", "2019MNRAS.486.1539K", "2019MNRAS.489.1770L", "2020A&A...638A.134D", "2020A&A...641A..77C", "2020MNRAS.492.5743A", "2020MNRAS.493.4209C", "2020MNRAS.494.1035Y", "2020arXiv200813611K", "2020bda..book..347C", "2021A&A...648A.122V", "2021AJ....161..168E", "2021ApJ...916....4T", "2021MNRAS.502.3417N", "2021MNRAS.507.4425C", "2022A&A...666A.147M", "2022A&A...667A.144E", "2022MNRAS.513.2385C", "2022RAA....22e5002Z", "2023PASP..135h4101S", "2023RSOS...1021454S", "2023arXiv230204324L", "2024Ap&SS.369...38W", "2024MNRAS.52711935Z" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1936rene.book.....H", "1958PASP...70..364M", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1960ApJ...131..558V", "1961hag..book.....S", "1963ApJS....8...31D", "1976ApJ...206..883V", "1976ApJS...31..313S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981gask.book.....M", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988LNP...310..315A", "1989A&AS...80..299P", "1989LNP...329..213A", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990Natur.348..221A", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992MNRAS.259P...8S", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1995Sci...267..859L" ]
11580209
astro-ph/9504070
Pairwise Velocities of Galaxies in the CfA and SSRS2 Redshift Surveys
We combine the CfA Redshift Survey (CfA2) and the Southern Sky Redshift Survey (SSRS2) to estimate the pairwise velocity dispersion of galaxies σ_12_ on a scale of ~1 h^-1^ Mpc. Both surveys are complete to an apparent magnitude limit B(0) = 15.5. Our sample includes 12812 galaxies distributed in a volume 1.8 x 10^6^ h^-3^ Mpc^3^. We conclude: (1) The pairwise velocity dispersion of galaxies in the combined CfA2+SSRS2 redshift survey is σ_12_ = 540 +/- 180 km s^-1^. Both the estimate and the variance of σ_12_ significantly exceed the canonical values σ_12_ = 340 +/- 40 measured by Davis &amp; Peebles (1983) using CfA1. (2) We derive the uncertainty in σ_12_ from the variation among subsamples with volumes on the order of 7 x 10^5^h^-3^ Mpc^3^. This variation is nearly an order of magnitude larger than the formal error, 36 km s^-1^, derived using least-squares fits to the CfA2+SSRS2 correlation function. This variation among samples is consistent with the conclusions of Mo et al. (1993) for a number of smaller surveys and with the analysis of CfA1 by Zurek et al. (1994). (3) When we remove Abell clusters with R &gt; 1 from our sample, the pairwise velocity dispersion of the remaining galaxies drops to 295 +/- 99 km s^-1^. (4) The dominant source of variance in σ_12_ is the shot noise contributed by dense virialised systems. Because σ_12_ is pair weighted, the statistic is sensitive to the few richest systems in the volume. This sensitivity has two consequences. First, σ_12_ is biased low in small volumes, where the number of clusters is small. Second, we can estimate the variance in σ_12_ as a function of survey volume from the distribution of cluster and group velocity dispersions n (σ). For either a COBE-normalized CDM universe or for the observed distribution of Abell cluster velocity dispersions, the volume required for σ_12_ to converge (δσ_12_/σ_12_ &lt; 0.1) is ~5 x 10^6^h^-3^ Mpc^3^, larger than the volume of CfA2+SSRS2. (5) The distribution of pairwise velocities is consistent with an isotropic exponential with velocity dispersion independent of scale. The inferred single-galaxy velocity distribution function is incompatible with an isotropic exponential. Thus the observed kinematics of galaxies differ from those measured in the hydrodynamic simulations of Cen &amp; Ostriker (1993). On the other hand, our observations appear to be consistent with the velocity distribution function measured by Zurek et at. (1994) using collisionless simulations with much higher resolution than Cen &amp; Ostriker (1993). The large dynamic range in the simulations by Zurek et al. (1994) affords a more accurate treatment of galaxy interactions, which dramatically alter the dynamical evolution the galaxy distribution (Couchman &amp; Carlberg 1992; Zurek et al. 1994). The agreement between the observed velocity distribution and the one predicted by these high-resolution simulations may be another clue that mergers play an important role in the evolution of galaxies and large-scale structure.
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11.989326
3.415125
1995-08-01
127
1995AJ....110..477M
[ "velocity dispersion", "Abell cluster velocity dispersions", "pairwise velocities", "δσ_12_/σ_12_", "_", "galaxy interactions", "galaxies", "survey volume", "Zurek et al", "σ_12" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117536", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504070" ]
[ "Marzke, Ronald O.", "Geller, Margaret J.", "da Costa, L. N.", "Huchra, John P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276L..69W", "1996A&A...310..353G", "1996AJ....112.2398H", "1996ASPC...94..107B", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...464L.103B", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...473...88R", "1996ApJ...473..610K", "1996ComAp..18..323F", "1996MNRAS.281L..47R", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996astro.ph..9014S", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997ASSL..212..253P", "1997ApJ...475..414B", "1997ApJ...479..606S", "1997ApJ...479..616S", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997ApJS..110..167S", "1997JApA...18..271T", "1997MNRAS.286..979M", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1997NewA....2..165K", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997astro.ph.10165K", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998A&A...337...96D", "1998AJ....115...26R", "1998AJ....115..869W", "1998AJ....116....1D", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ASSL..231...11D", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...492..421S", "1998ApJ...493...28G", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...494L.133L", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...501..509V", "1998ApJ...503..502J", "1998ApJ...503..531H", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998ApJ...504L...1J", "1998ApJ...505..506G", "1998MNRAS.296..191R", "1998MNRAS.300..747V", "1998astro.ph.12258D", "1999A&A...342....1R", "1999AJ....117.1185H", "1999AJ....118.2561G", "1999ASPC..193..353T", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999ApJ...510..590K", "1999ApJ...524...31S", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "1999PASJ...51..233S", "1999PASP..111..274P", "1999PASP..111..438F", "1999fgb..conf...64C", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "1999tpgr.conf...88D", "2000A&A...353...57G", "2000A&A...355....1G", "2000ASPC..200..446Q", "2000ApJ...536..112B", "2000ApJ...545....6B", "2000ApJ...545...32H", "2000MNRAS.312..638S", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2001AJ....121..808C", "2001ASPC..252..201P", "2001ApJ...547..545J", "2001ApJ...553..861L", "2001ApJ...557..495P", "2001ApJ...563..736C", "2001ChJAA...1..200Y", "2001MNRAS.325.1389J", "2001MNRAS.326..463S", "2001MNRAS.326..649P", "2001MNRAS.326..667D", "2001PASP..113.1312C", "2001astro.ph.10323D", "2002A&A...391...35F", "2002AJ....123.2976R", "2002ApJ...567L...1L", "2002ApJ...571..172Z", "2002ApJ...581..876Z", "2002MNRAS.330..506H", "2002PASJ...54..503K", "2002PASJ...54L..59O", "2002moco.conf..344G", "2003ApJ...596L.131F", "2003ApJS..148..195V", "2003MNRAS.346...78H", "2004A&A...415..863G", "2004ApJ...601....1W", "2004ApJ...608...16Z", "2004ApJ...617..782J", "2004MNRAS.350.1153Y", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005A&A...430..811G", "2005MNRAS.358..939P", "2006A&A...450...83R", "2006AJ....132.2243G", "2006ApJ...639...37K", "2006ApJ...647..501P", "2006MNRAS.368...37L", "2007MNRAS.376..984L", "2009A&A...494...33G", "2010MNRAS.409.1691I", "2011A&A...526A..43S", "2011ApJ...738...22W", "2012ApJ...758...50L", "2012MNRAS.419.2579M", "2012MNRAS.423.3430B", "2013arXiv1303.3302B", "2014ApJ...797...82L", "2015MNRAS.447.2437M", "2018MNRAS.479.2256K", "2020ApJ...897...17T" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1973ApJ...184..329G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1977ApJ...212L...3S", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1978AJ.....83.1549K", "1978ApJ...221....1D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981MNRAS.194..503E", "1982ApJ...253..423D", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988MNRAS.231P..97N", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1989MNRAS.236..207M", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1990MNRAS.243..133P", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991ApJ...367..385C", "1991ApJ...372..410H", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992ApJ...390..330S", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1993AJ....106..676A", "1993AJ....106.1301Z", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993MNRAS.261..827M", "1993MNRAS.264..825M", "1994AJ....108..745V", "1994AJ....108.1987A", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...431..559Z", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJ...436..491G", "1994ApJ...437L...1D", "1994JRASC..88...39C", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.267..927F" ]
11591184
astro-ph/9503022
On the dynamics of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy
We use numerical simulations to test the feasibility of the suggestion by Ibata, Gilmore &amp; Irwin that the excess population of stars which they discovered in the Sagittarius region may be the disrupted remains of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We find that a Fornax-like model for the pre-disruption system can indeed reproduce the data. However, the galaxy must be on a relatively short-period orbit with a pericentre of about 10 kpc and an apocentre of about 52 kpc, giving a current transverse velocity of 255 km s^-1 and a period of ~760 Myr. Furthermore, disruption must have occurred predominantly on the last pericentric passage rather than on the present one. The data are consistent with transverse motion either towards or away from the Galactic plane. These results depend primarily on the rotation curve of the Galaxy and are insensitive to the mass distribution in its outer halo or to the mass of its disc.
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9.088578
7.432572
1995-08-01
67
1995MNRAS.275L..23V
[ "transverse motion", "numerical simulations", "~760 Myr", "Galaxy", "the pre-disruption system", "Ibata", "Gilmore", "amp", "Irwin", "Sagittarius" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: SAGITTARIUS DSPH", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.L23", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503022" ]
[ "Velazquez, Hector", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312...49M", "1996A&A...312L..21Z", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1996ApJ...458L..13M", "1996ApJ...459L..73M", "1997A&A...328..211N", "1997AJ....113..634I", "1997ASPC..116..259M", "1997ASSL..212..153H", "1997ApJ...474..217A", "1997ApJ...478L..99C", "1997ApJ...487..651W", "1997MNRAS.290....7E", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1998A&A...336..130I", "1998A&A...338..435N", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ASPC..136..365J", "1998Ap&SS.263..155G", "1998ApJ...493..762W", "1998ApJ...495..297J", "1998ApJ...500..575I", "1998ApJ...500L.149Z", "1998ApJ...505L.127V", "1998ApJ...508L..55M", "1998MNRAS.297..517H", "1999A&A...347...77G", "1999AJ....118.1719J", "1999ASPC..165....1W", "1999ApJ...515..206N", "1999BaltA...8..593W", "1999IAUS..186...39I", "1999MNRAS.302..771J", "1999MNRAS.307..495H", "2000MNRAS.314..468J", "2000MNRAS.319..657H", "2001ApJ...549L.199M", "2001ApJ...551..294I", "2001MNRAS.323..529H", "2001astro.ph..5516L", "2002A&A...389..387L", "2003ApJ...599.1082M", "2004ApJ...601...37K", "2004MNRAS.351..643H", "2004MNRAS.353..874M", "2005ApJ...619..807L", "2005ApJ...635..931B", "2006AJ....131.1436F", "2009ApJ...703L..67L", "2009PhDT.......158T", "2010ApJ...714..229L", "2010ApJ...721..329C", "2010ApJ...723.1057M", "2010arXiv1010.3382E", "2011ApJ...727L...2P", "2012ApJ...760...95J", "2012MNRAS.422..207N", "2014A&A...564A..18P", "2015ApJ...803...80K", "2015MmSAI..86..348P", "2016ASSL..420...31L", "2016ASSL..420..141J", "2016ApJ...819..124L", "2020MNRAS.499.4863P", "2022A&A...666A..64R" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...46K", "1986ApJ...309..472Q", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987IAUS..117...39C", "1987gady.book.....B", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1993ASPC...48..322I", "1993ApJS...86..389H", "1994ApJ...435..599Z", "1994MNRAS.270L..43K", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995ApJ...442..142O" ]
11591149
astro-ph/9401001
Large-scale mass distribution behind the Galactic plane
We map the 1200 km s^-1 smoothed mass-density distribution in the Galactic zone of avoidance (ZOA), within 6000 km s^-1 of the Local Group, using POTENT reconstruction from peculiar velocities of galaxies. The interpolation into the ZOA is based on the assumed gravitational nature of the velocity field implying a potential flow. The main dynamical features at a distance r~4000 km s^-1 are (a) the peak of the Great Attractor connecting Centaurus and Pavo at l~=330 deg, (b) a moderate bridge connecting Perseus-Pisces and Cepheus at l~=140 deg, and (c) an extension of a large void from the southern Galactic hemisphere into the ZOA near the direction of Puppis, l~=220 deg-270 deg. We find a strong correlation between the mass density and the IRAS and optical galaxy density at b=+/-20 deg, which indicates that the main dynamical features in the ZOA should also be seen in galaxy surveys throughout the Galactic plane. The gravitational acceleration at the Local Group, based on the mass distribution out to ~6000 km s^-1, is strongly affected by the mass distribution in the ZOA: its direction changes by 31 deg when the --&lt;e1&gt;b--&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;20 deg ZOA is included, bringing it to within 4 deg+/-19 deg of the CMB dipole.
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11.641163
2.783515
1995-08-01
65
1995MNRAS.275..797K
[ "ZOA", "r~4000 km s^-1", "optical galaxy density", "l~=140 deg", "l~=330 deg", "b=+/-20 deg", "l~=220 deg-270 deg", "galaxy surveys", "peculiar velocities", "Galactic" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "LOCAL GROUP", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.3.797", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9401001" ]
[ "Kolatt, Tsafrir", "Dekel, Avishai", "Lahav, Ofer" ]
[ "Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel", "Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel", "Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
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[ "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1987MNRAS.225..213L", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1987ang..book.....T", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1989ApJ...336L...5B", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990ApJ...349..408J", "1990ApJ...352..448L", "1990ApJ...360..448H", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1990RPPh...53..421B", "1991ApJ...371L...1S", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...379....6N", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1991MNRAS.248..313K", "1991PhDT........15W", "1992ApJ...396..453H", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993MNRAS.262..711L", "1993MNRAS.265...72H", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ASPC...67...89K", "1994ApJ...422L...1D", "1994ApJ...423L..93L" ]
11579250
astro-ph/9506108
The extinction Y dust in the outer parts of spiral galaxies.
To investigate the distribution of dust in Sb and Sc galaxies we have analyzed near-infrared and optical surface photometry for an unbiased sample of 37 galaxies. Since light in the K-band is very little affected by extinction by dust, the B - K colour is a good indicator of the amount of extinction, and using the colour-inclination relation we can statistically determine the extinction for an average Sb/Sc galaxy. We find in general a considerable amount of extinction in spiral galaxies in the central regions, all the way out to their effective radii. In the outer parts, at D_K,21_, or at 3 times the typical exponential scale lengths of the stellar distribution , we find a maximum optical depth of 0.5 in B for a face-on galaxy. If we impose the condition that the dust is distributed in the same way as the stars, this upper limit would go down to 0.1.
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12.358657
7.936162
1995-08-01
61
1995A&A...300L...1P
[ "Sc galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "extinction", "galaxy", "dust", "Sb", "_", "D_K,21", "a maximum optical depth", "3 times the typical exponential scale lengths" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506108" ]
[ "Peletier, R. F.", "Valentijn, E. A.", "Moorwood, A. F. M.", "Freudling, W.", "Knapen, J. H.", "Beckman, J. E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1989spce.book.....L", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991A&A...241...42K", "1991A&A...242..334G", "1991IAUS..144..245V", "1991MNRAS.250..486C", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1992Natur.359..129W", "1993ApJ...418..123R", "1994A&AS..108..621P", "1994AJ....107..135B", "1994AJ....107.2036G", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...432..114B", "1994MNRAS.266..511E", "1994MNRAS.266..614V", "1994MNRAS.270..373J", "1995A&A...296...64B", "1995PhDT.......129D" ]
11591145
astro-ph/9405074
Evolution in the clustering of galaxies to r=26
We present results for the two-point angular correlation function of galaxies, omega(theta), to a limiting magnitude of r=26. Our catalogue is constructed from deep imaging using the COSMIC imaging spectrograph on the Hale 5-m telescope. The final sample is 95 per cent complete to r=26.0, yielding ~5700 galaxies over a 90.1-arcmin^2 field. Our analysis shows omega(theta) for faint galaxies can be parametrized by a power law of the form A_omegatheta^-0.8, in agreement with the angular clustering statistics of shallower catalogues. The derived amplitude, A_omega, for our catalogue is small, but non-zero. We combine this measurement with the latest statistical constraints on faint galaxy redshifts from gravitational lensing studies, which imply that the bulk of the &lt;e1&gt;r&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;26 field galaxies should be at redshifts z~1. We show that our derived A_omega is significantly lower than that predicted from the local bright, optically selected galaxy correlation function using the lensing-determined galaxy redshift distribution and modest growth of clustering. This simplistic model does not, however, allow for different correlation lengths for different morphological classes. This is important as we would expect to observe a varying morphological mix as a function of apparent magnitude in our sample. At our faintest limits we reach sufficiently high redshifts that differential K-corrections will result in the observed galaxy mix being dominated by star-bursting dwarfs and low-surface-brightness irregulars, rather than the early-type systems used to define the local bright galaxy correlation function. By adopting the correlation function measured locally for these low-surface-brightness galaxies and assuming modest clustering evolution, we obtain reasonable agreement between our model and observations. This model, therefore, supports the scenario in which the high number density and low clustering amplitude of faint galaxies are produced by normally clustered star-forming dwarf galaxies at modest redshifts.
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12.42614
5.074883
1995-08-01
59
1995MNRAS.275..781B
[ "faint galaxy redshifts", "faint galaxies", "galaxies", "low clustering amplitude", "modest redshifts", "the local bright galaxy correlation function", "different correlation lengths", "modest clustering evolution", "redshifts z~1", "the observed galaxy mix" ]
[ "CATALOGUES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.3.781", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405074" ]
[ "Brainerd, Tereasa G.", "Smail, Ian", "Mould, Jeremy" ]
[ "Theoretical Astrophysics, Caltech 130-33, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "Palomar Observatory, Caltech 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "Mount Stromlo and Siding Springs Observatory, Private Bag, Weston PO, ACT 2611, Australia" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996ApJ...466...92D", "1996ApJ...466..623B", "1996ApJ...469..519H", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997ApJ...484...53O", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1997ApJ...488..524R", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997euvl.conf..219W", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...494L.137B", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...506..152G", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.299..417B", "1998Natur.391..461F", "1998PASP..110.1487K", "1998RvMA...11...83F", "1998astro.ph..3336N", "1999A&AS..134...59H", "1999A&AS..137...51N", "1999ASPC..193..411B", "1999ApJ...515...69G", "1999MNRAS.305..151R", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "2000A&A...355...37F", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000ApJ...545...32H", "2001ApJ...548..127T", "2001ApJ...549..702C", "2001MNRAS.321...18K", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002A&A...388..732B", "2003AJ....125.1182G", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2004ApJ...617..765C", "2004MNRAS.348..165E", "2007A&A...472...29D", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2008ApJ...681.1099B", "2009MNRAS.398..769M", "2010ApJ...720..569R", "2010MNRAS.404.1551S", "2011ApJ...731...44N", "2011MNRAS.410..241K", "2013MNRAS.432.1961W", "2014MNRAS.443.2661S" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978AJ.....83..845S", "1980MNRAS.192..209S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJS...47..357B", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984MNRAS.210P..19B", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1992ASIC..366..199S", "1992ApJ...393L..45M", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...414..431Y", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994A&A...286..701K", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...431..477B", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1994MNRAS.271...31M", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995MNRAS.273..157G" ]
11579267
astro-ph/9501014
CO, HI and cold dust in a sample of IRAS galaxies.
Using the IRAM 30m, SEST 15m, and Nancay radiotelescopes, we have gathered the 1mm continuum emission, the intensities of the J=1-0 line of the CO molecule and of the atomic hydrogen line at 21cm for two samples of IRAS galaxies. The southern sample was selected from the IRAS Catalogue and is complete at the limiting flux of 2Jy at 60μm; of the 10 northern objects 7 belong to the Smith et al. complete sample (1987) and 3 are isolated objects. Using these data, we have estimated the atomic hydrogen masses from the 21cm emission, the molecular gas masses from the CO(1-0)line brightness, and the dust and gas masses from the mm continuum emission using two "extreme" dust models. The main conclusions of this work for far-infrared selected galaxies can be summarized in the following points: (1) the median value of M_H_2__/M_HI_ is 0.5, meaning that the atomic phase dominates in these galaxies. The fraction of gas in molecular form increases with increasing FIR luminosity but does not show any obvious trend with other galaxy properties, in particular with the FIR surface brightness. (2) the H_2_ surface density derived from CO(1-0)emission is better correlated with the cold dust surface density than the HI surface density, but the correlation of HI with dust is not negligible (we found a correlation coefficient of 0.5, while the correlation coefficient with σ_H_2__ is 0.70). Thus, globally in these galaxies, the cold dust emission is likely associated with both the molecular and atomic phases. Indeed, the dust surface density is also correlated with the total gas surface density. (3) the FIR surface brightness increases as the third power of the S(60μm) /S(100μm) ratio. It shows a tight correlation with both the H_2_ and dust surface densities and a weaker one with the HI surface density. This suggests that a large part of the far-infrared emission of these galaxies originates in the molecular medium. (4) the gas-to-dust ratio, (M_H_2__+ M_HI_)/M_d_ ranges between 100 and 1000 and its average value is 230, close to the Galactic value. There is indeed a clear trend: this ratio decreases as the FIR surface density increases. This result can be explained in the framework of an enhancement of metallicity in galaxy discs having a higher star formation rate.
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12.811738
8.305196
1995-08-01
31
1995A&A...300...43A
[ "dust surface densities", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxy discs", "other galaxy properties", "dust", "molecular form increases", "FIR luminosity", "the cold dust surface density", "the FIR surface density increases", "the dust surface density" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION OF", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES: RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501014" ]
[ "Andreani, P.", "Casoli, F.", "Gerin, M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...309...43C", "1996MNRAS.283...85A", "1997A&A...324...32X", "1997AJ....114..946M", "1998A&A...331..451C", "1998AJ....115.2273N", "1998ApJ...494..211I", "1998ApJ...496..145L", "1998MNRAS.296..709F", "2000A&A...354L...1A", "2000Ap&SS.273..103K", "2000Ap.....43..299K", "2000ApJ...528..626P", "2000MNRAS.318..124G", "2001A&A...372..406R", "2001MNRAS.326.1431G", "2002A&A...381..761D", "2002MNRAS.337..641W", "2003A&A...398..493K", "2003A&A...405....5B", "2004A&A...416..515D", "2004A&A...419...99G", "2004A&A...422..941C", "2005ApJ...632..227R", "2005MNRAS.359.1165G", "2009MNRAS.394.1857O", "2012ApJ...757...64B", "2014ApJS..214....1U", "2017ApJ...840L..18J", "2017ApJ...843...37T", "2018ApJ...861...94H" ]
[ "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1985ApJ...293..178S", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1986ApJ...304..443Y", "1986ApJ...305L..45S", "1986ApJ...306..490I", "1987ApJ...318..161S", "1988A&A...207....1S", "1989ApJ...340L..53M", "1989ApJ...341..808M", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1990A&A...228L...5D", "1990A&A...229...17K", "1990A&A...236..237I", "1990A&A...236..327M", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ASSL..161..483D", "1990ApJ...359...42D", "1990ApJ...362..473T", "1990LIACo..29..105A", "1990LIACo..29..265K", "1991ApJ...368L..15R", "1991ApJ...370..158S", "1991ApJ...373..423S", "1992A&A...260...89A", "1992A&A...266..177C", "1993A&A...272..123S", "1993A&A...279L..37G", "1993A&A...280L..23L", "1993ApJ...414L..13D", "1993ApJ...415..140B", "1994A&A...285...79P", "1994A&A...290...49G", "1994ApJ...428..638S", "1994ApJ...429..153S" ]
11591219
astro-ph/9506085
The optical appearance of the gravitational lens system B0218+35.7
We present high-resolution CCD images (FWHM~=0.6-0.7 arcsec) of the compact gravitational lens system B0218+35.7 obtained at the Nordic Optical Telescope. Using aperture and point spread function photometry, we detect the two closely separated (335 mas) components A and B as well as the lensing galaxy. In the optical, B seems to be very much brighter than A, in contrast to the radio structure. This suggests that most of the light from A is absorbed in the lensing galaxy, possibly by a giant molecular cloud located in the line of sight to component A. The lensing galaxy appears to be a late-type galaxy at a small inclination. For future variability studies, we present calibrated photometry of the system and its immediate surroundings, even though the relative faintness of A will make it difficult to obtain an optical time delay even with the Hubble Space Telescope.
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13.619287
4.154913
1995-08-01
22
1995MNRAS.275L..67G
[ "A", "point spread function photometry", "calibrated photometry", "future variability studies", "the compact gravitational lens system", "The lensing galaxy", "the lensing galaxy", "CCD", "B0218", "sight" ]
[ "TECHNIQUES: IMAGE PROCESSING", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: B0218+35.7", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.L67", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506085" ]
[ "Grundahl, Frank", "Hjorth, Jens" ]
[ "Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark", "Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark" ]
[ "1995A&A...303L..61C", "1996ASSL..206..215C", "1996ApJ...457..529B", "1996ApJ...465..115K", "1996ApJ...465L..99M", "1997A&A...317L..39J", "1997A&A...327L..17C", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1998ApJ...503...48B", "1999ASPC..159..367H", "1999ApJ...511..546T", "2000ApJ...536..584L", "2000MNRAS.311..389J", "2000PhDT........21B", "2005MNRAS.357..124Y", "2006A&A...455..773V", "2008AN....329..413P", "2008MNRAS.387.1303S", "2010A&A...518A..10V", "2010ApJ...709..386Z", "2010ApJ...716L.185L", "2017MNRAS.470.2814F" ]
[ "1964MNRAS.128..307R", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992AJ....104.1320O", "1993A&AS..101..521S", "1993ApJ...412L..59C", "1993LIACo..31..295N", "1993MNRAS.261..435P", "1993MNRAS.263L..32B", "1994MNRAS.270L..63G", "1994RPPh...57..117R", "1994cers.conf..129P", "1994cers.conf..132S", "1995A&A...299..382W", "1995MNRAS.274L...5P" ]
11580599
astro-ph/9503010
Comparison of N-Body Simulations to Statistical Observations of Galaxy Pairs
N-body simulations were conducted of pairs of galaxies with a 3:1 mass ratio on parabolic orbits in order to quantify the effect of dynamical friction. The effects of varying the ratio of the dark matter halo size to the distance of closest approach were explored. Once the dark matter halos are fully overlapping the more massive simulated galaxies achieve a larger maximum separation after the first encounter, despite the increased dynamical friction caused by the more extended halos. Projected separation and radial velocity histograms were generated by "observing" the simulation results at various times and from various orientations. These histograms were compared with observations of galaxy pairs (Charlton &amp; Salpeter 1991; Chengalur, Salpeter, &amp; Terzian 1993) with the result that large halo radii (∼200-600 kpc) and wide distances of closest approach are generally favored. It is difficult to reconcile the small radial velocity differences that have been observed (median of ∼30 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>; Chengalur et al. 1993) with the simulations when we sample all parts of the orbits equally. Including an additional population of wide pairs that have just recently reached "turnabout" from the Hubble flow would lower the median velocity differences. Models suggest that additional data for pairs at intermediate separations should have a somewhat larger median velocity difference than the wide pairs. Very narrow pairs include galaxies that are interacting and whose gaseous components respond to forces other than gravity. If consistently small Av are measured from neutral hydrogen velocities in a larger sample of narrow pairs, pressure forces and dissipation effects on the gaseous components could be responsible.
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11.084729
5.46461
1995-08-01
8
1995ApJ...449..497B
[ "galaxy pairs", "wide pairs", "narrow pairs", "large halo radii", "radial velocity histograms", "pairs", "neutral hydrogen velocities", "wide distances", "galaxies", "halos" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/176074", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503010" ]
[ "Bartlett, Roger E.", "Charlton, Jane C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...313..347S", "1996ApJ...461..546C", "1997AJ....114...77N", "2000ApJ...530..660B", "2000ApJ...544..176N", "2001A&A...366..418C", "2003Ap&SS.286..381N", "2007AJ....134...71S" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1978MNRAS.184..185W", "1979ApJ...229L...9W", "1980MNRAS.191P...1W", "1981ApJ...251..477R", "1981MNRAS.197..179G", "1982ApJ...253..423D", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982MNRAS.199..493V", "1982MNRAS.199.1159C", "1983ApJ...265..597F", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1983MNRAS.205.1009N", "1985ApJ...296..299E", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987ApJS...64..427S", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...327..570B", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1989ApJ...342L..63K", "1990ApJ...349..562H", "1991ApJ...375..517C", "1991MNRAS.251..360N", "1992ApJ...385...32S", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...394....1W", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...419...30C", "1994AJ....107.1984C" ]
11594253
astro-ph/9410034
Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations
The Milky Way Galaxy offers a unique opportunity for testing theories of galaxy formation and evolution. I discuss how large surveys, both photometric and spectroscopic, of Galactic stars are the keystones of investigations into such fundamental problems as the merging history--and future--of the Galaxy. (SECTION: Stars)
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10.035312
7.26154
1995-08-01
1
1995PASP..107..785W
[ "such fundamental problems", "Galactic stars", "testing theories", "galaxy formation", "Galaxy", "Stars", "spectroscopic", "Galactic", "investigations", "future" ]
[ "GALAXY: FORMATION", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/133624", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9410034" ]
[ "Wyse, Rosemary F. G." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2006MNRAS.372.1304D" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1966ApJS...13..379K", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1982Obs...102..202L", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985AJ.....90.2015G", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1985ApJS...58..463N", "1986A&A...157..230V", "1986MNRAS.218..743B", "1986Natur.322..806G", "1987ARA&A..25..603F", "1987ASIC..207..281H", "1987ASIC..207..413G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...334..927L", "1989AJ.....97..423C", "1989ARA&A..27..555G", "1989ComAp..13..135W", "1990AJ....100.1191M", "1990ASPC...10...25O", "1990ApJ...348..515M", "1990MNRAS.244..465A", "1990MNRAS.244P..16I", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991MNRAS.248..515V", "1991dodg.conf...15F", "1991dodg.conf..257L", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1993A&A...274..181S", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993AIPC..278..599T", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1993ApJ...409..635R", "1993ApJ...411..178V", "1993ApJ...413L..93M", "1993ApJ...417L...1R", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993PhR...231..293S", "1994A&A...284..810O", "1994AJ....107.1371T", "1994AJ....108.1722K", "1994ApJ...431..617D", "1994ApJ...431..645N", "1994ApJ...436L.149L", "1994MNRAS.267L...1N", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995AJ....109.1095G", "1995ApJS...96..175B" ]
11591234
astro-ph/9503108
A new method of studying galaxy velocity fields: preliminary results
It is shown that the average magnitude-redshift diagram for a magnitude-limited sample of galaxies can be effectively used for mapping galaxy velocity fields. This new approach is quantitatively introduced and applied to the CfA, ESO/LV and ZCAT samples of galaxies. Strong arguments are presented for infall velocities in the Virgo and Fornax superclusters, and in the Great Wall structure.
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11.879478
5.614225
1995-08-01
1
1995MNRAS.275L..79C
[ "mapping galaxy velocity fields", "infall velocities", "galaxies", "Strong arguments", "CfA", "ZCAT", "the Great Wall structure", "the average magnitude-redshift diagram", "a magnitude-limited sample", "the Virgo and Fornax superclusters" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: FORNAX", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: GREAT WALL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/275.1.L79", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503108" ]
[ "Choloniewski, Jacek" ]
[ "Astronomical Observatory of Warsaw University, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.316..621R" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1986MNRAS.223....1C", "1989MNRAS.237...17S", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990A&A...237..275H", "1990RPPh...53..421B", "1991MNRAS.250..486C", "1993yCat.7164....0H", "1994A&A...289...19T", "1994ApJ...430....1S", "1994ApJ...435..515H", "1994MNRAS.266..468H" ]
1952808
null
An H i/Optical Atlas of H II Galaxies and Their Companions
We have conducted a directed search for intergalactic H I clouds, using H II galaxies as pointers to fields on the sky likely to contain such clouds. This extends our previous survey (Taylor et al. 1993) by using the VLA to map in the 21 cm line of H I a complete, volume-limited sample of H II galaxies. We detected 20 of the 21 galaxies in our sample and find that 14 have nearby H I companions. Some H II galaxies have multiple companions, and we have discovered a total of 19 companions, or a frequency of occurrence of companions of 0.67. This detection rate is statistically consistent with a lower limit of the companion frequency of 0.46, assuming that no companions are present outside of the spatial and velocity ranges searched by our VLA observations. The companion population is not a homogeneous one but is comprised of H II galaxies, cataloged and previously uncataloged dwarfs, and several objects for which there are no known optical counterparts. These latter objects may be intergalactic H I clouds. Here we present our H I maps and R-band optical images of the H II galaxy and companion systems, along with physical properties determined from these data. We compare our sample to samples of H II galaxies from the literature, finding that the literature samples over-represent the more massive, more luminous H II galaxies. Our total mass estimates imply that H II galaxies are dominated by dark matter, in agreement with observations of dwarf irregular galaxies. We also find a tendency for H II galaxies to be characterized by dense central H I concentrations surrounded by less dense envelopes. Detailed analysis of the H II galaxy/companion systems will appear in subsequent papers.
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11.659809
7.924073
1995-08-01
123
1995ApJS...99..427T
[ "H II galaxies", "intergalactic H", "dwarf irregular galaxies", "Some H II galaxies", "multiple companions", "companions", "the H II galaxy and companion systems", "the H II galaxy/companion systems", "Taylor et al", "several objects" ]
[ "ATLASES", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192193" ]
[ "Taylor, Christopher L.", "Brinks, Elias", "Grashuis, Randy M.", "Skillman, Evan D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1098M", "1996AJ....111.1551M", "1996AJ....112..960S", "1996ASPC..106..208S", "1996ASPC..112...73E", "1996ApJS..102..189T", "1996ApJS..107..143T", "1997A&A...323..685B", "1997AJ....113.1618V", "1997AJ....113.2031W", "1997AJ....114..147M", "1997ApJ...480..524T", "1997PASA...14...64B", "1997PASA...14...77M", "1998A&A...331..873B", "1998A&A...335..152G", "1998A&A...337...64S", "1998AJ....115..502H", "1998AJ....115.2345P", "1998AJ....116.1186V", "1998AJ....116.2746T", "1998AJ....116.2886S", "1998ASPC..147..125C", "1998ApJ...504..720B", "1998MNRAS.300..705M", "1998astro.ph..3286P", "1999A&A...348..446E", "1999A&AS..138..213D", "1999AJ....117.1229M", "1999AJ....117.1688M", "1999AJ....117.2168P", "1999AJ....118.2723M", "1999ASPC..165..480B", "1999ASPC..166..125B", "1999ASPC..170..337T", "1999Ap.....42..149C", "1999ApJ...514..818B", "1999astro.ph..1307B", "2000A&A...357..101K", "2000A&A...359..493M", "2000A&A...361...19S", "2000A&ARv..10....1K", "2000A&AS..144..429Z", "2000AJ....119..688D", "2000AJ....120.2402B", "2000MNRAS.311..307T", "2000MNRAS.317..649B", "2001A&A...373...24P", "2001A&A...374..800O", "2001A&A...375..219B", "2001AJ....121..727W", "2001AJ....121.1413P", "2001AJ....122..121V", "2001AJ....122.1194P", "2001AJ....122.2243S", "2001Ap&SS.276..577N", "2001ApJ...546..916W", "2001ApJ...555..289N", "2001ApJS..133..321C", "2001ApSSS.277..445P", "2001AstL...27..411T", "2001MNRAS.322..658T", "2002A&A...389...29S", "2002AJ....124..191S", "2002ApJS..142..161P", "2003A&A...397..463U", "2003A&A...400..841P", "2003A&A...409..917P", "2003A&A...410..481N", "2003AJ....126.1326V", "2003AJ....126.2774H", "2004A&A...416..515D", "2004AJ....128.1219J", "2004AJ....128.2170H", "2004AJ....128.2743K", "2004ApJS..153..243L", "2004MNRAS.349..357B", "2004dimg.conf..147G", "2005AIPC..783...83H", "2005AJ....130..524M", "2006MNRAS.368..864B", "2007A&A...464..859P", "2008AJ....135..326D", "2008ApJ...677..201G", "2009A&A...507.1291C", "2010A&A...521A..63L", "2010AJ....139..102E", "2010ASPC..423...65T", "2010ApJ...720..522H", "2010MNRAS.401..759J", "2010MNRAS.405.2453M", "2011AJ....142...82S", "2011AJ....142..162L", "2011MNRAS.414..272H", "2012A&A...544A.145L", "2013A&A...556A..10M", "2013ApJ...767L..15C", "2013MNRAS.431..102M", "2014A&A...566A..71L", "2014A&A...569A.110L", "2014MNRAS.442.1830V", "2014MNRAS.443..860S", "2014MNRAS.445.1694L", "2015A&A...583A.114H", "2015MNRAS.450.3886M", "2015MNRAS.452..397C", "2015arXiv150402084M", "2016A&A...587A..24S", "2016A&A...595A..56S", "2016MNRAS.455.3359P", "2016MNRAS.462...92J", "2017A&A...605A..54K", "2017AJ....153..132A", "2017MNRAS.464.4680D", "2018MNRAS.477..392L", "2018MNRAS.477.5554W", "2018MNRAS.481..122C", "2019ApJ...872...16D", "2019MNRAS.490.3365N", "2020MNRAS.498.4745J", "2021MNRAS.501.2704J", "2022ApJ...926..167J", "2023ApJ...949...80C" ]
[ "1966ApJ...143..192Z", "1972ApJ...173...25S", "1973ApJ...179..427S", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1977A&A....61...99B", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1980A&A....89..377C", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1981ApJ...247..823T", "1981ApJS...45..113M", "1984ARA&A..22...37G", "1986A&A...165...45S", "1986ApJ...300..496K", "1987A&A...185...61S", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1988AJ.....95...37C", "1988ApJ...332L..33C", "1988ApJ...334..665F", "1988PASP..100..131L", "1989ApJ...347..760C", "1989ApJS...70..447S", "1989ApJS...70..479S", "1989PASP..101..849B", "1990AJ.....99..547L", "1990dig..book..146B", "1991A&AS...91..285T", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1993AJ....105..128T", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1994AJ....107..971T", "1994ESOC...49..263B" ]
1951112
null
Interstellar MG II Absorption Lines from Low-Redshift Galaxies
We have used the GHRS aboard HST to search for interstellar Mg II 2796, 2803 absorption from the disks and halos of 17 low-redshift galaxies, using as probes QSOs and extragalactic supernovae whose sight lines pass close to, or through, intervening galaxies. The galaxies studied are of diverse morphological type, reside in different environments, and lie at separations of p' ≃ 2-113 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc from a QSO line of sight. Ten of 11 galaxies at separations 31-113 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc show no absorption to equivalent width limits of W(λ2796) &lt;40-90 mÅ, which corresponds to N(Mg II) ≃1-4 × 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Six galaxies lie at p' ≤ 9 kpc, and of these, four (NGC 4319, the LMC, M81, and the Milky Way) show absorption. Two early-type galaxies (NGC 1380 and Leo I) show no absorption at p' &lt; 9 kpc: these nondetections are surprising because the separations are small and point to the possibility that the existence of extended absorbing halos may be a function of galaxy type. <P />All of the galaxies which produce absorption are plausibly members of interacting systems. For absorbing galaxies probed below 9 kpc, the sight line passes within the optical radius of the galaxy, where the interstellar medium (ISM) is expected to have a high covering factor, and we do not attribute the absorption to the interactions. However, we do find that the environment of the absorbing galaxies affects the characteristics of the absorption detected the strength of lines, the complexity of line components, the ionization state of the gas and we warn of the dangers inherent in constructing models of generic halos based on statistical properties of QSO absorption-line surveys. <P />Our data suggest that the covering factor of Mg II absorption is high for galaxies within ≈10 kpc, but very small beyond ≈30 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc, a result consistent with the size found of Mg II halos deduced for galaxies at redshifts z &gt; 0.2. The low-redshift galaxies observed in this study which show Mg II absorption are probably drawn from the same population as the higher redshift absorbers, although the sample is too small to permit a definitive analysis. There is some evidence for a sharp cutoff in equivalent width as p' increases, suggesting that low-redshift galaxies may be sharply bounded beyond ∼30 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc. The luminosities of most of the absorbers in our program are such that the source sight lines pass through the predicted (Holmberg) optical radii of the galaxies. Hence the region between the optical radius and the gas radius of the z &gt; 0.2 Mg II absorbers, ≈10 kpc to 30 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc, remains unexplored at low redshift. <P />Although our data do not enable us to determine whether the outer regions of galaxy disks are responsible for Mg II absorption systems, we note that 21 cm measurements currently available show that H I disks of the brightest spiral galaxies are already close to the sizes of higher redshift Mg II absorbers. We have found a correlation between the absolute blue magnitude of spiral galaxies and their H I radii measured at the N(H I) = 10<SUP>19</SUP> and 10<SUP>20</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> level, and there is evidence that the correlation tends to that of the intermediate-redshift Mg II absorbing galaxies at lower N(H I) limits. Hence the outer regions of galaxy disks may well have sufficient column densities to produce Mg II absorption lines.
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13.953416
8.370759
1995-08-01
95
1995ApJ...448..634B
[ "Mg II absorption lines", "Mg II absorption", "Mg II absorption systems", "higher redshift Mg II absorbers", "galaxy disks", "galaxy type", "spiral galaxies", "Mg II halos", "galaxies", "absorbing galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175993" ]
[ "Bowen, David V.", "Blades, J. Chris", "Pettini, Max" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...448..662B", "1996AJ....111.1098M", "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996ApJ...464..141B", "1996ApJ...465..631C", "1996ApJ...471..164C", "1996ApJ...472...73N", "1996ApJ...472L..77B", "1996ApJ...473..806K", "1997ApJ...478..530B", "1997ApJ...490..710Y", "1997MNRAS.284..599B", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998MNRAS.297..239B", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1999AJ....117..908K", "1999AJ....117.1758Y", "1999ASPC..156...16B", "1999ASPC..164...66M", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999Ap&SS.269..639D", "1999ApJ...510..605G", "1999ApJS..120...51C", "2000A&A...359..457P", "2000AJ....119..188Y", "2000ASPC..200..271C", "2000ApJ...531..654P", "2000ApJ...536..225B", "2000ApJ...543..577C", "2000MNRAS.311..541W", "2000astro.ph..5373P", "2001AJ....121.1456B", "2001AJ....122..679C", "2001ApJ...557..761B", "2001ApJ...560...92C", "2001ApJS..136..463W", "2002A&A...391...21P", "2002ApJ...569L..15D", "2002ApJ...576...45R", "2002ApJ...580..169B", "2003AJ....125.2824J", "2003ASPC..291..407T", "2005ApJ...635..880B", "2005pgqa.conf....5T", "2005pgqa.conf...24C", "2006ApJ...636..631W", "2006ApJ...643..667K", "2006ApJ...645L.105B", "2006ApJ...646..358P", "2006ApJS..163..282W", "2006MNRAS.368..341W", "2008AJ....135..922K", "2008ApJ...683...55C", "2008ApJ...687..745C", "2008ApJS..176...59B", "2009AJ....138.1817B", "2009ApJ...692..187W", "2010ApJ...711..533K", "2010ApJ...717..289S", "2010ApJ...722.1821C", "2010MNRAS.403..906N", "2010RAA....10..612H", "2011ApJ...727...47B", "2011ApJ...727...52B", "2011ApJ...733..105K", "2011ApJ...735L...1S", "2011MNRAS.417..304L", "2012ApJ...760...49L", "2012ApJS..198....3W", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.426..801B", "2012MNRAS.427.1238C", "2013ApJ...773...82C", "2013ApJ...774...40A", "2013ApJS..204...17W", "2014MNRAS.439..342G", "2014MNRAS.445.2061L", "2015ApJ...815...91B", "2015MNRAS.447.3856S", "2015MNRAS.449.3263J", "2015MNRAS.452.2553J", "2016MNRAS.455.1713H", "2016MNRAS.458.2423Z", "2016SSRv..202..143C", "2016grbu.book..145C", "2017ASSL..430..167C", "2017ApJ...834..191B", "2018ApJ...864..132B", "2018MNRAS.478.3890B", "2019ApJ...872..129F", "2019ApJ...877L..20B", "2021ApJ...923...44S", "2022A&A...666A..56M", "2023ApJ...944..101B", "2024MNRAS.531.3658F" ]
[ "1968PASP...80..129A", "1975A&A....45...25R", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJ...206L.117H", "1977Natur.266..501C", "1978AJ.....83.1549K", "1978ApJ...220...42B", "1978ApJ...223...47D", "1979PASJ...31..193S", "1980ApJ...235..749B", "1980ApJ...242L.145B", "1981ApJ...243...42M", "1981ApJ...243..460S", "1981MNRAS.194..669B", "1983ApJ...268...76B", "1983ApJ...268L..75G", "1984ApJ...282...19F", "1984ApJS...56...91D", "1984IAUS..108..125M", "1985ApJ...298..838F", "1986A&A...155L...8B", "1986A&A...169....1B", "1986A&AS...63..323H", "1986ApJ...302..272M", "1986ApJ...302L..45O", "1986ApJ...306..466H", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1986MNRAS.222..787M", "1987A&A...180....1B", "1987A&A...181....1B", "1987A&AS...71..603J", "1987AJ.....93.1381F", "1987ApJ...314..380S", "1987ApJ...319..687S", "1987ApJ...319..693S", "1987ApJ...322..739L", "1987ApJ...322L..59S", "1987MNRAS.225..591M", "1987qrc..book.....A", "1988A&A...204...28V", "1988A&A...206...27V", "1988ApJ...328....4B", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ApJ...334..308B", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989ApJ...336..121F", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989MNRAS.240..591S", "1990AJ.....99...45H", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990AJ.....99.2059R", "1990AJ.....99.2082J", "1990AJ....100.1785W", "1990ASSL..161..151K", "1990ASSL..161..201S", "1990ApJ...356L..15D", "1990ApJ...359L..37S", "1990ApJ...365..471J", "1990ApJS...72...41C", "1990ApJS...72..245S", "1990MNRAS.244..551M", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&A...251L...1M", "1991AJ....101.1299R", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...377L..21M", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ApJ...381...55B", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991IAUS..148...15W", "1991IAUS..148..183D", "1991MNRAS.248..153B", "1991MNRAS.249..145B", "1991MNRAS.251..649B", "1992A&A...263...41L", "1992ApJ...386..101S", "1992ApJ...391...48L", "1992ApJ...391..569Y", "1992ApJ...396...20B", "1992ApJ...398..495B", "1992ApJS...80....1S", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1993A&A...280L..15D", "1993A&AS..100..107S", "1993AJ....106...39H", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993ASSL..188..263S", "1993ASSL..188..327H", "1993ApJ...403L..55B", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993ApJ...415..589K", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1993MNRAS.263..211R", "1993PhDT........75W", "1993ghrs.rept...55G", "1994A&A...291..425V", "1994AJ....107.1003C", "1994AJ....107.1022R", "1994ApJ...420..570B", "1994ApJ...420L..71B", "1994ApJ...423..196D", "1994ApJ...427..274D", "1994ApJ...427..628F", "1994ApJ...431..598D", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994ApJS...93..211D", "1994MNRAS.266....7D", "1994MNRAS.266L..27L", "1994Natur.372..530Y", "1995ApJ...442..538L", "1995ApJ...448..662B" ]
1951066
null
Two-dimensional Decomposition of Bulge and Disk
We describe a method of bulge-to-disk decomposition which utilizes a full two-dimensional image of a galaxy. It provides much better estimates of the structural parameters for each component than the widely used conventional procedure which involves a χ<SUP>2</SUP> decomposition on elliptically averaged profiles. The performances of the conventional one-dimensional method and the present two-dimensional technique are compared by using a set of realistic model galaxy images. We show that the conventional one-dimensional decomposition procedure is subject to strong systematic errors associated with the derivation of the elliptically averaged radial surface brightness profiles; these errors come from the different intrinsic shapes of disk and bulge, combined with the effects of viewing inclination. The present two-dimensional approach successfully recovers the intrinsic parameters for a wide range of B/D ratios at all inclinations.
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11.066309
6.541739
1995-08-01
94
1995ApJ...448..563B
[ "strong systematic errors", "realistic model galaxy images", "disk", "viewing inclination", "bulge", "the different intrinsic shapes", "the intrinsic parameters", "the conventional one-dimensional decomposition procedure", "the elliptically averaged radial surface brightness profiles", "the widely used conventional procedure" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175986" ]
[ "Byun, Y. I.", "Freeman, K. C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&AS..118..111H", "1996ASSL..209..255C", "1996ApJ...457..645W", "1996ApJ...457L..73C", "1996PASJ...48..591M", "1997ASPC..116...84I", "1997ApJS..109...79S", "1998A&A...338..795M", "1998A&AS..127..299M", "1998A&AS..130...81M", "1998AJ....116.1094C", "1998AJ....116.1626B", "1998IAUS..184...41B", "1998MNRAS.300..773W", "1999A&A...352L...5M", "1999AJ....117.1219W", "1999AJ....117.2736M", "1999AJ....118...46C", "1999AJ....118...86R", "1999ApJ...510..637H", "1999ApJ...513..561C", "1999ApJS..125..349H", "1999MNRAS.303..495E", "1999astro.ph..4179R", "2000AJ....120.2884P", "2000ApJ...533..162K", "2001A&A...368...16M", "2001AJ....122..653R", "2001Ap&SS.276..467S", "2001MNRAS.323..188P", "2001MNRAS.326.1508D", "2002AJ....123..195I", "2002AJ....124..266P", "2002ApJ...574..104B", "2003A&A...411...55C", "2003ApJ...582..689M", "2003MNRAS.344..527K", "2003MNRAS.345....1M", "2003astro.ph.10440C", "2004A&A...415...63M", "2004MNRAS.355.1251L", "2005A&A...431..127T", "2005MNRAS.362.1319L", "2006A&A...457..493S", "2007AJ....134.1315L", "2007ApJ...667...97B", "2007ApJ...667..780D", "2007MNRAS.376.1480N", "2008A&A...478..353M", "2008A&A...487..555M", "2008ApJ...688..159G", "2008ApJS..179..283K", "2008PASJ...60..493Y", "2009ApJ...696..411W", "2009MNRAS.398.1129G", "2010AJ....139.2097P", "2010ApJ...725.2426B", "2010MNRAS.401..559M", "2010MNRAS.406.1595F", "2010MNRAS.409.1379V", "2011ARA&A..49..301V", "2011ApJ...726...77S", "2011ApJ...739...20C", "2011MNRAS.414.1625Y", "2012ApJS..198....2K", "2013AN....334.1016V", "2013ApJ...765..120W", "2013MNRAS.431.2661C", "2013MNRAS.432.1768K", "2014ApJ...786..105J", "2014AstBu..69...99M", "2014MNRAS.441.3083W", "2014MNRAS.444.3603V", "2014arXiv1410.8262Y", "2015ApJ...799..226E", "2015MNRAS.446.3749Y", "2016A&A...585A..20K", "2016ApJS..225....6K", "2017A&A...598A..32M", "2017ApJ...845..114G", "2017MNRAS.465.2317J", "2017MNRAS.466.1513R", "2017MNRAS.469.1636K", "2018MNRAS.473.4731K", "2018MNRAS.477..845G", "2018MNRAS.478.5689L", "2019A&A...622A.132M", "2019ApJS..244...34G", "2019MNRAS.487.1795S", "2021MNRAS.506.1209M", "2022MNRAS.515.1175H", "2022arXiv220309051H", "2023A&A...679A..83K", "2024MNRAS.527.5792L" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1979ApJ...234..435B", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1982ARA&A..20..399B", "1982SAAS...12..115K", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986AJ.....91.1301K", "1987AJ.....93...60S", "1987MNRAS.229..691S", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1989ApJ...345L..29B", "1989ApJ...345L..33G", "1989MNRAS.237..903S", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1989woga.conf..293S", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991A&A...248...57K" ]
1951006
null
The X-Ray Environment of the Dumbbell Radio Galaxy NGC 326
We report the first detailed X-ray observations of the dumbbell radio galaxy NGC 326. The region containing the source was imaged for 5.8 hr in soft X-rays with the ROSAT PSPC as part of a program to measure the X-ray emission in low-power radio galaxies not known to be in rich clusters. <P />Unlike other radio galaxies measured as part of this program, NGC 326 is discovered to be embedded in bright asymmetrical X-ray emitting cluster gas of temperature kT ∼ 2 keV and 0.1-2.4 keV luminosity 3.5 × 10<SUP>36</SUP> W (H<SUB>0</SUB> = 50 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>). There is a peak in the X-ray emission consistent with the location of the radio galaxy core. Five of the 10 brightest galaxies in the region are the brightest optical objects in error circles of excess X-ray emission. In the same observation, ROSA T also detected the unrelated, more distant, cluster Abell 115 and provided its first spectral measurement: kT = 7.2<SUP>+9</SUP><SUB>-1.9</SUB> keV. <P />It has been suggested previously that galaxy kinematics are responsible for the apparent change in direction over time of tbe twin jets of the large-scale radio emission of NGC 326. This was thought to be due either to a misalignment between the radio beam and galaxy axes or to interaction between the two galaxies which form the dumbbell nucleus of NGC 326 and which are known to be passing at about 16 kpc projected separation. Our X-ray results support a different explanation: that buoyancy forces have bent the outer radio structure.
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15.498873
6.37674
1995-08-01
71
1995ApJ...449...93W
[ "excess X-ray emission", "other radio galaxies", "ray emitting cluster gas", "galaxy kinematics", "galaxy", "bright asymmetrical X", "-", "rays", "the first detailed X-ray observations", "the X-ray emission" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ABELL 115", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 326", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "GALAXIES: JETS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176035" ]
[ "Worrall, D. M.", "Birkinshaw, M.", "Cameron, R. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC..100..335B", "1996MNRAS.283..673S", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ApJ...488...44B", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1998MNRAS.296.1098H", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999A&A...349..381H", "1999ApJ...526...60S", "1999MNRAS.305..417S", "1999MNRAS.307..722W", "1999MNRAS.309..969H", "1999MNRAS.310...30C", "1999mdrg.conf..409H", "2000A&A...362..871C", "2000ApJ...530..719W", "2000MNRAS.319..562H", "2001A&A...380..102M", "2001ASPC..250..380M", "2002A&A...394...39C", "2002MNRAS.330..609D", "2002NewAR..46..121W", "2003ApJ...594L.103G", "2003MNRAS.346.1041C", "2004NuPhS.132..165C", "2005ASPC..345..289L", "2005ApJ...622..149K", "2006LNP...693...39W", "2007AJ....133.2097C", "2007ApJ...662..166H", "2007MNRAS.374.1085L", "2007MNRAS.377.1215Z", "2007MNRAS.380....2W", "2008MNRAS.390.1105L", "2008MmSAI..79.1298L", "2009ApJ...695..755M", "2009ApJS..181..548C", "2009MNRAS.393....2S", "2010ApJ...710.1205H", "2010ApJ...717L..37H", "2010MNRAS.408.1103L", "2011ApJ...733...58H", "2012ApJ...746..167H", "2012ApJ...746..176L", "2012RAA....12..127G", "2013ApJ...779...41T", "2013MNRAS.436..690S", "2014ApJ...784...36W", "2015ASSL..414...83H", "2015ApJS..220....7R", "2016A&A...587A..25G", "2017A&A...606A..57R", "2017NatAs...1..727K", "2018A&A...620A..19H", "2018ApJ...852...48S", "2019AJ....157..195L", "2019ApJ...887..266J", "2019ApJS..245...17Y", "2019MNRAS.488.3416H", "2020MNRAS.495.1271C", "2020MNRAS.496..676B", "2020NewAR..8801539H", "2022A&A...663L...8G", "2022ApJS..260....7B", "2022MNRAS.512.4308B", "2023ApJ...944..187W", "2023Galax..11...67O", "2023MNRAS.523.1648M", "2023MNRAS.524.3270P", "2024FrASS..1171101G", "2024arXiv240614889K" ]
[ "1968cgcg.bookR....Z", "1975A&A....38..209C", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978A&A....70..677C", "1978Natur.276..588E", "1980A&A....85..101B", "1981ApJ...243L.133F", "1982AJ.....87..602W", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1982ApJ...263..546B", "1983ApJ...264..356B", "1984A&A...139...50F", "1984ApJ...278...37E", "1984MNRAS.210..929L", "1984SAOSR.393.....H", "1986AJ.....91.1051C", "1986ApJ...301..841O", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987A&A...181..244P", "1987MNRAS.225....1A", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1988A&A...189...11M", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1990ApJS...72...75O", "1991AJ....102.1960P", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992ApJ...393..819S", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...79..331W", "1992daia.conf..145W", "1992daia.conf..153G", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...408..428O", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1994ApJ...427..134W" ]
1950778
null
Limits on the Hubble Constant from the HST Distance of M100
Because M100 is in the Virgo cluster, our recent measurement of its distance has an impact on the calibration of all of the extragalactic secondary distance indicators which reach beyond Virgo and define the expansion rate. We examine the consequences of a 17 Mpc M100 distance, questioning its consistency with supernova and other distances. <P />The distance of M100 provides two separate constraints on the Hubble constant. First, it verifies the emissivity calculations for Type II supernovae. These models, fitted to SN 1987A, have recently been used to measure host galaxy distances beyond 10<SUP>4</SUP> km s<SUP>-1</SUP> recession velocity. Second, it constrains the distance of the Virgo cluster, which in spite of its apparent complex structure, provides an effective calibration for a set of reliable and well-used secondary distance indicators. <P />Reviewing the Type II supernova distances for three galaxies with Cepheid distances, we find consistency, which supports the recent SN result H<SUB>0</SUB> = 73±11 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. This support is independent of where M100 lies in the Virgo cluster. Reviewing the Hubble recession velocity (cosmological redshift) of the Virgo cluster, we find H<SUB>0</SUB> = 81±11 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>, plus an additional uncertainty arising from the extended nature of the Virgo cluster. <P />Employing the Virgo cluster as calibrator, we obtain measurements of the Hubble constant from extant surface brightness fluctuation measurements, elliptical galaxy velocity dispersion measurements, the Tully-Fisher relation, and the Type Ia supernova standard candle. These yield H<SUB>0</SUB> = 84±16, 76±10, 82±11, and 71±10 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. All of these are consistent, but they are all subject to the additional uncertainty from Virgo's line-of-sight depth. <P />We explore a number of simple models of the structure of the Virgo cluster; these support the recent conclusion of Freedman and coworkers that the appropriate uncertainty to attach to the Hubble constant from the Cepheid distance to Virgo is 20%. A value of H<SUB>0</SUB> = 80±17 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP> is consistent with all the data discussed herein. Confidence limits with 95% significance can be assigned to the interval 50 &lt; H<SUB>0</SUB> &lt; 100 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. <P />Further work in this program should be expected to identify the systematic differences between the distance indicators investigated here and constrain the Hubble constant to 10% accuracy.
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11.496795
1.791637
1995-08-01
73
1995ApJ...449..413M
[ "host galaxy distances", "Cepheid distances", "Virgo", "other distances", "= 80±17 km s", "elliptical galaxy velocity dispersion measurements", "extant surface brightness fluctuation measurements", "Type II supernovae", "Hubble", "s" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL MESSIER NUMBER: M100", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176066" ]
[ "Mould, J.", "Huchra, J. P.", "Bresolin, F.", "Ferrarese, L.", "Ford, H. C.", "Freedman, W. L.", "Graham, J.", "Harding, P.", "Hill, R.", "Hoessel, J. G.", "Hughes, S. M.", "Illingworth, G. D.", "Kelson, D.", "Kennicutt, R. C., Jr.", "Madore, B. F.", "Phelps, R.", "Stetson, P. B.", "Turner, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...453L..55V", "1996A&A...312..345D", "1996AJ....112.1794T", "1996AJ....112.1839S", "1996AJ....112.2448F", "1996AN....317..197S", "1996APh.....5..147C", "1996ApJ...463...26K", "1996ApJ...466..911E", "1996ApJ...468L..95F", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996ApJ...469L..73Y", "1996ApJ...472...25H", "1996PASP..108.1083T", "1996RvMA....9..139T", "1996RvMP...68..611B", "1996astro.ph..3070B", "1996astro.ph.10200W", "1996swhs.conf....9T", "1997ASIC..486..715B", "1997ApJ...477..519D", "1997ApJ...477..535G", "1997ApJ...478...49S", "1997ApJ...482...68H", "1997ApJ...482..588R", "1997ApJ...483L..33B", "1997ApJ...483L..37T", "1997ApJ...484....7G", "1997ApJ...485....1M", "1997ApJ...485..439B", "1997ApJ...486..629W", "1997ApJ...490..517R", "1997ApJ...491...13K", "1997IJMPD...6...69F", "1997JApA...18..271T", "1997NCimB.112...85S", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997PNAS...94.6579S", "1997PhuZ...28....6B", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997astro.ph..9107Q", "1997cdc..conf...92F", "1997cdc..conf..130S", "1997eds..proc..137T", "1998ApJ...492L.111B", "1998ApJ...496..648H", "1998ApJ...497..294L", "1998ApJ...498..181K", "1998ApJ...499..577L", "1998ApJ...501..597S", "1998ApJ...503..483Z", "1998ApJ...505..207T", "1998ApJ...507..805I", "1998CRASB.326..679R", "1998Natur.395...45H", "1998PNAS...95....2F", "1998PhR...307...45F", "1998PhRvD..57..674V", "1998astro.ph.12312Q", "1998tsra.conf..188F", "1999Ap&SS.265..165R", "1999ApJ...515...29M", "1999ApJ...522..718Q", "1999ApJS..122..167B", "1999IAUS..183...17F", "1999IJMPD...8..177F", "1999PNAS...9611063F", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "1999fsu..conf..213W", "2000ApJ...534..189B", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2006ApJ...653..843S", "2021JMPh...12.1656M" ]
[ "1961ApJS....6..213D", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1980ApJ...237..655A", "1980ApJ...239...12A", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.2006S", "1985ApJ...294...81T", "1985ESOC...20..181H", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1987AJ.....94..251B", "1988A&AS...72...19W", "1988ASPC....4..257H", "1988ASPC....4..282T", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1989ApJ...347..112M", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...349....1F", "1990ApJ...355L..35F", "1990ApJ...360..448H", "1990ApJ...365....1S", "1990Natur.345..507B", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992ApJ...389L...5M", "1992ApJ...390...34V", "1992ApJ...395..366S", "1992ApJ...396..453H", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1993A&A...276....1J", "1993AJ....105.1358S", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993ApJ...409...14M", "1993ApJ...412L..47S", "1993ApJ...415....1S", "1993ApJ...417L..71W", "1993ApJ...419..479C", "1993LNP...416..239F", "1993Natur.364..600S", "1994AJ....107.1962B", "1994ApJ...423L..13S", "1994ApJ...425..418L", "1994ApJ...427..628F", "1994ApJ...432...42S", "1994ApJ...434L..39M", "1994ApJS...94....1F", "1994Natur.368..828B", "1994Natur.371..385P", "1994Natur.371..757F" ]
1950953
null
Collisions of Ellipticals and the Onset of Fanaroff-Riley Type I Radio Sources
This paper presents the first detailed quantitative study on the morphological characterization of Fanaroff-Riley type I radio source (FR I) host galaxies. The study is based on a two-dimensional isophote analysis of the largest sample (44) available so far of FR I host galaxies. FR I host galaxies are luminous ellipticals following the same μ_e_ - r_e_ relation as nonradio ellipticals. However, a large fraction (60%) of FR I host galaxies in the sample show at least two of the following morphological peculiarities: (1) isophote twists which are larger than 15^deg^, (2) isophote displacements which are larger than 3.5%, (3) excesses over a de Vaucouleurs law which exceeds 0.10 mag arcsec^-2^ at radii beyond r_e_, and (4) one companion galaxy at a distance of less than 50 kpc. These morphological peculiarities are the signature of a recent strong gravitational collision. The collision, involving a pair of ellipticals, is characterized by (1) a median mass ratio (companion to FR I host galaxy) of ~0.2, (2) a median projected distance of ~23 kpc, (3) a median relative velocity of ~492 km s^-1^, (4) a median age of ~4.0 x 10^7^ years, and (5) a median interaction strength parameter of 0.19. Collisions between ellipticals which share the above mentioned mean properties appear. to be very efficient in generating a FR I radio source. Therefore, the scenario of the onset of an active nucleus by galaxy collisions, well established for very luminous starbursts and radio galaxies, can also be extended to FR I radio sources. In a broader scenario, the conclusions of this paper also reinforce the idea that collisions between different type of galaxies give rise to different type of activity in their nuclei: collisions involving two spirals produce luminous circumnuclear starbursts, collisions involving one elliptical and one spiral generate powerful Fanaroff-Riley type II sources (FR II), which collisions between two ellipticals ignite FR I radio sources.
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15.381983
5.73275
1995-08-01
53
1995ApJ...448..548C
[ "galaxy collisions", "radio galaxies", "luminous ellipticals", "galaxies", "Collisions", "collisions", "different type", "nonradio ellipticals", "FR II", "ellipticals" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175985" ]
[ "Colina, Luis", "de Juan, Lourdes" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ASPC...86...69A", "1995ApJ...454L.101C", "1996A&A...305..776D", "1996ASPC..100....9W", "1996ApJ...467..191G", "1996MNRAS.282...40F", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...326...45G", "1997ASPC..116..421L", "1997ASPC..116..443M", "1997ASPC..116..506P", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...331..506V", "1998A&A...337..711D", "1999A&A...349...77C", "1999ARep...43..135Z", "1999ApJ...512...88U", "1999ApJ...526..555Z", "1999MNRAS.309.1085L", "2000A&A...353..507G", "2000A&A...357..881T", "2000A&A...363..507G", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000A&AS..143..369G", "2000ApJ...529..189G", "2000ApJ...541..624S", "2000ApJ...542..731F", "2000ApJS..130..267M", "2000MNRAS.317..120R", "2001A&A...375..791V", "2001AIPC..587..442W", "2001ASPC..227...22S", "2002AJ....123.1334V", "2002Ap.....45..198A", "2003A&A...399..869B", "2003A&A...410..139G", "2003ApJ...594L.103G", "2005ApJ...626..748Y", "2006MNRAS.371.1705S", "2007A&A...464L...1E", "2007ApJ...660..191C", "2007astro.ph..1438E", "2008A&A...489..989B", "2008MNRAS.387..197E", "2009MNRAS.396.1522E", "2010MNRAS.406..987E", "2010MNRAS.407.1739I", "2015A&A...573A..93V", "2015ApJ...806..147C", "2016A&ARv..24...10T", "2016AN....337..141O", "2023Galax..11...47C", "2024ApJ...963...91B" ]
[ "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1980MNRAS.193..885B", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982AJ.....87..602W", "1982SAAS...12..115K", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...287..503B", "1984MNRAS.206..899D", "1985ApJ...288..122H", "1985MNRAS.216..429L", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986ApJ...307...97A", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986ApJS...60..603S", "1987AJ.....94.1111H", "1987MNRAS.225..531L", "1988A&A...206...27V", "1988A&AS...74..385B", "1988ApJ...325...49L", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1988ApJ...329..225D", "1988ApJ...333..567B", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...336..702B", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1989ApJ...341..658S", "1989ApJS...69..365S", "1989ibg..book.....S", "1990A&A...231L..19M", "1990ApJ...349...45C", "1990ApJS...72...41C", "1991AJ....102.1960P", "1991ApJS...76..471S", "1992AJ....104....1H", "1993AJ....105.1710G", "1993ApJ...416..157B", "1993Natur.364..213J", "1994A&A...289...61C", "1994ApJ...435L..27F", "1994ApJS...91..507D" ]
1950689
null
Large-Scale Structures in the Zone of Avoidance: The Galactic Anticenter Region
We have selected a sample of 876 galaxy candidates from the IRAS Point Source Catalog in the region of 2<SUP>h</SUP> &lt; α &lt; 10<SUP>h</SUP> and 0° &lt; δ &lt; 36°, which crosses the Galactic anticenter part of the Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) and includes most of the highly obscured Orion-Taurus complex region. We have identified galaxies among the candidate sources by attempting to detect the 21 cm H I line of those sources which were not known to be galaxies at the beginning of the survey. In this manner, we constructed a galaxy sample which is largely free from Galactic reddening. <P />Of the 272 observed candidates, 89 were detected in the H I line up to a heliocentric velocity of υ<SUB>h</SUB> ≈ 16,000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. The resulting galaxy sample of 717 galaxies is fairly complete (within about 10%) and uniform (within about 4%) in the part of the survey area 10° away from the Galactic plane and for velocities up to at least 9000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. This provides, for the first time, a largely unbiased view on the large-scale structures in much of the survey area. Our main results are the following: (1) Several large voids are identified. In particular, a void between α ≈ 3<SUP>h</SUP> and 4<SUP>h</SUP>, up to υ<SUB>h</SUB> ∼ 6000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>, separates the Pisces-Perseus supercluster at α &lt; 3<SUP>h</SUP> from structures at α &gt; 4<SUP>h</SUP>; and a "nearby void" occupies most of our survey area and reaches out to a redshift of nearly 3000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. (2) We found no nearby galaxy concentration that could significantly contribute to the "Local Velocity Anomaly" (LVA), but a general excess of galaxies around υ<SUB>h</SUB> ∼ 5000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> in the survey area. (3) The contrast between the "Great Wall" at υ<SUB>h</SUB> ∼ 8500 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> and the void in front of it appears to gradually diffuse out after it enters the Zone of Avoidance from the northern Galactic hemisphere. (4) Our data combined with other galaxy surveys in or near the Galactic anticenter part of the ZOA suggest that the main ridge of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster does also not extend to Abell 569, a cluster in the northern Galactic hemisphere, and that the simple gravitational model consisting of the Local Void of Tully &amp; Fisher, our nearby void, and Puppis and Fornax-Eridanus clusters would predict a LVA whose direction is probably too far away from that derived from observations.
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11.928699
7.348011
1995-08-01
22
1995ApJ...449..527L
[ "other galaxy surveys", "galaxies", "Several large voids", "Galactic reddening", "Galactic", "s", "no nearby galaxy concentration", "α", "SUP", "h</SUP" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176077" ]
[ "Lu, Nanyao Y.", "Freudling, Wolfram" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1997A&AS..126..247S", "1997AJ....113..905P", "1997ApJS..112..245N", "1998A&AS..127..101S", "1998ApJS..117..387K", "1999A&A...351.1051T", "2000AJ....119.3003D", "2000AJ....120..298J", "2000ASPC..218..219P", "2000ApJ...530..625T", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2002AJ....124..100D", "2002ApJ...572..810D", "2003A&A...412...57P", "2006AJ....132.2596D", "2009RMxAA..45..231C", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2014arXiv1412.5324R", "2016MNRAS.460..923R", "2017MNRAS.464.3882W", "2018MNRAS.481.1262K" ]
[ "1956PASP...68..430B", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1964MCG...C02....0V", "1968Natur.220..868D", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1974A&A....31..467F", "1976A&AS...25..519D", "1980A&AS...40..123W", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1986A&A...161..217F", "1987A&A...184...43H", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1987ang..book.....T", "1988AJ.....95.1602S", "1988ApJ...324L..51D", "1988lsmu.book...31H", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1989ApJ...339..812H", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990A&A...229..340C", "1990ApJ...357..388L", "1990ApJ...360..448H", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991A&A...246...39M", "1991ASPC...15..165K", "1991ASSL..171...89H", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PASJ...43..449S", "1992ApJ...389..188F", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993AJ....105.1271G", "1993ApJS...89...57Y", "1993MNRAS.262..711L", "1994A&A...286...17S", "1994A&AS..104..529T", "1994AJ....108..921P", "1994ASPC...67...81S", "1994ASPC...67...89K", "1994ASPC...67..131W", "1994ASPC...67..203H", "1994ASPC...67..249M", "1994Natur.372...77K" ]
1974373
null
Galaxies and Their Environments
Four questions are asked related to galaxies and their environments in the context of speculation as to which direction the field may go over the next decade. These are: What is a galaxy? Where does a galaxy end? Are galaxies open or closed? and How important are interactions? In the process, these questions touch upon some of the challenging problems facing us today in extragalactic astronomy, such as galaxy formation and evolution, the importance of environemntal effects, and the nature and extent of dark matter. (SECTION: Invited Review Paper)
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11.46323
6.477306
1995-08-01
17
1995PASP..107..715I
[ "galaxy formation", "galaxies", "environemntal effects", "extragalactic astronomy", "Review Paper", "dark matter", "speculation", "evolution", "today", "interactions" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133613" ]
[ "Irwin, Judith A." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC..112...63C", "1996ApJ...465..631C", "1996astro.ph..1121C", "1997AJ....113.1591W", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998ApJ...499..181C", "1999AJ....117.2102I", "1999PASJ...51..285T", "2000AJ....119.1592I", "2001ASPC..240...31C", "2001MNRAS.325.1109B", "2004MNRAS.347..771W", "2015JPlPh..81d4501S", "2018AJ....155..233I", "2019MNRAS.487.5572M", "2020A&A...638L..11T", "2020ApJS..250....9S" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1936rene.book.....H", "1956ErNW...29..344Z", "1959VV....C......0V", "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1960ApJ...131..558V", "1961hag..book.....S", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1976ApJ...206..883V", "1976Natur.260..508S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...217..406K", "1978A&AS...34..117H", "1978PhDT.......195B", "1979A&A....80..201B", "1979ApJ...229..533H", "1980A&A....83...38C", "1980ARA&A..18..537S", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1980ApJ...238..510B", "1980tdp..conf..191K", "1981AJ.....86.1791B", "1982ApJ...252..455S", "1984A&A...132...20S", "1984ARA&A..22..445H", "1984ASSL..111..261V", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...281L...5W", "1984ApJS...55..585H", "1985ApJ...290..578D", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985ApJ...295..305V", "1986ARA&A..24..459S", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1986Sci...231..227S", "1986hpsg.book.....W", "1987AJ.....93..779H", "1987IAUS..117...67S", "1987PASP...99..309L", "1987cspg.book.....A", "1988AJ.....95.1389S", "1988AJ.....96..514K", "1988ARA&A..26..145T", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...326..146H", "1988MNRAS.234..873S", "1988gera.book..522G", "1988qal..conf...91C", "1988qal..conf..297W", "1989AJ.....97..390C", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ASIC..264..101W", "1989ApJ...336L..13L", "1989ApJ...340L...9M", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989ApJS...69..703S", "1989IAUS..131..335F", "1989MNRAS.237..247S", "1990A&A...234...43C", "1990A&A...236...33H", "1990AJ.....99.1823M", "1990AJ....100..604C", "1990ASIC..306..159C", "1990ASSL..160..199S", "1990ASSL..161..151K", "1990ASSL..161..349W", "1990ASSL..164...67R", "1990ASSL..164...77B", "1990ApJ...348...38S", "1990ApJ...355...29K", "1990ApJ...355..442F", "1990ApJ...361...78B", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1990dig..book....2E", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&A...244L..29K", "1991A&AS...87..309H", "1991AJ....101.1231C", "1991ARA&A..29..239D", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ASPC...16....1V", "1991ASPC...21..379P", "1991ApJ...369..111B", "1991ApJ...371..515D", "1991ApJ...379...80K", "1991IAUS..144...67R", "1991IAUS..144..165K", "1991IAUS..144..201V", "1991IAUS..144..223W", "1991IAUS..148..463M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1991wdir.conf...40T", "1992A&A...253..335K", "1992A&A...256L..11S", "1992A&A...256L..19M", "1992A&A...265..375P", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ASPC...31..417Y", "1992ASSL..178..337D", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...398L..89M", "1992ApJ...399L..59C", "1992FCPh...15..143D", "1992MNRAS.259P...8S", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1992PhDT.......258B", "1992pngn.conf...19M", "1992pngn.conf..201F", "1992pngn.conf..375E", "1993A&A...277...21R", "1993A&A...280L..23L", "1993AIPC..278..499M", "1993AIPC..278..544W", "1993AIPC..278..548R", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ARA&A..31..717M", "1993ASPC...51..396F", "1993ASSL..188...69E", "1993ASSL..188..131E", "1993ASSL..188..263S", "1993ASSL..188..345V", "1993ASSL..188..455H", "1993ApJ...412...90E", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993ApJ...418...82M", "1993ApJ...419...94C", "1993ApJ...419..104C", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993MNRAS.262..499P", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1993MNRAS.264L..25B", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993PhDT.......171G", "1994A&A...281...35C", "1994A&A...282..724R", "1994A&A...284..386P", "1994A&A...285...79P", "1994A&A...285...94P", "1994A&A...285..385B", "1994AJ....107...67H", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ARA&A..32..531C", "1994ApJ...420..570B", "1994ApJ...422L...9G", "1994ApJ...423..196D", "1994ApJ...429..618I", "1994ApJ...430..511S", "1994IAUS..159.....C", "1994MNRAS.266..399F", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994RPPh...57..325K", "1994VA.....38..265N", "1994mtia.conf.....S", "1994mtia.conf..191S" ]
1950720
null
Evidence for Gaussian Initial Fluctuations from the 1.2 Jansky IRAS Survey
We recover the one-point probability distribution function of the initial density fluctuations (IPDF) from the quasi-linear galaxy density field of the 1.2 Jy IRAS redshift survey smoothed by 10 h<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc. The recovery, using the laminar, Eulerian, Zeldovich approximation of Nusser &amp; Dekel, is independent of Ω and is relatively insensitive to linear galaxy biasing in the range 0.5 ≤ b ≤ 2. Errors due to discrete sampling, the limited survey volume, and the method of recovering the IPDF are evaluated by comparing the IPDF determined from the IRAS data with Monte Carlo IRAS-like catalogs "observed" from N-body simulations of cold dark matter models with Gaussian initial conditions. Eight sensitive statistical tests used in this comparison find the IRAS IPDF to be consistent with Gaussian. We provide observational constraints on possible deviations from Gaussianity, which should be obeyed by any theoretical model.
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11.739505
2.893928
1995-08-01
23
1995ApJ...449..439N
[ "IRAS", "cold dark matter models", "galaxy biasing", "Gaussian initial conditions", "possible deviations", "Zeldovich approximation", "the quasi-linear galaxy density field", "Monte Carlo IRAS-like catalogs", "observational constraints", "discrete sampling" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176069" ]
[ "Nusser, Adi", "Dekel, Avishai", "Yahil, Amos" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...458..419K", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996MNRAS.283L..99S", "1998ASPC..151...82C", "1998ASSL..231...11D", "1998ApJ...508..440N", "1998JKAS...31..109K", "1998MNRAS.297..777C", "1999ApJ...515..471N", "1999MNRAS.308..763M", "1999MNRAS.308.1179M", "1999MNRAS.310..511W", "2000MNRAS.312..257H", "2000MNRAS.318..681M", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.320L..21N", "2001MNRAS.326..209C", "2002MNRAS.335...53B", "2003MNRAS.341..692F", "2006MNRAS.365..939M", "2008PhyD..237.2158N", "2010AdAst2010E..89D", "2021MNRAS.501.4759S" ]
[ "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1970Afz.....6..319Z", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981A&A...101...79D", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988IAUS..130..321O", "1989ApJ...344L..53P", "1989NYASA.571..151B", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...379....6N", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991MNRAS.251..128L", "1991MNRAS.253..727C", "1991PhST...36..135T", "1991lssp.conf..339K", "1992ApJ...391..443N", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...394L...5B", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1992MNRAS.259..652W", "1992PhDT........27F", "1992daec.conf..301J", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993ApJ...405..437N", "1993ApJ...411....9G", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...420...44K" ]
1950858
null
ROSAT Observations of Distant Clusters of Galaxies
We present the results of ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter and High Resolution Imager observations of two distant clusters of galaxies, MS 0735 + 74 and MS 0451-03, selected from the Einstein Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey (EMSS). The cluster MS 0735+74 at z = 0.216 is a cooling flow candidate because the central brightest galaxy has extended Hα emission. We present optical spectra and a radio map for this cluster's brightest cluster galaxy. MS 0451-03, at a newly determined redshift of z = 0.55, is the most luminous cluster in the EMSS with L<SUB>χ</SUB>(0.5 3.5 keV) = 2.0 × 10<SUP>45</SUP> ergs s<SUP>-1</SUP> h<SUB>50</SUB><SUP>-2</SUP>. We derive significant limits on gas temperatures in these clusters and measure their core radii, "βimage" and mass cooling rates. We estimate gas masses and total gravitational masses for each cluster. We quantify structure by fitting isophotal ellipses and by decomposing the images with a wavelet analysis. The clusters are elliptical, but we measure no other significant substructure. In the cluster MS 0735+74 we compare the structure and flux from the central optical emission-line nebulosity to the cluster's X-ray and radio emission from the same region. We discuss the significance of the measured X-ray properties in the context of cluster evolution and cooling flows. Our results show that "cooling flows" can be identified by their extended Hα emission and that distant clusters probably do not have more intrinsic absorption than nearby clusters. We suggest that these distant clusters have X-ray morphologies similar to those of rich nearby clusters and that MS 0451-03, a luminous cluster at high redshift, may have somewhat lower M<SUB>gas</SUB>/M<SUB>total</SUB> ratios (≲17% at 1 h<SUB>50</SUB><SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc scales) than low-redshift clusters of comparable luminosity.
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13.358996
4.987875
1995-08-01
18
1995ApJ...449..554D
[ "distant clusters", "nearby clusters", "cluster evolution", "rich nearby clusters", "X-ray morphologies", "Hα emission", "low-redshift clusters", "MS", "this clusters brightest cluster galaxy", "mass cooling rates" ]
[ "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: MS 0735+74", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: MS 0415-3", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176079" ]
[ "Donahue, Megan", "Stocke, John T." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...468...79D", "1996MNRAS.282...77T", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ApJ...481..644N", "1997MNRAS.288..355B", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...330..801P", "1998astro.ph..3058D", "1999A&AS..136..117L", "2000ApJ...533...38R", "2003ApJ...598..190D", "2003PASJ...55..789T", "2005ApJ...620L...5C", "2005Natur.433...45M", "2005PASJ...57..309K", "2007ApJ...660.1118G", "2021A&A...650A.170B" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.168..307S", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1980ApJ...236..373P", "1982PASP...94..586O", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1985ApJS...59..447H", "1986ApJ...301..689H", "1987MNRAS.224...75J", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1990A&A...227..301S", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1990MNRAS.246..156T", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...372..410H", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ApJ...381..361D", "1991ApJ...383...95E", "1991ApJ...383..104K", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJ...385...49D", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992PASP..104..848B", "1993AJ....105...53B", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...408...71W", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...415...58W", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994ASPC...54..325B", "1994ApJ...423..553T", "1994ApJ...428..544D", "1994ApJ...432...49H", "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994ApJS...95...87V", "1994JRASC..88...39C", "1994MNRAS.267..779F" ]
1951116
null
A Photometric and Spectroscopic Survey for Young Stars in the Halo of M31
We have obtained UBV CCD photometry of a 0.5 deg<SUP>2</SUP> field toward the halo of M31 (the Andromeda Galaxy), using the 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope on La Palma. These observations have allowed us to identify nine blue stellar objects, with (U - B) &lt; - 0.4 and (B - V) &lt; 0.0, in the magnitude range B = 21.5-22.5, typical of main-sequence early B-type stars at the distance of Andromeda. Hence these objects may be normal Population I stars at large distances (&gt;3 kpc) from the plane of M31. Follow-up low-resolution spectra of these objects obtained with the William Herschel Telescope, also on La Palma, do not have the requisite signal-to-noise ratios for a definitive conclusion regarding their nature, although one source appears to be a degenerate star in the halo of our Galaxy and has thus been eliminated from the candidate list. Positive identification of Balmer absorption features in the stellar spectra at the known radial velocity shift of the Andromeda system would provide very strong evidence for the general existence of normal B-type stars in the halos of spiral galaxies.
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9.912427
7.894986
1995-08-01
8
1995ApJ...448..628H
[ "William Herschel Telescope", "Isaac Newton Telescope", "La Palma", "Balmer absorption features", "Andromeda", "normal B-type stars", "large distances", "UBV CCD photometry", "gt;3 kpc", "Galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL MESSIER NUMBER: M31", "STARS: EARLY-TYPE", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175992" ]
[ "Hambly, N. C.", "Fitzsimmons, A.", "Keenan, F. P.", "Dufton, P. L.", "Brown, P. J. F.", "Irwin, M. J.", "Rolleston, W. R. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...490L..51M", "2000A&A...361...60S", "2001A&A...366..796C", "2001A&A...369..530T", "2001ChPhL..18.1420M", "2004Ap&SS.289..395C", "2013NewA...23...49H", "2014RAA....14..869H" ]
[ "1980A&A....85...80B", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1986ARA&A..24..577B", "1986ApJ...305..583W", "1986PASP...98..609H", "1987IAUCo..95..563T", "1989MNRAS.240..533B", "1990A&A...236..357C", "1991IAUS..144..109T", "1991ppag.proc...27K", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...400..273C", "1992QJRAS..33..325K", "1993ApJ...411..650M" ]
1950684
null
Velocity Bias from Merging in Clusters of Galaxies: The beta &lt; 1 Problem
We study the evolution of the galaxy velocity distribution in galaxy clusters under binary aggregations. Starting with an initial Maxwell distribution, we solve the complete Boltzmann-Liouville equation including collisions. We find an asymptotic distribution characterized by a galaxy velocity dispersion smaller than that of the dark matter. This is due to the transfer from orbital to internal energy occurring in galaxy merging, which is not completely balanced by the galaxy response to the cluster gravitational field. As a consequence, the value of the parameter β that enters in the standard hydrostatic isothermal β-model is less than 1, as determined from the fits to the X-ray surface brightness data. The result is robust with respect to different shapes of the cluster mass distribution. The dependence of β on the cluster velocity dispersion and size is computed and discussed.
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12.533614
4.900482
1995-08-01
7
1995ApJ...449..431F
[ "galaxy clusters", "galaxy merging", "the galaxy velocity distribution", "different shapes", "internal energy", "a galaxy velocity dispersion", "the standard hydrostatic isothermal β-model", "the cluster velocity dispersion", "the cluster mass distribution", "the X-ray surface brightness data" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176068" ]
[ "Fusco-Femiano, R.", "Menci, N." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...472...46M", "1998ApJ...497....1M", "1998ApJ...498...95F", "2006MNRAS.370..427B", "2008ApJ...673..176G" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1971Natur.231..437C", "1972ApJ...175L.107S", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJ...213L..99B", "1977ApJ...215..703S", "1977MNRAS.181..323G", "1978ApJ...224..718G", "1978ApJ...225...83S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...247..787B", "1981ApJ...248...55B", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1988ASIC..249..273M", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ApJ...398...62H", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...407L...9C", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993JPhy1...3.1105M", "1994ApJ...426..513B", "1994ApJ...429..545F", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994ApJ...437..564M" ]
1971736
null
Making a start on galactoarchaeology?
The discovery last year of Sagittarius, a new dwarf galaxy, prompts a train of speculation about the degree to which the Galaxy has scavenged some of its bulk from the surroundings.
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8.991453
7.612144
1995-08-01
0
1995Natur.376..639M
[ "last year", "Sagittarius", "Galaxy", "speculation", "a new dwarf", "the Galaxy", "the degree", "a train", "its bulk", "The discovery" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/376639a0" ]
[ "Maddox, John" ]
[ "-" ]
null
[ "1995MNRAS.274..491D" ]
1951043
null
The Mass Distribution in a Collapsing Merging Spherical Cluster of Objects
We consider a statistical model in which given objects (the particles of the generalized gas) interact with one another and merge to form more massive objects. These gas clouds form a self-gravitational field, causing the collapse of the initial spherical distribution. We show numerically, that the upper part of the distribution has an asymptotic shape of the following form: N(m) ∼ (m/mbar)<SUP>-λ</SUP> exp (- βm/mbar), where both λ and β depend on the parameter α of the cross section merging, and unlike the zero-dimensional case, they depend on the initial geometry. The mean mass is denoted by mbar. For evolved systems, the time dependence is only through mbar. The results can be applied to the protogalaxy mass distribution in the formation phase of a cluster of galaxies.
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10.89148
5.997922
1995-08-01
1
1995ApJ...448..514S
[ "more massive objects", "evolved systems", "mbar", "objects", "the initial spherical distribution", "the protogalaxy mass distribution", "α", "galaxies", "the generalized gas", "the distribution" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175983" ]
[ "Shaviv, Nir J.", "Shaviv, Giora" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.287..753M" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980ApJ...236...43A", "1981A&A....95..349R", "1985Natur.317..595F", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...330..519Z", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...343..725Q", "1990PhRvL..64.2913C", "1992ApJ...392...41C", "1992ApJ...394..409B", "1992JETPL..55....1K", "1992JPhA...25..705P", "1993ApJ...412L..25S", "1993MNRAS.262..627L" ]
1974335
null
Galaxy Color and Large Scale Structure
More than a decade of galaxy surveys have produced a unified picture in which luminous matter is distributed in clusters and superclusters of galaxies connected by filamentary structures and surrounding large voids. Many studies have also provided considerable evidence that the properties of galaxies depend on their environment. However, disagreement remains over whether the environmental differences arise from conditions at the time when the galaxies formed or from their subsequent evolution. Part of the confusion is due to the effect of galaxy clusters, since they contain a wide range of galaxy densities and could be responsible for the observed environmental dependencies even at low density. In this thesis we examined the dependence of the large scale distribution of galaxies on galaxy color. We carried out a medium deep (b_J &lt;~ 20) multi-pencil-beam redshift survey at the North Galactic Pole in nine 40 arcminute fields spanning a 5 degrees X 5 degrees area. This survey was conducted initially to check the discovery by Broadhurst et. al. (Nature, 343, 726, 1990) of strong and apparently periodic structure, and showed that peaks detected in their Northern survey appear to be due to transverse structures rather than due to galaxy clusters. Our final catalog contains 307 galaxies with redshifts and colors, to which we added 46 galaxies from an existing survey. By treating the pencil-beams as a one dimensional probe along the line of sight we determine the extent to which the galaxies in these structures are segregated by color. We used the statistical technique of measuring moments of counts in cells to study how the fluctuations of galaxy counts changed with scale. We first divided the galaxy sample into red and blue halves and found that the fluctuations in the red galaxy distribution were stronger than those of the blue on all scales out to 60 h^-1_50 Mpc. This result suggests that the structures are dominated by the red galaxies. We checked that this effect was not caused entirely by the two largest structures in our survey by removing them from the sample and repeating the moment calculations. We also examined whether the difference in the galaxy distributions represented a continuous trend with color or were merely due to the clustering of the reddest galaxies. After dividing the sample into three color subgroups and comparing their moments, we found that the moments of the yellow galaxies are indeed intermediate between those of the red and blue galaxies. Finally, we tested the extent to which the difference between the red and blue galaxy distributions was due to small-scale clustering. We measured a modified second moment from which we remove the contribution of galaxy pairs contained within a single beam, thereby eliminating the effect of small-scale correlations. We found that, while there remained a difference between the red and blue galaxy distributions, its significance was substantially decreased, which suggests that the dominant contribution to the color segregation is small-scale clustering within the transverse structures. Overall, our results imply that color segregation of galaxies occurs primarily on scales over which they can be explained by environmentally dependent evolutionary processes, such as galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-IGM interactions, rather than the conditions under which the galaxies formed. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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12.12883
5.999782
1995-08-01
0
1995PASP..107..797E
[ "galaxy surveys", "galaxy color", "galaxy clusters", "galaxies", "galaxy counts", "galaxy densities", "galaxy pairs", "the red galaxy distribution", "filamentary structures", "color segregation" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133626" ]
[ "Ellman, Nancy" ]
[ "-" ]
null
null
11580107
astro-ph/9411044
Spectral Classification of Galaxies: an Orthogonal Approach
Classification of galaxy spectral energy distributions in terms of orthogonal basis functions provides an objective means of estimating the number of significant spectral components that comprise a particular galaxy type. We apply the Karhunen-Loeve transform to derive a spectral eigensystem from a sample of ten galaxy spectral energy distributions. These spectra cover a wavelength range of 1200A to 1 micron and galaxy morphologies from elliptical to starburst. We find that the distribution of spectral types can be fully described by the first two eigenvectors (or eigenspectra). The derived eigenbasis is affected by the normalization of the original spectral energy distributions. We investigate different normalization and weighting schemes, including weighting to the same bolometric magnitude and weighting by the observed distribution of morphological types. Projecting the spectral energy distributions onto their eigenspectra, we find that the coefficients define a simple spectral classification scheme. The galaxy spectral types can then be described in terms of a one parameter family (the angle in the plane of the first two eigenvectors). We find a correlation, in the mean, between our spectral classifications and those determined from published morphological classifications.
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11.91704
5.806882
1995-09-01
214
1995AJ....110.1071C
[ "spectral types", "significant spectral components", "ten galaxy spectral energy distributions", "the original spectral energy distributions", "morphological types", "galaxy", "the spectral energy distributions", "The galaxy spectral types", "published morphological classifications", "a simple spectral classification scheme" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117587", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9411044" ]
[ "Connolly, A. J.", "Szalay, A. S.", "Bershady, M. A.", "Kinney, A. L.", "Calzetti, D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1978ApJ...221L.103A", "1984MNRAS.206..453E", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1990MNRAS.242..370M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...398..476F", "1992ApJS...80..109B", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1995AJ....109...87B" ]
11591883
astro-ph/9509160
Determination of the Hubble constant from observations of Cepheid variables in the galaxy M96
New Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheid variable stars in the nearby galaxy M96 give a distance to the host galaxy group, Leo I, of 11.6 +/- 0.8 Mpc. This value, used in conjunction with several reliable secondary indicators of relative distance, constrains the distances to more remote galaxy clusters, and yields a value of the Hubble constant (H<SUB>0</SUB> = 69 +/- 8 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>) that is independent of the velocity of the Leo I group itself.
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10.372068
7.297247
1995-09-01
165
1995Natur.377...27T
[ "New Hubble Space Telescope observations", "relative distance", "New Hubble Space Telescope", "several reliable secondary indicators", "Cepheid variable stars", "Leo I", "Hubble", "the host galaxy group", "more remote galaxy clusters", "Cepheid" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1038/377027a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509160" ]
[ "Tanvir, N. R.", "Shanks, T.", "Ferguson, H. C.", "Robinson, D. R. T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11579273
astro-ph/9503044
The structure of supervoids. I. Void hierarchy in the Northern Local Supervoid.
Supervoids are regions in the local Universe which do not contain rich clusters of galaxies. In order to investigate the distribution of galaxies in and around supervoids, we have studied the closest example, the Northern Local Void. It is defined as the region between the Local, Coma, and the Hercules superclusters, which is well covered by available redshift surveys. We find that this supervoid is not empty, but it contains small galaxy systems and poor clusters of galaxies. We study the cosmography of this void by analyzing the distribution of poor clusters of galaxies, elliptical and other galaxies in two projections. We present a catalogue of voids, defined by galaxies of different morphological type and luminosity, and analyze mean diameters of voids in different environments. This analysis shows that sizes of voids and properties of void walls are related. Voids defined by poor clusters of galaxies and by bright elliptical galaxies have a mean diameter of up to 40h^-1^Mpc. Faint late-type galaxies divide these voids into smaller voids. The faintest galaxies we can study are outlining voids with mean diameters of about 8h^-1^Mpc. Voids located in a high-density environment are smaller than voids in low-density regions. The dependence of void diameters on the type and luminosity of galaxies, as well as on the large-scale environment shows that voids form a hierarchical system.
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11.240249
2.733485
1995-09-01
56
1995A&A...301..329L
[ "small galaxy systems", "bright elliptical galaxies", "smaller voids", "galaxies", "Voids", "voids", "poor clusters", "different morphological type", "void diameters", "different environments" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503044" ]
[ "Lindner, U.", "Einasto, J.", "Einasto, M.", "Freudling, W.", "Fricke, K.", "Tago, E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1970Sci...167.1203D", "1978IAUS...79..214T", "1978IAUS...79..241J", "1978IAUS...79..267T", "1978MNRAS.185..357J", "1980MNRAS.193..353E", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1982ApJ...255L...1B", "1982ApJ...262..419B", "1982Natur.300..407Z", "1983HiA.....6..757E", "1984MNRAS.206..529E", "1984MNRAS.206..559T", "1985AJ.....90.1413B", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...303...25T", "1986MNRAS.218..177T", "1986MNRAS.219..457E", "1987ApJ...314L..33M", "1987ApJ...323....1T", "1988AJ.....96.1791F", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.238..155E", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJ...376...43B", "1991ApJ...377..349F", "1991ApJ...382...44V", "1991AuJPh..44..759S", "1991MNRAS.248..313K", "1991MNRAS.248..593E", "1991MNRAS.252..261E", "1992A&A...253..349P", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...388....9T", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJS...79..157F", "1992IJMPD...1..211H", "1992MNRAS.254..453G", "1992MNRAS.255..382M", "1992MNRAS.257..715D", "1993AJ....105..464S", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993ApJ...409..517S", "1994AJ....108..745V", "1994ApJ...420..525V", "1994MNRAS.269..301E", "1994sucg.conf....7V" ]
11591152
astro-ph/9412072
Substructures and density profiles of clusters in models of galaxy formation
In this paper we investigate, using high-resolution N-body simulations, the density profiles and the morphologies of galaxy clusters in seven models of structure formation. We show that these properties of clusters are closely related to the occurrence of a significant merging event in the recent past. The seven models are: (1) the standard cold dark matter model (SCDM) with Omega_0=1, Lambda_0=0 and h=0.5; (2) a low-density flat model (FL03) with Omega_0=0.3, Lambda_0=0.7 and h=0.75; (3) an open model (OP03) with Omega_0=0.3, Lambda_0=0 and h=0.75; (4) a low-density flat model (FL02) with Omega_0=0.2, Lambda_0=0.8 and h=1; (5) an open model (OP02) with Omega_0=0.2, Lambda_0=0 and h=1; (6) a low-density flat model (FL01) with Omega_0=0.1 and Lambda_0=0.9 and (7) an open model (OP01) with Omega_0=0.1 and Lambda_0=0. We find that the density profiles and morphologies of clusters depend both on Omega_0 and on Lambda_0=0, these properties are a monotonic function of Omega_0. Clusters in OP01 have the steepest density profiles, their density contours are the roundest and show the smallest centre shifts among the density contours. The other extreme case is SCDM, where clusters show the least steep density profiles and the most elongated contours. For a given Omega_0 (&lt;1), clusters in the flat model (i.e. with Lambda_0=1-Omega_0) have flatter density profiles and more substructures than in the corresponding open model. Clusters in FL03 have density profiles and centre shifts close to those in SCDM, although their density contours are rounder. Our results show that, although cluster density profiles and morphologies are useful cosmological tests, low-density flat models with Omega_0~0.3, which are currently considered as a successful alternative to SCDM, can produce a substantial fraction of clusters with substructures. This is in contrast to conclusions drawn from previous work.
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12.516582
4.084476
1995-09-01
86
1995MNRAS.276..417J
[ "cluster density profiles", "density profiles", "flatter density profiles", "low-density flat models", "galaxy clusters", "Clusters", "clusters", "the least steep density profiles", "the steepest density profiles", "SCDM" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.2.417", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9412072" ]
[ "Jing, Y. P.", "Mo, H. J.", "Borner, G.", "Fang, L. Z." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1795L", "1996ASPC..100..341B", "1996ApJ...465L...1M", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996MNRAS.278..321J", "1996MNRAS.282...77T", "1996MNRAS.282.1096M", "1997A&A...320..717L", "1997ApJ...488..557W", "1997MNRAS.284..439B", "1997MNRAS.286..865T", "1997MNRAS.286..979M", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1998A&A...330....1B", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998A&A...340..335P", "1998ASPC..151....3F", "1998Ap.....41...32P", "1998ApJ...498L.107T", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...508..472X", "1998MNRAS.293..381B", "1998MNRAS.295..177G", "1998MNRAS.296.1061T", "1998MNRAS.297..195D", "1998astro.ph..7285A", "1999A&A...341....1K", "1999A&AS..134..393A", "1999ASPC..176....3K", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...520..514T", "1999ApJ...524....1X", "1999NewA....4...71V", "1999elss.conf...80J", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000A&A...354..761K", "2000ApJ...530...53F", "2000ApJ...532..728X", "2000ApJ...535...30J", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2001A&A...379..412B", "2002ApJ...567..741V", "2002ApJ...574..538J", "2002MNRAS.336...55C", "2003ApJ...588....7S", "2003ApJ...591..741F", "2004ApJ...600..657K", "2004ApJ...617..847W", "2004IAUS..220..455J", "2004MNRAS.350..939B", "2004MNRAS.351..237R", "2004MNRAS.355..794H", "2004astro.ph..5097R", "2004astro.ph..8132H", "2005ApJ...620..559J", "2005ApJ...624..606J", "2005ApJ...631...21K", "2005ApJ...634..227D", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2006ApJS..166..505A", "2006MNRAS.367..838R", "2006MNRAS.367.1781A", "2006MNRAS.369.1293Y", "2006MNRAS.373.1117H", "2007ApJ...671.1135K", "2007MNRAS.377..883F", "2009MNRAS.399.1275P", "2011MNRAS.413.1973W", "2011MNRAS.416..248R", "2012ApJ...752..141L", "2012MNRAS.420.1693B", "2013AstRv...8a..40R", "2014ApJS..215...22K", "2015AcASn..56..554L", "2016ChA&A..40..483L", "2016JCAP...12..030B", "2016MNRAS.461.2789H", "2017ApJ...841....5N", "2017arXiv170601137N", "2020ApJ...898..145M", "2020MNRAS.497.2039M", "2023ApJ...954....2X", "2023ApJ...957...45X", "2023JCAP...05..012N", "2024MNRAS.532.1849W" ]
[ "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977ApJ...215..703S", "1981csup.book.....H", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988ApJ...327....1W", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1988lsmu.book..439D", "1990ApJ...350...36W", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...368..325K", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1993ApJ...419L...9E", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1994ApJ...432..438J", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJ...436..423B" ]
11580565
astro-ph/9501018
Hubble Space Telescope Images of Nearby Luminous Quasars. II. Results for Eight Quasars and Tests of the Detection Sensitivity
Observations with the Wide-Field Camera of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are presented for eight intrinsically luminous quasars with redshifts between 0.16 and 0.29. These observations, when combined with a similar HST study of the quasar PKS 2349-014, show that luminous nearby quasars exist in a variety of environments. <P />Seven companion galaxies brighter than M<SUB>v</SUB> = -16.5 (H<SUB>0</SUB> = 100 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>, Ω<SUB>0</SUB> = 1.0) lie within a projected distance of 25 kpc of the quasars; three of the companions are located closer than 3" (6 kpc projected distance) from the quasars, well within the volume that would be enclosed by a typical L<SUP>*</SUP> host galaxy. The observed association of quasars and companion galaxies is statistically significant and may be an important element in the luminous-quasar phenomenon. <P />Apparent host galaxies are detected for three of the quasars: PG 1116+215, 3C 273, and PG 1444+407; the hosts have an average absolute magnitude of about 0.6 mag brighter than L<SUP>*</SUP>. The agreement between the previously published major-axis directions in ground-based images and in the present HST images of 3C 273 and PG 1444+407 constitutes important evidence supporting the reality of these candidate host galaxies. <P />Upper limits are placed on the visual-band brightnesses of representative galactic hosts for all the quasars. These limits are established by placing galaxy images obtained with HST underneath the quasars and measuring at what faintness level the known galaxies are detected. On average, the HST spirals would have been detected if they were as faint as 1 mag below L<SUP>*</SUP>, and the early-type galaxies could have been detected down to a brightness level of about L<SUP>*</SUP>, where L<SUP>*</SUP> is the Schechter characteristic luminosity of field galaxies. Smooth, featureless galaxy models (exponential disks or de Vaucouleurs profiles) are fitted to the residual light after a best-fitting point source is subtracted from the quasar images. The results show that smooth spiral galaxies brighter than, on average, about L<SUP>*</SUP>, would have been detected. These upper limits, or possible detections, are consistent with, for example, the eight luminous quasars studied in this paper, occurring in host galaxies that have a Shechter luminosity function with a lower cutoff of in the range 0.01-0.1L<SUP>*</SUP>. <P />Tests are performed to determine if our failure to detect, in some cases, luminous host galaxies could be an artifact caused by our analysis procedures. These tests include comparing the measured point-spread function (PSF) for our HST observations with the PSFs used in previous ground-based studies of host galaxies, measuring the fluctuations in the sky signals that were subtracted from the quasar images, evaluating empirically the effects of using different stellar PSFs in the analysis, carrying out the subtraction of the stellar (nuclear) source in different ways, creating and analyzing artificial active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with known surface brightnesses, and fitting the observed quasar light to an analytic model that includes a host galaxy. Our analysis procedures successfully pass all these tests.
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14.976461
6.640767
1995-09-01
88
1995ApJ...450..486B
[ "luminous host galaxies", "host galaxies", "galaxy images", "companion galaxies", "field galaxies", "luminous nearby quasars", "smooth spiral galaxies", "quasars", "representative galactic hosts", "these candidate host galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/176159", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501018" ]
[ "Bahcall, John N.", "Kirhakos, Sofia", "Schneider, Donald P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454L..77M", "1995ApJ...455L.123N", "1996AJ....111..696K", "1996ApJ...457..557B", "1996ApJ...460L..81F", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996ApJ...464L..47B", "1996ApJ...468..469F", "1996ApJ...473..760B", "1996IAUS..175..248K", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1996MNRAS.283..282R", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...323..659S", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...478...58M", "1997ApJ...479..642B", "1997ApJ...480L..95H", "1997ApJ...482L.139K", "1997ApJ...491...69G", "1997ApJ...491...78C", "1997quho.conf..177K", "1998ApJ...492..116S", "1998ApJ...495..152L", "1998MNRAS.295..799W", "1998MNRAS.298..121B", "1998PASP..110..374H", "1999A&A...341..683H", "1999A&A...348..699L", "1999A&AS..135...83M", "1999AJ....118...86R", "1999AJ....118.2646M", "1999AdSpR..23..937L", "1999AdSpR..23.1131K", "1999ApJ...520...67K", "1999ApJS..123..351L", "1999ApJS..124...11L", "1999IAUS..186..393L", "1999MNRAS.302L..39B", "1999MNRAS.308..377M", "1999MNRAS.309..836M", "1999astro.ph..4044B", "1999astro.ph..4106L", "1999astro.ph..4179R", "1999astro.ph.10190R", "2000A&A...353...77T", "2000A&A...357L..45B", "2000MNRAS.316..204H", "2001A&A...371...97M", "2001AJ....122.2791S", "2001ASPC..237..169R", "2001ApJ...555..719C", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2002NewAR..46...89L", "2003A&A...404..883O", "2003A&A...405..959S", "2003A&A...406..435S", "2003AJ....125.2964M", "2003AJ....126.2717L", "2003RMxAC..16..135M", "2004A&A...421..899L", "2004AJ....127..239G", "2004ApJ...614..586S", "2005A&A...435..497B", "2005AN....326..540B", "2005ApJ...630..705H", "2005MNRAS.359.1193Z", "2006A&A...457..405C", "2006AN....327..167S", "2006ApJ...652..864H", "2006ApJS..163....1H", "2006NewAR..49..501S", "2009A&A...507.1359E", "2009AJ....138..262E", "2009ApJ...700.1820J", "2012IJMPS...8..172F", "2013ASPC..477...59X", "2014ApJ...783...73F", "2015A&A...574A..46P", "2015ApJ...814L..12J", "2015Natur.518...74G", "2016ApJS..222...16C", "2018AJ....156...66M", "2018MNRAS.477.2513S", "2019ApJ...879...75H" ]
[ "1964ApJ...140..130E", "1969ApJ...157L..77B", "1970PASP...82..721B", "1971ApJ...164L.113G", "1972ApJ...171L..83R", "1973ApJ...179L..61K", "1973ApJ...182L..47B", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1978ApJ...223..747S", "1980ApJ...242L..59W", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981ApJ...247..750W", "1982ApJ...257...33S", "1982ApJ...257L...1T", "1982ApJ...262...48H", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1984AJ.....89..958H", "1984ApJ...278...11G", "1984ApJ...280...66M", "1984ApJ...287..555M", "1984ApJS...54..495G", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985ApJ...293..120B", "1985ApJ...297..492B", "1986ARA&A..24..577B", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987AJ.....94.1461Y", "1987ApJ...316..584S", "1987ApJ...320..122H", "1987ApJ...322..180C", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...341...41R", "1989ApJ...342..660H", "1990A&A...236...69V", "1990AJ.....99.1715H", "1991A&A...252..458R", "1991A&AS...90..225C", "1991AJ....101..541G", "1992AJ....104....1H", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1994ApJ...420...58M", "1994ApJ...429L...1H", "1994ApJ...431..137M", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...435L...3T", "1994ApJ...435L..11B", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1994PASP..106..642H", "1994PASP..106..646K", "1995ApJ...440...28P", "1995ApJ...447L...1B", "1995PASP..107..156H" ]
11579292
astro-ph/9502089
The angular correlation hierarchy in the quasilinear regime.
For Gaussian initial conditions the perturbation theory predicts a very specific hierarchy for the projected matter p-point correlation functions. In the small angle approximation and assuming a power-law spectrum I derive the exact expressions of the coefficients s_p_ relating the averaged p-order angular correlation function, &lt;ω&gt;_p_ to the second one, &lt;ω&gt;_p_=s_p_ &lt;ω&gt;_2_^p-1^. These results are valid for any selection function, but for a top-hat angular filter only. These coefficients are found to be significantly higher than their 3D counterparts, S_p_=&lt;ξ&gt;_p_/&lt;ξ&gt;_2_^p-1^. For the coefficient s_3_ I discussed the accuracy of the small angle approximation by computing, for particular examples, its angular dependence with Monte-Carlo numerical integrations. It is found that the accuracy of the small angle approximation for θ=~1deg slightly depends on the selection function. Using the selection function expected for galaxy catalogues the approximation is found to be reasonably good. The measurements of the s_p_ parameters made in the APM angular survey are found to give systematic lower values than the theoretical predictions. How significant this discrepancy is and what the implications would be for galaxy formation models is discussed in the last section.
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11.995503
3.229357
1995-09-01
67
1995A&A...301..309B
[ "s_p_", "galaxy formation models", "_", "systematic lower values", "Gaussian initial conditions", "galaxy", "the small angle approximation", "the averaged p-order angular correlation function", "particular examples", "the projected matter p-point correlation functions" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502089" ]
[ "Bernardeau, F." ]
[ "-" ]
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[ "1954ApJ...119..655L", "1977ApJ...218..592G", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1986ApJ...311....6G", "1987A&A...181L..23S", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...344...75T", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1992ApJ...394L...5B", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1993ApJ...412L...9J", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...422..430L", "1994ApJ...427...51B", "1994ApJ...437L..13G", "1994MNRAS.268..913G" ]
11580087
astro-ph/9510111
The Frequency Function of Elliptical Galaxy Intrinsic Shapes
We present fully nonparametric estimates of the frequency function of elliptical galaxy intrinsic shapes under the axisymmetric and triaxial hypotheses. If elliptical galaxies are assumed to be oblate or prolate, the frequency function of intrinsic shapes is negative for axis ratios near unity due to the lack of apparently round galaxies. Both axisymmetric hypotheses are found to be inconsistent at the 99% level with the data. Triaxial intrinsic shapes are fully consistent with the data; a number of possible triaxial frequency functions are presented, some of which exhibit strong bimodality. We also compute the "maximum entropy" distribution of intrinsic shapes under the triaxial hypothesis.
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11.205971
6.324047
1995-09-01
56
1995AJ....110.1039T
[ "elliptical galaxy intrinsic shapes", "Triaxial intrinsic shapes", "possible triaxial frequency functions", "intrinsic shapes", "elliptical galaxies", "axis ratios", "strong bimodality", "the frequency function", "unity", "the triaxial hypothesis" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117584", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510111" ]
[ "Tremblay, Benoit", "Merritt, David" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.2243T", "1996AJ....112..105G", "1996ApJ...461..146R", "1996ApJ...464L.119K", "1996ApJ...471..822R", "1997A&A...319...45B", "1997ASPC..116....1F", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998AJ....115.1823K", "1998AJ....115.2285M", "1998ApJ...493..641R", "1998ApJ...499..140S", "1998ApJ...505..199S", "1998ApJ...506..686V", "1998astro.ph.11058R", "1999PASP..111..129M", "2000A&A...358.1049P", "2000AJ....120..110B", "2000ASPC..197..245C", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2000astro.ph..3468S", "2001ApJ...549..862H", "2002A&A...393..485B", "2002ApJ...567..817H", "2002ApJ...570..610A", "2002MNRAS.332..647Z", "2002SSRv..102..101K", "2002astro.ph..1435K", "2004MNRAS.351...18B", "2004MNRAS.352.1323P", "2004astro.ph..2626P", "2004cbhg.symp...86S", "2004cbhg.symp..248G", "2005ApJ...623..137V", "2005MNRAS.356..899C", "2006AJ....131.1961V", "2006ApJ...641..773R", "2006ApJ...642..765K", "2006ApJ...650..770P", "2006ApJ...650..791C", "2007ApJ...666..165C", "2007ApJ...668..150D", "2007ApJ...668..738V", "2008ApJ...687..976U", "2010ApJ...711..361G", "2011ApJ...728..128D", "2011ApJ...728L..39N", "2012A&A...540A.136A", "2013ApJ...773..149C", "2014ApJ...786...23R", "2014EnPlB..41..717P", "2015MNRAS.454..299S", "2016ASSL..418...15M", "2016ApJ...830..123C", "2018MNRAS.475.3348H", "2024ApJ...963...54P" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1957PhRv..106..620J", "1972JOSA...62...55R", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982jbor.book.....E", "1985PhDT.........2D", "1986desd.book.....S", "1990smod.conf.....W", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.249..629F", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ASSL..178..309M", "1992ApJ...396..445R", "1992mde..book.....S", "1994ApJ...425..458S" ]
11580483
astro-ph/9504086
The Lens Parallax Method: Determining Redshifts of Faint Blue Galaxies through Gravitational Lensing
We propose a new technique, which we call the lens parallax method, to determine simultaneously the redshift distribution of the faint blue galaxies and the mass distributions of foreground clusters of galaxies. The method is based on gravitational lensing and makes use of the following: (1) the amplitude of lensing-induced distortions of background galaxies increases with redshift; (2) the surface brightnesses of galaxies decrease steeply with redshift The distortions of galaxy images due to lensing are thus expected to be inversely correlated with surface brightness, allowing us to obtain relative distances to galaxies as a function of surface brightness. If the redshifts of the brightest galaxies are measured, then the relative distance scale can be converted to mean galaxy redshifts as a function of surface brightness. Further, by comparing the angular sizes of lensed galaxies with those of similar galaxies in empty control fields, it is possible to break the so-called mass sheet degeneracy inherent to cluster mass reconstruction techniques that are based purely on image ellipticities. This allows an unambiguous determination of the surface density of a lensing cluster. We describe an iterative algorithm based on these ideas and present numerical simulations which show that the proposed techniques are feasible with a sample of ≈10 rich clusters at moderate redshifts ∼0.3-0.4 and an equal number of control fields. The numerical tests show that the method can be used to determine the redshifts of galaxies with an accuracy of Δz ≈ 0.1-0.2 at z ∼1-1.7, and to measure the masses of lensing clusters to about 5% accuracy.
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12.65105
4.187146
1995-09-01
46
1995ApJ...451...60B
[ "galaxy redshifts", "lensed galaxies", "galaxy images", "background galaxies", "similar galaxies", "galaxies", "moderate redshifts", "mass reconstruction techniques", "redshift", "surface brightness" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176200", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504086" ]
[ "Bartelmann, Matthias", "Narayan, Ramesh" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...314..707S", "1996ApJ...464...92G", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...473..570G", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...317..303V", "1997A&A...318..687S", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1998A&A...337..325S", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998ESASP.429...89S", "1998IAUS..179..241S", "1998MNRAS.295..497G", "1998MNRAS.296..763K", "1998MNRAS.299..895B", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999A&A...342..337L", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ASIC..541..211M", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "2000A&A...353...41S", "2000MNRAS.318..573G", "2000pras.conf..203S", "2001A&A...374..740S", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002ApJ...574...38F", "2002ApJ...580L...3J", "2002LNP...608...55W", "2003A&A...409..851C", "2003MNRAS.341..100B", "2003MNRAS.344..789B", "2003MNRAS.346..949T", "2004A&A...424...13B", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2011MNRAS.412.1023H", "2012ApJ...744L..22S", "2016MNRAS.460.2505R", "2018MNRAS.480.3140W", "2020MNRAS.496.2998F", "2021MNRAS.503.4964G", "2022MNRAS.509.3004E" ]
[ "1966ApJ...143..379K", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1971AJ.....76..765N", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976Natur.260..764D", "1984Natur.310..112N", "1985ApJ...289L...1F", "1985MNRAS.213..871W", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987ApJ...313...28B", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...324L..37G", "1988ApJ...327..693G", "1988ApJ...335..552T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...365L..43T", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991ApJ...380....1M", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994A&A...286..701K", "1994A&A...287....1B", "1994A&ARv...5..239F", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1995A&A...294..411S", "1995ApJ...438...49B", "1995ApJ...439L...1K", "1995MNRAS.273..277S" ]
11579284
astro-ph/9503013
ROSAT observations of the galaxy group AWM 7.
We present results of ROSAT/PSPC and HRI observations of the AWM 7 group of galaxies, which is a poor galaxy cluster and forms part of the Perseus-Pisces filament. The X-ray emission originates from intracluster gas at temperatures of 1.7 to 4.5keV. The cluster obviously is elliptical with a position angle perpendicular to the position angle of the dominant elliptical galaxy NGC 1129, which is offset from the cluster X-ray centre by 30kpc. The analysis of the PSPC imaging and spectral data yield a gravitational mass of 2-5x10^14^M<SUB>sun</SUB>_within a radius of 1.2Mpc and a cooling flow with a mass deposition rate of up to 60-66M<SUB>sun</SUB>_/yr.
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13.780405
5.146558
1995-09-01
52
1995A&A...301..865N
[ "galaxies", "spectral data", "the cluster X-ray centre", "PSPC", "intracluster gas", "a poor galaxy cluster", "SUB", "The X-ray emission", "the dominant elliptical galaxy", "HRI" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS OF", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "COOLING FLOWS", "DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: NGC 1129", "AWM 7", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503013" ]
[ "Neumann, D. M.", "Boehringer, H." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996ApJ...471L..83L", "1996astro.ph..8111L", "1997A&A...317..646S", "1997ASPC..115...11B", "1997ApJ...474...84M", "1997ApJ...481..660I", "1997ApJ...482..648S", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997ApL&C..36..173S", "1997MNRAS.289..123N", "1997PASJ...49....9X", "1998A&A...330..801P", "1998A&A...339..693O", "1998AJ....116.2108K", "1998ASPC..151...53L", "1999A&A...343..420S", "1999A&A...344..755K", "1999A&A...352..437G", "1999ApJ...517..627M", "1999ApJ...520...87N", "1999ApJ...525...58I", "1999MNRAS.305..325F", "1999MNRAS.305..631A", "2000A&A...361..429R", "2000AJ....119...44K", "2001PASJ...53..421F", "2002A&A...394...77M", "2002A&A...394..375P", "2002AJ....123..100K", "2002ASPC..253...15A", "2002ASPC..268..405M", "2002ASPC..268..433P", "2003A&A...408....1P", "2003ApJ...596..181F", "2004AdSpR..34.2530F", "2004MNRAS.349.1240K", "2005A&A...429..791P", "2005A&A...435....1P", "2006A&A...456...55Z", "2006MNRAS.369.1211K", "2006MNRAS.372.1840R", "2007A&A...467..437Z", "2007MNRAS.377..595K", "2008PASJ...60S.333S", "2008PASJ...60S.343F", "2009AdAst2009E...7C", "2009MNRAS.394..947C", "2011PhRvD..83h4038M", "2012MNRAS.421..726S", "2014PASJ...66...85S", "2016ApJ...826..167G" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJ...211..309A", "1977ApJS...34..451S", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...224..718G", "1980AJ.....85..626H", "1980ApJ...235..347S", "1981A&A...100..194C", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1983AJ.....88..697K", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1983ApJ...272..449C", "1984A&A...136..178F", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...283...33B", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1988ASIC..229...31A", "1988SPIE..982..401B", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989PhDT.......221H", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ApJ...360...20M", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992ApJ...386..420M", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1992QJRAS..33..165T", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993AdSpR..13l.181B", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993MNRAS.262..901A", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994AJ....107..427D", "1994nhxr.conf..273O" ]
11591113
astro-ph/9501057
Variable polarization and luminosity for microlensing of extended stellar sources.
Microlensing of extended stellar sources in the LMC and Galaxy by low- mass lenses can produce variable polarization. The characteristics of the polarization and flux profile can provide considerable information about the lens geometry, and help determine the importance of such low-mass objects as a dark matter component.
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8.31004
7.093393
1995-09-01
39
1995MNRAS.276..182S
[ "low- mass lenses", "extended stellar sources", "considerable information", "variable polarization", "such low-mass objects", "Galaxy", "Microlensing", "a dark matter component", "the lens geometry", "the polarization and flux profile" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.182", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501057" ]
[ "Simmons, J. F. L.", "Newsam, A. M.", "Willis, J. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...473..230H", "1996MNRAS.279..571A", "1997ARep...41..492K", "1997astro.ph..2180S", "1998A&AS..131..187C", "1998ASPC..154..383S", "1998MNRAS.294..747V", "1998NewAR..42..121N", "1998NewAR..42..125H", "1998astro.ph..1229S", "1999A&A...341..201I", "2000ApJ...529...69H", "2000ApJ...539L..63L", "2000ApJ...543..406H", "2000astro.ph..1359G", "2001ASPC..239..195B", "2001ASPC..239..204G", "2001ASPC..239..213S", "2001ApJ...550L.173A", "2001PASP..113..903G", "2002MNRAS.335..539H", "2002MNRAS.336..501S", "2003A&A...401..339B", "2003ApJ...594..464H", "2005ApJ...635..599Z", "2006MNRAS.366...92I", "2006MNRAS.369..997Y", "2012MNRAS.426.1496I", "2014PhyS...89h4001I", "2015AdAst2015E..11H", "2015IJMPD..2430020R", "2015MNRAS.446.1090I", "2015MNRAS.452.2579S", "2015MNRAS.452.2587S", "2015MNRAS.454.4429S", "2017ApJ...838..157S", "2019MNRAS.487..908S", "2021MNRAS.501.3203K", "2021MNRAS.507.5177S" ]
[ "1960ratr.book.....C", "1974psns.coll..663C", "1986ApJ...304....1P", "1987ApJ...314..154S", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1994ApJ...421L..71G", "1994ApJ...421L..75G", "1994ApJ...424L..21N", "1994ApJ...425L..67M", "1994ApJ...426L..69U", "1994ApJ...430..505W", "1994ApJ...435L.113P", "1994ApJ...436L.103U", "1995A&A...293L..46S" ]
11579808
astro-ph/9506010
QSO Host Galaxies at z=2.3
Images are discussed of six QSOs at z = 2.3, one QSO-like IRAS source at z = 2.3, and one QSO at z = 1.1, taken with resolution 0.6 to 0.9 arcsec. Five of the QSOs are radio-quiet. All QSOs except one are just resolved, while the IRAS source has definite structure. In some cases, part of the QSO fuzz appears to be a close companion rather than a concentric host galaxy. The luminosities implied for the hosts or companions are typical of bright galaxies with young hot star populations. Radio-quiet QSOs appear to have host galaxies less luminous, by ~2 mag, than radio-loud QSOs.
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14.8543
6.587683
1995-09-01
29
1995AJ....110..994H
[ "host galaxies", "bright galaxies", "young hot star populations", "~2 mag", "z", "companions", "IRAS", "QSO", "Radio-quiet QSOs", "a concentric host galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117578", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506010" ]
[ "Hutchings, J. B." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282.1191C", "1996MNRAS.283..282R", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...317..656C", "1997AJ....113.1514H", "1997ApJ...476L..55W", "1997ApJ...487L.125Y", "1997MNRAS.286..271A", "1998MNRAS.296..643A", "1998MNRAS.298..583I", "1998MNRAS.298L..13A", "1998PASP..110..374H", "1999astro.ph.10190R", "2000A&A...364...70K", "2000ASPC..195..365B", "2000MNRAS.311..576K", "2001ASPC..237..169R", "2001MNRAS.323..231W", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2002AJ....123.2936H", "2003AJ....125.1053H", "2004A&A...418..813H", "2005A&A...434..469F", "2005A&A...439..497K", "2006NewAR..50..732F", "2007A&A...462..525H", "2008ApJ...673..694F" ]
[ "1991ApJ...370...78H", "1992AJ....104....1H", "1992AJ....104.1311H", "1992ApJ...393...68L", "1992ApJ...399L..55S", "1992PASP..104.1230H", "1995AJ....109...73H", "1995ApJ...439..588L" ]
11580893
astro-ph/9504002
Cooling Flow Models of the X-Ray Emission and Temperature Profiles for a Sample of Elliptical Galaxies
A simple spherically symmetric, steady state, cooling flow description with gas loss (following Sarazin &amp; Ashe 1989), within galaxy models constrained by radially extended stellar dynamical data, is shown to provide generally reasonable fits to the existing data on X-ray emission profiles and temperatures for a set of bright elliptical galaxies in Virgo and Fornax. Three free parameters are needed to specify the model: the external mass flux, the external pressure, and a dimensionless factor, which regulates the mass deposition rate along the flow. Three different assumptions on the supernova rate have been considered. A moderate value for the supernova rate in elliptical galaxies is found to be preferred. Confining pressures of P<SUB>ext</SUB> ∼4-15 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> K cm<SUP>-3</SUP> and significant accretion rates of external material, up to 4 M<SUB>sun</SUB> yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, are suggested by our models. A possible correlation between L<SUB>x</SUB>/L<SUB>B</SUB> and the iron abundance in the gas inside ellipticals is pointed out.
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12.285609
7.453338
1995-09-01
21
1995ApJ...451..111B
[ "galaxy models", "bright elliptical galaxies", "elliptical galaxies", "significant accretion rates", "X-ray emission profiles", "external material", "gas loss", "flow description", "Confining pressures", "the mass deposition rate" ]
[ "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/176204", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504002" ]
[ "Bertin, G.", "Toniazzo, T." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC...99..393L", "1996ApJ...470..747B", "1996IAUS..171..131R", "1996IAUS..175..417B", "1997AJ....113..755M", "1997ASPC..117...28D", "1998A&A...333..433P", "1998ASPC..136..277M", "1998ApJ...495..239B", "1999A&A...343...23P", "1999ApJ...526..114M", "2001ApJ...551..131C", "2001MNRAS.325..509T", "2002ApJ...567..130B", "2002ApJ...568L..19B", "2002ApJ...579..600X", "2002PhDT.........7P", "2003ARA&A..41..191M", "2003ApJ...590L...5M", "2004MNRAS.350..609C", "2012ASSL..378...21P" ]
[ "1970ApJ...159L.151L", "1973asqu.book.....A", "1976ApJ...204..290R", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1977MNRAS.180..479F", "1978ApJ...224..308M", "1982ASIC...90..371T", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1986MNRAS.220..949T", "1986MNRAS.222..655T", "1987ApJ...316..530G", "1987ApJ...319..614L", "1987ApJ...320...32S", "1988ApJ...328..395B", "1988ApJ...331..102S", "1988ApJ...332..725V", "1989ApJ...345...22S", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989MNRAS.238...15L", "1990ASSL..160..255R", "1990ASSL..161..201S", "1990ApJ...349..471L", "1990ApJ...359...29D", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...366...88A", "1991ApJ...367..476W", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...384..433S", "1992ApJ...384..474L", "1992ApJ...384L...5I", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...395...99M", "1992ApJ...397L..31S", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992ApJS...80..645K", "1993A&A...268..472C", "1993A&A...271..381B", "1993ApJ...403..567S", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1994A&A...292..381B", "1994ApJ...428..555T", "1994ApJ...429..105P", "1994ApJ...436L..75L", "1994ApJ...436L..79M", "1994Natur.368..828B" ]
11580524
astro-ph/9503072
The Local Galaxy Density and the Bulge-to-Disk Ratio of Disk Galaxies
Relying on samples of disk galaxies for which a detailed photometric bulge/disk decomposition has been provided in the literature, we examine the dependence of the bulge-to-disk luminosity ratio (B/D) on the blue absolute luminosity and on the environmental density. In our statistical analysis of various B/D data sets we pay particular attention to disentangling the role played by the galaxy morphology-galaxy density relation. Besides, we focus our attention on nearby (z &lt; 0.01) galaxies, for which we can provide a three-dimensional characterization of the local galaxy density. <P />We find that the observed tendency of galaxies to have greater B/D with increasing galaxy density simply reflects the average decline of B/D toward later morphological types together with the morphology- density relation. This relation tends to give rise also to a greater proportion of bright bulges in denser regions, because the decrease of B/D towards later types is mostly due to a dimming of the bulge rather than to a brightening of the disk. But when we remove the effect induced by the morphology-density relation, we detect no clear evidence of a dependence of B/D on galaxy density. Furthermore, B/D turns out to be substantially unrelated to the blue absolute magnitude of the galaxy. We briefly discuss to what extent our results (partially) disagree with previous claims.
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11.464806
6.647739
1995-09-01
12
1995ApJ...450...41G
[ "galaxy density", "increasing galaxy density", "disk galaxies", "galaxies", "later morphological types", "bright bulges", "later types", "the galaxy morphology-galaxy density relation", "the local galaxy density", "disk" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176117", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503072" ]
[ "Giuricin, Giuliano", "Limboz Tektunali, Fuesun", "Monaco, Pierluigi", "Mardirossian, Fabio", "Mezzetti, Marino" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312..397G", "1996A&AS..120..521G", "1996ApJ...468..475G", "1996PASJ...48..591M", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2001ASPC..240..257H", "2001ApJ...555..289N", "2006astro.ph..5015R", "2010MNRAS.403.1930L", "2012A&A...547A..63F" ]
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11580499
astro-ph/9503079
The Onset of the Cold H i Phase in Disks of Protogalaxies
We discuss a possible delay experienced by protogalaxies with low gas column densities in forming stars over large scales. After the hydrogen has recombined, as the external ionizing UV flux decreases and the metal abundance Z increases, the H I, initially in the warm phase (T ≳ 5000 K), makes a transition to the cool phase (T ≲ 100 K). The minimum abundance Z<SUB>min</SUB> for which this phase transition takes place in a small fraction of the Hubble time decreases rapidly with increasing gas column density. Therefore, in "anemic" disk galaxies where N<SUB>H I</SUB> is up to 10 times smaller than for normal large spirals, the onset of the cool H I phase is delayed. The onset of gravitational instability is also delayed since these objects are more likely to be gravitationally stable in the warm phase than progenitors of today's large spiral galaxies. The first substantial burst of star formation may occur only as late as redshift z ∼ 0.5 and may give a temporary high peak luminosity, possibly related to the "faint blue objects." Galaxy disks of lower column density tend to have lower escape velocities and a starburst/galactic fountain instability that decreases the gas content of the inner disk drastically.
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11.777451
7.844452
1995-09-01
7
1995ApJ...450...32C
[ "low gas column densities", "increasing gas column density", "lower column density", "lower escape velocities", "normal large spirals", "star formation", "redshift z", "large scales", "gravitational instability", "Galaxy disks" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "STARS: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176116", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503079" ]
[ "Corbelli, Edvige", "Salpeter, Edwin E." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...487L..53C", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "2002ApJ...567..712C", "2002MNRAS.336..541V", "2003ApJ...584..797P", "2004ApJ...609..667S", "2005ApJ...634.1067T" ]
[ "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1965ApJ...142..531F", "1965MNRAS.130...97G", "1965MNRAS.130..125G", "1969ApJ...155L.149F", "1972ARA&A..10..375D", "1976ApJ...204..649G", "1977A&A....56..289L", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987ApJ...315..180B", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...326..551C", "1988MNRAS.233..801O", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1988gera.book...95K", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990MNRAS.245..577P", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&A...252..689S", "1991ApJ...379...99L", "1992AJ....104.2086H", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...389L...1M", "1992ApJ...391...48L", "1992ApJ...392...15M", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1993AJ....106...39H", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993AJ....106.1265S", "1993ApJ...412...34M", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993ApJ...415..797N", "1993ApJ...419...94C", "1993ApJ...419..104C", "1994AJ....107..971T", "1994AJ....108.2046S", "1994ApJ...421..453C", "1994ApJ...423..196D", "1994ApJ...426L..61G", "1994ApJ...427L..13S", "1994ApJ...430..163D", "1994ApJ...430L..29C", "1994ApJ...433L..53M", "1994ApJ...435L.101W", "1994ApJ...436..618C", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994ApJ...437L..83B", "1994MNRAS.269...52M", "1995ApJ...441...51S", "1995ApJ...447..708C" ]
1952036
null
Toward Understanding the Fanaroff-Riley Dichotomy in Radio Source Morphology and Power
In Paper I we presented the results of a study of the interrelationships between host galaxy magnitude, optical line luminosity, and radio luminosity in a large sample of Fanaroff-Riley classes 1 and 2 (FR 1 and FR 2) radio galaxies. We report several important differences between the FR 1 and FR 2 radio galaxies. At the same host galaxy magnitude or radio luminosity, the FR 2's produce substantially more optical line emission (by roughly an order of magnitude or more) than do FR 1's. Similarly, FR 2 sources produce orders of magnitude more line luminosity than do radio-quiet galaxies of the same optical magnitude, while FR 1 sources and radio-quiet galaxies of the same optical magnitude produce similar line luminosities. Combining these results with previous results from the literature, we conclude that while the emission-line gas in the FR 2's is indeed photoionized by a nuclear UV continuum source from the AGN, the emission-line gas in the FR 1's may be energized predominantly by processes associated with the host galaxy itself. <P />The apparent lack of a strong UV continuum source from the central engine in FR 1 sources can be understood in two different ways. In the first scenario, FR l's are much more efficient at covering jet bulk kinetic energy into radio luminosity than FR 2's, such that an FR 1 has a much lower bolometric AGN luminosity (hence nuclear UV continuum source) than does an FR 2 of the same radio luminosity. We discuss the pros and cons of this model and conclude that the efficiency differences needed between FR 2 and FR 1 radio galaxies are quite large and may lead to difficulties with the interpretation since it would suggest that FR 2 radio source deposit very large amounts of kinetic energy into the ISM Intracluster Medium. However, this interpretation remains viable. <P />Alternatively, it may be that the AGNs in FR 1 sources simply produce far less radiant UV energy than do those in FR 2 sources. That is, FR 1 sources may funnel a higher fraction of the total energy output from the AGNs into jet kinetic energy versus radiant energy than do FR 2 sources. If this interpretation is correct, then this suggests that there is a fundamental difference in the central engine and/or in the immediate "accretion region" around the engine in FR 1 and FR 2 radio galaxies. We note also the absence of FR 1 sources with nuclear broad line regions and suggest that the absence of the BLR is tied to the absence of the "isotropic" nuclear UV continuum source in FR 1 sources. <P />We put forth the possibility that the FR 1/FR 2 dichotomy (i.e., the observed differences in the properties of low- and high-power radio sources) is due to qualitative differences in the structural properties of the central engines in these two types of sources. Following early work by Rees et al. (1982), we suggest the possibility that FR 1 sources are produced when the central engine is fed at a lower accretion rate, leading to the creation of a source in which the ratio of radiant to jet bulk kinetic energy is low, while FR 2 sources are produced when the central engine is fed at a higher accretion rate, causing the central engine to deposit a higher fraction of its energy in radiant energy. We further suggest the possibility that associated differences in the spin properties of the central black hole between FR 1 (lower spin) and FR 2 (higher spin) sources may be responsible for the different collimation properties and Mach numbers of the jets produced by these two types of radio-loud galaxies. This scenario, although currently clearly speculative, is nicely consistent with our current picture of the triggering, feeding, environments, and evolution of powerful radio galaxies. This model allows for evolution of these properties with time for example, the mass accretion rate and BH spin may decline with time causing an FR 2 radio source or quasar to evolve into a FR 1 radio source.
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15.417662
5.851475
1995-09-01
200
1995ApJ...451...88B
[ "FR", "FR l", "radio luminosity", "sources", "powerful radio galaxies", "magnitude more line luminosity", "optical line luminosity", "jet kinetic energy", "host galaxy magnitude", "jet bulk kinetic energy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIATION MECHANISMS: NONTHERMAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176202" ]
[ "Baum, Stefi A.", "Zirbel, Esther L.", "O'Dea, Christopher P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...455..468D", "1996A&A...316L..13G", "1996AJ....112....9L", "1996ASPC..110..175R", "1996ApJ...467..145W", "1996ApJ...473..713Z", "1996IAUS..175..373G", "1997AJ....113..148O", "1997ASPC..113..477C", "1997ASPC..116..421L", "1997ApJ...476..489Z", "1997MNRAS.286..415C", "1997PASA...14..230D", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998AJ....115.1234C", "1998AJ....115.1253P", "1998ApJ...493L..83T", "1998ApJ...502..614V", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1998MNRAS.294..494S", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.298.1035T", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999A&A...349...77C", "1999ARep...43..135Z", "1999ASSL..234..247S", "1999AdSpR..23..823S", "1999ApJ...510..631H", "1999ApJ...512..601A", "1999ApJ...516..163W", "1999ApJ...516..716K", "1999ApJ...522..753M", "1999IAUS..194..199D", "1999LNP...530..313R", "1999MNRAS.309.1085L", "1999PASA...16..124J", "1999RMxAA..35...45C", "2000A&A...355..873C", "2000A&A...363..507G", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000AJ....119.2634B", "2000AJ....120.2950X", "2000ApJ...530..107V", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000ApJS..129...33D", "2000MNRAS.311...23B", "2001A&A...373..100G", "2001A&A...379L...1G", "2001ARep...45..173Z", "2001ASPC..227..208M", "2001ASPC..250..290G", "2001ApJ...562L...5B", "2001EAS.....1...97O", "2001MNRAS.327....1G", "2001MNRAS.328..897S", "2001astro.ph..3020W", "2002A&A...392...53N", "2002AJ....123.1334V", "2002AJ....124..675C", "2002ApJ...571..226C", "2002ApJS..139..411A", "2002ApJS..141..337C", "2002LNP...589...41S", "2002NewAR..46...41O", "2002NewAR..46..247M", "2002NewAR..46..357G", "2002PASA...19..147G", "2003A&A...409..887W", "2003AJ....125.1795Z", "2003ApJ...590...86L", "2003MNRAS.339..669G", "2003NewAR..47..593B", "2003NewAR..47..689M", "2004A&A...413...97G", "2004A&A...421..899L", "2004A&A...425..825K", "2004A&A...426L..29M", "2004MNRAS.347..587B", "2004MNRAS.347..771W", "2004MNRAS.349.1419C", "2004MNRAS.351..733M", "2004cbhg.sympE...7C", "2004cbhg.sympE..40M", "2005A&A...443..863P", "2005ApJ...620..673O", "2005ApJ...632L..69K", "2005AstL...31..221V", "2005MNRAS.362...25B", "2005RSPTA.363..645B", "2005gbha.conf..401W", "2006ApJ...646..801G", "2006MNRAS.370.1893H", "2006PhDT.........1L", "2007A&A...470..531W", "2007AJ....133.1331H", "2007ApJ...656..680J", "2007ApJ...658..217B", "2007ApJ...670...74S", "2007MNRAS.376.1849H", "2007MNRAS.380.1449R", "2007MNRAS.381.1093H", "2007PASJ...59..279K", "2007hvcg.conf..222K", "2008A&A...488L..59L", "2008ApJ...678...78G", "2008ApJ...685..801Y", "2008MNRAS.384..953K", "2008MNRAS.385..310R", "2008MNRAS.390..819G", "2008NewAR..51..733N", "2009AN....330..184B", "2009AN....330..241L", "2009ApJ...694.1485K", "2009ApJ...694L.107X", "2009ApJ...696.1103C", "2009BASI...37...63S", "2009MNRAS.397.2216M", "2009arXiv0902.1766R", "2009arXiv0904.0190R", "2010A&A...511A..64V", "2010A&A...518A..33M", "2010A&A...521A..67M", "2010ApJ...710..764K", "2010ApJ...711...50T", "2010ApJ...714..589M", "2010ApJ...723.1119L", "2010ApJ...725.2426B", "2010MNRAS.402.2087V", "2010MNRAS.406..975G", "2010SCPMA..53S.240L", "2011A&A...528A..34L", "2011A&A...528A..38V", "2011ApJ...729L..12M", "2011IAUS..275..160M", "2011PhDT........21T", "2012A&A...546A..17V", "2012AJ....144...85S", "2012ASSL..386...91D", "2012IJMPD..2150086M", "2012MNRAS.424.2028K", "2012MNRAS.426..276B", "2013Ap.....56..382A", "2013ApJ...762...30B", "2013ApJ...771...38O", "2013MNRAS.430.3086G", "2014Ap&SS.353..233S", "2014MNRAS.438..796S", "2014MNRAS.442.1656S", "2014PhRvD..89l4015G", "2015A&A...573A..93V", "2015A&A...580A.113T", "2015A&A...581A..33D", "2015AJ....150....8C", "2015ApJ...807...48S", "2015IAUS..313..211K", "2016A&A...596A..20V", "2016AN....337..105S", "2016ApJ...818..182V", "2016JApA...37...34K", "2016MNRAS.461L..46T", "2016RAA....16..136H", "2017AJ....154..253K", "2017ApJ...834..157P", "2017MNRAS.466..921C", "2017MNRAS.466.4346M", "2019A&A...632A.124B", "2019ApJ...878...88G", "2019Galax...7...23R", "2019MNRAS.483.3382B", "2019MNRAS.489.2488K", "2019arXiv190402446K", "2020ApJ...905...42G", "2020PASJ...72...74U", "2021A&A...645A..12B", "2021A&A...647A..67B", "2021A&A...650A..84V", "2021A&ARv..29....3O", "2021ApJ...912...88G", "2021ApJ...920L..24K", "2021ApJS..255...18M", "2021Galax..10....2G", "2021MNRAS.502.4154R", "2021MNRAS.505.6103P", "2021arXiv211011082K", "2021arXiv211213160G", "2022ApJ...935...59S", "2022ApJ...941...95W", "2022MNRAS.510.4191K", "2022MNRAS.514.4290K", "2023A&A...671A..32C", "2023A&ARv..31....3B", "2023AJ....166..124J", "2023Galax..11...67O", "2023JApA...44...44G", "2023MNRAS.519.2773B", "2023arXiv230210214G", "2024A&A...684A.159C", "2024MNRAS.530..530H", "2024arXiv240311290G" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1977ApJ...211..675C", "1977MNRAS.179..433B", "1978ApJ...220..783G", "1978ApJ...223...56K", "1978ApJ...226..753Y", "1978MNRAS.183..479P", "1979MNRAS.188..111H", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1981ApJ...243...81C", "1981MNRAS.196..669W", "1982IAUS...97..223B", "1982Natur.295...17R", "1983ApJ...264...24M", "1983ApJ...264..105F", "1983ApJ...266..466G", "1983ApJ...269..400F", "1984A&A...141...85N", "1984AJ.....89..979B", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ARA&A..22..471R", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...277..115F", "1984ApJ...279...93W", "1984ApJ...280L...5M", "1984ApJ...286...68B", "1985ApJ...293...83V", "1985ApJ...294..158A", "1985ApJ...295...80O", "1985MNRAS.213..841T", "1985aagq.conf..411B", "1986AJ.....91.1062P", "1986AJ.....92....6U", "1986ApJ...300..591B", "1986ApJ...305..109B", "1986ApJ...311...34L", "1986IAUS..119..359B", "1987AJ.....93..785A", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987MNRAS.227...97R", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1987slrs.work..104S", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...336..702B", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1989ApJ...341..658S", "1989ApJ...342..187E", "1989ApJS...70..329K", "1989MNRAS.238..357O", "1989MNRAS.240..225T", "1989MNRAS.240..591S", "1990ASSL..161....3K", "1990Ap&SS.165..325K", "1990Ap&SS.171..105K", "1990ApJS...74..389B", "1990MNRAS.247..439F", "1990agn..conf..161B", "1991ApJ...371..478M", "1991ApJ...373..325G", "1991ApJ...379..177L", "1991ApJ...382..501U", "1991ApJ...383..135K", "1991Natur.349..138R", "1991bja..book...52M", "1991bja..book..100L", "1991bja..book..342W", "1992AJ....104.1687K", "1992ASIC..366..171B", "1992ApJ...389..208B", "1992ApJ...397L..79F", "1992ApJ...399L..27S", "1993A&AS...99..407C", "1993AJ....105...53B", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...402...95D", "1993ApJ...405L..13D", "1993ApJ...406..430P", "1993ApJ...411...43Y", "1993ApJ...414..510S", "1993ApJ...416...26P", "1993LNP...421..273O", "1993MNRAS.263.1023M", "1993Natur.362..326H", "1994A&A...292...13B", "1994A&AS..104..179G", "1994AJ....108...56P", "1994ASPC...54...23B", "1994ASPC...54..175B", "1994ASPC...54..201L", "1994ASPC...54..319O", "1994ApJ...422..542B", "1994ApJ...428...65H", "1994ApJ...435..140G", "1994MNRAS.270..173C", "1994MNRAS.271..833G", "1994PhDT........13N", "1995A&A...293..665F", "1995AJ....109..853L", "1995ApJ...438...62W", "1995ApJ...438L..37A", "1995ApJ...440...91M" ]
1948424
null
Dependence on Luminosity of Photometric Properties of Disk Galaxies: Surface Brightness, Size, and Internal Extinction
A sample of more than 1700 galaxies for which I band CCD images, redshifts, and H I lines velocity widths are available is used to study the dependence on luminosity of the main photometric parameters of spiral disks. For some derivations, the sample is complemented by other data in the public domain. The impact of sample selection criteria on the distribution function of observed parameters is monitored vis-a-vis sample visibility functions and by inspecting the properties of Monte Carlo simulations of the data. Significant dependences on luminosity are found for the disk central surface brightness and for the relations that convert isophotal radii, scale lengths, and magnitudes to the edge-on perspective. These dependences are tightly wedded to the extinction processes that operate in disks. The amount of internal extinction at I band depends both on disk inclination and galaxy luminosity: more luminous edge-on galaxies appear to be dimmed more than less luminous ones. Corrections of the isophotal radius at μ_I_ = 23.5 mag arcsec^- 2^ to the face-on perspective are larger for intrinsically faint galaxies. At that isophote, the less luminous galaxies appear to be completely transparent while the photometric profiles of highly inclined, luminous objects may still be affected by extinction. The relative amount of internal extinction suggests that the ratio of scale heights for the stellar and dust components of the disk decreases with increasing luminosity. Adoption of inadequate extinction laws that do not take into account the luminosity dependence can affect the slope of the Tully- Fisher relation and may introduce nonlinearity, resulting in both a luminosity bias and an inclination bias in the predicted galaxy distances.
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11.205408
6.663303
1995-09-01
137
1995AJ....110.1059G
[ "galaxy luminosity", "internal extinction", "disk inclination", "increasing luminosity", "inadequate extinction laws", "luminosity", "sample selection criteria", "spiral disks", "extinction", "disks" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117586" ]
[ "Giovanelli, Riccardo", "Haynes, Martha P.", "Salzer, John J.", "Wegner, Gary", "da Costa, Luiz N.", "Freudling, Wolfram" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&AS..118..111H", "1996AJ....112.1759D", "1996AJ....112.1780D", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1996ApJ...464L..99G", "1996ApJ...468L...5D", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996astro.ph.10200W", "1997A&A...325..135X", "1997AJ....113...22G", "1997AJ....113...53G", "1997AJ....113..101S", "1997AJ....113..162C", "1997AJ....114..122G", "1997ASPC..117..180P", "1997ASPC..117..537B", "1997JKAS...30..165A", "1997eds..proc..113G", "1998A&A...334..772B", "1998A&A...338..795M", "1998A&AS..130...81M", "1998AJ....115.2264T", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...506..152G", "1999A&A...343..751P", "1999A&A...344..868X", "1999AJ....117.1668H", "1999AJ....117.2039H", "1999ASSL..237..203T", "1999Ap&SS.269..569D", "1999ApJ...519...27C", "1999IAUS..183...64B", "1999fsu..conf..213W", "2000ARep...44..150K", "2000ApJ...528..145G", "2000ApJ...529..698S", "2000ApJ...533..744T", "2000ApJ...542..710G", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000ApJ...545..781D", "2000RMxAA..36...23A", "2001AJ....122.1298G", "2001ApJS..135..125K", "2001PASJ...53..701T", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002ApJ...571L.107G", "2002astro.ph.10227B", "2003A&A...399..879R", "2003AJ....126..158M", "2003ApJ...594..225S", "2003MNRAS.339..260K", "2003MNRAS.346..818P", "2004A&A...417..905L", "2004AJ....127.3273V", "2004AJ....128..115V", "2004ApJ...600..681B", "2004ApJ...613..851K", "2004ApJ...617.1022P", "2004MNRAS.347..691P", "2004MNRAS.351.1247K", "2004MNRAS.352..768K", "2005A&A...444..109H", "2005AJ....129.1381H", "2005AJ....129.1396H", "2005AJ....129.2119S", "2005ApJ...633..871C", "2005MNRAS.358..481K", "2006AJ....131..716K", "2006AJ....132.1426S", "2006ApJ...653..861M", "2006ApJ...653.1027W", "2007AJ....134.2286H", "2007Ap.....50..273D", "2007ApJ...655..863D", "2007ApJ...659.1159S", "2007ApJS..172..599S", "2007MNRAS.379.1022D", "2007MNRAS.381.1463N", "2008A&A...478...57S", "2008A&A...487..485H", "2008ASPC..390..232P", "2008ASPC..396...75M", "2008ApJ...678L.101D", "2008ApJ...680.1009W", "2008MNRAS.383.1281R", "2008MNRAS.388.1321P", "2008MNRAS.388.1708G", "2008arXiv0801.4563M", "2009ApJ...691..394M", "2009ApJ...693.1045C", "2009MNRAS.392..553F", "2009MNRAS.392.1080S", "2009MNRAS.395.1669G", "2009MNRAS.399.1074H", "2010ApJ...718..184C", "2010MNRAS.404..792M", "2011AJ....141...74H", "2011ApJ...726...77S", "2011ApJ...732...65W", "2011ApJ...736...93N", "2011MNRAS.413.2906D", "2011MNRAS.415..811T", "2012A&A...544A.101C", "2012AJ....143...15D", "2012AJ....143..133H", "2012AJ....144..133S", "2012ApJ...756..113H", "2012MNRAS.425.2741H", "2013A&A...554A..97B", "2013AJ....146...86T", "2013ApJ...765...94S", "2013MNRAS.434.2503S", "2014A&A...563A..49S", "2014ApJ...792..129N", "2014MNRAS.444..527S", "2014MNRAS.445.2677S", "2015A&A...573A.105S", "2015ApJ...810...23Z", "2015ApJ...814...46H", "2016ApJ...824..110O", "2016MNRAS.456.1886S", "2016MNRAS.459.2054D", "2017A&A...605A.127P", "2017ApJ...851...90B", "2018A&A...615A...7L", "2018ApJ...852..142C", "2018MNRAS.479.1221D", "2018MNRAS.480.3788W", "2019ApJ...880...30H", "2019ApJ...884...82K", "2019ApJS..244....3D", "2020A&A...637A..30P", "2020ApJ...892..153M", "2020ApJS..248...33H", "2020MNRAS.495.2305G", "2021A&A...646A..53P", "2021ApJ...922L..32Z" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976Natur.263..573D", "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1984A&A...141..407T", "1984ApJS...54..127E", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJS...58...67T", "1985MNRAS.216...53D", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1988ApJ...331..583S", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990ApJ...351L...5W", "1990MNRAS.244....8D", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991A&A...248...57K", "1991MNRAS.253..496P", "1992ApJ...391..617H", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992PhDT.......260B", "1994A&AS..106..451D", "1994A&AS..108..621P", "1994AJ....107.2036G", "1994MNRAS.266..614V", "1994MNRAS.268..984D", "1994PhDT.......234H", "1995ASIC..469.....D", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995MNRAS.273..699D" ]
1951487
null
Spectrophotometric Properties of Merging Galaxies
We present quantitative analysis of long-slit spectrophotometry of 40 merging and strongly interacting galaxy systems, in the wavelength range 3650-7100 Å. Along with optically selected objects, the sample includes 10 ultraluminous IRAS galaxies with ongoing merger activity. The mergers exhibit a very large range of spectral properties, ranging from completely evolved stellar populations to emission-line dominated starbursts and absorption-line dominated poststarburst systems. The spectral types are correlated with the morphological types of the merging galaxies, as best as they can be inferred. <P />The sample has much higher mean star-formation rates than isolated galaxies, as measured by Hα + [N II] line emission. The distribution of [0 II] equivalent widths in the sample is very different from that of local field galaxies, but does resemble the EW([O II]) distribution for faint blue field galaxies studied in deep redshift surveys. The far-infrared (FIR) luminosities and L(FIR)/L(B) ratios of the optically selected subsample are substantially higher than that of field galaxies as a whole. The ultraluminous IRAS mergers have distinctly higher L(FIR) and L(FIR)/L(B), but are similar to the optically selected mergers at optical wavelengths; on the average, their optical continuum colors are actually somewhat bluer than the optical subsample, indicating the presence of a global, young stellar population along with heavily dust-enshrouded nuclei. The frequency of the appearance of Seyfert nuclei and LINERs in the sample is also discussed. <P />A considerable fraction of the mergers exhibit spectra with anomalously strong Balmer absorption, when compared to nearby normal galaxies. Many of these systems have spectra resembling those of distant "E + A" galaxies. A quantitative comparison of the Balmer absorption-dominated mergers with several E + A galaxies at high redshift shows that they are indeed similar and suggests that the two kinds of galaxies may be the same class of objects.
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13.392777
7.52866
1995-09-01
116
1995ApJ...450..547L
[ "field galaxies", "galaxy systems", "local field galaxies", "isolated galaxies", "faint blue field galaxies", "galaxies", "nearby normal galaxies", "high redshift", "ongoing merger activity", "optical wavelengths" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176165" ]
[ "Liu, Charles T.", "Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312..797C", "1996AJ....111..109S", "1996ApJ...458L..63L", "1996ApJ...466..104Z", "1996ApJS..106..399P", "1996JKAS...29..255A", "1997AJ....114..102A", "1997AJ....114.1741H", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...480L...5C", "1997ApJS..111..181D", "1998A&AS..127..527D", "1998ARA&A..36..189K", "1998ASSL..226..297G", "1998ApJ...498..195F", "1998ApJ...498L..93D", "1998ApJ...504...93V", "1999A&A...347...55P", "1999A&A...351...43A", "1999AJ....117.1151A", "1999AJ....118..730H", "1999Ap&SS.267..299S", "1999ApJ...516...85T", "1999ApJ...518..576P", "1999ApJ...519..610D", "1999ApJ...520L..95V", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000A&AS..145...71K", "2000AJ....119...94A", "2000AJ....120...47C", "2000AJ....120..189D", "2000AJ....120..645L", "2000ARA&A..38..761G", "2000ApJ...529..157P", "2000ApJ...530..660B", "2000ApJ...537L..85R", "2000ApJ...541...95V", "2000LNP...548..240R", "2000MNRAS.311..565L", "2001A&A...379..845M", "2001AJ....121.1965C", "2001ApJ...547L..17B", "2001ApJ...554L..25M", "2001ApJ...557..150N", "2001ApJ...558...42S", "2001ApJ...558...81C", "2001ApJ...560..207O", "2001ApJ...562..635S", "2001ApJS..132...37K", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2001PASP..113.1515A", "2001Sci...293.1800Z", "2002A&A...381..771D", "2002AJ....123..142C", "2002ApJS..143...47D", "2003A&A...405...31B", "2003AJ....125.3005H", "2003ApJ...582..668B", "2003ApJ...599..865T", "2003MNRAS.339..793G", "2003PhDT.........2G", "2003astro.ph..4384B", "2004A&A...418..393S", "2004A&A...427..125G", "2004A&A...428..837F", "2004AJ....127.1360W", "2004ApJ...609..683T", "2004ApJ...616..192C", "2004AstHe..97..467G", "2004IAUS..222..177G", "2004MNRAS.348..369L", "2004MNRAS.353..221N", "2004cgpc.symp..245P", "2005AJ....130.2043P", "2005MNRAS.357..819S", "2005MNRAS.357..937G", "2005MNRAS.359.1557Y", "2005MNRAS.360..587B", "2006A&A...453..801G", "2006AJ....131.2050Y", "2006AJ....132..197W", "2006AJ....132.2243G", "2006ApJ...642..152Y", "2006ApJ...649L..71K", "2006ApJ...653.1129B", "2007AJ....134..527W", "2007AJ....134.2124R", "2007ApJ...654..799R", "2007ApJ...658..249L", "2007ApJ...664..181B", "2007MNRAS.377.1439B", "2007MNRAS.381..543W", "2008ApJ...674..172R", "2008MNRAS.387.1537H", "2008MNRAS.390..383Y", "2009A&A...507..713H", "2009Ap.....52..192A", "2009ApJ...693..140D", "2009ApJ...693..152O", "2009ApJ...703..150B", "2009MNRAS.398..735Y", "2009PhDT.......183A", "2009PhDT.......254H", "2010AJ....139.1600R", "2010AJ....139.1857W", "2010AJ....140..612P", "2010ApJ...713..637B", "2010ApJ...723..729F", "2012MNRAS.425L..46A", "2014ApJ...784..140F", "2017A&A...606A..95C", "2018MNRAS.477.1708P", "2019PASJ...71...31C", "2021ApJ...910..162G", "2022MNRAS.509..327S" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1981ApJ...250...55S", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1983ApJ...266..485P", "1983ApJ...268..628H", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984ApJ...287...95L", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985ApJ...296...90C", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1985ApJS...57..643D", "1985MNRAS.214...87J", "1986ApJ...304..326R", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986PhDT.........4B", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987ApJ...315...28H", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987MNRAS.229..423C", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1988ApJ...335...74B", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989AJ.....97..700G", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...343..125M", "1989ifss.book.....M", "1990AJ.....99.1088N", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1990dig..book...60S", "1991AJ....101..434H", "1991ApJ...381L...9O", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...399L..27S", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...279...21P", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..349S", "1994A&AS..107...23A", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1995ApJ...447L.105W", "1995ApJS...98..129K", "1995ApJS...98..171V" ]
1951513
null
NGC 7217: A Spheroid-dominated, Early-Type Resonance Ring Spiral Galaxy
NGC 7217 is a well-known northern spiral galaxy which is characterized by flocculent spiral structure and a series of three optical ringlike zones: a nuclear ring 21" in diameter, a weak inner ring 63" in diameter, and a striking outer ring 2'.6 in diameter. The rings all have nearly the same shape and position angle in projection. The appearance of the galaxy suggests that it may be more axisymmetric than the typical spiral galaxy, since there is little evidence for the presence of a bar, oval, or stellar density wave. This makes the origin of the ring features uncertain. In an effort to understand this kind of ringed galaxy, which is by no means typical, we have obtained multicolor CCD BVRI images, accurate surface photometry, mappings of the CO and H I gas distributions, and rotational velocities from Hα and H I spectral line data. <P />Our deep surface photometry has revealed an important feature of NGC 7217 that was missed in previous studies: The region occupied by the rings of the galaxy is surrounded by an extensive, nearly circular luminous halo. This halo cannot be merely an extension of the disk component because it is much rounder than the inner regions. Instead, we believe the light represents either the outer regions of the bulge or a separate stellar halo component. We are able to successfully model the luminosity profile in terms of an r<SUP>114</SUP> "spheroid" and an exponential disk with a spheroid-to-total disk (including rings) luminosity ratio of 2.3-2.4. This makes NGC 7217 one of the most spheroid-dominated spirals known, and the finding has important implications for the recent discovery by Merrifield and Kuijken of a significant population of counter-rotating stars in the galaxy. <P />Although the spiral structure of NGC 7217 is flocculent in blue light, there is a definite two-armed stellar spiral in the region of the outer ring. This ring includes about 4.4% of the total blue luminosity and is the locus of most of the recent star formation in the galaxy. The ring is also where we find the H I gas to be concentrated. The galaxy is very gas poor (M<SUB>H I</SUB>/L<SUP>0</SUP><SUB>B</SUB> = 0.024 M<SUB>sun</SUB>/L<SUB>sun, B</SUB> for its morphological type. The H I rotational velocities agree well with published and our new Hα-values. <P />Fourier analysis reveals a very weak possible oval distortion in the stellar mass distribution. Using the I-band light distribution to define the potential, we carried out simulations of gas streaming with no self- gravity. A model with a bulge-to-disk mass ratio of 2.4 reproduces the observed optical ring morphology very well. This suggests to us that in spite of the extreme weakness of the observed nonaxisymmetry of this galaxy, this nonaxisymmetry is still sufficient to torque the gas into the usual resonance rings identified in other, more obviously barred galaxies. <P />An additional noteworthy feature that we have identified in a B - I color index map is a symmetric, nuclear dust ring 17" in angular diameter. Other dust lanes are seen mainly on the near side of the galaxy.
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11.179976
7.819172
1995-09-01
55
1995ApJ...450..593B
[ "rings", "ringed galaxy", "gas distributions", "gas streaming", "H I", "flocculent spiral structure", "accurate surface photometry", "luminosity ratio", "stellar density wave", "rotational velocities" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 7217", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176169" ]
[ "Buta, R.", "van Driel, W.", "Braine, J.", "Combes, F.", "Wakamatsu, K.", "Sofue, Y.", "Tomita, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..438J", "1997AJ....113.1607S", "1997ApJ...475...83L", "1998A&A...338L..33H", "1998NYASA.867..217L", "1999AJ....117..792S", "1999AJ....117.1725A", "1999ApJ...524..634L", "2000A&A...357..437B", "2000A&A...362..465R", "2000A&A...364..479S", "2000AJ....120..139K", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000astro.ph..4203B", "2001A&A...367..405P", "2001A&A...374..421B", "2001AJ....121.1358K", "2001AJ....121.2499S", "2001ARA&A..39..137S", "2001BSAO...51..123S", "2001MNRAS.324..737R", "2002A&A...384...24V", "2002A&A...385....1S", "2002sf2a.conf..399C", "2003ARep...47...88S", "2003sf2a.conf..243C", "2004A&A...414..857C", "2004A&A...421..595G", "2004AJ....128..183B", "2005A&A...442..137N", "2006A&A...448..489K", "2006AJ....131.1336S", "2007MNRAS.376.1480N", "2007MNRAS.380..949S", "2009ApJS..182..559B", "2010A&A...513A..11O", "2010AJ....139.2465G", "2011MNRAS.414.3645S", "2012A&A...540A.103P", "2012ApJ...757...64B", "2013A&A...553A..72K", "2013seg..book..155B", "2014ASPC..486..157F", "2014MNRAS.441.2212F", "2015A&A...576A.102A", "2015ApJS..217...13M", "2015IAUS..309...81F", "2015MNRAS.451..936S", "2016arXiv161205275W", "2017ASSL..434..175W", "2019ApJ...884...23Z", "2019ApJ...886..133I", "2019MNRAS.482.1733G", "2022MNRAS.514.3410H", "2024arXiv240400944B" ]
[ "1958ApJ...127..487D", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1961hag..book.....S", "1973MNRAS.163..163W", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978ApJ...224..782R", "1978ApJ...226..770P", "1980A&A....88...32B", "1980AJ.....85..637D", "1980ApJ...242L.153B", "1980PASP...92..409V", "1981A&A....93...93H", "1981AJ.....86.1791B", "1981ApJ...247...77S", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982A&A...107..101A", "1982AJ.....87..500W", "1982PASJ...34..423H", "1983A&A...118....4B", "1983A&AS...51..331B", "1983AJ.....88..272H", "1983ApJ...265..148S", "1983ApJS...53..269D", "1983IAUS..100...87K", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1983gcpm.book.....L", "1984MNRAS.209...93S", "1985A&A...150..327C", "1985AJ.....90..169D", "1985AJ.....90.2445G", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985daa..conf..271A", "1986AJ.....91.1301K", "1986ApJ...301L...7G", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJS...61..609B", "1986ApJS...61..631B", "1987A&AS...70..517H", "1987ApJ...313...89T", "1987ApJS...63..771G", "1987ApJS...64..507C", "1987ApJS...65..485C", "1987ApJS...65..555V", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988A&A...207....1S", "1988ASIC..232..475C", "1988cvip.book.....D", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1989ApJS...71..433P", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990ApJ...356...87B", "1990ApJ...361...69H", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1991A&A...243...71V", "1991A&A...245....7V", "1991AJ....102.1715B", "1991IAUS..146..251B", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...259L..27C", "1992A&A...264..433B", "1992A&AS...92..583F", "1992AJ....103..757B", "1992AJ....103.1804B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ASPC...25..131V", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992Natur.359..129W", "1993A&A...272...63M", "1993A&A...274..148G", "1993A&AS...97..887B", "1993PASP..105.1016K", "1994A&A...286..395V", "1994AJ....107..118B", "1994ApJ...432..575M", "1995AJ....109..543B", "1995ApJS...96...39B" ]
1948463
null
A Narrow Band Imaging Survey for Primeval Galaxies
We present the results of a narrowband imaging survey for Lyα emission from young and forming ellipticals or spheroids at high redshifts. A total of 11 independent datacubes, each consisting of 6-11 images at slightly different central wavelengths, were obtained using a Fabry-Perot imaging interferometer on fields of ~5 arcmin square. Each datacube spans {DELTA}z~0.2 while the total survey spans a redshift range of 2.78-4.89 for Lyα line emission. We reach a 1 σ limiting line flux (in an aperture of twice the seeing FWHM) of ~1.5 X 10^-17^ ergs cm^-2^ s^-1^ over 0.05 deg^2^, with a total of 0.63 deg^2^ surveyed to a limiting line flux of ~8.5 X 10^-17^ ergs cm^-2^ s^-1^. The survey reaches a 1σ average limiting restframe Lyα emission line luminosity of ~1.5 x 10^42^ ergs s^-1^ over a volume of 3000 comoving Mpc^3^, with a total volume of 110000 comoving Mpc^3^ surveyed to an emission line luminosity of ~2.0 x 10^43^ ergs s^-1^ (for H_0_= 75 km s^- 1^ Mpc^-1^ and {OMEGA}_0_ = 0.2). No obvious population of Lyα luminous primeval galaxies has been detected so far, although a number of candidates remain which need to be checked by follow-up spectroscopy. Possible explanations for the lack of detection of a population of primeval galaxies at optical wavelengths in this and similar surveys include the possibility that they were obscured by dust or that the bulk of galaxy formation occurred at redshifts z_gf_ &gt;= 5. The instrument used for this survey is also briefly described.
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13.442095
6.463573
1995-09-01
72
1995AJ....110..963T
[ "Lyα line emission", "Lyα luminous primeval galaxies", "Lyα emission", "similar surveys", "primeval galaxies", "galaxy formation", "a 1σ average limiting restframe Lyα emission line luminosity", "redshifts z_gf_", "Lyα", "high redshifts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117576" ]
[ "Thompson, D.", "Djorgovski, S.", "Trauger, J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..982T", "1995MNRAS.277L..51B", "1996AJ....111.1816K", "1996AJ....112.1794T", "1996ASSL..206...37V", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996ApJ...468..462G", "1996IAUS..171..277D", "1996IAUS..171..287H", "1996Natur.380..411P", "1996Natur.382..234D", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996astro.ph..9188H", "1997A&A...321..771B", "1997AIPC..408..279P", "1997ASPC..114..137P", "1997ASPC..117..477F", "1997ASPC..117..564T", "1997ApJ...475..445M", "1997ApJ...486L..75F", "1997ApJ...490..571L", "1997MNRAS.284L..11T", "1997MNRAS.290L..43C", "1997RvMA...10..297T", "1998A&A...335L..77L", "1998AJ....115.2169G", "1998AJ....116.2659P", "1998ASPC..146..134M", "1998ApJ...495..698G", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "1998ApJ...502L..99H", "1998ApJ...506..519T", "1998MNRAS.293L...6T", "1998Natur.393...35K", "1999AIPC..470...63H", "1999ASPC..191..203H", "1999ASPC..193..448B", "1999ASPC..193..521M", "1999ASPC..193..554H", "1999ApJ...518..138H", "1999astro.ph.10545M", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000A&A...362..509V", "2000ASPC..195...94H", "2000ApJ...530L...9A", "2000ApJ...536...19K", "2000ApJ...536..584L", "2000ApJ...537...73S", "2000ApJ...542...18T", "2001ApJ...561L..37S", "2001ApJ...562..605F", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002MNRAS.334..262H", "2002bhap.conf..333A", "2002nmgm.meet..315D", "2003JKAS...36..123T", "2003MNRAS.343..839T", "2003astro.ph.12363T", "2004ApJ...604L...1B", "2005A&A...430..877T", "2005RMxAC..24..247G", "2007ApJ...667...79G", "2007PASP..119...30P", "2009ApJ...700...20L", "2010PASP..122.1495L", "2014MNRAS.440.2375M", "2014PASP..126..969B", "2016ASSL..435..479R", "2017MNRAS.469.2646C", "2019A&A...631A...9B", "2019SAAS...46..189O" ]
[ "1967ApJ...147..868P", "1971MNRAS.153..471B", "1976ApJ...203L.103M", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1979ApJ...234..427S", "1981ApJ...246L.109M", "1981SPIE..290...16G", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1985ApJ...297....1S", "1985ApJ...299L...1D", "1986AJ.....91..991S", "1987AJ.....93.1307D", "1987AJ.....93.1318D", "1987AJ.....94...12S", "1987ApJ...317L...7H", "1987ApJ...319L..39M", "1987ApJ...320..464P", "1987ApJ...322..585B", "1987opt2.book.....H", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1988ApJ...328..315M", "1988ApJ...330..964B", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988PhDT........22M", "1988igbo.conf..443S", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989A&A...217....1R", "1989PASP..101..616H", "1989egf..conf....1P", "1990AJ.....99..530B", "1990ApJ...355L..11P", "1990ApJ...357....3L", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991AJ....101.1187S", "1991ASPC...21..109S", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1991ApJ...377L..73L", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1991PhDT.........4L", "1992ASPC...24...73D", "1992ASPC...24..147T", "1992ApJ...385..151W", "1992ApJ...390L..53K", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1992ApJ...399L..47E", "1992IAUS..149..271T", "1992IAUS..149..337D", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992MNRAS.259..725S", "1993A&A...270...43M", "1993AJ....105.1243D", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ASPC...43.....S", "1993ASPC...51..328C", "1993ApJ...402..411W", "1993ApJ...404..511M", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJ...419....7V", "1993MNRAS.260....3T", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993MNRAS.265L..21B", "1993NYASA.688..281W", "1993PhR...227..251P", "1993flus.conf...67D", "1993obco.symp..328C", "1994A&A...288..103G", "1994A&A...289...54V", "1994AJ....107....1T", "1994AJ....107..910E", "1994ApJ...420..439M", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994ApJ...429L..49J", "1994ApJ...432..567C", "1994MNRAS.266..983P", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1994iaan.conf..503M", "1995AJ....110..982T", "1995ApJ...440..515D" ]
1952087
null
An Out-of-Plane CO (J = 2--1) Survey of the Milky Way. I. The Data
We present extensive CO (J = 2-1) survey data of the first quadrant of the Galaxy taken with the same angular resolution as the Columbia CO (J = 1-0) survey. The CO (J = 2-1) data were compared with the CO (J = 1-0) data of Cohen, Dame, &amp; Thaddeus. The distribution of CO (J = 2-1) emission mimics that of CO (J = 1-0) emission with the CO (J = 2-1)/CO (J = 1-0) intensity ratio (≡R<SUB>2-1/1-0</SUB>) of 0.66 averaged over the observed area. This value is typical of nearby giant molecular clouds and of gas disks of spiral galaxies and is consistent with the CO emission arising from subthermally excited, optically thick gas. Molecular gas in the inner part of the Galaxy tends to exhibit a higher value of RR<SUB>2-1/1-0</SUB> in the solar neighborhood.
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12.43628
8.814571
1995-09-01
55
1995ApJS..100..125S
[ "CO", "Molecular gas", "nearby giant molecular clouds", "gas disks", "Galaxy", "spiral galaxies", "the CO (J =", "the CO emission", "the Columbia CO", "Cohen" ]
[ "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "ISM: MOLECULES", "SURVEYS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192210" ]
[ "Sakamoto, Seiichi", "Hasegawa, Tetsuo", "Hayashi, Masahiko", "Handa, Toshihiro", "Oka, Tomoharu" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...460..334O", "1997A&A...327..522B", "1997ASPC..124..244H", "1997ApJ...475..134S", "1997ApJ...478..233H", "1997ApJ...480..607B", "1997ApJ...481..302S", "1997ApJ...486..276S", "1997IAUS..170....3T", "1997IAUS..170...39H", "1998ApJ...493..730O", "1998ApJ...505..286S", "1998ApJS..115..241H", "1999ASPC..168...90S", "1999ASPC..168..399H", "1999ApJ...525..357S", "2000RScI...71.2895S", "2001ApJ...551..794S", "2001ApJ...562L.167B", "2001ApJS..136..189S", "2002A&A...382..624T", "2002AJ....123.1892C", "2002ApJ...575..814P", "2003PhR...382..303T", "2006SPIE.6275E..0OG", "2007AJ....134.1827C", "2007MNRAS.375..278W", "2007PASJ...59...43M", "2007PASJ...59.1005N", "2008AstHe.101...18N", "2009AJ....137.4670L", "2010PASJ...62.1277Y", "2012ApJ...752..118S", "2012ApJ...761...41K", "2013A&A...560A..82R", "2013ApJ...772L..13M", "2013ITTST...3...15I", "2013MNRAS.436..479B", "2013PASJ...65...78O", "2014ApJ...789...81F", "2014SPIE.9145E..35I", "2015A&A...577A.135C", "2015ARA&A..53..583H", "2015ApJS..216...18N", "2017ApJS..233...22S", "2017PASJ...69...91H", "2018MNRAS.479.1221D", "2019A&A...631A.110Z", "2019ApJ...885...50W", "2020MNRAS.492.2517S", "2020MNRAS.495.3840M", "2020SPIE11445E..7FN", "2021ApJ...908...76L", "2021PASJ...73..257Y", "2022ApJ...926...96M" ]
[ "1973ApJ...186..529S", "1973SoPh...28..409L", "1975ApJ...199L.105S", "1976ApJ...207L.189B", "1976ApJS...30..247U", "1977ApJ...217L.155C", "1978A&A....63....7B", "1984A&A...134..396I", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1986ApJ...301..398M", "1986ApJS...60....1S", "1986ApJS...60..297C", "1986ApJS...60..695C", "1987ApJ...319..730S", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1987ApJS...63..821S", "1988ApJ...324..248B", "1989ApJS...71..481B", "1990A&A...234..469C", "1990ASSL..158...63H", "1991IAUS..146...51C", "1992A&A...259..271G", "1993AIPC..278..311S", "1993AIPC..278..315H", "1993ApJ...411..720L", "1994ApJ...425..641S", "1994ApJ...431..658C", "1994PhDT.......334S" ]
1952034
null
Unusual Radio Structures in the Cooling Flow Cluster 2A 0335+096
We present new high-resolution radio images of the 2A 0335+096 cluster of galaxies obtained with the VLA, which we compare to X-ray and optical images of the cluster. In the center of the cluster, there are unresolved radio sources associated with the nucleus of the central D galaxy, with the nucleus of the nearby companion galaxy, and another galaxy that appears to absorb part of the cluster X-ray emission. Two small radio lobes are located approximately 12" on either side of the D galaxy nucleus. We argue that these mark the direction of the emergence of radio jets from the nucleus. A "bar" of X-ray emission coincides with these radio lobes. Most of the radio flux from the central region of the cluster is associated with diffuse, amorphous of emission, which is unpolarized and which has a steep radio spectrum. All of the extended radio components in the center have minimum nonthermal pressures that are much lower than the pressure of the X-ray emitting gas. The low pressure and depolarized emission suggest that the radio plasma is mixed with the thermal plasma. The central radio structure, lack of polarization, low nonthermal pressure, and steep spectral index are all similar to the radio source PKS 0745-191, also associated with the central galaxy in a strong cooling flow cluster. We argue that the weak radio jets in 2A 0335+096 and PKS 0745-191 are disrupted at small radii by the high-pressure ambient gas. The radio plasma from the disrupted jets continues to move outward, but as subsonic, buoyant plumes. These plumes may also entrain a good deal of the ambient thermal gas, which produces the X-ray bar in 2A 0335+096. The radio plasma mixes with the ambient thermal plasma, and continue to move outward buoyantly. In 2A 0335+096, the observed radio lobes are oriented nearly perpendicular to the direction from the D galaxy nucleus to the companion nucleus. There are also elongated optical line and X-ray structures in this same direction. We suggest that this gas forms a rotating disk, which is being accreted onto the D galaxy nucleus and which determines the direction of the radio jets. We also suggest that the activity of the two galactic nuclei and that the orientation of this disk may be due to the merger of the companion galaxy with the central D galaxy. <P />The cluster also contains a very long Narrow Angle Tail (NAT) radio galaxy. The minimum nonthermal pressures along the tail are in good agreement with the pressure of the surrounding X-ray emitting gas, which indicates that the material in the tail is confined by this gas. The radio spectrum steepens with distance from the galaxy along the tail due to radiative losses. The tail of the NAT radio source changes direction abruptly about 2' from the galaxy. We suggest that is due to buoyant motions of the tail rising out of and away from denser regions of the intracluster gas. In fact, the tail is projected against a region of reduced X-ray emission. The NAT galaxy is also observed to be a moderately strong X-ray source. The source is unresolved and fairly bright, which suggests that the X-ray emission is due to the AGN in this galaxy.
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14.459605
5.20938
1995-09-01
50
1995ApJ...451..125S
[ "X-ray emission", "reduced X-ray emission", "X-ray structures", "radio jets", "unresolved radio sources", "galaxy nucleus", "galaxies", "galaxy", "-", "low nonthermal pressure" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 2A 0335+096", "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176205" ]
[ "Sarazin, Craig L.", "Baum, Stefi A.", "O'Dea, Christopher P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...455..497I", "1996ApJ...463...80C", "1997ASPC..115..172S", "1997ASPC..115..182S", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJ...480..203S", "1997ApJ...484..602T", "1997ApJ...488..572S", "1998AJ....116...37G", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1999MNRAS.306..857C", "1999PASJ...51..301K", "1999mdrg.conf..409H", "2002MNRAS.331..545B", "2003A&A...407...41C", "2003ApJ...596..190M", "2003MNRAS.339..353B", "2003PASJ...55..585K", "2004A&A...422..515V", "2004ApJ...607..800B", "2004PThPS.155..357K", "2005ApJ...630L..13D", "2006A&A...449..475W", "2006A&A...453..423P", "2006ApJ...643..730D", "2006MNRAS.371L..65S", "2006MNRAS.373L..65H", "2006PASJ...58..703T", "2007A&A...476...99G", "2007AJ....134...14D", "2007MNRAS.380...33H", "2008ApJ...675L...9M", "2008ApJ...686..859B", "2009A&A...505...55G", "2009MNRAS.396.1449S", "2011ApJ...732...95G", "2012ApJ...747...28F", "2012ApJ...748...67W", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.427.3468B", "2014ApJ...781....9G", "2016ApJ...832..148V", "2017A&A...605A..48K", "2017AJ....154..169S", "2017ApJ...841...71G", "2019ApJ...880...70G", "2019SSRv..215...16V", "2020A&A...640A..37I", "2020MNRAS.496.2613B", "2022A&A...659A..20I" ]
[ "1965cgcg.book.....Z", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1978MNRAS.182..489C", "1979ApJ...234..818J", "1980ARA&A..18..165M", "1980ApJ...238L..59S", "1980SPIE..231...18S", "1984AJ.....89.1076S", "1985AJ.....90..927O", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985ApJ...295...80O", "1986ApJ...307...73B", "1986ApJ...308L..51S", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1988ApJ...324L..17R", "1988ApJ...327...66S", "1988ApJ...331..672S", "1988MNRAS.234..847P", "1989ApJ...344..604S", "1990ApJ...348...73S", "1990ApJ...360...20M", "1991MNRAS.250..737B", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1991PhDT.........6G", "1992A&A...256L..11S", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...393..579M", "1992ApJ...395..387W", "1992ApJ...397L..31S", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993AJ....105..417M", "1993ApJ...416...51Z", "1993ApJ...417..515L", "1993LNP...421..229N", "1993MNRAS.264L..25B", "1994AJ....107.1942T", "1994AJ....108.1137R", "1994ApJ...437...83B", "1994Natur.367..713H", "1995A&A...297...13H", "1995ApJ...443...77M", "1995ApJ...447..559S" ]
1971257
null
A statistical search for correlations of rotational spin angular momentum between galaxies
We report the methods and results of statistical analyses used to search for spatial correlation in the distribution of spin angular momentum of galaxies. A compilation of signs of the line-of-sight component of the spin angular momentum of 9825 spirals in the whole sky, as determined from the spiral winding sense, S-wise or Z-wise, was used in the present analyses for the first time. The expected distribution of spin vectors of galaxies shows markedly different trends according to the galaxy formation scenarios. If galaxy spins were generated according to the primordial whirl scenario, then a dipole segregation of S/Z spins would be observed in their global distribution in the sky, or a strong bias in either the S or Z spin would be seen in a face-on cluster/group of galaxies. A quadrupole distribution of S/Z spins might be observed if the primary process was the generation of spins due to the pancake shock scenario or the explosion scenario. On the other hand, if the galaxy spins were produced by the tidal spin-up process, there would be no global anisotropy unless galaxy-cluster tidal interaction rather than galaxy-galaxy tidal interaction were the primary process. The present multipole analyses have shown no significant dipole or quadrupole anisotropy in the spin vector distribution for the whole sample of galaxies or for Local Supercluster member galaxies. As for the correlation at smaller scales, we looked for but found no departure from the random binomial distribution of S- and Z-wise galaxies in either the sample of 90 groups of galaxies or the sample of 5740 nearest neighbouring pairs of galaxies. These negative results are compatible with the pancake shock scenario, the explosion scenario and the tidal spin-up theory, but not with the primordial whirl scenario.
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11.219799
5.300142
1995-09-01
21
1995MNRAS.276..327S
[ "galaxy spins", "spin vectors", "spin angular momentum", "spins", "galaxies", "Local Supercluster member galaxies", "galaxy-galaxy tidal interaction", "the spin vector distribution", "the galaxy spins", "statistical analyses" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.327" ]
[ "Sugai, Hajime", "Iye, Masanori" ]
[ "National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan", "National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan" ]
[ "1998AJ....116.1094C", "1998GReGr..30..497L", "1999AJ....117..202W", "2001essf.book..213R", "2002AAMOP..48..219C", "2003ApJ...590L...9K", "2003RMxAC..17..101G", "2006Ap&SS.302...43H", "2008A&A...479..397A", "2008MNRAS.388.1686L", "2008MNRAS.389.1127P", "2008MNRAS.389.1179L", "2009MNRAS.392.1225S", "2011RAA....11..293A", "2013arXiv1307.1830A", "2019ApJ...886..133I", "2020MNRAS.496.4276T", "2021ApJ...907..123I", "2021PASA...38...37S", "2023A&A...671A..26D", "2024arXiv240406617P" ]
[ "1951ApJ...114..165V", "1952PhRv...86..251G", "1958ApJ...127..487D", "1969ApJ...155..393P", "1972CoASP...4..121J", "1973ApL....14...11D", "1973PASP...85..528T", "1974IAUS...63..227O", "1974SvA....18..392S", "1975sss.....9..557D", "1976A&A....53..431B", "1978ApJ...223..426G", "1978IAUS...79..427O", "1981ApJ...243...32F", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1981PASJ...33..211I", "1982MNRAS.198..605M", "1983A&A...118...33K", "1983ApJ...274....1P", "1983ApJ...274L...1W", "1984ApJ...281...56S", "1984ApJ...284..471H", "1985A&A...144..471I", "1985A&A...145..269M", "1985AJ.....90..469S", "1985SvAL...11....1P", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1986MNRAS.222..525F", "1987ApJ...319..575B", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988IAUS..130..191S", "1989ApJS...69..809M", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990ApJ...353L...3M", "1990ApJS...74..665S", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...374..112I", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L...7B", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992PASJ...44..493K", "1993ApJ...412L..47S", "1993ApJ...413L...1G" ]
1971224
null
Imaging polarimetry of the Seyfert galaxy IC 4329A
The edge-on dust lane of IC 4329A shows significant levels of polarization oriented parallel to the lane, which suggests that there is a magnetic field in the plane of this galaxy which is uniform on kpc scalelengths. Although the Seyfert 1 nucleus is seen through the polarizing dust lane, it appears to have an additional, intrinsically polarized component with a position angle approximately parallel to the galactic plane. We suggest that the intrinsic nuclear polarization arises from dust scattering in an asymmetric geometry, possibly involving an inner torus, surrounding the central AGN. The relative orientations of the axes of the AGN and the disc of the host galaxy may have been influenced by a recent interaction between IC 4329A and its massive neighbour IC 4329.
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15.23485
7.900167
1995-09-01
16
1995MNRAS.276..460W
[ "IC 4329A", "polarization oriented parallel", "4329A", "significant levels", "AGN", "the polarizing dust lane", "kpc scalelengths", "the intrinsic nuclear polarization", "the host galaxy", "IC" ]
[ "POLARIZATION", "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: IC 4329A", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.2.460" ]
[ "Wolstencroft, Ramon D.", "Done, C. J.", "Scarrott, S. M.", "Scarrott, R. M. J." ]
[ "Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.277.1430D", "1996ApJ...469..648W", "1996MNRAS.278..519S", "1996MNRAS.282..252S", "1996QJRAS..37..297S", "1997AJ....114.1405W", "1997ApJ...477L..25W", "1998A&A...336..807M", "1998A&A...336..855R", "1998A&AS..128..369R", "1998MNRAS.295..568B", "2003ApJ...590..128K", "2018A&A...619A..20M", "2021A&A...649A..87G", "2023ApJ...944...29B", "2023MNRAS.525.5437I" ]
[ "1976Natur.259..463B", "1982A&AS...50..217W", "1982ApJ...255...65M", "1982ApJ...258...59J", "1983ApJ...266..470M", "1983MNRAS.204.1163S", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985PhDT.......132B", "1987A&AS...68..383H", "1987MNRAS.227P...1H", "1987MNRAS.228..521U", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...330..121T", "1989A&A...209....8M", "1989A&A...219...34K", "1989A&AS...77...75F", "1989AJ.....97..363T", "1990ApJS...72..551G", "1990IAUS..140..245S", "1990MNRAS.244..577B", "1990MNRAS.244..604B", "1991A&A...247...25M", "1991MNRAS.249..352G", "1991VA.....34..163S", "1992A&A...262...37F", "1992MNRAS.257..659W", "1993ApJ...416L..57F", "1993ApJ...419..494W", "1993ApJ...419..553B", "1993MNRAS.264L...7S", "1994AAS...185.9404H", "1994ASPC...54..307B", "1994ApJ...434...82G", "1994MNRAS.270..238A", "1995MNRAS.272L...9M" ]
1970848
null
Gas dynamics of the central 1 KPC in galaxy mergers
We study numerically the dynamical evolution of gas accumulated within 1kpc of nuclei in galaxy mergers. In particular, the effects of self-gravity of gas on gas transfer from 1kpc to 50 pc in the late phase of mergers are investigated. We find that, if the ratio of the gas mass to the mass of the two galactic cores is smaller than 0.2, the self-gravity of the gas is not a key determinant of gas dynamics in the central region of the merger. This is because the dynamical heating by two sinking cores is so strong. We also find that a large mass of gas (several 10^7 M_solar) can be efficiently transferred to the central 50 pc, where a supermassive black hole (the mass of which exceeds 10^8 M_solar) begins to dominate the gravitational potential, only if the cores of precursors are very compact (scalelength less than 10 pc) and the precursors initially have a large amount of gas (~10^9 M_solar) within the central 1kpc. Our numerical results predict that mergers between two late-type disc galaxies, both with compact cores, are promising candidates for quasars.
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12.086312
6.317451
1995-09-01
26
1995MNRAS.276....9B
[ "gas dynamics", "gas transfer", "gas", "compact cores", "galaxy mergers", "mergers", "1kpc", "the gas mass", "precursors", "the gas" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.9" ]
[ "Bekki, Kenji" ]
[ "Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-77, Japan" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..918T", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...467..227E", "1997PASA...14..230D", "1998ApJ...505..639E", "1999AJ....118.2646M", "1999Ap&SS.266..195M", "1999IAUS..194..199D", "1999astro.ph..5118S", "2000ApJ...532..845A", "2000ApJ...545..753B", "2001ApJ...546..952A", "2001ApJ...557L..19B", "2001ApJ...557L..39B", "2001ApJS..134..241B", "2002ApJ...566..245B", "2002MNRAS.335.1176B", "2003MNRAS.346L..11B", "2004AJ....127..239G", "2004ASSL..319...81F", "2004PASA...21..167B", "2005MNRAS.362.1319L", "2006MNRAS.371..805B", "2007ApJ...661L..37B", "2008ApJ...684..236C", "2019ApJ...887...59A" ]
[ "1977AJ.....82.1013L", "1977MNRAS.181..375G", "1978MNRAS.184..185W", "1979MNRAS.189..831W", "1981A&A...104..218R", "1983JCoPh..52..374M", "1985ApJ...292L...9K", "1985ApJ...294..479R", "1985ApJ...294..486R", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988Ap&SS.147..245H", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...332..124N", "1988ApJ...332..163S", "1989A&A...216L...5C", "1989A&A...219...87C", "1989ApJ...347..727A", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1989JCoPh..82....1M", "1989Natur.338...45S", "1989Natur.339..603K", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990ApJ...361..426O", "1990LNP...353.....B", "1990Natur.345..679S", "1991ApJ...369L..41L", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991IAUS..146..363B", "1991MNRAS.251..360N", "1991PASJ...43..469F", "1992AJ....103..703L", "1992Ap&SS.193..141W", "1992ApJ...387L..55S", "1992ApJ...391L..53H", "1992ApJ...400..153M", "1992MNRAS.258...82W", "1993A&A...277...27F", "1993AJ....106.1371C", "1993Ap&SS.200..145W", "1993Ap&SS.209..143W", "1993ApJ...402...76B", "1993ApJ...414..474S", "1994A&A...288L..33C", "1994A&A...290....7B", "1994Ap&SS.213..143W", "1994ApJ...424...84H", "1994MNRAS.269L..28I", "1994Natur.367..250E", "1994Natur.368..695W", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1994mtia.conf...23B", "1995Ap&SS.225..157W" ]
1948434
null
VI CCD Photometry of the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Leo II
We present VI CCD photometry of ~1990 stars in the central 6.35' x 6.35' region of the Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy, the second most distant among the known satellite galaxies of the Milky Way Galaxy. The color- magnitude diagrams of Leo II show a narrow red giant branch (RGB), a small number of asymptotic giant branch stars, and a strong concentration of red stars with V ~ 22 mag which consist of red horizontal branch, red giant clump, and/or RGB stars. The tip of the RGB is found to be at I_TRGB_= 17.7+/-0.2 mag and (V - I)_TRGB_ = 1.48+/-0.07 mag. From the I magnitude of the tip of the RGB, we estimate the distance modulus of Leo II to be (m - M)_0_ = 21.66+/-0.21 mag, corresponding to a distance of 215+/-20 kpc for an adopted zero extinction. We measure the mean color of the RGB at M_I_ = -3.5 mag (~0.5 mag fainter than the tip of the RGB) to be (V - I)_-3.5_ = 1.28+/-0.06 mag with an intrinsic dispersion of {DELTA}(V - I)_-3.5_ = 0.08 mag. From these values we estimate the mean metallicity of the RGB stars to be [Fe/H]= - 1.97+/-0.13 dex with a dispersion of ~0.3 dex.
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10.319043
8.072365
1995-09-01
16
1995AJ....110.1155L
[ "RGB stars", "asymptotic giant branch stars", "red stars", "RGB", "Leo II", "red giant clump", "red horizontal branch", "_", "the Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "VI CCD photometry" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117594" ]
[ "Lee, Myung Gyoon" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1129L", "1996AJ....111..777M", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "2000AJ....120..284S", "2000AcA....50..279U", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2000MNRAS.317..831H", "2005MNRAS.357..783T", "2005MNRAS.360..185B", "2006ApJ...643L.103Z", "2007AJ....133..270K", "2007AJ....134..835K", "2008MNRAS.388.1185G", "2009AJ....137...62S", "2011A&A...531A.152L" ]
[ "1950PASP...62..118H", "1967PASP...79..439S", "1982AJ.....87.1668H", "1982ApJ...263..629M", "1983AJ.....88..329D", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJ...267..271A", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984PASP...96..247B", "1985A&A...144..388A", "1985ApJ...290..191A", "1985ApJS...59...63R", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1986AJ.....91.1091S", "1986stpo.meet...45A", "1987ryil.book.....G", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1990ApJ...350..155L", "1991PhDT........19Z", "1992ApJ...390L..81W", "1992IAUS..149..201A", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993ASPC...48..322I", "1993ApJ...408..409L", "1993ApJ...417..553L", "1993MNRAS.261..657D", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994AAS...185.5103M", "1994AJ....108..507S", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1994PASP..106.1225G" ]
1971118
null
Anisotropic emission, stellar population and X-ray sources in the Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO 138-G01
We present narrow-band CCD images of the high-excitation Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO138-G01, centred on the emission lines [OIII] lambda5007, Hα+[NII] lambdalambda6548, 6584 and adjacent continua. The continuum-subtracted [OIII] image presents an elongated jet-like structure to the west of the nucleus which is only weakly visible in the Hα image, and which we conclude is ionized by the nuclear source. The ionization map shows high excitation at the nucleus and at the `jet'. The continuum ratio map shows that this galaxy is very blue for its morphological type, consistent with the large contribution of a young stellar population up to 3kpc from the nucleus. We also propose that ESO138-G01 is the hard X-ray source previously identified with the nearby galaxy NGC 6621.
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15.020292
8.073905
1995-09-01
12
1995MNRAS.276..592S
[ "high excitation", "image", "the hard X-ray source", "narrow-band CCD images", "adjacent continua", "lambdalambda6548", "CCD", "the Hα image", "the nearby galaxy", "ESO138-G01" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ESO138-G01", "GALAXIES: JETS", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.2.592" ]
[ "Schmitt, Henrique R.", "Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa" ]
[ "Departamento de Astronomia, IF-UFRGS, CP 15051, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil", "Departamento de Astronomia, IF-UFRGS, CP 15051, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil" ]
[ "1996ApJ...463..498S", "1998ApJ...506..647S", "1998MNRAS.297..579C", "2000ApJS..128..139F", "2000MNRAS.317L..35C", "2001ApJS..133..269L", "2011A&A...534A.126P", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2015ApJS..217...12D", "2015MNRAS.453.2155D", "2016ApJ...822..109A", "2024MNRAS.52710649R" ]
[ "1981A&A....98...34V", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1983MNRAS.204..347S", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984ApJS...56..507W", "1984MNRAS.207....9P", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1988A&A...195...76B", "1988ApJ...328..519P", "1988ApJ...332..702P", "1988MNRAS.230...69F", "1989A&A...226...23B", "1989ApJ...345..730P", "1989Natur.341..422T", "1991MNRAS.250..138S", "1992A&A...266..117A", "1992ApJ...396...45S", "1992ApJS...79...49W", "1993A&AS...98..229P", "1993ApJ...419L..61W", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1994AJ....107.1686B", "1994ApJ...423..237S", "1994ApJ...436..586M" ]
1951406
null
The Rotation Curves of the Polar Ring Galaxy NGC 4650A under Modified Newtonian Dynamics
We have applied modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) proposed by Milgrom to the polar ring galaxy NGC 4650A. The equatorial and polar rotation curves predicted by MOND for the luminous matter in the disk and polar ring are consistent with the observational data. This is remarkable because, in contrast to the conventional dark halo hypothesis, there is no adjusting parameter in MOND, except for the mass-luminosity ratio of visual components. More accurate kinematic data for the stellar disk of NGC 4650A is necessary to stringently test MOND.
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10.054062
2.03916
1995-09-01
8
1995ApJ...450...70M
[ "MOND", "NGC 4650A", "modified Newtonian dynamics", "the polar ring galaxy", "visual components", "the conventional dark halo hypothesis", "4650A", "Milgrom", "Newtonian", "contrast" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4650A", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GRAVITATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176120" ]
[ "Morishima, Takahiro", "Saio, Hideyuki" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...499...66M", "1999dmap.conf..443M", "2001MNRAS.326.1261M", "2002ASPC..273..243S", "2008arXiv0801.3133M", "2013MNRAS.432.2846L", "2017CaJPh..95..156H" ]
[ "1983ApJ...270..365M", "1983ApJ...270..371M", "1983ApJ...270..384M", "1984ApJ...286....7B", "1986ApJ...302..617M", "1987ApJ...314..439W", "1988ApJ...333..689M", "1990ApJ...361..408S", "1990ApJ...363...40S", "1991MNRAS.249..523B", "1991wdir.conf.....C", "1994ApJ...436..629S", "1994MNRAS.267..766M" ]
1970979
null
The interstellar medium in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7172
We present aperture and surface photometry of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7172, which is a member of the compact group HCG90, and has a prominent equatorial dust lane. We use the observed colour excess in the dust lane, obtained from broad-band B and V images, to estimate the neutral hydrogen content as M^totHI = 2.6x10^8 M_solar and log(M_HI / L_B) = -1.8. We analyse the flux from NGC7172 at various wavelengths and discuss the properties of the interstellar medium in the galaxy. Based on the results from surface photometry, and the properties of the interstellar medium, we conclude that the morphology of NGC7172 is of type S0-Sa.
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12.282828
8.326184
1995-09-01
4
1995MNRAS.276..125A
[ "surface photometry", "NGC7172", "various wavelengths", "= -1.8", "galaxy", "a prominent equatorial dust lane", "^", "M^totHI", "HCG90", "Seyfert" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC7172", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.125" ]
[ "Anupama, G. C.", "Kembhavi, A. K.", "Elvis, M.", "Edelson, R." ]
[ "Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India", "Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, 203 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA" ]
[ "1997A&A...328...69R", "1997ApJS..113...23T", "1998MNRAS.298..824G", "2000MNRAS.319..331I" ]
[ "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJS...33...19A", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980A&A....88...32B", "1980ApJ...237..404S", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982ApJ...253..485P", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1983ApJ...272..473Y", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984MNRAS.208...15S", "1985ApJ...297..492B", "1986ApJ...304..443Y", "1987A&AS...68..383H", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1987MNRAS.228..671U", "1988ApJ...334...34S", "1988ApJ...334..605T", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...342..735H", "1989ApJS...70..329K", "1989MNRAS.240..833T", "1990ApJS...72..231M", "1990MNRAS.244..604B", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1992ApJ...395L..73S", "1992MNRAS.256..125K", "1992MNRAS.256..149K", "1992pagn.conf..307W", "1993MNRAS.263..655K", "1993MNRAS.265..412W", "1994MNRAS.266..953K" ]
1971256
null
Soft X-rays and cosmic gamma-rays
The manner in which cosmic ray particles accelerate and propagate in the Galaxy, and beyond, is still in doubt, although a Galactic origin for the bulk of the particles is very probable, this knowledge having come from a study of cosmic gamma-rays in the energy range 30-1000 MeV. Below 240 eV there is another cosmic component, that of soft X-rays, which is also of uncertain origin. Remarkably, we find that there is a strong correlation of the two; most noticeably, the `cosmic ray intensity', inferred from the gamma-ray intensity divided by the column density of gas along each line of sight, correlates strongly with the strength of the X-ray signal, particularly away from the Galactic plane. Although it is just possible that there is far more ionized gas in the local region of the Galaxy than had been realized, it is more likely that the cosmic ray intensity is higher in parts of the local `bubble' than elsewhere.
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6.305371
0.862351
1995-09-01
4
1995MNRAS.276..409O
[ "cosmic ray particles", "rays", "the cosmic ray intensity", "cosmic gamma-rays", "the X-ray signal", "gas", "-", "uncertain origin", "Galaxy", "soft X" ]
[ "COSMIC RAYS", "SOLAR NEIGHBOURHOOD", "GAMMA-RAYS: OBSERVATIONS", "X-RAYS: ISM" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.2.409" ]
[ "Osborne, J. L.", "Wolfendale, A. W.", "Zhang, Li" ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Yunnan, Kumming, China" ]
[ "1996A&AS..120C.407F", "1996A&AS..120C.419O", "1996JPhG...22.1097A", "1998APh.....8..283E" ]
[ "1983ApJ...269..107M", "1984AJ.....89.1022P", "1984ApJ...287..633M", "1985PhDT.......161B", "1987ARA&A..25..303C", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1989JPhG...15.1495C", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ARA&A..28..657M", "1991IAUS..144...67R", "1991IAUS..144..143C", "1993gra..book.....R", "1994ApJS...94..551F", "1994JPhG...20.1089O", "1995ApJ...441..270D" ]
11580711
astro-ph/9502005
The Disruption of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
Numerical simulations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies undergoing several close encounters with the Milky Way are described. By comparing our models to observed properties of the recently discovered dwarf galaxy in Sagittarius (Sgr), we discuss implications of our results for the formation and evolution of the Milky Way system. We find that existing observations are not sufficient to allow us to place precise limits on either the orbit or the initial state of the dwarf. Debris from the ongoing tidal stripping of the Sagittarius galaxy are expected to form moving groups in the halo of the Galaxy, and the discovery of such stars would strongly constrain the history and dynamical state of the dwarf Furthermore, if Sgr is presently being disrupted, we predict that its remains will be detectable as a moving group in the halo for more than 1 Gyr. Thus, if similar accretion events have occurred in the recent history of the Galaxy, their after effects may still be observable.
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9.092796
7.530634
1995-10-01
276
1995ApJ...451..598J
[ "dwarf spheroidal galaxies", "moving groups", "several close encounters", "precise limits", "dynamical state", "similar accretion events", "observed properties", "such stars", "Galaxy", "Sagittarius" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: SAGITTARIUS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
12
[ "10.1086/176247", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502005" ]
[ "Johnston, Kathryn V.", "Spergel, David N.", "Hernquist, Lars" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11580575
astro-ph/9502087
Constraints on Self-interacting Dark Matter
We consider the growth of density perturbations in the presence of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM), proposed by Carlson, Machacek, &amp; Hall. We determine the range of values for the coupling constant λ and the particle mass m', for which the power spectrum lies in the "allowed" range based on constraints from the IRAS galaxy survey and damped Lyα systems. Our results show that no combination of parameters can meet both limits. We consider constraints on the 2 ↔ 2 scatterings which keep the SIDM particles in pressure equilibrium, and we show that if such interactions maintain pressure equilibrium down to the present, they will be strong enough to disrupt galaxy mergers and may lead to stripping of galaxy halos as galaxies move through the dark matter background of these particles. Hence, we also investigate the evolution of large-scale structure in the SIDM model when the particles drop out of pressure equilibrium at some higher redshift. The resulting free streaming leads to an additional suppression of small-scale perturbations, but it does not significantly affect our results.
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10.488669
5.288973
1995-10-01
121
1995ApJ...452..495D
[ "pressure equilibrium", "galaxy mergers", "galaxy halos", "galaxies", "SIDM", "density perturbations", "constraints", "such interactions", "self-interacting dark matter", "the SIDM particles" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "Astrophysics" ]
8
[ "10.1086/176322", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502087" ]
[ "de Laix, Andrew A.", "Scherrer, Robert J.", "Schaefer, Robert K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11591942
astro-ph/9510045
Detection of massive forming galaxies at redshifts z&gt;l
THE complex problem of when and how galaxies formed has only recently become susceptible to direct attack. It has been known for some time that the excess of blue galaxies counted at faint magnitudes<SUP>1á¤-5</SUP> implies that a considerable fraction of the massive-star formation in the Universe occurred at redshift z &lt; 3 (refs 6, 7); but surprisingly, spectroscopic studies<SUP>8á¤-11</SUP> of galaxies down to a B (blue) magnitude of 24 have found little sign of the expected high-z progenitors of current massive galaxies—finding instead mostly small blue galaxies at modest redshifts (z ~ 0.3). This unexpected population has diverted attention from the possibility that early massive galaxies in the process of star formation might also be found in the faint blue excess. From spectroscopic observations deep enough to encompass a large population of field galaxies (that is, those not associated with any cluster) at z &gt; 1, we show here that in fact these forming galaxies are present in substantial numbers at B~24, and that the era from redshifts 1 to 2 was clearly an important period of galaxy formation.
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12.527188
6.463489
1995-10-01
120
1995Natur.377..603C
[ "blue galaxies", "galaxy formation", "early massive galaxies", "current massive galaxies", "small blue galaxies", "field galaxies", "galaxies", "redshift z", "star formation", "modest redshifts" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1038/377603a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510045" ]
[ "Cowie, Lennox L.", "Hu, Esther M.", "Songaila, Antoinette" ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA" ]
[ "1995Natur.377..579H", "1996A&A...306L..41C", "1996A&A...315...21V", "1996AJ....111.1783Y", "1996AJ....112..839C", "1996AJ....112.1794T", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996ApJ...466..831G", "1996ApJ...469..662D", "1996ApJ...470..189G", "1996ApJS..107..739H", "1996IAUS..171..295D", "1996IJMPD...5..101J", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.281..945A", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.281L..75E", "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1996MNRAS.282..903C", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.282L..27B", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996MNRAS.283.1340B", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996Natur.381..581D", "1996Natur.382..231H", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1996Natur.383..236M", "1996PASP..108..986V", "1996astro.ph..9188H", "1996slma.conf...33W", "1997A&A...317..661B", "1997A&A...321..771B", "1997A&A...326...45G", "1997A&A...328L...9T", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..114...37W", "1997ASPC..117..477F", "1997ASPC..117..564T", "1997ASSL..211....3P", "1997ASSL..212...55L", "1997ASSL..212..259D", "1997ApJ...475...20L", "1997ApJ...476..510N", "1997ApJ...481...49H", "1997ApJ...481L...9C", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997MNRAS.284L..11T", "1997MNRAS.287L..17B", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.290..334T", "1997MNRAS.291..505N", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997PhT....50d..24F", "1998A&A...336..445C", "1998AJ....115.1319C", "1998AJ....115.1329S", "1998AJ....116..560P", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998ARep...42....1W", "1998ASPC..146..102S", "1998Ap&SS.263....1G", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...500...75L", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJ...501L.171S", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...506L..89A", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998IJMPD...7..463Z", "1998MNRAS.293..157R", "1998MNRAS.293L...6T", "1998MNRAS.295...75E", "1998MNRAS.295..360T", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.299..488T", "1998Natur.395A...3E", "1999A&A...341..641A", "1999A&A...345..329V", "1999A&A...351..433B", "1999AJ....117.2617O", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999ApJS..120..171C", "1999BSAO...48...41V", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999MNRAS.303..411C", "1999MNRAS.309..715B", "2000A&A...363..476B", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ASPC..207..226L", "2000ApJ...538...29C", "2000RPPh...63.1317J", "2001MNRAS.323..795M", "2001Sci...293.1273A", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ASSL..274..265R", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2002MNRAS.331..817S", "2002MNRAS.332..283R", "2002MNRAS.337..470B", "2003A&A...405..833S", "2004ASSL..319..429W", "2005Natur.437..519L", "2006ApJ...639..858M", "2006SSRv..123..485G", "2008ApJ...686...72C", "2008ApJS..179..319L", "2012ApJS..199...25P", "2012MNRAS.421..446M", "2012MNRAS.424..416W", "2020MNRAS.492.1492G", "2021MNRAS.505.3579F", "2021MNRAS.508..352R", "2022ApJ...941...53G", "2022MNRAS.516.4922R", "2024A&A...687A..91R" ]
[ "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1984A&AS...57..361R", "1985ApJ...291...63L", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989AJ.....97..700G", "1990ApJ...348..371S", "1990ApJ...351..412Y", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M" ]
3148285
astro-ph/9507065
The Young Globular Clusters of the Milky Way and the Local Group Galaxies: Playing with Great Circles
The small group of galactic globular clusters (GGC) (Pal 12, Terzan 7, Ruprecht 106, Arp 2) recently discovered to be significantly younger (by ~3-4 Gyr) than the average cluster population of the Galaxy are shown to lie near planes passing in the vicinity of some satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and through the galactic center itself. Assuming that these configurations represent a fossil record of interactions between the Galaxy and its companions from which these clusters originated, we identified, along one of them, another candidate "young" GGC, i.e., IC 4499, whose color-magnitude diagram is presented. Various hypotheses on the possible origin of "young" GGC are also briefly discussed within a framework where the location on preferential planes may be seen as a general characteristic for the Local Group members.
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9.92387
8.329027
1995-10-01
93
1995AJ....110.1664F
[ "galactic globular clusters", "GGC", "preferential planes", "planes", "Galaxy", "Local Group", "Various hypotheses", "the average cluster population", "interactions", "Arp" ]
[ "LOCAL GROUP", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117639", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507065" ]
[ "Fusi Pecci, F.", "Bellazzini, M.", "Cacciari, C.", "Ferraro, F. R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..668C", "1996ASPC...92..221F", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1996ApJ...465..278J", "1996ApJ...471L..31V", "1996MNRAS.278..727U", "1996MNRAS.279..337B", "1996PASP..108..560S", "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1997AJ....113..264S", "1997AJ....113..706B", "1997AJ....113.2302K", "1997AJ....114..180B", "1997AJ....114.1030H", "1997ApJ...478L..99C", "1997IAUS..189..363R", "1997JApA...18..295S", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998A&A...333..505B", "1998AJ....115..648R", "1998ASPC..136..365J", "1998ApJ...495..297J", "1998IAUS..179..199M", "1998MNRAS.294..315M", "1999AJ....118.1245B", "1999AJ....118.1671B", "1999AJ....118.2306R", "1999ASPC..165...64J", "1999ASPC..165...76M", "1999Ap&SS.265..115M", "1999ApJ...518..226M", "1999ApJ...523...54B", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999MNRAS.304..633B", "1999MNRAS.307..619B", "1999MNRAS.310..645W", "1999astro.ph..7073B", "2000A&A...363..526P", "2000AJ....120.2550M", "2000ApJ...530..777V", "2000ApJ...531..727O", "2000ApJ...531..826C", "2000ApJS..129..315V", "2000PASP..112..529V", "2000Sci...287...69B", "2001ApJ...552..572L", "2001PhR...349..125B", "2001astro.ph..7344S", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002ApJ...564..736P", "2002Sci...297..578Y", "2003AJ....125..188B", "2003AJ....126..803S", "2003ApJ...592..866C", "2004A&A...415..987S", "2004MNRAS.353..639W", "2005AJ....130..116D", "2006AJ....131.1405K", "2006AJ....132.2333S", "2006ApJ...640..801J", "2006ApJ...649..201M", "2007A&A...463..427P", "2007ApJ...663..960S", "2007ggnu.conf....3G", "2008AJ....135.1106G", "2008AJ....136.1703G", "2008ApJ...686L..61D", "2008IAUS..244..300G", "2008arXiv0801.1111G", "2008arXiv0802.0302D", "2009A&A...499..385P", "2009IAUS..256..473D", "2010A&A...517A..81G", "2010ApJ...714..229L", "2010ApJ...721.1790C", "2010IAUS..262...99M", "2010MNRAS.404.1203F", "2011ApJ...727....9C", "2011MNRAS.411.1536H", "2013A&A...559L..11B", "2013ApJ...766..120C", "2013MNRAS.435..928B", "2013MNRAS.435.3667M", "2014PASA...31...12S", "2016IAUS..317...97C", "2018MNRAS.481.5592F", "2018MPLA...3330004P", "2019A&ARv..27....8G", "2019arXiv190802298S", "2020A&A...636A.107B", "2020ApJ...891...28T", "2020MNRAS.499.3755S", "2023A&A...670A..11B" ]
[ "1959MNRAS.119..538K", "1962ApJ...136..735E", "1969AJ.....74..587H", "1976MNRAS.174..695L", "1977ApJ...214...21K", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1979ApJ...228..718K", "1979PASJ...31..339Y", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1982Obs...102..202L", "1983ApJ...272..488F", "1984AJ.....89..365B", "1984ApJ...281..148S", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985IAUS..113..541W", "1988A&AS...73..137G", "1989A&A...216...80B", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989AJ.....97.1360S", "1989MNRAS.238.1319T", "1989PASP..101.1088B", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1990AJ....100..445V", "1990AJ....100.1811B", "1991AJ....101.1329A", "1992AJ....104..154D", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1993AJ....105..184B", "1993AJ....105..886V", "1993AJ....105..971V", "1993AJ....105.1145F", "1993AJ....106..719S", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..218R", "1993ASPC...48..273F", "1993ASPC...48..788H", "1993ASPC...49....5M", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1994A&A...289..394C", "1994AJ....107..618S", "1994AJ....107.1328V", "1994AJ....107.2055B", "1994ApJ...430L.121B", "1994ApJ...431L..17M", "1994ESOC...49..389J", "1994ESOC...49..589L", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995AJ....109.1071P" ]
11579692
astro-ph/9507044
Spectral Classification of Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
We develop a straightforward and quantitative two-step method for spectroscopically classifying galaxies from the low signal-to-noise optical spectra typical of galaxy redshift surveys. First, using X^2^ fitting of characteristic templates to the object spectrum, we determine the relative contributions of the old stellar component, the young stellar component, and various emission line spectra. Then, we classify the galaxy by comparing the relative strengths of the components with those of galaxies of known morphological type. In particular, we use the ratios of (1) the emission line to absorption line contribution, (2) the young to old stellar contribution, and (3) the oxygen to hydrogen emission line contribution. We calibrate and test the method using published morphological types for 32 galaxies from the long-slit spectroscopic survey of Kennicutt [ApJS, 79,255(1992)] and for 304 galaxies from a fiber spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxy clusters. From an analysis of a sample of long-slit spectra of spiral galaxies in two galaxy clusters, we conclude that the majority of the galaxies observed in the fiber survey are sufficiently distant that their spectral classification is unaffected by aperture bias. Our spectral classification is consistent with the morphological classification to within one type (e.g., E to S0 or Sa to Sb) for ~&gt; 80% of the galaxies. Disagreements between the spectral and morphological classifications of the remaining galaxies reflect a divergence in the correspondence between spectral and morphological types, rather than a problem with the data or method.
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11.877057
5.618788
1995-10-01
54
1995AJ....110.1602Z
[ "galaxy redshift surveys", "spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "nearby galaxy clusters", "published morphological types", "known morphological type", "hydrogen emission line contribution", "various emission line", "absorption line contribution", "old stellar contribution" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117634", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507044" ]
[ "Zaritsky, Dennis", "Zabludoff, Ann I.", "Willick, Jeffrey A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466..104Z", "1996MNRAS.283..651F", "1997MNRAS.285..613H", "1998A&A...332..459G", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998astro.ph..5197B", "1999A&A...341..371D", "1999A&A...345..391S", "1999ASPC..193..292E", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "2000AJ....119.2645B", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2000ApJ...539..136Z", "2000astro.ph.11458K", "2001ASPC..249..585L", "2001ApJ...547..609E", "2001ChJAA...1..563L", "2001MNRAS.324..509B", "2001NCimB.116..879L", "2003A&A...405.1163L", "2003ApJ...584..210G", "2003ApJ...591..764C", "2003PASJ...55..757G", "2003PASJ...55..771G", "2003PhDT.........2G", "2004A&A...420..475S", "2004MNRAS.349.1251M", "2004MNRAS.350...21S", "2005MNRAS.358..363C", "2005MNRAS.362.1143M", "2005PASP..117..227K", "2006A&A...446...19T", "2006MNRAS.368..351H", "2006RMxAC..26R.199S", "2007AJ....133.1756S", "2007AcASn..48..280L", "2008ChA&A..32...13L", "2009ApJ...691...32R", "2009ApJ...703..150B", "2009RAA.....9..341D", "2010ApJ...714..487S", "2011ApJ...735..125S", "2011MNRAS.415.2417A", "2011PASJ...63.1313H", "2011arXiv1112.3300M", "2012AdAst2012E..28A", "2013MNRAS.430..986J", "2013RAA....13..334C", "2015A&A...580A.113T", "2020MNRAS.492.5743A", "2021MNRAS.507.4425C", "2022ApJ...935...74A", "2024MNRAS.527.4677Z" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1936rene.book.....H", "1957PASP...69..291M", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1961hag..book.....S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJS...35..171H", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982A&A...111..193R", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1992ASIC..366..351S", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...432...75A", "1995AJ....109...87B", "1995ApJ...442..504H" ]
4457163
astro-ph/9507039
Deep Optical Observations of Compact Groups of Galaxies
Compact groups of galaxies appear to be extremely dense, making them likely sites of intense galaxy interaction, while their small populations make them relatively simple to analyze. In order to search for optical interaction tracers such as diffuse light and galaxy tidal features in Hickson compact groups (HCGs), we carried out deep photometry in three filters on a sample of HCGs with ROSAT observations. Using a modeling procedure to subtract the light of bright early-type galaxies, we found shell systems and extended envelopes around many, but not all, of those galaxies. Only one group in our sample, HCG 94, has diffuse light in the group potential (with a luminosity of 7 L^*^); the other groups do not contain more than 113 L^*^ in diffuse light. With the exception of HCG 94 (which is the most x-ray-luminous HCG), we found no correlation between the presence of shells or other tidal features and the x-ray luminosity of a group. Better predictors of detectable group x-ray emission are a low spiral fraction and belonging to a larger galaxy condensation-neither of which are correlated with optical disturbances in the group galaxies. No elliptical galaxies that are extremely optically luminous but x-ray faint are found to have shells and very complex color structures. This is likely due to recent infall of gas-rich material into the galaxies, which would produce both the disruption of stellar orbits and a significant amount of star formation.
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11.984833
7.080908
1995-10-01
52
1995AJ....110.1498P
[ "intense galaxy interaction", "detectable group x-ray emission", "galaxies", "Compact groups", "x-ray faint", "Hickson compact groups", "diffuse light", "other tidal features", "optical interaction tracers", "shell systems" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117623", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507039" ]
[ "Pildis, Rachel A.", "Bregman, Joel N.", "Schombert, James M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..378P", "1996AJ....112..871B", "1996AJ....112.1390V", "1996ApJ...463L...5R", "1996MNRAS.282..149R", "1997A&A...321..409V", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..116..469B", "1997ASPC..117..156M", "1997ApJ...488L..11Z", "1997ApJ...489L..13I", "1997ApJS..110....1D", "1997astro.ph..7341Z", "1998A&A...330...37L", "1998A&AS..130..207T", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJS..117....1V", "1999ApJ...518...69M", "1999ApJ...518...94I", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000AJ....119.1687T", "2000ASPC..209..349I", "2001Ap&SS.276..749S", "2001ApJ...549L.187G", "2001PASP..113..543T", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2002A&A...392...33T", "2002AN....323..488T", "2002astro.ph..3066T", "2003A&A...402..865A", "2003ApJ...585..739W", "2003MNRAS.340.1400Z", "2003RMxAA..39..275T", "2003egcs.conf..191M", "2004A&A...415..803T", "2005A&A...439..973T", "2005AJ....130.2647V", "2005AN....326..362T", "2005MNRAS.364.1069D", "2005RMxAA..41....3T", "2006A&A...457..771A", "2006ARep...50..861T", "2007AJ....133.2630C", "2008AJ....135..130D", "2008MNRAS.388.1433D", "2008RMxAA..44..125T", "2010AJ....139..545G", "2021A&A...651A..39R", "2021MNRAS.503.6059P", "2022FrASS...952810R", "2022MNRAS.515.3199L", "2023A&A...670L..20R" ]
[ "1979ApJ...231...10R", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1984A&A...139...15S", "1985ApJ...296...60M", "1987AJ.....94..300S", "1987ApJ...321..622M", "1987ApJS...63..265W", "1987ApJS...64..643S", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988AJ.....95..352W", "1988ApJ...331...64H", "1989A&A...215..266N", "1989AJ.....98..538F", "1989ApJ...341..679H", "1989ApJS...69..217G", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1990AJ.....99..497S", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...365...86R", "1991AJ....101.1957W", "1991ApJ...372..419M", "1991ApJ...380...30M", "1991ApJ...383..524Z", "1991ApJ...383..542Z", "1991ApJS...76..153R", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...387..484B", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992MNRAS.254..723F", "1992MNRAS.255...41M", "1993AJ....105.1291B", "1993AJ....106..923S", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...407..448Z", "1993ApJ...410..520S", "1993ApJ...413L..81G", "1993ApJ...418...72Z", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1994A&A...282..418L", "1994A&A...285..404M", "1994AJ....107..868D", "1994AJ....107.1649F", "1994ApJ...427..684M", "1994ApJ...436...44E", "1994cag..book.....S", "1995AJ....109.1476P", "1995ApJ...442...57H", "1995ApJ...443..514P", "1995ApJ...447..572F", "1995MNRAS.274..845M" ]
1424225
astro-ph/9506038
VLBI Observations of a Complete Sample of Radio Galaxies. V. 3C 346 and 4C 31.04: Two Unusual Compact Steep Spectrum Sources
We present observations at 1.7 and 8.4 GHz of two compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources from a complete sample of low-intermediate-power radio galaxies. The galaxy 3C 346 shows an asymmetric structure with a one-sided "jet" and "hot spot." Present observations suggest that the classification of this source as a CSS is inappropriate and that it is a common radio galaxy at a small angle to the line of sight. Its properties are in agreement with the predictions of unified scheme models. The galaxy 4C 31.04 shows more complex structure, with the possibility of a centrally located flat spectrum core in between two close lobes. We suggest that this source could be a low-redshift compact symmetric object.
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15.47725
5.684782
1995-10-01
33
1995ApJ...452..605C
[ "unified scheme models", "Present observations", "CSS", "observations", "a common radio galaxy", "low-intermediate-power radio galaxies", "agreement", "two compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources", "a low-redshift compact symmetric object", "The galaxy 4C" ]
[ "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: JETS", "GALAXIES: COMPACT", "TECHNIQUES: INTERFEROMETRIC", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176333", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506038" ]
[ "Cotton, W. D.", "Feretti, L.", "Giovannini, G.", "Venturi, T.", "Lara, L.", "Marcaide, J.", "Wehrle, A. E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454..735V", "1996IAUS..175...92C", "1997A&A...326..130M", "1997ApJ...474..179L", "1997ApJS..110..191D", "1998ApJ...493..632G", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1999ApJ...526...27D", "2001ApJ...551..178W", "2001ApJ...552..508G", "2002evn..conf..151G", "2003A&A...399..889G", "2003MNRAS.338..176H", "2003NewAR..47..613G", "2004A&A...413...97G", "2004Ap&SS.293....1G", "2005MNRAS.360..926W", "2006ApJ...651..735P", "2006MNRAS.368.1411A", "2006MNRAS.373..972G", "2007ApJ...669...96W", "2007ApJS..173...37S", "2008ASPC..386..240L", "2009AN....330..149P", "2009MNRAS.398.1207D", "2010AJ....139...17A", "2010ApJ...708..171P", "2012A&A...546A..22S", "2013A&A...550A..76L", "2013A&A...555A...4M", "2019MNRAS.484.3393Z", "2021ApJ...916...95I", "2024arXiv240517389M" ]
[ "1967MNRAS.135..231C", "1970PASP...82.1374V", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1979ApJ...233..498M", "1982AJ.....87..859P", "1982MNRAS.198..843P", "1983AJ.....88..688S", "1983ApJ...272..400H", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...277..115F", "1985A&A...147L..13F", "1986ApJ...309..593W", "1987slrs.work..280M", "1988A&A...199...73G", "1990A&A...227..351D", "1990A&A...231..333F", "1990ApJ...352L..37M", "1990ApJ...358..159G", "1990cssg.conf...85K", "1991A&A...252..513N", "1991ApJS...75..297H", "1991BAAS...23..991P", "1991MNRAS.250..215A", "1991MNRAS.250..225S", "1992A&A...256...56V", "1992A&A...265....9F", "1992ApJ...396...62C", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...407...65G", "1993sara.conf..275A", "1993sara.conf..367S", "1994AJ....107.1977D", "1994ASPC...54..241P", "1994ApJ...425..568C", "1994ApJ...432L..87W", "1994ApJ...435..116G", "1994cers.conf...17R" ]