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astro-ph/9507050
The power spectrum of IRAS galaxies
We estimate the three-dimensional power spectrum of IRAS galaxies from the QDOT and 1.2-Jy redshift surveys. We use identical estimators for both surveys and show how the results depend on the weights assigned to the galaxies. The power spectrum for the QDOT survey is steeper and has a higher amplitude at wavenumbers k~0.05 h Mpc^-1 (where h is Hubble's constant in units of 100 km s^-1 Mpc^-1) than the power spectrum derived from the 1.2-Jy sample. However, the QDOT power spectrum is sensitive to a small number of galaxies in the Hercules supercluster, in agreement with a recent analysis of galaxy counts in cells in these surveys. We argue that the QDOT results are an upward fluctuation. We combine the two surveys to derive our best estimate of the power spectrum of IRAS galaxies. This is shallower and has a lower amplitude on scales <~0.1 h Mpc^-1 than the power spectrum derived by Feldman, Kaiser & Peacock from the QDOT survey alone. The power spectrum of the combined surveys is well described by the linear theory power spectrum of a scale-invariant cold dark matter model with Omegah=0.2.
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12.021335
2.940058
1995-10-01
33
1995MNRAS.276L..45T
[ "IRAS galaxies", "wavenumbers k~0.05 h Mpc^-1", "galaxy counts", "galaxies", "the QDOT power spectrum", "the linear theory power spectrum", "QDOT", "Mpc^-1", "The power spectrum", "the power spectrum" ]
[ "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.L45", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507050" ]
[ "Tadros, Helen", "Efstathiou, George" ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276L..59B", "1996ApJ...471..617L", "1996ApJ...472..485S", "1996MNRAS.280..673O", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996MNRAS.283L..99S", "1997ASSL..212..305B", "1997ApJ...479..592K", "1997ApJ...484....7G", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1998ASSL..231...99S", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ASSL..231..395V", "1998ApJ...495..564K", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...501..427D", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.296..995T", "1998Sci...280.1405G", "1999ApJ...519..441E", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "1999MNRAS.309..659H", "1999PhRvD..61b3517K", "2000MNRAS.319..573P", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2001astro.ph..4435S", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2004MNRAS.347..645P", "2006PhRvD..74l3507T" ]
[ "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.267..323B" ]
1974407
null
Galaxy Colors in Various Photometric Band Systems
A study is made of stellar and galaxy colors using a spectrophotometric synethesis technique. We show that use of good color response functions and a modern determination of the spectroscopic energy distribution for a alpha-Lyr gives synthetic colors in a good agreement with photometric observations to about 0.05 mag. The synthetic method then is applied to sutdy galaxy colors using the spectrophotometric atlas of Kennicutt (1992), and a comparison is made with observed galaxy colors. The K-correction is calculated and compared with that of Coleman, Wu and Weedman (1980). We then study colors of galaxies in various photometric band systems and obtain color transformation laws, which enable us to find offsets among different systems. We include 48 photometric bands in our study. (SECTION: Galaxies)
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12.079203
7.149537
1995-10-01
1,086
1995PASP..107..945F
[ "sutdy galaxy colors", "observed galaxy colors", "synthetic colors", "good color response functions", "color transformation laws", "colors", "various photometric band systems", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "photometric observations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
8
[ "10.1086/133643" ]
[ "Fukugita, M.", "Shimasaku, K.", "Ichikawa, T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1953ApJ...117..313J", "1961ApJ...133..874A", "1963ApJ...137.1057S", "1963ApJ...138...30M", "1965ApJ...141..923J", "1969ApJ...158.1137M", "1970ApJ...161.1015O", "1971ApJ...169..209S", "1971ApJ...169..215W", "1972PhDT........74W", "1974PASP...86...80O", "1975ApJ...197..593H", "1976A&A....50..413S", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...210...33T", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1976PASP...88..557B", "1978A&A....62..411B", "1978A&A....70..555B", "1978MNSSA..37....8C", "1979ApJS...40....1K", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1980PASP...92..746C", "1981ApJ...243..453O", "1982ApJ...254..494B", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1983PASP...95..480B", "1984ApJS...56..257J", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1985IAUS..111..225H", "1986ApJS...60..577T", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989AJ.....98.1507S", "1990PASP..102.1181B", "1991AJ....102..837S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1994A&A...281..817C", "1994AJ....108.1476F" ]
1952005
null
A Century of Galaxy Spectroscopy
The first successful spectrum of a galaxy, M31, was obtained in 1898 and published in a two-page paper in the young Astrophysical Journal (Scheiner 1899). Thus the first century of galaxy spectroscopy and the first century of the Astrophysical Journal are almost coincident; I celebrate both in this paper. I describe the very early history of the determination of internal kinematics in spiral galaxies, often by quoting the astronomers' own published words. By mid-century, observations with improved optical and radio telescopes offered evidence that much of the matter in a galaxy is dark. As the century ends, research interests have enlarged to include study of spheroidal and disk galaxies with complex nuclear (and other) kinematics. These complicated velocity patterns are understood as the result of interactions, acquisitions, and mergers, and offer clear evidence of the important role of gravitational effects in galaxy evolution.
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11.792082
6.402758
1995-10-01
4
1995ApJ...451..419R
[ "spiral galaxies", "galaxy spectroscopy", "galaxy evolution", "Astrophysical Journal", "mid-century", "clear evidence", "internal kinematics", "evidence", "research interests", "gravitational effects" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF ASTRONOMY" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176230" ]
[ "Rubin, Vera C." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114.2402C", "2000PASP..112..367B", "2020JMPh...11.1330C", "2023arXiv231019340K" ]
[ "1899ApJ.....9..149S", "1918PNAS....4...21P", "1922ApJ....55..406O", "1927BAN.....3..275O", "1929PNAS...15..168H", "1930BAN.....5..239O", "1939LicOB..19...41B", "1939MNRAS..99..650H", "1940ApJ....91..273O", "1942ApJ....95....5M", "1951AJ.....56...46R", "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1959ApJ...129..271B", "1959BAN....14..323V", "1960ApJ...132..325O", "1960MNRAS.120..204L", "1965ApJ...141..885R", "1966apg..book.....A", "1969A&A.....2..484R", "1970ApJ...159..379R", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1971ApJ...170...25R", "1972ApJ...176..315R", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1974ApJ...194..257L", "1975ApJ...201..327R", "1975PASP...87..965U", "1977AJ.....82..665P", "1978AJ.....83.1360S", "1979ApJ...232...60G", "1982ApJ...252...92T", "1982ApJ...259..535T", "1982ApJ...263L..51S", "1983AJ.....88..909S", "1984ApJ...286....7B", "1984PhDT.......179B", "1985ARA&A..23..147A", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1987PAICz..69..449B", "1988AJ.....95..438C", "1988AJ.....96..514K", "1988ApJ...325..128K", "1988ApJ...333..689M", "1989AJ.....98..147J", "1989ApJ...338..770S", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991Natur.354..210H", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1992ApJ...401L..79B", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1992MNRAS.255..105K", "1992Natur.360..442B", "1993AJ....106.1436L", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ApJS...88..423H", "1993ESOC...45..311G", "1993PASP..105.1011H", "1994AAS...185.7608R", "1994AAS...18510506M", "1994AAS...18510910G", "1994AJ....107..173R", "1994AJ....107..184W", "1994AJ....108..456R", "1994ApJ...420..558B", "1994ApJ...423L.101S", "1994ApJ...426L..31S", "1994ApJ...427...86B", "1994ApJ...432..575M", "1994ApJ...435L..35H", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1994ApJ...436..642F", "1995ApJ...439..652L", "1995ApJ...440..619G", "1995Natur.373..127M", "1995Sci...267..192C" ]
1951825
null
The Primordial Lithium Abundance
The D lines of Li I in extreme Population II stars hotter than 5500 K are highly temperature sensitive because lithium is nearly all ionized. A one-dimensional model atmosphere represents a space and time average over the actual three-dimensional, moving, hot and cold convective structure. Neutral Li does not have the average behavior represented by the one-dimensional model. Lithium is overionized by a factor of 10 so that the Li abundance computed from a one-dimensional model is too small by this same factor. Consequently, log (N<SUB>Li</SUB>/N<SUB>total</SUB>) + 12 &gt; 3.0. <P />This higher Li abundance resolves the only discrepancy in the radiatively driven cosmological model of the universe previously discussed by Kurucz. Because the baryon density is high enough to produce a flat, or nearly flat, universe, the number of stars can increase by a factor of 10, and the amount of radiation given off by those stars in the first billion years can increase by a factor of 10 over what is possible with a low baryon density. This model can explain the formation of Population III stars, globular clusters, galaxies, quasars, voids, galaxy clusters, streaming, and large-scale structure. It can explain isolated galactic evolution and morphology including bulges, disks, and abundances.
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7.7208
9.602392
1995-10-01
58
1995ApJ...452..102K
[ "higher Li abundance", "extreme Population II stars", "stars", "Neutral Li", "Li", "galaxy clusters", "globular clusters", "abundances", "isolated galactic evolution", "galaxies" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "STARS: ATMOSPHERES", "STARS: POPULATION II" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176283" ]
[ "Kurucz, Robert L." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996A&ARv...7..217C", "1996AJ....111.2106T", "1996ASPC...99..165T", "1996ASPC..108....2K", "1996ApJ...456...98M", "1996ApJ...458..543R", "1997A&A...319..637H", "1997A&A...322..911S", "1997A&A...323..909F", "1997ASPC..124...91T", "1997ApJ...488..515O", "1997ApJ...489L.107K", "1997IAUS..189..171N", "1997MNRAS.285..847B", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997gsr..proc..325B", "1998A&A...333..732K", "1998ASPC..146..322R", "1998ASPC..154..979U", "1998ApJ...498..427U", "1998ApJ...500L.175B", "1998Msngr..92...26B", "1998SSRv...85..175S", "1998sce..conf..175S", "1999A&A...343..923C", "1999ASPC..171...85K", "1999ASPC..171..261C", "1999Ap&SS.265...57B", "1999Ap&SS.265...87C", "1999MNRAS.304..821J", "1999SSRv...87...55R", "2000AJ....119..859K", "2000IAUS..198..344K", "2000IAUS..198..437C", "2002A&A...393..617F", "2002ASSL..274....3K", "2002BaltA..11..101K", "2003A&A...399L..31A", "2003A&A...407..289S", "2004A&A...424..951P", "2004A&A...426..809S", "2007A&A...470.1033C", "2008A&A...487..965S", "2015AstL...41..848T", "2017A&A...604A..44M", "2017MmSAI..88...61H", "2018A&A...611A..27P", "2018A&A...618A..16H", "2018ApJ...855...44K", "2019A&A...622A.107T", "2020A&A...638A..58M", "2020AJ....159..231W", "2022AJ....163..182H", "2022AN....34320036S", "2022AcA....72..171A", "2023A&A...673A..80C", "2023AJ....165..221A", "2023lau..book.....M" ]
[ "1962etps.book.....C", "1964ApJ...140..707G", "1964ApJS....8..395C", "1981ApJ...245.1124A", "1984A&A...138..431D", "1984ApJ...282..206M", "1984sfat.book.....K", "1985ARA&A..23..319B", "1986A&A...163..140S", "1988A&A...192..192R", "1990A&A...228..155N", "1992ComAp..16....1K", "1993sssp.book.....K", "1994A&A...288..860C", "1994AAS...185.9805L", "1994ApJ...428L..25H", "1994ApJ...436L.165S", "1994ApJS...94..221N", "1995A&A...296..217B" ]
1952059
null
A Spectrophotometric Survey of Merging Galaxies
We present long-slit spectrophotometry of 40 merging or strongly interacting galaxy systems in the wavelength range 3650-7100 A. Along with optically selected objects, the sample includes 10 ultraluminous IRAS galaxies with evidence of ongoing merger activity. The data show a wide variety of phenomena, with spectra resembling those of isolated elliptical galaxies, early and late-type spiral galaxies, active galactic nuclei starbursts, and poststarburst systems.
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13.433502
7.586037
1995-10-01
51
1995ApJS..100..325L
[ "galaxy systems", "isolated elliptical galaxies", "active galactic nuclei starbursts", "poststarburst systems", "ongoing merger activity", "10 ultraluminous IRAS galaxies", "phenomena", "spectra", "early and late-type spiral galaxies", "evidence" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192222" ]
[ "Liu, Charles T.", "Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111..109S", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...458L..63L", "1996Natur.381..759L", "1997A&AS..124..533D", "1997ApJS..112..315H", "1998A&AS..129...69J", "1998AJ....116.1082L", "1998ASPC..146..452P", "1998ApJ...504...93V", "1998Natur.392..461L", "1999A&AS..135..437G", "1999AJ....117.2632B", "1999ApJ...513..592B", "1999ApJ...518..576P", "2000ApJ...529..157P", "2000ApJ...530..660B", "2000ChPhL..17..218Z", "2000RvMA...13..189F", "2001AJ....121.1965C", "2001AJ....122.1758B", "2001ApJ...558...81C", "2001MNRAS.325.1081C", "2002AJ....124.2453M", "2003ApJ...582..668B", "2003PhDT.........2G", "2004A&A...427..125G", "2004AJ....127..736H", "2004AJ....127.1360W", "2004AN....325..112S", "2005A&A...429L..21S", "2005A&A...444..791B", "2005MNRAS.357..937G", "2005MNRAS.359.1557Y", "2006A&A...457..425C", "2006AJ....131.2050Y", "2006AJ....132..197W", "2006AJ....132.2243G", "2006ApJ...642..152Y", "2007AJ....134.2124R", "2007ApJ...658..249L", "2008ApJ...688..844E", "2008MNRAS.390..383Y", "2010A&A...509A..42V", "2010ApJ...709..884Y", "2011MNRAS.414..702L", "2012AJ....143...98W", "2013ApJ...773..148S", "2018ApJ...853...54S", "2019A&A...621A..25F", "2021ApJ...910..162G" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1982ApJ...252..455S", "1983ApJ...268..628H", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1984AJ.....89..966D", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985ApJ...296...90C", "1985ApJS...57..643D", "1986ApJ...304..326R", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986PhDT.........4B", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1989A&A...216...11H", "1989ApJ...343..125M", "1990AJ.....99.1088N", "1990ApJ...355...59S", "1991ApJ...381L...9O", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1993A&A...270...20B", "1993A&A...279...21P", "1993MNRAS.263..349S", "1995ApJS...98..129K", "1995ApJS...98..171V" ]
1971519
null
Counts-in-cells comparisons of redshift surveys
A statistical technique is presented for comparing galaxy counts in cells in redshift surveys sampling the same volume of space. The technique can be used to recover the variances and covariances in the cell counts. It can be used to derive the relative amplitude of the clustering pattern traced by galaxies of different types, for example optical and infrared-selected galaxies, early- and late-type galaxies, or luminous and faint galaxies. The statistics can also be used to test for systematic errors in galaxy catalogues. We illustrate the technique with two applications. We compare the cell count statistics of the 1.2-Jy and QDOT redshift surveys of IRAS galaxies, and show that, although there are large differences in the variances measured in cells of size L=30 and 40h^-1 Mpc,^1 the two surveys are compatible with the hypothesis that they sample the same underlying density field. We show that the variances measured from the QDOT survey are extremely sensitive to a small number of galaxies in the region of the Hercules supercluster. We also compare the clustering of optically luminous and faint galaxies in the Stromlo-APM redshift survey and show, within large errors, that there is no firm evidence for any differences in the clustering properties of galaxies with different luminosities on scales L&gt;~10h^-1 Mpc.
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11.95735
3.714432
1995-10-01
17
1995MNRAS.276.1425E
[ "galaxy counts", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy catalogues", "redshift surveys", "different types", "large differences", "large errors", "different luminosities", "cells" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.4.1425" ]
[ "Efstathiou, George" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276L..59B", "1996MNRAS.280..673O", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1999IJTP...38.2581D", "1999MNRAS.305..527T", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "1999MNRAS.309...89S", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2007PASJ...59...73M", "2014Ap&SS.353..621I", "2014ApJ...781..115W", "2015A&A...582A..16L", "2018MNRAS.477.2772U", "2019MNRAS.483.1922C", "2022MNRAS.510.5069F", "2022Univ....8..479B", "2024arXiv240616693F" ]
[ "1979ats..book.....K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1992ASIC..366..351S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.269..742M", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995wfsd.conf...88S" ]
1971424
null
The real-space power spectrum of IRAS galaxies on large scales and the redshift distortion
Galaxy redshift surveys contain valuable cosmological information on the power spectrum of galaxy clustering, but the information is not easily obtained because of distortion of the map arising from the use of redshift as a distance indicator. The distortion arises because of peculiar velocities, the magnitude of which depends on the mean density of the Universe. Using a spherical transform of the data which correctly accounts for the radial nature of the distortion, we calculate simultaneously the real-space power spectrum and the distortion, for the near-all-sky Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) 1.2-Jy survey. For the distortion, we find beta=1.04+/-0.3, where beta=Omega^0.60/b, and b is the IRAS linear bias parameter. We constrain the power spectrum on large scales with wavenumbers 0.01&lt;~&lt;e1&gt;k&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;0.1 h Mpc^-1, where the `distant-observer' Fourier approximation should not be used. Power is not convincingly detected at wavenumbers less than 0.03 h Mpc^-1, but the power spectrum is consistent with a change in slope from the k^-1.5 behaviour observed on smaller scales to Zeldovich spectrum on large scales. In the wavenumber range considered, we find somewhat less power than in the optically selected APM survey.
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11.987501
2.804459
1995-10-01
39
1995MNRAS.276L..59B
[ "Power", "distortion", "Galaxy redshift surveys", "0.01&lt;~&lt;e1&gt;k&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;0.1 h Mpc^-1", "large scales", "valuable cosmological information", "smaller scales", "Infrared Astronomical Satellite", "peculiar velocities", "the power spectrum" ]
[ "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.1.L59" ]
[ "Ballinger, W. E.", "Heavens, A. F.", "Taylor, A. N." ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK" ]
[ "1996ASPC...94..259H", "1996MNRAS.278...73H", "1996MNRAS.282..767T", "1997ApJ...480...22T", "1997MNRAS.290..456H", "1997MNRAS.290..651M", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...499..555T", "1998MNRAS.300..747V", "1998MNRAS.301..797H", "1999ApJ...516..507B", "1999MNRAS.305..527T", "1999MNRAS.306..491T", "2000astro.ph..5094B", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001ApJ...549..688B", "2001MNRAS.327..689T", "2002ApJ...579...76L", "2002MNRAS.335..432V", "2003ApJS..148..195V", "2003MNRAS.343.1327H", "2004MNRAS.348..250C", "2004MNRAS.353.1201P", "2005MNRAS.356.1168P", "2005MNRAS.362..505C", "2006MNRAS.373..105H", "2007ChJAA...7...51C", "2007MNRAS.376..771K", "2010MNRAS.406...60J", "2010PhRvD..82j3529D", "2013ApJ...779...15J", "2013MNRAS.432.1928T", "2014MNRAS.437.2632G", "2014MNRAS.442..759P", "2015JCAP...01..036J", "2015MNRAS.447.1789Y", "2016MNRAS.463.2425M", "2017A&A...606A..37J", "2020PhRvD.102h3521G" ]
[ "1969ApJ...158..103Y", "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1974ApJS...28...19P", "1977IAUS...74...75W", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...375...25B", "1991ApJ...379..482K", "1991MNRAS.249..678B", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...398...33V", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993MNRAS.264..439S", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.266..219F", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267..785C", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1995MNRAS.272..885F", "1995MNRAS.275..483H", "1995MNRAS.276.1425E", "1995MNRAS.276L..45T", "1995astro.ph..2012T" ]
1948599
null
Quasar Radio Morphology and Clustering Environment at z~1/2
The radio morphology of 30 radio-loud quasars at z ~ 1/2 is studied as a function of cluster density using data available in the literature. While correlations between several morphological parameters of the radio emission are consistent with interactions with an intracluster medium (ICM), we do not see the correlation between galaxy density and quasar radio morphology expected from ICM interaction. Therefore, distorted radio morphology is not an indicator for the presence of a distant cluster as previously suggested. Because such correlations are found at z ~ 0, these results are suggestive that the rich clusters containing quasars at z ~ 1/2 have not yet developed a dense ICM. An inelastic collision with neighboring galaxies and intergalactic clouds can account for the morphology of several of the sources in this sample and is a viable alternative explanation.
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14.845765
6.208238
1995-10-01
17
1995AJ....110.1492R
[ "radio morphology", "quasar radio morphology", "cluster density", "galaxy density", "several morphological parameters", "neighboring galaxies", "ICM interaction", "such correlations", "correlations", "intergalactic clouds" ]
[ "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117622" ]
[ "Rector, Travis A.", "Stocke, John T.", "Ellingson, Erica" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.2167H", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ApJ...494..503B", "1999MNRAS.308.1159C", "1999MNRAS.309..273H", "2000ApJ...531..118B", "2001AJ....121.2915B", "2001AJ....122.2874H", "2001ASPC..227..184S", "2002AJ....124.1239H", "2003A&A...409..887W", "2010ApJ...724L.143E", "2015A&A...578A..28B", "2018AJ....155...14S", "2021Galax...9...87L", "2023MNRAS.519.2773B" ]
[ "1973A&A....26..423J", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1974MNRAS.168..137C", "1974MNRAS.169..477P", "1976ARA&A..14..447D", "1978A&AS...34..129M", "1978ApJ...224L..47H", "1978MNRAS.183..195G", "1979AJ.....84..707P", "1979ApJ...230...40S", "1979ApJ...234..818J", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1982IAUS...97...55S", "1983AJ.....88..709H", "1984AJ.....89..195N", "1984AJ.....89.1658G", "1985ApJ...299..799S", "1985ApJS...59..499A", "1987ApJS...63....1H", "1988ApJ...329..122H", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989AJ.....98.1208H", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...371..478M", "1993ApJ...411...43Y", "1993ApJ...413..453N", "1993ApJS...86..365P", "1993MNRAS.263.1023M" ]
1951827
null
A Near-Infrared Faint Galaxy Survey
The results of two K-band surveys of the extragalactic sky are presented and compared to other available data. Each survey was designed to balance depth with area of coverage, and a sufficient number of galaxies was studied at each magnitude in the range 12 &lt; K &lt; 22 to provide good statistics. Each survey area was also observed in the B- and I-bands. The I - K colors are presented, and it is argued that there is a deficiency of galaxies with the colors of unevolved ellipticals at z &gt; 1. The B - K colors are shown to move away from the no-evolution model beginning at K = 17. The positions of the galaxies on the B - I versus I - K plot are consistent with these arguments and with the compiled faint galaxy number counts. The surface brightness of the galaxies is analyzed, and it is argued that variation in surface brightness causes no systematic bias in the number count data. Various aspects of the data are compared with models of primeval galaxies and galaxy evolution, and it is argued that forming galaxies are present within the data but remain unidentified.
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12.556158
6.161381
1995-10-01
18
1995ApJ...452..538G
[ "forming galaxies", "primeval galaxies", "galaxies", "K", "other available data", "the compiled faint galaxy number counts", "surface brightness", "unevolved ellipticals", "area", "models" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176327" ]
[ "Gardner, J. P." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1997AJ....114..887S", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997ApJS..109..367K", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...492L..99G", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998ApJS..119....1H", "1998PASP..110..291G", "2003ApJ...583..535O", "2007AJ....133.2418I", "2008MNRAS.383.1366C", "2011MNRAS.410.1155B" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1967ApJ...148..377P", "1976ApJ...203...52T", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1980afcp.book.....L", "1981PhDT........66K", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1987iawa.conf..473L", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...331L..77E", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988ApJ...332L..59L", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989ApJ...341...80E", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991AJ....101.1595J", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992ApJ...391L..17A", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992PhDT.........7G", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1995ApJS...98..441G" ]
1974379
null
Stellar Population and Abundance Studies at High Resolution with Very Large Telescopes
New opportunities for exploring stellar populations at high spectral resolution with the new generation of very large optical telescopes are reviewed. This summary will discuss papers presented at the Tucson workshop, High Resolution Spectroscopy with Very Large Telescopes, on abundance and kinematic information for relatively cool stars of the field and clusters of our Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds. (SECTION: Workshop on High-Resolution Spectroscopy)
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9.957463
9.14336
1995-10-01
11
1995PASP..107..997S
[ "High Resolution Spectroscopy", "high spectral resolution", "New opportunities", "stellar populations", "clusters", "High-Resolution Spectroscopy", "Tucson", "Galaxy", "papers", "very large optical telescopes" ]
[ "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "TECHNIQUES: SPECTROSCOPIC", "INSTRUMENTATION: SPECTROGRAPHS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133651" ]
[ "Sneden, C.", "Basri, G.", "Boesgaard, A. M.", "Brown, J. A.", "Carney, B. W.", "Kraft, R. P.", "Smith, V. V.", "Suntzeff, N. B." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1517S", "1996AJ....112.2639S", "1996Msngr..86...24W", "1998ApJ...499L.175M", "2000ASSL..255..239P", "2000ApJ...542.1109F", "2000BASI...28..155G", "2002AN....323..499Z", "2008ApJS..178...71L", "2009ApJS..182...51L", "2019PrPNP.107..109K" ]
[ "1952ApJ...116....1B", "1971ApJ...164..111C", "1980ApJ...242..938B", "1983ApJ...272...99W", "1987PASP...99...67S", "1987PASP...99.1214V", "1988AJ.....95.1843L", "1989ApJ...336..185P", "1989ApJ...345L..75S", "1990SvAL...16..275D", "1991AJ....102..303R", "1992AJ....103.1987B", "1992ESOC...40...23L", "1992ESOC...40...49N", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993AJ....106.2309B", "1993ApJ...404L..17M", "1993PASP..105..301L", "1993PASP..105..881M", "1994A&A...285..440N", "1994AJ....108.1364A", "1994AJ....108.1773J", "1994ApJ...421..318T", "1994ApJ...428L..57M", "1994PASP..106..553K", "1994PASP..106..835V", "1995AJ....109.2757M" ]
1971116
null
Recovering the intrinsic metallicity distribution of elliptical galaxies
We address the problem of deriving, from the observed projected metallicity gradients, the intrinsic metallicity distribution of elliptical galaxies as a function of their integrals of motion. The method is illustrated by an application to anisotropic spherical Hernquist models. We also compare the derived metallicity distribution with those expected from two very simple models of galaxy formation, and find that the more dissipative scheme agrees better with the typical metallicity distribution of ellipticals.
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11.238086
7.397066
1995-10-01
8
1995MNRAS.276..961C
[ "elliptical galaxies", "galaxy formation", "spherical Hernquist models", "the typical metallicity distribution", "the intrinsic metallicity distribution", "the derived metallicity distribution", "the observed projected metallicity gradients", "deriving", "Hernquist", "motion" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/276.3.961" ]
[ "Ciotti, L.", "Stiavelli, M.", "Braccesi, A." ]
[ "Department of Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK", "Department of Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, 140100 Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "1998A&A...335..847M", "1999A&A...343..720A", "2000ApJ...533..799D", "2000ApJ...541..126M", "2003MNRAS.344..748N", "2004MNRAS.349..440D", "2020MNRAS.499..559N", "2021MNRAS.503.4221N" ]
[ "1979PAZh....5...77O", "1985AJ.....90.1027M", "1987gady.book.....B", "1989PhDT.......149P", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...359L..41F", "1990MNRAS.245..217G", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993MNRAS.262..401H", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1993MNRAS.265..553C", "1994MNRAS.270..523C" ]
1974391
null
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the Interstellar Medium
High-resolution spectroscopy of interstellar absorption and emission lines provides information on the physical conditions and dynamical evolution of the ISM in our Galaxy and other nearby galaxies. We describe several examples of applications, and briefly address the impact of ISM applications on instrument design. (SECTION: Workshop on High-Resolution Spectroscopy)
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12.659804
8.62387
1995-10-01
1
1995PASP..107.1003K
[ "ISM applications", "ISM", "dynamical evolution", "other nearby galaxies", "several examples", "applications", "instrument design", "interstellar absorption and emission lines", "Galaxy", "information" ]
[ "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "INSTRUMENTATION: SPECTROGRAPHS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133652" ]
[ "Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.", "Meyer, David M.", "Chevalier, Roger A.", "Danly, Laura" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2002AN....323..499Z" ]
[ "1973A&A....24...15W", "1984ApJS...55..585H", "1984MNRAS.210..463M", "1984MNRAS.211..521M", "1986ApJS...61..305G", "1987AJ.....93..264M", "1987ApJ...314..187H", "1988AJ.....95.1111C", "1988ApJ...324..776M", "1988MNRAS.235..391M", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989IAUS..131..105C", "1991ApJ...376..150C", "1991ApJ...383L..41M", "1991ESOC...37..595M", "1991MNRAS.250..786S", "1991Natur.350..683C", "1992AJ....103...60M", "1992AJ....103.1545C", "1992ApJ...390..536E", "1993A&A...269..469L", "1993ApJ...409L..61M", "1993ApJ...416L..29D", "1993ApJS...88...81A", "1994ApJ...420..286S", "1994ApJ...425..720C", "1994ApJ...436..152W", "1995PhDT.........9O" ]
11580661
astro-ph/9506053
Counting Pairs of Faint Galaxies
The number of close pairs of galaxies observed to faint magnitude limits, when compared to nearby samples, determines the interaction or merger rate as a function of redshift The prevalence of mergers at intermediate redshifts is fundamental to understanding how galaxies evolve and the relative population of galaxy types. Mergers have been used to explain the excess of galaxies in faint blue counts above the numbers expected from no-evolution models. Using deep CFHT (I ≤ 24) imaging of a "blank" field, we find a pair fraction which is consistent with the galaxies in our sample being randomly distributed with no significant excess of "physical" close pairs. This is contrary to the pair fraction of 34%±9% found by Burkey et al. for similar magnitude limits and using an identical approach to the pair analysis. Various reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Colors and morphologies of our close pairs are consistent with the bulk of them being random superpositions although, as indicators of interaction, these criteria are uncertain as a result of contamination of field galaxies and difficulty in seeing structure at intermediate redshifts, respectively. This observed lack of close pairs is probably linked with the decreasing amplitude of the angular correlation function at faint limits. If our faint samples are comprised of galaxies which have a higher average redshift than brighter samples studied by other workers, then either the merger rate has been overestimated or there is a change in its behavior from what is observed at brighter magnitude limits.
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11.641132
6.247278
1995-11-01
50
1995ApJ...454...32W
[ "close pairs", "field galaxies", "galaxy types", "galaxies", "brighter magnitude limits", "similar magnitude limits", "magnitude limits", "brighter samples", "merger rate", "faint limits" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/176461", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506053" ]
[ "Woods, David", "Fahlman, Gregory G.", "Richer, Harvey B." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1536M", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...461..572S", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997astro.ph.10044H", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998ApJS..115...35H", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.299..895B", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000ASPC..197..327L", "2000ApJ...536..153P", "2000AstL...26...61R", "2000MNRAS.311..565L", "2002ApJ...565..208P", "2002ApJ...571....1M", "2003ChPhL..20.1652S", "2003MNRAS.346..803R", "2003MNRAS.346.1189L", "2004AJ....127.1883A", "2004ApJ...603L..73X", "2004ApJ...612..679L", "2004ApJ...617L...9L", "2005AJ....130.1516D", "2006ApJ...652...56B", "2007ApJS..172..320K", "2008ApJ...681..232L", "2008ApJ...683...33H", "2008MNRAS.386..577F", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2008MNRAS.391.1489K", "2009ApJ...692..511W", "2009ApJ...695.1559D", "2009ApJ...698..956C", "2009arXiv0901.4545D", "2010ApJ...713..330X", "2012MNRAS.426.1647B", "2019ApJ...876..110D", "2023A&A...679A.142O", "2024arXiv240709472D" ]
[ "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1983PASP...95.1021S", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1989MNRAS.241..109S", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992Natur.358..383R", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....106..181M", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994AAS...185.5405N", "1994AJ....108.1476F", "1994ApJ...426..459C", "1994ApJ...426..524L", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1995A&AS..110..371S", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...445...37Y", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G" ]
11580623
astro-ph/9505020
The Velocity Dispersion--Temperature Correlation from a Limited Cluster Sample
Most studies of correlations between X-ray and optical properties of galaxy clusters have used the largest samples of data available, regardless of the morphological types of clusters included. Given the increasing evidence that morphology is related to a cluster's degree of dynamical evolution, we approach the study of X-ray and optical correlations differently. We evaluate the relationship between velocity dispersion and temperature for a limited set of galaxy clusters taken from Bird (1994) which all possess dominant central galaxies and which have been explicitly corrected for the presence of substructure. We find that σ<SUB>r</SUB> ∝ T<SUP>0.61±0.13</SUP> We use a Monte Carlo computer routine to estimate the significance of this deviation from the σ<SUB>r</SUB> ∝ T<SUP>0.5</SUP> relationship predicted by the virial theorem. We find that the simulated correlation is steeper than the observed value only 4% of the time, which suggests that the deviation is significant. The combination of protogalactic winds and dynamical friction reproduces nearly exactly the observed relationship between σ<SUB>r</SUB> and T.
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13.149705
4.834125
1995-11-01
50
1995ApJ...453...40B
[ "galaxy clusters", "dominant central galaxies", "clusters", "dynamical friction", "dynamical evolution", "velocity dispersion", "Most studies", "r</SUB", "X", "correlations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/176368", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505020" ]
[ "Bird, Christina M.", "Mushotzky, Richard F.", "Metzler, Christopher A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...313..113S", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ASPC...94..221G", "1996ApJ...457...61G", "1996ApJ...460...10L", "1996ApJ...472...46M", "1996PASJ...48..395F", "1997A&A...327...37S", "1997ASPC..115...83J", "1997ASPC..117...66G", "1997ApJ...481..571S", "1997ApJ...482L..13M", "1997MNRAS.292..419W", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1997astro.ph.10324M", "1998A&A...332..395E", "1998A&A...338..813W", "1998A&A...338..843S", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJ...498...60P", "1998ApJ...498...95F", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1999AJ....117.2608G", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...520...78H", "1999ApJ...524...22W", "1999MNRAS.307..722W", "2000A&AS..144..187C", "2000AJ....120...47C", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..200..339P", "2000ApJ...532...17L", "2000MNRAS.315..356H", "2000MNRAS.317..105W", "2000MNRAS.318..715X", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001ApJ...548..550N", "2003AJ....125.1095S", "2003ASPC..301..365W", "2004A&A...428..867G", "2004MNRAS.348..325O", "2004MNRAS.350.1511O", "2004MNRAS.351..101K", "2004cgpc.symp..123M", "2006ApJ...652..232H", "2008ApJ...673..176G", "2010ApJ...721...90B", "2011ApJ...732...33B", "2011MNRAS.418...14L", "2016MNRAS.463..413W" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..787Y", "1975PASP...87..911L", "1980ApJ...241..552F", "1984ARA&A..22..185D", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1986ApJ...300..557B", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1988mmia.book.....M", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990ApJ...364..104I", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991MNRAS.250..103E", "1991MNRAS.252..394D", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993PhDT.........6B", "1994A&A...288..746G", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1994AJ....108..514M", "1994AJ....108.2348A", "1994ApJ...426..513B", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...433..583W", "1994ApJ...435L.109L", "1994ApJ...437..564M", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1994nhxr.conf..243M" ]
11591322
astro-ph/9506093
The Environments of Z&lt;0.3 QSOS
We have carried out an investigation of the galaxy environments of low- redshift (z &lt;= 0.3) QS0s by cross-correlating the positions on the sky of X-ray-selected QSOs/AGNs identified in the Einstein Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) with those of B_J_ &lt; 20.5 galaxies in the APM galaxy catalogues. At &lt; 5 arcmin, we find a significant (5σ) galaxy excess around z &lt;= 0.3 QSOs. The amplitude of the low-redshift (z &lt;= 0.3) QSO-galaxy angular cross-correlation function is identical to that of the APM galaxy angular correlation function, implying that these (predominantly radio-quiet) QSOs inhabit environments similar to those of normal galaxies. No significant galaxy excess was found around a `control' sample of z &gt; 0.3 QSOs. Coupled with previous observations, these results imply that the environment of radio-quiet QSOs undergoes little evolution over a wide range in redshift (0 &lt; z &lt; 1.5). This is in marked contrast to the rapid increase in the richness of the environments associated with radio-loud QSOs over the same redshift range. The similarity between QSO-galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy clustering also suggests that QSOs are unbiased with respect to galaxies and make useful tracers of large-scale structure in the Universe.
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14.68968
6.184097
1995-11-01
42
1995MNRAS.277..270S
[ "normal galaxies", "galaxies", "low- redshift", "z", "angular correlation function", "redshift", "QSO", "QSOs", "QSO-galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy clustering", "the galaxy environments" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.1.270", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506093" ]
[ "Smith, R. J.", "Boyle, B. J.", "Maddox, S. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281..893C", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997ApJ...491...78C", "1998ApJ...502L..95F", "1998HiA....11..473C", "1999ApJ...514..558M", "1999MNRAS.303..411C", "1999MNRAS.310..255N", "1999RSPTA.357..185B", "1999hxra.conf..218E", "2000ASPC..200...57S", "2000ApJ...543..599C", "2000MNRAS.311..307T", "2000MNRAS.313..252S", "2000MNRAS.315..498S", "2000MNRAS.318.1036A", "2000NCimB.115..947F", "2000PASP..112..867S", "2001AJ....122...26B", "2001ApJ...548..585S", "2001ApJ...557..578F", "2001MNRAS.320..241B", "2001MNRAS.321..515M", "2001MNRAS.323..231W", "2001MNRAS.328..805O", "2001astro.ph..4124F", "2002MNRAS.329..336H", "2003ApJ...592..721G", "2004ASPC..311..457C", "2006AJ....131....1H", "2006ApJ...643...68S", "2006ApJ...653...86T", "2006MNRAS.371..786C", "2007ApJ...654..115C", "2007MNRAS.377..179B", "2008MNRAS.385.2254A", "2009MNRAS.399...88C", "2012MNRAS.421..408T", "2012PhDT........15H", "2013ApJ...773..175Z", "2014MNRAS.437.1199C", "2015ApJ...800...93S" ]
[ "1978ApJ...225....7S", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1981ApJ...245..357Z", "1984ApJ...280...79Y", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1986AJ.....92..691T", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ASPC...21..191B", "1991ApJ...366....7H", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1993MNRAS.264..604B", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...430..533D", "1994IEEES...2...14I", "1994MNRAS.271..753S" ]
11591173
astro-ph/9506123
Visual search for galaxies near the northern crossing of the Supergalactic Plane by the Milky Way
We have visually examined 12 Palomar red plates for galaxies at low Galactic latitude b, where the Supergalactic Plane (SGP) is crossed by the Galactic Plane (GP), at Galactic longitude l~135 deg. The catalogue consists of 2575 galaxy candidates, of which 462 have major axis diameter d&gt;=0.8 arcmin (uncorrected for extinction). Galaxy candidates can be identified down to --b--~=0 deg. One of our galaxy candidates (J24=Dwingeloo 1) has recently been discovered independently at 21 cm by Kraan-Korteweg et al. as a nearby galaxy. Comparisons with the structures seen in the IRAS and UGC catalogues are made. We compare the success rate of identifying galaxies using the IRAS Point Source Catalogue under different colour selection criteria. The criteria that require both the 60- and 100-μm fluxes to be of high quality have the highest probability of selecting a galaxy (with d&gt;=0.6 arcmin), but at the expense of selecting a smaller number of galaxies in total.
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11.360884
7.100127
1995-11-01
20
1995MNRAS.277..125H
[ "galaxies", "low Galactic latitude b", "Galactic longitude l~135 deg", "different colour selection criteria", "Galaxy candidates", "Galactic", "J24=Dwingeloo", "high quality", "IRAS", "2575 galaxy candidates" ]
[ "CATALOGUES", "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: DWINGELOO 1", "LOCAL GROUP", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.1.125", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506123" ]
[ "Hau, G. K. T.", "Ferguson, H. C.", "Lahav, O.", "Lynden-Bell, D." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.280..537L", "1997A&A...327..963P", "1998MNRAS.299...24L", "1999A&A...346...45H", "1999ASPC..170..103K", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000ASPC..218...19K", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000PASA...17....6K", "2001AstL...27..284B", "2003A&A...399.1083K", "2003AJ....125..260B", "2007AJ....133..715W", "2008A&A...488..523H", "2009A&A...504..291V", "2009PhDT.......265H", "2014ApJ...790...76S", "2018ApJS..235....4O", "2023arXiv231010018B" ]
[ "1965ApJ...141..923J", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1987MNRAS.225..213L", "1988A&A...206...53M", "1990A&A...233...16C", "1990ApJ...357..388L", "1990ApJ...359..280B", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993ApJS...89...57Y", "1994ASPC...67....7L", "1994ASPC...67...89K", "1994ApJ...427..274D", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1995A&A...293L..33H", "1995A&AS..110..269W" ]
2262679
astro-ph/9508076
Kinematic detection of the double nucleus in M31
Using a spectrum obtained under moderate (~1 arcsec) seeing, we show that the double nucleus in M31 produces a strong kinematic signature even though the individual components are not spatially resolved. The signature consists of a significant asymmetric wing in the stellar velocity distribution close to the centre of the system. The properties of the second nucleus derived from this analysis agree closely with those measured from high-spatial-resolution Hubble Space Telescope images. Even Space Telescope has sufficient resolution only to study the structure of very nearby galactic nuclei photometrically; this spectroscopic approach offers a tool for detecting structure such as multiple nuclei in a wider sample of galaxy cores.
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9.53207
6.67267
1995-11-01
10
1995MNRAS.277L..21G
[ "multiple nuclei", "Hubble Space Telescope", "sufficient resolution", "structure", "very nearby galactic nuclei", "galaxy cores", "high-spatial-resolution Hubble Space Telescope images", "the double nucleus", "the second nucleus", "M31" ]
[ "LINE: PROFILES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.1.L21", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508076" ]
[ "Gerssen, Joris", "Kuijken, Konrad", "Merrifield, Michael R." ]
[ "Kapteyn Institute, Groningen 9700 AV, The Netherlands", "Kapteyn Institute, Groningen 9700 AV, The Netherlands", "Department of Physics, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK" ]
[ "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1998A&A...337..349S", "1999AJ....117..894S", "1999ASPC..182...35S", "2000ApJ...539L..17S", "2006ISSIR...5..137G", "2007SSRv..130....5G", "2007arXiv0707.4374T", "2007coma.book....5G", "2009NewA...14..207C" ]
[ "1974ApJ...194..257L", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1993AJ....106.1436L", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993MNRAS.264..712K", "1993MNRAS.265..213G", "1994A&A...281..691B", "1994AJ....107.1295S", "1994ApJ...437..184X", "1994MNRAS.268..521V", "1995AJ....109..164K", "1995AJ....109.1371S" ]
1948549
null
The Mass-To-Light Ratios of the Draco and Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies.I. Radial Velocities from Multifiber Spectroscopy
We have measured 206 radial velocities for 94 probable members in the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy and 167 velocities for 91 probable members in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. These velocities were obtained using the KPNO 4 m telescope with the Hydra multifiber positioner and bench spectrograph in 1992,1993, and 1994. Both simulations and repeated measurements show that the median uncertainty in these velocities is 4.0 km/s. Our velocities are compared with the other major datasets for Draco and Ursa Minor. Aside from a small zero-point difference, there is excellent agreement between the Hydra velocities and the Olszewski et al. MMT echelle velocities. Comparison with the Hargreaves et al. Ursa Minor velocities reveals inconsistencies which we ascribe to underestimated errors in the Hargreaves et al. data, After correcting for zero-point differences, we combine the three major sets of velocities. Our spectra recovered all of the known Carbon (C) stars in Draco and Ursa Minor and revealed one new C star in Draco and two in Ursa Minor. In addition, one star whose velocity is consistent with membership in Ursa Minor has a deep and wide Hβ absorption line in its spectrum. An initial discussion of the kinematics of the two galaxies is presented. The systemic velocities of Draco and Ursa Minor are -293.3 +/- 1.0 and -247.4 +/- 1.0 km s^-1^, respectively. Ursa Minor shows apparent rotation about a position angle of 75^deg^ with an amplitude of about 3 km s^-1^; the morphological major axis is 53^deg^ +/-5^deg^. No such rotation is found in Draco. We find a velocity dispersion of 10.4 +/- 0.9 km s^-1^ for Ursa Minor including all stars and 8.8 +/- 0.8 km s^-1^ excluding the star with the most extreme velocity. In Draco we find 10.7 +/- 0.9 km s^-1^ including all stars and 8.5 +/- 0.7 km s^-1^ excluding the three stars with the most extreme velocities. These dispersions are consistent with the dispersions measured in the other two studies and confirm that Draco and Ursa Minor have the largest mass-to-light ratios of any of the dwarf spheroidals.
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9.375792
7.877943
1995-11-01
118
1995AJ....110.2131A
[ "Ursa Minor velocities", "Ursa Minor", "velocities", "Draco", "spheroidal galaxy", "the Ursa Minor", "the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "the Hydra velocities", "Hydra", "the Olszewski et al. MMT echelle velocities" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117675" ]
[ "Armandroff, Taft E.", "Olszewski, Edward W.", "Pryor, Carlton" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2120O", "1996AJ....111..750O", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1997AJ....113.1026G", "1997AJ....113.2031W", "1997ASPC..116..259M", "1997ASPC..117....1S", "1997ASPC..127..103S", "1997ASSL..212..153H", "1997ApJ...474L..99B", "1997ApJ...476L..15C", "1997MNRAS.284..327K", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1997astro.ph.12280O", "1998AJ....115..144G", "1998AJ....116.2315M", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ASPC..136...70O", "1998ApJ...495..139M", "1998ApJ...499...66M", "1999A&ARv...9..273V", "1999AJ....117.1764B", "1999AJ....118..337C", "1999ASPC..165....1W", "1999ASPC..165..153D", "1999ApJ...523L..25H", "1999ApJ...526..147C", "2000AJ....119..188Y", "2000ApJ...540L...1S", "2001AJ....122.2538O", "2001AJ....122.3106E", "2001ASPC..226..408S", "2001ASPC..239..280G", "2001ApJ...548..592S", "2001ApJ...549L..63M", "2001ApJ...559..754M", "2001MNRAS.327L..21L", "2001PASP..113.1122S", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....123.2511P", "2002AJ....124.1651M", "2002AJ....124.3222B", "2002MNRAS.330..778W", "2002MNRAS.330..792K", "2002MNRAS.333..697L", "2002astro.ph..8449G", "2002sgdh.conf..214M", "2003AJ....125.1352P", "2003ApJ...586L.123G", "2003ApJ...588..326G", "2003ApJ...588L..21K", "2003mglh.conf...18M", "2004A&A...422.1045D", "2004IAUS..220..377K", "2004PASA...21..379C", "2005A&A...442..165C", "2005AJ....130...95P", "2005AJ....130.2677M", "2005ApJ...631L.137M", "2005MmSAI..76..608A", "2006ApJ...642.1117F", "2006ApJ...642L..37Z", "2006EAS....20..105W", "2006JCAP...03..003P", "2006PASP..118.1361S", "2007A&A...465..357F", "2007ApJ...663..960S", "2007ApJ...667L..53W", "2007ApJS..171..389W", "2007MNRAS.380..281M", "2007apn4.confE..75D", "2008AJ....136..250A", "2008AJ....136.1921K", "2008ApJ...672..904P", "2008ApJ...679..346M", "2008PASP..120...38U", "2009AJ....137.3100W", "2009ApJ...701.1053C", "2009MNRAS.395.1620G", "2009MNRAS.397.2015K", "2009MNRAS.399.2033P", "2010AdAst2010E...2J", "2010ApJ...708.1032L", "2010ApJ...719..931C", "2010MNRAS.406..264W", "2011ApJ...726...98K", "2011ApJ...739...46L", "2011PhDT.......124F", "2011PhDT.......210W", "2013AJ....145..123S", "2013ApJ...763...91J", "2013ApJ...768..139S", "2013ApJ...772..109B", "2013MNRAS.429.1437R", "2013MNRAS.432..589F", "2013NewAR..57...52B", "2013arXiv1303.3211S", "2013pss5.book.1039W", "2014MNRAS.442.1718P", "2014MmSAI..85..471B", "2015AJ....149...42P", "2015ApJ...801..125K", "2015ApJ...810...99R", "2015MNRAS.448.2717W", "2016Ap&SS.361..222D", "2016MNRAS.461..271C", "2017AJ....153..254S", "2017ARep...61..727B", "2018A&A...616A..12G", "2018AJ....156..257S", "2018ApJ...860...76H", "2019A&A...627A.128S", "2020A&A...633A..36M", "2020A&A...641A..96S", "2021ApJ...916....8L", "2023A&A...674A.180H", "2024ApJ...970....1V" ]
[ "1961AJ.....66..300B", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1967BAN....19..275V", "1978ApJ...219L.119C", "1978ApJ...221..512H", "1979AJ.....84..752G", "1979AJ.....84.1149S", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1980AJ.....85..387S", "1981ApJ...251...52Z", "1982ApJ...254..507A", "1983A&AS...54..495M", "1983ApJ...266L..11A", "1983ApJ...267..271A", "1984ApJ...280L..31M", "1984amd..conf..291M", "1985AJ.....90.2221O", "1985ASSL..114..315M", "1985ApJ...290..191A", "1985PASP...97..908S", "1986A&A...161..232A", "1986AJ.....92...23C", "1986AJ.....92..766C", "1986AJ.....92..777A", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986SPIE..627..303H", "1987AJ.....93.1114L", "1987IAUS..117..153A", "1988A&A...203..329J", "1988AJ.....96..123P", "1988IAUS..130..409A", "1988igbo.conf..233H", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990AJ....100..127P", "1990ASPC...10...33K", "1990ApJ...352..709M", "1991A&A...248..485D", "1991AJ....102..914M", "1991psc..book.....R", "1992ApJ...389L...9G", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1993ASPC...37..185B", "1993ASPC...48..259N", "1993ASPC...48..322I", "1993ASPC...50..357P", "1993ApJ...418..208S", "1993MNRAS.263..735H", "1994MNRAS.269..957H", "1994MNRAS.271..693H", "1995AJ....109..151V", "1995AJ....109.1371S", "1995AJ....110.2120O", "1995IAUS..164..418P" ]
1948471
null
The Metallicities and Kinematics of RR Lyrae Variables.II. Galactic Structure and Formation from Local Stars
We investigate the kinematics and spatial distribution of a sample of 302 nearby RR Lyrae variable stars with the goal of learning more about the formation history and present-day structure of the galaxy. We find that the kinematics change abruptly at [Fe/H]≈-1.0. Above this value, the stars exhibit kinematic properties like those of other tracers of the galaxy's thick disk, while below [Fe/H] = -1.3, halo kinematics are observed. The stars with -1.3≤[Fe/H]≤-1.0 are a mixture of these populations, though the fraction of thick disk RR Lyrae stars with [Fe/H]≤-1.0 is significantly smaller than found among red giant stars by other authors; we discuss several possibilities for this discrepancy. The RR Lyraes with [Fe/H]&gt;-0.5 exhibit somewhat cooler kinematics and a flatter spatial distribution than those of the thick disk, and may include some members of the old thin disk population. We find the kinematics of the halo RR Lyraes to be uncorrelated with abundance over the range -2.2≤[Fe/H]≤-1.0, and interpret this as evidence that the motions and chemical enrichment of gas in the early galaxy was characterized by a high degree of randomization, consistent with fragment accretion pictures of galaxy formation. We argue that the small number of thick disk stars with [Fe/R]≤-1.0 cannot be called upon to balance the net kinematics of a retrograde-rotating halo to produce the slow prograde rotations seen in this and other local samples; however, a hotter, slowly rotating, somewhat flattened second halo component may be consistent with kinematics both of local samples and of samples far from the galactic plane. We find the local density of halo RR Lyraes to be 11-15 , with a firm lower limit of 8±3kpc<SUP>-3</SUP>. This is larger than that predicted from counts of faint RR Lyraes far from the plane; either the flattening of the local halo is larger than c/a≈0.7, or a two-component halo exists in which one component is quite flattened. We derive an exponential scale height of 0.7<SUP>+0.5</SUP><SUB>-0.3</SUB> kpc and a midplane density of 10±4 kpc<SUP>-3</SUP> for the disk RR Lyraes with [Fe/H]&gt;-1.0.
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7.321717
9.079454
1995-11-01
87
1995AJ....110.2288L
[ "thick disk RR Lyrae stars", "halo RR Lyraes", "thick disk stars", "RR Lyraes", "faint RR Lyraes", "other local samples", "local samples", "red giant stars", "galaxy formation", "kinematics" ]
[ "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "STARS: KINEMATICS", "GALAXY: FORMATION" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117690" ]
[ "Layden, Andrew C." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1164K", "1996AJ....112.2110L", "1996AJ....112.2661E", "1996ApJ...467L..97B", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997ASSL..212..133N", "1997ApJ...479..190I", "1997ApJ...479..279B", "1997ApJ...483..811B", "1997ApJ...489..822B", "1997IAUS..189..305B", "1997PASP..109..524L", "1997PASP..109..977L", "1997astro.ph..4227G", "1997dmap.conf..204F", "1998A&A...329...81F", "1998AJ....115..168C", "1998AJ....115..193L", "1998AJ....116.1724M", "1998AN....319..285C", "1998ASPC..135..275M", "1998ASPC..136...14L", "1998IAUS..179..209B", "1998MNRAS.293..364C", "1999AJ....117.1313L", "1999Ap&SS.265..213N", "2000AJ....119.1157G", "2000AJ....119.2843C", "2000AJ....120.2513P", "2000AN....321..323C", "2001ApJ...558..666B", "2001ApJ...560L.151A", "2001AstL...27..108D", "2001PASP..113...82H", "2001stcl.conf....1C", "2002A&A...394..927I", "2002AJ....124..931B", "2002AJ....124.1328D", "2002ApJ...578..151S", "2003ApJ...582..170D", "2003ApJ...583..765G", "2003LNP...635...85B", "2003MNRAS.343.1231S", "2004AJ....127..868A", "2004ASPC..310..128D", "2004ApJ...607..653G", "2004PASA...21..121I", "2004PASA...21..275K", "2005A&A...430.1049J", "2006A&A...449..101S", "2006A&A...456..969N", "2006AJ....132.1202K", "2006MmSAI..77..274K", "2008ApJ...678..865M", "2009AJ....137.4412M", "2009MNRAS.396..553D", "2010ApJ...712..692C", "2012MNRAS.427.3374M", "2013MNRAS.435.3206D", "2013RAA....13.1307L", "2013arXiv1310.0590S", "2014A&A...566A.118D", "2014ApJ...787....6K", "2014ApJ...794...58B", "2015A&A...574A..15F", "2015ApJ...798...42H", "2015MNRAS.452..676P", "2016ApJ...821L..25K", "2016ApJ...831..165V", "2016pas..conf...13P", "2017AJ....153..179M", "2017ApJ...835..187C", "2018AJ....155...45S", "2018MNRAS.479..211M", "2019AJ....158..105L", "2019AJ....158..223P", "2019ApJ...882..169F", "2019MNRAS.482.5327G", "2020A&A...641A..96S", "2020MNRAS.492.2161Z", "2021ApJ...919...85B", "2021MNRAS.502.5686I", "2021MNRAS.507..781N", "2022ApJ...925...10M", "2022ApJS..258...20A", "2022Univ....8..206K", "2024MNRAS.52712196B" ]
[ "1959ApJ...130..507P", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1965ApJS...11..199K", "1965BAN....18...71V", "1965gast.book...61D", "1966ApJ...143....3S", "1966ApJ...143..774S", "1974HiA.....3..395W", "1975AJ.....80..199H", "1975ApJS...29..161J", "1975ApJS...29..397H", "1975VA.....19..299L", "1976ApJ...207..201T", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1978MNRAS.184..311W", "1979AJ.....84..383L", "1980AnShO...2....1W", "1980MNRAS.193..295F", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984ApJ...281..260P", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1984ApJS...55...45Z", "1985AJ.....90.2015G", "1985ApJ...289..310S", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985ApJ...298..544S", "1985ApJS...58..463N", "1985okpz.book.....K", "1986AJ.....92...60C", "1986ApJ...302..626H", "1986ApJS...61..667N", "1986MNRAS.220..413S", "1987AJ.....93...74S", "1987AJ.....93..610S", "1987AJ.....93..864J", "1987ARA&A..25..603F", "1987ASIC..207..281H", "1987ApJ...314L..39N", "1988AJ.....95.1843L", "1988AJ.....96..560C", "1988AJ.....96.1908L", "1989A&A...222...69S", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989AJ.....97..423C", "1989ApJ...337..272N", "1989ApJ...339..126R", "1989ApJ...340..739N", "1989ComAp..13..135W", "1989MNRAS.237P..51W", "1990AJ.....99..201C", "1990AJ.....99..572C", "1990AJ....100..445V", "1990AJ....100.1191M", "1990ApJ...350..155L", "1990JRASC..84...70S", "1990MNRAS.242...10S", "1991AJ....101.1835R", "1991AJ....101.1865R", "1991ApJ...367..528S", "1991ApJ...375..121P", "1991ApJ...380..403N", "1992AJ....104.1780L", "1992ApJ...386..539W", "1992ApJ...386..663C", "1992ApJ...391..651B", "1992ApJ...394..515C", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1993AJ....105..971V", "1993AJ....105.1145F", "1993AJ....106..703S", "1993AJ....106.1839R", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..318G", "1993PhDT........67L", "1994AJ....107..594E", "1994AJ....107.1097G", "1994AJ....107.1371T", "1994AJ....108..538P", "1994AJ....108.1016L", "1994AJ....108.1722K", "1994AJ....108.1773J", "1994ApJ...423..248L", "1994ApJ...431..645N", "1994ApJ...434..652H", "1994ApJS...93..271S", "1995ApJS...96..175B", "1995PhDT........13W" ]
1948545
null
Dwarf Spirals
We report the discovery of a new class of galaxies, dwarf spirals, that serve as a morphological extension to the Hubble sequence for dwarf galaxies. Although they have a similar morphology to their giant counterparts, the dwarf spirals (dS) are characterized by faint total luminosities (M_B_ &gt; -17), small diameters (R_26_ &lt; 5 kpc), low central surface brightnesses (μ_0_ &gt; 24 B mag arcsec^2^), and low H I masses (M_HI_ &lt;= 10^9^ M_sun_). Most of these dwarf spirals have flocculent or multiple arm spiral patterns, but some have smooth disks, similar in appearance to a dwarf S0's, yet are rich in neutral gas. The combination of small angular size and low surface brightness explains why this class of galaxies was missed in previous cluster catalogs and field surveys. Since cluster catalogs are complete to much fainter surface brightness and smaller angular limits than most galaxy catalogs, yet contain no dS galaxies, we conclude that dwarf spirals are only found in the field.
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11.03564
7.055421
1995-11-01
52
1995AJ....110.2067S
[ "dwarf spirals", "dwarf galaxies", "low surface brightness", "low central surface brightnesses", "most galaxy catalogs", "much fainter surface brightness", "M_B_", "μ_0_", "small angular size", "smaller angular limits" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117669" ]
[ "Schombert, James M.", "Pildis, Rachel A.", "Eder, Jo Ann", "Oemler, Augustus, Jr." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...463..120T", "1996ApJS..105..209I", "1996ApJS..107..103P", "1997AJ....114.1899M", "1997AJ....114.2479V", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ApJ...481..157P", "1997ApJ...484L..29B", "1997ApJS..111..233S", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997astro.ph..5049B", "1998ApJ...493..595H", "1998MNRAS.296L..15D", "1999ApJ...514..119K", "2000A&A...358..845J", "2000AJ....119..136O", "2000ASPC..215..178O", "2000Ap.....43..141E", "2000ApJS..131...47E", "2001A&A...373..394K", "2001AJ....121..140K", "2001AJ....121.2420S", "2001ASPC..225...64B", "2001ASPC..230..239J", "2001ApJ...553..288T", "2001ApSSS.277..231G", "2003A&A...401..141L", "2003AJ....125.2936G", "2003AJ....126.1787G", "2004RMxAA..40...37H", "2004bdmh.confE..33K", "2006AJ....131..296S", "2006AJ....132..497L", "2008MNRAS.383..297S", "2008MNRAS.389..237K", "2009ApJ...696..980M", "2010arXiv1010.6089H", "2011A&A...532A..75D", "2011AJ....142..121H", "2011arXiv1102.0550B", "2012A&A...538A..69L", "2012ApJ...750..120Z", "2012RMxAA..48..183H", "2014PASA...31...11S", "2019ApJ...871..197D", "2019ApJ...881..115C", "2019MNRAS.484..814G", "2020ApJ...891...18B", "2021ApJ...918...13S", "2022ApJ...929...50P", "2022ApJ...940L..37G" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1961hag..book.....S", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJS...49...53H", "1982FCPh....7..241S", "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1984AJ.....89..919S", "1985AJ.....90..395S", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1986AJ.....91..507B", "1987ApJ...314....3E", "1988AJ.....95.1389S", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1989AJ.....98..798S", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1991PASP..103..661R", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992PhDT.........7M" ]
1948489
null
The IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey - Part II: Extension to Southern Declinations (delta ~&lt; -30), and Low Galactic Latitudes (f&lt;|b|&lt;/=30 degrees)
Complete IRAS Observations and redshifts are reported for all sources identified in the IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey-Part II (hereafter referred to as BGS_2_). Source positions, radial velocities, optical magnitudes, and total flux densities, peak flux densities, and spatial extents at 12, 25, and 100 ,microns are reported for 288 sources having 60 micron flux densities &gt; 5.24 Jy, the completeness limit of the original Bright Galaxy Survey [Soifer et al., AJ, 98,766(1989)], hereafter referred to as BGS_1_. These new data represent the extension of the IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey to southern declinations, δ&lt;~-30^deg^, and low Galactic latitudes, 5^deg^&lt;|b|&lt;30^deg^. Although the sky coverage of the BGS_2_ (~19 935 deg^2^) is 37% larger than the sky coverage of the BGS_1_, the number of sources is 8% smaller due primarily to large scale structure in the local distribution of galaxies. Otherwise, the sources in the BGS_2_ show similar relationships between number counts and flux density as observed for the 313 sources in the BGS_1_. The BGS_2_ along with the earlier BGS, represents the best sample currently available for defining the infrared properties of galaxies in the local (z &lt;~ 0.1) Universe.
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13.039378
7.202598
1995-11-01
81
1995AJ....110.1993S
[ "total flux densities", "flux density", "peak flux densities", "Source positions", "sources", "large scale structure", "Complete IRAS Observations", "the IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey", "number counts", "the original Bright Galaxy Survey" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117665" ]
[ "Sanders, D. B.", "Egami, E.", "Lipari, S.", "Mirabel, I. F.", "Soifer, B. T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ApJS..103...81C", "1997AJ....113.1569G", "1997ApJ...474..104G", "1997ApJ...484...92V", "1997ApJ...484..222M", "1997ApJS..108..449G", "1997ApJS..112..315H", "1997PASJ...49...47I", "1998A&A...334..482M", "1998AJ....116.2682C", "1998ApJ...496..117F", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1998ApJ...507L.121T", "1998ApJS..119...41K", "1999A&A...348..705R", "1999A&AS..139..277H", "1999AJ....117.2632B", "1999Ap&SS.266...67V", "1999ApJ...512L..99G", "1999ApJ...522..214T", "1999ChA&A..23..463L", "1999IAUS..186..289S", "1999MNRAS.307..553D", "2000A&A...357...13R", "2000A&A...363..933M", "2000AJ....119..509S", "2000AJ....120..645L", "2000AdSpR..25.2251S", "2000ApJS..131...71C", "2000ApJS..131..413Z", "2001A&A...369..797H", "2001A&A...372..427R", "2001AJ....122..140W", "2001ApJ...553..121H", "2001ApJ...557...54L", "2001MNRAS.327..459L", "2001MNRAS.328L..32L", "2002AJ....124..100D", "2002AJ....124..675C", "2002ApJ...565..786M", "2002ApJ...568..651G", "2002ApJ...572..169K", "2002ApJ...579..205G", "2003A&A...401..519M", "2003AJ....126.1607S", "2003ASSL..281...33K", "2003ApJ...582..659K", "2003ApJ...587..160M", "2003ApJ...594..758L", "2003MNRAS.339.1203K", "2003MNRAS.343.1285D", "2003MNRAS.344L..59M", "2004AJ....127..736H", "2004AJ....127.3235S", "2004ApJ...605..144M", "2004MNRAS.348..369L", "2004MNRAS.348.1255K", "2005MNRAS.358..202K", "2006A&A...452..921C", "2006ApJ...650..835A", "2006ApJ...651...93K", "2006MNRAS.368.1001L", "2007A&A...462...81C", "2007A&A...463..481P", "2007MNRAS.375..115H", "2008ApJ...686..251D", "2008MNRAS.384..316L", "2008MmSAI..79.1185K", "2009A&A...505.1049S", "2010ApJ...709..884Y", "2010ApJ...721.1233I", "2011A&A...527A..60R", "2012A&A...546A..64P", "2012ApJ...756...95L", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2016ApJ...819....4R", "2016ApJ...833..272Y", "2017MNRAS.465.2671G", "2017arXiv170701652M", "2021MNRAS.503.5351S" ]
[ "1976RC2...C......0D", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1982ApJS...50..241A", "1983ApJ...265....1A", "1984AJ.....89.1310D", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1986ApJ...303L..41S", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1988ApJS...68...91R", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1989AJ.....98..766S" ]
1952166
null
NGC 4654: A Virgo Cluster Spiral Interacting with the Intracluster Medium
We present high-resolution Very Large Array observations of the Virgo Cluster spiral galaxy NGC 4654. The galaxy has a very asymmetric H I distribution, with a compressed edge on one side and a long tenuous tail on the other. We argue that, of the two most likely explanations of the asymmetries ram pressure pushing and tidal interaction with NGC 4639 the former matches the observations better. In the scenario we favor, ram pressure causes the head-tail structure not by stripping but by pushing the gas in the plane of the galaxy. The observed asymmetries are a result of the combination of rotation and ram pressure. We suggest that even though NGC 4639 and NGC 4654 are close to each other on the sky and in recession velocity, they are not true companions, and there is no interaction between them. The asymmetric spiral structure within the galaxy is not likely to arise from the ram pressure interaction: it could result from an off-center bar, but our data do not provide a direct test of this possibility.
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11.669576
7.520969
1995-11-01
51
1995ApJ...453..154P
[ "ram pressure", "pressure", "tidal interaction", "NGC", "recession velocity", "the ram pressure interaction", "true companions", "ram", "the Virgo Cluster spiral galaxy", "The asymmetric spiral structure" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4654", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176376" ]
[ "Phookun, Bikram", "Mundy, Lee G." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..537D", "1997ApJ...477..118Z", "1997ApJ...488..642J", "1998AJ....115...80H", "1998AJ....115..975P", "1999A&A...343...93G", "1999AJ....117..181K", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999AJ....118..236R", "1999Ap&SS.269...59S", "1999MNRAS.308..557L", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...364..532V", "2000ASPC..197..405R", "2000ApJ...530...96C", "2001ASPC..240..577K", "2001ApJ...555..232R", "2001ApJ...561..708V", "2001MNRAS.328..185S", "2002PASJ...54...33H", "2003A&A...398..525V", "2003PASJ...55...17S", "2004A&A...419...35V", "2004AJ....127...90Y", "2004AJ....127.1386C", "2004AJ....127.3361K", "2004ApJ...613..866K", "2005A&A...439..921V", "2005ASPC..331..275C", "2005ApJ...630..280M", "2006A&A...458..727S", "2006AJ....131..716K", "2006AN....327..503S", "2006ApJ...651..804N", "2006MNRAS.369..567R", "2006PASP..118..517B", "2007A&A...464L..37V", "2007A&A...471...93W", "2007A&A...474..415C", "2007ApJ...659L.115C", "2007ApJ...668...94H", "2009A&A...500..693J", "2009AJ....138.1741C", "2009PhR...471...75J", "2010A&A...512A..36V", "2010AJ....139.2716C", "2010MNRAS.408.1417S", "2012A&A...543A..33V", "2014AJ....147...63A", "2016AJ....152...32A", "2017AJ....154...70W" ]
[ "1968MNRAS.139..425D", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973MNRAS.165..231D", "1976ApJ...210..647L", "1976ApJS...31..313S", "1978A&A....69..395A", "1979ApJ...233..539K", "1980A&A....83...38C", "1980MNRAS.193..313B", "1981ApJ...246..680T", "1981gask.book.....M", "1981seng.proc..111T", "1982A&A...110..300S", "1982A&A...115..293S", "1982MNRAS.198.1007N", "1983Ap.....19..263K", "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1984MNRAS.208..261T", "1984PhR...114..319A", "1984PhR...114..321A", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1986ApJ...306..466H", "1987A&A...179...23A", "1987ApJ...316..530G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJS...66..261K", "1988gera.book...95K", "1989A&A...211...25T", "1989A&A...214...99C", "1989Natur.340..289T", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990AJ....100..604C", "1990ASSL..161..151K", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1526B", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...400..516P", "1993ApJ...408...57V", "1993ApJ...413L..81G", "1993ApJ...417..502H", "1993ApJ...418..113P", "1993ApJS...86...95P", "1994AJ....107.1003C", "1994ApJ...420..558B", "1994ApJ...426L..81T", "1994ApJ...437...83B", "1994Natur.371..385P", "1994Natur.371..757F" ]
1948506
null
Galaxy Properties at the North Galactic Pole. I. Photometric Properties on Large Spatial Scales
A two-color study of the galaxies detected on POSS-I in a 289 square degree region centered on the North Galactic Pole is presented. We use a variety of mapping techniques to characterize the large-scale spatial distribution of galaxies. The depth and sample size of this new survey allows, for the first time, the isolation of large photometric subsamples of galaxies in high- and low-density environments on the scale of superclusters. Our principal finding is a statistically significant difference between the mean photometric properties of these subsamples in the sense that galaxies in the high-density Coma and filament environments have redder colors and larger concentration indices than galaxies drawn from low-density interfilament regions. These results are in accord with the known morphology-density relation. Thus, appropriately chosen photometric and morphological parameters, in concert with a galaxy surface density map, can be used to select structures from the projected galaxy distribution which correspond to regions of high density. An illustration of this point is our discovery of a concentration of blue galaxies identified in our maps near the core of the Coma cluster. This feature is comprised of early-type galaxies which exhibit signs of current or recent star formation. These results are predicated on relations between morphological type and photometric parameters derived from APS scans of POSS-I. We therefore discuss the image calibration procedures used to compile our catalog of physically significant photometric parameters. We demonstrate the morphological type dependence among quantities such as mean color and image concentration index, and the lack of such a dependence for mean surface brightness.
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11.934871
6.11035
1995-11-01
32
1995AJ....110.2009O
[ "blue galaxies", "galaxies", "large photometric subsamples", "larger concentration indices", "high density", "a galaxy surface density map", "mean surface brightness", "morphological type and photometric parameters", "redder colors", "early-type galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117666" ]
[ "Odewahn, S. C.", "Aldering, G." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996ApJ...473..822H", "1997AJ....113.1939D", "1997AJ....114.1728F", "1997AJ....114.2219O", "1997ASPC..127...55C", "1997ASPC..127..169L", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997NYASA.808..184O", "1999PASP..111...45M", "2000A&AS..142..399V", "2000AJ....119...12G", "2000Ap.....43..107V", "2000ApJ...542...42T", "2000PASP..112.1008J", "2002A&A...387..830M", "2002ApJ...564..631S", "2002ApJ...568..539O", "2002ApJ...569..720G", "2002astro.ph.10298G", "2003AJ....125.2064G", "2003MNRAS.342..299C", "2003PASP..115..837C", "2004AJ....128.3082G", "2004ApJS..153..119M", "2005AJ....129.1331S", "2005ASPC..329..119K", "2006astro.ph..1195G", "2009ApJ...698.1095U", "2012A&A...546A.122I", "2015A&A...575A..42G", "2015AJ....150...16G" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977egsp.conf...43D", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJS...57...77S", "1985sgcc.book.....C", "1986AJ.....91..478K", "1986ApJ...301...57B", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1986desd.book.....S", "1989A&AS...80..299P", "1989ApJ...345L...1S", "1989PhDT.........2O", "1990AJ.....99..530B", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991AJ....102..395H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992AJ....103.2102S", "1992ApJ...384...43G", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992PASP..104..553O", "1992scma.conf..111B", "1993AJ....105..393K", "1993AJ....105.1251W", "1993AJ....106..473C", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993MNRAS.260..285S", "1993MNRAS.263L..47G", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993PASP..105..521P", "1993PASP..105.1354O", "1993yCat.7164....0H", "1994AJ....107..118B", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994MNRAS.267..129M", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJS...97..331M" ]
1952146
null
Galaxy Clustering Statistics of Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey WF/PC Images
We investigate the clustering properties of galaxies observed to I ≲ 23 mag in prerefurbishment WF/PC images obtained for the Medium Deep Survey HST Key project. The present study is superior to earlier ground-based galaxy clustering studies in its subarcsecond resolution of close pairs of objects and the depths to which systematic galaxy classifications are achieved. Thus, we examine the two-point correlation function of galaxies down to arcsecond scales, and as a function of galaxy type and (V - I) color. Nominal galaxy classification is achieved by modeling both the intrinsic properties of galaxies and the detector plus optics systematics. <P />For I ≤ 22 mag, our data show no excess of galaxy pairs with separations 0".5-4", (≲ 12 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc at z<SUB>med</SUB> ≌ 0.5), consistent with a constant galaxy merging rate out to z<SUB>med</SUB> 0.5. When combined with local observations, our measured galaxy correlation function suggests strong evolution in the correlation amplitude, Aω The viable explanations drawn from these observations are the following: (a) structures on scales of galaxy clusters shrink in proper coordinates in a universe with q<SUB>0</SUB> ≤ 0.5 and mildly evolving galaxy spectra; or (b) a population of weakly clustered dwarf galaxies become prominent for I ≳ 20 mag, which fade by the present epoch. The latter possibility is most favorable as a means to explain both the strong decline of Aω with redshift and the lack of excess of pairs at small separations. <P />The correlation amplitude has a stronger dependence on early/late galaxy type and (V - I) color. For bulge- dominated galaxy samples Aω is 2-4 times higher than that of disk-dominated samples, and 1-2 times higher than that of the combined disk plus bulge samples. The difference in amplitude between disk and bulge samples in our relatively deep random field sample is similar to what has been observed locally in the Pisces-Perseus supercluster and so indicates that the degree of morphological segregation: (1) is not sensitive to galaxy space density and (2) is not a function of redshift out to z ≲ 0.5. For red 50% marginal samples, as determined by measured (V - I) colors, Aω is 4-8 times higher than that for blue 50% marginal samples.
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12.403708
5.190472
1995-11-01
23
1995ApJ...453..559N
[ "galaxy pairs", "galaxy type", "galaxies", "galaxy clusters", "systematic galaxy classifications", "Nominal galaxy classification", "weakly clustered dwarf galaxies", "our measured galaxy correlation function", "earlier ground-based galaxy clustering studies", "bulge- dominated galaxy samples" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176418" ]
[ "Neuschaefer, L. W.", "Ratnatunga, K. U.", "Griffiths, R. E.", "Casertano, S.", "Im, M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...476..534F", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998ApJ...495..550C", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999ApJ...515...69G", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000ASPC..197..327L", "2004ApJ...612..679L", "2007ApJS..172..320K", "2007ApJS..172..329K", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2013ApJ...762...43K" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1984MNRAS.210P..19B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987PhDT........40O", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.252..261E", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ASPC...51..152N", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993NYASA.688..534M", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...441..494I" ]
1971488
null
A gravitational lens candidate behind the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
We present observations of a candidate gravitational lens system behind the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, at z=1.406 with a separation of 6.1 arcsec. The rest-frame velocity difference between the two components (from broad emission lines) is consistent with zero. The emission lines have similar strength in both components and show strong similarities. The continuum in component A, however, is ~=50 per cent brighter than in component B, and slightly bluer. The differences between the spectra can be accounted for by time-delay and/or microlensing effects, and the similarities between the spectra argue for a gravitational lens nature to the system.
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13.532865
4.307
1995-11-01
15
1995MNRAS.277..609T
[ "component A", "component B", "broad emission lines", "strong similarities", "spheroidal galaxy", "similar strength", "a candidate gravitational lens system", "a gravitational lens nature", "dwarf", "Fornax" ]
[ "LOCAL GROUP", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.2.609" ]
[ "Tinney, C. G." ]
[ "Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia" ]
[ "1997ApJ...489..476P", "1997MNRAS.285..111T", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1997astro.ph.10165K", "1997astro.ph.11156H", "1999ApJ...510..590K", "1999ApJ...524..572P", "1999MNRAS.309..836M", "2002AJ....124.3198P", "2002ApJ...572..705R", "2002IAUS..187..129H", "2007AJ....133..818P", "2010PASP..122..853M", "2018MNRAS.480.1163S", "2019A&A...632A..56K" ]
[ "1984MNRAS.206..241B", "1987ApJ...321L..17D", "1987Natur.329..695S", "1988AJ.....96.1682T", "1988ApJ...330..184C", "1989AJ.....97..327N", "1989ApJ...346L..61H", "1990A&A...227..385C", "1990MNRAS.243..231B", "1990Msngr..59...47M", "1991AJ....102.1610S", "1991ASPC...21..349D", "1991ApJ...372..364F", "1991ApJ...373..465F", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992doss.conf...67Y", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993AJ....105..816B", "1993ApJ...409..139S", "1993PASP..105..247P", "1993PASP..105..871G", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994AJ....108.1534H", "1994ApJ...431L..71F", "1994ApJ...433..528M" ]
1971092
null
Rest-frame optical line emission from the high-redshift galaxy 1614+051A
We report detections of [OIII] and Hβ emission from the radio-quiet companion galaxy of the z=3.2 quasar PKS 1614+051. The Lyalpha/Hβ ratio for the galaxy is ~2+/-1, showing evidence for strong absorption or scattering of the Lyalpha emission. The level of Hβ emission from the companion is too high for it to result from gas photoionized by only the quasar radiation, confirming that the gas in the galaxy is ionized by an embedded source and that the companion galaxy is mildly active. The [OIII]/Hβ ratio in the object is lower than in nearby Seyfert 2 galaxies, which implies a low metallicity or a relatively low ionization state for the oxygen. If the latter is true, then carbon lines observed in the optical spectrum are at a higher ionization state than the oxygen lines, further supporting the case for an embedded source of ionization in the galaxy, with a spectrum harder than that of starlight.
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14.162094
8.030668
1995-11-01
3
1995MNRAS.277L..51B
[ "Hβ emission", "carbon lines", "ionization", "strong absorption", "quasar PKS", "the companion galaxy", "nearby Seyfert 2 galaxies", "gas", "a higher ionization state", "the radio-quiet companion galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 1614+051A", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.1.L51" ]
[ "Bremer, M. N.", "Johnstone, R. M." ]
[ "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1997PASP..109...78T", "2000ApJS..130...67S", "2015MNRAS.452.2388H" ]
[ "1981ApJ...246L.109M", "1983ApJ...264..105F", "1985ApJ...289..105F", "1985ApJ...299L...1D", "1986AJ.....91..991S", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1987AJ.....93.1318D", "1987ApJ...317L...7H", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1990SPIE.1235...25M", "1991AJ....101.1187S", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1992IAUS..149..337D", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1995AJ....110..963T" ]
1952172
null
On the Hot Gas Fraction in Supernova Remnants
A grid of spherically symmetric numerical models of the evolution of supernova remnants is calculated, covering the ambient density range n<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.001-100 hydrogen atoms cm<SUP>-3</SUP> and with metallicities ranging from solar to primordial. These models are analyzed with the purpose of determining the relative mass fraction ɛ<SUB>hot</SUB> of hot gas (T &lt; 10<SUP>5</SUP> K) in the remnants as a function of time. From the work of Cioffi, McKee, and Bertschinger, we derive an analytical formula for ɛ<SUB>hot</SUB> for times larger than the cooling time of the swept-up gas shell, and we demonstrate that all our model results are well fitted by this expression. <P />Such an analytic expression is useful in models of a multiphase interstellar medium, feedback mechanisms from supernovae in star-forming regions, and in models of galaxy formation and evolution in general.
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3.946702
4.623301
1995-11-01
5
1995ApJ...453..264H
[ "models", "supernova remnants", "hot gas", "ɛ", "time", "times", "galaxy formation", "hot</SUB", "evolution", "spherically symmetric numerical models" ]
[ "HYDRODYNAMICS", "ISM: BUBBLES", "ISM: SUPERNOVA REMNANTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176385" ]
[ "Hellsten, Uffe", "Sommer-Larsen, Jesper" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998ApJ...500...95T", "1999ApJ...518..748G", "2002ApJ...575..201R", "2010AJ....140.1787P", "2017MNRAS.464.2441S" ]
[ "1967dmiv.book.....R", "1972PhDT........47S", "1974ApJ...188..501C", "1988ApJ...334..252C", "1988RvMP...60....1O", "1992ApJ...392..131S", "1993ApJS...88..253S", "1994MNRAS.271..743V" ]
1974477
null
Mixed Pairs of Galaxies
According to many schemes for galaxy formation, galaxy morphology should depend strongly on the environment in which a galaxy resides and, especially, in which it was formed. Therefore, in pairs of galaxies one expects to find members of similar morphological type. However, morphological studies of paired galaxies show two different categories: pairs formed by galaxies with similar morphology (EE and SS) and pairs of mixed morphology (ES), where E represents early--type galaxies and S represents late--types. Actually a significant percentage of pairs in reasonably complete samples of binary galaxies (e.g. Catalog of Isolated Pairs of Galaxies by Karachentsev) are of mixed type. Moreover, the distribution of radial velocity differences between components of mixed pairs is similar to that for concordant type (especially SS) pairs. This is further support for the contention that most are physical binaries. We used imaging, spectroscopy and stellar population synthesis to study the interaction effects in 5 mixed pairs of galaxies (AM0327-285, AM1806-852, AM1907-504, AM2016-330, AM2055-492). The present pair sample originated from a sample of 126 candidate mixed pairs that were found during a visual search on the ESO sky surveys. An isolation criterion was employed that required the distance to the nearest neighbor (with major axis diameter &gt;= the diameters of the pair components) to be at least five times the pair component separation. Many of these pairs are also found in the Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations by Arp &amp; Madore. We find that one of them, AM1907--504, is unlikely to be a physical pair because of the large velocity difference. The other 4 pairs are most likely physically bound with Delta-V &lt;= 600 km/s. They can also be classified as true ES pairs since the photometric profiles for the early-type components obey an r^1/4 law. We find diverse signs of interaction in our pair sample ranging from direct collisions to small distortions. In principle, this evidence is less ambiguous in mixed pairs because we are dealing with a single gas rich component. A strong but indirect form of evidence for interaction between the galaxies involves the detection of a young stellar component in the early-type members. We used Bica's stellar synthesis approach in order to detect the young stellar population in these pairs. We find that 10% to 37% of their fluxes arises from a young age population (&lt; 5 x 10^8 years). We suggest that a transfer of gas appears to be the most likely way for the E components to acquire fuel for star formation activity. The only other alternative would be to invoke an unusual star formation history in ellipticals that inhabit mixed pairs. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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11.781606
6.854658
1995-11-01
2
1995PASP..107.1129F
[ "mixed pairs", "pairs", "true ES pairs", "galaxy formation", "mixed type", "binary galaxies", "paired galaxies", "galaxies", "mixed morphology", "similar morphological type" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133668" ]
[ "Fernandes de Mello, Duilia" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC...98..510D", "2021MNRAS.501.3750R" ]
null
1952180
null
AM 1354-250: Photometric Observations and Models of a Collisional Ring System
The results of broadband CCD imaging of the ring galaxy AM 1354-250 are presented. Radial profiles of color and surface brightness along with color index maps are shown, along with numerical fits of the age and burst strength of the star formation which produced these colors. The basic assumption of these models is that a radially propagating ring of star formation has passed through the disk of this galaxy. The colors and color gradients in this system are consistent with those expected from the formation of a collisional ring galaxy which has a very low gas mass and a correspondingly low rate of star formation. Ages of the star-forming ring are fit derived, and an expansion velocity of this ring is calculated based on the photometric data.
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11.480489
7.846233
1995-11-01
2
1995ApJ...453..641W
[ "star formation", "color index maps", "color gradients", "broadband CCD imaging", "a collisional ring galaxy", "numerical fits", "the ring galaxy", "Ages", "the star formation", "Radial profiles" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: AM 1354-250", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176427" ]
[ "Wallin, John F." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC..106..141S", "2016ApJ...819..165C" ]
[ "1976ApJ...208..650T", "1978IAUS...79..109T", "1987A&A...174...57B", "1987ApJ...312..566A", "1987ApJ...318..103A", "1987ApJ...323..480S", "1991ApJS...75..241D", "1992ApJ...399..444M", "1993AJ....105.1737D", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..108S", "1993PhDT.........2H" ]
11591604
astro-ph/9506071
Sagittarius: the nearest dwarf galaxy
We have discovered a new Galactic satellite galaxy in the constellation of Sagittarius. The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy subtends an angle of ~10 deg on the sky, lies at a distance of 24 kpc and is comparable in size and luminosity to the largest dwarf spheroidal, Fornax. The new galaxy has many features in common with the other eight Galactic dwarf spheroidal systems, including an extended low-density spatial structure, a well-populated red horizontal branch with a blue extension, and a substantial carbon star population. In terms of stellar populations it most closely resembles the Fornax dwarf, having a strong intermediate-age stellar component and evidence of a metallicity spread. Sagittarius is the nearest galaxy known and currently lies only ~16 kpc from the centre of the Milky Way. Isodensity maps show it to be markedly elongated along a direction pointing towards the Galactic Centre, and suggest that it has been tidally distorted. The close proximity to the Galactic Centre, the morphological appearance and the radial velocity of 140 km s^-1 indicate that this system must have undergone at most very few close orbital encounters with the Milky Way. It is currently undergoing strong tidal disruption prior to being integrated into the Galaxy. We find that at least some of the four globular clusters, M54, Arp 2, Ter 7 and Ter 8, are associated with the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, and will probably share the fate of their progenitor. The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy was found serendipitously using a combination of UK Schmidt Telescope sky survey plates, the APM automatic plate measuring facility and the Anglo-Australian Telescope multifibre spectrograph, AUTOFIB.
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8.980307
7.855615
1995-12-01
351
1995MNRAS.277..781I
[ "UK Schmidt Telescope sky survey plates", "Galactic", "stellar populations", "strong tidal disruption", "The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy", "the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy", "Schmidt Telescope", "a new Galactic satellite galaxy", "Sagittarius", "the other eight Galactic dwarf spheroidal systems" ]
[ "STARS: CARBON", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "LOCAL GROUP", "Astrophysics" ]
31
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.3.781", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506071" ]
[ "Ibata, Rodrigo A.", "Gilmore, Gerard", "Irwin, Michael J." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK" ]
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11579898
astro-ph/9508100
Slicing Through Multicolor Space: Galaxy Redshifts from Broadband Photometry
As a means of better understanding the evolution of optically selected galaxies we consider the distribution of galaxies within the multicolor space U, B_J_, R_F_, and I_N_. We find that they form an almost planar distribution out to B_J_ = 22.5 and z &lt; 0.3. The position of a galaxy within this plane is dependent on its redshift, luminosity, and spectral type. While in the original U, B_J_, R_F_, and I_N_ space these properties are highly correlated, we can define an optimal rotation of the photometric axes that makes much of this information orthogonal. Fitting the observed spectroscopic redshifts with a quadratic function of the four magnitudes we show that redshifts for galaxies can be estimated to an accuracy better than {DELTA}z = 0.05. This dispersion is due to the photometric uncertainties within the photographic data. Assuming no galaxy evolution we derive a set of simulated galaxy fluxes in the U, J, F, and N passbands. Using these data we investigate how the redshift is encoded within the broadband magnitudes and the intrinsic dispersion of the photometric-redshift relation. We find that the signal that defines a galaxy's photometric redshift is not related to specific absorption or emission lines but comes from the break in the overall shape of the galaxy continuum at around 4000 A. Using high signal-to-noise photometric data we estimate that it is possible to achieve an intrinsic dispersion of less than δz = 0.02.
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12.368851
6.223025
1995-12-01
292
1995AJ....110.2655C
[ "simulated galaxy fluxes", "galaxies", "redshifts", "_ space", "_", "U", "B_J", "a galaxys photometric redshift", "no galaxy evolution", "the observed spectroscopic redshifts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
11
[ "10.1086/117720", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508100" ]
[ "Connolly, A. J.", "Csabai, I.", "Szalay, A. S.", "Koo, D. C.", "Kron, R. G.", "Munn, J. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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1205963
astro-ph/9505050
The cluster distribution as a test of dark matter models - I. Clustering properties
We present extended simulations of the large-scale distribution of galaxy clusters in several dark matter models, using an optimized version of the truncated Zel'dovich approximation (TZA). In order to test the reliability of our simulations, we compare them with N-body-based cluster simulations. We find that the TZA provides a very accurate description of the cluster distribution as long as fluctuations on the cluster mass-scale are in the mildly non-linear regime (sigma_8&lt;~1). The low computational cost of this simulation technique allows us to run a large ensemble of 50 realizations for each model, so we are able to quantify accurately the effects of cosmic variance. Six different dark matter models are studied in this work: standard CDM (SCDM), tilted CDM (TCDM) with primordial spectral index n=0.7, cold+hot DM (CHDM) with Omega_hot=0.3, low Hubble constant (h=0.3) CDM (LOWH), and two spatially flat low-density CDM models with Omega_0=0.2 and Omega_Lambda=0.8, having two different normalizations, sigma_8=0.8 (LambdaCDM_1) and sigma_8=1.3 (LambdaCDM_2). We compare the cluster simulations with an extended redshift sample of Abell/ACO clusters, using various statistical measures, such as the integral of the two-point correlation function, J_3, and the probability density function (pdf). We find that the models that best reproduce the clustering of the Abell/ACO cluster sample are the CHDM and the LambdaCDM_1 models. The LambdaCDM_2 model is too strongly clustered, and this clustering is probably overestimated in our simulations as a result of the large sigma_8-value of this model. All of the other models are ruled out at a high confidence level. The pdfs of all models are well approximated by a lognormal distribution, consistent with similar findings for Abell/ACO clusters. The low-order moments of all the pdfs are found to obey a variance-skewness relation of the form gamma~=S_3sigma^4, with S_3~=1.9, independent of the primordial spectral shape and consistent with observational data. After computing the cluster biasing parameter, b_cl, we estimate the quantity beta_cl=Omega^0.6_0/b_cl for the different models. Owing to the large observational uncertainties, beta_cl=0.20+/-0.05, this test does not discriminate strongly between the different models. The scale-independence of beta_cl, and thus of b_cl, does, however, suggest that it is probably a reliable procedure to use the linear biasing model to infer the dark matter power spectrum from observational cluster samples. We also note that the abundances of clusters predicted using the Press-Schechter theory provide strong constraints on these models: only the CHDM, LOWH and LambdaCDM_2 models appear to produce the correct number density of clusters.
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12.188115
3.783209
1995-12-01
32
1995MNRAS.277.1191B
[ "several dark matter models", "observational cluster samples", "galaxy clusters", "clusters", "extended simulations", "Six different dark matter models", "primordial spectral index", "Abell/ACO clusters", "the linear biasing model", "standard CDM" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.4.1191", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505050" ]
[ "Borgani, Stefano", "Plionis, Manolis", "Coles, Peter", "Moscardini, Lauro" ]
[ "INFN - Sezione di Perugia, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università, via A. Pascoli, I-06100 Perugia, Italy", "SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, via Beirut 2-4, I-34013 Trieste, Italy", "Astronomy Unit, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary &amp; Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1995Sci...269.1245M", "1996ASPC...94..241M", "1996ApJ...462...13W", "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996MNRAS.278..953W", "1996MNRAS.280..186K", "1996MNRAS.280..749B", "1996MNRAS.281..703E", "1996MNRAS.281.1375C", "1996MNRAS.282..384M", "1997A&A...326..873K", "1997ASSL..212..287G", "1997ApJ...475....1T", "1997ApL&C..36..155T", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1997MNRAS.289..801E", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997SSRv...79..793T", "1998ApJ...507L...1H", "1998ApJ...509..494C", "1998MNRAS.294..245C", "1998MNRAS.295...19K", "1998MNRAS.296..109C", "1998NewA....3..631R", "2000ApJ...540...62S", "2001MNRAS.327..422M", "2005ApJ...622....1Y", "2006JCAP...02..006T", "2007JCAP...02..015T", "2017MNRAS.465.4658M", "2024arXiv240616693F" ]
[ "1930BHarO.874....9S", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1978MNRAS.182...27D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981csup.book.....H", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...326..539B", "1989ApJ...341..599B", "1989ApJ...346..588P", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989MNRAS.238..293L", "1989MNRAS.238..319C", "1989RvMP...61..185S", "1990A&A...240..223B", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...376L...1S", "1991ApJ...382..377M", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991MNRAS.249...46P", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1991MNRAS.253..727C", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...389..499J", "1992ApJ...394L...5B", "1992ApJ...398...12P", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399L..11C", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993ApJ...403..450G", "1993ApJ...405..428H", "1993ApJ...405L..47G", "1993ApJ...406....6J", "1993ApJ...408...17O", "1993ApJ...411...16T", "1993ApJ...411L..13B", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.260..765C", "1993MNRAS.263..798M", "1993MNRAS.264..375B", "1993MNRAS.264..749C", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993PhR...231....1L", "1993PhRvD..47..426A", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...420...44K", "1994ApJ...427..562S", "1994ApJ...428..399K", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1994ApJ...435..536C", "1994ApJ...436..423B", "1994ApJ...437L..51C", "1994MNRAS.266..524B", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.269..626M", "1994MNRAS.271..223B", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1994Natur.372...75R", "1994clga.conf..269K", "1995ApJ...438..507C", "1995ApJ...441L..57P", "1995ApJ...442..469M", "1995ApJ...443..479B", "1995MNRAS.272..869P", "1995MNRAS.274.1071C", "1995MNRAS.276..115C", "1995MNRAS.276..336G", "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1995PhR...251....1B", "1995astro.ph..2062K", "1995pcc..conf..255L" ]
11594214
astro-ph/9511100
An Upper Mass Bound of a Two-Component Protogalaxy
We investigate the physical properties of a two-component virialized protogalaxy comprising a hot gas and cold clouds which are in pressure equilibrium under the assumptions that the protogalaxy is both spherical and homogeneous. Two conditions which we adopt are that the protogalaxy is in virial equilibrium and that the cooling time is less than the dynamical time. It is found that there exists an upper mass bound for such a two-component protogalaxy when the cloud mass is comparable to or greater than that of hot gas. We also consider the stability of the cold cloud against the Jeans instability and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
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12.004152
8.574161
1995-12-01
14
1995PASJ...47L..37M
[ "cold clouds", "virial equilibrium", "hot gas", "pressure equilibrium", "the cold cloud", "Jeans", "the cloud mass", "a hot gas", "the protogalaxy", "Kelvin-Helmholtz instability" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: HALO", "GALAXIES: ISM", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511100" ]
[ "Miyahata, Keiko", "Ikeuchi, Satoru" ]
[ "Department of Earth and Space Science, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466L..99K", "1997ApJ...480..694K", "1997ApJ...486..840K", "1997PASJ...49..435K", "1998ApJ...501..666K", "1998ApJ...506..289K", "1998PASJ...50..621K", "1999ApJ...514L..21K", "1999ApJ...520..607H", "1999IAUS..186..481M", "1999PASJ...51..617K", "2000MNRAS.315..473C", "2000PASJ...52..175K", "2001ASPC..222..333K" ]
[ "1961hhs..book.....C", "1976ApJ...204..649G", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1978PhyS...17..371R", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1983FCPh....9....1E", "1985ApJ...298...18F", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ApJ...363..488K", "1991ApJ...375..479I", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...404..468M", "1993ApJ...407..588M", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1994ApJ...437..556D", "1995ApJ...442..480T", "1995ApJ...449..616L" ]
1971097
null
Relative frequencies of Type Ia and Type II supernovae in the chemical evolution of the Galaxy, LMC and SMC
The predicted nucleosynthesis products of Type Ia and Type II supernovae are combined with various parameter ratios and compared with the solar abundances of heavy elements and their isotopes, and also with the abundances of heavy elements in the LMC and SMC. Aided by a reasonable model of galactic chemical evolution, the ratio of the total numbers (of all time) of Type Ia to Type II supernovae that best reproduces the observed abundances is determined to be N_Ia/N_II=0.15 for the Galaxy, in agreement with current observations. For the MCs, however, this ratio is larger than that for the Galaxy, yielding N_Ia/N_II=0.2-0.3. We discuss several possible star formation history scenarios that may account for such an enhanced frequency of Type Ia supernovae in the MCs.
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2.784588
5.130828
1995-12-01
375
1995MNRAS.277..945T
[ "Type Ia supernovae", "Type II supernovae", "Type Ia", "various parameter ratios", "several possible star formation history scenarios", "Type Ia and Type II supernovae", "galactic chemical evolution", "heavy elements", "Galaxy", "current observations" ]
[ "SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "MAGELLANIC CLOUDS" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.3.945" ]
[ "Tsujimoto, T.", "Nomoto, K.", "Yoshii, Y.", "Hashimoto, M.", "Yanagida, S.", "Thielemann, F. -K." ]
[ "National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan", "Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan", "Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 810, Japan", "Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310, Japan", "Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland" ]
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[ "1971ApJ...166..153A", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1984ApJ...279L..23N", "1984ApJ...284..544G", "1984ApJ...286..644N", "1986A&A...154..279M", "1986A&A...158...17T", "1986LNP...255...91W", "1988A&A...191..121B", "1988PhR...163...13N", "1989A&A...210L...5H", "1989A&A...214..239B", "1989ApJ...339L..25A", "1989ApJS...70..865R", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1990A&A...234..211P", "1990ApJ...349..222T", "1990ApJS...74...93R", "1990ComAp..15..221B", "1990ICRC....4...44Y", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ASPC...20..539M", "1991ApJ...367L..55G", "1991ESOC...37..703M", "1991IAUS..145...21N", "1991IAUS..148..183D", "1992A&A...261..255N", "1992ApJ...384..508R", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993ApJ...414L.105H", "1993ApJ...419..207R", "1993fna..conf..255T", "1993nuco.conf..587H", "1993oee..conf..297T", "1994ApJ...429..204H", "1994euoq.conf..553T", "1995ApJ...444L..81H" ]
1971112
null
The metallicity gradient of the Galactic bulge*
We determine metallicities for a large number of K giants at 1.5-1.7 kpc from the Galactic Centre, based on medium resolution spectra. We study the bulge metallicity gradient by comparing the present spectroscopic observations with previous metallicity determinations at Baade's window (BW), at 0.5 kpc from the Galactic Centre. It is confirmed that: (1) there is metallicity gradient within the inner 2 kpc of the Galaxy; (2) at any given distance from the Galactic Centre, there is a large spread in metal abundances.
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9.186574
8.337095
1995-12-01
88
1995MNRAS.277.1293M
[ "metallicity gradient", "previous metallicity determinations", "K giants", "medium resolution spectra", "the bulge metallicity gradient", "metal abundances", "the Galactic Centre", "Baade", "BW", "Galaxy" ]
[ "STARS: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: FORMATION" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.4.1293" ]
[ "Minniti, Dante", "Olszewski, Edward W.", "Liebert, James", "White, Simon D. M.", "Hill, John M.", "Irwin, Michael J." ]
[ "European Southern Observatory, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996A&ARv...7..289M", "1996AJ....112..590M", "1996ApJ...471L..23L", "1996astro.ph.10025T", "1997A&A...326..763S", "1997AJ....113..985D", "1997AJ....113.2094D", "1997ARA&A..35..637W", "1997ASSL..212..133N", "1997ApJ...477..163S", "1997astro.ph..7311T", "1998A&A...338..413T", "1998AJ....115.2374D", "1998ASPC..147...36R", "1998AcA....48..113U", "1998ApJ...492..190A", "1999AJ....117.2296F", "1999ARA&A..37..487H", "1999ASPC..162..409H", "1999ASPC..165..284M", "1999ASPC..187...20G", "2000A&A...355..949F", "2000AJ....120..833R", "2000AJ....120..879H", "2000AJ....120.1853D", "2000AJ....120.2423H", "2000AcA....50..191S", "2000ApJ...528L...9P", "2000ApJ...533..869C", "2000ESASP.445...87G", "2000MNRAS.311...37P", "2000MNRAS.316..345M", "2000eaa..bookE2865M", "2001A&A...380..300E", "2001ASPC..239..280G", "2001MNRAS.321..502P", "2003A&A...405..531S", "2003MNRAS.339..735B", "2004AJ....127.1441G", "2004AJ....128..300D", "2004MNRAS.349.1291E", "2005AJ....129..201D", "2006A&A...458..113S", "2006AJ....131.1044D", "2006ApJ...650..916M", "2007MNRAS.378.1064R", "2008ApJ...680.1206G", "2008ApJ...688.1060H", "2008IAUS..245....3F", "2008IAUS..245..323M", "2009A&A...494..591C", "2009ApJ...691.1387R", "2009ApJ...697..361V", "2009ApJ...702..414R", "2009RMxAC..35...85Z", "2010IAUS..265..271Z", "2011A&A...530A..54G", "2011MNRAS.416L..60B", "2012A&A...548A..60G", "2013ApJ...766L...3M", "2013MNRAS.428.3660F", "2014A&A...571A..59S", "2015ASPC..491..118Z", "2016AJ....151....1R", "2016ASSL..418..127S", "2016ASSL..418..199G", "2016PASA...33...22N", "2016PASA...33...40M", "2017A&A...599A..12Z", "2017A&A...601A.140R", "2017A&A...605A..89B", "2017A&A...607L...4F", "2017ApJ...851...63S", "2017MNRAS.470.1233P", "2017PASA...34...41N", "2018A&A...616A.180F", "2018SSRv..214...90K", "2019MNRAS.486.3586D", "2019adds.book..219K", "2020A&A...643A.145F", "2020MNRAS.499.1037R", "2021A&A...656A.156Q", "2022MNRAS.516.5521F", "2023A&A...669A..70B", "2023MNRAS.520..402C", "2024ApJ...967....5L", "2024arXiv240207986H", "2024arXiv240505055G" ]
[ "1951POMic..10....7B", "1955AJ.....60..317A", "1957PASP...69..291M", "1958ApJ...128...46N", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1965ApJ...141...43A", "1965gast.book..241B", "1968Natur.220..143I", "1971AJ.....76.1082V", "1976AJ.....81..228C", "1976ApJ...209..418H", "1976MNRAS.176...31L", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...219.1008A", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1978ApJ...226..777W", "1980MNRAS.191P...1W", "1981ARA&A..19...77P", "1982MNRAS.198..173F", "1983A&A...128...94B", "1983ApJS...53..791P", "1983MNRAS.204...53S", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJ...286..644N", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985ApJS...57..711F", "1985ApJS...58..463N", "1985PASP...97..205W", "1986AJ.....92..348C", "1986PASP...98.1303B", "1987AJ.....93.1388F", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1987PhDT.........6C", "1988AJ.....95..804K", "1988AJ.....95..828R", "1988AJ.....96..884T", "1988ARA&A..26...51F", "1988ASPC....3...99I", "1988igbo.conf..233H", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989AJ.....98..843B", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1990AJ.....99..572C", "1990ApJ...349..222T", "1990ApJ...353..494F", "1990ApJ...357..453T", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1990ApJ...364...35G", "1990ApJ...365..539M", "1991A&A...247..173S", "1991A&AS...89..237A", "1991AJ....102.1836G", "1991ApJ...370..205B", "1991ApJ...378..119W", "1991ApJ...378..742T", "1991ApJ...382L..15B", "1991MNRAS.252..210B", "1991PhDT........90T", "1992A&A...255..255R", "1992AJ....103..871M", "1992AJ....104..128G", "1992AJ....104..144W", "1992AJ....104..164A", "1992AJ....104.1780L", "1992ApJ...387..181K", "1992ApJ...388L..53H", "1992ApJ...393L..47M", "1992IAUS..149..325R", "1993A&A...267...75F", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993AIPC..278..141T", "1993AJ....106.1826H", "1993ASPC...48..727W", "1993ASPC...49...65R", "1993AcA....43...69U", "1993ApJ...418..208S", "1993ApJS...86..153G", "1993IAUS..153...87T", "1993IAUS..153..117S", "1993IAUS..153..151R", "1993IAUS..153..169R", "1993IAUS..153..317M", "1993IAUS..153..333T", "1993IAUS..153..391S", "1993PASP..105..977M", "1993PhDT........61M", "1994A&A...285L...5R", "1994AJ....107..135B", "1994AJ....107..359M", "1994AJ....107.1371T", "1994AJ....107.1773S", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...424..599M", "1994ApJ...429L..73S", "1994ApJ...430L.105F", "1994ApJS...91..749M", "1994MNRAS.267..711W", "1995AJ....109.1663M", "1995ApJ...438..170H" ]
1947986
null
The Absolute Proper Motion and a Membership Survey of the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Using 26 plates taken over the course of more than half a century, we present proper motions and photometry for 1177 stars in the central region of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy, down to a limiting magnitude of V ~ 20.25 at the level of the horizontal branch. The proper- motion cleaned color-magnitude diagram retained a broad giant branch, further supporting an intrinsic spread in metallicity. We determined an absolute proper motion for Sculptor, relative to background galaxies, of μ<SUB>alpha</SUB>_, μ<SUB>delta</SUB>_ = (+0.036,+0.043)+/-(0.022, 0.025) arcsec/century after correcting for the LSR and peculiar solar motions. Our proper-motion uncertainty is similar to or smaller than those obtained by different groups for other distant satellites of the Galaxy. When combined with Sculptor's distance and radial velocity, this measurement shows the dwarf spheroidal to have a space velocity of roughly 220+125 km/s. Although our measurement is less than twice its uncertainty, the direction of Sculptor's motion is significant because it rules out motion along the Magellanic Stream. A 2.5 σ error allows for motion in a direction toward the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, so Sculptor remains a possible member of the proposed Fornax-Leo-Sculptor stream.
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8.621108
8.259718
1995-12-01
77
1995AJ....110.2747S
[ "proper motions", "peculiar solar motions", "motion", "spheroidal galaxy", "Sculptor", "background galaxies", "other distant satellites", "dwarf", "Sculptors motion", "different groups" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: THE SCULPTOR", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: STELLAR POPULATION" ]
4
[ "10.1086/117727" ]
[ "Schweitzer, A. E.", "Cudworth, K. M.", "Majewski, S. R.", "Suntzeff, N. B." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1997ASPC..116..259M", "1997ASPC..127...91C", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1997astro.ph.12280O", "1998AJ....116.1690C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ASPC..136...70O", "1998ASPC..136..365J", "1998ApJ...495..297J", "1998egdg.conf..243K", "1999ApJ...520L..33M", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999IAUS..192..409I", "1999MNRAS.302..771J", "1999MNRAS.310..645W", "2001AJ....121..935S", "2001AJ....122.1916D", "2001ASPC..245..355M", "2001ApJ...559..754M", "2002AGAb...19R..66B", "2002AJ....124.3198P", "2002ApJ...564..736P", "2002MNRAS.336..119M", "2003A&A...406..847W", "2003AJ....125..684S", "2003AJ....125..707T", "2003AJ....126.1295B", "2003ApJ...583L..79B", "2003ApJ...586...12D", "2004AJ....128..687D", "2004AJ....128.1177V", "2005AJ....129.1428G", "2005AJ....130.1065C", "2005MNRAS.356..107R", "2005MNRAS.359..985B", "2005MNRAS.364..433B", "2005MNRAS.364L..61M", "2005Sci...307.1440B", "2006AJ....131..375W", "2006AJ....131.1405K", "2006AJ....131.1445P", "2006AJ....131.1461P", "2006AJ....131.2913B", "2006IAUS..230..175M", "2006MNRAS.367L..29D", "2006evn..confE..24B", "2007A&A...462..101B", "2007AJ....133..818P", "2008ApJ...680..287M", "2008ApJ...681L..13B", "2008ApJ...688L..75W", "2008IAUS..248..244P", "2008IAUS..248..474B", "2008PASP..120...38U", "2009A&A...504.1031G", "2009MNRAS.399..550L", "2011ApJ...742...20W", "2011MNRAS.414.3492M", "2011PhDT.......124F", "2011PhDT.......210W", "2011RMxAA..47..333P", "2013MNRAS.433.3173B", "2013MNRAS.435.2116P", "2013NewAR..57...52B", "2013pss5.book.1039W", "2016MNRAS.463..598S", "2017ApJ...849...93S", "2018NatAs...2..156M", "2019A&A...626A..15H", "2019MNRAS.485.2259A", "2019MNRAS.487.5692I", "2020MNRAS.491.3042P", "2020MNRAS.492.5684H", "2022MNRAS.512.5481S", "2023MNRAS.519.1189W" ]
[ "1938AnHar.106....1S", "1965ApJ...142.1390H", "1977ApJ...214...21K", "1978ApJ...221..512H", "1978PDDO....3..205V", "1982ApJ...252..133F", "1982Obs...102..202L", "1983ApJ...264..114R", "1983ApJ...271..113S", "1984ApJ...285..483D", "1984ApJS...55...45Z", "1985A&A...144..388A", "1985AJ.....90...65C", "1985AJ.....90.1796S", "1986A&A...161..232A", "1986AJ.....92..348C", "1986AJ.....92..777A", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987PASP...99..739H", "1988AJ.....95.1706E", "1988AJ.....96.1336E", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1990AJ.....99..590C", "1991PASP..103..470C", "1992AJ....103.1573R", "1992ASSL..178..163P", "1992IAUS..149..191D", "1992MNRAS.255..105K", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1993AJ....106.1524R", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..322I", "1993PASP..105..987M", "1994AJ....107.1333J", "1994AJ....107.2055B", "1994AJ....108..222N", "1994ApJ...420..612P", "1994ApJ...431L..17M", "1994IAUS..161..535S", "1994PASP..106.1225G", "1995ApJ...442..142O" ]
1971891
null
A water-vapour giga-maser in the active galaxy TXFS2226 - 184
ACTIVE galactic nuclei are thought to be powered by gas falling into a massive black hole; the different types of active galaxy may arise because we view them through a thick torus of molecular gas at varying angles of inclination<SUP>1</SUP>. One way to determine whether the black hole is surrounded by a torus, which would obscure the accretion disk around the black hole along certain lines of sight, is to search for water masers, as these exist only in regions with plentiful molecular gas. Since the first detection<SUP>2</SUP> of an extra-galactic water maser in 1979, they have come to be associated primarily with active galaxies, and have even been used to probe the mass of the central engine<SUP>3</SUP>. Here we report the detection of a water giga-maser in the radio galaxy TXFS2226 -184. The strength of the emission supports a recently proposed theory of maser pumping<SUP>4</SUP> that allows for even more powerful masers, which might be detectable at cosmological distances. Water masers may accordingly provide a way to determine distances to galaxies outside the usual distance ladder, providing an independent calibration of the Hubble constant<SUP>3,5</SUP>.
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12.667562
11.583236
1995-12-01
59
1995Natur.378..697K
[ "Water masers", "water masers", "active galaxies", "active galaxy", "plentiful molecular gas", "ACTIVE galactic nuclei", "molecular gas", "galaxies", "an extra-galactic water maser", "gas" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1038/378697a0" ]
[ "Koekemoer, Anton M.", "Henkel, Christian", "Greenhill, Lincoln J.", "Dey, Arjun", "van Breugel, Wil", "Codella, Claudio", "Antonucci, Robert" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..703L", "1996ASPC..103..140G", "1996ApJS..106...51B", "1997ASPC..113..394G", "1997ASPC..121..113M", "1997ApJS..110..321B", "1997IAUS..178..505N", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...335..463H", "1998ApJ...500L.129C", "1998MNRAS.294..265P", "1999AJ....117.1139W", "1999ASSL..234..141M", "2000A&A...358L..17F", "2000ApJ...530L..13F", "2001CPL...338..277M", "2001ChPhL..18..841Y", "2001PABei..19..387X", "2002A&A...383...65H", "2002A&A...385.1049T", "2002ApJ...565..836G", "2002ApJ...574...88T", "2002IAUS..206..381G", "2002PASA...19..401M", "2002PASJ...54..179S", "2002PASJ...54L..27N", "2003A&A...400...41S", "2003AnShO..24..100Y", "2003ApJS..146..249B", "2004A&A...419..127B", "2004A&A...428..445L", "2004ApJ...612..780T", "2004NewAR..48.1195M", "2005A&A...436...75H", "2005ARA&A..43..625L", "2005ASPC..340..203G", "2005ASPC..340..235B", "2005Ap&SS.295..117T", "2005ApJ...620..145K", "2005ApJ...628L..89B", "2006MSAIS..10..120T", "2007A&A...475..497T", "2007PABei..25...36Z", "2008Natur.456..927I", "2009ApJ...695..276B", "2010MNRAS.404.1966X", "2011ARep...55..561L", "2018MNRAS.474.5672L", "2020A&A...637A..57S", "2021MNRAS.502L..79I", "2022A&A...662L...9V", "2023PASJ...75..722S", "2023PASJ...75L...1K", "2024IAUS..380...50T", "2024IAUS..380...63S", "2024MNRAS.528.3668H", "2024MNRAS.tmp.1547K", "2024PASJ...76..340K" ]
[ "1977A&A....61...99B", "1979Natur.278...34D", "1980A&AS...40..295H", "1984A&A...133....1H", "1984A&A...141L...1H", "1984Natur.310..298C", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985Natur.314..144H", "1986ApJ...308..592C", "1987ApJ...320..663H", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...346..983E", "1990A&A...229..431H", "1990A&A...234...40B", "1990ApJ...356..149H", "1990ApJ...362...59B", "1990ApJ...364..513G", "1990Natur.345..679S", "1991ApJ...368..373P", "1992ApJ...394..221E", "1993ApJ...406..482G", "1994A&A...284..331O", "1994ApJ...436L.127N", "1994ApJ...437L..35H", "1994ApJ...437L..99B", "1995A&A...298..395F", "1995ApJ...440...91M", "1995ApJ...440..619G", "1995ApJ...447L..17N", "1995ApJ...447L..91M", "1995Natur.373..127M", "1995otw..conf...77B" ]
1060763
null
The Galaxy Component and Nuclear Flux Measurements of NGC 5548 from Direct Imaging
We present the results of analysis of direct imaging data of the galaxy NGC 5548. This galaxy hosts a time-variable active nucleus which has been the focus of intensive spectroscopic monitoring. We focus here on data obtainable from direct imaging of the object. First, we use an image modeling program to derive an image of the galaxy component alone, with the AGN removed, and use such images to study the structure and color of the galaxy. The host galaxy appears to be a relatively normal bulge-dominated (Sa type) spiral, with no evidence of current star formation in the bulge. The derived "AGN-free" images are useful for deriving corrections for the galaxian light that is an inevitable contaminant in spectroscopic and photometric measurements of this object. We discuss how to measure the flux from the nucleus from direct images, and in particular describe a method to obtain photometrically calibrated nuclear flux measurements from less than optimum images. We present nuclear flux values from images contributed by the coauthors, and present flux measurements, corrected for host galaxy light, derived from published photoelectric aperture photometry. We discuss the contamination of the standard spectroscopic aperture by galaxy light. The galaxy flux contamination in the standard spectroscopic aperture derived from the AGN-free images agrees extremely well with that derived from a totally independent spectroscopic method.
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14.85596
7.853274
1995-12-01
40
1995ApJ...455..516R
[ "direct images", "host galaxy light", "galaxy light", "such images", "images", "present flux measurements", "nuclear flux values", "direct imaging data", "intensive spectroscopic monitoring", "direct imaging" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 5548", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176601" ]
[ "Romanishin, W.", "Balonek, T. J.", "Ciardullo, R.", "Miller, H. R.", "Peterson, B. M.", "Sadun, A. C.", "Stirpe, G. M.", "Takagishi, K.", "Taylor, B. W.", "Zitelli, V." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466..174W", "1997A&A...320..405S", "1997ASSL..218...85N", "1997AcA....47..263K", "1997ApJ...491..536K", "1997ApJS..110....9R", "1997ApJS..113...69W", "1997MNRAS.284..946L", "1997MNRAS.289..318C", "1998ApJ...500..162C", "1998ApJ...509..163O", "1998AstL...24..160D", "1998MNRAS.301..179M", "1998astro.ph..6190R", "1998astro.ph..6216I", "1999ASPC..175...49P", "1999ASPC..175...55R", "1999ApJ...510..659P", "2001A&A...371...79D", "2001ApJ...553..695K", "2001AstL...27..691D", "2002ApJ...581..197P", "2003ApJ...584L..53U", "2003ApJ...587..123G", "2004ApJ...606..749K", "2004ApJ...612L.113S", "2004ApJ...613..682P", "2004MNRAS.352..277G", "2005Ap.....48..304D", "2005MNRAS.363...57L", "2005astro.ph.11676P", "2006ASPC..360..191P", "2006ApJ...644..133B", "2006MNRAS.365.1180C", "2007ApJ...668..708S", "2007SerAJ.175...15I", "2007arXiv0711.1025G", "2008PASJ...60....1P", "2015MNRAS.453.3662G", "2016ApJ...822....4L" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1971PASP...83..783P", "1972MmRAS..77....1D", "1973ApJ...183...29W", "1978AJ.....83.1331D", "1980Natur.284..410L", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJS...52..341M", "1984SvA....28....1D", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1987ApJS...64..601B", "1989ApJ...341...41R", "1990ApJS...72..231M", "1991ApJ...366...64C", "1991ApJ...368..119P", "1991vag..conf...47P", "1992ApJ...392..470P", "1993ApJ...408..416D", "1995ApJS...97..285K" ]
1952523
null
Evolution of Spiral Galaxies. V. The Galactic Bulge
We apply the multipopulation nonlinear model developed by Ferrini and coworkers to the evolution of the bulge of the Galaxy. We investigate the hypothesis of a bulge formed from the accumulation of gas by accretion from the halo in the center of the Galaxy. We extend the properties of phase interactions, determined in the solar neighborhood, to the bulge. The models show that bulge star formation in the bulge peaked during the early stages of the Galactic evolution and that the consequent element enrichment is in agreement with the observed metal abundances in bulge stars. The evolution of Galactic bulges and elliptical galaxies cannot be considered equivalent.
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9.954973
7.452334
1995-12-01
25
1995ApJ...454..726M
[ "bulge star formation", "bulge stars", "Galactic bulges", "phase interactions", "elliptical galaxies", "gas", "accretion", "Galaxy", "agreement", "Ferrini" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176524" ]
[ "Molla, Mercedes", "Ferrini, Federico" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASSL..209..255C", "1996ApJ...466..668M", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997ApJ...475..519M", "1997PASP..109..571R", "1998A&AS..130..513G", "1999A&A...345..629M", "1999Ap&SS.265..311M", "1999ApJ...516...77B", "1999cezh.conf..154M", "2000A&A...359...18M", "2000Ap&SS.273...95F", "2000MNRAS.316..345M", "2000NewAR..44..359F", "2001ApSSS.277..205M", "2002A&A...383...14P", "2002AJ....123.3055M", "2002astro.ph..3399M", "2003astro.ph..2093M", "2005MNRAS.358..521M", "2012MNRAS.420..255T", "2014MNRAS.437.3688C", "2016MNRAS.456.2982T", "2018ARA&A..56..223B", "2023MNRAS.520..402C" ]
[ "1976MNRAS.176...31L", "1981A&A....96..306P", "1984ApJ...276..182S", "1985A&A...147...47C", "1986A&A...158..228F", "1986A&A...169..201G", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1988A&A...197...33T", "1988AJ.....95..828R", "1988AJ.....96..884T", "1988ARA&A..26...51F", "1988MNRAS.235.1025H", "1989AJ.....97..139L", "1989ApJ...339..700W", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1990A&A...231..391F", "1990A&A...233..181R", "1990ApJ...365..539M", "1992A&A...255..255R", "1992AJ....104..144W", "1992AJ....104.1780L", "1992ApJ...387..138F", "1992ApJ...387..181K", "1993A&A...267...75F", "1993AJ....106.1826H", "1993ApJ...410...44F", "1993IAUS..153..151R", "1993MNRAS.263..967C", "1994AJ....107..135B", "1994ApJ...421..491P", "1994ApJ...427..745F", "1994ApJS...91..749M", "1994MNRAS.266..282C", "1995ApJ...444..207P", "1995ApJ...444L..89B" ]
1947941
null
An Atlas of H(alpha) Emitting Regions in M33: A Systematic Search for SS433 Star Candidates
We report finding charts and accurate positions for 432 compact Hα emitting regions in the Local Group Galaxy M33 (NGC 598), in an effort to isolate candidates for an SS433-like stellar system. The objects were extracted from narrowband images, centered in the rest-frame Hα (λ6563 A) and in the red continuum at 6100A. The atlas is complete down to V ~ 20 and includes 279 compact H II regions and 153 line emitting point-like sources. The point-like sources undoubtedly include a variety of objects: very small H II regions, early type stars with intense stellar winds, and Wolf-Rayet stars, but should also contain objects with the characteristics of SS433. This extensive survey of compact Hα regions in M33 is a first step towards the identification of peculiar stellar systems like SS433 in external galaxies.
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11.213102
8.89323
1995-12-01
21
1995AJ....110.2739C
[ "compact Hα regions", "peculiar stellar systems", "regions", "intense stellar winds", "early type stars", "Galaxy M33", "objects", "279 compact H II regions", "accurate positions", "M33" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M33", "LOCAL GROUP", "BINARIES: ECLIPSING", "STARS: INDIVIDUAL: SS433" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117726" ]
[ "Calzetti, Daniela", "Kinney, Anne L.", "Ford, Holland", "Doggett, Jesse", "Long, Knox S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997PASP..109..927W", "1998IBVS.4595....1S", "1999A&AS..140..309F", "1999astro.ph..9067S", "2000ASPC..204...51S", "2000MNRAS.311..698S", "2002AJ....124.3179J", "2005A&A...437..217F", "2005ApJS..161..271G", "2006MNRAS.370.1429S", "2006MNRAS.371.1405H", "2007A&A...470..865M", "2007A&A...476.1161V", "2008ApJS..174..366P", "2009ApJ...696..729M", "2009MNRAS.396L..21V", "2010AstBu..65..140V", "2010AstBu..65..381V", "2017AJ....154..268M", "2017ApJ...842...97L", "2019MNRAS.484L..24S" ]
[ "1974A&A....37...33B", "1974ApJ...187..539C", "1979ApJ...233L..63M", "1980ApJ...242L..77K", "1980MNRAS.193..135M", "1980Natur.287..806S", "1983ApJ...268..228C", "1983ApJ...273..576M", "1984ARA&A..22..507M", "1984ApJ...281..313M", "1986ApJ...309..694S", "1987AJ.....94.1633E", "1987PASP...99..461H", "1987PASP...99..816M", "1989ApJ...347..448M", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJS...72...61L", "1991PASP..103..609V", "1993ApJ...418..743G", "1993ApJ...418L..67S", "1995ApJ...441..568S", "1995Natur.374..141T" ]
1971204
null
4C 39.24: discovery of a `giant' radio galaxy at z=1.88
The radio source 4C 39.24 (6C 0905+399) is shown to be the north-preceding lobe of a 111-arcsec FR II `classical double' with an unusual asymmetric structure. The core of the radio galaxy has been identified with a galaxy at z=1.883+/-0.003, giving a projected linear size of 4C 39.24 of D=(689+/-4) h^-1 kpc (assuming H_0=100 h km s ^-1 Mpc^-1 and Omega=0.04), making it the most distant `giant' radio galaxy known. We suggest that the `quad-like' structure seen in the north-preceding radio lobe is caused by the multiple imaging by gravitational lensing of a single hotspot.
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15.250627
5.85558
1995-12-01
24
1995MNRAS.277..995L
[ "km s ^-1", "gravitational lensing", "FR II", "4C", "the north-preceding radio lobe", "the radio galaxy", "^-1", "H_0=100", "Mpc^-1", "Omega=0.04" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.3.995" ]
[ "Law-Green, J. D. B.", "Eales, S. A.", "Leahy, J. P.", "Rawlings, S.", "Lacy, M." ]
[ "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YE, UK", "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1997ApJS..109....1C", "1997MNRAS.291..593E", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ASSL..226..239S", "1999ApJ...511..546T", "2001MNRAS.322..523R", "2001MNRAS.323..417A", "2004MNRAS.347L..79S", "2004MNRAS.355..845K", "2004PhDT.........6G", "2005AJ....130.1977H", "2006ApJ...644L..13B", "2008MNRAS.383..525K", "2008MNRAS.385L.125E", "2008MNRAS.386.1774E", "2009BASI...37...63S", "2010ApJ...725...36D", "2011AcA....61...71K", "2011MNRAS.417.1576M", "2012A&A...548A..45D", "2018ApJS..238....9K", "2020A&A...642A.153D", "2022ApJ...927..221G", "2022MNRAS.510.4504T" ]
[ "1972ApJ...173..485S", "1973A&AS...11..291C", "1978ApJ...221L..29B", "1980A&A....89..377C", "1982IAUS...97...21B", "1982IAUS...97..163S", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984ARA&A..22...97P", "1984ApJ...282L..55V", "1984ApJ...285L..35P", "1984MNRAS.210..929L", "1984Natur.308...43D", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985MNRAS.214...27E", "1986QJRAS..27..413T", "1986isra.book.....T", "1988ARA&A..26..561S", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988Natur.333..537H", "1989AJ.....97....1K", "1989AJ.....97..647P", "1989AJ.....97.1283L", "1989MNRAS.238...43K", "1990AJ.....99.1700K", "1990Natur.344...43L", "1991bja..book....1H", "1991bja..book..100L", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992MNRAS.254..655P", "1992MNRAS.258..647N", "1992MNRAS.259P...1P", "1993AJ....105..847L", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993MNRAS.260..908S", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1993MNRAS.264..721L", "1994A&AS..108...79R", "1994AJ....107..480C", "1994MNRAS.270..431L", "1995ApJ...451...76N", "1995MNRAS.274..939L" ]
1971104
null
Reconstructing Two-Integral Distribution Functions from Moments
I present a method for calculating distribution functions (DFs) of axisymmetric galaxy models which depend only on the two classical integrals of motion. It uses the higher-order Jeans equations to calculate the velocity moments of the model and reconstructs the DF from the moments as a Legendre series. Tests on models with known DFs indicate that the method generally works quite well, though it has problems coping with divergent DFs.
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9.977728
5.898772
1995-12-01
13
1995MNRAS.277.1185M
[ "axisymmetric galaxy models", "known DFs", "divergent DFs", "models", "DFs", "distribution functions", "Jeans", "problems", "DF", "Legendre" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.4.1185" ]
[ "Magorrian, J." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.279..673R", "1996MNRAS.282..909D", "1996MNRAS.283..381V", "1999ApJS..124..383C", "1999PASP..111..129M", "2002MNRAS.331..959V", "2007MNRAS.376...71D", "2012ASPC..453..147M", "2012MNRAS.422.1571M", "2013MNRAS.430.1928H", "2014RvMP...86...47C", "2015MNRAS.447..948C", "2016MNRAS.463..927T" ]
[ "1916MNRAS..76..572E", "1952AN....280..193F", "1962MNRAS.123..447L", "1965hmfw.book.....A", "1975AJ.....80..783H", "1979ApJ...232..236S", "1986PhR...133..217D", "1989ApJ...343..113D", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993MNRAS.262..401H", "1993MNRAS.265..250D", "1994MNRAS.268.1019D", "1994MNRAS.271..949M", "1995ApJ...446..194K", "1995MNRAS.274..919D" ]
1952526
null
Mergers, Accretions, and the Globular Cluster Mean Metallicity-Number per Unit Mass Relation
Elliptical galaxies are shown to fall off the relation between mean globular cluster metallicity and galaxy mass, as defined by dwarf, irregular, and spiral galaxies. This implies that globular clusters must have undergone a different enrichment history in elliptical galaxies than in other Hubble types. Considering a simple merger scenario, a natural relation is derived between mean cluster metallicity, &lt;Fe/H&gt;, and the number of clusters per unit of total galaxy mass, T (defined by Ashman &amp; Zepf in their recent work). In particular, the predicted location of spiral galaxy mergers in the &lt;Fe/H&gt; log (T) diagram falls in a region occupied exclusively by elliptical galaxies. Furthermore, the efficiency of globular cluster formation in mergers appears to be akin to that of globular clusters in the disk of the Milky Way. However, the number of clusters per unit mass in the Milky Way outer halo cannot be reconciled with the accretion of dwarf galaxy systems as the dominant mechanism for contributing globular clusters there.
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9.822185
8.12198
1995-12-01
10
1995ApJ...454..762P
[ "spiral galaxy mergers", "globular clusters", "globular cluster formation", "Elliptical galaxies", "elliptical galaxies", "dwarf galaxy systems", "total galaxy mass", "mean cluster metallicity", "mean globular cluster metallicity", "galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS", "GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176528" ]
[ "Perelmuter, Jean-Marc" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..954F", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996ApJ...467..126F", "1996MNRAS.281.1290B", "1997A&A...319...83K", "1997AJ....113.1483B", "1998A&ARv...8..237I", "1998AJ....115.2356C", "2001MNRAS.322..257F", "2003AN....324..242E" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1975ARA&A..13..217V", "1978A&A....63...37T", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1982A&A...111..193R", "1984ApJ...276..491H", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1986AJ.....92..580A", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1987ApJ...312....1H", "1988ApJ...335..720A", "1990AJ.....99.1823M", "1990QJRAS..31..153V", "1991A&A...246..349B", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...366...88A", "1991ApJ...370..495H", "1991ApJ...379..157B", "1992A&A...263...41L", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1993AJ....106.2281A", "1993ASPC...48..472H", "1993ASPC...48..776A", "1993MNRAS.265..755W", "1994ApJ...422L...9G", "1995AJ....109.1019S", "1995ApJ...442..579B", "1995ApJ...443..570Z" ]
1952473
null
Evidence for an Obscured Quasar in the Giant Radio Galaxy PKS 0634-205
We report on optical and near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the giant radio galaxy PKS 0634-205. The images longward of 2 microns reveal the presence of an extremely red compact source coincident with the nucleus, which is not detected at shorter wavelengths. The observed K - L color of this source, the [O III] λ5007 flux and the soft X-ray flux, are consistent with the spectral energy distribution of a typical quasar observed through a visual extinction A<SUB>v</SUB> ∼ 30 magnitudes. Our 2 microns spectrum shows strong narrow Paα, but has insufficient sensitivity and wavelength coverage to reveal broad Paα from the putative quasar at the predicted level.
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15.593888
6.516502
1995-12-01
12
1995ApJ...454..683S
[ "strong narrow Paα", "shorter wavelengths", "broad Paα", "the soft X-ray flux", "spectroscopy", "insufficient sensitivity and wavelength coverage", "Paα", "the giant radio galaxy", "the spectral energy distribution", "the putative quasar" ]
[ "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: PKS 0634-205", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176521" ]
[ "Simpson, Chris", "Ward, M. J.", "Wilson, A. S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.286...23B", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ApJ...495..196A", "1998MNRAS.297..579C", "1998MNRAS.297..936P", "1999ApJ...526...60S", "2000MNRAS.319..963S", "2005ASPC..343..457T", "2009MNRAS.399.2165R", "2016A&ARv..24...10T", "2016AstBu..71..139V", "2021MNRAS.500.3111B" ]
[ "1965AuJPh..18..627B", "1968ApJ...154L.101S", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1978MNRAS.184..341D", "1979ApJ...232..382F", "1981A&AS...45..367K", "1982ApJ...253..485P", "1983MNRAS.203..301H", "1984ApJ...278..499A", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1986ApJ...305...57T", "1987A&AS...71..465H", "1987ApJ...320..537B", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1987MNRAS.227..241A", "1987slrs.work..104S", "1988ApJ...324..809K", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989Natur.341..422T", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990Natur.344..132P", "1990eoci.book.....H", "1991ApJ...372L..67D", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992ApJ...395L..73S", "1992MNRAS.254...93M", "1992MNRAS.259..743L", "1993MNRAS.262..889S", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1994A&AS..108..461P", "1994ApJ...431L...1U", "1994MNRAS.266..953K", "1994MNRAS.270..431L", "1994MNRAS.271..247S", "1994MNRAS.271..250S" ]
1974456
null
Compact Groups of Galaxies
Compact groups of galaxies typically contain fewer than ten galaxies, separated from one another on the plane of the sky by a galaxy diameter or less. A continuing question about these groups is why we see so many of them even though galaxy interactions should quickly destroy the individual galaxies and result in a single merger remnant. The presence of tidally distorted galaxies in these groups implies that they are not simply projections of unrelated galaxies on the sky. Hickson compact groups (HCGs) form a well-defined sample that can be examined for clues to this puzzle. We used deep X-ray ($ROSAT$ PSPC) and optical observations of twelve Hickson groups to explore their interaction histories. Diffuse X-ray emission (of luminosity 10^41-42 erg s^-1 is seen primarily in elliptical-rich HCGs, implying that these groups contain gas at a temperature of kT ~0.9 keV. Total and gas masses obtained from the X-ray data show that these groups have baryon fractions similar to those of clusters of galaxies, but gas-to-stellar-mass ratios two orders of magnitude smaller. Deep, multicolor photometry of the same sample shows no correlation between the presence of tidal features in group galaxies and X-ray emission in a group; however, two bright ellipticals in the sample not previously thought to be merger remnants have peculiar color structures and extremely low X-ray luminosities which may result from mergers. HCG 94 is an exceptional group: extremely X-ray-luminous, it is the only group in our sample with diffuse optical light in the group potential (the other groups have an upper limit of 1/3 L*, while the light in HCG 94 has a luminosity of 7 L*). High-resolution X-ray observations show that the diffuse hot gas and the diffuse light trace the same potential in this group, implying that this potential is changing slowly. Galaxy-formation simulations in a cold-dark-matter-dominated universe create groups that have properties similar to X-ray-bright HCGs; however, the simulated groups are not physically compact for most of the time that they are X-ray-luminous. (SECTION: Dissertation Summary)
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11.840537
7.158013
1995-12-01
1
1995PASP..107.1259P
[ "group galaxies", "X-ray emission", "Diffuse X-ray emission", "Compact groups", "groups", "Hickson compact groups", "-", "ray", "galaxy interactions", "deep X" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133685" ]
[ "Pildis, Rachel" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2003ApJ...585..739W" ]
null
1971147
null
Distribution of galaxies around clusters: temperature and velocity dispersion dependence
We perform a cross-correlation analysis of galaxy counts on Lick maps and rich clusters of galaxies with measured temperatures T and velocity dispersions sigma. We find that galaxy density excesses up to ~20 Mpc from cluster centres are increasing linear functions on sigma and T with a statistically significant detection (&lt;~99.99 per cent confidence determined by the method of resampling). Adopting a power-law model for the cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function we find that the cross-correlation length r_0 obeys the simple relations: r_0=8.8 (sigma/970)^1/2.2 Mpc and r_0=8.8 (T/4.8)^1/2.2 Mpc, where sigma is in km s^-1 and T in keV.
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12.230945
4.31968
1995-12-01
1
1995MNRAS.277..896V
[ "galaxy counts", "rich clusters", "cluster centres", "galaxies", "linear functions", "sigma/970)^1/2.2 Mpc", "measured temperatures", "the cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function", "sigma", "the cross-correlation length" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/277.3.896" ]
[ "Valotto, Carlos A.", "Lambas, Diego G." ]
[ "Grupo de Investigaciones en Astronomia Teorica y Experimental (IATE)-Observatorio Astronomico de Cordoba, Laprida 854, 5000 Cordoba, Arentina", "Grupo de Investigaciones en Astronomia Teorica y Experimental (IATE)-Observatorio Astronomico de Cordoba, Laprida 854, 5000 Cordoba, Arentina" ]
[ "1998ApJ...497...32M" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1977ApJ...215..703S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...287L..55G", "1986ApJ...304..585D", "1986ApJ...310..499G", "1986ApJ...310..507G", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991ApJS...77..363S", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1994MNRAS.267..390C" ]
11607174
astro-ph/9509122
Analytical models for galactic nuclei
I present a general family of dynamical models with simple analytical potential-density pairs suited to modelling galactic bulges and nuclei with double power-law radial density profiles and an optional central black hole. Analytical expressions for the potential and velocity dispersion of these models are given for the spherical case. Many previously known analytical spherical models, including the recent gamma/eta-models by Dehnen and Tremaine et al., are special cases of this family. The family also forms a complete set for constructing general galaxy models or solving Poisson's equation in the non-spherical case. In particular, a generalized Clutton-Brock and Hernquist-Ostriker orthogonal basis set is given.
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10.032121
5.587526
1996-01-01
540
1996MNRAS.278..488Z
[ "general galaxy models", "dynamical models", "Analytical expressions", "Many previously known analytical spherical models", "special cases", "galactic bulges", "simple analytical potential-density pairs", "double power-law radial density profiles", "the non-spherical case", "Hernquist" ]
[ "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "Astrophysics" ]
19
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.2.488", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509122" ]
[ "Zhao, Hongsheng" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
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[ "1982ApJ...263..599S", "1983MNRAS.202..995J", "1984A&A...133..225D", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1985MNRAS.216..599D", "1988ApJ...324..701D", "1988MNRAS.233..611S", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1992ApJ...386..375H", "1993AJ....106.1436L", "1993MNRAS.262.1062S", "1993MNRAS.265..250D", "1994AJ....107..634T", "1994AJ....108.1598F", "1994MNRAS.268.1019D", "1995ApJ...440..554Q", "1995ApJ...445..716D", "1995ApJ...446..717H", "1995MNRAS.274..602Q" ]
11607123
astro-ph/9503095
N-body simulations of the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Magellanic Stream
An extensive set of N-body simulations has been carried out on the gravitational interaction of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The SMC is assumed to have been a barred galaxy with a disc-to-halo mass ratio of unity before interaction and was modelled by a large number of self-gravitating particles, whereas the Galaxy and LMC have been represented by rigid spherical potentials. Our more advanced numerical treatment has enabled us to obtain the most integrated and systematic understanding to date of numerous morphological and kinematical features observed in the Magellanic system (excluding the LMC), which have been dealt with more or less separately in previous studies. The best model we have found succeeded in reproducing the Magellanic Stream (MS) as a tidal plume created by the SMC-LMC-Galaxy close encounter 1.5 Gyr ago. At the same time, we see the formation of a leading counterpart to the Magellanic Stream (the leading arm), on the opposite side of the Magellanic Clouds to the Stream, which mimics the overall distribution of several neutral hydrogen clumps observed in the corresponding region of the sky. A close encounter with the LMC 0.2 Gyr ago created another tidal tail and bridge system, which constitutes the interCloud region in our model. The elongation of the SMC bar along the line-of-sight direction suggested by Cepheid observations has been partially reproduced, alongside its projected appearance on the sky. The model successfully explains some major trends in the kinematics of young populations in the SMC bar and older populations in the `halo' of the SMC, as well as the overall velocity pattern for the gas, young stars, and carbon stars in the interCloud region.
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10.754822
8.757902
1996-01-01
324
1996MNRAS.278..191G
[ "Magellanic", "SMC", "LMC", "young stars", "young populations", "several neutral hydrogen clumps", "Stream", "Galaxy", "carbon stars", "Cepheid observations" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.1.191", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503095" ]
[ "Gardiner, Lance T.", "Noguchi, Masafumi" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Sun Moon University, Tangjeongmyeon, Asankun, Chung-nam, Republic of Korea, 337-840", "Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-77, Japan" ]
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11601226
astro-ph/9505068
The Mass of the Milky Way
We use the Jaffe model as a global mass distribution for the Galaxy and determine the circular velocity υ<SUB>c</SUB> and the Jaffe radius r<SUB>j</SUB> using the satellites of the Galaxy, estimates of the local escape velocity of stars, the constraints imposed by the known rotation curve of the disk, and the Local Group timing model. The models include the systematic uncertainties in the isotropy of the satellite orbits, the form of the stellar distribution function near the escape velocity, and the ellipticity of the M31/Galaxy orbit. If we include the Local Group timing constraint, then Leo I is bound, υ<SUB>c</SUB> = 220±30km s<SUP>-1</SUP>, and r<SUB>j</SUB> = 200 kpc (115 kpc ≲ r<SUB>j</SUB> ≲ 360 kpc) at 90% confidence. The satellite orbits are nearly isotropic with β = 1 -σ<SUP>2</SUP>/<SUB>θ</SUB>/σ<SUP>2</SUP><SUB>r</SUB> = 0.2 (-0.5 ≲ β ≲ 0.6), and the stellar distribution function near the escape velocity is f(ɛ) ∝ ɛ<SUB>k</SUB> with k<SUB>r</SUB> = 4.4 (1.6 ≲ k<SUB>r</SUB> ≲ 8.5), where k<SUB>r</SUB> = k + 5/2. While not an accurate measurement of k, it is consistent with models of violent relaxation (k = 3/2). The mass inside 50 kpc is (4.9±1.1) × 10<SUP>11</SUP> M<SUB>sun</SUB>. Higher mass models require that M31 is on its second orbit and that the halo is larger than the classical tidal limit of the Galaxy/M31 binary system. Such models must have a significant fraction of the Local Group mass in an extended Local Group halo. Lower mass models require that both M31 and Leo I are unbound, but there is no plausible mechanism to produce observed deviations of M31 and Leo I from their expected velocities in an unbound system. If we do not use the Local Group timing model, the median mass of the Galaxy increases significantly, and the error bars broaden. Using only the satellite, escape velocity, and disk rotation curve constraints, the median mass interior to 50 kpc is 3.9 (5.1), and the 90% confidence interval is 3.2-5.5 (4.0-6.4) without (with) Leo I in units of 10<SUP>11</SUP> M<SUB>sun</SUB>. The lower bound without Leo I is 65% of the mass expected for a continuation of a flat rotation curve.
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10.226838
6.774774
1996-01-01
246
1996ApJ...457..228K
[ "Higher mass models", "Lower mass models", "SUB", "Such models", "models", "Local Group", "velocity", "Galaxy", "M31", "Leo" ]
[ "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXY: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: LOCAL GROUP", "GALAXY: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176724", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505068" ]
[ "Kochanek, Christopher S." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, MS-51, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1995astro.ph..8098S", "1996ApJ...459..432E", "1996ApJ...470..493D", "1996PASJ...48..479K", "1996PhR...267..195J", "1996PhRvD..53.4138G", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997A&A...321L..43B", "1997ASPC..117..242F", "1997ASPC..127...91C", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997ApJ...480..470O", "1997ApJ...483...77O", "1997PhRvD..55.4566S", "1997astro.ph..7189W", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1998A&A...330..937M", "1998A&A...339..745K", "1998AJ....115.1500K", "1998AJ....116.2315M", "1998APh.....9..137B", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ASPC..136..260D", "1998ASPC..136..391K", "1998ASPC..147...59H", "1998ApJ...494..183M", "1998ApJ...500L.149Z", "1998ApJ...502L..29G", "1998CeMDA..72..157B", "1998IAUS..179..209B", "1998MNRAS.294..429D", "1998MNRAS.299..499W", "1998astro.ph..2258S", "1999A&A...351..775G", "1999AJ....118..911M", "1999ASPC..165...34Z", "1999ASPC..165..453K", "1999ASPC..182..371W", "1999ASPC..182..393S", "1999ASPC..194...15J", "1999Ap&SS.265..123S", "1999ApJ...512L.109J", "1999ApJ...522..793S", 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"2006MNRAS.365..902M", "2006MNRAS.369.1688D", "2006PhRvD..74b3514F", "2006evn..confE..24B", "2006gr.qc.....7029F", "2007ApJ...657..241K", "2007ApJ...668..949B", "2007MNRAS.379..755S", "2007MNRAS.379.1475S", "2007MNRAS.382.1901S", "2007PhRvD..76d2007E", "2007ggnu.conf....3G", "2008A&A...485..457O", "2008ApJ...675..201M", "2008ApJ...678..187V", "2008ApJ...679.1239W", "2008ApJ...684.1143X", "2008IAUS..248..474B", "2008JHEP...09..047P", "2008MNRAS.383..646N", "2008MNRAS.384.1459L", "2008MNRAS.388..815W", "2008MPLA...23.2011M", "2008MPLA...23.2125B", "2008PhLB..665...50P", "2008PhRvD..77a5002B", "2008PhRvD..77b5025P", "2008PhRvD..78d3529F", "2008PhRvD..78h3520B", "2008pahh.book..319M", "2009AJ....138...76V", "2009ASPC..403...71A", "2009ApJ...697.2015S", "2009ApJ...700..924K", "2009ApJ...706..113N", "2009MNRAS.400.1472L", "2009PASJ...61..153S", "2010AJ....139...59B", "2010ApJ...709..733Z", "2010ApJ...711.1157B", "2010ApJ...720L.108G", "2010IJTP...49.1004H", "2010JHEP...11..065B", 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[ "1959ApJ...130..705K", "1963MNRAS.126..553M", "1977MNRAS.180...71D", "1977MNRAS.181...37L", "1978ApJ...221..512H", "1980ApJ...238L..13L", "1980PASJ...32..581M", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982MNRAS.198..707L", "1982MNRAS.199...67E", "1983MNRAS.202..995J", "1983MNRAS.204P..87L", "1985ApJ...297..309P", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986ApJ...302L..45O", "1986PhR...133..217D", "1987AJ.....93..116C", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987IAUS..127..367T", "1987IAUS..127..511J", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....96..560C", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...342..272F", "1989ApJ...345..108P", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989MNRAS.238.1319T", "1990AJ.....99..229S", "1990AJ.....99..590C", "1990ApJ...353..486L", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ApJ...376....1K", "1991ApJ...380..104N", "1991PASP..103.1053V", "1992AJ....104..154D", "1992ApJ...394....1W", "1992MNRAS.255..105K", "1993ARA&A..31..345R", "1993ASPC...49..141C", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...409...75M", "1994AJ....107.1333J", "1994AJ....107.1730P", "1994AJ....107.2055B", "1994AJ....107.2240C", "1994ApJ...435..599Z", "1994IAUS..161..535S", "1994MNRAS.269..696L", "1994MNRAS.270..209M", "1994Natur.370..441S", "1995ApJ...439..652L" ]
11601089
astro-ph/9510062
A Catalog of Digital Images of 113 Nearby Galaxies
We present a digital catalog of images of 113 galaxies in this paper. These galaxies are all nearby, bright, large, and well resolved. All images were recorded with charge coupled devices (CCDs) at the Palomar Observatory with the 1.5 m telescope and at the Lowell Observatory with the 1.1 m telescope. At Palomar we used the Thuan-Gunn g,r, and i photometric bands [Thuan &amp; Gunn, PASP, 88,543(1976)] to take 3 images each of 31 spiral galaxies; at Lowell we used the B_J_ and R bands (2 images per galaxy) of the photometric system by Gullixson et al. [ApJS, 99, 281(1995)] to observe 82 spirals and ellipticals. The galaxies were selected to span the Hubble classification classes. All data are photometrically calibrated with foreground stars removed. Important data on these galaxies published in the Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991) are recorded in the FITS file headers. All files are available through www at http://astro.princeton.edu/~frei/galaxy-catalog.html, and Princeton University Press will soon publish the data on CD-ROM.
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11.338973
6.793876
1996-01-01
185
1996AJ....111..174F
[ "galaxy", "images", "R bands", "Princeton University Press", "Gullixson et al", "Important data", "charge coupled devices", "Bright Galaxies", "foreground stars", "Gunn" ]
[ "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117771", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510062" ]
[ "Frei, Z.", "Guhathakurta, P.", "Gunn, J. E.", "Tyson, J. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996ASPC..103..103H", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996PASP..108..624F", "1997AJ....114..946M", "1997AJ....114.2219O", "1997ARep...41..567S", "1997ASSL..210..239M", "1997ApJ...483..582E", "1998AJ....116..549O", "1998ASPC..136..193B", "1998ApJ...499..112B", "1998ApJ...500...75L", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998ApJ...507L..17T", "1998IAUS..184...73C", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998astro.ph..2036A", "1998astro.ph..9131A", "1998astro.ph.10395B", "1999A&A...345...81C", "1999AJ....117..826S", "1999ASPC..191..332W", "1999ASPC..193..171I", "1999Ap&SS.269..183B", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999Ap&SS.269..339T", "1999Ap&SS.269..577F", "1999Ap&SS.269..585C", "1999Ap&SS.269..649F", "1999ApJ...518...69M", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "1999MNRAS.308..569A", "2000A&A...354L..21C", "2000A&A...356..827V", "2000A&A...360..447T", "2000AJ....119.2645B", "2000AJ....120.2835A", "2000ASPC..197...39M", "2000ApJ...534..670T", "2000ApJ...536..239L", "2000ApJ...536L..73C", "2000ApJ...542..673F", "2000RMxAC...9...51T", "2000astro.ph..6361T", "2001A&A...369..421B", "2001AJ....121.1473B", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001ApJ...549L..43T", "2001ApJ...550L..35B", "2001ApJ...551...23C", "2001ApJ...562..164K", "2001ApJ...563L..11G", "2001ApSSS.277..417F", "2001JKAS...34...59S", "2001defi.conf...91C", "2002A&A...385....1S", "2002A&A...388..461A", "2002A&A...390..863S", "2002AJ....123.2246C", "2002AJ....123.2913V", "2002ARep...46..704G", "2002ASPC..275..175M", "2002ASPC..275..448H", "2002Ap&SS.282..161S", "2002ApJ...568..539O", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002ApJ...575..826S", "2002ApJS..143...73E", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2002AstL...28..207S", "2002AstL...28..755M", "2002MNRAS.333..633A", "2002MNRAS.336.1281W", "2002PASJ...54...33H", "2002RSPTA.360.2711B", "2003A&A...405.1163L", "2003AJ....125.1236D", "2003AJ....126.2707S", "2003ApJ...586..143K", "2003ApJ...588..218A", "2003ApJ...591..185S", "2003ApJ...596L...5C", "2003ApJS..145..259H", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2003PASJ...55...75S", "2004A&A...415..849B", "2004A&A...415..941E", "2004A&A...416..507C", "2004A&A...421..433M", "2004A&A...421..595G", "2004A&A...421..847Z", "2004AJ....127..131S", "2004AJ....127.1386C", "2004AJ....127.2484H", "2004AJ....127.2641S", "2004AJ....128..163L", "2004ARA&A..42..603K", "2004ASPC..314..613Y", "2004ASSL..301...71L", "2004Ap&SS.291..163H", "2004ApJ...604L...9R", "2004ApJ...605..183W", "2004ApJ...617.1004W", "2005A&A...430...67F", "2005A&A...434...77L", "2005A&A...435..507Z", "2005AJ....129..682H", "2005AJ....130.2043P", "2005ApJ...620..564C", "2005ApJ...628..678D", "2005MNRAS.358.1423O", "2005MNRAS.358.1453O", "2005MNRAS.364..283E", "2006A&A...458..385C", "2006AJ....132...71H", "2006Ap&SS.302....7H", "2006ApJ...636..582P", "2006MNRAS.368..211Y", "2006astro.ph.11644S", "2007A&A...468..937H", "2007AJ....133.2846R", "2007AJ....134.2286H", "2007ASPC..380..467L", "2007ApJ...655...77G", "2007ApJ...666..212D", "2007ApJ...666..747B", "2007ApJS..172..406S", "2007MNRAS.380..571L", "2007NCimB.122.1147M", "2008A&A...487..485H", "2008AJ....135...20E", "2008AJ....135.1766Z", "2008AJ....136..773F", "2008AJ....136.2115H", "2008Ap&SS.313..373H", "2008ApJ...672..177L", "2008ApJ...677..186R", "2008ApJ...688..945Y", "2008MNRAS.390..881D", "2009AJ....138..941T", "2009ApJ...693..617H", "2009ApJ...697..630F", "2009ApJ...697.1764S", "2009MNRAS.400.1706A", "2010AJ....140..870B", "2010ApJ...719.1969B", "2010ApJS..186..427N", "2010MNRAS.403..646N", "2010MNRAS.407..163F", "2010MNRAS.409.1379V", "2011ApJS..197...21H", "2011MNRAS.416.2401H", "2011MNRAS.417.2770C", "2011MNRAS.418..258B", "2011MNRAS.418..801H", "2011PhDT.......226B", "2012ApJS..199....4R", "2012MNRAS.419.1153P", "2013A&A...553A..91F", "2013A&A...556A.102K", "2013AJ....146...11R", "2013ApJ...774...47L", "2013MNRAS.431.2661C", "2013MNRAS.433.1185M", "2013MNRAS.436..921T", "2014AJ....147...27V", "2014ApJ...781...12H", "2015A&A...576A..51G", "2017A&A...598A.120K", "2017A&A...601A.132G", "2017PatRe..69..141Z", "2018A&A...615A..46M", "2018AJ....155..168L", "2018MNRAS.473.2701D", "2018MNRAS.475..827M", "2018arXiv180302374A", "2019MNRAS.482.2823P", "2020ApJ...891...93F", "2021ApJ...916....4T", "2021ApJ...923..146G", "2021MNRAS.500.2359Z", "2022MeScT..33a7001Z", "2024MNRAS.529..499L" ]
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11600440
astro-ph/9503096
Cluster lens reconstruction using only observed local data: an improved finite-field inversion technique.
Gravitational light deflection can distort the images of distant sources by its tidal effects. The population of faint blue galaxies is at sufficiently high redshift so that their images are distorted near foreground clusters, with giant luminous arcs being the most spectacular evidence for this effect. Much weaker distortions, however, can observationally be detected by a statistical analysis of the numerous faint galaxy images, as first demonstrated by Tyson, Valdes &amp; Wenk. This distortion effect can be used as a quantitative tool for the reconstruction of the surface mass density of galaxy clusters with appropriate redshifts, as was demonstrated by Kaiser &amp; Squires. They have derived an explicit equation for this surface mass density in terms of its tidal field. The reconstruction formula by Kaiser &amp; Squires must be modified because of two effects: in its original form it applies only to weak lenses, and hence must be generalized to account for stronger lensing effects. Second, due to the nature of the inversion formula, it produces boundary artefacts (or biases) if applied to real data which are confined to a finite field on the sky. We discuss several possibilities to obtain inversion formulae which are exact for ideal data on a finite data field (CCD). We demonstrate that there exists an infinite number of such finite-field inversion formulae, which differ in their sensitivity to observational effects (such as noise, intrinsic ellipticities of the sources, etc.). We show that, using two simple conditions, one can uniquely specify a finite-field formula which in a well-defined sense minimizes the sensitivity to observational effects. We then use synthetic data to compare the quality of our new reconstruction method with that of previous finite-field inversion techniques and of the nonlinear generalization of the Kaiser &amp; Squires method. This analysis demonstrates that our new inversion method is superior to the other previously considered finite-field inversions, and only slightly more noisy than the Kaiser &amp; Squires inversion, but in contrast to the latter, it lacks the boundary artefacts. We shall discuss that the lack of boundary artefacts and the slightly increased noise have the same origin, and that every finite-field reconstruction must be more noisy than that obtained from the Kaiser &amp; Squires method. Furthermore, the rms deviations of the reconstructed density field from the input surface mass density are fairly homogeneously distributed over the field. We therefore conclude that the new method developed here is the best inversion formula yet found.
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12.492378
3.88955
1996-01-01
102
1996A&A...305..383S
[ "Squires inversion", "inversion formulae", "such finite-field inversion formulae", "observational effects", "previous finite-field inversion techniques", "stronger lensing effects", "galaxy clusters", "boundary artefacts", "faint blue galaxies", "amp" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS OF", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503096" ]
[ "Seitz, S.", "Schneider, P." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...314..707S", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...473...65S", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996MNRAS.282..501W", "1996MNRAS.283..431B", "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...318..687S", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ApJ...477L...5C", "1997ApJ...484...70F", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..3103S", "1997gsr..proc...73G", "1998A&A...335....1L", "1998A&A...337..325S", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998ApJ...506...64S", "1998ESASP.429...89S", "1998IAUS..179..241S", "1998LRR.....1...12W", "1998MNRAS.295..497G", "1998MNRAS.296..763K", "1998MNRAS.299..895B", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999A&A...342..337L", "1999A&A...345....1R", "1999A&A...348...38L", "1999A&A...351..815R", "1999A&AS..136..117L", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ASIC..541..179B", "1999ASIC..541..211M", "1999ASPC..176..182L", "1999ApJ...524....9B", "1999MNRAS.302..118G", "1999MNRAS.309..610D", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "2000A&A...353...41S", "2000A&A...363..401L", "2000ApJ...539L...5U", "2000MNRAS.313..524V", "2000MNRAS.318..573G", "2000pras.conf..203S", "2001A&A...374..740S", "2001A&A...379..384C", "2001ASPC..237..323L", "2001ApJ...560L...9S", "2001NewAR..45..379B", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001cpgl.conf..109K", "2002A&A...382..769L", "2002A&A...389..729S", "2002A&A...395..385C", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003MNRAS.344..789B", "2004A&A...420...75S", "2005ApJ...623...42L", "2005ApJ...624...59H", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2006A&A...451..395C", "2006astro.ph..7542W", "2007MNRAS.375..958D", "2008ARNPS..58...99H", "2008PhRvD..78l3530B", "2009A&A...499...31H", "2010ApJ...721..124D", "2010ApJ...723.1507P", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2010ISPM...27...76P", "2010MNRAS.401.2257M", "2010MNRAS.406..434M", "2011A&A...533A..48S", "2011A&ARv..19...47K", "2011MNRAS.412.1023H", "2011MNRAS.416.1392G", "2012A&A...540A..34D", "2012A&A...546A..79I", "2012MNRAS.423.3405L", "2012PhDT........54V", "2013MNRAS.432.1046B", "2013SSRv..177...75H", "2014MNRAS.437.3969J", "2014MNRAS.442.1507G", "2014RAA....14.1061F", "2015RPPh...78h6901K", "2016A&A...591A...2L", "2016Univ....2....6D", "2018A&A...610A..85S", "2018MNRAS.480.5529G", "2019MNRAS.488.1704K", "2020A&A...638A.141P", "2020A&ARv..28....7U", "2020GReGr..52...28N", "2021ApJ...923..266H", "2023A&A...672A.185L", "2023A&A...675A.120E", "2024arXiv240415402V", "2024arXiv240518930N" ]
[ "1985MNRAS.213..871W", "1989ApJ...344..637G", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1994A&ARv...5..239F", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994ApJ...437...63C", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1994MNRAS.271...31M", "1995A&A...294..411S", "1995ApJ...438...49B", "1995ApJ...439L...1K", "1995ApJ...454L...1K" ]
11601261
astro-ph/9510151
Analysis of Galaxy Morphology and Evolution Using the Pointwise Dimension
In this paper we explore the application of the pointwise dimension (PD) analysis as a large-scale structure descriptor to the Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies (RC3). This technique, which originated in the field of fractal geometry (Mandelbrot 1983) and found many applications in nonlinear dynamics, is particularly illuminating in the study of correlations between morphology and environment. To our knowledge the technique is being applied for the first time to the study of galaxy morphology and evolution. The PD is the slope of the curve representing the number of galaxies within some radius, determined separately for each galaxy in the catalog. Thus the distributions of PDs can be compared for subsamples based on morphological type or luminosity. The conclusions of this analysis of RC3 are as follows: (1) The PD elucidates the tendency for early-type galaxies to cluster more than late-type galaxies; however, there is considerable overlap between these populations. (2) The PD statistic does not find a significant relationship between luminosity and clustering in RC3, but it could be an effective diagnostic in larger two-dimensional catalogs. (3) The majority of galaxies in RC3 (excluding clusters) are spread out in space much like a random distribution. A population of objects that traces the distribution of galaxies, but avoids clusters, would have only small correlations. It is worthwhile to pursue application of the PD to larger catalogs with a wider range of luminosities.
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11.666202
3.450879
1996-01-01
3
1996ApJ...456...55B
[ "galaxy morphology", "galaxies", "larger catalogs", "many applications", "RC3", "morphological type", "application", "early-type galaxies", "late-type galaxies", "fractal geometry" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176626", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510151" ]
[ "Best, Jason S.", "Charlton, Jane C.", "Mayer-Kress, Gottfried" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1999ApJ...520..507B", "2006A&A...456...37P", "2015arXiv151201204L" ]
[ "1931ApJ....74...43H", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983PhRvL..50..346G", "1983whf..book.....M", "1987PhyA..144..257P", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988ApJ...330..519Z", "1988lsmu.book...31H", "1989PhyD...37..104E", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1993ASSL..188..327H", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...413...48K", "1993MNRAS.260..365M", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993ppc..book.....P" ]
1990197
null
Luminous Infrared Galaxies
At luminosities above 1011 luminosity of sun), infrared galaxies become the dominant population of extragalactic objects in the local Universe (z {approximately less than} 0.3), being more numerous than optically selected starburst and Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable bolometric luminosity. The trigger for the intense infrared emission appears to be the strong interaction/merger of molecular gas-rich spirals, and the bulk of the infrared luminosity for all but the most luminous objects is due to dust heating from an intense starburst within giant molecular clouds. At the highest luminosities (Lir {greater than} 1012 luminosity of sun ), nearly all objects appear to be advanced mergers powered by a mixture of circumnuclear starburst and active galactic nucleus energy sources, both of which are fueled by an enormous concentration of molecular gas that has been funneled into the merger nucleus. These ultraluminous infrared galaxies may represent an important stage in the formation of quasi-stellar objects and powerful radio galaxies. They may also represent a primary stage in the formation of elliptical galaxy cores, the formation of globular clusters, and the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
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13.543645
7.568112
1996-01-01
2,530
1996ARA&A..34..749S
[ "quasi-stellar objects", "infrared galaxies", "extragalactic objects", "elliptical galaxy cores", "molecular gas", "powerful radio galaxies", "comparable bolometric luminosity", "luminosities", "giant molecular clouds", "advanced mergers" ]
[ "None" ]
45
[ "10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749" ]
[ "Sanders, D. B.", "Mirabel, I. F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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2009526
null
Magnetic spiral arms in the galaxy NGC6946
MAGNETIC fields pervade spiral galaxies<SUP>1</SUP>-at least all those searched so far; these fields have a substantial energy density, and hence could play an important role in galaxy evolution. Dynamo theory has been used for many years to explain the presence and overall structure of galactic magnetic fields, through the amplification of a weak seed field<SUP>2,3</SUP>. Here we report the observation of two 'magnetic spiral arms' in the nearby galaxy NGC6946, lying between the optical spiral arms. This is surprising because dynamo action is thought to be related to star formation activity<SUP>4</SUP>, which is concentrated within or in the leading edges of the optical spiral arms. The magnetic spiral arms are about 500-1,000 parsecs wide and more than 12 kiloparsecs long, and have greater symmetry than the optical arms. This organized structure probably reflects the signature of some global mechanism relating to magnetic field generation, but no current theory-in particular dynamo theory in its present form-is able to explain this phenomenon.
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12.88067
9.437745
1996-01-01
148
1996Natur.379...47B
[ "galactic magnetic fields", "magnetic field generation", "pervade spiral galaxies", "galaxy evolution", "Dynamo theory", "overall structure", "The magnetic spiral arms", "star formation activity", "dynamo action", "particular dynamo" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1038/379047a0" ]
[ "Beck, R.", "Hoernes, P." ]
[ "Max-Planck-lnstitut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany", "Max-Planck-lnstitut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany" ]
[ "1996A&A...312..409S", "1996A&A...315L.153L", "1996ARA&A..34..155B", "1996ASPC...97..475B", "1996Natur.379...20Z", "1996Natur.383..758Z", "1996Natur.383..800F", "1997A&A...318..700B", "1997A&A...321.1007H", "1997A&A...322...98H", "1997A&A...323...56O", "1997A&A...326..465U", "1997A&A...327..813H", "1997ASPC..121..797S", "1997ApJ...477L..25W", "1997CNSNS...2...59L", "1997MNRAS.291...91F", "1997MPLA...12.1069P", "1997Natur.385..131Z", "1998A&A...329..911R", "1998A&A...332...77H", "1998A&A...333...27R", "1998A&A...335..123F", "1998A&A...335..789K", "1998A&AS..129..329B", "1998ASPC..151..112L", "1998ApJ...493..102L", "1998ApJ...496L..17B", "1998MNRAS.297...84L", "1998MNRAS.297..860M", "1998MNRAS.299L..21S", "1998Natur.393..660G", "1999A&A...345..461S", "1999A&A...348..405H", "1999A&A...350..423R", "1999MNRAS.307..645F", "1999MNRAS.308L...1L", "1999NewA....4...33I", "2000A&A...355..128C", "2000A&A...356..757C", "2000A&A...357..129E", "2000MNRAS.315..646L", "2000MNRAS.318..925F", "2000PhRvD..61f3502G", "2000RSPTA.358..777B", "2001ApJ...552..189L", "2001MNRAS.327.1145F", "2001SSRv...99..243B", "2002A&A...384...48O", "2002A&A...385...32P", "2002A&A...388....7W", "2002A&A...388..446A", "2002A&A...391...83B", "2002ASPC..275..331B", "2002ApJ...567..289L", "2002ChJAA...2..293H", "2002MNRAS.329L..62L", "2002MNRAS.337..225L", "2002RvMP...74..775W", "2003A&A...404..233H", "2003A&A...405..513C", "2003AcASn..44S.123K", "2003ApJ...585..785U", "2003ApJ...598..982S", "2003MNRAS.341..909L", "2003astro.ph.10287B", "2004A&A...421..571H", "2004Ap&SS.289..293B", "2004MNRAS.350.1220L", "2004NewAR..48..763V", "2005A&A...441..491V", "2005MNRAS.356.1333S", "2005PhR...417....1B", "2006A&A...458..441P", "2006AN....327..512B", "2006Ap.....49..240A", "2007A&A...470..539B", "2007A&A...472..785T", "2007A&A...474..415C", "2007AN....328...92B", "2007ASPC..365..242H", "2007EAS....23...19B", "2008A&A...480...45S", "2008A&A...482..755C", "2008ApJ...673..915L", "2008ApJ...675..330S", "2008ApJ...682..127I", "2008MNRAS.383..497D", "2009ApJ...693....1O", "2009ApJ...693.1392S", "2009IAUS..259....3B", "2009IAUS..259..467E", "2009MNRAS.397..733K", "2009RMxAC..36...25K", "2009arXiv0901.1775B", "2010MNRAS.401.1013J", "2010amjs.conf...57B", "2011Ap.....54..177A", "2011IAUS..274..325B", "2011IAUS..274..376K", "2011MNRAS.412.2396F", "2011MNRAS.415.3189K", "2011NewAR..55...91V", "2012ApJ...751..124K", "2012AstL...38..543M", "2012EAS....56...51B", "2012MNRAS.423.3148S", "2013A&A...552A..19T", "2013A&A...556A.147M", "2013ApJ...765..114D", "2013ApJ...768..124B", "2013IAUS..294..213H", "2013MNRAS.428.3569C", "2013MNRAS.432..668L", "2013PPCF...55l4026K", "2014ApJ...786...41M", "2014AstL...40..398M", "2014MNRAS.437..562C", "2014MNRAS.437.1434T", "2015A&A...578A..93B", "2015ASTRP...2...39B", "2015BaltA..24..194M", "2015MNRAS.446L...6C", "2015aska.confE..92J", "2016A&A...585A...3W", "2016A&A...585A..21F", "2016ApJ...818L..10T", "2017ARA&A..55..111H", "2017MNRAS.469.4806H", "2017PhRvD..96l3525M", "2017hsa9.conf..257T", "2018MNRAS.481.1300C", "2018arXiv181007246C", "2019Galax...7...32N", "2019Galax...7...47S", "2019Galax...7...59K", "2019Galax...8....4B", "2020A&A...633A.144V", "2020IAUGA..30..291S", "2022A&A...658A..97D", "2022PhyU...65...62F", "2023ApJ...945...36K", "2023MNRAS.526.4690N", "2023arXiv230102655N", "2024ApJ...961....7G", "2024ApJ...961..238W", "2024ApJ...966...78C", "2024arXiv240507831M" ]
[ "1982A&A...108..176K", "1988Natur.336..341R", "1989A&A...208...32H", "1989A&A...217....4K", "1989ApJ...341..828K", "1989Natur.340..537S", "1991A&A...251...15B", "1992A&A...254...29L", "1992A&A...264..493L", "1992A&AS...94..587E", "1993A&A...270..416R", "1993A&A...273...45E", "1993ApJ...409..179M", "1994ApJ...434..523S" ]
2008396
null
A candidate optical Einstein ring
We present spectroscopic and imaging observations of a candidate optical Einstein ring. The deflector is a luminous early-type galaxy, M_B_T=-20.9+5logh (q_0=0.1), at redshift z=0.485. Superposed on the otherwise normal spectrum of the galaxy is a strong emission feature at 5588A. No other emission lines are evident over the wavelength range lambdalambda4456-7912A. Narrow-band imaging of the system at the emission-line wavelength reveals a semicircular arc, radius r=1.35 arcsec, centred on the peak of the galaxy surface brightness distribution. The properties of the system can be reproduced by a gravitational lens model in which the deflector has a constant mass-to-light ratio (corrected for evolution) of M/L_B_(0)~20h and the source is an intrinsically small, but resolved, object at high redshift, either at z=3.597 (if the line is Lyalpha lambda1216), or at z=2.607 (if the line is CIV lambda1549). Alternatives to the lensing explanation, in which the emission feature is associated with [OII] lambda3727, with a velocity difference of 2900 km s^-1 relative to the absorption-line redshift of the galaxy, appear to be extremely improbable. Unambiguous identification of the system as a gravitational lens requires the detection of a second emission line, and would confirm the system as the first Einstein ring to be discovered in the optical.
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13.390922
4.386435
1996-01-01
74
1996MNRAS.278..139W
[ "high redshift", "redshift z=0.485", "radius r=1.35 arcsec", "a second emission line", "No other emission lines", "a strong emission feature", "Lyalpha lambda1216", "the galaxy surface brightness distribution", "Einstein", "the emission-line wavelength" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.1.139" ]
[ "Warren, S. J.", "Hewett, P. C.", "Lewis, G. F.", "Møller, P.", "Iovino, A.", "Shaver, P. A." ]
[ "Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, I-20121 Milano, Italy", "European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281L..35W", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998MNRAS.299.1215W", "1999A&A...343L..35W", "1999MNRAS.305..849F", "1999PThPh.102.1037F", "2000AJ....120.1660H", "2001ASPC..237....1T", "2001MNRAS.321..629M", "2001MNRAS.326..759W", "2001PASA...18..192M", "2002A&ARv..10..263C", "2002ApJ...568..558F", "2002ApJ...575...87T", "2002IJMPA..17.2677F", "2002LNP...608....1C", "2002MNRAS.334..209M", "2003ASPC..289..449W", "2003ApJ...583..606K", "2003ApJ...587..143R", "2003ApJ...598..138K", "2003MNRAS.343..639O", "2004AJ....127.1860B", "2004IAUS..220..115D", "2004IAUS..220..159T", "2004INGN....8....6H", "2004cgpc.symp..177T", "2005A&A...436L..21C", "2005AJ....130.1967I", "2005ApJ...623...31D", "2005ApJ...623..666R", "2005ApJ...624L..21B", "2005ApJ...635...35K", "2005IAUS..225..237W", "2005MNRAS.360.1333W", "2005MNRAS.363.1369W", "2006ApJ...638..703B", "2006ApJ...643..260G", "2006ApJ...646L..45B", "2006ApJ...651....8B", "2006MNRAS.369.1521W", "2006MNRAS.372.1187W", "2007A&A...461..813C", "2007AJ....134.2385H", "2007ApJ...660L..31M", "2007ApJ...671L...9B", "2007NJPh....9..445C", "2008ApJ...677.1046G", "2008ApJ...682..964B", "2008ApJ...685...57D", "2009ApJ...692..694G", "2009ApJ...694..924M", "2010A&A...516L..12C", "2010ApJ...709..552C", "2011ApJ...726...84W", "2012A&A...540A..36C", "2012ApJ...744...41B", "2012ApJ...749...38M", "2012Msngr.149...33K", "2015ApJS..219...29M", "2015MNRAS.449.3441S", "2016MNRAS.456..870B", "2016MNRAS.461L..67B", "2017ApJ...850...94W", "2017PASA...34...14L", "2018MNRAS.477..195T", "2019A&A...625A..56M", "2019ApJ...872..185C", "2019MNRAS.482..313L", "2020MNRAS.499.3610C", "2020RAA....20....2C", "2021MNRAS.502.4617T", "2022ApJ...940....9L", "2023A&A...672A..87I" ]
[ "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1989AJ.....97.1283L", "1991MNRAS.251P..46T", "1992AJ....104..959R", "1992MNRAS.259...67A", "1992MNRAS.259P..31M", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...417..438K", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1993MNRAS.263..999T", "1994A&A...284...44S", "1994ApJS...90..179G", "1995ApJ...445..559K" ]
2008371
null
A stellar and gas dynamical numerical model of ring galaxies.
The formation and evolution of ring galaxies, produced by collisions between two galaxies, are investigated using a three-dimensional, combined N-body/hydrodynamical computer code. Specifically, the dependence of ring structure and temporal development is studied as a function of the mass ratio between the two colliding galaxies: a gas-rich disc galaxy and a gas-free spherical galaxy. The morphology, density, and velocity structures are given for both the stellar and gaseous components of the disc. A collision between two galaxies of equal mass is shown to be qualitatively different in many respects when compared with a collision involving galaxies of unequal mass.
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11.139114
7.51593
1996-01-01
41
1996MNRAS.278..345G
[ "ring galaxies", "galaxies", "ring structure", "equal mass", "velocity structures", "unequal mass", "temporal development", "collisions", "many respects", "a gas-rich disc galaxy" ]
[ "Ring Galaxies: Formation", "Ring Galaxies: Evolution", "Ring Galaxies: Interacting Galaxies", "Ring Galaxies: Stellar Dynamics", "Ring Galaxies: Gas Dynamics", "hydrodynamics -- galaxies: interactions -- galaxies: kinematics and dynamics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.2.345" ]
[ "Gerber, R. A.", "Lamb, S. A.", "Balsara, D. S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...469..138G", "1997ApJ...483..754S", "1997ApJS..113..269S", "1998ApJ...499..635B", "1998ApJ...499L.153L", "1999astro.ph.11186B", "2000ASPC..215..291L", "2000ApJ...540..170L", "2001ASPC..230..505L", "2001ASPC..240..161L", "2001ASPC..240..216H", "2001ApJ...551..651H", "2002AJ....123.1922D", "2003AJ....126.1763S", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2003Ap&SS.284..479L", "2003ApJ...591..154M", "2003MNRAS.341..343B", "2004AJ....128..137M", "2005AJ....129..125G", "2005Ap&SS.299..371G", "2005ApJ...620L..35M", "2006Ap&SS.306...99C", "2006Natur.443..832B", "2008AJ....136.1259R", "2009ApJ...693.1650B", "2012MNRAS.420.1158M", "2012MNRAS.425.2255F", "2014MNRAS.445.4438B", "2016ARep...60..116T", "2018ApJ...863...43W", "2018ApJ...864...72C", "2018MNRAS.473..585R", "2018MNRAS.476.5681E", "2018MNRAS.481.2951E", "2020NatAs...4..957Y", "2022ApJ...926..224G", "2022ApJ...931..121A", "2022MNRAS.515.1052W", "2023A&A...669A.103M", "2024MNRAS.528..620M" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1965ApJ...142..568F", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1969ApJ...158..123R", "1974A&A....33...73M", "1976ApJ...207..484W", "1976ApJ...208..650T", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1977AJ.....82.1013L", "1977ApJ...212..616T", "1977MNRAS.178..473F", "1977MNRAS.181..375G", "1978ApJ...224..796T", "1978IAUS...79..109T", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1980ApJ...235..421M", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1981MNRAS.197..461G", "1982JCoPh..46..429G", "1986ApJ...301...77S", "1986MNRAS.219..305N", "1986MNRAS.222..673F", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987ARA&A..25..151S", "1987ApJ...312..566A", "1987ApJ...318..103A", "1987ApJ...323..480S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...197...14H", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988ApJ...335...74B", "1988csup.book.....H", "1989ARA&A..27..555G", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990AJ.....99...71S", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990ApJ...358...99S", "1990ApJ...361..426O", "1992ARA&A..30..543M", "1992ApJ...387..152J", "1992ApJ...399...57M", "1992ApJ...399L..51G", "1992ApJ...400..476J", "1992ApJS...79..213B", "1993ApJ...411..108S", "1993MNRAS.261..804H", "1993PhDT.........2G", "1993PhDT.........2H", "1994AAS...185.7501G", "1994ApJ...431..604G", "1994ApJ...437..611M", "1995AJ....109.1002M" ]
2008385
null
Cooperation of orbital streams in disc galaxies
An orbit is said to cooperate with a potential well if it tends to deepen it by aligning with it. We derive analytical formulae that give the response of resonant orbits to non-axisymmetric perturbations. This makes it possible to quantify the level of cooperation in a given galaxy model. The qualitative response of orbits can be characterized by the sign of what we call the cooperation parameter. We discuss the relevance of our results for theories of the formation and maintenance of bars and lopsidedness.
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9.848775
7.679061
1996-01-01
20
1996MNRAS.278..395E
[ "resonant orbits", "orbits", "non-axisymmetric perturbations", "cooperation", "analytical formulae", "theories", "maintenance", "bars", "a given galaxy model", "lopsidedness" ]
[ "INSTABILITIES", "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.2.395" ]
[ "Earn, David J. D.", "Lynden-Bell, D." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1997ApJ...488..642J", "1997MNRAS.285...49C", "1999MNRAS.310..629S", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2001MNRAS.328.1064N", "2002A&A...391..471J", "2002ASPC..275..173Y", "2003PASJ...55..409Y", "2007MNRAS.382..419S", "2009PhR...471...75J", "2013MNRAS.434.1287S", "2013pss5.book..923S", "2014MNRAS.444..352S", "2015A&A...581A.139F", "2015MNRAS.449.1982F", "2016A&A...588A..42S", "2019MNRAS.487..711R", "2020ApJ...890..117D", "2023MNRAS.525.1520D", "2024arXiv240214907D" ]
[ "1956StoAn..19....7L", "1959AnAp...22..126H", "1963Obs....83...23L", "1972MNRAS.157....1L", "1973ApJ...179..395B", "1973PASA....2..174K", "1979MNRAS.187..101L", "1979PhDT.......103D", "1987MNRAS.224.1043P", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ASIC..306..159C", "1990MNRAS.244..111E", "1991msdm.book.....W", "1992rcd..book.....L", "1993PhDT........47E", "1994MNRAS.267..333E" ]
1987225
null
A Massive Z = 0.088 Supercluster and Tests of Starburst Galaxy Evolution at the North Ecliptic Pole
We present redshifts and luminosities for galaxies in a very deep IRAS field around the north ecliptic pole region (NEPR). The redshift data set consists of 76 sources drawn from co-added and point source filtered IRAS scans of the pole region with 60 microns flux densities bounded between 210 and 50 mJy. This is, therefore, the deepest flux-limited far-infrared sample yet assembled: it extends out to a median redshift of z = 0.080. The sample is strongly clustered in redshift space, with one very strong concentration at z = 0.088, and at least four weaker clusters. The observed portion of the z = 0.088 cluster has a surface density of galaxies more than three times as dense as the Great Wall. This is the deepest far-infrared selected sample yet to become available for tests of starburst galaxy evolution. We have compared the redshift distribution of a subsample to evolutionary models and find the data consistent with either mild (L ∝ [1 + z]<SUP>1-2</SUP>) luminosity evolution, mild (p ∝ [1 + z]<SUP>1-2</SUP>) comoving density evolution, or no evolution. It is difficult, however, to distinguish between true evolution and the effects of large-scale structure in a sample of this size.
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13.072961
7.236148
1996-01-01
33
1996ApJ...456..428A
[ "density evolution", "starburst galaxy evolution", "redshift space", "true evolution", "redshifts", "IRAS scans", "galaxies", "z", "evolutionary models", "IRAS" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176667" ]
[ "Ashby, M. L. N.", "Hacking, Perry B.", "Houck, J. R.", "Soifer, B. T.", "Weisstein, E. W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1997NCimC..20..657D", "1997Natur.390..257G", "1997astro.ph.12341H", "1998A&A...336..815B", "1998ApJ...501..597S", "1998ApJ...508..106D", "1998BASI...26..577G", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.297..117T", "1998PASP..110.1205G", "1999A&A...345...29P", "1999A&AS..134..221B", "1999PASP..111..288T", "1999PhDT.........5B", "2000A&A...359...51L", "2000A&A...363..851D", "2000A&AS..141..257A", "2000ApJ...541..134X", "2000MNRAS.319.1169E", "2000astro.ph..5354L", "2001ApJ...553L.115M", "2001IAUS..204..423S", "2001PASJ...53...37T", "2003MNRAS.343..107B", "2003MNRAS.343.1155R", "2005MNRAS.357..449R", "2006A&A...454..453D", "2007A&A...462...21M", "2008ASPC..396...77M", "2012A&A...538A..72B", "2013A&A...550A.133P", "2019PASJ...71...13P" ]
[ "1961CGCG..C......0Z", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1971phco.book.....P", "1982PASP...94..586O", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1984ApJ...284...44C", "1984ApJ...287..461C", "1987ARA&A..25..187S", "1987ApJ...316L..15H", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJS...63..311H", "1987PhDT.........1H", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989ApJ...339..712L", "1989ifss.book.....M", "1990ApJ...358...60L", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...367L..49H", "1991ApJ...369..273D", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992A&A...259L...9B", "1992AJ....104..980A", "1993AJ....105.1333L" ]
2008748
null
Further evidence for vertical magnetic fields in the galaxy NGC 891
An optical polarization map of NGC 891, an edge-on galaxy with similar properties to the Galaxy, confirms that there are vertical magnetic fields present in the bulge/halo above the inner part of the galactic disc. We find no evidence for large-scale magnetic fields in the central dust lane, or polarization created by scattering from dust grains within the dust lane and elsewhere in the galaxy.
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12.911879
9.272489
1996-01-01
15
1996MNRAS.278..519S
[ "vertical magnetic fields", "dust grains", "similar properties", "large-scale magnetic fields", "polarization", "the central dust lane", "halo", "NGC", "Galaxy", "the dust lane" ]
[ "POLARIZATION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 891", "GALAXIES: MAGNETIC FIELDS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.2.519" ]
[ "Scarrott, S. M.", "Draper, P. W." ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1997AJ....114.1393J", "1997AJ....114.1405W", "1997AJ....114.2463H", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998A&A...335..123F", "1998MNRAS.300.1006D", "1999ASPC..168..267D", "1999MNRAS.303...87A", "2004AJ....128..674R", "2013AJ....145...74C", "2014ApJ...786...41M", "2018ApJ...862...25J", "2018ApJ...862...87S", "2020AJ....160..167J", "2023AJ....165..223K" ]
[ "1951ApJ...114..206D", "1970MmRAS..74..139M", "1978A&A....62..397A", "1982ApJ...258...59J", "1983MNRAS.204.1163S", "1985PhDT.......132B", "1987MNRAS.224..299S", "1987MNRAS.227P...1H", "1988PhDT.........1D", "1989A&A...209....8M", "1990IAUS..140..242D", "1990IAUS..140..245S", "1991A&A...246...10H", "1991ApJ...374..507K", "1991ApJ...382..100S", "1991VA.....34..163S", "1992A&A...266...21G", "1993A&A...268...58L", "1994A&A...282..724R", "1994A&A...284..731C", "1994A&A...284..777G", "1994A&A...290..384D", "1994ApJ...420..570B", "1994RPPh...57..325K", "1995MNRAS.276..460W" ]
1987215
null
On the Star Formation Rate, Initial Mass Function, and Hubble Type of Disk Galaxies and the Age of the Universe
Evolutionary models for the disks of large disk galaxies, including effects of star formation, non-instantaneous gas recycling from stars, and infall of low-metallicity gas from the halo, have been calculated and compared with data for nearby, generally large disk galaxies on present disk star-formation rates (based on integrated Hα luminosities) as a function of disk gas fractions. The data were extracted from the work by Kennicutt, Tamblyn, &amp; Congdon. <P />The result of the comparison suggests that for disk galaxies the Hubble sequence is a disk age sequence, with early-type disks being the oldest and late types the youngest. Under the assumption of a minimum age of the Galactic disk of 10 Gyr, the mean age of Sa/Sab galaxies, and hence the age of the universe, is found to be at least 17±2 Gyr. It is furthermore found that the disk star-formation timescale is approximately independent of disk-galaxy type. <P />Finally, it is found that the global initial mass function (IMF) in galactic disks is 2-3 times more weighted toward high-mass stars than the Scalo "best-fitting" model for the solar-neighborhood IMF. The more top-heavy model of Kennicutt provides a good fit to observation.
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11.245917
6.619213
1996-01-01
19
1996ApJ...457..118S
[ "disk galaxies", "large disk galaxies", "disk gas fractions", "galactic disks", "star formation", "stars", "present disk star-formation rates", "non-instantaneous gas recycling", "disk-galaxy type", "a disk age sequence" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176716" ]
[ "Sommer-Larsen, Jesper" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...472...25H", "1997A&A...323..363M", "1997A&A...325..893E", "1997ApJ...475..519M", "1997ApJ...483..228T", "1997ApJ...486..944E", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997SSRv...79..793T", "1998ApJ...497..650D", "1999ASPC..187..145E", "1999ApJ...519..501S", "2000ApJ...540..217T", "2001ApJ...552..591H", "2003ApJ...596...47S", "2004A&A...420..475S", "2004ApJ...604..579P", "2004MNRAS.347..691P", "2004MNRAS.350..351C", "2011arXiv1107.4561P" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972ApJ...176L...9Q", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1989ApJ...339..700W", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989epg..conf..201P", "1991MNRAS.249..368S", "1991MNRAS.250..356S", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993MNRAS.262..350S", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...425...14S", "1994ApJ...430...53P", "1994ApJ...430..163D", "1994ApJ...435...22K" ]
1987772
null
A 21 Centimeter Absorber Identified with a Spiral Galaxy: Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph and Wide-Field Camera Observations of 3CR 196
We present imaging and spectroscopy of the quasar 3CR 196 (z<SUB>e</SUB> = 0.871), which has 21 cm and optical absorption at z<SUB>a</SUB> = 0.437. <P />We observed the region of Lyα absorption in 3CR 196 at z<SUB>a</SUB> = 0.437 with the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. This region of the spectrum is complicated because of the presence of a Lyman limit and strong lines from a z<SUB>a</SUB> ≈ z<SUB>e</SUB> system. We conclude that there is Lyα absorption with an H I column density greater than 2.7 × 10<SUP>19</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP> and most probably 1.5 × 10<SUP>20</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Based on the existence of the high H I column density along both the optical and radio lines of sight, separated by more than 15 kpc, we conclude that the Lyα absorption must arise in a system comparable in size to the gaseous disks of spiral galaxies. <P />A barred spiral galaxy, previously reported as a diffuse object in the recent work of Boissé &amp; Boulade, can be seen near the quasar in an image taken at 0" 1 resolution with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on the HST. If this galaxy is at the absorption redshift, the luminosity is approximately L<SUB>*</SUB>, and any H I disk should extend in front of the optical quasar and radio lobes of 3CR 196, giving rise to both the Lyα and 21 cm absorption. <P />In the z<SUB>a</SUB> ≈ z<SUB>e</SUB> system we detect Lyman lines and the Lyman limit, as well as high ion absorption lines of C III, N V, S VI, and O VI. This absorption probably only partially covers the emission-line region. The ionization parameter is approximately 0.1. Conditions in this region may be similar to those in broad absorption line QSOs.
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14.067079
8.0388
1996-01-01
13
1996ApJ...456..132C
[ "Lyα absorption", "high ion absorption lines", "optical absorption", "broad absorption line QSOs", "Lyman lines", "strong lines", "SUB", "spiral galaxies", "spiral galaxy", "z" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 3CR 196", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176634" ]
[ "Cohen, Ross D.", "Beaver, E. A.", "Diplas, Athanassios", "Junkkarinen, Vesa T.", "Barlow, Thomas A.", "Lyons, Ronald W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJS..107..475L", "1997A&A...321..733L", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1998A&A...333..841B", "1998ApJ...499..677C", "1999ASPC..156...16B", "2000MNRAS.318..303C", "2000pras.conf...75B", "2001A&A...373..113B", "2001A&A...373..881H", "2002ApJ...566...51C", "2002IAUS..199...83B", "2003A&A...399..857K" ]
[ "1963ApJ...138...30M", "1975ApJ...197..593H", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1983ApJ...264...87B", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1984ApJ...278L..87T", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1984MNRAS.208..545L", "1985ApJ...294L..67W", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1986HiA.....7..833K", "1987ApJ...317..442B", "1988ApJ...324..267F", "1988ApJ...329..138B", "1988ApJ...335...35F", "1988ApJ...335..584C", "1988MNRAS.235P..13F", "1989ApJ...337L...5H", "1989ApJ...341..650B", "1989ApJ...341L...5F", "1989ApJ...344..277L", "1989ApJ...344..567T", "1990A&A...236..291B", "1991ApJ...378....6P", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991hbic.book.....F", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ApJ...399L.121M", "1992ApJ...401..529K", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992PhDT........10W", "1993ASPC...52..530K", "1993ApJS...87....1B", "1993PhDT........56B", "1993SPIE.1945..318B", "1993adass...2..530K", "1994AJ....107..530M", "1994AJ....108.2046S", "1994ApJ...421..453C", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994ApJ...427..274D", "1994ApJ...435L...3T", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994chst.conf..190R", "1995ApJ...440L..45S" ]
2008347
null
Random dilutions, generating functions, and the void probability distribution function
The generating function for counts in randomly placed cells is derived using the characteristic functional. The distribution of voids in a randomly diluted subset of a given point distribution is shown to contain information about all the other count probabilities. Thus random dilutions may be used to derive the entire distribution function from the void distribution. A generalization of the random dilution selection process that enhances the effects of the more massive objects on the statistics is considered. The resulting statistics are related to cluster-cluster type correlations. A relation between this selection process and the scaling properties of the distribution function of a system with scale-invariant hierarchical correlation functions is considered. Superposition of point distributions, random and homologous subsamples of point distributions, and Poisson cluster models in particular, are also discussed. Poisson cluster models are studied here because, if the peaks model of biased galaxy formation is correct, then Poisson cluster models provide a natural first approximate description of the observed galaxy distribution.
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11.389198
2.813227
1996-01-01
9
1996MNRAS.278..101S
[ "Poisson cluster models", "point distributions", "random dilutions", "biased galaxy formation", "cluster-cluster type correlations", "Poisson", "the entire distribution function", "a given point distribution", "the observed galaxy distribution", "the distribution function" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.1.101" ]
[ "Sheth, Ravi K." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281.1124S", "1998MNRAS.295..869S", "2001ApJ...546..609S", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2002MNRAS.332..205A", "2005ApJ...635..990C", "2014MNRAS.444.2793D", "2020MNRAS.495.3233P", "2024MNRAS.527.3771A" ]
[ "1956AJ.....61..383L", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1975ensm.book.....B", "1977ApJ...217..331M", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981grf..book.....A", "1983mit..book.....V", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...341..588S", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...396..430L", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1992MNRAS.254..247E", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994ApJ...427..562S", "1995MNRAS.274..213S", "1995MNRAS.276..796S" ]
1987726
null
Galaxy Formation in a CDM + Lambda Universe. II. Spatial Distribution of Gas and Galaxies
The spatial distributions of dark matter, intergalactic gas, and galaxies are studied in the framework of the CDM + Λ cosmological model. The new code, based on the softened Lagrangian hydrodynamics approach to cosmological fluid dynamics, incorporates the dark matter and gas evolution, radiative processes in the gas and the evolution of the radiation field, and the process of galaxy formation in the quasi-Lagrangian description. The simulation utilized in this paper has 64 h<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc box size and the softening length of 100 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc, thus achieving a formal dynamical range of 640. <P />The overdensity δ of galaxies in the simulation is found to be systematically higher than that of the mass in the high-density regions and systematically lower than that of the mass in the low-density regions; this property correlates with galaxy age: the overdensity in old galaxies is higher, and the overdensity in young galaxies is lower, with respect to the mass. <P />The spatial bias (i.e., the square root of the ratio of the galaxy power spectrum to that of the mass) is increasing toward small scales and flattens out at large scales; the variation of the bias factor with galaxy age is significant, with young galaxies tracing the mass and old galaxies biased (in a sense of the power spectrum) with a bias factor up to 10 at the cluster scale. The precise comparison of simulations with observations is therefore strongly affected by selection effects because even a small variation in M/L can produce significant variations in the spatial bias factor. <P />The correlation function for all galaxies deviates from the Davis &amp; Peebles (1983) law on scales smaller than 3 h<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc, but the correlation function for the youngest mass quartile fits the observed IRAS correlation function extremely well up to the scales of 400 h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc.
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11.954213
3.642067
1996-01-01
8
1996ApJ...456...34G
[ "young galaxies", "galaxy age", "old galaxies", "galaxy formation", "galaxies", "small scales", "significant variations", "dark matter", "large scales", "cosmological fluid dynamics" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176624" ]
[ "Gnedin, Nickolay Y." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...456....1G", "1996ApJ...470..115G", "1997A&A...317..385L", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "2000ApJ...531....1B", "2005SSRv..117..445G", "2017arXiv170701910H" ]
[ "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...423..553T", "1994ApJ...427..527S", "1995ApJS...97..231G", "1996ApJ...456....1G" ]
1986081
null
HST Observations of the Radio Galaxy MG 1136+1346 (z=1.003)
We present images taken with the prerefurbishment Hubble Space Telescope of the z = 1.003 radio galaxy MG 1136+1346 as part of a morphological study of the high-redshift radio-source population. The galaxy has a bright, unresolved nuclear component which contributes approximately half of the total light in the observed V (F555W) and I (F785LP) bands. We thus classify MG 1136+ 1346 as an N galaxy. Subtracting the nuclear component, we investigate the properties of the surrounding fuzz. The extended optical continuum consists of an elongated "host galaxy" which is aligned with the radio source, plus a compact (but extended) blue nuclear region, which may be a central starburst or scattering region. The large-scale emission in the I band can be modeled as an r^1/4^ law profile with a scale length ~33.5 kpc (H_0_ = 50 km/-s/Mpc; q_0_ = 0.1). However, there is significant asymmetric emission above the simple r^1/4^ law at large radii in both V and I bands. The color of the large-scale continuum is substantially bluer than expected for an early-type host galaxy at z = I, and is similar to the color of the nuclear point source, as well as to the colors of other strongly aligned 3CR radio galaxies at z ~ 1. We consider the structure and colors of the extended light in MG 1136+1346 in the context of models for the radio-optical alignment effect in radio galaxies. In orientation-driven scenarios for AGN unification, it may be surprising to find a good example of an aligned radio galaxy which nevertheless shows a strong, unresolved nucleus. The images also show several faint galaxies near MG 1136+1346, including a very red companion at a projected separation of 22.6 kpc from the radio galaxy. With I = 24.1 mag and (V-I)&gt;2.9 mag, its properties are consistent with it being an early-type companion galaxy at the redshift of the radio source.
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14.667541
6.218857
1996-01-01
1
1996AJ....111..102S
[ "radio galaxies", "several faint galaxies", "an aligned radio galaxy", "the radio galaxy", "significant asymmetric emission", "MG", "large radii", "~33.5 kpc", "colors", "Hubble Space Telescope" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MG 1136+1346", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117764" ]
[ "Stern, Daniel", "Spinrad, Hyron", "Dickinson, Mark" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1999AJ....117.1122S" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1972OSAJ...62...55R", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1985A&A...143...77C", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1986ApJS...61....1B", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987Natur.328..500O", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1987PASP...99..309L", "1989ApJ...342L..59D", "1989MNRAS.238P..41F", "1989Natur.341..307D", "1990A&A...227..385C", "1990ApJ...355..416D", "1990ApJ...357...38H", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991mebm.conf..275W", "1992ApJ...400L...1W", "1992ApJ...401L..69M", "1993AJ....105.1581S", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ASPC...51..585S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993obco.symp..585S", "1994ApJ...420...58M", "1994ApJ...431..137M", "1994ApJ...435..577W", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994MNRAS.271..504L", "1994PhDT........28D", "1995ApJ...438L..51S", "1995ApJ...440..515D" ]
1986059
null
Interacting System ARP 30
Arp 30 is a galaxy pair composed of a face-on spiral and an edge-on disk galaxy. There have been very few observations of Arp 30, probably because of its great distance (160 Mpc for H_0_ of 50). We have obtained CCD images of Arp 30 in the B, V, R, and I bands and a narrow filter at the redshifted Hα wavelength, J, H, and K images from the KPNO's SQIID, and optical-red spectra of each galaxy. These results combined with IRAS data show that Arp 30 is a moderate starburst system of about twice the luminosity of M82 and a total star formation rate of about 18 M_sun_/yr. Star formation is occurring in both components of the pair and is most enhanced in the nucleus of the face-on galaxy. The galaxies appear to be connected by a bridge containing clumpy Hα emission, a feature resembling young star clusters. The structure and star formation enhancement resemble simulations of disk galaxies in their first close pass.
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12.721473
8.495027
1996-01-01
1
1996AJ....111..168K
[ "disk galaxies", "clumpy Hα emission", "Arp", "young star clusters", "K images", "Star formation", "CCD images", "IRAS data", "a total star formation rate", "a galaxy pair" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117770" ]
[ "Kovo, O.", "Beck, S. C.", "Wolk, Scott J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2020PASP..132c4101Z" ]
[ "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987ApJ...314..513L", "1988ARA&A..26..343T", "1991ApJ...377...72M", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992Natur.359..129W" ]
2011596
null
Infrared surveys from Antarctica
The very low background observed from Antarctica in a window from about 2.25 to 2.45 microns can be exploited as a way of making deep near-IR surveys over wide areas of sky. Imaging surveys using the entire window can cover large areas of sky to limits of around K = 20, and can be used to study galaxy evolution and to search for high-redshift quasars, dust obscured quasars and brown dwarfs. It is also possible to make spectroscopic surveys in this window. The window includes molecular hydrogen emission and CO absorption in galactic sources, and can also be used to search for emission lines such as H-alpha in high-redshift star forming galaxies.
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13.323667
7.289716
1996-01-01
3
1996PASA...13....7B
[ "molecular hydrogen emission", "spectroscopic surveys", "emission lines", "Imaging surveys", "large areas", "wide areas", "galaxy evolution", "CO absorption", "galactic sources", "K =" ]
[ "GALACTIC EVOLUTION", "GALACTIC FORMATION", "QUASARS", "BROWN DWARFS" ]
0
[ "10.1017/S1323358000020415" ]
[ "Bailey, J." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2007HiA....14..700R", "2018MNRAS.476.3382A", "2022Chmsp.30435304L" ]
[ "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1993ASPC...43..185T", "1993sspp.conf..185T", "1994ASSL..190..219K", "1994ASSL..190..227E", "1994ASSL..190..355V" ]
1987240
null
The Opacity of Galactic Disks and Faint Blue Galaxy Number Counts
If galactic evolution fills the major part of the disk with material opaque to blue light at some recent re shift z = z<SUB>d</SUB>, galaxy number counts will show an excess at faint magnitudes (compared to no-evolution models and magnitude-limited surveys will show more galaxies at large redshifts than would otherwise be expected.
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12.318487
6.3206
1996-01-01
4
1996ApJ...457..145L
[ "galaxy number counts", "more galaxies", "faint magnitudes", "galactic evolution", "material opaque", "blue light", "large redshifts", "SUB", "d</SUB", ">" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176718" ]
[ "Leroy, Peter", "Portilla, Miguel" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...315...21V", "1997ApL&C..36..367L", "1998A&A...329..840L", "1999ASPC..176..335L" ]
[ "1965prvs.book.....P", "1972gcpa.book.....W", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991A&A...242..334G", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1992AJ....103.1761P", "1992ApJ...400L..21B", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1993ASPC...51..328C", "1993obco.symp..328C" ]
11607227
astro-ph/9509030
The merging history of the Milky Way
The age distribution, and chemical elemental abundances, of stars in the halo of the Milky Way provide constraints on theories of galaxy formation. As one specific example, the accretion of satellite galaxies similar to the present retinue of dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) would provide an observable metal-poor, intermediate-age population. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of any contribution made by such stars to the stellar halo. The bulk of the stellar populations in the halo show a well-defined turn-off, at B-V~0.4, implying that the vast majority of the stars are old. The fraction of stars which lie blueward of this well-defined turn-off, with metallicities similar to that of the present dSphs, is used in this paper to place limits on the importance of the recent accretion of such systems. Very few (&lt;~10 per cent) stars are found to be bluer (and, by implication, younger) than this limit, with the highest value found for the more metal-rich halo ([Fe/H]&gt;~-1.5 dex). Direct comparison of this statistic with the colour distribution of the turn-off stars in the Carina dwarf allows us to derive an upper limit for the number of mergers of such satellite galaxies into the halo of the Milky Way. This upper limit is ~60 Carina-like galaxies. The higher metallicity data constrain satellite galaxies like the Fornax dwarf; only &lt;~6 of these could have been accreted within the last &lt;~10 Gyr. We note that the low star formation rates inferred for dSphs predict distinctive elemental abundance signatures; future data for field halo stars, including candidate younger stars, will provide a further robust test of accretion models.
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9.521142
7.90754
1996-02-01
188
1996MNRAS.278..727U
[ "field halo stars", "such stars", "candidate younger stars", "such satellite galaxies", "stars", "satellite galaxies", "galaxy formation", "distinctive elemental abundance signatures", "elemental abundances", "limits" ]
[ "EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: HALO", "GALAXY: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "LOCAL GROUP", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.3.727", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509030" ]
[ "Unavane, M.", "Wyse, Rosemary F. G.", "Gilmore, Gerard" ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
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11601291
astro-ph/9503088
On the Destruction and Overmerging of Dark Halos in Dissipationless N-Body Simulations
N-body simulations of collisionless dark matter have failed to produce galaxy halos or substructure within the dense environments of clusters. We investigate the "overmerging" problem using analytic results and new simulations designed to calculate destruction times of halos owing to numerical and physical dynamical effects. Current numerical resolution is sufficient to suppress mass loss from two-body relaxation and particle- halo heating. Substructure in these simulations can still be destroyed by the combined action of large-force softening together with tidal heating by the cluster and encounters with other dissolving halos. In the limit of infinite numerical resolution, whether or not individual halos or substructure can survive depends sensitively on their inner density profiles. Singular isothermal halos should always survive at some level, although the computational cost of resolving halo cores becomes very large. However, if halos form with large core radii, then the overmerging problem will always exist within dissipationless N-body simulations. In this case a dissipational component can increase the halos central density, enabling galaxy halos to survive.
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10.884945
5.335808
1996-02-01
170
1996ApJ...457..455M
[ "galaxy halos", "halo heating", "halos", "isothermal halos", "other dissolving halos", "Singular isothermal halos", "large core radii", "new simulations", "infinite numerical resolution", "Current numerical resolution" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/176745", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503088" ]
[ "Moore, Ben", "Katz, Neal", "Lake, George" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...457L...5F", "1996ApJ...459..432E", "1996ApJ...467..489C", "1996ApJ...469...40G", "1996Natur.379..613M", "1997ApJ...477L...5C", "1997ApJ...479..606S", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ASPC..136..426M", "1998ASPC..148...21W", "1998ApJ...495..139M", "1998ApJ...495..152L", "1998ApJ...499L...5M", "1998ApJ...502..141D", "1998MNRAS.299..417B", "1998MNRAS.299..728T", "1998MNRAS.300..146G", "1998MNRAS.300..163T", "1998Natur.391..461F", "1998lsst.conf..253B", "1999AJ....117...75C", "1999ASPC..170..229M", "1999ASPC..176..140G", "1999ASPC..176..418G", "1999ASPC..193..353T", "1999AdSpR..23..937L", "1999ApJ...514..119K", "1999ApJ...515...50V", "1999ApJ...516..530K", "1999ApJ...516..591O", "1999ApJ...522...82K", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "1999ApJ...523...32C", "1999ApJ...524L..19M", "1999AstL...25..582E", "1999IAUS..186...89C", "1999IAUS..186..393L", "1999MNRAS.304..465M", "1999MNRAS.309.1007S", "1999PASJ...51..943S", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999astro.ph..3210M", "1999cezh.conf..197T", "1999elss.conf..261K", "1999elss.conf..358G", "2000ASPC..197..363M", "2000ASPC..201..344K", "2000ApJ...533..869C", "2000ApJ...539..517B", "2000ApJ...544..616G", "2000MNRAS.317..630K", "2000PASJ...52..457O", "2000PASP..112..148D", "2000astro.ph..5503K", "2000cucg.confE..71M", "2001ASPC..245..469G", "2001ApJ...546..223G", "2001ApJ...547..555G", "2001ApJ...559..754M", "2001ApJ...561...69T", "2001ApJ...563....9M", "2001PhRvD..64f3508M", "2002ARA&A..40..487F", "2002ASPC..253..273T", "2002ApJ...577...11F", "2002ApJ...578..689S", "2002MNRAS.333..623T", "2002MNRAS.336..119M", "2002moco.conf..420K", "2003A&A...405..931P", "2003ApJ...582..141G", "2003ApJ...584..541H", "2004AJ....128.2677T", "2004ASSL..319..359L", "2004ApJ...601...37K", "2004ApJ...608..663K", "2004ApJ...610..161M", "2004ApJ...612..628D", "2004ApJ...614...26B", "2004IAUS..217...54A", "2004MNRAS.347..277M", "2004MNRAS.348..333D", "2004MNRAS.348..977D", "2004MNRAS.351..399G", "2004MNRAS.352..535D", "2004MNRAS.355..819G", "2004astro.ph.11476M", "2004bdmh.confE..37M", "2004cgpc.symp..295M", "2004cgpc.sympE..44P", "2005AJ....130.2058B", "2005MNRAS.359.1537R", "2005MNRAS.363..801W", "2005MNRAS.364..535T", "2005MNRAS.364..823W", "2006ApJ...646..815S", "2006ApJ...647..201C", "2006MNRAS.366.1529M", "2006MNRAS.367.1029S", "2006MNRAS.369.1021M", "2006astro.ph..7463K", "2006astro.ph.11941N", "2007AJ....133..261B", "2007ApJ...659...52C", "2007ApJ...659.1082S", "2007ApJ...665L..19H", "2007ApJ...667..859D", "2007PASJ...59.1071K", "2008ApJ...679.1260M", "2008ApJ...683L.111A", "2008ApJ...684.1062F", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2008MNRAS.391..959B", "2009AN....330..888R", "2009ApJ...700.1896K", "2009MNRAS.396.1647C", "2009MNRAS.399..983A", "2009MNRAS.400.1247C", "2009MNRAS.400.1527K", "2009PhDT.......158T", "2010MNRAS.405L.102D", "2010PThPh.123..187M", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2011ASL.....4..297D", "2011ApJ...740..102K", "2011MNRAS.415.2652H", "2011PhDT.......124F", "2011PhDT.......210W", "2011arXiv1102.4419D", "2012MNRAS.419..411M", "2012MNRAS.421.3594H", "2012MNRAS.423..735C", "2012MNRAS.425..641L", "2012PDU.....1...50K", "2013A&A...556A..74R", "2013MNRAS.428.2141L", "2013MNRAS.435.1618K", "2014AJ....148..137L", "2014ApJ...788..133T", "2014MNRAS.440.1934T", "2014SAAS...37....1B", "2014arXiv1406.7097P", "2015ApJ...807...88G", "2016ApJ...818..193T", "2017AJ....154..227V", "2017ApJS..231....5D", "2017MNRAS.468..885V", "2017MNRAS.472..657J", "2018MNRAS.473.2234G", "2018MNRAS.474.3043V", "2018MNRAS.475.4066V", "2019MNRAS.482.1043C", "2019MNRAS.488.3663L", "2019MNRAS.490.2091G", "2020ApJS..251...17D", "2020MNRAS.491.1471S", "2020MNRAS.492.4599B", "2021ApJ...909..112D", "2021MNRAS.500.3309M", "2021MNRAS.502.1191H", "2021MNRAS.503.1233O", "2021MNRAS.504.1379S", "2021MNRAS.506..928N", "2022A&A...668A.188M", "2022LRCA....8....1A", "2022MNRAS.517.1218L", "2022NatAs...6..897S", "2023arXiv230500993D", "2024arXiv240112318K" ]
[ "1958ApJ...127...17S", "1971ApJ...164..399S", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990ApJ...351..121C", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...413L..93M", "1993PhDT........65S", "1994AJ....108.1403W", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJ...436..467G", "1994Natur.370..629M", "1995ApJ...454....1S", "1995ppc..conf...51P" ]
11601253
astro-ph/9508156
Faint Blue Galaxies and the Epoch of Dwarf Galaxy Formation
Several independent lines of reasoning, both theoretical and observational, suggest that the very faint (B ≳ 24) galaxies seen in deep images of the sky are small low-mass galaxies that experienced a short starburst at redshifts 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 1 and have since faded into low-luminosity, low surface brightness (LSB) objects. We examine this hypothesis in detail in order to determine whether a model incorporating such dwarfs can account for the observed wavelength-dependent number counts, as well as redshift, color, and size distributions. <P />Low-mass galaxies generically arise in large numbers in hierarchical clustering scenarios with realistic initial conditions. Generally, these galaxies are expected to form at high redshifts. Babul &amp; Rees have argued that the formation epoch of these galaxies is, in fact, delayed until z ≲ 1 due to the photoionization of the gas by the metagalactic UV radiation at high redshifts. We combine these two elements, along with simple heuristic assumptions regarding star formation histories and efficiency, to construct our bursting dwarf model. The slope and the normalization of the mass function of the dwarf galaxies are derived from the initial conditions and are not adjusted to fit the data. We further augment the model with a phenomenological prescription for the formation and evolution of the locally observed population of galaxies (E, S0, Sab, Sbc, and Sdm types). We use spectral synthesis and Monte Carlo methods to generate realistic model galaxy catalogs for comparison with observations. We find that for reasonable choices of the star formation histories for the dwarf galaxies, the model results are in very good agreement with the results of the deep galaxy surveys. Such a dwarf-dominated model is also qualitatively supported by recent studies of faint galaxy gravitational lensing and clustering, by galaxy size distributions measured with the Hubble Space Telescope, and by the evidence for very modest evolution in regular galaxy properties out to z = 1. <P />We also discuss various tests of the model based on some generic predictions. For example, the model predicts that the number counts in the K band ought to begin rising more steeply at magnitudes fainter than K<SUB>AB</SUB> ≈ 24-25. The model also predicts that the local field luminosity function (LF) ought to exhibit a steep upturn at magnitudes fainter than M<SUB>B</SUB> ≈ -16. The detection of the latter, however, depends sensitively on the selection criteria used to construct a galaxy catalog. We also consider the possibility of detecting the LSB remnants at low redshifts.
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12.314851
6.584415
1996-02-01
160
1996ApJ...458..100B
[ "realistic model galaxy catalogs", "galaxies", "galaxy size distributions", "regular galaxy properties", "star formation histories", "low redshifts", "small low-mass galaxies", "such dwarfs", "high redshifts", "realistic initial conditions" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/176795", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508156" ]
[ "Babul, Arif", "Ferguson, Henry C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...314...73P", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...460L...5G", "1996ApJ...465..608T", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...467..522H", "1996ApJ...468L..77G", "1996ApJ...469..535K", "1996ApJ...469..662D", "1996ApJ...469L..81S", "1996ApJ...471L..19B", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1996NewA....1....1E", "1996NuPhS..51..118A", "1997A&A...323..685B", "1997AJ....113..474H", "1997AJ....113.1001H", "1997AJ....114...69H", "1997AJ....114.1834C", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...475...47G", "1997ApJ...479L.121V", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...482..659D", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...487...61K", "1997ApJ...487L..53C", "1997ApJ...488..606C", "1997ApJ...489..543P", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997ApJ...489L.127S", "1997MNRAS.284..915W", "1997MNRAS.285..779R", "1997MNRAS.286..133T", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.289..157E", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1997astro.ph.10044H", "1997gsr..proc..226G", "1998A&A...330..399B", "1998A&A...332..173P", "1998A&A...332L..57B", "1998AJ....115.1869G", "1998AJ....116..146L", "1998AJ....116.1227D", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998ASPC..136..121S", "1998ASPC..136..138B", "1998ASPC..146..413P", "1998Ap&SS.263..127G", "1998ApJ...492L.103P", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...498..106M", "1998ApJ...500..789H", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998ApJ...504..725G", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...505..148Y", "1998ApJ...506..152G", "1998ApJS..115...35H", "1998MNRAS.293...71T", "1998MNRAS.294..193T", "1998MNRAS.295..360T", "1998MNRAS.296..585F", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.298..577N", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1998RvMA...11...83F", "1999A&A...344..393F", "1999A&ARv...9..273V", "1999A&AS..134..317H", "1999AJ....118..302A", "1999AJ....118..883P", "1999AJ....118.2705S", "1999ASPC..191...51F", "1999ASPC..192...77G", "1999ASPC..192..324L", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ApJ...511..585M", "1999ApJ...516..683F", "1999ApJ...522...66Y", "1999ApJ...522..183M", "1999ApJ...525..709S", "1999ApJ...526L..69D", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "1999ESASP.427..865C", "1999IAUS..183..107E", "1999IAUS..192....3V", "1999IAUS..192..464S", "1999MNRAS.305..763B", "1999MNRAS.309..161M", "2000AJ....120.1713S", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000Ap&SS.271..213T", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...529..615K", "2000ApJ...532..830L", "2000ApJ...539..641T", "2000ApJ...543...97M", "2000ApJ...543..620O", "2000ApJS..129....1T", "2000MNRAS.312..442S", "2000MNRAS.313..291F", "2000RvMA...13..173K", "2000RvMA...13..189F", "2001A&A...378L..10D", "2001AJ....121.1425A", "2001AJ....121.2003V", "2001AJ....121.3007S", "2001AJ....122..750I", "2001AJ....122.1271T", "2001AJ....122.2490W", "2001ASPC..245..439A", "2001ApJ...546L..77C", "2001MNRAS.323..795M", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2001MNRAS.326.1353K", "2001MNRAS.327.1249Z", "2001PASJ...53..611M", "2001RMxAC..10...97A", "2001sgnf.conf...81M", "2002AJ....124..896S", "2002ApJ...570..252P", "2002PThPS.147...43Y", "2003AJ....125...66C", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003AJ....125.2842Z", "2003AJ....126.2752A", "2003ASPC..297..271G", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2003MmSAI..74..379M", "2003PASP..115..271B", "2003RMxAC..16..273G", "2003astro.ph..5042V", "2004A&A...426...25H", "2004MmSAI..75..103T", "2004oee..sympE..23G", "2005AJ....129.2203A", "2005Ap&SS.298..509R", "2005ApJ...629...29M", "2006AJ....132.2496K", "2006ApJ...639..644E", "2006ApJ...652.1170C", "2007AstHe.100..184M", "2007MNRAS.380.1036H", "2007arXiv0707.3057T", "2010AdAst2010E...3C", "2010ApJ...721..297M", "2010MNRAS.407..435A", "2011ApJ...742..111V", "2014ApJ...780...88N" ]
[ "1961ApJ...133..355S", "1972ApJ...174..101M", "1973ApJ...179..427S", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1974MNRAS.169..229L", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...214..488S", "1978ApJ...220..816T", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980ApJ...241...41T", "1981MNRAS.197..553B", "1981seg..book.....B", "1986Ap&SS.118..509I", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987ApJ...315..180B", "1987ApJ...318...32S", "1987MNRAS.228..759C", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989MNRAS.236P..21I", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ASPC...10..268K", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...361....1S", "1990ApJ...363..488K", "1990PASJ...42L..11M", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992AJ....103...60M", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...386..197T", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AJ....106.2392H", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993ApJ...418...28Z", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993egte.conf...80B", "1994A&A...286..701K", "1994A&AS..106..275B", "1994ApJ...423L..31D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...429..572S", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...436..618C", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994ApJS...94...63B", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994ESOC...49..465T", "1994MNRAS.267..981K", "1994MNRAS.267L...1N", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1994Natur.370..629M", "1995AJ....109.1522C", "1995ApJ...438..563M", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...439...47R", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJ...444...15Y", "1995ApJ...445..666A", "1995ApJ...450..534D", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995PhDT.......125D", "1995wfsd.conf..281L" ]
11607214
astro-ph/9508150
A non-parametric and scale-independent method for cluster analysis - II. The multivariate case
A general method is described for detecting and analysing galaxy systems. The multivariate geometrical structure of the sample is studied by using an extension of the method that we introduced in a previous paper. The method is based on an estimate of the probability density underlying a data sample. The density is estimated by using an iterative and adaptive kernel estimator. The kernels used have spherical symmetry; however, we describe a method with which to estimate the locally optimal shape of the kernels. We use the results of the geometrical structure analysis to study the effects that it has on the cluster parameter estimate. This suggests a possible way to distinguish between structure and substructure within a sample. The method is tested by using simulated numerical models and applied to two galaxy samples taken from the literature. The results obtained for the Coma cluster suggest a core-halo structure formed by a large number of geometrically independent systems. A different conclusion is suggested by the results for the Cancer cluster, which indicate the presence of at least two independent structures, both containing substructure. The dynamical consequences of the results obtained from the geometrical analysis will be described in a later paper. Further applications of the method are suggested and are currently in progress.
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12.238325
4.95991
1996-02-01
113
1996MNRAS.278..697P
[ "structure", "geometrically independent systems", "galaxy systems", "simulated numerical models", "the geometrical structure analysis", "spherical symmetry", "The multivariate geometrical structure", "Further applications", "substructure", "A general method" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.3.697", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508150" ]
[ "Pisani, A." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy and International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Beirut 2-4, 34013 Trieste, Italy" ]
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11601342
astro-ph/9504049
X-Ray Constraints on the Intrinsic Shapes and Baryon Fractions of Five Abell Clusters
We analyzed ROSAT PSPC images of the bright, nearby (z &lt; 0.1) galaxy clusters A401, A1656 (Coma), A2029, A2199, and A2256 to constrain their intrinsic shapes and baryon fractions; the intrinsic shapes of these clusters were analyzed previously by us using Einstein data (see the recent work of Buote &amp; Canizares and Buote). Following Buote &amp; Tsai we probed the aggregate structure of the clusters on scales of approximately 1.5 h<SUB>80</SUB><SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc to reduce effects of possible substructure on smaller scales (less than or equal to a few hundred kiloparsecs). The ellipticities of the X-ray isophotes are typically E 0.15-0.25 and display negative radial gradients highly significant at the 95% confidence limit for all the clusters except Coma. By assuming hydrostatic equilibrium and a variety of mass models, we obtain ellipticities ɛ<SUB>mass</SUB> ≈ 0.40-0.55 for isothermal models of the total gravitating matter of the clusters; the ɛ<SUB>mass</SUB> constraints change by less than 10% upon consideration of the small temperature gradients shown by ASCA(Astro-D) to be typical for rich clusters; the observed X-ray ellipticity gradients require that mass models with constant ellipticity have steep density profiles, ρ ∝ r<SUP>-4</SUP>. Estimates of the gas masses are very insensitive to the ellipticities of the X-ray isophotes The clusters in our sample have increasing fractions of gas mass to total mass with radius and have M<SUB>gas</SUB>/M<SUB>tot</SUB> = (4%-11%)h<SUB>80</SUB><SUP>-3/2</SUP> within a radius 1.5 h<SUB>80</SUB><SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc, in excellent agreement with the results of White &amp; Fabian and the baryon catastrophe highlighted in the recent work of White et al. Finally, the ellipticities of the dark matter distributions are essentially identical to ɛ<SUB>mass</SUB> and are consistent with the shapes of dark halos predicted by N-body simulations and the shapes of the galaxy isopleths in the clusters in contrast to our previous conclusions using Einstein data.
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12.797599
4.658918
1996-02-01
89
1996ApJ...457..565B
[ "galaxy clusters", "rich clusters", "mass models", "gas mass", "constant ellipticity", "negative radial gradients", "smaller scales", "the observed X-ray ellipticity gradients", "ellipticities", "isothermal models" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/176753", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504049" ]
[ "Buote, David A.", "Canizares, Claude R." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1795L", "1996AJ....112..797S", "1996ApJ...468..184B", "1996ApJ...472...34G", "1996MNRAS.281.1133G", "1996MNRAS.282...77T", "1996PASJ...48L.119S", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1996eppp.conf..411D", "1997AJ....114...14F", "1997ApJ...474..650B", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJ...480..203S", "1997ApJ...482..648S", "1997ApJ...485..439B", "1997MNRAS.284..439B", "1997MNRAS.289...37C", "1997MNRAS.292..920W", "1998A&A...329...55S", "1998A&A...334...71S", "1998A&A...334..789B", "1998A&A...339..623C", "1998A&A...339..745K", "1998ASPC..136..289B", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.296..392A", "1998MNRAS.297..195D", "1998MNRAS.300..837E", "1998PhRvD..57..674V", "1999A&A...343..420S", "1999A&A...351L..41M", "1999ASPC..165..453K", "1999ApJ...514..587C", "1999ApJ...516..647A", "1999ApJ...517...70R", "1999ApJ...517..627M", "1999ApJ...522...59S", "1999ApJ...526....1N", "1999LNP...530...83B", "1999MNRAS.305..631A", "1999MNRAS.305..834E", "1999MNRAS.307..131C", "2000A&A...361..415M", "2000A&A...361..429R", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2000PhR...333..409T", "2000PhST...85...12T", "2001ApJ...551..153D", "2001MNRAS.327.1057S", "2001PhRvD..63d3008D", "2002ASPC..273..243S", "2002ApJ...573L..13L", "2002BaltA..11..269K", "2002MNRAS.334L..11A", "2003A&A...398...41P", "2003A&A...398..879E", "2003AJ....126..596T", "2003ApJ...586..135L", "2004ApJ...616..178C", "2004MNRAS.353..457A", "2005ApJ...618..195G", "2005MNRAS.359.1491K", "2006MNRAS.369.1211K", "2006MNRAS.372L..68K", "2007A&A...465..749S", "2007MNRAS.377..883F", "2007MNRAS.379..209S", "2008MNRAS.383..417A", "2008MNRAS.383L...1A", "2008MNRAS.387.1470A", "2009A&A...499..371G", "2009ApJ...691.1648F", "2010ApJ...713..491M", "2010ApJ...719.1926K", "2011A&ARv..19...47K", "2011ApJ...734...93L", "2012MNRAS.420.1693B", "2012MNRAS.421.1399B", "2013A&A...559A..89W", "2013MNRAS.433..719R", "2013MNRAS.434.1565B", "2013SSRv..177..155L", "2014ApJ...791...15L", "2015MNRAS.449.3171B", "2017MNRAS.467.3226V", "2021A&A...651A..16B", "2021MNRAS.503.2791S", "2023MNRAS.523.1919C" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978MNRAS.185..227A", "1979ApJ...230..540G", "1979MNRAS.188..273B", "1979MNRAS.188..883S", "1980MNRAS.191..325C", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...286..186F", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApOpt..27.1404A", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989ApJ...336...77F", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...358..399M", "1990MNRAS.244..341R", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991A&A...246L..10B", "1991ApJ...376..439M", "1991ApJ...383..104K", "1991MNRAS.249..662P", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJ...389L..59S", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992xrb..work..229H", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993AJ....105..409D", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1993MNRAS.261L...8W", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ApJ...423..553T", "1994ApJ...424..714S", "1994ApJ...427...86B", "1994MNRAS.266..697P", "1994MNRAS.269..589W", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1995ApJ...439...29B", "1995ApJ...443...11E", "1995ApJ...449...18M", "1995ApJ...452..522B", "1995ApJ...453..634R", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1996ira..book.....B" ]
11601272
astro-ph/9508152
Small Groups of Galaxies: A Clue to a Critical Universe
We study the formation and the subsequent evolution of galaxy groups with mass of order 2 x 10<SUP>13</SUP> M<SUB>sun</SUB> in a critical universe and show the importance of secondary infall for their dynamical evolution. From N-body simulations we find that merging is effective in building at least one massive central remnant in a few crossing times soon after the collapse of the central region of the group. Merging is only slightly accelerated if galaxies have massive halos, because the mass initially associated with the individual galaxies is soon tidally stripped. Stripping is particularly effective for infalling galaxies, which thus easily avoid merging with the central remnants. We find that, as a rule, merging is effectively terminated, and the "merging runaway" ends when infall becomes dominant. We look for compact groups in our ensemble of simulations and compare their statistical properties with Hickson's compact groups (HCGs). We then discuss in terms of the Press &amp; Schechter formalism the statistics of such groups and their evolution in different cosmological scenarios. Our results show that compact group formation is an ongoing and frequent process in a critical universe. In particular, our model reconciles the apparent contradiction between the observed absence of young-looking merger remnants and the high rate of strong galaxy interactions expected in compact groups. In open universes, instead, earlier formation of groups and suppression of secondary infall makes it more unlikely that compact groups survive as such until the present time. We conclude that the existence of dense and dynamically young groups of galaxies like HCGs concurs with other dynamical evidence pointing toward a high-density or a flat universe.
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11.834175
6.123251
1996-02-01
82
1996ApJ...458...18G
[ "galaxy groups", "compact group formation", "compact groups", "such groups", "groups", "strong galaxy interactions", "galaxies", "secondary infall", "Merging", "merging" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/176789", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508152" ]
[ "Governato, F.", "Tozzi, P.", "Cavaliere, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..871B", "1996MNRAS.283..690P", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..117..517T", "1997ASPC..126..565T", "1997ApJ...482..640S", "1997ApJ...484L..21C", "1997ApJ...485L..69M", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1998A&AS..130..341T", "1998AN....319..167S", "1998ASPC..146...26C", "1998ApJ...497....1M", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJ...506..545C", "1998NYASA.867..141A", "1998lsst.conf...27C", "1999A&A...348..693T", "1999A&A...352....1D", "1999AJ....117.1651G", "1999AJ....117.1657D", "1999ApJ...523...87T", "1999IAUS..186..367H", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999astro.ph..9019M", "2000AJ....120...47C", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..209..209C", "2000ASPC..209..217M", "2000ASPC..209..226S", "2000ASPC..209..233T", "2000ASPC..209..239D", "2000ASPC..209..245A", "2000ASPC..215..186S", "2000ApJ...529L..77B", "2000ApJ...543..599C", "2000MNRAS.312..139J", "2000MNRAS.319..933H", "2000RvMA...13..211Z", "2001A&A...377..812V", "2001A&A...378..740T", "2001ApJ...549L.187G", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2001qarr.conf..116C", "2002A&A...391...35F", "2002AJ....123.2417W", "2002AN....323..488T", "2002MNRAS.334..219J", "2002RMxAA..38..199A", "2003AJ....126.1245T", "2003MNRAS.339L..29H", "2003MNRAS.340..485H", "2004A&A...418..937K", "2004AJ....128...68C", "2004MNRAS.349.1381P", "2005AJ....130...55M", "2005ApJ...630L.109D", "2005MNRAS.364..146G", "2006A&A...456..839T", "2006MNRAS.368..851R", "2007ARep...51..709D", "2008A&A...484..355D", "2008AJ....135..130D", "2008ApJ...681.1046L", "2008CEJPh...6..185D", "2008MNRAS.387.1281M", "2009MNRAS.396..900C", "2010A&A...510A..31P", "2010Ap.....53..320T", "2011AN....332..202D", "2011MNRAS.418.1409M", "2011PhDT........96N", "2012MNRAS.426.2019C", "2012arXiv1212.2017S", "2013arXiv1301.7157A", "2015RMxAA..51...13A", "2016ASSL..435..243D", "2016ASSL..435..381R", "2016MNRAS.461..321S", "2016arXiv160508331I", "2017RMxAA..53..515T", "2020MNRAS.493.3238M" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...249..449C", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1983clun.proc...25C", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1985MNRAS.215..517B", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1987ApJ...321..622M", "1987ApJ...322..605S", "1987ApJS...63..265W", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1987MNRAS.228..501N", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1991ApJ...371L..15G", "1991ApJ...372..410H", "1991ApJ...372..419M", "1991ApJ...374..407X", "1991ApJ...376L..37C", "1991ApJ...380...15C", "1991ApJ...380...30M", "1991ApJ...383..524Z", "1991ApJ...383..542Z", "1991ApJS...76..153R", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993ApJ...416...17B", "1993ApJS...85....1N", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1993IAUS..153..151R", "1993MNRAS.261..827M", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1994A&A...286L..39C", "1994AJ....107..868D", "1994AJ....107.1235P", "1994AJ....107.1623R", "1994ApJ...427..684M", "1994ApJ...436...44E", "1994ApJ...436..423B", "1995A&A...301..348S", "1995ApJ...442...57H", "1995ApJ...443..514P", "1995ApJ...444L..61O" ]
11601339
astro-ph/9509031
The Apparently Normal Galaxy Hosts for Two Luminous Quasars
HST images (with WFPC2) of PHL 909 (z = 0.171) and PG 0052+251 (z = 0.155) show that these luminous radio-quiet quasars each occur in an apparently normal host galaxy. The host galaxy of PHL 909 is an elliptical galaxy (∼E4), and the host of PG 0052+251 is a spiral (∼Sb). Both host galaxies are several tenths of a magnitude brighter than L<SUP>*</SUP>, the characteristic Schechter luminosity of field galaxies. <P />The images of PHL 909 and PG 0052+251, when compared with HST images of other objects in our sample of 20 luminous, small-redshift (z ≤ 0.30) quasars, show that luminous quasars occur in a variety of environments. The local environments of the luminous quasars range from luminous ellipticals to apparently normal host galaxies, to complex systems of interacting components, to faint (and as yet undetected) hosts. <P />The bright H II regions of the host galaxy of PG 0052+251 provide an opportunity to measure directly the metallicity of the host of a luminous quasar, to establish an upper limit to the mass of the nuclear AGN (i.e., the putative black hole source), and to test stringently the cosmological hypothesis that the galaxy and the quasar are both at the distance indicated by the quasar redshift. <P />The moderately luminous host galaxies of PHL 909 and PG 0052+251 are obvious on the HST images. Normalizing the limits of detectability using short exposures in which the host galaxies of PHL 909 and PG 0052+251 are easily observed, we estimate that we could have detected similar host galaxies as faint as 0.5 magnitudes less than L<SUP>*</SUP> in the longer exposure HST images that have not yet shown host galaxies. The details of the PSF subtraction are unimportant for the determination of the host galaxy morphologies and luminosities; the major and minor axes measured by subtracting very different stellar PSFs are the same to ±5% and the host galaxy magnitudes are the same to ±0.1 mag.
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15.010131
6.591634
1996-02-01
55
1996ApJ...457..557B
[ "host galaxies", "similar host galaxies", "field galaxies", "luminous quasars", "moderately luminous host galaxies", "the host galaxy magnitudes", "HST images", "luminous ellipticals", "apparently normal host galaxies", "PG" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: PHL 909", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: PG 0052+251", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/176752", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509031" ]
[ "Bahcall, John N.", "Kirhakos, Sofia", "Schneider, Donald P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...468..469F", "1996ApJ...473..746H", "1996ApJ...473..760B", "1997AJ....113..550H", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1997AJ....114..565J", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...479..642B", "1997ApJ...480L..95H", "1997ApJ...482L.139K", "1997ApJ...491...29K", "1997ApJ...491...69G", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1997PhLB..404...25S", "1997quho.conf...45M", "1998A&A...331L..73F", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1998ApJ...500..660T", "1998MNRAS.298..121B", "1998MNRAS.298..399F", "1999AdSpR..23.1131K", "1999ApJ...520...67K", "1999IAUS..194..453K", "1999MNRAS.302L..39B", "1999MNRAS.308..377M", "2000A&A...354..453H", "2000MNRAS.311..833C", "2000MNRAS.316..204H", "2001ApJ...562..133B", "2001MNRAS.326.1333F", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2003A&A...406..435S", "2003CQGra..20R.301S", "2004AN....325..128J", "2004cbhg.sympE..49P", "2005ApJ...630..705H", "2006A&A...458..107B", "2006AIPC..822...75L", "2006AJ....131..686C", "2006ApJS..163....1H", "2006ApJS..166....1H", "2006NewAR..50..694S", "2007ApJ...671L.105G", "2008A&A...478..321B", "2008AJ....136.1587W", "2008ApJ...677..846B", "2009MNRAS.397.1966T", "2013A&A...549A..43H", "2013ApJ...771...50A", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2015AJ....149...92V", "2021MNRAS.501..419S" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178...25S", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1980AJ.....85....1W", "1981ApJ...246..624C", "1982ARA&A..20..431B", "1982ApJ...263...32B", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1983ApJ...265..730B", "1983ApJ...268..582M", "1984ARA&A..22..471R", "1984ApJ...278...11G", "1984ApJ...280...66M", "1984ApJ...287..555M", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985ApJ...293..120B", "1987ApJ...316..584S", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...342..660H", "1989ApJ...345L..13M", "1991A&A...241....5W", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1994ApJ...431..137M", "1994ApJ...435L...3T", "1994ApJ...435L..11B", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1994PASP..106..646K", "1995ApJ...440...28P", "1995ApJ...447L...1B", "1995ApJ...450..486B", "1995ApJ...452L..91B", "1995PASP..107..156H" ]
11607288
astro-ph/9509081
Environmental effects on the structure of the dwarf spheroidal galaxies
The central surface brightness [mu_V(0)] of the dwarf spheroidal satellites of our own Galaxy is found to correlate with their distance from the Galactic Centre (R_GC). This observational evidence suggests that environmental effects could strongly influence their structure. This suggestion is further supported by a clear-cut bivariate correlation linking mu_V(0) to a linear combination of M_V, the absolute integrated magnitude, and R_GC, which seems to be shared also by the M31 spheroidals. Possible implications for the Fundamental Plane of elliptical galaxies and dark matter (DM) content of dwarf spheroidals are also briefly discussed.
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10.795749
6.424352
1996-02-01
30
1996MNRAS.278..947B
[ "dwarf spheroidals", "environmental effects", "elliptical galaxies", "mu_V(0", "dark matter", "R_GC", "Possible implications", "the dwarf spheroidal satellites", "M_V", "Galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXY: CENTRE", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.4.947", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509081" ]
[ "Bellazzini, M.", "Fusi Pecci, F.", "Ferraro, F. R." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "1996A&A...315...40S", "1996PASP..108..986V", "1997ASPC..116..259M", "1997ApJ...474L..99B", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1998AJ....116.2315M", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...498..143K", "1998ApJ...504L..83H", "1998ApJ...508L..55M", "1999ApJ...525L..17T", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999IAUS..192..402H", "1999PASJ...51..375H", "2001AJ....121..841P", "2001AJ....122.3092H", "2001ASPC..239..280G", "2001ApJ...552L.113T", "2001MNRAS.327L..15B", "2004MNRAS.353..639W", "2004oee..sympE..23G", "2006MNRAS.365.1263M", "2006MNRAS.367..387R", "2008ApJ...679..346M", "2008MNRAS.387.1481A", "2010ApJ...722..248M", "2013A&A...549A..47L", "2013A&A...550A...7L", "2021AJ....162..202M", "2023arXiv230500858M" ]
[ "1972ApJ...171L..31V", "1987ApJ...322L..59S", "1989ApJ...341L..41K", "1990ASSL..160....9D", "1991AJ....102..914M", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992ASSL..178..163P", "1992ASSL..178..379D", "1992ApJ...388..345G", "1992IAUS..149..191D", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ApJ...409L..13K", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994ApJ...428..617V", "1994ESOC...49..211A", "1994ESOC...49..309M", "1994ESOC...49..335G", "1994MNRAS.271..693H", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1994PASP..106.1225G", "1995AJ....109..151V", "1995AJ....109..588M", "1995AJ....109.1071P", "1995ApJ...442..142O" ]
11607259
astro-ph/9509065
The case against bimodal star formation in elliptical galaxies
We consider the present-day photometric and chemical properties of elliptical galaxies, adopting the bimodal star formation scenario of Elbaz, Arnaud &amp; Vangioni-Flam. These models utilize an initial mass function (IMF) biased heavily toward massive stars during the early phases of galactic evolution, leading to early Type II supernovae-driven galactic winds. A subsequent lengthy, milder star formation phase with a normal IMF ensues, supposedly responsible for the stellar population observed today. Based upon chemical evolution arguments alone, this scenario has been invoked to explain the observed metal mass, and their abundance ratios, in the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. Building upon the recent compilations of metallicity-dependent isochrones for simple stellar populations, we have constructed a coupled photometric and chemical evolution package for composite stellar populations in order to quantify the effects of such a model upon the photochemical properties of the resultant elliptical galaxies. We demonstrate that these predicted properties are incompatible with those observed at the current epoch.
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11.28546
7.67289
1996-02-01
24
1996MNRAS.278..829G
[ "simple stellar populations", "composite stellar populations", "chemical evolution arguments", "galactic evolution", "massive stars", "elliptical galaxies", "galaxy clusters", "the bimodal star formation scenario", "IMF", "the observed metal mass" ]
[ "STARS: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.3.829", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509065" ]
[ "Gibson, B. K." ]
[ "Mt. Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatoires, Australian National University, Western Creek, Australia ACT 2611" ]
[ "1996ApJ...468..167G", "1996ApJS..106..307V", "1997AN....318..339C", "1997ASPC..117..435M", "1997ApJ...475...47G", "1997ApJ...482...98G", "1997MNRAS.286..235F", "1997MNRAS.290..471G", "1997MNRAS.291L...8G", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1997PASJ...49....1I", "1997astro.ph.10101T", "1998A&A...335..823T", "1998A&A...339..355C", "1998MNRAS.297.1021C", "2000A&A...364..423C", "2002MNRAS.335..335C", "2004MNRAS.350..351C", "2005MNRAS.357..489M", "2005MNRAS.358..813D", "2006ApJ...638..739P", "2006MNRAS.365.1114P", "2007ApJ...665..295P", "2008A&A...484..679P" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1973ApJ...186...51T", "1973ApJ...186.1007W", "1974MNRAS.169..229L", "1975PASP...87..911L", "1979ApL....20...93S", "1981MNRAS.196..381T", "1983ApJ...266..747V", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1985AJ.....90.1927R", "1985ApJ...299..881T", "1985PASP...97.1058S", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...185...51M", "1987A&A...188...13Y", "1988A&A...202...21M", "1990A&A...234...53A", "1991A&AS...89..335B", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...265L..29E", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992AJ....104.1365D", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992PASJ...44..177T", "1993ApJ...403..630P", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...419...52R", "1993ApJ...419L..57C", "1993sssp.book.....K", "1994A&A...288...57M", "1994A&AS..106..275B", "1994AJ....107..195H", "1994AJ....108..202T", "1994AJ....108.2123D", "1994AZh....71....7S", "1994ApJ...430..218B", "1994ApJS...94...63B", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994JRASC..88..383G", "1994MNRAS.271L..35G", "1994PASJ...46..447M", "1994clga.conf..167M", "1995ApJ...445..433A", "1995ApJS...98..617T" ]
11601352
astro-ph/9501029
A Dust Lane in the Radio Galaxy 3C 270
We present broadband surface photometry of the radio galaxy 3C 270 (NGC 4261). We find a distinct dust lane in the V - R image of the galaxy and determine its orientation and size. We use the major axis profile of the galaxy to estimate the optical depth of the dust lane, and discuss the significance of the lane to the shape of the galaxy.
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15.082456
6.273073
1996-02-01
11
1996ApJ...457..598M
[ "broadband surface photometry", "a distinct dust lane", "the radio galaxy", "the dust lane", "the major axis profile", "the galaxy", "size", "the optical depth", "the lane", "the V - R image" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 3C 270", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176755", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501029" ]
[ "Mahabal, Ashish", "Kembhavi, Ajit", "Singh, K. P.", "Bhat, P. N.", "Prabhu, T. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...326...45G", "1997ASPC..116..443M", "1997ApJ...484..186J", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1998BASI...26..587K", "1998MNRAS.301..131J", "2000ApJS..130..267M", "2016JAsGe...5..277S", "2021A&A...650A..50E", "2022MNRAS.515.1104L" ]
[ "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1979ApJ...231L...7P", "1982JApA....3..161K", "1983MNRAS.205..377C", "1985ApJ...291...32B", "1985ApJ...297..492B", "1985MNRAS.212..767B", "1985MNRAS.217...87S", "1986ApJ...303L..45D", "1987A&A...174...63M", "1987IAUS..127..405K", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988ApJ...334...34S", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1990A&A...233..341B", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1991ARA&A..29..239D", "1993A&A...278...23B", "1993Natur.364..213J", "1994A&AS..103..315A" ]
11601406
astro-ph/9504048
Cosmic Lithium: Going Up or Coming Down?
Observations of interstellar lithium provide a valuable complement to studies of lithium in Population I and Population II stars. Large corrections for unseen Li ii and for non-gas-phase lithium have provided obstacles to using interstellar data for abundance determinations. An approach to surmounting these difficulties is proposed and is applied to the Galaxy and the LMC. The key is that since potassium and lithium behave similarly regarding ionization and depletion in the Galaxy, their observed ratio (Li I/K I) may be used to probe the abundance and evolution of lithium elsewhere. For 10 lines of sight in the interstellar medium of the Galaxy (ISM) the Li/K ratio observed (log [N<SUB>Li</SUB>/N<SUB>K</SUB>]<SUB>ISM</SUB> = -1.88±0.09) is entirely consistent with the solar system value (log [N<SUB>Li</SUB>/N<SUB>K</SUB>]<SUB>sun</SUB> = -1.82±0.05). The absence of detected Li I in front of SN 1987A in the LMC, coupled with the observed K I, corresponds to an upper bound (at ≳95% CL) of log (N<SUB>Li</SUB>/N<SUB>K</SUB>)<SUB>LMC</SUB> &lt; - 0.3 + log (N<SUB>Li</SUB>/N<SUB>K</SUB>)<SUB>ISM</SUB> provided that the relative (Li/K) ionization and depletion factors in the Galaxy and the LMC are similar. This low upper bound to LMC lithium suggests that cosmic lithium is on its way up from a primordial abundance lower, by at least a factor of 2, than the present Population I value of log N(Li) = 12 + log (Li/H)<SUB>PopI</SUB> = 3.2±0.1.
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7.619027
9.51216
1996-02-01
15
1996ApJ...457..737S
[ "LMC lithium", "interstellar lithium", "unseen Li ii", "cosmic lithium", "Li", "lithium", "SUB", "log", "depletion factors", "Galaxy" ]
[ "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: SN 1987A", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/176768", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504048" ]
[ "Steigman, Gary" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ASPC...99...78F", "1997ARA&A..35..557P", "1997ASPC..114...21S", "1997ApJ...488..515O", "1997MNRAS.288..638B", "2000PhRvD..61j3507K", "2001Ap&SS.277..565Q", "2001ApJS..133..345W", "2002MNRAS.335..267H", "2003ApJ...586..268K", "2010IAUS..268..335H", "2012Natur.489..121H", "2013PhRvD..87j3014P", "2015ApJ...799..197R", "2023lau..book.....M" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..453F", "1974ApJ...193L..35M", "1975A&A....39..257L", "1975ApJ...202L..87S", "1981ApJ...250..160S", "1982A&A...115..357S", "1982Natur.297..483S", "1984A&A...141...56S", "1984ApJ...286..252H", "1985ARA&A..23..319B", "1985ApJ...299..219F", "1986A&A...161..169P", "1986A&A...163..140S", "1986ApJ...303..724B", "1986ApJ...307..777W", "1987A&A...177L..17V", "1987A&A...178..179G", "1987ApJ...320..439A", "1988A&A...192..192R", "1988A&A...194..237B", "1988A&A...207L...1S", "1988ApJ...326L..23H", "1988ApJ...329..572A", "1988ApJ...333...14M", "1989AIPC..183....1G", "1989ApJS...70..865R", "1989PThPh..81..254T", "1990ApJ...348L..57R", "1990ApJ...358...36M", "1990PhRvD..42.1047K", "1991A&A...251..253B", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1992A&A...265...55C", "1992ApJ...385L..13S", "1992ApJ...388..184R", "1992ApJ...388..372C", "1992ApJ...392..159M", "1992ApJ...401..584D", "1992ApJS...78..179P", "1993ApJ...408..262S", "1993ApJ...415L..35S", "1993ApJS...85..219S", "1994ApJ...421..318T", "1994ApJ...428L..25H", "1994ApJ...430..291T", "1995ApJ...446..203B" ]
1989945
null
The CNOC Cluster Redshift Survey Catalogs. I. Observational Strategy and Data Reduction Techniques
We describe in detail the observational and data reduction techniques of a large redshift survey using multiobject spectroscopy designed to obtain ~2600 faint galaxy redshifts in fields of 16 rich clusters of galaxies with redshifts between 0.2 and 0.55. The primary goal of the survey is to establish whether the mass-to-light ratio of clusters rises with distance from the cluster center. To maximize multiplexing capability, we use ~1500 A wide band-limiting filters matched to the major features of spectra of galaxies at the cluster redshifts to allow for multitiering of spectra. Typically 80-110 spectra can be observed using a single slit mask. The area covered for each cluster ranges from about 1.5 h_100_^-1^ Mpc squared to 1.5 h_100_^-1^ Mpc x 6 h_100_^-1^ Mpc. We describe the observing procedure, which involves real-time photometry and computer-based mask design and mask fabrication on site, allowing for the efficient use of telescope time. The spectroscopic data are extracted semiautomatically, and redshift measurement is performed using cross-correlation techniques. A detailed discussion of the determination of the completeness of the final redshift sample as functions of magnitude, color, geometric position, and redshift is also presented.
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12.51047
5.242754
1996-02-01
206
1996ApJS..102..269Y
[ "redshift measurement", "redshift", "redshifts", "clusters", "mask fabrication", "cross-correlation techniques", "~2600 faint galaxy redshifts", "the cluster redshifts", "a large redshift survey", "telescope time" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "INSTRUMENTATION: SPECTROGRAPHS", "SURVEYS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/192259" ]
[ "Yee, H. K. C.", "Ellingson, E.", "Carlberg, R. G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1933AcHPh...6..110Z", "1970AJ.....75...13P", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981PhRvD..23..347G", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983PhRvD..28..679B", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1989AJ.....97.1539E", "1989AJ.....98..227G", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1991ApJ...378..476E", "1991ApJ...381...33F", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992ApOpt..31.2291M", "1992PASP..104..752D", "1994A&A...282..325L", "1994AJ....107....8F", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ApJS...92...33E", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994JRASC..88...39C", "1996ApJS..102..289Y" ]
1987319
null
Internal Absorption and the Luminosity of Disk Galaxies
We investigate the correlation of the optical depth of dust in galactic disks with galaxy luminosity. We examine normal late-type (spiral and irregular) galaxies with measured far-ultraviolet (UV, λ ∼ 2000 Å) fluxes and compile the corresponding fluxes in the far-infrared (FIR, λ ∼ 40-120 μm) as measured by IRA S. The UV-to-FIR flux ratio is found to decrease rapidly with increasing FIR and FIR + UV luminosities. Since both the UV and FIR radiation originate mostly from the young stellar population in late-type galaxies, the UV-to-FIR flux ratio is a measure of the fraction of the light produced by young stars escaping from galaxy disks. Thus, the strong correlations above imply that the dust opacity increases with the luminosity of the young stellar population. We also find that the ratio of the UV-to-FIR flux decreases with increasing galaxy blue luminosity (a tracer of the intermediate-age stellar population) and with galaxy rotation speed (an indicator of galaxy mass). We supplement the UV sample of galaxies with an optically selected sample and find that the blue-to-FIR flux ratio declines with both FIR luminosity and galaxy rotation speed. We also examine a sample of galaxies for which the Hβ/Hα flux ratios can be obtained and find that the Hβ/Hα ratio, which also measures the extinction, decreases with the increasing FIR luminosity. <P />We model the absorption and emission of radiation by dust to normal galactic disks with a simple model of a uniform plane-parallel slab in which the dust that radiates in the IRAS band is heated exclusively by UV light from relatively nearby hot stars. We then find that the relation between the UV-to-FIR flux ratio and the observed luminosities can be explained by the face-on extinction optical depth τ varying with the intrinsic luminosity as a power law in the intrinsic UV luminosity: τ = τ<SUB>1</SUB>(L/L<SUB>1</SUB>)<SUP>β</SUP>. The same scaling law may also account for the various correlations found between the blue-to-FIR flux ratio and luminosities of late-type galaxies, although the possible dependence of the intrinsic ratio of UV to the blue luminosity leads to uncertainties here. The Hβ/Hα ratio is less affected by the problem, and the observations are consistent with the above scaling law. Comparisons of our simple model to the observations show that, expressed in the blue band, the total extinction optical depth is T<SUB>B,*</SUB> * = 0.8±0.3 at the fiducial observed blue luminosity of a Schechter L<SUB>*</SUB> galaxy and β = 0.5±0.2. Thus, our models imply that most galaxies are optically thin to dust in the blue. The increase in optical depth with luminosity can be attributed to the increase in both galaxy metallicity (dust cross section per unit mass of interstellar gas) and galaxy surface mass density with increasing luminosity.
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12.652883
7.572439
1996-02-01
188
1996ApJ...457..645W
[ "increasing galaxy blue luminosity", "galaxy luminosity", "observed blue luminosity", "increasing luminosity", "luminosities", "luminosity", "galaxy disks", "galaxy rotation speed", "UV light", "most galaxies" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176760" ]
[ "Wang, Boqi", "Heckman, Timothy M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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[ "1958MeLuS.136....1H", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1974ApJ...192..221P", "1975ApJ...202..400F", "1976A&A....50..191N", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1979AJ.....84..472S", "1979ApJ...229....1A", "1981gask.book.....M", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1986ApJ...304..326R", "1986ApJ...306..490I", "1986ApJS...62..751M", "1987A&A...180...12D", "1987ApJ...314..513L", "1987ApJ...317..637K", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1988ApJ...333..673B", "1988ApJS...68...91R", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...342..759T", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1989agna.book.....O", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1990ApJ...348..371S", "1990ApJ...349...57H", "1990ApJ...350L..25D", "1990ApJ...364..444V", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1484B", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994AJ....107.1003C", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...426L..27L", "1995ApJ...443..136C", "1995ApJ...448..563B", "1995ApJS...97...89L" ]
2010283
null
A nearby massive galaxy cluster behind the Milky Way
THE recession velocities of relatively nearby galaxies show systematic deviations from a uniform expansion field. These deviations indicate the presence of the 'Great Attractor'-a large concentration of mass (~5 x 10<SUP>16</SUP> solar masses) that lies in the direction of the southern Milky Way<SUB>1,2</SUB>. Attempts to quantify both the nature and extent of the Great Attractor<SUP>3-11</SUP> have been hampered by the fact that it is largely hidden by the disk of the Milky Way. Although there is an excess of galaxies in this region<SUP>12</SUP>, no dominant galaxy cluster or other concentration of mass has hitherto been identified. Here we present results from a survey of galaxies obscured (or partially obscured) by the southern Milky Way. Our results show that a previously identified galaxy cluster, Abell 3627, which lies only 9 ° from the predicted centre of the Great Attractor<SUP>13</SUP>, is very massive (~5 x 10<SUP>15</SUP> solar masses). The cluster's redshift is also near that predicted for the core of the Great Attractor<SUP>2,3,12-14</SUP>, suggesting that it lies at or near the bottom of the Attractor's gravitational potential well.
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11.939939
7.126523
1996-02-01
114
1996Natur.379..519K
[ "galaxies", "Attractor", "Milky Way", "other concentration", "systematic deviations", "the Great Attractor<SUP>13</SUP", "no dominant galaxy cluster", "~5", "the southern Milky Way", "relatively nearby galaxies" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1038/379519a0" ]
[ "Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.", "Woudt, P. A.", "Cayatte, V.", "Fairall, A. P.", "Balkowski, C.", "Henning, P. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1996ApJS..107..521V", "1996MNRAS.282..137J", "1996Msngr..84...17K", "1996Natur.379..489Y", "1997A&A...327..952S", "1997A&AS..125..247Q", "1997ASPC..117..373W", "1997Ap&SS.258..367M", "1997ExA.....7...65F", "1997MNRAS.287..425W", "1997PASA...14...15K", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997astro.ph.12169M", "1998A&A...338....8W", "1998A&A...340...21T", "1998A&AS..127..463F", "1998AJ....116.2632G", "1998AJ....116.2717S", "1998ASPC..151...99S", "1998ASSL..230..177M", "1998ASSL..230..209K", "1998IAUS..179..351V", "1998PASJ...50...47R", "1998SciAm.279d..28K", "1998SciAm.279d..50K", "1999A&A...352...39W", "1999A&AS..137..293W", "1999ASPC..170..103K", "1999ApJ...520..413Z", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.307..236C", "1999PASA...16...38J", "1999PASA...16...42S", "1999PASA...16...53K", "1999PASA...16..113D", "1999ldss.work...23K", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000AJ....119..567G", "2000AJ....119.1627J", "2000AJ....120..298J", "2000ASPC..201...88W", "2000ASPC..218...35F", "2000ASPC..218...43R", "2000ASPC..218...79E", "2000ASPC..218..119S", "2000ASPC..218..187W", "2000ASPC..218..193W", "2000ASPC..218..207S", "2000ApJS..127...27R", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000PASA...17....6K", "2001A&A...369..432V", "2001A&A...380..441W", "2001MNRAS.325..817J", "2001astro.ph..2200V", "2002ApJ...567..716R", "2002ApJ...580..774E", "2003CSF....16...47R", "2003RMxAC..17...37K", "2003astro.ph..8137R", "2003astro.ph.11129K", "2004A&A...415....9W", "2004MNRAS.349..560H", "2004MNRAS.352...61H", "2004MNRAS.354..980N", "2004PASA...21...89D", "2005ASPC..329..147W", "2005ASPC..329..159K", "2005ASPC..329..177N", "2005ASPC..329..189W", "2005ApJ...635...11P", "2005AstHe..98..246N", "2005IAUS..216..203K", "2006A&A...447..133P", "2006ApJ...637L..81S", "2006ApJ...645.1043K", "2006MNRAS.366..267F", "2006MNRAS.368..534N", "2006MNRAS.368.1515E", "2006MNRAS.369.1131R", "2006MNRAS.373...45E", "2007AJ....133..979J", "2007ApJ...657..197S", "2007ApJ...671..190S", "2008MNRAS.383..445W", "2008mear.confE...8K", "2009MNRAS.396.2367S", "2010ApJ...708..946S", "2010ApJ...725.1688A", "2012MNRAS.424..495V", "2012PASJ...64...16N", "2012PhRvD..85f7302C", "2013AJ....146...69C", "2013ApJ...777..122Z", "2014MNRAS.439.3666M", "2014arXiv1412.5324R", "2015A&A...583A.124D", "2016AJ....151...52S", "2016MNRAS.457.2366S", "2018MNRAS.481.1262K", "2018PhRvD..97j3519H", "2019ApJ...880...24T", "2019ApJS..245....6M", "2020ARep...64.1005B", "2021ApJ...911...16M", "2021MNRAS.502..601B", "2021NewA...8701597M", "2021PhRvD.103f3517H", "2023MNRAS.519.4128S", "2024A&A...686A..18M", "2024MNRAS.529L..88S", "2024MNRAS.531..649G", "2024arXiv240504374K" ]
[ "1972ApJ...175..627R", "1977ApJ...214..347Y", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983MNRAS.202..703D", "1986A&AS...66..373K", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987ApJS...64..601B", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ApJ...329..519D", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJ...346..638J", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.238..881L", "1989RvMA....2..119K", "1990A&A...233...16C", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1991ASIC..348..337L", "1991ApJ...376L...1S", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1993MNRAS.261L...8W", "1993MNRAS.265...43H", "1993MNRAS.265...72H", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ASPC...67...77F", "1994ASPC...67...89K", "1994ASPC...67...99K", "1994ASPC...67..257S", "1994ApJ...425..418L", "1994MNRAS.266..475H", "1995A&A...297..617K", "1995MNRAS.275..797K", "1995wfsd.conf..121F" ]
1986464
null
Seyfert Galaxies With Companions: Orbital and Kinematic Clues to AGN Triggering
This paper presents imaging and optical spectroscopy of paired Seyfert galaxies and their companions. The aim is to seek common properties of Seyfert galaxies in interacting systems, which might provide evidence of AGN triggering in a way independent of the usual two-sample statistics which have proven ambiguous on this issue. Three kinds of comparison have been made-the kinds of interactions involving Seyfert galaxies, the relative luminosities of the Seyferts and their companions, and the level of kinematic disturbance as measured from rotation curves. (1) Dynamics and tidal features have been used to determine (or at least limit) the sense of orbital motion (direct/retrograde/polar with respect to the Seyfert galaxy's disk) for many of these pairs. There is no obviously preferred kind of interaction-direct, polar, and retrograde encounters are all well represented, despite the gross differences in dynamical response of a disk to these various kinds of encounter. To the extent that triggering of Seyfert nuclei occurs due to tidal encounters, the existence of a perturbation seems more important than its exact duration or detailed effects on the disk. However, the ratio of merging to paired Seyferts is higher than for disk galaxies in general, consistent with more effective triggering of AGN in this specific phase; the implied time scale for enhanced occurrence during mergers is the same as the timescape for merger remnants to appear as such, a few disk-edge crossing times (typically several times 10^8^ yr). (2) Seyfert nuclei occur preferentially in the brighter members of galaxy pairs, by a median of 0.93 mag after making the maximal correction for contaminating nonstellar light in the nuclei. Only about 1/3 of this effect can be accounted for by the known tendency of Seyfert nuclei to occur in more luminous galaxies. Enhancement of AGN by interactions is evidently more effective for more luminous galaxies (though this will also be the case if both star formation and AGN occurrence are enhanced in the same galaxies). (3) The rotation curves of the paired Seyferts show systematically small regions of rising or solid-body rotation compared to the disk radius, as a group comparable to Sa but very different from Sb or Sc galaxies (even for Seyfert galaxies with Hubble type later than Sa). There is weak evidence that this difference is also present with respect to more isolated Seyfert galaxies. Despite the obvious utility of a dynamically disturbed disk for transport of angular momentum and "feeding the monster," Seyfert galaxies in pairs actually have smaller kinematic disturbances (measured by the maximum departure from a symmetric rotation curve, normalized to the full rotation amplitude) than found in a complete sample of non-Seyfert spirals in pairs.
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14.69209
7.574181
1996-02-01
93
1996AJ....111..696K
[ "Seyfert galaxies", "paired Seyfert galaxies", "disk galaxies", "galaxy pairs", "Seyfert nuclei", "Sc galaxies", "Seyfert", "rotation curves", "more isolated Seyfert galaxies", "smaller kinematic disturbances" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117816" ]
[ "Keel, William C." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJS..106...27K", "1997A&A...327..493R", "1997A&A...327..555K", "1997ApJ...487L..17T", "1997MNRAS.290...15T", "1997astro.ph.10165K", "1998A&A...333..459M", "1998A&A...334..124R", "1998A&A...335..912K", "1998A&AS..129...69J", "1998ApJ...496...93D", "1998ApJ...496..797C", "1998ApJS..115..163D", "1998MNRAS.300..205M", "1999A&AS..135..437G", "1999AJ....117.2736M", "1999AJ....118.2646M", "1999ApJ...510..590K", "1999ApJ...510..637H", "1999ApJ...518..117K", "1999ApJ...524...65T", "1999ApJS..120..209N", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000AJ....119..111D", "2000AJ....120.1739V", "2000Ap&SS.274..523X", "2000ApJS..131..441K", "2000MNRAS.317..907J", "2001A&A...379..860W", "2001ApJ...555..663S", "2001MNRAS.324..859B", "2001MmSAI..72..163K", "2001RMxAC..10..134F", "2002A&A...381..771D", "2002A&A...394..405O", "2002ApJ...565..786M", "2002ApJ...569..624P", "2002ApJ...572..169K", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2002AstL...28..579K", "2002MNRAS.329..877C", "2003A&A...412..669H", "2003AJ....125..555D", "2003AJ....126.1245T", "2003ApJ...583..670C", "2003ApJ...585..112B", "2003ApJ...585..121O", "2003ApJ...586..112A", "2003ApJ...594..128T", "2004A&A...415..451F", "2004A&A...418...25K", "2004AJ....127.1325K", "2004AN....325..376P", "2004ApJS..152....1S", "2004astro.ph.10326Z", "2005AJ....129.2579D", "2005AJ....130.2117S", "2005ApJ...618..155T", "2006A&A...456..467F", "2006AJ....132..546G", "2006ApJ...650..727C", "2007AJ....133.2327G", "2007ApJS..170...33P", "2007MNRAS.375.1017A", "2008A&A...483..161T", "2008A&A...484..631V", "2008A&A...484..655F", "2008AJ....135..232H", "2008PASJ...60S.277M", "2009KPCB...25..107C", "2009MNRAS.396.1732B", "2009MNRAS.399.2172R", "2010A&A...514A.100M", "2010ARep...54..578C", "2010ApJ...714L.108S", "2011A&A...526A..43S", "2011ApJ...733...48T", "2011RMxAC..40...62H", "2012A&A...538A..15H", "2012ApJ...747...71H", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.419..687R", "2014ApJ...793...61H", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2019ApJ...880...68R", "2021ApJ...909...18F", "2022ApJ...925...84M", "2022MNRAS.514.5403H", "2022MNRAS.516..656Z", "2024A&A...681A.101J", "2024MNRAS.527.1950T", "2024MNRAS.527.9192C" ]
[ "1975ApJ...197L...1D", "1980AJ.....85..198K", "1980Afz....16..393D", "1981SvAL....7..215A", "1982ApJ...257...33S", "1982MNRAS.200..407B", "1982PhDT.........1M", "1983ApJ...272..473Y", "1984A&A...136..206M", "1984AJ.....89..966D", "1984ApJ...277..501J", "1984ApJ...280L..43O", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985AJ.....90.1772D", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1987A&A...171...41N", "1987AJ.....94..640G", "1987AJ.....94.1461Y", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1987dvga.book.....K", "1988A&A...203..259N", "1988AJ.....95..677H", "1988AJ.....96.1235F", "1988ApJ...333..522R", "1989A&A...216...11H", "1989Natur.338...45S", "1990ApJ...365..502R", "1990ApJS...72..231M", "1990NASCP3098..359H", "1991ApJ...375L...5K", "1991BAAS...23.1339R", "1992A&AS...94..553K", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...394...91M", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992yCat.7137....0D", "1993A&A...275..451R", "1993AJ....106.1771K", "1993ApJ...417..502H", "1993MNRAS.263..655K", "1994AJ....108...90M", "1995A&A...293..683L", "1995AJ....109...73H", "1995AJ....109.1546R", "1995AJ....110..129K", "1995ApJ...447L...1B", "1995ApJ...450..486B" ]
1986450
null
The Leo II Dwarf Spheroidal - an Old Galaxy With a Large Intermediate-age Population
Deep F555W (broadband V) and F814W (broadband I) observations have been obtained of the Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 instrument. The resulting color- magnitude diagrams reach V = 27.4 mag and I = 26.6 mag, and the fiducial sequence has a main-sequence turnoff at V = 25.1 mag. A metallicity of [Fe/H] = -1.60+/-0.25 dex and reddening E (V - I) = 0.035+/-0.019 were determined simultaneously using the technique of Sarajedini [AJ, 107,618 (1994)]. A well-defined horizontal branch is seen at V_HB_ = 22.18+/-0.08 mag and the true distance modulus is (m - M)_0_ = 21.55+/-0.18 mag. The apparent distance moduli in V and I are (m - M)_V_=21.63+/-0.18 mag and (m - M)_I__ = 21.60+/-0.18 mag, respectively. Using a variety of age indicators, we have determined that the main stellar population of Leo II has an age of 9+/-1 Gyr. By analyzing the distribution of stars near the base of the red giant branch, we have determined that half of the stars in Leo II probably formed during a period of star formation lasting about 4 Gyr. The Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy started forming stars about 14+/-1 Gyr ago and formed most of its stellar population during the succeeding 7 +/- 1 Gyr with the typical star having been formed about 9+/-1 Gyr ago. The rate of star formation has been negligibly small for the last ~7 Gyr.
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10.360682
8.039803
1996-02-01
76
1996AJ....111..777M
[ "Leo II", "star formation", "stars", "mag", "V", "The Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "Gyr", "the Leo II dwarf spheroidal", "age indicators", "_" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: LEO II", "LOCAL GROUP", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117823" ]
[ "Mighell, Kenneth J.", "Rich, R. Michael" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.2314M", "1996AJ....112.2576D", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1996ApJ...469L..97A", "1996ApJ...471L..31V", "1997AJ....113.2209B", "1997AJ....114.1458M", "1997ASPC..116..270D", "1997ApJ...479L.153A", "1997MNRAS.290L..33H", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1997SSRv...79..793T", "1997astro.ph..3048H", "1998A&AS..127..327S", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...508..570S", "1998PASP..110..533S", "1999A&A...345..747H", "1999A&ARv...9..273V", "1999AJ....117.2199C", "1999ASPC..192..150S", "1999IAUS..192..203A", "2000AJ....119..705D", "2000AJ....120..284S", "2000AcA....50..279U", "2000ESASP.445...87G", "2000MNRAS.317..831H", "2000astro.ph.10028T", "2001AJ....122.2524A", "2001AJ....122.3092H", "2001AJ....122.3136L", "2001ASPC..239..280G", "2001MmSAI..72..773S", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....123..813D", "2002AJ....124..332D", "2002MNRAS.332...91D", "2002MNRAS.334..117C", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2003dhst.symp..128T", "2004AJ....127..840P", "2004ApJ...610L..89G", "2004oee..sympE...5B", "2005MNRAS.360..185B", "2005nfcd.conf...35D", "2006A&A...448..983R", "2006AJ....132.2171L", "2006MNRAS.367..339J", "2007A&A...468..973M", "2007AJ....133..270K", "2007AJ....134..566K", "2007AJ....134..835K", "2007AJ....134.1938C", "2007ASPC..374..261H", "2007MNRAS.378..318B", "2008ASPC..399..449K", "2008ApJ...673..215F", "2008MNRAS.388.1185G", "2008MmSAI..79..427G", "2009A&A...501..189R", "2009AJ....137...62S", "2009ApJ...699.1742B", "2010A&A...512A..85L", "2011A&A...531A.152L", "2011ApJ...727...78K", "2011ApJ...727...79K", "2011ApJ...741..100L", "2012MNRAS.425..231R", "2015ApJ...799..230H", "2017AJ....153..254S", "2017ApJ...836..202S", "2018ApJ...860...66M", "2023A&A...677A..95A", "2024ApJ...969...65H" ]
[ "1950PASP...62..118H", "1968Natur.220..143I", "1971ARA&A...9...35H", "1976AJ.....81.1095H", "1977AASPB..16...10M", "1978MNRAS.183..569D", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1981JPhD...14..199M", "1982AJ.....87.1668H", "1983A&A...128...94B", "1983AJ.....88..329D", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984ApJS...55...45Z", "1984ApJS...55...67B", "1985A&A...144..388A", "1985ApJ...290..191A", "1985ApJ...299..616B", "1985ApJS...58..561V", "1985ApJS...59...63R", "1986AJ.....91.1091S", "1986stpo.meet...45A", "1987ryil.book.....G", "1989A&A...216...80B", "1989PhDT.........7L", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1990ApJ...350..155L", "1991ApJ...383L..71B", "1991MNRAS.251..545H", "1992ApJ...390L..81W", "1992ApJ...394..515C", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993ASPC...52..530K", "1993ApJ...417..553L", "1993MNRAS.261..657D", "1994AJ....107..618S", "1994ApJS...93..161S", "1994depv.conf....7B", "1995AJ....110.1155L", "1995AJ....110.1649M", "1995ApJ...444L...9C", "1995ApJ...450..712S", "1995PASP..107..156H", "1995PASP..107.1065H" ]
1989859
null
The CNOC Cluster Redshift Survey Catalogs. II. Abell 2390
A photometric and redshift catalog of galaxies in the field of the rich galaxy cluster Abell 2390 (z = 0.228) is presented as part of the CNOC cluster redshift survey carried out at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) using the MOS imaging multiobject spectrograph. Using five separate fields, the imaging and spectroscopic observations cover a strip of approximately 7.3' x 43.2', centered on the cluster. Redshifts for 327 galaxies, primarily ranging in magnitude from r = 17 to 22, were obtained. The data set is also presented graphically in several forms. The magnitude, geometric, and color selection functions for the redshift sample are discussed and presented.
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12.604185
5.571223
1996-02-01
50
1996ApJS..102..289Y
[ "Redshifts", "imaging multiobject spectrograph", "galaxies", "the CNOC cluster redshift survey", "the rich galaxy cluster Abell", "magnitude", "several forms", "MOS", "CFHT", "France" ]
[ "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A2390", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192260" ]
[ "Yee, H. K. C.", "Ellingson, E.", "Abraham, R. G.", "Gravel, Pierre", "Carlberg, R. G.", "Smecker-Hane, Tammy A.", "Schade, David", "Rigler, Michael" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...462...32C", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996ApJ...471..694A", "1996ApJS..102..269Y", "1997A&A...320...41K", "1997ApJS..113....1E", "1998A&A...334..789B", "1998Ap&SS.261..257A", "1998ApJ...507...84M", "1998ApJS..116..211Y", "1998ApJS..116..231A", "1998ApJS..116..247E", "1998MNRAS.301..328R", "1999A&A...346..359P", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "2000A&A...362..825A", "2000AJ....119.1100H", "2000AJ....119.1123H", "2000ApJ...531...95B", "2000ApJ...541...95V", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001ApJ...562L.125T", "2001MNRAS.322..187E", "2002ASPC..268..339B", "2002ApJ...579..227I", "2003A&A...407..791M", "2003AJ....126..119R", "2003ApJ...589..709E", "2004ApJ...614..679L", "2005ApJ...628L..97D", "2005ApJS..159...41V", "2005MNRAS.358..233F", "2006ApJ...652..232H", "2006MNRAS.366..144N", "2006MNRAS.367..366A", "2006MNRAS.368.1411A", "2006MNRAS.370..427B", "2007A&A...470..449B", "2007ApJ...659.1106M", "2009MNRAS.392.1509G", "2010PhRvD..82l4003F", "2011ApJ...733...64C", "2012A&A...537A..58P", "2013ApJ...765...24N", "2013ApJ...768..104F", "2013ApJS..208....5N", "2013MNRAS.431.2542H", "2015Ap&SS.359...61S", "2021ApJ...908..228L", "2023MNRAS.522.1521A" ]
[ "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1989AJ.....98..227G", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989ApJS...70..723M", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1991A&AS...88..133L", "1991ApJ...366..405P", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1994A&A...282..325L", "1994A&A...283...37V", "1994JRASC..88...39C", "1996ApJS..102..269Y" ]
2008743
null
The near-infrared continuum of Seyfert 2s - deconvolution into the stellar and non-stellar components.
The authors present results from a near-infrared (1-3.5 μm) study of an optically selected sample of Seyfert 2 galaxies. These images, taken through J, H, K and L filters, are used to measure magnitudes and colours for a range of projected apertures. The origin of the near-infrared continuum of Seyfert galaxies is still a matter of debate, although it is generally believed to be a mixture of stellar light and reradiation by hot dust, modified by extinction effects. The authors have deconvolved the surface brightness profiles of the Seyfert 2s into a combination of a nuclear source, a bulge component and a disc component. These results confirm that the stellar component dominates the emission from the central regions of Seyfert 2 nuclei at J, H and K wavelengths, even for the smallest apertures. However, at L band the non-stellar component within a 3-arcsec aperture accounts for between 50 and 90 per cent of the total emission. The authors compare these results with those for a small sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies. The near-infrared properties of the host galaxies have been studied by comparison with those of Seyfert 1 galaxies and low-redshift PG quasars. No strong differences have been found between the extra-nuclear colours in both classes of Seyfert galaxy, and low-redshift PG quasars. The host galaxy colours are consistent with those of a normal stellar population plus a warm dust component. There is a good correlation between the AGN luminosity (represented by the [O III] λ5007 line luminosity) and the K-band host galaxy luminosity for Seyferts and low-redshift PG quasars.
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14.808651
7.90908
1996-02-01
49
1996MNRAS.278..902A
[ "Seyfert galaxies", "Seyfert galaxy", "Seyfert", "stellar light", "K", "hot dust", "L band", "the non-stellar component", "colours", "projected apertures" ]
[ "Seyfert Galaxies: Infrared Photometry", "Seyfert Galaxies: Infrared Continuum", "Seyfert Galaxies: Radiation Mechanisms", "Seyfert Galaxies: Stellar Populations", "Seyfert Galaxies: Interstellar Dust", "galaxies: active -- galaxies: nuclei -- galaxies: photometry -- galaxies: Seyfert -- galaxies: stellar content -- infrared: galaxies" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/278.4.902" ]
[ "Alonso-Herrero, A.", "Ward, M. J.", "Kotilainen, J. K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...325..585V", "1997ApJ...486..147G", "1997ApJS..108..229H", "1997ApJS..110..299M", "1997MNRAS.288..977A", "1998ApJ...495..196A", "1998ApJ...496..117F", "1998ApJ...501...94S", "1999A&AS..140....1M", "1999AJ....117.2676R", "1999AJ....117.2781D", "1999AJ....118.2646M", "1999ApJS..125..349H", "1999MNRAS.304...35S", "1999MNRAS.308..431B", "2000AJ....120.1739V", "2000ApJ...532L..17Q", "2000ApJ...545..190I", "2000ApJ...545..216B", "2000MNRAS.316....1W", "2001AJ....121.1369A", "2001ApJ...547..129Q", "2002ApJ...569..624P", "2002ApJ...571L...7P", "2002ApJS..141...23E", "2003AJ....126...81A", "2003ASPC..290..445A", "2003PASJ...55..103K", "2004ApJ...600..595R", "2004ApJ...614..122I", "2007A&A...466..451Z", "2007AJ....134.2006R", "2009ApJ...693L.136M", "2009ApJ...701..105K", "2009ApJ...702.1127R", "2010ApJ...714..713S", "2010ApJ...725..670S", "2010PASJ...62.1509O", "2011ApJ...731...92R", "2011ApJ...736...82A", "2013A&A...556A.114C", "2013ApJS..204...23V", "2015A&A...578A..47B", "2015MNRAS.449.1422M", "2016A&A...594A..72P", "2016ApJ...824...51P", "2020ApJ...888...19D", "2020MNRAS.493L..76K", "2022MNRAS.509.4256G" ]
[ "1978ApJ...226..550R", "1979ApJ...230...79N", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982MNRAS.199..943H", "1983A&A...128...84K", "1984PASP...96..143W", "1985ApJ...291..117L", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985ApJ...298..275N", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1985MNRAS.214..429G", "1987ApJ...321..233E", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1988AJ.....95..408G", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...332..702P", "1988ApJ...333....1M", "1988ApJ...334..121W", "1988ApJS...67..249D", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990MNRAS.242P...4B", "1991ApJ...372L..67D", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1992AJ....104.1018H", "1992ApJ...397..452T", "1992ApJ...399...38D", "1992ApJS...79..213B", "1992ApJS...80..109B", "1992MNRAS.254...93M", "1992MNRAS.254..509F", "1992MNRAS.256..125K", "1992MNRAS.256..149K", "1993ApJ...409..149Z", "1993ApJ...418..673P", "1993ApJS...84..185Z", "1993MNRAS.263...54S", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1993PASP..105.1150B", "1994AJ....107.1227W", "1994ApJ...420...58M", "1994ApJ...422..521G", "1994ApJ...423..608R", "1994ApJ...430..196K", "1994ApJ...436..586M", "1994MNRAS.266..953K", "1994MNRAS.271..250S", "1995A&A...295..646K", "1995ApJ...441...96M" ]
1987344
null
A Search for CO Emission in High-Redshift Powerful Radio Galaxies
Upper limits for the molecular gas mass of 11 high-redshift (1 &lt;z &lt;4) powerful radio galaxies (HzPRGs) are presented. These observations include some of the most sensitive extragalactic CO observations to date. The four best-studied radio galaxies (3C 368, 4C 23.56, B2 0902+34, and 4C 41.17) have less than one-third the CO luminosity of the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F10214+4724, and, assuming a Galactic CO-to-H<SUB>2</SUB> ratio, they have molecular gas masses comparable to or less than the most gas-rich, ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) in the local (z ≤ 0.3) universe [i.e., M(H<SUB>2</SUB>) &lt; 2-3 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> h<SUP>-2</SUP>M<SUB>sun</SUB>; H<SUB>0</SUB> = 100 h km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP> and q<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.5]. Spectral energy distributions of eight HzPRGs show them to have UV-to-optical luminosities ranging from a factor of 0.1 to 1.0 that of the UV-to-optical luminosity of F 10214+4724. Recent submillimeter observations of three HzPRGs suggest that one source, 4C 41.17, may have an intense submillimeter-to-far-infrared excess. However, IRAS observations suggest that HzPRGs as a class are not hyperluminous at far-infrared wavelengths. We also consider how the possibility that F10214+4724 is a gravitationally lensed galaxy affects our interpretation of the data, as well as what it may mean for gas-rich galaxies in general.
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13.632471
7.699246
1996-02-01
49
1996ApJ...457..658E
[ "molecular gas masses", "IRAS observations", "Recent submillimeter observations", "the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F10214", "CO", "gas-rich galaxies", "Spectral energy distributions", "4C", "F10214", "the molecular gas mass" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176761" ]
[ "Evans, A. S.", "Sanders, D. B.", "Mazzarella, J. M.", "Solomon, P. M.", "Downes, D.", "Kramer, C.", "Radford, S. J. E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...313...91D", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996Natur.382..426O", "1997A&A...323..357C", "1997AJ....114.2437L", "1997ApJ...485L..21S", "1997ApJS..113..221F", "1997IAUS..170..344S", "1997IAUS..178..525B", "1997MNRAS.289..766H", "1997PASJ...49..647I", "1997astro.ph.10192I", "1997euvl.conf..285R", "1997quho.conf..101B", "1998A&A...329..399C", "1998A&A...330...63W", "1998AJ....116.2672L", "1998ASPC..146...49R", "1998ApJ...494..211I", "1998ApJ...495..276A", "1998ApJ...498..553E", "1998ApJ...506..205E", "1998ApJ...507..774Y", "1998PASJ...50..241M", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1999ASPC..156...45K", "1999ASPC..156...74E", "1999ASPC..156...80L", "2000ApJ...528..626P", "2000ApJ...529L..85E", "2001AJ....121.1893E", "2001AJ....121.3285E", "2002A&A...381..401C", "2002ApJ...564L...9P", "2003A&A...401..911D", "2003NewAR..47..285D", "2005A&A...430L...1D", "2005A&A...444..813P", "2008A&ARv..15...67M", "2010ApJ...724..957S", "2011ApJ...734L..25E", "2011MNRAS.415..655E", "2012MNRAS.425.1320I", "2014MNRAS.438.2898E", "2015MNRAS.449.2883G", "2017ApJ...836..123L", "2019ApJ...882....1L", "2022A&A...668A..67A", "2024ApJ...962..187E" ]
[ "1984ApJ...280L...9S", "1984ApJ...285L..49S", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1987AJ.....93.1307D", "1987ASSL..134...21S", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1988AJ.....95...26G", "1988ApJ...327L..47C", "1988ApJ...328L..35S", "1988ApJ...329L..75C", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1988PhDT........22M", "1989ApJ...340L...9M", "1989ApJ...340L..13M", "1990ApJ...348L...1C", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1991AJ....102.1956B", "1991ApJ...370..158S", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991PhRvL..67.3328U", "1992ApJ...385...61R", "1992ApJ...387L..29M", "1992ApJ...397L..19B", "1992ApJ...398L..29S", "1992ApJ...399L..47E", "1992ESOC...44....1M", "1992Natur.356..318S", "1992PASJ...44L.241T", "1993AIPC..278..311S", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...402..537G", "1993ApJ...409..170M", "1993ApJ...409..578E", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993ApJ...415L..75S", "1993ApJ...415L..99B", "1993MNRAS.261..513R", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1993MNRAS.263L..37T", "1994A&A...288L..33C", "1994AJ....107..910E", "1994ApJ...420L...5G", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1994Natur.371..586B", "1995ApJ...440..515D", "1995ApJ...443L..65S", "1995ApJ...449L..29G", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1995ApJ...452L...9C" ]
1986496
null
Parsec-Scale Morphology of PKS 2152-699 and the Radio/Optical Misalignment
We present the first very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) image of the parsec-scale structure in the nearby (z = 0.0282) Fanaroff-Riley type II radio galaxy PKS 2152-699, revealing the core-jet morphology typical of compact radio sources. Tadhunter et al. [MNRAS, 235,403(1988)] have identified this object as one in which the radio axis and optical emission line features on the kiloparsec-scale appear to have an obvious connection but are somewhat misaligned. They interpret this relationship as most likely being due to an interaction between the radio jet and an extra-nuclear cloud of gas, the misalignment possibly caused by the deflection of the radio jet in the interaction. The VLBI observations presented here further strengthen the evidence for the interaction interpretation. The parsec-scale radio jet aligns strongly with optical emission line features, and not with the kiloparsec-scale radio structure. We explore a mechanism which could produce the misalignment and which is consistent with the interaction concept, namely oblique shocks in a relativistic jet. With a minimal model we find that reasonable values of the model parameters can provide the required misalignment over a wide range of initial conditions.
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15.814448
5.824567
1996-02-01
16
1996AJ....111..718T
[ "compact radio sources", "optical emission line features", "optical emission line", "Tadhunter et al", "Fanaroff-Riley type II radio galaxy PKS", "the radio jet", "The parsec-scale radio jet aligns", "reasonable values", "the kiloparsec-scale radio structure", "the radio axis" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: PKS 2152-699", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: JETS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117818" ]
[ "Tingay, S. J.", "Jauncey, D. L.", "Reynolds, J. E.", "Tzioumis, A. K.", "Migenes, V.", "Gough, R.", "Lovell, J. E. J.", "McCulloch, P. M.", "Costa, M. E.", "Preston, R. A.", "Harbison, P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996PASA...13..218J", "1997A&A...327..550T", "1997A&AS..124..469B", "1998MNRAS.296..701F", "2002AJ....124..652T", "2002ApJS..141..311T", "2005ApJ...618..609L", "2005ApJ...622..830Y", "2009MNRAS.395..504B", "2010A&A...519A..45O", "2012MNRAS.424.1346W", "2013PhDT.......479B", "2014ApJ...784..159G", "2018BAAA...60...76C", "2020A&A...641A.152A", "2024ApJ...963...32C" ]
[ "1966AuJPh..19..181W", "1973IEEEP..61.1242C", "1981ApJ...247L...5M", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1985ApJ...290..496V", "1987Natur.325..504T", "1988MNRAS.235..403T", "1988Natur.334..591D", "1989AJ.....98....1P", "1989AJ.....98...54J", "1990ESASP.310..513F", "1990PASA....8..252N", "1991BAAS...23..991P", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1994AJ....108..725R", "1994ApJ...422..542B", "1994ApJ...430..467V", "1994AuJPh..47..625W", "1994BAAS...26..987S" ]
1986402
null
Near Infrared Observations of IRAS 09104+4109
Near infrared imaging and grism spectroscopy of the high luminosity infrared bright galaxy IRAS 09104+4109 have been obtained with the W. M. Keck Telescope. The imaging shows 6 "knots" of emission projected against the extended stellar envelope of the cD galaxy thought to be the source of the large far infrared luminosity. The luminosities of the knots are consistent with the bulges of galaxies accreting onto the central galaxy. In addition, there are 11 companion galaxies seen at radii of 40-150 kpc from the cD nucleus. These objects have colors in the range R-K ~3.5+/- 0.5 mag, J-H ~0.9+/-0.2 mag and H-K ~0.7+/-0.2 mag, which are consistent with galaxies at a redshift of 0.4. The companion galaxies have luminosities comparable to or less than the characteristic luminosity (L^*^) of field galaxies. While the central cD galaxy is identified with the luminous infrared source, it appears to be a quiescent, radio-quiet galaxy, showing no evidence from its near infrared colors for a highly reddened nucleus as seen in other infrared luminous galaxies. The grism spectroscopy shows forbidden lines of low ionization stages of sulfer, iron, and oxygen, as well as hydrogen recombination lines and a strong line of neutral helium. A visual extinction of A<SUB>nu</SUB>_~ 2 mag is derived to the narrow line region surrounding the galaxy nucleus, based on the line ratios [S II]1.03 micron/0.407 micron and Pδ/Hβ. The near infrared spectrum is consistent with the optical classification of this system being a Seyfert 2 nucleus.
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13.94183
7.779835
1996-02-01
12
1996AJ....111..649S
[ "other infrared luminous galaxies", "bright galaxy", "galaxies", "field galaxies", "hydrogen recombination lines", "forbidden lines", "S II]1.03 micron/0.407 micron", "luminosities", "the central cD galaxy", "mag" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: IRAS 09104+4109", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117814" ]
[ "Soifer, B. T.", "Neugebauer, G.", "Armus, L.", "Shupe, D. L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283.1003C", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1998ApJ...506..205E", "1999Ap&SS.266..113A", "1999ApJ...512..145H", "1999ApJ...517L..13L", "2000AJ....120..562T", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2001MNRAS.321L..15I", "2001MNRAS.326.1467D", "2013MNRAS.430.2943C", "2016ApJ...831...76F" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...217L.125O", "1977MNRAS.180..479F", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1978ApJ...224..320H", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1985A&A...147L...6D", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1988A&A...193..327N", "1988AJ.....96.1575H", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...328..161K", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989PASP..101..949K", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...348L...5O", "1990ApJ...349L..39C", "1990ApJ...352..561O", "1991hbic.book.....F", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992ApJ...389..196O", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...406...52M", "1993ApJ...415...82H", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1994ApJ...421...92B", "1994iaan.conf..239M", "1995ApJ...449L..29G", "1995ApJ...450..512S", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1995ApJ...452..599L" ]
1987348
null
A Systematic Search for IRAS Galaxies behind the Milky Way
We have completed a systematic search for visible IRAS galaxies with 60 microns flux densities larger than 0.6 Jy behind the whole Milky Way region at |b| &lt; 15°, using the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey prints and the UK Schmidt Atlas and SERC IIIa-J plates. A total of 2323 galaxies were identified. The number densities are 0.33 deg<SUP>-2</SUP> at 10° ≤ |b| &lt; 15° 0.21 deg<SUP>-2</SUP> at 5° ≤ |b| 10°, and 0.08 deg<SUP>-2</SUP> at 0° ≤ |b| ≤ 5° showing exponential decrease with increasing H I column density. The average of the entire surveyed region is 0.22 deg<SUP>-2</SUP>, about half the value of the whole-sky average. Among the 2323 galaxies, 93% are identified in the region with H I column densities lower than 5 x 10<SUP>21</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>, the area of which covers 76% of the whole Milky Way region. The distribution of the 60 microns flux densities of the identified galaxies is similar to that of IRAS galaxies outside the Milky Way, consistent with the fact that the far-infrared luminosities of spiral galaxies are almost independent of the optical luminosities. <P />We find six high-density filamentary structures of galaxy distribution across the Milky Way, which correspond to the main clusterings of galaxies in an ∼20 h<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc scale within a radius of cz ∼6000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> along the supergalactic SGX-SGZ plane. The high-density structures in the -SGX and -SGZ directions are located closer to the Local Group than those in the +SGX and + SGZ directions, respectively.
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12.16037
7.853272
1996-02-01
17
1996ApJ...457..693T
[ "IRAS galaxies", "visible IRAS galaxies", "galaxy distribution", "spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "Milky Way", "density", "cz ∼6000 km s", "SGZ directions", "the whole Milky Way region" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176764" ]
[ "Takata, Tadafumi", "Yamada, Toru", "Saito, Mamoru" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJS..107..521V", "1996PASJ...48..679R", "1997ApJS..112..245N", "1997PASJ...49...47I", "1998AJ....116.2717S", "1998PASJ...50...47R", "1999PASA...16...53K", "1999ldss.work...23K", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000ASPC..218...51I", "2000ASPC..218..157N", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000ApJS..127...27R", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000MNRAS.316..326H", "2005ASPC..329...59I", "2008AJ....136..662M" ]
[ "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987IAUS..115...19E", "1988MNRAS.235.1177L", "1988ang..book.....T", "1988lsmu.book..199L", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ApJ...359..280B", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991ApJ...371L...1S", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...376L...1S", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PASJ...43..449S", "1992AJ....104.1505L", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1993ApJS...89...57Y", "1993MNRAS.262...79Y", "1993MNRAS.262..711L", "1993MNRAS.265...43H", "1993PASJ...45...25Y", "1994A&AS..104..529T", "1994ASPC...67...41H", "1994ASPC...67...53M", "1994ASPC...67...99K", "1994ASPC...67..121S", "1994ASPC...67..131W", "1994ASPC...67..249M", "1994ApJ...425..418L", "1994ApJ...434L..39M", "1994MNRAS.266..475H", "1994MNRAS.270...93Y", "1994ulss.conf...41H", "1994ulss.conf...53M", "1994ulss.conf...99K", "1994ulss.conf..121S", "1994ulss.conf..131W", "1994ulss.conf..249M" ]
1987284
null
Supershells and Chimneys: The Giant Ionized Gas Filaments in NGC 1800
The otherwise unremarkable dwarf galaxy NGC 1800 contains extraordinary structures in its ionized gas including an ∼3 kpc web of filaments, fingers pointing out of the plane of the galaxy, and a supergiant shell, also apparently extending out of the plane. Emission-line ratios of the filamentary structures are similar to those observed in supershells in the LMC and M33, and they are consistent with direct photoionization as the dominant mechanism for ionization. We suggest that the web of filaments is fitted by the model of Mac Low, McCray, &amp; Norman in which supershells from a previous generation of massive stars have expanded out of the disk of the galaxy and fragmented above the plane. The fingers are "chimneys" which provide paths along which UV photons from the current population of massive stars can travel the large distances to the filaments. Structures like these are not often found in late-type galaxies, and so this phenomenon is unlikely to be a common feature of galaxy evolution.
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12.085121
8.167486
1996-02-01
10
1996ApJ...457..671H
[ "galaxy evolution", "massive stars", "extraordinary structures", "Structures", "filaments", "direct photoionization", "Mac Low", "late-type galaxies", "fingers", "M33" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1800", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176762" ]
[ "Hunter, Deidre A." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.2567F", "1997ApJ...475...65H", "1997ApJ...478L..21M", "1997ApJ...483..666G", "1999AJ....117..190B", "1999ApJ...511...56K", "1999ApJ...511..585M", "2004MNRAS.354..259R", "2007A&A...476..841R", "2018MNRAS.477..699M" ]
[ "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1977AJ.....82..337S", "1979ApJ...227..131S", "1979ApJS...39....1R", "1980ApJ...236..628D", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1982ApJ...260...81H", "1984ApJS...55..585H", "1985ApJ...298L..27R", "1986ApJ...301..423M", "1988A&A...201...37N", "1988ARA&A..26..145T", "1989ApJ...337..141M", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1990A&A...232L..15D", "1990A&A...234..396I", "1990ARA&A..28..525S", "1990ApJ...362..480H", "1991ApJ...374..507K", "1991IAUS..144..433H", "1992A&A...254L..25D", "1992ApJ...390..108K", "1992ApJ...391L...9H", "1992ApJ...400L..33R", "1992Natur.359..129W", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993ApJ...407...83S", "1993ApJ...417..579M", "1994AJ....107..565H", "1994AJ....108.1658H", "1994ApJ...428..647D", "1994ApJS...91...79H", "1995ApJ...438..563M" ]
2012415
null
CO Observations of a Galaxy behind the Galactic Plane, Dwingeloo 1
We have observed Dwingeloo 1, which was discovered behind the disk of t he Milky Way in 1994, in the CO (J = 1--0) line transition with the Nobeyama 45- m telescope. We detected very weak CO line emission in the optical bar and marginally at the center. The surface density of molecular gas derived using the Galactic conversion factor N(H_2)/I_CO = 2.6 times 10(20) i s only 8.4 M<SUB>sun</SUB> pc(-2) , correcting for the inclination of the galaxy even in the center. The central surface density of molecular gas and the M(H_2)/M(HI) ratio indicate that Dwingeloo 1 is a molecular gas-poor galaxy.
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12.353511
8.984106
1996-02-01
4
1996PASJ...48...19K
[ "molecular gas", "Milky Way", "CO", "Dwingeloo", "very weak CO line emission", "Nobeyama", "Galactic", "t", "N(H_2)/I_CO", "a molecular gas-poor galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (DWINGELOO 1)", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "INTERSTELLAR: MOLECULES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.1.19" ]
[ "Kuno, Nario", "Vila-Vilaro, Baltasar", "Nishiyama, Kohta" ]
[ "Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Minamimaki-mura, Minamisaku-gun, Nagano 384-13", "Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Minamimaki-mura, Minamisaku-gun, Nagano 384-13", "Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181" ]
[ "1998AJ....115..584H", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000LNP...556..301K" ]
[ "1976ApJS...30..247U", "1982ApJ...260L..41Y", "1984A&A...139...37B", "1986A&AS...66..505W", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1990AJ....100..604C", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1991A&A...242...35B", "1991ApJ...381..118K", "1991dodg.conf..181F", "1992A&A...264..433B", "1992ApJ...395L..79K", "1992PASJ...44L..27N", "1993A&A...272..123S", "1993ApJ...418..730D", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1995AJ....109.2444R", "1995ApL&C..31..227K", "1995PhDT........59N" ]
11601390
astro-ph/9510052
Quantifying the Fragility of Galactic Disks in Minor Mergers
We perform fully self-consistent stellar dynamical simulations of the accretion of a companion ("satellite") galaxy by a large disk galaxy to investigate the interaction between the disk, halo, and satellite components of the system during a merger. Our fiducial encounter begins with a satellite in a prograde, circular orbit inclined 30^deg^ with respect to the disk plane at a galactocentric distance of 6 disk scale lengths. The satellite's mass is 10% of the disk's mass, and its half- mass radius is ~1.3 kpc. The system is modeled with 500,000 particles, which is sufficient to mitigate numerical relaxation noise over the merging time. The satellite sinks in only ~1 Gyr and a core containing 45% of its initial mass reaches the center of the disk. With so much of the satellite's mass remaining intact, the disk sustains significant damage as the satellite passes through. At the solar circle we find that the disk thickens 60%, the velocity dispersions increase by {DELTA}σ ~ (10,8,8) km s^-1^ to (σ_R_, σ<SUB>phi</SUB>_, σ_z_) ~ (48,42,38) km s^-1^, and the asymmetric drift is unchanged at ~18 km s^-1^. Although the disk is not destroyed by these events (hence "minor" mergers), its final state resembles a disk galaxy of an earlier Hubble type than its initial state-thicker and hotter, with the satellite's core enhancing the bulge. Thus minor mergers continue to be a promising mechanism for driving galaxy evolution.
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10.589224
6.372565
1996-03-01
431
1996ApJ...460..121W
[ "satellite components", "minor mergers", "numerical relaxation noise", "a large disk galaxy", "galaxy evolution", "a disk galaxy", "km", "6 disk scale lengths", "the disk plane", "circular orbit" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
11
[ "10.1086/176956", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510052" ]
[ "Walker, Ian R.", "Mihos, J. Christopher", "Hernquist, Lars" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11601178
astro-ph/9509130
Spectrum of the Supernova Relic Neutrino Background and Evolution of Galaxies
The spectrum of the supernova relic neutrino background (S RN) from collapse-driven supernovae that have ever occurred in the universe is calculated by using a realistic, time-dependent supernova rate derived from a standard model of galaxy evolution based on the population synthesis method. The SRN spectrum we show here is the most realistic at present, because the largest uncertainty in previous theoretical predictions has come from unrealistic assumptions of the supernova rate so far made. The SRN is one of the targets of the Superkamiokande (SK) detector, which will be constructed in a year, and the SRN, if at all detected, would provide a new tool to probe the history of supernova explosions in the universe. The expected event rate at the SK is therefore calculated in this paper. Our major results include the following: (1) the supernova rate is much higher in the early phase of evolution of galaxies, and there appears a hump in the SRN spectrum in the low-energy region of ≲5 MeV, (2) the SRN flux depends on the Hubble constant (H<SUB>0</SUB>) in a way approximately proportional to H<SUB>0</SUB><SUP>2</SUP> and only weakly on the density parameter of the universe (Ω<SUB>0</SUB>) and a cosmological constant (λ<SUB>0</SUB>) (3) the uncertainty in the star formation history of spiral galaxies affects the resulting SRN flux by about a factor of 3, and (4) the plausible event rate at the SK is 1.2 yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in the observable energy range of 15-40 MeV. Such a low event rate is due mainly to a quite low supernova rate at present, which is averaged over the morphological types of galaxies. The most optimistic rate in our model is found to be 4.7 yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in the same energy range, and if more events are detected, we will have to reconsider our current understanding of collapse-driven supernovae and evolution of galaxies.
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5.94674
-1.193728
1996-03-01
89
1996ApJ...460..303T
[ "galaxy evolution", "supernova explosions", "SRN", "supernova", "spiral galaxies", "more events", "galaxies", "previous theoretical predictions", "the plausible event rate", "the supernova rate" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "ELEMENTARY PARTICLES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/176970", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509130" ]
[ "Totani, Tomonori", "Sato, Katsuhiko", "Yoshii, Yuzuru" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...462...57M", "1996IJMPD...5..519T", "1996PhRvD..54.5975T", "1997APh.....7..125M", "1997APh.....7..137H", "1997ApJ...483L..75T", "1997ApJ...486L..71T", "1997astro.ph.10312T", "1998ApJ...503..307S", "1998PhR...305..295Z", "1998PhRvD..57.3503M", "1999IAUS..183..145T", "2000PhRvD..62d3001K", "2001PhRvL..87e1301H", "2002ARNPS..52..153G", "2002NuPhS.110..254R", "2002PASJ...54L..45T", "2003APh....18..307A", "2003ICRC....3.1289M", "2003MNRAS.340L...7F", "2003NuPhA.718...83S", "2003NuPhA.721..541A", "2003PThPS.151...32S", "2003PThPS.151...64M", "2003PhLB..559..113A", "2003PhLB..564...42S", "2003PhRvL..90f1101M", "2004ApJ...607...20A", "2004JCAP...03..007S", "2004JCAP...12..002C", "2004NJPh....6..170A", "2004RScI...75..293M", "2005ApJ...630...59O", "2005JCAP...04..017S", "2005NuPhS.145..246F", "2005PhRvD..72j3007D", "2006AIPC..870...33H", "2006APh....26..190L", "2006PhRvD..73h3009L", "2006PhRvD..73j4024S", "2006astro.ph..3236O", "2006astro.ph.10534L", "2007NuPhS.166..252C", "2007arXiv0711.3237V", "2008ICRC....5.1401I", "2008JCAP...08..033L", "2008JCAP...09..013C", "2008JPSJ...77S...9S", "2008JPhCS.136b2042N", "2009APh....31..320S", "2009ApJ...690..913S", "2009PhRvD..79h3013H", "2010ARNPS..60..439B", "2010PhRvD..81e3002G", "2011NuPhS.221..160L", "2011PhLB..702..209C", "2011arXiv1110.0012S", "2011arXiv1110.6249T", "2012PhRvD..85e2007B", "2013ApJS..205....2N", "2013PhRvD..88h3012N", "2014ApJ...790..115M", "2014JCAP...06..014F", "2015APh....60...41Z", "2015ApJ...804...75N", "2015PhPro..61..384Z", "2015arXiv150804303K", "2015arXiv150908168S", "2016APh....79...49L", "2016JPhCS.718f2071Y", "2016PhRvD..93a2004Z", "2016arXiv160201733B", "2016arXiv161009457Z", "2017ChPhC..41b3002B", "2017PhLB..769..255W", "2018JPhG...45e5201B", "2018MNRAS.475.1363H", "2020MPLA...3530011M", "2020arXiv200813557N", "2021MNRAS.508..828N", "2021PhRvD.103d3003H", "2022ApJ...937...30A", "2022EPJC...82..650N", "2022PhRvD.106d3026E", "2023ApJ...953..151A", "2023MNRAS.518.3475T", "2023PJAB...99..460A", "2024PhRvD.109b3024E", "2024arXiv240613276N" ]
[ "1966AZh....43..772G", "1971ApJ...170..409T", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1978ApJ...219.1008A", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984NYASA.422..319B", "1984Natur.310..191K", "1985Natur.316..420L", "1985PhRvL..55.1422D", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986ApJ...302...19W", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988PhRvD..38...85G", "1988PhRvL..61..385Z", "1989ApJ...339L..25A", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1989PhRvD..39.3532B", "1989epg..conf..377D", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1991A&A...249..374A", "1991AJ....101.1595J", "1992A&A...253...21A", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992RPPh...55..377T", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJS...92..487T", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994pan..conf..249N", "1994pan..conf..763S", "1995APh.....3..367T", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...444...15Y", "1995ApJS...96..117M" ]
11607208
astro-ph/9510086
The energetics of flat and rotating early-type galaxies and their X-ray luminosity
The global energy budget of the hot gas flows in early-type galaxies is used to explain the recent observational results that S0 galaxies have lower mean X-ray luminosity $L_X$ per unit optical luminosity $L_B$ than do ellipticals. This could be explained with a higher heat input or with a lower gravitational energy (all per unit gas mass), at fixed $L_B$. The effect of the flattening of the mass distribution is investigated with galaxy models described by the Miyamoto-Nagai potential--density pair, to which a dark matter halo of various shapes is added. For these models the analytical expressions of the gravitational energy, and the stellar kinetic energy associated with various relative amounts of random motions and rotational streaming, are derived. It is found that rotation cannot produce a change in the flow phase of the hot gas, independently of the galaxy shape and the presence of dark matter. The effect of flattening instead can be substantial in reducing the binding energy of the hot gas. Thus S0s and possibly non spherical Es are less able to retain a significant halo of hot gas than rounder Es of the same $\lb$.
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12.438242
7.391276
1996-03-01
42
1996MNRAS.279..240C
[ "hot gas", "unit gas mass", "galaxy models", "S0 galaxies", "lower mean X-ray luminosity", "various relative amounts", "various shapes", "dark matter", "rounder Es", "random motions" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
10
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.1.240", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510086" ]
[ "Ciotti, L.", "Pellegrini, S." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996astro.ph.12136C", "1997MNRAS.288....1P", "1998ApJ...494..535D", "1999A&A...343...23P", "1999A&A...351..487P", "2003A&A...404..819L", "2005A&A...437..419C", "2005A&A...443..133R", "2005MNRAS.364..169P", "2007MNRAS.376.1162C", "2007MNRAS.379..597N", "2007NewAR..51...18S", "2008A&A...489...85T", "2008MNRAS.387.1117C", "2010MNRAS.401.2451M", "2011ApJ...730...84L", "2011ApJ...737...41L", "2011ApJ...738...57P", "2012ASSL..378...21P", "2013ApJ...776..116K", "2013MNRAS.431.3570M", "2013MNRAS.432.1845S", "2013MNRAS.433.2259P", "2013MNRAS.433.2812K", "2014MNRAS.439..823N", "2014MNRAS.445.1351N", "2015IAUGA..2256683C", "2015MNRAS.448.2921S", "2016ApJ...826..167G", "2016IAUS..315..224C", "2017ApJ...835...15C", "2019ApJ...872..167G", "2020IAUS..351..273C", "2021A&A...649A.160V", "2021MNRAS.500.1054C", "2021MNRAS.502..621J", "2021MNRAS.506.1480C", "2022ApJ...933..154C", "2022ApJ...936..180C", "2023MNRAS.525.2758C", "2024MNRAS.527.9904M", "2024MNRAS.530.1796D" ]
[ "1911MNRAS..71..460P", "1975PASJ...27..533M", "1976PASJ...28....1N", "1979ApJ...230..540G", "1980PASJ...32...41S", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987gady.book.....B", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1990ApJ...361...78B", "1991ApJ...367..476W", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1994A&A...292..395P", "1994ApJ...429..105P", "1995ApJ...442..523E", "1995ApJS...97..141E" ]
3056429
astro-ph/9512077
The Radio Galaxy 3C 265 Contains a Hidden Quasar Nucleus
We report the discovery of broad Mg ii emission from the high-redshift radio galaxy 3C 265 (z = 0.81). We detect the broad line in the nuclear spectrum and in the spatially extended galaxian component, both near the nucleus and in the spectrum of an off-nuclear knot located 31 kpc southeast of the nucleus of the galaxy. These data provide strong support for the simplest form of the unification hypothesis, that radio galaxies are quasars whose optical radiation is directed in the plane of the sky rather than into our line of sight. These data also strongly support the scattering model for the alignment of the UV continuum emission with the radio axis. In 3C 265, if the axis of the anisotropically emitted UV continuum radiation is identified with the major axis of the radio source, then the observed rest frame UV continuum emission implies that the opening angle of the radiation cone is large (half angle 450) We also derive a mass estimate of 8 x 1010 M_{0 }for the central region of 3C 265 from its rotation curve. The implied mass-to-light ratio is low (M/L 2), and suggests that a significant fraction of the rest frame UV continuum emission from this galaxy is dominated by reprocessed radiation from the buried active galactic nucleus. Finally, we detect the Ca II 3933 K line in absorption in the integrated spectrum of 3C 265. This provides direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of stars in a highredshift radio galaxy.
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14.909016
6.340108
1996-03-01
51
1996ApJ...459..133D
[ "UV continuum emission", "radio galaxies", "UV continuum", "continuum emission", "broad Mg ii emission", "reprocessed radiation", "the observed rest frame UV continuum emission", "direct spectroscopic evidence", "a highredshift radio galaxy", "3C" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 3C 265", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176874", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512077" ]
[ "Dey, Arjun", "Spinrad, Hyron" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..902S", "1996ApJ...465..145C", "1996ApJ...465..157D", "1997A&A...317..656C", "1997A&A...325..898B", "1997ASPC..113..445G", "1997ApJ...476..677C", "1997ApJ...478..492C", "1997ApJ...484..163R", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...490..698D", "1997MNRAS.286..785B", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1998ApJ...498..553E", "1998ApJ...500..660T", "1998ApJ...501..110B", "1998ApJ...507..161D", "1998ApJ...508L.115L", "1998MNRAS.294..494S", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.299..357B", "1999ASPC..193...34D", "1999MNRAS.306..828S", "1999MNRAS.307..420L", "1999MNRAS.309.1017W", "1999mdrg.conf...19D", "1999mdrg.conf..203R", "2000MNRAS.311....1B", "2000MNRAS.311...23B", "2000MNRAS.314..849T", "2002AJ....123..637D", "2002AJ....123.2321M", "2002MNRAS.330..977T", "2002MNRAS.331..673S", "2003ApJ...585...90Z", "2003MNRAS.340..705S", "2003NewAR..47..443B", "2004A&A...415..931R", "2004ASSL..319..523R", "2004ApJ...600...70R", "2004MNRAS.349..503G", "2004MNRAS.351..997S", "2005ASPC..343..457T", "2007ASPC..380..393S", "2007ApJS..171..353S", "2008ASPC..381..398S", "2008ApJ...679..967L", "2008MmSAI..79.1251L", "2009A&A...507.1359E", "2010IAUS..267...17E", "2015ASSL..414...83H" ]
[ "1963Natur.197.1040S", "1978ApJ...219..803K", "1978ApJ...222..435S", "1979ApJ...231..307S", "1979rpa..book.....R", "1984ApJ...281..535B", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1986PASP...98..269S", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1989MNRAS.238P..41F", "1989MNRAS.240..225T", "1989Natur.341..307D", "1989agna.book.....O", "1989epg..conf..409A", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990ApJS...74..389B", "1990dig..book...60S", "1991ApJ...366L..69J", "1991ApJ...378...47M", "1991ApJ...382..433S", "1992ApJ...389..208B", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...404..584D", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1994AJ....107.1227W", "1994ASPC...61..437K", "1994ApJ...423..131B", "1994ApJ...431..123D", "1994IAUS..159..470J", "1995MNRAS.275L..47L", "1995PASP..107..375O" ]
2826355
astro-ph/9510114
The Distance To IC 10 From Near-Infrared Observations of Cepheids
We have measured the distance to the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy IC 10 from near-infrared JHK observations of Cepheids. The reddening- corrected distance modulus is 24.57+/-0.21 mag or 0.82+/-0.08 Mpc. This distance lies at the short end of the range of previous estimates, and is significantly more accurate than all prior determinations. At this distance, IC 10 is comparable in total mass to the Small Magellanic Cloud, but has much more vigorous star formation.
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10.589825
8.391014
1996-03-01
34
1996AJ....111.1106W
[ "irregular galaxy IC", "previous estimates", "total mass", "IC", "The reddening- corrected distance modulus", "dwarf", "24.57+/-0.21", "JHK", "the Small Magellanic Cloud", "Cepheids" ]
[ "CEPHEIDS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: IC 10", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: ISM", "STARS: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/117856", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510114" ]
[ "Wilson, Christine D.", "Welch, Douglas L.", "Reid, I. Neill", "Saha, A.", "Hoessel, John" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...491..749G", "1997MNRAS.291..709B", "1998A&A...334...45H", "1998AJ....116.2363W", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...496..226P", "1998ApJ...498..181K", "1998ApJ...505..793M", "1999A&A...341..256M", "1999AJ....118.2055D", "1999Ap&SS.267..193S", "1999ApJ...511..671S", "1999ApJ...514..787C", "1999IAUS..192..244T", "1999IAUS..193..762G", "2000A&A...354..874P", "2000AJ....120..583D", "2000ApJ...532..909B", "2001ApJ...559..225H", "2003A&A...405..513C", "2003A&A...407...51M", "2003AJ....125..146L", "2004A&A...424..125D", "2004AJ....128.2743K", "2005AJ....129..745T", "2007ApJ...662..272V", "2009ApJ...703..816K", "2009AstL...35..748T", "2010A&A...520A..55Y", "2010arXiv1002.2046T", "2012MNRAS.425.2557G", "2014ApJ...789...64L", "2015MNRAS.446.1399L", "2017ApJ...836...50L" ]
[ "1962AJ.....67..431R", "1974ApJ...194..559S", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1979A&A....80..155L", "1984ApJS...54..547W", "1986ApJ...305..583W", "1987ApJ...321..162W", "1988ApJ...334..144K", "1989A&A...214...33S", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1990ApJ...355...94T", "1990PASP..102...26H", "1990PhDT.......255B", "1991ApJ...366L..11W", "1991ApJ...368..173R", "1992AJ....103.1159M", "1993A&A...271....9R", "1993A&AS..100..227K", "1993AJ....106.1448Y", "1994AJ....108..645H", "1995AJ....109.2470M", "1995ApJ...448L..97W", "1996AJ....111..197S" ]
11601355
astro-ph/9511140
Strong Angular Clustering of Very Blue Galaxies: Evidence of a Low-Redshift Population
We have studied galaxy two-point angular correlations as a function of color using 4 m plate photometry in two independent fields. Each field consists of over 2900 galaxies with magnitudes 20 &lt; B, &lt; 23,5 in an area of ~750 arcmin^2^. We find that the autocorrelation amplitude of the bluest 15% of galaxies is surprisingly strong, with a relative increase in clustering amplitude of a factor of 6 over that of the complete data set, while exhibiting a power-law slope consistent with the canonical value of -0.8. These very blue galaxies are also found to be weakly correlated with galaxies of median color and marginally anticorrelated with the reddest subset. These correlation properties are incompatible with existing simple models of the galaxy distribution; they suggest that a significant fraction, more than 50%, of these very blue galaxies are a faint population that lies at nearby redshifts, z &lt; 0.3.
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12.310086
5.114757
1996-03-01
27
1996ApJ...460...94L
[ "galaxies", "median color", "clustering amplitude", "existing simple models", "color", "lt", "nearby redshifts", "the galaxy distribution", "magnitudes", "arcmin^2^." ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176954", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511140" ]
[ "Landy, Stephen D.", "Szalay, Alexander S.", "Koo, David C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...469..535K", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1996MNRAS.283L..15B", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997astro.ph..9064F", "1998AJ....115..869W", "1998MNRAS.295..641M", "1999A&A...344..393F", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001MNRAS.320..289S", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2004ApJ...617..765C", "2008A&A...490....1C", "2015MNRAS.447.3500R", "2016MNRAS.457.3912R", "2016MNRAS.460..163R", "2016MNRAS.462.1683S", "2018MNRAS.473..366T", "2018MNRAS.474.3921S", "2020MNRAS.496.2262K", "2021MNRAS.501.6181K", "2022MNRAS.514.1857K", "2023arXiv230103581T" ]
[ "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1988IAUS..130..528J", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.253..686C", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ASPC...51..152N", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...445...37Y", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995wfsd.conf..263C", "1995wfsd.conf..281L", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996IAUS..168.....K" ]
11607157
astro-ph/9509113
Three-integral oblate galaxy models
A simple numerical scheme is presented for the construction of three-integral phase-space distribution functions for oblate galaxy models with a gravitational potential of Stäckel form, and an arbitrary axisymmetric luminous density distribution. The intrinsic velocity moments can be obtained simultaneously with little extra effort. The distribution of the inner and outer turning points of the short-axis tube orbits that are populated can be specified freely, and is chosen in advance. The entire distribution function is then derived from the density by an iterative scheme that starts from the explicitly known distribution function of the thin-orbit (maximum streaming) model, in which only the tubes with equal inner and outer turning points are populated. The versatility and limitations of this scheme are illustrated by the construction of a number of self-consistent three-integral flattened isochrone models of Kuzmin--Kutuzov type, and by investigation of special cases where the scheme is tractable analytically. This includes the behaviour of the distribution functions in the outer regions of the models. The scheme converges rapidly for models containing orbits with ratios of the outer to inner turning point as large as ten, and is particularly suited for the construction of tangentially anisotropic flattened models, self-consistent as well as non-consistent. The algorithm simplifies in the disk and spherical limit, and can be generalized to triaxial models.
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9.92452
5.869484
1996-03-01
5
1996MNRAS.279..673R
[ "oblate galaxy models", "triaxial models", "models", "inner turning point", "little extra effort", "orbits", "equal inner and outer turning points", "an arbitrary axisymmetric luminous density distribution", "The entire distribution function", "tangentially anisotropic flattened models" ]
[ "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.2.673", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509113" ]
[ "Robijn, F. H. A.", "de Zeeuw, P. T." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1999PASP..111..129M", "2001ApJ...555..524T", "2002MNRAS.335..201F", "2003MNRAS.342.1056V", "2015MNRAS.446.1335W" ]
[ "1959AnAp...22..126H", "1968ApJ...154..483S", "1969ApJ...158..505S", "1976MNRAS.177...19B", "1977AJ.....82..322I", "1977ApJ...212..637K", "1978ComAp...8...27B", "1980ApJ...238..103R", "1980tisp.book.....G", "1981SvA....25..533P", "1982ApJ...252..496R", "1983MNRAS.202.1195P", "1983MNRAS.202.1209P", "1984ApJ...281..100R", "1984sv...bookR....F", "1985ApJ...295..340L", "1985ApJ...295..349L", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1986ApJ...305...14B", "1986MNRAS.221.1001D", "1987ApJ...322..618B", "1987IAUS..127..315M", "1987MNRAS.224.1043P", "1988ApJ...333...90D", "1989MNRAS.239..549W", "1990ApJ...356..365D", "1990ApJ...358..399M", "1990ApJ...363..367H", "1991ApJ...368...66W", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.248..494S", "1991MNRAS.250..812G", "1991MNRAS.251..449G", "1992ApJ...389...79H", "1992MNRAS.254..132S", "1993A&A...271..104B", "1993MNRAS.261..311D", "1993MNRAS.262..401H", "1994MNRAS.268.1019D", "1994MNRAS.271..924A", "1995ApJ...441L..25C", "1995ApJ...446..194K", "1995MNRAS.274..602Q", "1995MNRAS.277.1185M" ]
11600391
astro-ph/9506100
The significance of the cosmic virial theorem.
We discuss the development and physics of the cosmic virial theorem and its traditional application as an indicator of the cosmic mean density. The standard result that the density must be sub-critical relies on the assumption that the galaxy three-point correlation function accurately describes the mass distribution around a typical pair of galaxies. To challenge this assumption, we develop a simple model of this mass distribution based on the extension of galactic halos. In such a model, one sees clearly the importance of the local mass distribution around pairs to the prediction of the galaxy pair-wise velocity dispersion. The model provides insight into the mechanics of the theorem and demonstrates that a flat universe is consistent with the observations. More generally, we conclude that the relative pair-wise velocity dispersion probes the mass clustered around galaxies and that the observations, viewed in this light, indicate a lower bound of ~300 h^-1^kpc on the radius of galactic halos.
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11.756897
3.391764
1996-03-01
17
1996A&A...307....1B
[ "sub-critical relies", "pairs", "~300 h^-1^kpc", "galaxies", "galactic halos", "the local mass distribution", "the cosmic virial theorem", "the mass distribution", "this mass distribution", "the galaxy pair-wise velocity dispersion" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506100" ]
[ "Bartlett, J. G.", "Blanchard, A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...320..365O", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997ApJS..110..167S", "1997NewA....2..165K", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998PNAS...95...78D", "1999MNRAS.305..151R", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ASPC..200..448R", "2001ASIC..565...93F", "2001MNRAS.325.1288S", "2001MNRAS.326..667D", "2004physics...7045C", "2018MNRAS.474.3435L", "2022MNRAS.512...27M" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1976Ap&SS..45....3P", "1976ApJ...205L.109P", "1976ApJ...208...20T", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJ...263L...1P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987A&A...180L...5S", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1989ApJ...347..563P", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1990ApJ...349L...5A", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...396L..13W", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.261L..21P", "1993MNRAS.264..825M", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...431..559Z", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1995ApJ...442..538L", "1996ApL&C..33..231G" ]
11607237
astro-ph/9510096
Dynamical families in the Galactic globular cluster system
The halo Galactic globular clusters (GCs) lying inside the solar circle (inner: R_GC&lt;8 kpc, [Fe/H]&lt;-0.8) are shown to keep no record of the strong correlation between the GC absolute integrated magnitudes and core parameters (concentration and central density) clearly detected for the halo GCs lying outside this circle (outer) and (at lower statistical significance) for those belonging to the disc population ([Fe/H]&lt;~-0.8). We present here both observational evidence and theoretical simulations supporting the hypothesis of a primordial origin for the existence of such correlations and of an environment-induced destruction of them if absent. In particular, this hypothesis leads us to argue that inner halo GCs have undergone a chaotic, environment-driven, dynamical evolution not shared by the disc GCs, although the radial zone of the Galaxy occupied by the two groups is nearly the same.
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9.521805
8.194264
1996-03-01
16
1996MNRAS.279..337B
[ "inner halo GCs", "such correlations", "lower statistical significance", "theoretical simulations", "GCs", "core parameters", "central density", "The halo Galactic globular clusters", "Galaxy", "the GC absolute integrated magnitudes" ]
[ "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXY: HALO", "GALAXY: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.2.337", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510096" ]
[ "Bellazzini, M.", "Vesperini, E.", "Ferraro, F. R.", "Pecci, F. Fusi" ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy", "Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1997ApJ...474L..19D", "1997MNRAS.287..915V", "1997astro.ph..3048H", "1998MNRAS.299.1019V", "1998NewA....3..219B", "2000ApJ...539..618M", "2000ESASP.445...77M", "2000MNRAS.318..841V", "2003ASPC..296..479D", "2005MNRAS.359..615P", "2007ChJAA...7..155D", "2007MNRAS.377..352P", "2010ApJ...725..868M", "2013MNRAS.435.2391A", "2019A&A...624A..24C" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1971AJ.....76.1017P", "1971AJ.....76.1029P", "1976AJ.....81.1095H", "1980MNRAS.190..497K", "1982ApJ...258L..23B", "1982aite.book.....T", "1983ApJS...51...29V", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984ApJ...287..926B", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1985PASJ...37..715W", "1986ApJ...309..183C", "1986ApJS...60..475I", "1987ApJ...322..113C", "1987degc.book.....S", "1989AJ.....97..375A", "1989ApJ...339..904C", "1990ApJ...351..121C", "1991ASPC...13..112D", "1992ApJ...400..265M", "1992Natur.359..806H", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....105.2148D", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...49..155A", "1993ASPC...49..167A", "1993ASPC...50..347T", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1994AJ....108.1292D", "1994AJ....108.1414W", "1994ApJ...431L..17M", "1994ApJ...435..203V", "1995AJ....110.1664F", "1995ApJ...439..191L", "1995ApJ...439..687B" ]