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astro-ph/9510077
Is There a Cosmological Constant?
We present limits on the cosmological constant from the statistics of gravitational lenses using newly completed quasar surveys, new lens data, and a range of lens models. The formal limits are λ_0_ < 0.66 at 95% confidence in flat cosmologies ({OMEGA}_0_ + λ_0_ = 1) and {OMEGA}_0_ > 0.15 at 90% confidence in open universes (λ_0_ = 0), including the statistical uncertainties in the number of lenses, galaxies, and quasars and the parameters relating galaxy luminosities to dynamical variables. The limit holds for either softened isothermal or de Vaucouleurs models of the lens galaxies, suggesting that the radial mass dIstribution in the lens galaxy is not a significant systematic uncertainty. The cosmological limits are unaffected by adding a small core radius to the isothermal lens models or by the luminosity of the lens galaxy. Inconsistent models of the effects of a core radius make significant errors in the cosmological constraints. Extinction in E/S0 galaxies can significantly reduce the limits on the cosmological constant, but changing the expected number of lenses by a factor of 2 requires a minimum of 100 times more dust than is observed locally in E/S0 galaxies. Rapid evolution of the lenses is the most promising means of evading these limits. However, a viable model must not only reduce the expected number of lenses but do so without significantly altering the average image separations, magnitudes, and redshifts and the relative properties of optically and radio selected lenses.
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12.459115
3.062729
1996-08-01
410
1996ApJ...466..638K
[ "lens models", "gravitational lenses", "E/S0 galaxies", "galaxy luminosities", "lenses", "galaxies", "new lens data", "limits", "Inconsistent models", "significant errors" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/177538", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510077" ]
[ "Kochanek, Christopher S." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996ApJ...473..610K", "1996MNRAS.282..281L", "1996MNRAS.282.1159G", "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996NuPhS..51...30P", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1996astro.ph..8202M", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1996lpih.conf.....T", "1997A&A...321..353F", "1997ASIC..503..153T", "1997ASPC..116...21K", "1997Ap&SS.253..291L", "1997ApJ...474L...1Z", "1997ApJ...479..678K", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...485...39C", "1997ApJ...485..460A", "1997ApJ...486...75M", "1997ApJ...486..629W", "1997ApJ...488...14Q", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997ApJ...489..476P", "1997ApJ...489..485C", "1997ApJ...489L...1H", "1997ApJ...490...31Z", "1997ApJ...491L..67S", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1997MNRAS.289L...5C", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997MNRAS.292L..27W", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997PThPh..97...49N", "1997PhRvD..55.1851C", "1997PhRvD..56.4439T", "1997SSRv...79..793T", "1997astro.ph..3195T", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997astro.ph..8054C", "1997cdc..conf..175D", 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11601559
astro-ph/9604022
Large-Scale Outflows in Edge-on Seyfert Galaxies. II. Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Continuum Emission
We present deep images of the kiloparsec-scale radio continuum emission in 14 edge-on galaxies (10 Seyfert and four starburst galaxies). Observations were taken with the VLA at 4.9 GHz (6 cm). The Seyfert galaxies were selected from a distance-limited sample of 22 objects (defined in the first paper in this series). The starburst galaxies were selected to be well matched to the Seyferts in radio power, recessional velocity, and galaxy disk inclination angle. All four starburst galaxies have a very bright disk component, and one (NGC 3044) has a radio halo that extends several kiloparsecs out of the galaxy plane. Six of the 10 Seyferts observed have large-scale (radial extent > 1 kpc) radio structures extending outward from the nuclear region, indicating that large-scale outflows are quite common in Seyferts. Large-scale radio sources in Seyferts are similar in radio power and radial extent to radio halos in edge-on starburst galaxies, but their morphologies do not resemble spherical halos observed in starburst galaxies. The sources have diffuse morphologies, but, in general, they are oriented at skewed angles with respect to the galaxy minor axes. This result is most easily understood if the outflows are AGN-driven jets that are somehow diverted away from the galaxy disk on scales > 1 kpc. Starburst-driven winds, however, cannot be ruled out. More observational work is needed to determine whether massive star formation is present at high enough rates to drive galactic winds out to kiloparsec scales in Seyfert galaxies.
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15.417047
7.153394
1996-08-01
107
1996ApJ...467..551C
[ "starburst galaxies", "galaxy disk inclination angle", "Seyfert galaxies", "radio halos", "radio power", "kiloparsec scales", "scales", "Large-scale radio sources", "massive star formation", "spherical halos" ]
[ "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
9
[ "10.1086/177633", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604022" ]
[ "Colbert, Edward J. M.", "Baum, Stefi A.", "Gallimore, Jack F.", "O'Dea, Christopher P.", "Christensen, Jennifer A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...474L..89C", "1997ApJ...477..623S", "1997MNRAS.292..136P", "1998AJ....116..111G", "1998ApJ...493..129S", "1998ApJ...494L.185J", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1998ApJ...496..786C", "1998MNRAS.297..366K", "1998MNRAS.297.1202E", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999A&A...342..687P", "1999AJ....117.2102I", "1999ASPC..168..267D", "1999Ap&SS.266...29Y", "1999ApJ...511..686A", "1999ApJ...515..567W", "1999ApJ...518..129D", "1999ApJ...520..111V", "1999ApJ...524..684G", "1999ApJS..120..209N", "1999MNRAS.310..913W", "1999PhR...311..225L", "2000AJ....119.1592I", "2000AJ....120..670N", "2000ApJ...542..186N", "2000ApJS..128..139F", "2000ApJS..131..413Z", "2000MNRAS.314..573T", "2000MNRAS.317..907J", "2001A&A...376..402C", "2001AJ....121..198V", "2001ASPC..249..284M", "2001ApJ...550..230L", "2001MNRAS.325..737T", "2002AJ....123.1913G", "2002AJ....124.2351B", "2002RMxAC..13..222V", "2003A&A...406..493R", "2003A&A...406..505R", "2004A&A...417..925M", "2004ApJ...614..586S", "2004ApJS..151..193S", "2004MNRAS.353.1151S", "2004PhDT........18M", "2005AJ....129...31O", "2005AJ....129..125G", "2005ARA&A..43..769V", "2005ASPC..331..313V", "2005ApJ...618..618K", "2005ApJ...628..113C", "2005ApJ...632..751R", "2005MNRAS.356..998H", "2006AJ....132..546G", "2006ApJ...652..177K", "2006ApJS..166....1H", "2006MNRAS.371..945H", "2006MNRAS.373L...1M", "2007A&A...461.1209D", "2007Ap&SS.311...87B", "2007MNRAS.376..523S", "2007MNRAS.377..731M", "2008ApJ...673..128L", "2008MNRAS.385..161O", "2008MNRAS.391..765C", "2009ASPC..407..173S", "2009ApJ...693.1261M", "2009ApJ...694..599H", "2010ApJ...712..303C", "2010ApJ...723..580K", "2010MNRAS.404.1966X", "2012A&A...540A.112D", "2012ApJ...759...91C", "2012MNRAS.419.2293S", "2013A&A...554A..85S", "2013ApJ...774..126M", "2013MNRAS.433.2958I", "2013arXiv1307.6216M", "2014MNRAS.440.2976K", "2015ApJ...800...45H", "2015JKAS...48..399L", "2015MNRAS.446..599S", "2015MNRAS.451..517B", "2016JApA...37...41H", "2016MNRAS.459.1310K", "2018MNRAS.476..158H", "2018MNRAS.476.2760F", "2018MNRAS.476.3478B", "2019A&A...622A.146M", "2019ApJ...883..189S", "2019MNRAS.485.2710J", "2019MNRAS.486.4962W", "2020ApJ...904...83S", "2020MNRAS.499..334S", "2021A&A...652A..98G", "2021ApJ...919..108K", "2021IAUS..356..247S", "2021MNRAS.503.5161R", "2021MNRAS.507..991S", "2021MNRAS.507.2550S", "2022ApJ...938..127X", "2022MNRAS.510..639B", "2022MNRAS.513.1329Z", "2022PASA...39...51G", "2023Galax..11...85S", "2024A&A...684A.167G", "2024arXiv240617123G" ]
[ "1969A&A.....3..468V", "1974MNRAS.167..273W", "1976A&A....53...93D", "1979ApJ...232..389W", "1980AJ.....85.1462K", "1980MNRAS.193..563W", "1981A&A....93...93H", "1981A&AS...45...99M", "1981ApJ...247..419U", "1982A&AS...50..217W", "1982ApJ...252..102C", "1983ApJ...267L...5H", "1984A&A...136..206M", "1984ApJ...285..439U", "1985AJ.....90..197B", "1985ApJ...291..627W", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1985Natur.314..240D", "1986ApJ...310..121W", "1986MNRAS.218..775H", "1986MNRAS.219..387U", "1987AJ.....93...22U", "1987ApJ...312..555R", "1987ApJ...313..651E", "1987ApJ...313L..43W", "1987ApJ...321..211H", "1987ApJS...65..485C", "1987MNRAS.228..521U", "1988A&A...206...41W", "1988AJ.....95.1689W", "1988AJ.....96...30C", "1988ApJ...330..105S", "1988ApJ...334..584C", "1989A&A...216...39H", "1989A&AS...81...51H", "1989ASPC....6.....P", "1989ApJ...343..659U", "1989ApJ...345..730P", "1989ESOC...32..165S", "1989MNRAS.236..425U", "1989cgqo.book.....F", "1990ApJ...357...97C", "1990ApJS...73..359C", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1991A&AS...87..309H", "1991ApJ...366...50W", "1991ApJ...369..320S", "1991ApJ...381...79W", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1992ASPC...31..133T", "1992ApJ...385..137M", "1992ApJ...391L..75W", "1992ApJ...394...91M", "1992ApJ...399L..59C", "1992ifss.book.....M", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...419..553B", "1993ApJS...89....1R", "1993MNRAS.264..893K", "1993PhDT.......200K", "1994ApJ...427..174L", "1995AAS...186.4206T", "1995ApJ...444..119D", "1995ApJ...448..521Z", "1995ApJS...97...89L", "1995MNRAS.276.1262K", "1996ApJ...464..198G", "1996ApJS..105...75C" ]
11607167
astro-ph/9604087
Pure luminosity evolution for faint field galaxy samples
We have examined a set of pure luminosity evolution (PLE) models in order to explore up to what extent the rapidly increasing observational constraints from faint galaxy samples can be understood in this simple framework. We find that a PLE model, in which galaxies evolve mildly in time even in the rest-frame UV, can reproduce most of the observed properties of faint galaxies assuming an open (Omega~0) universe. In particular, such a model is able to fit reasonably well the number counts in the U, b_j, r_f, I and K bands, as well as the colour and redshift distributions derived from most of the existing samples. The most significant discrepancy between the predictions of this model and the data is the z distribution of faint K-selected galaxies. Significantly worse fits are obtained with PLE models for the theoretically attractive value of Omega=1, although a simple number luminosity evolution model with a significant number of merger fits the data also in this cosmology.
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12.560737
6.227566
1996-08-01
120
1996MNRAS.281..953P
[ "PLE models", "faint galaxy samples", "faint galaxies", "pure luminosity evolution", "galaxies", "a simple number luminosity evolution model", "PLE", "faint K-selected galaxies", "PLE) models", "a PLE model" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: MISCELLANEOUS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.3.953", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604087" ]
[ "Pozzetti, L.", "Bruzual A., G.", "Zamorani, G." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy", "Centro de Investigaciones de Astronomia, AP 264, Merida 5101-A, Venezuela", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, I-40126 Bologna, Italy" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..477Z", "1997A&A...326..950F", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASSL..212..241V", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...488..606C", "1997ApJ...489..822B", "1997ApJ...489L..21B", "1997JApA...18..271T", "1997MNRAS.291..383C", "1997Msngr..88...32C", "1997astro.ph..4227G", "1997astro.ph..9064F", "1997astro.ph..9147M", "1998A&A...330..399B", "1998A&A...335...69C", "1998ASPC..146..214P", "1998ASPC..146..448B", "1998ASSL..226..297G", "1998ASSL..231...83Z", "1998ApJ...495L..31M", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998ApJ...498..106M", "1998ApJ...498..226T", "1998ApJ...500...75L", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998MNRAS.296..585F", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998MNRAS.297L..23K", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.298.1133P", "1998MNRAS.299..488T", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "1998SSRv...84...15T", "1998astro.ph..2107B", "1998astro.ph..2352P", "1998pnge.conf...15T", "1999A&A...344..393F", "1999A&A...347...21B", "1999A&A...351..433B", "1999A&A...352..406C", "1999ASPC..163....3B", "1999ASPC..176..365G", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ApJ...511L..79S", "1999ApJ...513...34F", "1999ApJ...515L..65B", "1999MNRAS.303..411C", "1999MNRAS.304..199G", "1999MNRAS.304..319F", "1999MNRAS.306..708G", "1999MNRAS.309..208M", "1999MNRAS.310L..15G", "1999PASP..111.1193C", "2000A&A...353..479A", "2000A&A...361..415M", "2000A&A...363..476B", "2000APh....12..217V", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...530L..53B", "2000ApJ...536...68A", "2000ApJ...540...81T", "2000MNRAS.317L..17P", "2000MNRAS.318..453C", "2000RvMA...13..173K", "2000astro.ph.11094B", "2001A&A...370..384K", "2001A&A...375....1S", "2001A&A...377..778T", "2001AJ....122.2205R", "2001ApJ...559..592T", "2001MNRAS.322..927M", "2001MNRAS.325.1002W", "2001MNRAS.326.1333F", "2001PASJ...53...25M", "2001PASJ...53..611M", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2002A&A...391L...1C", "2002A&A...395..443B", "2002ApJ...568..522B", "2002ApJ...570..470T", "2002ApJ...581..865G", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2002MNRAS.332..617F", "2002MNRAS.337..953W", "2003A&A...400..499L", "2003A&A...402..837P", "2003AJ....125.1107L", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003Ap&SS.285..231C", "2003ApJ...585...78V", "2003ApJ...587...90X", "2003ApJ...595..698D", "2003MNRAS.343.1348P", "2003MSAIS...3..167C", "2003Msngr.111...29C", "2003RMxAC..17..209C", "2004A&A...417...51R", "2004A&A...422..841D", "2004A&A...424...23F", "2004A&A...425..797L", "2004MNRAS.351..989B", "2005A&A...433..807M", "2005ApJ...620..584G", "2005ApJ...624..135A", "2005PhR...409..361K", "2005RMxAC..24..237E", "2006A&A...458..385C", "2006ApJ...639..644E", "2007AJ....133.2418I", "2007MNRAS.379..738H", "2008A&A...477...55H", "2011MNRAS.414.2246H", "2014MNRAS.438.2765C", "2015MNRAS.451.1158P", "2018MNRAS.480.2178C", "2021ApJ...909...53Z", "2022RAA....22b5019C" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1978A&A....62..411B", "1980ApJ...241...25B", "1980ApJ...241...41T", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980PASP...92..746C", "1981PhDT........66K", "1983oeg..proc..255E", "1984ASSL..110..489T", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1986AJ.....91..217I", "1986ASSL..122..439S", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ASIC..264...85M", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991AJ....102..445P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...417..102M", "1993ApJ...419..469G", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1994A&A...285..751F", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJS...94...63B", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.269..953Z", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994PhDT........90W", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995ApJ...444...15Y", "1995ApJ...452..538G", "1995ApJ...455...60L", "1995ApJ...455...75L", "1995ApJ...455...88H", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995ApJS...96..117M", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.274..769M", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995wfsd.conf..263C", "1996MNRAS.280..235E" ]
11601448
astro-ph/9604146
Ellipticals with Kinematically Distinct Cores: WFPC2 Imaging of Globular Clusters
New globular clusters may form in the merger of two galaxies. Perhaps the best examples of merger remnants are the set of ellipticals with kinematically distinct cores. Here we present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) imaging of 14 kinematically distinct core ellipticals to examine their globular cluster systems. In particular, we probe the galaxy central regions, for which we might expect to see the strongest signatures of some formation and destruction processes. These data increase substantially the number of extragalactic globular cluster systems studied to date. We have developed a method for galaxy subtraction and selection of globular clusters which results in about 200 globulars per galaxy to a limiting magnitude of V ~ 25. Simulations of artificial globulars are described also. We find that the globular cluster luminosity, and color, vary only weakly, if at all, with galactocentric distance. The mean colors of globular clusters are constant with globular cluster magnitude. Several clear trends are also present. First, globular cluster colors are bluer (more metal poor by ~0.5 dex) than the underlying galaxy starlight at any given galactocentric distance. Second, we find a good correlation over roughly 10 magnitudes between the mean globular cluster metallicity and parent galaxy luminosity of the form Z is proportional to L^0.4^. This relationship includes dwarf ellipticals, spiral galaxy bulges, and giant ellipticals. Third, we find that globular cluster surface density distribution can be described by a core model, for which the core radius correlates with galaxy luminosity. Last, for the sample as a whole, the globular cluster systems are closely aligned with the galaxy major axis and are slightly rounder than the galaxy itself, although their are some notable exceptions. Our results favor scenarios in which ellipticals form from massive, gas rich progenitors at early epochs. Detailed simulations of the formation of globular cluster systems would be valuable to draw firmer conclusions.
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9.960494
8.188194
1996-08-01
104
1996ApJ...467..126F
[ "globular cluster systems", "extragalactic globular cluster systems", "New globular clusters", "globular cluster colors", "globular cluster magnitude", "globular clusters", "galaxy luminosity", "galaxy subtraction", "globular cluster surface density distribution", "galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/177589", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604146" ]
[ "Forbes, Duncan A.", "Franx, Marijn", "Illingworth, Garth D.", "Carollo, C. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1975ARA&A..13..217V", "1977MmRAS..84...45H", "1981AJ.....86.1627H", "1984ApJ...277..470P", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1984PASP...96..773M", "1986AJ.....91..822H", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1987nngp.proc...18S", "1988AJ.....95..682C", "1988ApJ...335..720A", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1989ddse.work...13I", "1990ApJ...361..381B", "1990ApJS...73..671C", "1990dig..book..492V", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...372...97C", "1991ApJ...379..157B", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991Natur.354..210H", "1992A&A...258..250B", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992ApJ...399..462B", "1992MNRAS.254..723F", "1993AJ....105.1358S", "1993AJ....106..493L", "1993AJ....106.1354W", "1993AJ....106.2281A", "1993ASPC...48..472H", "1993ASPC...48..738M", "1993ASPC...48..788H", "1993MNRAS.264..611Z", "1993MNRAS.265..731G", "1994A&AS..105..341G", "1994AJ....108..102G", "1994AJ....108.2087A", "1994ApJ...422..486M", "1994ApJ...422L...9G", "1994ApJ...429..177H", "1994ApJ...437L..17F", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995AJ....109..960W", "1995AJ....109.1988F", "1995AJ....109.2533D", "1995AJ....110.1164A", "1995AJ....110.1171V", "1995AJ....110.2537B", "1995AJ....110.2700V", "1995ApJ...441..120H", "1995ApJ...442..618V", "1995ApJ...450...27V", "1995ApJ...454..762P", "1995ApJ...454L..73W", "1995PASP..107..156H", "1995PASP..107.1065H" ]
11601468
astro-ph/9602086
Galaxy Pairwise Velocity Distributions on Nonlinear Scales
The redshift-space correlation function ξ_s_ for projected galaxy separations <~ 1 h^-1^ Mpc can be expressed as the convolution of the real-space correlation function with the galaxy pairwise velocity distribution function (PVDF). An exponential PVDF yields the best fit to the ξ_s_ measured from galaxy samples of different redshift surveys. We show that this exponential PVDF is not merely a fitting function but arises from well-defined gravitational processes. Two ingredients conspire to yield a PVDF with a nearly exponential shape: (1) the number density n(σ) of systems with velocity dispersion σ and (2) the unrelaxed dynamical state of most galaxy systems. The former ingredient determines the exponential tail, and the latter determines the central peak of the PVDF. We examine a third issue: the transfer of orbital kinetic energy to galaxy internal degrees of freedom. Although this effect is of secondary importance for the PVDF exponential shape, it is detectable in galaxy groups, which indicates that galaxy merging is an ongoing process in the present universe. We compare the ξ_s_ measured on nonlinear scales from galaxy samples of the Center for Astrophysics redshift surveys with different models of the PVDF convolved with the measured real-space correlation function. This preliminary comparison indicates that the agreement between model and observations depends strongly on both the underlying cosmological model and the internal dynamics of galaxy systems. Neither parameter dominates. Moreover, the agreement depends sensitively on the accuracy of the galaxy position and velocity measurements. We expect that ξ_s_ will pose further constraints on the model of the universe and will improve the knowledge of the dynamics of galaxy systems on very small scales if we improve (1) the galaxy coordinate determination and (2) the measurement of relative velocities of galaxies with small projected separation. In fact, the redshift-space correlation function ξ_s_ depends sensitively on the internal pairwise velocity distribution of individual galaxy systems for projected pair separations <~ 0.5 h^-1^ Mpc and relative velocities π <~ 300 km s^-1^.
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12.010387
3.052864
1996-08-01
44
1996ApJ...467...19D
[ "galaxy systems", "individual galaxy systems", "most galaxy systems", "projected galaxy separations", "galaxy samples", "galaxies", "galaxy groups", "relative velocities", "the galaxy pairwise velocity distribution function", "different models" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/177582", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9602086" ]
[ "Diaferio, Antonaldo", "Geller, Margaret J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998ApJ...492..421S", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...503..502J", "1998ApJ...504L...1J", "1999ApJ...524...31S", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "2000ApJ...536..112B", "2000ApJ...537...21S", "2001ApJ...547..545J", "2001ApJ...560..549Y", "2001MNRAS.321....1W", "2001MNRAS.322..901S", "2001MNRAS.325.1288S", "2001MNRAS.326..667D", "2001astro.ph.10137Y", "2002ApJ...564...15J", "2002ApJ...571..172Z", "2002ApJ...581..876Z", "2002MNRAS.330..506H", "2002MNRAS.336..892K", "2002PASJ...54..503K", "2002PASJ...54L..59O", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003MNRAS.343.1038Y", "2003MNRAS.343.1312H", "2003MNRAS.346...78H", "2004MNRAS.350.1153Y", "2006MNRAS.368...37L", "2006MNRAS.370..420D", "2007ApJ...669..905B", "2008ApJ...672..153C", "2009MNRAS.392..801M", "2009MNRAS.392.1539T", "2011MNRAS.417.1913R", "2012MNRAS.423.3430B", "2012MNRAS.426.2719R", "2013PhRvD..88j3510Z", "2013arXiv1303.3302B", "2014ApJ...797...82L", "2015JKAS...48..381S", "2016RAA....16...43S", "2019MNRAS.483.4070R", "2020JCAP...09..001B", "2024arXiv240214070C" ]
[ "1958ApJ...127...17S", "1962clel.book.....J", "1965AJ.....70..376K", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973ApJ...184..329G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976Ap&SS..45....3P", "1978ApJ...225...83S", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1988MNRAS.231P..97N", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1990PhR...188..285P", "1990PhyD...46..177C", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991FlDyR...8..143S", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992ApJ...389..453C", "1992daec.conf...51M", "1993AJ....105.2035D", "1993AJ....106.1301Z", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993ApJ...419...47Z", "1993ApJ...419L...9E", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1994AJ....107..868D", "1994AJ....107.1623R", "1994AJ....108.1398W", "1994AJ....108.1403W", "1994AJ....108.1414W", "1994ApJ...420...44K", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...431..559Z", "1994ApJ...432..438J", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJ...436..491G", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1995AJ....109.2293D", "1995AJ....110...21C", "1995AJ....110...46D", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ASPC...70..173M", "1995ApJ...441L...9B", "1995ApJ...442...57H", "1995ApJ...445....1C", "1995ApJ...448..494F", "1995ApJ...449..431F", "1995ApJ...449..439N", "1995ApJ...450L..27M", "1995ApJ...451L...5W", "1995MNRAS.276..417J", "1996ApJ...458..435C", "1996ApJ...460..101W", "1996ApJ...462..563N", "1996MNRAS.279.1310S" ]
11600537
astro-ph/9606172
V- and I-band observations of the halo of NGC 5907.
Using long exposures taken in the V and I bands with a 4096x4096pixel CCD array at the prime focus of the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, we have confirmed the discovery by Sackett et al. (1994) of a flat, faint luminous halo around the edge-on Sc galaxy NGC 5907. This halo is redder than the disk. Its nature is still an observational challenge. We suggest however that its color can only be accounted for by stars less massive than 0.8M<SUB>sun</SUB>_. Their total mass in NGC 5907 is very uncertain, but it might possibly account for the excess dynamical mass in this galaxy. Alternatively their distribution might trace the dark potential whithout contributing significantly to the mass. We give upper limits to the extinction by an hypothetical dust in the halo.
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10.18847
7.876405
1996-08-01
48
1996A&A...312L...1L
[ "et al", "upper limits", "long exposures", "NGC", "galaxy", "CCD", "stars", "Canada", "France", "Sackett" ]
[ "GALAXIES: NGC 5907", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9606172" ]
[ "Lequeux, J.", "Fort, B.", "Dantel-Fort, M.", "Cuillandre, J. -C.", "Mellier, Y." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...322..709K", "1997A&A...325..915N", "1997ASPC..117..148F", "1997ApJ...483..625F", "1997ApJ...488...44B", "1997Natur.387..159R", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998A&A...330..937M", "1998A&A...334L...9L", "1998A&A...336..490B", "1998ASPC..136..149J", "1998ApJ...504L..23S", "1998ApJ...506..116R", "1998ApJ...506L..15U", "1998MNRAS.301..280J", "1999AJ....117.2757Z", "1999AJ....118.2751M", "1999ApJ...523..559B", "1999PhDT........19B", "1999astro.ph..2276B", "2000A&A...355..512D", "2000AJ....119.1701Z", "2000ApJ...535..644Y", "2000AstL...26..277R", "2000MNRAS.313..800D", "2001ASPC..239...37C", "2001ApJ...557..137J", "2002A&A...383..472N", "2004ApJ...611..315C", "2004MNRAS.347..556Z", "2006A&A...445..123I", "2006A&A...459..703J", "2006ApJ...650..812Z", "2008ApJ...687..242Z", "2008ApJ...689..184M", "2008IAUS..244...17Z", "2008MNRAS.388.1521D", "2009MNRAS.397.2057Z", "2009arXiv0902.4695Z", "2010A&A...513A..78J", "2010MNRAS.405.2697B", "2011arXiv1102.0793Z", "2012MNRAS.421..190Z", "2014A&A...567A..97S", "2014ApJ...789..131H", "2015A&A...577A.106S", "2015MNRAS.446..120D", "2018JKAS...51...73A" ]
[ "1982A&A...110...61V", "1989ApJS...71..817B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1993ApJ...402..643K", "1994A&AS..103..573P", "1994A&AS..106..451D", "1994A&AS..108..621P", "1994AJ....107.1717B", "1994AJ....108.1191M", "1994Natur.370..441S", "1995A&A...296L..13L", "1995A&A...303L..13F", "1995ApJ...445..433A", "1996IEEES...9...14J", "1996ssgd.book.....B" ]
3802444
astro-ph/9603043
M=1 and 2 gravitational instabilities in spiral disks. I. Diffuse gas.
We report the results of self-gravitating simulations of spiral galaxies, modeled by stellar and gaseous components, developed to investigate in particular the role of dissipation in the evolution of galaxy disks. The gas disk is simulated by the Beam-Scheme method, where it is considered as a self-gravitating fluid. The results suggest that the gravitational coupling between the stars and gas plays a fundamental role in the formation and dissolution of stellar bars, depending on the gaseous mass concentration and on the degree of dissipation. In addition we remark that initially concentrated gas disks can be unstable to the one-armed (m=1) spiral perturbations, which may explain the lopsided features observed in the gas distribution of the late-type isolated galaxies. The development of the m=1 feature slows down the radial gas flows towards the center, since the large-scale gravity torques are then much weaker.
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10.434736
6.932418
1996-08-01
33
1996A&A...312..703J
[ "gas", "galaxy disks", "spiral galaxies", "stellar bars", "initially concentrated gas disks", "the radial gas flows", "m=1", "The gas disk", "dissipation", "the gas distribution" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9603043" ]
[ "Junqueira, S.", "Combes, F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...323..674E", "1997A&A...324..523R", "1997A&A...325..769S", "1997ApJ...488..642J", "1998A&A...330.1180T", "1998A&A...333...79V", "1998A&A...335..922R", "1998AJ....116.2154K", "1998ApJ...507L..35G", "1998IAUS..184..257C", "1998IAUS..184..275M", "1999ASPC..187..100S", "2001A&A...376...85J", "2001ApJ...547..187V", "2001ApJ...555..289N", "2001sac..conf..223C", "2003A&A...407..485G", "2003A&A...412..387B", "2003ApJ...586..780C", "2003ApJ...597..860D", "2004A&A...414..905H", "2004A&A...421..433M", "2004ASSL..319..165B", "2005A&A...441.1011G", "2008A&A...490...87G", "2008AJ....135..232H", "2009ApJ...692.1623H", "2009PhR...471...75J", "2014A&A...567A..17C", "2018ApJ...852...94V", "2022AJ....164...91G", "2022MNRAS.511.5878G", "2022arXiv220605417G" ]
[ "1963ApJ...138..385T", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1969JCoPh...3..494B", "1970IAUS...38..356D", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1974ApJ...188..489S", "1976ApJ...205...52C", "1978ApJ...221..521H", "1979ApJ...233...67R", "1980ApJ...235..803S", "1980MNRAS.193..313B", "1981ApJ...247...77S", "1982A&A...105...76M", "1982MNRAS.201..303V", "1983IAUS..100..215P", "1983IAUS..100..233V", "1984ApJ...276..114J", "1984ApJ...277..744R", "1984ApJ...282...61S", "1984MNRAS.209...93S", "1985A&A...150..327C", "1985A&AS...61..141D", "1985ApJ...289..124W", "1986MNRAS.221..213A", "1987MNRAS.225..607L", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...195..105B", "1988ASIC..232..475C", "1988MNRAS.233..337L", "1989ApJ...343..608C", "1989ApJ...347..959A", "1990A&A...233...82C", "1990ApJ...352..522D", "1990ApJ...358..495S", "1990ApJ...361...69H", "1991IAUS..146..255C", "1992ApJ...393..508M", "1993A&A...268...65F", "1993A&A...277...27F", "1993ApJ...414..474S", "1993RPPh...56..173S", "1994A&A...281..691B", "1994A&A...286..799R", "1994ApJ...421..481W", "1994ApJ...427..384E", "1994mtia.conf....1P", "1995AJ....110..628T", "1996ApJ...457..125Z" ]
11600538
astro-ph/9607005
Two planetary nebulae in the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy.
Two planetary nebulae are shown to belong to the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy, on the basis of their radial velocities. This is only the second dwarf spheroidal galaxy, after Fornax, found to contain planetary nebulae. Their existence confirms that this galaxy is at least as massive as the Fornax dwarf spheroidal which has a single planetary nebula, and suggests a mass of a few times 10^7^M<SUB>sun</SUB>_. The two planetary nebulae are located along the major axis of the galaxy, near the base of the tidal tail. There is a further candidate, situated at a very large distance along the direction of the tidal tail, for which no velocity measurement is available. The location of the planetary nebulae and globular clusters of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy suggests that a significant fraction of its mass is contained within the tidal tail.
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9.088519
8.058541
1996-08-01
32
1996A&A...312L..21Z
[ "Fornax", "spheroidal", "the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy", "a single planetary nebula", "Two planetary nebulae", "the tidal tail", "the planetary nebulae and globular clusters", "only the second dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "<SUB>sun</SUB", "second" ]
[ "STARS: CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER", "PLANETARY NEBULAE: INDIVIDUAL: 004.8-22.7", "006.8-19.8", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9607005" ]
[ "Zijlstra, A. A.", "Walsh, J. R." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996Msngr..85...28Z", "1997A&AS..123..115N", "1997A&AS..125..289Z", "1997ApJ...487..651W", "1997MNRAS.292..686G", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998A&A...330..453M", "1998A&AS..132...13D", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998MNRAS.294..315M", "1999AJ....118.1709M", "1999ASIC..523..311H", "1999MNRAS.304..633B", "2000A&A...358.1058G", "2000A&A...361L...1P", "2000A&A...363..717D", "2001Ap&SS.275...67G", "2002ASPC..273...41F", "2003A&A...403..659A", "2003A&A...407...51M", "2003ApJ...596L.183M", "2003MNRAS.338..347G", "2005A&A...430..187P", "2006MNRAS.369..875Z", "2007A&A...468..121K", "2008MNRAS.388.1667K", "2012MNRAS.427.2647M", "2015MNRAS.452.4070O", "2019ApJ...884L..15M", "2020A&A...640A..10W", "2022arXiv220700547Z", "2023PhDT.........2C" ]
[ "1975MNRAS.173..437W", "1978ApJ...220..458D", "1983ApJS...52..399S", "1984ASSL..107.....P", "1989A&A...216..245Z", "1989A&AS...81..309P", "1989RMxAA..17...25P", "1990A&AS...82....1M", "1991A&A...243..478Z", "1991RMxAA..22....3D", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992MNRAS.257..317K", "1993A&A...280..581P", "1993ASPC...50..357P", "1993ApJ...402L..57B", "1994A&AS..106..559T", "1994MNRAS.270..209M", "1994MNRAS.270L..43K", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995A&A...301..537B", "1995AAS...187.9004J", "1995AJ....109..588M", "1995AJ....109.1071P", "1995AJ....109.1086S", "1995AJ....109.2533D", "1995ApJ...451..598J", "1995MNRAS.275L..23V", "1995MNRAS.277..781I", "1995MNRAS.277L..59S", "1996ASPC...92...84I", "1996ApJ...458L..13M", "1996ApJ...459L..65F" ]
11607185
astro-ph/9605062
The giant protogalaxy cB 58: an artefact of gravitational lensing?
The protogalaxy cB58 was discovered in the Canadian Network of Observational Cosmology (CNOC) survey of cluster redshifts. Absorption features reveal that this system is at a redshift of z = 2.72, implying an absolute magnitude of M<SUB>V</SUB> ≡ -26, and has a star formation rate of 4700 M<SUB>sun</SUB>yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, making it the most "active" star-forming galaxy. This protogalaxy is observed to lie close (≡6 arcsec) to a central cluster galaxy at z = 0.373. The X-ray properties of the cluster suggest that its mass, and therefore its lensing potential, could be greater than that found using a virial analysis. Here, the authors argue that the phenomenal properties of this protogalaxy are due to the gravitational lensing effect of the foreground cluster, and the unlensed properties of the source are typical of high-redshift star-forming systems.
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13.151428
6.017909
1996-08-01
26
1996MNRAS.281L..35W
[ "cluster redshifts", "z", "a central cluster galaxy", "The X-ray properties", "Absorption features", "high-redshift star-forming systems", "a star formation rate", "CNOC", "the gravitational lensing effect", "the foreground cluster" ]
[ "Protogalaxies: Redshifts", "Protogalaxies: Gravitational Lenses", "Protogalaxies: Clusters of Galaxies", "Clusters of Galaxies: Gravitational Lenses", "galaxies: clusters: general -- galaxies: fundamental parameters -- gravitational lensing", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.3.L35", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9605062" ]
[ "Williams, L. L. R.", "Lewis, G. F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AIPC..408..279P", "1997AJ....113..562F", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...477L..29B", "1997ApJ...484..574H", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ApJ...496..803C", "1998ApJ...505..529I", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.294..299W", "1998MNRAS.295...92B", "1998MNRAS.298..945S", "1999AJ....118.1922I", "2000ApJ...528...96P", "2000ApJ...533L..65T", "2003MNRAS.342.1185S", "2007ApJ...669..749S", "2008ApJ...689...59S", "2009ApJ...700..376F", "2009ApJ...701...52H", "2010ApJ...724.1182W", "2012ApJ...744..156B", "2012ApJ...755...73W", "2013ApJ...764..177G", "2014MNRAS.443..146J", "2020ApJ...900..184A" ]
[ "1937PhRv...51..290Z", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1992ApJ...385...49D", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1994A&ARv...5..239F", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1995A&A...303...27K", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1996AJ....111.1783Y", "1996ApJ...462...32C", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996MNRAS.278..139W" ]
1988296
null
Template Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Spectra of Star-forming Galaxies and Their Application to K-Corrections
Template UV-optical spectra of quiescent and starburst galaxies are presented and used to derive K-corrections as a function of morphological type and redshift. IUE observations and archival data are used for the UV template spectra. The optical spectra are from ground-based observations obtained in apertures that match closely the 200 arcsec^2^ IUE aperture. The templates of quiescent galaxies are built according to morphological type, elliptical, bulge, S0, Sa, Sb, and Sc, and the templates of starburst galaxies according to color excess. The unprecedented characteristics of these templates is that UV and optical spectra have been obtained in matched apertures to produce consistent spectral information from 1200 to 10,000 A, Despite the relatively small IUE aperture, the galaxy stellar populations are well represented in the elliptical, S0, Sa, and Sc, and in the starburst templates. The spectra are available digitally. The UV-optical templates can be applied to the classification of high- redshift galaxies and to the identification of the host galaxies of quasars. The templates predict that observed magnitudes from traditional ground-based photometric surveys can be uniquely interpreted. For example, U, B, and I magnitudes uniquely determine both the redshift and the morphological type of a galaxy. The template spectra are also used to calculate K-corrections for galaxies as a function of morphological type and redshift, up to z = 2. These improved K-corrections are not sufficient to explain the excess counts in faint blue galaxies. A subset of our galaxy templates are linked with published data from the radio to the X-ray for galaxies and quasars. A comparison between the quiescent galaxies and the quasars suggests that, in the optical band, the host galaxy is a factor of 10-100 fainter in flux than the quasar.
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12.302429
6.478343
1996-08-01
843
1996ApJ...467...38K
[ "starburst galaxies", "quiescent galaxies", "high- redshift galaxies", "galaxies", "faint blue galaxies", "morphological type", "matched apertures", "quiescent and starburst galaxies", "our galaxy templates", "IUE observations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
8
[ "10.1086/177583" ]
[ "Kinney, Anne L.", "Calzetti, Daniela", "Bohlin, Ralph C.", "McQuade, Kerry", "Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa", "Schmitt, Henrique R." ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Univsersidad Federal Rio Grande do Sui, Porto Alegre, Brazil", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218" ]
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[ "1918AN....206..109W", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981ApJ...248..105W", "1982ApJ...252..102C", "1982ApJ...256..410L", "1983AJ.....88.1736I", "1983MNRAS.202..647P", "1984AJ.....89...53S", "1984ApJ...285..439U", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1987MNRAS.225..297S", "1988ApJ...328..440B", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1989PhDT........69B", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1992AJ....104..941S", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...401...99P", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1994A&A...288..103G", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1995AJ....110.1071C", "1995ApJ...441..561B", "1995ApJ...443..136C", "1995ApJS...97..331M", "1995ApJS...98..103S", "1996ApJ...457..625C" ]
1989641
null
Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the Local Universe. I. The Catalog
Data are presented for 693 galaxies identified in a large new survey for low surface brightness galaxies in the nearby universe (z &lt;~ 0.1). The survey covers 786 square degrees centered on the equator, and it extends significantly the surface brightness range of galaxy surveys in which there are a substantial number of galaxies with redshifts. The data are derived from the Automated Plate Measuring machine scans of survey plates from the UK Schmidt Telescope and from follow-up observations at radio and optical wavelengths. Accurate positions, total B magnitudes, surface brightness parameters, and angular sizes are tabulated for each galaxy. Radial velocities, optical luminosities, and neutral hydrogen masses are listed for a subset of the sample. Finding charts are also presented for those objects having a large enough angular size that the scans from survey plates provide some morphological information. The selection function and the luminosity function that can be derived from the survey are discussed in two companion papers.
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12.153543
6.278671
1996-08-01
173
1996ApJS..105..209I
[ "galaxy surveys", "low surface brightness galaxies", "survey plates", "surface brightness parameters", "galaxies", "optical luminosities", "angular sizes", "neutral hydrogen masses", "total B magnitudes", "a large new survey" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
3
[ "10.1086/192313" ]
[ "Impey, C. D.", "Sprayberry, D.", "Irwin, M. J.", "Bothun, G. D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996astro.ph.12115M", "1997AJ....113.1212O", "1997AJ....114..635D", "1997AJ....114.1858P", "1997AJ....114.2448O", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...477L..79M", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...482..659D", "1997ApJ...484..145T", "1997ApJ...484..618B", "1997ApJ...484L..29B", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1997astro.ph..5049B", "1998A&A...331..891K", "1998A&AS..127..409K", "1998AJ....116.2776O", "1998ASSL..230..239J", "1998ASSL..231...59H", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...499...66M", "1998MNRAS.296..847M", "1998RMxAA..34..105C", "1999A&A...342..655G", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999A&AS..135..221K", "1999AJ....118..765P", "1999ASPC..170...19M", "1999ASPC..170..131D", "1999ASPC..170..145O", "1999ASPC..170..169S", "1999ASPC..170..214P", "1999ASPC..170..393I", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999MNRAS.302L..55B", "1999PASP..111...31O", "1999PASP..111..438F", "2000A&A...361...19S", "2000A&AS..145..415K", "2000AJ....120.1316K", "2000ASPC..221..195G", "2000ApJ...530..286S", "2000ApJ...540...81T", "2000ApJS..131...47E", "2000RvMA...13..245D", "2001A&A...365....1M", "2001A&A...366..428K", "2001AJ....121..148C", "2001AJ....121.2420S", "2001AJ....122.2243S", "2001AJ....122.2318B", "2001AJ....122.2341I", "2001AJ....122.2381M", "2001ASPC..230..593I", "2001ASPC..232..175B", "2001ApJ...557..495P", "2001ApJ...557..505N", "2001MNRAS.327.1249Z", "2002A&A...392..395C", "2002AJ....124...78C", "2002AJ....124.1360G", "2002AJ....124.1954R", "2002ApJ...569..144A", "2002ApJ...574L..17B", "2002ApJ...578..675N", "2002ApJS..141..123W", "2003A&A...405...99M", "2003A&A...408..465M", "2003AJ....125..116B", "2003ApJ...587..500O", "2003ApJ...591..677R", "2003MNRAS.338...72S", "2003MNRAS.344.1131D", "2003MNRAS.346..787M", "2003MSAIS...3..151P", "2004AJ....127..704K", "2004AJ....128...16K", "2004ApJ...610...23N", "2004MNRAS.347..277M", "2004MNRAS.349..576C", "2005A&A...432..431A", "2005ApJ...629...29M", "2005ApJ...631..208B", "2005ApJ...631..785P", "2005ApJ...634...26N", "2006A&A...458..385C", "2006A&A...459..679A", "2006AJ....131.2035G", "2006ApJ...653..240G", "2006MNRAS.366.1475A", "2007A&A...468..937H", "2007A&A...471..787H", "2007AJ....134..759L", "2007ASSP....3...77C", "2007Ap&SS.307..369A", "2007ApJ...663..895H", "2007ApJ...663..908R", "2007ApJS..172..219L", "2007MmSAI..78..769C", "2007NCimB.122.1147M", "2007jena.confE..52E", "2008ASPC..390..294C", "2008ASPC..396..479C", "2008ApJ...672..198L", "2008ApJ...677L..13G", "2008IAUS..252..119L", "2008MNRAS.387.1099P", "2008MNRAS.389..237K", "2008MNRAS.391..986Z", "2009MNRAS.394..340G", "2009RAA.....9..269M", "2010AJ....140.1951L", "2010Ap.....53..462K", "2010IAUS..262..213L", "2010MNRAS.405.2697B", "2010MNRAS.409..213L", "2011A&A...528A..36U", "2011ApJ...728...74G", "2011JKAS...44..151K", "2011RAA....11..293A", "2012AJ....143..102G", "2012AJ....144..159M", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.423..962M", "2012RAA....12.1486Z", "2012arXiv1205.2404Z", "2013arXiv1312.0364T", "2014ApJ...787L..37M", "2015AJ....149..199D", "2015ApJ...810..151W", "2015ApJ...815L..29G", "2015MNRAS.446.4291L", "2015MNRAS.447.3649M", "2015MNRAS.452.2973Y", "2016ApJ...833..168M", "2016ApJS..225...11Y", "2016IAUS..312...31S", "2016MNRAS.455.3148S", "2016MNRAS.462.2099H", "2016MNRAS.463.2746W", "2017ApJ...842..133L", "2017ApJ...846...26S", "2017ApJ...847...37C", "2017ApJ...850..109B", "2017MNRAS.470.1512W", "2017PhyU...60..961S", "2018ApJ...857..104G", "2018ApJ...868...96C", "2018MNRAS.476.2938P", "2018MNRAS.476.4488H", "2018MNRAS.478.4657P", "2018MNRAS.478.5336X", "2018MNRAS.479.3842K", "2019MNRAS.483.1754D", "2019MNRAS.484..850P", "2019MNRAS.484.1549Z", "2020A&A...644A..42R", "2020ApJS..248...33H", "2020MNRAS.491.1901H", "2020arXiv200503520D", "2021ApJS..257...60Z", "2021MNRAS.507.2423S", "2021Univ....7..344S", "2022A&A...660A..69W", "2022MNRAS.513.3972Y", "2022MNRAS.514.5840P", "2022MNRAS.516.1781Z", "2022Symm...14.1331B", "2023AJ....165..263O", "2023Ap.....66..291K", "2023MNRAS.519..884K", "2024MNRAS.528..873S" ]
[ "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJ...346L...5G", "1990MNRAS.242..235P", "1990MNRAS.244P..16I", "1995AJ....110.2067S" ]
1987087
null
On the Morphology of the HST Faint Galaxies
Deep imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has revealed a population of rapidly evolving galaxies, which account for &lt; 50% of the total counts at I &lt;~ 22.5, are well distinct from the passively evolving normal ellipticals and spirals, and have morphologies that elude the traditional Hubble classification scheme. This classification has been derived from the morphological properties of local galaxies observed at optical wavelengths. Since galaxy morphology is a function of the wavelength and of the localization and intensity of the star-formation activity, the appearance of galaxies at large redshifts is subject to k- correction and evolutionary effects of the stellar populations, even if the underlying dynamics does not change significantly. In addition, the strong dependence of the surface brightness on redshift as σ ~(1 +z)^-4^ implies that the observed morphology of distant galaxies is also affected by the limiting surface brightness that can be reached. This paper shows how local galaxies observed at UV wavelengths with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) would appear to HST if placed at cosmological distances, with the UV light redshifted to the optical wavelengths. The simulated distant galaxies have morphologies that are of later type or more irregular than their local (optical) counterparts, and some are in qualitative agreement with those revealed by the faint HST surveys, suggesting that dynamical evolution has played a minor role in the evolution of the majority of the galaxies over a large fraction of the Hubble time. However, the dependence of galaxy morphology on the star-formation activity and on the wavelength must be properly understood before any conclusion on the overall morphological evolution of galaxies can be derived.
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12.168856
6.333746
1996-08-01
104
1996AJ....112..369G
[ "galaxy morphology", "local galaxies", "distant galaxies", "galaxies", "optical wavelengths", "UV wavelengths", "large redshifts", "morphologies", "dynamical evolution", "The simulated distant galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/118021" ]
[ "Giavalisco, Mauro", "Livio, Mario", "Bohlin, Ralph C.", "Macchetto, F. Duccio", "Stecher, Theodore P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996astro.ph..9101O", "1997A&G....38a..10L", "1997AIPC..408...11O", "1997AJ....113..474H", "1997AJ....114..575F", "1997AJ....114.1741H", "1997ASPC..116..534G", "1997ApJ...482L..93S", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997ApJ...490L.135M", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998ASPC..133..233B", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...500..619M", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998ApJ...506..712K", "1998ApJ...507..585M", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998astro.ph..4121C", "1998astro.ph.10395B", "1999AJ....117.1708J", "1999ASPC..156...16B", "1999ApJ...514...77N", "1999ApJ...521...64M", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "1999ExA.....9..119B", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999ldss.work..280D", "2000A&A...354L..21C", "2000AJ....119...79C", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ApJS..131..441K", "2001A&A...369..421B", "2001A&A...371..393B", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001ASPC..230..491M", "2001ApJ...547L..13T", "2001ApJS..132..129M", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002A&A...382..513R", "2002AJ....123.2913V", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ASSL..274..253B", "2002ApJS..138....1B", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003ApJ...587L..79F", "2003ApJ...598..827P", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2004ASSL..301...71L", "2004ASSL..319..429W", "2004ApJ...600L.131M", "2004ApJ...601L.123B", "2005A&A...434...77L", "2005ARA&A..43..769V", "2005ApJ...635L..29P", "2006A&A...458..717R", "2006ApJ...652..963R", "2006MNRAS.368..211Y", "2007A&A...465...95H", "2007MNRAS.376..287A", "2008AIPC.1035..318W", "2008AdSpR..41.1965W", "2008ApJ...675.1141S", "2008ApJ...677...37O", "2008ApJ...680..232D", "2008ApJS..175..105B", "2008MNRAS.389.1223M", "2009AJ....138..362P", "2009ASSP....7...31Y", "2009MNRAS.399.1191C", "2011ApJ...739...45F", "2011MNRAS.416.2401H", "2011MNRAS.417.2770C", "2012ApJ...753...25H", "2013ApJ...767..106Y", "2013ApJ...774...47L", "2013ApJ...777..117M", "2014A&A...561A.129M", "2014AJ....148..111P", "2014ARA&A..52..291C", "2015ApJ...802..101T", "2015ApJ...805..181C", "2015MNRAS.451.3768T", "2016A&A...593A..22R", "2016ApJ...821...72S", "2017A&A...608A..16R", "2017ApJ...850...61Y", "2017IAUS..321..321B", "2017JASS...34..183Y", "2017MNRAS.465.2717P", "2017MNRAS.466.4888B", "2019MNRAS.487.4995G", "2021arXiv210602664W", "2022MNRAS.509..614B", "2023A&A...676A..74Y", "2023ApJS..267...26G", "2023MNRAS.518.4214F", "2024A&A...682A.110B", "2024A&A...686A.100W", "2024A&C....4600770B", "2024ApJ...960..104S", "2024ApJ...968L..15K" ]
[ "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989AJ.....97..700G", "1991AJ....101.1293W", "1991ApJ...368...12B", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370..526C", "1991ApJ...379..596B", "1991ApJ...379..609T", "1992AJ....104..941S", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...395L..37H", "1992ApJ...395L..41C", "1992ApJ...395L..45O", "1992ApJ...401L..83L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...404..511M", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...414L...9H", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994A&A...288..103G", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994ApJ...426..553C", "1994ApJ...430..545N", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995AJ....110.2519S", "1995ApJ...438..181H", "1995ApJ...441L..13G", "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...446L...1O", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...455...50L", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995ApJS...98..595H", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995wfsd.conf..349S", "1996ApJ...462L..17S" ]
1988313
null
Obscuration of LY alpha Photons in Star-forming Galaxies
We present a new study of the correlations between the Lyα emission, the UV extinction, and the metal content in a sample of 21 local, low-metallicity starburst galaxies from archival IUE spectra. We have consistently reextracted all the spectra using the optimal extraction algorithm by Kinney and coworkers, and we have also included galaxies not previously studied. In 40% of the cases our new measures of the Lyα equivalent width, W<SUB>alpha</SUB>_, differ from those reported in the literature by up to 50% of their value. The new measures show no significant correlation with either the obscuration of the UV continuum or the Balmer decrement, and only a very weak correlation with the metal index [O/H]. Using the flux ratio Lyα/Hβ instead of W<SUB>alpha</SUB>_ to take into account differences in the ionizing conditions of the nebular gas does not change these results. This shows that the extinction vicissitudes of the Lyα and nonresonant radiations have been decoupled during their propagations through the ISM. We interpret this as evidence that the ISM in the sample galaxies is, on average, highly inhomogeneous and that the transport of Lyα photons is primarily controlled by the ISM geometry rather than by the amount of dust. If the ISM geometry is mainly the result of the energy release from the star formation activity, we speculate that a similar phenomenology was also present at high redshifts. As the median of the absolute value of W<SUB>alpha</SUB>_ in our sample is relatively large, the line can be efficiently used to measure the redshifts of primeval galaxy candidates at redshifts 2 &lt;~ z &lt;~ 7 via optical spectroscopy with the 10 m class telescopes.
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13.490407
6.52309
1996-08-01
115
1996ApJ...466..831G
[ "Lyα photons", "galaxy candidates", "Lyα", "galaxies", "ISM", "lt;~ z", "optical spectroscopy", "high redshifts", "_", "archival IUE spectra" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "ISM: CLOUDS", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "ISM: STRUCTURE", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177557" ]
[ "Giavalisco, Mauro", "Koratkar, Anuradha", "Calzetti, Daniela" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..929L", "1997ASPC..114...11P", "1997ApJ...489..623T", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998A&A...334...11K", "1998A&A...338...43P", "1998ApJ...495..698G", "1998ApJ...503..646H", "1998ApJ...506..712K", "1998ApJ...508..539P", "1999AJ....118.2547K", "1999ASIC..541..353K", "1999Ap&SS.265..489K", "1999MNRAS.309..332T", "1999ldss.work..132S", "2000ApJ...537...65M", "2000MNRAS.317..937R", "2001ApJ...561L..37S", "2002A&A...393...33B", "2002AJ....123.1922D", "2002AJ....123.3041K", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ApJS..140..303L", "2002PhDT.........1N", "2003ApJ...588...65S", "2003ApJ...597..263K", "2004ApJ...608..768C", "2004ApJ...612..131O", "2004astro.ph..7584K", "2005A&A...438...71H", "2005AJ....129.1863K", "2005MNRAS.362..245J", "2005astro.ph..7373O", "2006ApJ...644..792R", "2006ApJ...645..792T", "2006MNRAS.367..979H", "2007MNRAS.382.1465H", "2008A&A...488..491A", "2008ApJ...678..655F", "2008ApJ...680.1072D", "2008ApJS..175...48R", "2008SPIE.7011E..20M", "2009A&A...502..791A", "2009A&A...506L...1A", "2009AJ....138..911H", "2009AJ....138..923O", "2009Ap&SS.320...35M", "2009ApJ...704L..98S", "2009MNRAS.393.1174F", "2009NewAR..53...44O", "2010ApJ...712.1070R", "2010ApJ...716..574Z", "2010ApJ...725L.205F", "2010MNRAS.402.1580O", "2010Natur.464..562H", "2011A&A...525A.143C", "2011ASPC..440..397G", "2011ApJ...730....8H", "2011ApJ...738..136C", "2011ApJ...739...62Z", "2012ApJ...756...25M", "2012MNRAS.425...87O", "2013A&A...552A..95S", "2013A&A...553A.106L", "2013A&A...559L...9B", "2013AJ....146..158P", "2013ApJ...765..118W", "2013ApJ...765L..27H", "2013ApJ...766..124L", "2014A&A...561A..89A", "2014A&A...562A..52D", "2014A&A...569A..78V", "2014ApJ...782....6H", "2014ApJ...783...26V", "2014ApJ...790...44R", "2014ApJ...791L..19J", "2014ApJ...794..101P", "2014ApJ...797...11O", "2015A&A...573A..24C", "2015A&A...580A..91S", "2015ApJ...803....6M", "2015ApJ...809...19H", "2015ApJ...809...89T", "2015ApJ...814L...6R", "2015PASA...32...27H", "2016A&A...587A..77D", "2016AJ....152..178P", "2016ApJ...820..130Y", "2016ApJ...828..107R", "2016MNRAS.456.1549L", "2016MNRAS.456.3827O", "2017ApJ...835..116A", "2017ApJ...838...63D", "2017ApJ...844..171Y", "2017ApJ...846..105O", "2017MNRAS.472.2608S", "2018ApJ...852....9B", "2018NatAs...2..625M", "2019A&A...631A..19M", "2019ApJ...885...96J", "2019MNRAS.488.3492S", "2019MNRAS.490..978P", "2019SAAS...46..319H", "2020ApJ...892..125H", "2021ApJ...912..155O", "2021MNRAS.503.6112S", "2022A&A...662A..64R", "2022ApJ...934...69L", "2022ApJS..260....1F", "2023A&A...678A.139T", "2023ApJ...950...58Z", "2023ApJS..266...15M", "2023MNRAS.520.4037M", "2023MNRAS.526.1657T", "2024arXiv240603956H" ]
[ "1967ApJ...147..868P", "1973MNRAS.162...43H", "1981ApJ...246L.109M", "1984ApJ...287..487H", "1984MNRAS.211..507E", "1986A&A...155..297C", "1986sfdg.conf..431D", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1988ApJ...332..752D", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...350..216N", "1991ApJ...370L..85N", "1991ApJ...378..471C", "1991PASP..103..694K", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1993MNRAS.260....3T", "1994A&A...282..709K", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994ApJ...432..567C", "1995A&A...297L..63P", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995ApJS...96....9L", "1995Natur.377..603C" ]
2010521
null
Sustained star formation in the central stellar cluster of the Milky Way
THE central stellar bulge of our Galaxy is commonly thought to consist predominantly of a coeval population of very old (∼10<SUP>10</SUP>yr) stars<SUP>1-3</SUP>. But evidence for young<SUP>4</SUP> and intermediate-age stars<SUP>5,6</SUP> in the bulge is accumulating. Here we argue that star formation has been occurring in the molecular gas near the centre of the bulge throughout the lifetime of the Galaxy, and that the resulting stellar population is evident as the prominent infrared<SUP>7,8</SUP> 'r<SUP>-2</SUP> central star cluster' (a cluster whose space density decreases as the square of the distance from the centre). Although our hypothesis is at odds with the standard view that this central cluster is the innermost part of the more extended and ancient bulge<SUP>9-11</SUP>, sustained star formation is consistent with both the available observational data and simple models of mass inflow and collisionally induced star formation in this region. Even if the central star-formation rate is relatively modest, it appears that the stellar population of the Galactic bulge has been augmented substantially since its birth.
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9.499109
7.561272
1996-08-01
96
1996Natur.382..602S
[ "star formation", "sustained star formation", "collisionally induced star formation", "THE central stellar bulge", "simple models", "mass inflow", "Galaxy", "the resulting stellar population", "the central star-formation rate", ">" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1038/382602a0" ]
[ "Serabyn, E.", "Morris, Mark" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&A...334..646H", "1998IAUS..184...21S", "1998IAUS..184...89S", "1998MNRAS.301..745D", "1998Natur.394..448S", "1999A&A...348..457M", "1999ASPC..186..379S", "1999ApJ...520..137A", "1999ApJ...525..228K", "1999ApJ...525..750F", "1999ApJ...527..835A", "2000ApJ...530..307C", "2000ApJ...537..205R", "2001ASPC..228..482K", "2001ASPC..245..216R", "2001ApJ...554.1059K", "2002A&A...384..112L", "2002AJ....123.1438D", "2002Natur.415..128E", "2002dmap.conf...79M", "2003A&A...405..531S", "2003ANS...324...33M", "2003ANS...324..255F", "2003ANS...324Q..47B", "2003ApJ...589..225M", "2003ApJ...592.1173P", "2003ApJ...599..465M", "2003IAUS..212..487F", "2003MNRAS.338..857V", "2003idm..conf...96M", "2004A&A...422...77P", "2004A&A...425..529M", "2004ApJ...601..319F", "2004ApJ...601L.163B", "2004ApJ...602..760E", "2004SPIE.5491..126P", "2004dimg.conf..253G", "2005AJ....129..201D", "2005PhR...419...65A", "2006A&A...458..113S", "2006JPhCS..54....1M", "2006JPhCS..54..103W", "2007ApJ...656..709P", "2007ApJ...669.1011C", "2007MNRAS.378..129H", "2007astro.ph..1050M", "2008ApJ...683L..37W", "2008ApJ...687..997S", "2009ApJ...690.1648N", "2009MNRAS.399.1709M", "2010ApJ...718..739M", "2011ASPC..439...79K", "2011ApJ...735L..11K", "2011ApJ...736..133A", "2011ApJ...741..108P", "2011IAUS..270..359K", "2011MNRAS.411L..11C", "2011MNRAS.413..763C", "2011MNRAS.415.1027H", "2011Natur.477..188M", "2011PhRvL.106j1102C", "2011arXiv1103.4523C", "2012ApJ...750..111A", "2012JPhCS.372a2026M", "2012JPhCS.372a2049K", "2012MNRAS.423.3512C", "2012MmSAI..83..117C", "2013A&A...550A..42C", "2013ASSP...34..115B", "2013ASSP...34..397C", "2013MNRAS.429..385M", "2013MNRAS.436.3357O", "2013PhRvD..88h1302R", "2013arXiv1307.0712B", "2014ApJS..213...22Y", "2014arXiv1411.7453C", "2015ApJ...799...46M", "2015ApJ...808..107C", "2015ApJ...812L..21S", "2015ApJ...812L..29D", "2015MNRAS.450.2094G", "2015MmSAI..86..186M", "2016ApJ...821...44F", "2016ApJS..223...26A", "2016PhDT.......154B", "2017ApJ...846..123H", "2018A&A...609A.109N", "2018ApJ...859..137C", "2018Galax...6...62S", "2018IAUS..334...57M", "2018JKAS...51..165K", "2018NatAs...2..819B", "2020A&A...644A..72P", "2020MNRAS.492.4500B", "2021AJ....162...93H", "2024arXiv240319843S" ]
[ "1968ApJ...151..145B", "1982ApJ...258L..23B", "1984A&A...139..309H", "1985AJ.....90.1812L", "1985ApJ...290...75V", "1988AJ.....96..884T", "1988ApJ...324..223B", "1988ApJ...329L..69D", "1988MNRAS.233..611S", "1988MNRAS.235.1025H", "1989ApJ...338..824M", "1990A&A...233...82C", "1990MNRAS.245..305J", "1990MNRAS.247..479C", "1991MNRAS.248P..14S", "1992A&A...259..118L", "1992ApJ...387..181K", "1992PASP..104..798L", "1992RvMA....5..174G", "1993AIPC..278...37R", "1993ASPC...49...65R", "1993ApJ...408..496M", "1993ApJ...413L..19T", "1993getm.conf...65R", "1994ApJ...425L..81W", "1994MNRAS.271..202E", "1994nngl.conf...75B", "1995ApJ...441..603B", "1995ApJ...445..716D", "1995ApJ...447L..95K", "1995ApJ...452..262S", "1996ARA&A..34..645M", "1996ApJ...456..194H" ]
1987078
null
A Counter-Rotating Disk in the Normal SA Galaxy NGC 4138
As part of a detailed survey of the kinematics and dynamics in a sample of non-interacting Sa galaxies, we present H I synthesis maps, optical images and optical emission and absorption line long slit spectra of the small-bulged Sa galaxy NGC 4138. Located in a loose group dominated by early type spirals but with no near companions, NGC 4138 appears morphologically smooth and undisturbed, except for a dust lane visible on the southeastern side of the galaxy. As traced by stellar Mg I b absorption lines, the primary stellar disk contains ~80% of the stars; the presence of Hα absorption suggests that star formation in this component ceased ~10^8^ yr ago. The remaining stars, along with the H I and emission line gas, are rotating counter to the primary stellar disk with comparable observed velocity. The counter-rotating stars are present throughout the disk of the galaxy but peak at the same location as local maxima in the I-band luminosity and the H I distribution and a ring of H II regions at a radius of ~22". The velocity dispersion of the primary disk stars is systematically larger than that of the counter-rotating stars, suggesting mild heating of the older component. The H I gas extends to 2.5 times the radius of the stellar disk. Overall, the H I surface density is low, and the derived M_H I_/L_B_ is higher than average for an Sa. The well-ordered appearance of the H I velocity field implies quiescent rotation in a disk. The H I rotation curve can be traced to 16 disk scale lengths, and appears to decline by more than 100 km s^-1^ beyond the optical edge. However, the presence of gas at large projected distances along the minor axis suggests instead that the outer H I disk is strongly warped. Because of the possibility of a significant warp, mass modelling is ambiguous, giving ratios of dark to luminous matter ranging from unity (falling rotation curve with no warp) to 5.5 (flat rotation curve with a strong warp). In either case, the counter- rotation component accounts for ~25% of the total luminous mass of the galaxy. The counter-rotating disk may either be the result of a merger of a spiral with a gas-rich dwarf, or the continual infall of material of opposite spin vector onto the galaxy. Both models are constrained by the small bulge, the presence of A stars in the primary disk, and the overall smooth morphology of the galaxy.
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11.276043
7.756983
1996-08-01
75
1996AJ....112..438J
[ "non-interacting Sa galaxies", "emission line gas", "I gas", "stellar Mg I", "star formation", "galaxy", "b absorption lines", "absorption line", "I velocity field", "the primary disk stars" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 4138", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: ISM" ]
1
[ "10.1086/118027" ]
[ "Jore, Katherine P.", "Broeils, Adrick H.", "Haynes, Martha P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ASPC..117..472C", "1997ApJ...475...83L", "1997ApJ...479..702T", "1997PASJ...49..539H", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1997astro.ph.12017S", "1998A&A...337...80C", "1998A&A...338..819L", "1998ApJ...506...93T", "1998JKPS...33S.574C", "1998MNRAS.293..411R", "1998NYASA.867..217L", "1999A&A...348...77B", "1999AJ....118.2172V", "1999ASPC..163..174P", "1999IAUS..186....1S", "1999IAUS..186..149B", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...364..479S", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000ASPC..221..253K", "2001A&A...370..765V", "2001A&A...374..394V", "2001A&A...375..797W", "2001A&A...378..370V", "2001AJ....121.1358K", "2001ASPC..240..257H", "2001Ap&SS.276..643Z", "2001BSAO...51..123S", "2002A&A...382..488C", "2002A&A...394...47S", "2002AJ....124..706A", "2002ApJ...573..122S", "2002iorb.conf...28F", "2003AJ....125..634B", "2003AJ....125.3005H", "2003ApJ...589..709E", "2004A&A...416..507C", "2004A&A...424..447P", "2004AJ....128...89D", "2006A&A...453..847C", "2006A&A...459..333B", "2006ApJ...643..804K", "2006MNRAS.366..182B", "2007A&A...463..883V", "2007A&A...472..121V", "2007MNRAS.374..691Z", "2007MNRAS.381..401L", "2008AJ....136..980G", "2009ApJ...694.1550S", "2010MNRAS.402.2462C", "2011MNRAS.412L.113C", "2011MNRAS.418.1452L", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013A&A...549A...3C", "2014A&A...562A.121C", "2014A&A...570A..79P", "2014A&A...570A.103B", "2014ASPC..480...69T", "2014MNRAS.441.2212F", "2014NewA...26...40W", "2015Galax...4....1S", "2016ASSL..418..161F", "2016MNRAS.460..689R", "2016arXiv160604242K", "2017A&A...600A..76M", "2018MNRAS.475.4055M", "2019ApJ...878..143S", "2019MNRAS.487.1808M", "2020AstL...46..289S", "2021A&A...646A..31F", "2021MNRAS.508.4459F", "2022MNRAS.513.1755S", "2023ApJ...950..163P", "2024ApJ...965...75D" ]
[ "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1975gaun.book....1S", "1975gaun.book..557D", "1978AJ.....83..938H", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982ApJ...257..423H", "1982ac...proc..233G", "1983IAUS..100..105S", "1983IEEEP..71.1295N", "1983MNRAS.203..735C", "1985A&AS...59..255F", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1985MNRAS.213..257G", "1986A&AS...66..255K", "1986ApJ...302..208F", "1987AJ.....93..291P", "1987IAUS..117...51R", "1987MNRAS.228..635N", "1987PhDT.......199B", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988AJ.....96..514K", "1988ApJ...329..589R", "1988ApJ...335...40K", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989ApJ...338..752K", "1989MNRAS.237..785O", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990AJ....100..387R", "1990AJ....100..394C", "1990dig..book..186B", "1991A&A...243...71V", "1991AJ....101.1231C", "1991AJ....102..841H", "1991ApJ...370..526C", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991wdir.conf...96H", "1992A&A...253..335K", "1992A&A...258..583C", "1992A&AS...93..211F", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1992MNRAS.255..729Q", "1992PhDT.......258B", "1993A&AS..100...47G", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1993MNRAS.264..712K", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1994A&AS..107..129B", "1994AJ....107..173R", "1994AJ....107..184W", "1994AJ....107.2036G", "1994AJ....108..896M", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...420..558B", "1994ApJ...425..530S", "1994ApJ...435...22K", "1994cag..book.....S", "1995ApJ...438..155R", "1995ApJ...448...41H", "1995ApJ...450..593B", "1995Natur.375..661C", "1996ApJ...458L..67B", "1996ApJ...461...55T" ]
1988124
null
Evolution of Spiral Galaxies. VI. Radial Distributions of Abundances in External Galaxies
The multiphase model of Ferrini and coworkers has been used to study the evolution of six spiral galaxies of different morphological types. This kind of model has been successfully applied to describe the chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood, the whole Galactic disk, and the bulge of the Galaxy in the first five papers of this series. The present study constitutes an extension of our previous work to spiral galaxies other than our own, with a twofold goal: the investigation of the possible relation between the chemical evolution of galaxies and their classification, and the possibility of applying a unique evolutionary scheme to all galaxies. The comparison of results with the observed abundance gradients indicates that these are determined by a fundamental imprint that arises from an early phase of the evolution of a given galaxy: the initial mass of the protogalaxy and its spatial dIstribution. This suggests a connection between the present abundance gradient and the formation process of a spiral galaxy through the collapse of material forming the disk.
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10.71392
7.839969
1996-08-01
77
1996ApJ...466..668M
[ "spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "a spiral galaxy", "six spiral galaxies", "different morphological types", "a given galaxy", "the present abundance gradient", "model", "the chemical evolution", "the observed abundance gradients" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177540" ]
[ "Molla, Mercedes", "Ferrini, Federico", "Diaz, Angeles I." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...475..519M", "1997ApJ...487L..29F", "1997ApJ...489...63G", "1997ApJ...490..143B", "1997MNRAS.288..726W", "1998A&A...336..103P", "1998AJ....116..673F", "1998ASPC..147...59H", "1998ASPC..147..268M", "1998Ap&SS.263...71D", "1998salg.conf..457S", "1999A&A...350..827P", "1999ASPC..170..169S", "1999ApJ...513..695M", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "1999ApJ...516...62D", "1999MNRAS.306..181P", "1999PASP..111..919H", "1999cezh.conf..154M", "2000A&A...356...89C", "2000ApJ...541..610V", "2000MNRAS.316..345M", "2000NewAR..44..359F", "2001hsa..conf..121M", "2002A&A...383...14P", "2002AJ....123.3055M", "2002ARA&A..40..487F", "2002Ap&SS.281..343V", "2002astro.ph..3399M", "2003astro.ph..2093M", "2004A&A...425..849P", "2004oee..sympE..40M", "2005A&A...432..861G", "2005MNRAS.356.1071R", "2005MNRAS.358..521M", "2005PASP..117..227K", "2005RMxAC..24..266M", "2006ApJ...651..155M", "2006MNRAS.372.1069M", "2007A&A...470..843M", "2007MmSAI..78..753M", "2007astro.ph..1693M", "2007astro.ph..1756M", "2008ASPC..396..197G", "2008MNRAS.388...39M", "2009A&A...494...95M", "2009A&A...505..497Y", "2010A&A...520A..55Y", "2010A&A...521A..82P", "2010ApJS..190..233M", "2011A&A...535A..30C", "2011ApJ...731...10M", "2011ApJ...732L..14Y", "2012MNRAS.419..854G", "2012MNRAS.420.1294M", "2012MNRAS.426.1455K", "2012MNRAS.427.1075M", "2013MNRAS.428..625S", "2013MNRAS.429.2351R", "2014A&A...563A..44M", "2014A&A...563A..49S", "2014AdAst2014E..13M", "2014MNRAS.437.3688C", "2014SAAS...37....1B", "2014SAAS...37..145M", "2015A&A...581A.103G", "2015MNRAS.451.3693M", "2015arXiv150604238R", "2015llg..book..157M", "2016A&A...587A..70S", "2016MNRAS.462.1329M", "2016arXiv161203348M", "2018A&A...609A.119S", "2018cagn.conf...81M", "2020A&A...636A..42M", "2020A&A...642A.203L", "2023MNRAS.521.1727R" ]
[ "1979ApJ...229..509R", "1979MNRAS.189...95P", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1980MNRAS.190..689N", "1981A&A....94..175R", "1981AJ.....86..989D", "1981ApJ...247..879B", "1981MNRAS.195..939K", "1982ApJ...260L..11Y", "1982MNRAS.198..563P", "1982PhDT........35M", "1982VA.....26..159G", "1983A&A...120..165J", "1983A&A...125..394L", "1983ApJ...265..202S", "1983ApJ...274..611R", "1983MNRAS.204..791L", "1984ApJ...276..182S", "1984ApJ...278..564D", "1984ApJ...284..544G", "1984MNRAS.208..365D", "1985ApJ...288..487Y", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJ...294..494C", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1985MNRAS.217..571T", "1986A&A...161...89S", "1986A&AS...66..505W", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...304..443Y", "1986ApJ...308..600T", "1987A&A...172..375B", "1987ApJ...314....3E", "1987ApJ...315..451C", "1987ApJ...316..663S", "1987ApJ...318...15R", "1987PhDT.......199B", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&A...189...59B", "1988A&A...195...27F", "1988A&AS...73..407D", "1988ApJ...324..248B", "1988ApJ...328..143L", "1988ApJ...329..589R", "1988ApJ...333..611W", "1988MNRAS.231..257V", "1988MNRAS.234....1C", "1988MNRAS.235..633V", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AIPC..183..168L", "1989AIPC..183..245M", "1989AJ.....97...97Z", "1989ApJ...339..657F", "1989ApJ...339..700W", "1989ApJ...339..836A", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1989ApJS...71..455T", "1989MNRAS.237..247S", "1989MNRAS.238..133S", "1989MNRAS.238..283C", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1989RMxAA..18..161P", "1989epg..conf..201P", "1989epg..conf..377D", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990A&A...229..362D", "1990A&A...237...36C", "1990ApJ...350...73B", "1990ApJ...354..492M", "1990MNRAS.246..616T", "1990MNRAS.246..678E", "1991A&A...244...27C", "1991AJ....101.1293W", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ApJ...366...95S", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1991ApJ...370..184W", "1991ApJ...370..526C", "1991ApJ...371..515D", "1991ApJ...372...54B", "1991ApJ...383L..11K", "1991MNRAS.249..704C", "1991MNRAS.251...84P", "1991MNRAS.253..245D", "1991nuco.conf...89P", "1992A&A...253..335K", "1992A&A...256...79N", "1992A&A...262..455G", "1992A&AS...92..625W", "1992ApJ...387..138F", "1992ApJ...390L..73Z", "1992ApJS...78...61B", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1993A&A...272..123S", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993A&A...276...16C", "1993ApJ...410...44F", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993MNRAS.261L..17E", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...421..491P", "1994ApJ...424..599M", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...427..745F", "1994ApJ...430L.105F", "1995AJ....109..134W", "1995ApJ...444..207P", "1995ApJ...444..610R", "1995ApJ...446..616V", "1995ApJ...448L..97W", "1995ApJ...454..726M", "1995FCPh...16....1S" ]
1988564
null
On the Size and Formation Mechanism of Star Complexes in Sm, Im, and BCD Galaxies
The diameters D_c_ of the largest star-forming complexes in 67 Magellanic spiral and irregular galaxies and 16 blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies are found to scale approximately with the square root of the galaxy luminosity for each type, i.e., smaller galaxies have proportionately smaller star-forming regions. This is the same relation as for the largest complexes in bright spiral galaxies found previously, although Sm/Im galaxies have complexes that, on average, are a factor of 2 larger than the extrapolation for spiral galaxies at the same absolute magnitude, and the BCD galaxies have complexes that are ~2 times larger than those typical of the Sm/Im galaxies at the same absolute magnitude. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the largest complexes form at the gravitational length scale in a marginally stable interstellar medium with a nearly constant velocity dispersion c ~ 5-10 km s^-1^. The luminosity scaling is then the result of higher average total densities in smaller galaxies compared with the outer regions of giant spirals. This total density correlation is shown using published H I line widths and optical galaxy sizes. The implication of these results is that star formation begins when the ratio of the gas density ρ to the total density (gas + stars + dark matter) exceeds several tenths. If star formation lasts for a time scaling with (G<SUB>rho</SUB>_)^-1/2^ ~ D_c_/c, then the main morphological differences between star formation in galaxies of various sizes can be explained: large galaxies have large star complexes that form groups of OB associations slowly for up to 50 Myr; small galaxies have small complexes (in terms of absolute size) that form dense associations quickly, in bursts spanning less than 5 Myr.
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11.317519
7.846036
1996-08-01
54
1996ApJ...467..579E
[ "large star complexes", "large galaxies", "small galaxies", "smaller galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "optical galaxy sizes", "bright spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "small complexes", "star formation" ]
[ "GALAXIES: COMPACT", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177634" ]
[ "Elmegreen, Bruce G.", "Elmegreen, Debra Meloy", "Salzer, John J.", "Mann, Heather" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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2009763
null
The Durham/UKST galaxy redshift survey - I. Large-scale structure in the universe.
We present the first results from the Durham/UKST Galaxy Redshift Survey and consider their implications on current models of structure formation. This b_J_ &lt;= 17 mag survey contains ~2500 galaxy redshifts sampled at a rate of 1 in 3 from the Edinburgh/Durham Southern Galaxy Catalogue. We find that the galaxy distribution shows evidence of large `cellular' features on 50-100 h^-1^ Mpc scales. This clustering has been statistically analysed using the 2-point correlation function,ξ. The results show that the structures in this survey have power significantly in excess of the predictions of the standard cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological model on scales of 15-30 h^-1^ Mpc, and therefore support the previous observational results from the APM survey. At smaller scales, we measure the one-dimensional pairwise galaxy velocity dispersion in the Durham/UKST survey to be 387_-62_^+96^ km s^-1^. This is also inconsistent with the prediction of the standard CDM model, assuming linear biasing. Finally, at larger scales, the Durham/UKST survey has produced the most accurate detection yet of large-scale redshift space distortions due to dynamical infall of galaxies. We obtain a best estimate of {OMEGA}^0.6^/b = 0.55 +/- 0.12, where {OMEGA} is the mean mass density of the Universe and b is the linear bias factor. Depending on the choice of b, this result is consistent either with a low-density universe (b ~ 1) or a critical-density universe (b ~ 2).
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11.976584
3.009241
1996-08-01
57
1996MNRAS.281L..47R
[ "larger scales", "smaller scales", "current models", "scales", "galaxies", "large-scale redshift space distortions", "structure formation", "the standard CDM model", "dynamical infall", "the Durham/UKST Galaxy Redshift Survey" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.3.L47" ]
[ "Ratcliffe, A.", "Shanks, T.", "Broadbent, A.", "Parker, Q. A.", "Watson, F. G.", "Oates, A. P.", "Fong, R.", "Collins, C. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283L..15B", "1997A&A...328L..25H", "1997ASSL..212...25P", "1997MNRAS.284..633D", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1998A&A...329...14D", "1998ASPC..151...76S", "1998ApJ...494...13N", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.296..173R", "1998MNRAS.296..191R", "1998MNRAS.296..921M", "1998MNRAS.300..417R", "1998astro.ph..6201P", "1999ASPC..176..297M", "1999IAUS..183..235S", "1999MNRAS.306..575D", "1999MNRAS.306..592C", "1999MNRAS.309..659H", "1999NewA....4..223D", "1999RMxAC...8..171T", "2000A&A...355....1G", "2000ASPC..201..278D", "2000MNRAS.315..767D", "2000MNRAS.318.1177D", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2000cucg.confE..56G", "2001AJ....122.2893W", "2001ApJ...554..857G", "2001MNRAS.322..369D", "2001MNRAS.328...79D", "2002luml.conf..524D", "2002moco.conf..344G", "2003MNRAS.345.1049F", "2003astro.ph..7233D", "2004A&A...418....7D", "2004MNRAS.347.1011A", "2004MNRAS.351.1395D", "2004NewAR..48.1281W", "2006ChJAA...6..387Z", "2006MNRAS.372..827P", "2006PASJ...58..283U", "2007A&A...464..811Z", "2007A&A...472...29D", "2009MNRAS.394.2050M", "2009MNRAS.398..971M", "2010MNRAS.404...86B", "2012IAUS..284..268D", "2013A&A...559A..14L", "2013ApJ...768..174G", "2013arXiv1307.0545L", "2019MNRAS.482.3011A", "2021MNRAS.500.3728S", "2021MNRAS.503.2913A", "2022MNRAS.511..994M", "2022MNRAS.513..439D" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...274..529S", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988LNP...297..312E", "1989MNRAS.236..207M", "1989MNRAS.236P...7C", "1989MNRAS.237..589S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995MNRAS.273L...1G", "1995PhDT........21L", "1995wfsd.conf...33P", "1996PhDT........31R" ]
1988308
null
Seyfert Galaxies. IV. Nuclear Profiles of Markarian Seyfert Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope Images
We have examined the nuclear profiles of the Seyfert and non-Seyfert Markarian galaxies in our near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope WF/PC-1 snapshot survey. We find that nuclei of types 1-1.5 Seyfert galaxies are dominated by strong point sources, while those of Seyfert 2 and non- Seyfert Markarian galaxies tend to be resolved, less distinguished, and similar in shape to normal galaxy luminosity profiles. Two possible interpretations of this result for type 2 Seyfert galaxies are that their nuclear continuum sources are undetected in our bandpass, contributing less than 10% of the nuclear light (within 0.5 radius) in all cases or that their nuclear components are resolved and blend in smoothly with the brightness profile of the host galaxy's bulge. Since spectroscopic studies support typical nuclear continuum fractions distinctly greater than 10%, the latter conclusion is clearly preferable. If the continua observed in Seyfert 2 galaxies originate as nuclear light that is redirected into the line of sight by scattering, as predicted by unified models of active galactic nuclei, then the scattering regions must be extended. Simple simulations suggest that these regions must cover several tens of parsecs or more, in agreement with estimates of the sizes of the scattering "mirrors" in other Seyfert 2 galaxies. However, the similarity of the profiles of non-Seyfert Markarian and type 2 Seyfert nuclei suggests that circumnuclear star formation may also be an important component in the nuclear profiles of the latter.
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14.754146
7.9245
1996-08-01
27
1996ApJ...466..713N
[ "Seyfert Markarian galaxies", "normal galaxy luminosity profiles", "Seyfert Markarian", "nuclear light", "typical nuclear continuum fractions", "Seyfert", "non-Seyfert Markarian", "type 2 Seyfert galaxies", "active galactic nuclei", "other Seyfert 2 galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177544" ]
[ "Nelson, Charles H.", "MacKenty, John W.", "Simkin, Susan M.", "Griffiths, Richard E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ASPC..113..445G", "1997ApJ...487..122F", "1997ApJ...488..202S", "1998ApJ...496..133B", "1998ApJ...500..660T", "1998ApJS..117...25M", "1999A&A...345...49B", "1999AJ....118.1609B", "1999AJ....118.2646M", "1999ApJ...514..746S", "1999ApJS..121..417S", "1999IAUS..194...12M", "2000A&A...357..850B", "2000AJ....120.1739V", "2000ApJS..129..517C", "2001ApJ...555..650H", "2001ApJ...562..139M", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2002ApJ...567..790K", "2002ApJ...569..624P", "2002PASJ...54..661T", "2004A&A...428..373B", "2005PNAOC...2...75H", "2007A&A...466..451Z", "2007AJ....134..648M", "2021ApJS..256...40K", "2023ApJ...953..175S" ]
[ "1972JOSA...62...55R", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1978ApJ...223...56K", "1982NASCP2244...28W", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1987A&A...186...49B", "1988AJ.....95.1695V", "1988ApJ...332L..55S", "1989ApJ...343..125M", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990ApJS...72..231M", "1990MNRAS.242..271T", "1991ApJ...377..100K", "1991ApJ...377L...9C", "1991ApJ...378...47M", "1992AIPC..254..486A", "1992wfpi.book.....M", "1993AJ....105.1308U", "1993ApJ...404..563P", "1993PASP..105..247P", "1994ApJ...430..210A", "1995ASPC...77..349K", "1995ApJ...440..565T", "1995ApJ...440..578T", "1995ApJ...440..597T", "1995ApJ...448...98H", "1995ApJ...448..600C", "1995otw..conf...55W" ]
1988300
null
On the Origin of Correlated Radio-optical Asymmetries in Double Radio Sources
A new explanation is proposed for the striking correlation that, in powerful radio galaxies, the brighter [O II] λ3727 line emission is nearly always found on the side of the (shorter) radio lobe that is closer to the nucleus. As an alternative to the conventional interpretation, where the above result is understood by postulating a large-scale density asymmetry about the parent elliptical galaxy, we propose that the side of the longer lobe is marked by a greater accumulation of dust, which leads to an increased attenuation of blue/UV photons in that region. This dust enrichment is caused by the motion of the galaxy, which not only stretches the downstream radio lobe but also results in a net displacement of the (dusty) interstellar medium of the galaxy toward that lobe; the galaxy motion further supplements this dust accumulation toward the longer lobe by causing a ram-pressure stripping of the dusty disk of the galaxy. The many advantages of this asymmetric obscuration model over the conventional explanation invoking an environmental density asymmetry are pointed out, and observational tests for distinguishing between the two possibilities are outlined.
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15.268064
6.788117
1996-08-01
19
1996ApJ...467..191G
[ "powerful radio galaxies", "observational tests", "dust", "the downstream radio lobe", "the parent elliptical galaxy", "the galaxy motion", "an environmental density asymmetry", "the longer lobe", "this asymmetric obscuration model", "a large-scale density asymmetry" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177594" ]
[ "Gopal-Krishna", "Wiita, Paul J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...326...45G", "1997ApJ...484..163R", "1997astro.ph.11066F", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999AuJPh..52..141U", "1999MNRAS.304..271D", "2000A&A...355...79R", "2000ApJ...529..189G", "2001MNRAS.326.1563J", "2005A&A...432..823J", "2007MNRAS.375..705H", "2007MNRAS.380..703G", "2009MNRAS.399L..34H", "2009NewA...14...51G", "2017Ap&SS.362..100O", "2019RAA....19...83A", "2019RMxAA..55..105O", "2022A&A...660L..10D", "2022ApJ...941..136S" ]
[ "1967MNRAS.136..123R", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973MNRAS.162....1M", "1974MNRAS.166..513S", "1979ApJ...234L..27F", "1979MNRAS.188..625L", "1980A&A....84..112B", "1981ApJ...243..710W", "1981MNRAS.194.1025S", "1981MNRAS.196..967M", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982IAUS...97..163S", "1984ApJ...279...74R", "1984MNRAS.210..929L", "1984pete.conf..109D", "1985ApJ...290..496V", "1985ApJ...291...52M", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985MNRAS.214..463P", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1987ASIC..208..129S", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1987MNRAS.225....1A", "1987MNRAS.225...27A", "1987MNRAS.226..531G", "1988ApJ...329..122H", "1989AJ.....97..647P", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...342..187E", "1989ApJ...345..153S", "1989ESOC...32...55M", "1989ESOC...32..215W", "1989MNRAS.239P...1R", "1990ApJ...350..545W", "1990ApJ...353..476W", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...371..478M", "1991ApJ...373..325G", "1991ApJ...381..373H", "1991bja..book..379W", "1992A&A...264..455M", "1992AIPC..254..386B", "1992ApJ...385L..33B", "1992ApJ...390...46W", "1992MNRAS.256..186B", "1992MNRAS.256..281T", "1992MNRAS.257..545L", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1993A&A...269...29J", "1993A&AS...99..407C", "1993A&AS..101..431B", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...404L..51N", "1993ApJ...410..534W", "1993ApJ...411...43Y", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...416...36P", "1993MNRAS.261L..35A", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1994A&A...288L..33C", "1994A&A...289...54V", "1994ASPC...54..201L", "1994ApJ...423..116H", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...433..479B", "1994ApJ...437...83B", "1994MNRAS.268...79W", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1994PhDT.......163G", "1995A&A...298..784G", "1995A&A...303..705G", "1995ApJ...440..515D", "1995ApJ...445...80L", "1995ApJ...448..548C", "1995MNRAS.273..877J", "1995MNRAS.275..976M", "1995MNRAS.275.1171B", "1995MNRAS.276.1215S", "1995MNRAS.277..331S", "1995Natur.377...39C", "1996ASPC..100..319N" ]
1987053
null
Deep UV Imaging of Galaxies in the Fornax Cluster
We compare the Astro-1 Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) deep image of the Fornax cluster with deep optical surveys for purposes of determining the efficacy of vacuum ultraviolet imaging in terms of the recovery of very faint and/or diffuse galaxies. This field covers approximately 1/3 of a square degree and contains 15 galaxies with B_t_ brighter than 18.0 mag. A 1000 s near-UV image detected ten of these galaxies. These ten detections include three luminous ellipticals, two bonafide dwarf ellipticals, and five galaxies of small angular size that may or may not be members of the Fornax cluster. If these optically faint galaxies are members of the Fornax cluster, then the VUV imaging did sample an appreciable range in the galaxy luminosity function. For the dwarf ellipticals, a comparison of their optical and UV fluxes indicates the UV light is not dominated by any hot population but rather represents the general UV characteristics of the underlying stellar population. In particular, we can place an upper limit of 25 O3-5 stars that are present due to possible low level star formation. Furthermore, the UV-optical colors of the dEs are significantly redder than Galactic globular clusters which indicates that these dEs do not have a significant population of extreme horizontal branch stars. With the failure of the near-UV camera aboard the Astro-2 mission, the opportunity for performing a deeper near-UV survey has been lost. We conclude, however, that such a survey would have good sensitivity to the detection of optically faint and/or diffuse galaxies and would provide credible information on the galaxy luminosity function.
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12.305695
6.879728
1996-08-01
8
1996AJ....112..431O
[ "deep optical surveys", "possible low level star formation", "Galactic globular clusters", "extreme horizontal branch stars", "deep image", "vacuum ultraviolet imaging", "Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope", "small angular size", "Fornax", "the galaxy luminosity function" ]
[ "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: FORNAX" ]
1
[ "10.1086/118026" ]
[ "O'Neil, Karen", "Bothun, G. D.", "Smith, Eric P.", "Stecher, T. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114.2448O", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ApJ...478..516S", "1997PASP..109..745B", "2001AJ....121.1974R", "2001ApJS..132..129M", "2005ApJ...635..305O", "2008IAUS..244..266O" ]
[ "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1986AJ.....92.1007B", "1987A&A...180...12D", "1987AJ.....94..876O", "1987AJ.....94.1116C", "1987AJ.....94.1126C", "1988ApJ...328..440B", "1989AJ.....98..367F", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...382L..69F", "1991MNRAS.250..544J", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1993ApJ...418..850S", "1994A&A...289..715D", "1995AJ....109.2019M", "1995ApJ...454L..15B" ]
2012749
null
Two-Dimensional Decomposition of a Disky Elliptical Galaxy, NGC 4621
We decomposed two-dimensionally an elliptical galaxy, NGC 4621, which shows deviations from the brightness distribution of the r(1/4) -law. We have found that its brightness distribution can be reproduced by three components possessing constant ellipticities with an rms 0.085 B_s (the sky brightness) of the residuals in the circular region of radius r&lt;= 200'', except for r&lt; 1''. The component obeying the r(1/4) -law has 62% of the total light, and, hence, is the main body of this elliptical galaxy. The component obeying the exponential law is considered to be a disk, because the rotational velocity, 120 km s(-1) , is comparable to that of a disk galaxy. The light ratio of the disk component to the main body is 0.25, about half of which is in S0 galaxies. It is justified that NGC 4621 be classified not as a disk galaxy, but as elliptical. The envelope component is circular and has 22% of the total light. This circular component is considered to be spherical three-dimensionally and to be a halo. The inclination angle of the disk component is estimated to be 65(deg) from its ellipticity 0.43. The main body is inferred in terms of the probabilities to be an oblate spheroid from the fact that the position angle of its major axis coincides with that of the disk, and its rotational velocity is comparably as large as that of a disk galaxy. If the main body is an oblate spheroid, the ratio of its intrinsic principal axes is derived to be 0.64 from its apparent axis ratio 0.72 and its inclination angle 65(deg) .
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11.193673
6.464243
1996-08-01
4
1996PASJ...48..591M
[ "S0 galaxies", "constant ellipticities", "the disk component", "radius r&lt;=", "a disk galaxy", "This circular component", "NGC", "its apparent axis ratio", "The main body", "the main body" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NGC 4621)", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.4.591" ]
[ "Mizuno, Takao", "Oikawa, Ken-Ichi" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184", "-" ]
[ "1998PASP..110..223T", "2002AJ....124..266P", "2006astro.ph.11644S", "2007ApJS..172..406S" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1977ApJ...217..406K", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1978MNRAS.183..501B", "1979ApJ...234..435B", "1980MNRAS.190..421B", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982modg.proc..113K", "1983ApJ...266...41D", "1983IAUS..100..375S", "1983gcpm.book.....L", "1984MNRAS.209P..21N", "1985A&AS...59..205M", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1985MNRAS.216..429L", "1986AJ.....91.1301K", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...307...97A", "1986ApJS...60..603S", "1986ApJS...62..703K", "1987A&A...177...71B", "1987A&A...177L..53B", "1987AJ.....94.1519C", "1987ApJ...312..514C", "1987IAUS..127...47C", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&A...193L...7B", "1988A&A...195L...1N", "1988A&AS...74...25M", "1988A&AS...74..385B", "1988AJ.....95..422E", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989A&A...215..266N", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1990A&A...227...11S", "1990A&A...235...49S", "1990A&AS...86..429C", "1990ApJ...362...52R", "1990dig..book..232B", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991trcb.book.....D", "1993A&A...268...35U", "1993A&A...278...23B", "1993A&AS...98...29M", "1993PASJ...45...35M", "1994A&A...283....1N", "1994A&AS..103..475B", "1994A&AS..104..179G", "1994MNRAS.266..877B", "1995A&A...293...20S", "1995ApJ...448..563B", "1995ApJ...450...41G", "1995MNRAS.275..874A", "1996IAUS..171...55S" ]
2012679
null
Structure of an X-Ray Cluster of Galaxies with a Central Giant Elliptical Galaxy and Gravitational Lensing
We consider a mass distribution in the cluster A2218 which is consistent with the observed giant arcs and the X-ray surface brightness. It is confirmed that the central giant elliptical galaxy plays an important role in the gravitational lens effect and the X-ray emitting gas distribution, and that the giant galaxy mainly contributes to the mass within the core radius of the cluster, but the cluster component outside of the core radius dominates in the total mass. For the X-ray surface brightness, it is shown that the observed data can be reproduced theoretically in a model having a gas distribution such that its temperature increases toward the center.
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13.030376
4.589744
1996-08-01
5
1996PASJ...48..573M
[ "the X-ray surface brightness", "-", "the central giant elliptical galaxy", "the observed giant arcs", "a gas distribution", "the giant galaxy", "a mass distribution", "the gravitational lens effect", "the cluster A2218", "the core radius" ]
[ "CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (A2218)", "CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSES", "X-RAYS: SOURCES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.4.573" ]
[ "Makino, Nobuyoshi" ]
[ "Department Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-77" ]
[ "1997ApJ...483L..17M", "1997ApJ...490..642M", "1999ApJ...512....9M", "1999MNRAS.302....9C", "2002ApJ...567..188M" ]
[ "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ApJ...336....1L", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJ...344..637G", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.249..184E", "1992A&A...266....6P", "1992A&AS...95...87L", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993AJ....106.2229M", "1993ApJ...403..497M", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993MNRAS.262..187W", "1994A&A...289L..37P", "1994ASIC..441..123B", "1994ASIC..441..159B", "1994ApJ...420...33B", "1994ApJ...436L..67A", "1994ApJ...436L..71M", "1995ApJ...449...18M", "1995PASJ...47..117M" ]
11600557
astro-ph/9602053
Arcs from a universal dark-matter halo profile.
Navarro, Frenk, &amp; White have recently found numerically that the density profile of dark-matter halos can be described by a universal two-parameter function over a broad range of halo masses. The profile is singular, approaching the halo center with ρ{prop.to}r^-1^. It had been argued previously that radially distorted, gravitationally lensed images of background sources in galaxy clusters, so-called radial arcs, required a flat core in the cluster density profile. Such radial arcs have so far been detected in two galaxy clusters, in apparent contradiction with a singular density profile. I show here that the profile suggested by Navarro et al. can produce radial arcs despite its central singularity, and describe how the two parameters of the profile can be determined in clusters where radial and tangential arcs are observed. I then apply this analysis to the two clusters where radial arcs were detected. In both cases, the redshifts of the radial arcs are yet unknown, hence definitive conclusions on the profile parameters cannot yet be drawn. Numerically determined values for the parameters of cluster-sized halos can, however, be used to predict the range of the unknown arc redshifts, thus providing a direct observational test for the proposed density profile. A potential difficulty with the profile is that the radial magnification of tangential arcs is large, hence tangential arcs should be thick or their sources should be very thin in the radial direction.
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11.080161
5.158335
1996-09-01
464
1996A&A...313..697B
[ "radial arcs", "Such radial arcs", "tangential arcs", "galaxy clusters", "clusters", "radial and tangential arcs", "halo masses", "the cluster density profile", "the radial arcs", "background sources" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
10
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9602053" ]
[ "Bartelmann, M." ]
[ "-" ]
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[ "1987A&A...172L..14S", "1988A&A...191L..19S", "1989ApJ...336....1L", "1991ApJ...383...66H", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...399L.125F", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993ApJ...403..497M", "1993ApJ...407...33M", "1995A&A...297....1B", "1995ApJ...438..514M", "1995MNRAS.275..720N" ]
11600504
gr-qc/9604050
Cosmic crystallography.
We assume that the Universe has a non trivial topology whose compact spatial sections have a volume significantly smaller than the horizon volume. By a topological lens effect, such a "folded" space configuration generates multiple images of cosmic sources, e.g. clusters of galaxies. We present a simple and powerful method to unveil non ambiguous observational effects, independently of the sign of the curvature and of the topological type. By analogy with techniques used in crystallography, we look for spikes in the pair separation histogram between cosmic objects in 3-D space. The spikes due to multi-connectedness should stand out dramatically. Moreover, their positions and their relative amplitudes would be definite signatures of the topological type and of the underlying geometry. Such a statistical method would thus reveal the shape of space. As illustrative examples, we perform numerical simulations in {OMEGA}=1 Friedmann universes with the six possible closed orientable topologies, which prove the efficiency of our method. Presently available 3D catalogs of galaxy clusters are not deep enough to test our method at sizes greater than lower limits =~600h^-1^Mpc previously obtained by other methods. With extensive redshift surveys currently in progress the situation may change in the next decade.
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12.425228
0.608913
1996-09-01
113
1996A&A...313..339L
[ "other methods", "non ambiguous observational effects", "galaxy clusters", "cosmic objects", "cosmic sources", "extensive redshift surveys", "numerical simulations", "definite signatures", "OMEGA}=1 Friedmann", "space" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "MISCELLANEOUS", "METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.gr-qc/9604050" ]
[ "Lehoucq, R.", "Lachieze-Rey, M.", "Luminet, J. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996PhRvD..54.7303I", "1997IJTP...36.2439U", "1997MNRAS.292..105R", "1998ARep...42..567R", "1998AcC....24..117R", "1998CQGra..15.2529S", "1998CQGra..15.2645R", "1998CQGra..15.2711U", "1998PNAS...95...82C", "1998PhLA..238..235F", "1998PhRvD..57.4699B", "1998PhRvD..57.5982C", "1998PhRvD..58h7301U", "1998PhRvD..58j3516L", "1998PhRvD..58l3006L", "1998aums.conf...82C", "1998tx19.confE.510F", "1999A&A...344..735L", "1999A&A...348....8R", "1999A&A...351..766U", "1999ASIC..541..117L", "1999IAUS..183..263R", "1999MNRAS.303..797S", "1999MNRAS.308..309R", "1999PhLA..261..235F", "1999Prama..53..945.", "1999Prama..53..945R", "1999astro.ph..4180B", "1999ctp98proc.....B", "1999ctp98procE...6L", "1999ctp98procE...7R", "2000A&A...363....1L", "2000BASI...28..483R", "2000CQGra..17.3951R", "2000IJMPD...9..561R", "2000IJMPD...9..687G", "2000MNRAS.312..712R", "2000NuPhS..80C0425U", "2000PhLA..275..355G", "2000PhRvD..62d3005B", "2000gr.qc.....3063B", "2000gr.qc.....5052T", "2000gr.qc....10107T", "2001AstHe..94..518I", "2001CQGra..18.1885G", "2001CQGra..18.4461G", "2001CQGra..18.5155G", "2001CQGra..18L.145G", "2001PhDT........33I", "2001cghr.confE..19R", "2001physics..11108T", "2002CQGra..19.4683L", "2002IJMPA..17.4261G", "2002IJMPA..17.4281G", "2002IJMPD..11..869G", "2002PhR...365..251L", "2002PhRvD..66h3507M", "2002astro.ph.12209F", "2002nmgm.meet.1937R", "2003AdSpR..31..449R", "2003CQGra..20.1529W", "2003CQGra..20.4837M", "2003PhLA..311..319G", "2004A&A...423..821R", "2004CQGra..21.4247D", "2004astro.ph..2324R", "2004astro.ph..8142O", "2005A&A...435..427M", "2005A&A...439..479R", "2005AIPC..782..188R", "2005IJMPA..20.2415M", "2005astro.ph..7116M", "2006A&A...445..795B", "2006A&A...446..805M", "2006BrJPh..36..107L", "2006MNRAS.369.1693R", "2006PhRvD..73d3504B", "2006PhRvD..73j3521B", "2006astro.ph..1433R", "2006astro.ph..4087R", "2006tmgm.meet.1657B", "2007A&A...463..861R", "2007A&A...464..479B", "2007CQGra..24..897L", "2007IJMPD..16..207R", "2007IJMPD..16..411B", "2007arXiv0704.3374L", "2008arXiv0802.2236L", "2010CQGra..27x5001R", "2011A&A...529A.121F", "2011A&A...531A.171F", "2011IAUS..260..248L", "2012A&A...540A..29F", "2012PhRvD..86h3526V", "2013ApJ...773..152F", "2013EPJWC..5802012V", "2014A&A...571A..26P", "2014GrCo...20...15L", "2014MNRAS.437.1096R", "2015PhRvD..92d3003F", "2015SchpJ..1031544L", "2016A&A...594A..18P", "2016Univ....2....1L", "2016arXiv161204157S", "2021EPJC...81..618L", "2021arXiv211104161L", "2022CQGra..39o5006V", "2022PhRvD.106b3528L", "2023EPJC...83..461L", "2023JCAP...01..030P", "2024JCAP...03..036E", "2024PhRvL.132q1501A", "2024arXiv240401236T" ]
[ "1971GReGr...2....7E", "1974JETP...39..196S", "1980MNRAS.193..153G", "1986PhLA..115...97E", "1988MPLA....3.1221F", "1990A&A...239...24F", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991MNRAS.249..288P", "1993JETPL..57..622S", "1993PhRvL..71...20S", "1994PhRvL..73.1882J", "1995ApJ...448..477D", "1995PhR...254..135L" ]
2642723
astro-ph/9607056
Faint galaxy counts as a function of morphological type in a hierarchical merger model
The unprecedented resolution of the refurbished Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has led to major advances in our understanding of galaxy formation. The high image quality in the Medium Deep Survey and Hubble Deep Field has made it possible, for the first time, to classify faint distant galaxies according to morphological type. These observations have revealed a large population of galaxies classed as irregulars or which show signs of recent merger activity. Their abundance rises steeply with apparent magnitude, providing a likely explanation for the large number of blue galaxies seen at faint magnitudes. We demonstrate that such a population arises naturally in a model in which structure forms hierarchically and which is dynamically dominated by cold dark matter. The number counts of irregular, spiral and elliptical galaxies as a function of magnitude seen in the HST data are well reproduced in this model. We present detailed predictions for the outcome of spectroscopic follow-up observations of the HST surveys. By measuring the redshift distributions of faint galaxies of different morphological types, these programmes will provide a test of the hierarchical galaxy formation paradigm and might distinguish between models with different cosmological parameters.
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12.062123
6.428624
1996-09-01
86
1996MNRAS.282L..27B
[ "faint galaxies", "faint distant galaxies", "galaxy formation", "blue galaxies", "galaxies", "Hubble Deep Field", "faint magnitudes", "different morphological types", "Wide Field", "apparent magnitude" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.1.L27", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9607056" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M.", "Cole, S.", "Frenk, C. S." ]
[ "Physics Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Physics Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..114...37W", "1997ASPC..117..335F", "1997ApJ...488..606C", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.287..137S", "1997MNRAS.291..383C", "1997astro.ph.10140G", "1997euvl.conf...65E", "1997gsr..proc....3W", "1998A&A...334...87W", "1998AJ....115.2169G", "1998ASPC..146..126G", "1998ApJ...497..512M", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...499..112B", "1998ApJ...501..554C", "1998ApJ...506..545C", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998MNRAS.293..124S", "1998MNRAS.300..303T", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1998RvMA...11...83F", "1998astro.ph..9131A", "1998egdg.conf..203W", "1999A&A...341..641A", "1999A&A...350..381D", "1999AJ....117..645C", "1999AJ....117.1651G", "1999ASPC..163..227B", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.303..641A", "1999MNRAS.305L..16J", "1999MNRAS.305L..21B", "1999MNRAS.306..943M", "1999MNRAS.310..703P", "1999MNRAS.310.1087S", "1999mdrg.conf..265B", "2000A&A...355...23E", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ApJ...532L.105B", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317..265M", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000RSPTA.358.2093C", "2000RvMA...13..173K", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001ASPC..232..164I", "2001ApSSS.277..437P", "2001MNRAS.320..261B", "2001MNRAS.327.1041B", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001dmsi.conf...11D", "2001qarr.conf..193B", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002ApJ...574..104B", "2002MNRAS.331..817S", "2002MNRAS.335..335C", "2002MNRAS.336..564B", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2004MNRAS.350..253D", "2004MNRAS.355..424T", "2005ApJ...632..217S", "2005JKAS...38..135I", "2005JKAS...38..149K", "2005MNRAS.359..469V", "2006ApJ...647..763M", "2006MNRAS.366...58D", "2006RPPh...69.3101B", "2007ASPC..380..413H", "2007MNRAS.377.1557N", "2007MNRAS.379..841B", "2007MNRAS.379.1571A", "2007MNRAS.382..641S", "2009MNRAS.397..534C", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2013PASA...30...56G", "2014MNRAS.437.1027M", "2014MNRAS.437.1070G", "2015MNRAS.451.1158P", "2017A&A...604A..75M", "2019MNRAS.488..609I", "2021PASA...38...31F" ]
[ "1979ApJS...41..513M", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985Natur.317..595F", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1988MNRAS.233..637C", "1991ApJ...367...45C", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1994ApJ...425L..13M", "1994ApJ...431L...9M", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.275...56N", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996IAUS..171..247F", "1996MNRAS.279..477C", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..235E" ]
11607301
astro-ph/9604118
The nature of the faint galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field
We present a study of the galaxies found in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). A high proportion of HDF galaxies are undergoing a strong episode of star formation, as evidenced by their very blue colours. A wide range of morphological types is found, with a high proportion of peculiar and merger morphologies. Fitting the multiband spectra with redshifted spectral energy distributions of galaxy types E to HII, we predict the spectral types and redshifts of galaxies detected in the HDF. We predict a median redshift of 2.1, with 72 per cent having &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1 and 5 per cent with &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;3. The I-band absolute magnitude distributions as a function of galaxy type show a plausible trend of decreasing luminosity towards later types. The derived I-band luminosity function agrees well with that from the Canada-France survey for &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;1, and shows evidence for luminosity evolution (at &lt;e1&gt;M_I&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;-21) in the range 2&lt;&lt;e1&gt;z&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;3, smaller than the rate seen in quasars and starburst galaxies. We have predicted infrared and submillimetre fluxes, assuming that most of the galaxies are undergoing a strong starburst. Several planned space-borne and ground-based deep surveys are capable of detecting interesting numbers of HDF galaxies.
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12.520708
6.258609
1996-09-01
87
1996MNRAS.282L...7M
[ "galaxy type show", "galaxy types E", "HDF galaxies", "starburst galaxies", "galaxies", "morphological types", "redshifted spectral energy distributions", "later types", "luminosity evolution", "luminosity" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.1.L7", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604118" ]
[ "Mobasher, B.", "Rowan-Robinson, M.", "Georgakakis, A.", "Eaton, N." ]
[ "Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology &amp; Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK", "Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology &amp; Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK", "Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology &amp; Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK", "Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology &amp; Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK" ]
[ "1996ApJ...473L..17D", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480..145N", "1997ApJ...481..673L", "1997ApJ...484...53O", "1997ApJ...486L..11C", "1997ApJ...488..524R", "1997ApJ...490L..41B", "1997MNRAS.289..157E", "1997MNRAS.289..457S", "1997MNRAS.289..482M", "1997MNRAS.289..490R", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997astro.ph..6161C", "1998A&A...334..772B", "1998AJ....115.1418H", "1998ARep...42....1W", "1998ASPC..133..119R", "1998ASPC..146..118R", "1998ApJ...497..512M", "1998ApJ...499..600N", "1998ApJ...504L..11L", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998MNRAS.294..291M", "1998MNRAS.294L..18M", "1998MNRAS.295...75E", "1998MNRAS.299...95M", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1998Natur.394..241H", "1998hdf..symp..143L", "1999A&A...347..809D", "1999AJ....117..645C", "1999ASPC..177..127R", "1999ASPC..191...51F", "1999Ap&SS.266..291R", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999ApJ...516..563B", "1999ApJ...521...64M", "1999ESASP.427.1055S", "1999IAUS..183..107E", "1999MNRAS.302..152K", "1999MNRAS.303..641A", "1999MNRAS.303..727K", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "2000A&A...363..476B", "2000AJ....120.2721M", "2000AJ....120.2735W", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ApJ...530..547J", "2000ApJ...534..624F", "2000ApJS..129....1T", "2001A&A...374..839W", "2001A&A...378..394C", "2001ApJ...560..127S", "2001MNRAS.327..385S", "2001astro.ph..5271S", "2001cpgl.conf..219P", "2002A&A...395..443B", "2002AJ....123.3041K", "2002ApJ...576..625N", "2002ApJS..143..377W", "2002MNRAS.330..167D", "2002PASA...19..475W", "2002PASP..114..284D", "2003AJ....126.2330C", "2003ApJ...586..745C", "2003ApJ...594..758L", "2003ApJ...599..829S", "2003MNRAS.345..819R", "2004MNRAS.353..654B", "2005ApJ...631..126D", "2006MNRAS.370.1159B", "2007ApJ...654L.123W", "2007ApJ...663..774B", "2007ApJ...667..826P", "2007ApJS..172..117M", "2008AJ....136.1361D", "2008AstBu..63....1D", "2008MNRAS.386..697R", "2009A&A...507...71G", "2009ApJ...698.1620G", "2010ApJ...724..425D", "2010IJMPD..19.1049B", "2021A&A...654A.101H", "2022ApJ...933....9L", "2022ApJS..258...11W" ]
[ "1976ApJ...207..343M", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1987ApJ...313..171S", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ApJ...353...24G", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1992MNRAS.256P..15O", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJS...86....5K", "1993MNRAS.263..123R", "1993MNRAS.263..675R", "1994ApJ...427..140F", "1995AJ....110.2655C", "1995ApJ...449L.105S", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995wfsd.conf..263C", "1996AIPC..348..192R", "1996AJ....112..352S", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A" ]
11607570
astro-ph/9609121
Galaxy formation at high redshifts
SENSITIVE optical surveys have revealed<SUP>1</SUP> a large population of 'faint blue galaxies', which are believed to be young galaxies observed close to their time of formation<SUP>2</SUP>. But there has been considerable uncertainty regarding the epochs at which these galaxies are observed, owing to the difficulties inherent in determining spectroscopic redshifts for very faint objects. Here, by modelling the numbers and colours of galaxies at the faintest detection limits, we show that the faint blue galaxies are likely to lie at high redshift (z ~ 2). This conclusion holds regardless of whether the Universe is assumed to be open or at the critical density (flat). In an open universe, the data are consistent with galaxy models in which star formation rates decay exponentially with decreasing redshift, whereas the assumption of a flat universe requires the addition of a population of galaxies which are seen only at high redshift.
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12.573591
6.409542
1996-09-01
72
1996Natur.383..236M
[ "galaxy models", "young galaxies", "galaxies", "high redshift", "spectroscopic redshifts", "redshift", "star formation rates", "faint blue galaxies", "the faint blue galaxies", "SENSITIVE optical surveys" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/383236a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9609121" ]
[ "Metcalfe, N.", "Shanks, T.", "Campos, A.", "Fong, R.", "Gardner, J. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995ApJS...96..117M", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1996Natur.381..759L" ]
4898827
astro-ph/9605063
The Head-on Collision between Two Gas-rich Galaxies: Neutral Hydrogen Debris from the Centrally Smooth Ring Galaxy VII ZW 466
We present VLA observations of the distribution and kinematics of the HI gas in the classical ring galaxy VIIZw466 and its immediate surroundings. The HI gas corresponding to the bright optical star forming ring exhibits the typical profile of a rotating-expanding ring. The systemic velocity of the galaxy is found to be 14,468km/s. A formal fit to the HI kinematics in the ring is consistent with both ring rotation and expansion (expansion velocity 32 km/s). However, HI in the northeast quadrant of the ring is severely disturbed, showing evidence of tidal interaction. In addition, fingers of HI gas extend from the galaxy to the east in the general direction of the two major companions.We also detect a hydrogen plume from the southern edge-on companion galaxy (G2) pointing towards the ring galaxy. This, and other peculiarities associated with G2 suggest that it is the intruder galaxy which recently collided with VIIZw466 and formed the ring. Numerical hydrodynamic models are presented which show that most of the observed features can be accounted for as a result of the impact splash between two gas disks. The resultant debris is stretched by ring wave motion in the bridge and later forms accretion streams onto the two galaxies. Finally, we detect HI emission from two previously unknown dwarf galaxies located northeast and southeast of VIIZw466 respectively. This brings the total number of members of the VIIZw466 group to five. Using the projected mass method, the upper limit of the dynamical mass of the group was estimated to be Mo =3.5x10<SUP>12</SUP> M_sun, which implies that the mass to light ratio of the group is (M/L)<SUB>group</SUB> \approx$ 70. This rather low value of M/L, as compared with other loose groups, suggests the group may be in a state of collapse at the present time. Plunging orbits would naturally lead to an enhanced probability of head-on collisions and ring galaxy formation.
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11.426598
7.869607
1996-09-01
27
1996ApJ...468..532A
[ "ring galaxy formation", "companion galaxy", "ring wave motion", "HI gas extend", "galaxy", "other loose groups", "HI emission", "HI", "the ring galaxy", "the bright optical star forming ring" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: VII ZW 466", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: VII ZW 466", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177712", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9605063" ]
[ "Appleton, P. N.", "Charmandaris, V.", "Struck, C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1868S", "1997AJ....113..201A", "1997ApJ...483..754S", "1997ApJS..113..269S", "1998A&AS..129..357F", "1998AJ....116.2757B", "1998ApJ...495..757K", "1998ApJ...505..607T", "1999AJ....118.2132J", "1999ApJ...525..153B", "1999ApJ...527..143A", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000AJ....119.1130H", "2000ASPC..197..351H", "2000ASPC..209..277H", "2000LNP...548..232A", "2001Ap&SS.276.1141H", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2006AJ....131..261J", "2006ApJ...650..148L", "2006ApJ...651..676E", "2008AJ....136.1259R", "2013ApJ...771..133M", "2014A&A...565A..25B", "2014ApJ...790...64R", "2017MNRAS.466..574W", "2022ApJ...931..121A" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1974ApJ...194..569F", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1977A&AS...28....1V", "1977MNRAS.178..473F", "1978ApJ...224..796T", "1980Natur.285..643M", "1981ApJ...244..805B", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985MNRAS.217...87S", "1986PhDT.........1J", "1988A&A...197...14H", "1988ApJ...328...88S", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1990dig..book..200A", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...399...57M", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1993AJ....106.1973A", "1993ApJ...411..108S", "1993PhDT.........2H", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...431..604G", "1995AJ....109.1002M", "1996FCPh...16..111A", "1996IAUS..171.....B" ]
11600556
astro-ph/9512136
ROSAT/PSPC observation of the distant cluster CL 0939+4713.
We present results and an analysis of a ROSAT/PSPC pointed observation of the galaxy cluster CL 0939+4713. This very rich and very distant cluster is known to contain an unusually high fraction of blue and E+A galaxies, and a lot of merging of galaxies is going on. The X-ray properties we find are also quite unusual. The luminosity in the ROSAT band (0.1-2.4keV) is L_X_=(7.9+/-0.3)x10^44^erg/s, rather on the low side for such a rich cluster. We find a temperature of 2.9_-0.8_^+1.3^keV, which is also relatively low, but has also a large uncertainty. The cluster shows indications of substructure, which results in a high value for the core radius and a steep drop off outside the core, if one fits a spherically symmetric β-model. The lower limit on the mass inside a radius of 1.0h_50_^-1^Mpc is 2.6x10^14^M<SUB>sun</SUB>_, and the upper limit on the gas mass fraction is 50%. All the unusual properties of this cluster can be explained if in fact we see the merging of two clusters of roughly equal mass, which is also supported by recent optical observations.
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13.365846
5.015352
1996-09-01
30
1996A&A...313..113S
[ "recent optical observations", "galaxies", "ROSAT", "merging", "the galaxy cluster CL", "observation", "the gas mass fraction", "The X-ray properties", "L_X_=(7.9+/-0.3)x10", "substructure" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: 0939+4713", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: ABELL 851", "INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "DARK MATTER", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512136" ]
[ "Schindler, S.", "Wambsganss, J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...322...53P", "1997A&A...322...66S", "1997A&A...323..337A", "1997A&A...326...34L", "1997A&A...327...37S", "1997ApJ...487L..13W", "1998A&A...338..843S", "1998ASPC..146..488B", "1998ASPC..151...53L", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1999A&A...349..435S", "1999ApJ...516..647A", "1999ApJ...517...70R", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "2000A&AS..142..433S", "2000ApJ...531..684B", "2000ApJ...541L..37F", "2000ApJ...543...97M", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002MNRAS.329..675R", "2002astro.ph.10692G", "2003A&A...404...63D", "2003A&A...408...51G", "2003ApJ...596..143L", "2006ApJ...647..934S", "2006ApJ...647..946S", "2006MNRAS.368..769E", "2010ApJ...715..162C", "2011ApJ...734...66K", "2011ApJ...740...59H" ]
[ "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1981ApJ...251L..65W", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1987A&A...174...63M", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1994ASIC..441..123B", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...432...49H", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1995A&A...297...61B", "1995A&A...299...19L", "1995ApJ...439..584F", "1995ApJ...453...40B", "1995NYASA.759...67B", "1996A&A...305..756S" ]
11600578
astro-ph/9608083
What perturbs NGC2188?
VLA HI observations of the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC2188 show that the gas and stars have spatial distributions which are substantially different. One end of the optical disk is strongly gas deficient, while neutral gas extends into the halo over distances of more than 2kpc from the midplane. This and the peculiar velocity field suggest that NGC2188 is a perturbed system, although it is not obviously an interacting galaxy. In addition, NGC2188 is remarkable for its interstellar disk-halo connection. An Hα image of NGC2188 shows the presence of spectacular features of ionized gas extending from a large star-forming complex up to 500pc into the halo. Also, peculiar HI filaments and at least one superbubble are present in NGC2188.
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11.424235
7.962953
1996-09-01
7
1996A&A...313...96D
[ "neutral gas", "NGC2188", "peculiar HI filaments", "VLA HI observations", "stars", "spectacular features", "spatial distributions", "the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC2188 show", "distances", "its interstellar disk-halo connection" ]
[ "ISM: BUBBLES", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC2188", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9608083" ]
[ "Domgoergen, H.", "Dahlem, M.", "Dettmar, R. -J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...322..391D", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998PASA...15..106R", "1999ASPC..168..267D", "2007A&A...470..123K", "2012MNRAS.420.2924K", "2018MNRAS.478.1611K" ]
[ "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1979ApJ...229..533H", "1982A&AS...50..451R", "1982MNRAS.198.1007N", "1987ApJS...63..265W", "1988A&A...198...33S", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989A&A...214...33S", "1990A&A...232L..15D", "1990ApJ...353..469I", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1994A&A...285..385B", "1994AJ....107.1003C", "1994vsf..book..168S", "1995A&A...295..599I", "1995ApJ...438..563M" ]
11600506
astro-ph/9505014
Binary galaxies and alternative physics. I. A qualitative application of MOND and Mannheim-Kazanas gravity.
Binary galaxies are modeled as point-masses obeying the non-Newtonian MOND and Mannheim-Kazanas (MKG) theories of gravity. Random samples of such systems are generated by means of Monte Carlo simulations of binary orbits. Model pairs have total masses and mass ratios similar to pairs in the cataloged sample used in the analysis. General features of synthetic samples are derived from a comparison with observed data of galaxy pairs in Rx{DELTA}V/(L_1_+L_2_)^1/2^ space. Both MOND and Mannheim-Kazanas binaries either on circular or low-eccentricity orbits cannot be the source of observations because they require extremely high M/L values (=~ 45 solar units). Both MOND and MKG binaries on high-eccentricity orbits and reasonable M/L values (5 solar units) produce envelopes of Rx{DELTA}V/(L_1_+L_2_)^1/2^ consistent with the observations, but the distribution of separations is inconsistent with the observed data, unless strong selection effects are at work. A definite answer to the issue whether one or another model is suitable to explain real binary galaxy dynamics will be only possible when a large sample containing a significant fraction of wide pairs, determined with velocity-blind selection procedures, is investigated under a rigorous statistical analysis, taking into account sample selection biases and contamination by non-physical pairs.
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8.521508
5.819284
1996-09-01
5
1996A&A...313..347S
[ "account sample selection biases", "galaxy pairs", "non-physical pairs", "Model pairs", "synthetic samples", "Random samples", "real binary galaxy dynamics", "wide pairs", "Binary galaxies", "binary orbits" ]
[ "DARK MATTER", "GRAVITATION", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505014" ]
[ "Soares, D. S. L." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1999ApJ...516..693H", "2001astro.ph..4435S", "2007AJ....134...71S", "2018AJ....156..215L", "2019arXiv190205949L" ]
[ "1976ApJ...208...20T", "1977ApJ...214..347Y", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1979ApJ...232L..79G", "1979ApJS...40..527P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982PhDT........32V", "1983ApJ...270..365M", "1983ApJ...270..371M", "1983ApJ...270..384M", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1984A&A...136L..21S", "1984ApJ...286....3F", "1984ApJ...286....7B", "1985A&A...142...21P", "1986ApJ...302..617M", "1986MNRAS.223..539S", "1986RSPTA.320..447V", "1987A&A...176...13V", "1987AJ.....93..816K", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1987ApJ...313....1K", "1987ApJS...64..427S", "1987MNRAS.224..349B", "1987dvga.book.....K", "1988Ap&SS.149..141D", "1988ApJ...333..689M", "1988MNRAS.235..105S", "1988PhDT........37O", "1989ApJ...342..635M", "1989ComAp..13..215M", "1989PhDT.......300S", "1990A&A...238...50S", "1990A&ARv...2....1S", "1991ApJ...375..517C", "1991MNRAS.249..523B", "1991PhRvD..44..417M", "1992ApJ...391..429M", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993A&A...272..389O", "1993ApJ...419...30C", "1993ApJ...419..150M", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1994A&A...284L..31S", "1994AJ....107.1984C", "1994ApJ...428...17E", "1994ApJ...429..540M", "1994FoPh...24..487M", "1994GReGr..26..337M", "1994MNRAS.266..360S", "1995A&A...301....1A", "1995A&AS..110..371S", "1995ApJ...449..497B", "1995ApJ...455..439M", "1995astro.ph..4022M", "1996ASPC...88...95B" ]
2010527
null
Sub-galactic clumps at a redshift of 2.39 and implications for galaxy formation
A large number of very faint, compact objects have been found at a redshift of 2.39 in optical images of the distant Universe. The objects appear to be star-forming spheroids smaller than the bulge of a spiral galaxy; they are much smaller and fainter than typical galaxies seen today. These objects may be part of a reservoir from which many of today's luminous galaxies were formed through repeated mergers.
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12.455308
6.449719
1996-09-01
153
1996Natur.383...45P
[ "compact objects", "typical galaxies", "optical images", "today", "repeated mergers", "todays luminous galaxies", "star-forming spheroids", "part", "a spiral galaxy", "Universe" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1038/383045a0" ]
[ "Pascarelle, S. M.", "Windhorst, R. A.", "Keel, W. C.", "Odewahn, S. C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989ASIC..264...15W", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1990PASP..102..709L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1992ApJ...399L..39C", "1992ApJ...400L...1W", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993ApJ...405..498W", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1994ApJ...423L..89L", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994MNRAS.267..401N", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1995AJ....110..963T", "1995AJ....110..994H", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...445...37Y", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...451..484L", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995PASP..107.1065H", "1996ASPC...92..241L", "1996ApJ...456L...1L", "1996ApJ...456L..21P", "1996ApJ...457..490F", "1996ApJ...457L..73C", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996IAUS..171..217K", "1996MNRAS.280..235E" ]
1988655
null
Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources with Faint Optical Counterparts
For the last 15 years, We have monitored the infrared variability of 14 flat-spectrum radio sources with very faint optical-infrared counterparts and of the steep spectrum source 3C 422. We find that variability is a salient property of most of these objects, demonstrating that the near-infrared is sampling directly the output of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, the infrared-to-optical continua tend to be so steep that these sources are frequently classified as flat-spectrum radio galaxies, and many of them have narrow, moderate-ionization emission-line spectra in support Of this classification. We conclude that many radio galaxy identifications of flat-spectrum radio sources would have been classified as quasars with infrared observations. The red colors that cause these AGNs to drop from sight in the visible appear in many cases to arise from reddening within the QSO host galaxy or a foreground galaxy along the line of sight. However, the faint identifications are not all of this type, but they include traditional high-redshift galaxies, sources with intrinsically red continua, and objects that have anomalously faint optical outputs for their radio flux densities. For example, the steepest intrinsic nonthermal continua appear to have spectral indices &gt;= -2.5 between the infrared and optical. One object in our sample, 0742+103, and a closely related object, 1413+349, have ratios of infrared-optical to radio luminosity far below the average for these sources and may represent a rare class of truly optically quiet quasar.
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15.062762
6.488984
1996-09-01
51
1996ApJ...468..556S
[ "many radio galaxy identifications", "radio luminosity", "sources", "flat-spectrum radio sources", "many cases", "flat-spectrum radio galaxies", "objects", "infrared observations", "the steep spectrum source", "anomalously faint optical outputs" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 0742+103", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 1413+349", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177714" ]
[ "Stickel, M.", "Rieke, G. H.", "Kuehr, H.", "Rieke, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114..544P", "1997ApJ...474L..89C", "1997ApJ...480..534C", "1998AJ....115.1253P", "1998AJ....115.1295K", "1998ApJ...494..175C", "1998ApJ...507..706P", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1998MNRAS.301..451G", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1998astro.ph.12179C", "1999A&A...352..406C", "1999ASPC..156..171C", "1999ApJ...516....9K", "2000A&A...358..451P", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000MNRAS.311..389J", "2000PASA...17...56F", "2000astro.ph.12352V", "2001A&A...374..878M", "2001A&A...377..377S", "2001MNRAS.323..718W", "2002PASP..114..587G", "2004ApJ...609..539K", "2005A&A...434..449R", "2005A&A...435..839T", "2005ApJ...627..134R", "2006ASPC..357...39R", "2006ApJ...640..167A", "2006MNRAS.368.1411A", "2006MNRAS.371..431C", "2006PhDT.........1L", "2007A&A...463...97L", "2008A&A...486..735A", "2008MNRAS.384L...6K", "2008MNRAS.391..765C", "2009AN....330..275O", "2010A&A...519A..62K", "2010ApJ...712..303C", "2010ApJ...715.1071O", "2010ApJ...717.1181P", "2011MNRAS.413.1165C", "2011MNRAS.416.2143C", "2013ApJ...767...14P", "2014mcb5.book.....M", "2016ApJ...826..190A", "2017ApJ...836..174C", "2018AJ....155..254J", "2019MNRAS.489.4926G", "2020ApJ...899....2Z", "2021ApJS..252...25X" ]
[ "1976Natur.260..754R", "1979ApJ...232L.151R", "1980ApJ...236..419S", "1981A&AS...45..367K", "1981ApJ...243...81C", "1981MNRAS.194..601P", "1981Natur.293..711B", "1981Natur.293..714B", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982ApJ...263...73R", "1983AJ.....88...20C", "1983ApJ...270..434L", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984AJ.....89.1688S", "1985ApJ...296..423C", "1985ChA&A...9..246C", "1986ApJ...300..151L", "1986PASP...98..609H", "1987ApJ...316...70E", "1987ApJ...318..577C", "1988A&AS...75..173F", "1988A&AS...76..145F", "1989AJ.....97..957N", "1990AJ.....99....1K", "1990AJ.....99.1621O", "1991MNRAS.249..742M", "1992AJ....104..968H", "1992AJ....104.1320O", "1992ApJ...400L..17S", "1992PASP..104..553O", "1992tap..proc..435O", "1993A&AS...97..483S", "1993A&AS..100..395S", "1993A&AS..100..521V", "1993A&AS..101..521S", "1993AJ....105....1S", "1993ApJ...409L...9K", "1993ApJ...412L..59C", "1993ApJ...415..101A", "1993ApJS...88....1S", "1993MNRAS.261..435P", "1993MNRAS.263L..32B", "1994A&A...281..388A", "1994A&AS..103..349S", "1994A&AS..105...67S", "1994A&AS..105..211S", "1994ApJS...93....1A", "1994MNRAS.268..681M", "1995Natur.375..469W", "1996A&A...306...49S", "1996A&AS..115...11S" ]
1544742
null
The Star Formation Histories of Sculptor Group Dwarf Galaxies. I. Current Star Formation Rates and Oxygen Abundances
We present Hα and [O III] imaging and nebular spectroscopy of H II regions in Sculptor Group dwarf galaxies. Of the eight galaxies in the sample, only two, E471 -006 and A143, have detected H II regions. The H II region luminosity and size distributions for A143 are consistent with those seen in other dwarf galaxies. Electron densities, filling factors and emission measures are similar to those measured in other galaxies at similar distances but vary significantly from compact H II regions in the Magellanic clouds. Oxygen line ratios are used to determine the oxygen abundances and ionization parameters. The oxygen abundances are typically ~0.1 solar and are consistent with the O/H, M_B_ relation. Comparison of the star formation timescales in Sculptor, M81, and Local Groups shows that the higher density M81 Group has many more galaxies forming stars at an above average rate. This is evidence that local galaxy density can have a measurable effect on current star formation. However, a single O/H, M_B_ relation seems to hold for all environments, so galaxy mass still appears to be the primary factor governing a galaxy's chemical evolution.
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10.703494
8.195959
1996-09-01
44
1996AJ....112..991M
[ "H II regions", "compact H II regions", "local galaxy density", "Sculptor Group dwarf galaxies", "other dwarf galaxies", "other galaxies", "many more galaxies", "current star formation", "Sculptor Group", "M81 Group" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "STARS: FORMATION", "HII REGIONS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/118072" ]
[ "Miller, Bryan W." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997AN....318..339C", "1998AJ....115.1869G", "1998AJ....116.2873J", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998salg.conf..457S", "1999AJ....118..817L", "2000A&A...363..130B", "2000A&ARv..10....1K", "2000AJ....119.2757V", "2000AJ....120.3027C", "2000ApJ...542..128K", "2001A&A...369..797H", "2001AJ....121.2003V", "2002ApJ...581.1002N", "2002ApJ...581.1019G", "2003A&A...401..141L", "2003AJ....125..146L", "2003AJ....125..593S", "2003AJ....125..610S", "2003AJ....126.2806C", "2004AJ....128.1219J", "2005A&A...435...29Z", "2005ApJ...631..231P", "2005MNRAS.361..517M", "2006AJ....131.2078H", "2006ApJ...637..269V", "2006ApJ...642..813L", "2006ApJS..165..307M", "2007AJ....133.1883K", "2007AstL...33..283K", "2008A&A...483L...5G", "2008A&A...487..901S", "2008MNRAS.390..408Z", "2009AJ....137.3038B", "2010A&A...518L.154S", "2010ApJ...715..506M", "2010ApJ...720.1738P", "2012MNRAS.420.2924K", "2012MNRAS.424.2316P", "2013A&A...549A..47L", "2013ApJ...765..140A", "2013ApJ...773..174G", "2018MNRAS.478.1611K", "2021MNRAS.505.2009G" ]
[ "1963ARA&A...1..149R", "1971MNRAS.153..471B", "1973AJ.....78..929P", "1977A&A....54..639L", "1977A&A....59L...5C", "1978MNRAS.183P..97L", "1979A&A....80..155L", "1979ApJ...227..767H", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1979MNRAS.189...95P", "1980MNRAS.193..219P", "1981AJ.....86.1464V", "1982A&AS...48..299S", "1982MNRAS.200..325L", "1982PASP...94..715F", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983MNRAS.203..301H", "1983MNRAS.204..743W", "1984ApJ...287..116K", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1985ApJ...289..129S", "1986A&A...166...97H", "1986AJ.....91..271V", "1986ApJ...300..496K", "1987AJ.....94...43G", "1987JRASC..81..195D", "1988A&AS...73..407D", "1988AJ.....95.1025P", "1988AJ.....95.1057W", "1988AJ.....96...73T", "1988ApJ...334..613S", "1988PASP..100..917H", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ARA&A..27..139H", "1989ApJ...337..761K", "1989ApJ...346L..53F", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989ApJ...347..883S", "1989ApJS...69..809M", "1989MNRAS.240..563S", "1989PASP..101...32H", "1989agna.book.....O", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990ARA&A..28..525S", "1990ApJ...363..142G", "1990PASP..102...26H", "1991ApJ...367L..55G", "1991ApJ...378..487P", "1991ApJ...380..140M", "1991ApJ...383..148S", "1991MNRAS.252..543T", "1992AJ....104...63W", "1992ApJ...396...80F", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1992PASP..104..533H", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..655S", "1993NYASA.688..739S", "1993PhDT........42P", "1993sfgi.conf..294H", "1994A&A...284..793K", "1994AJ....107.1338W", "1994AJ....108..507S", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...427..656M", "1994ApJ...431..172S", "1994PASP..106..309H", "1994PhDT........64M", "1995A&A...295..599I", "1995AJ....110.1090V", "1995ApJ...443...64G", "1995ApJ...448L..97W", "1995ApJ...451..176H", "1995ApJ...453..162P", "1996ApJ...458..467M" ]
1988702
null
Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations in Virgo Cluster Elliptical Galaxies
We imaged seven Virgo Cluster elliptical galaxies and the bulge of M31 in the near-infrared K' band (2.1 micron). The amplitude of the spatial surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs) was measured for each galaxy. Using the I-band SBF distance measurements for the Virgo galaxies, and a distance of 0.77 Mpc for M31, we determined a mean absolute fluctuation magnitude of M^bar^_K'_ = -5.62 +/- 0.29. Our calibration is consistent with Luppino &amp; Tonry's Local Group determination of M^bar^_K'_ = -5.61 +/- 0.09 for M31, and it is also consistent with, but somewhat fainter than, Pahre &amp; Mould's value of M^bar^_K_ = -5.77 +/- 0.18 from observations of six Virgo elliptical galaxies. Our results also compare favorably with theoretical predictions based on simple stellar populations. The scatter in our measurements is significant and appears to result from both observational uncertainty and variations in stellar populations. Nevertheless, the consistency of the IR observations on average and the relative brightness of fluctuations at K' suggest that IR SBFs may be a useful tool for measuring galaxy distances out to ~8000 km s^-1^. We find that the key observational limitations in using IR SBFs are accurately measuring the point-spread function (PSF) and subtracting the sky background, both of which strongly influence the fluctuation amplitude measured. A relationship was found between the fluctuation amplitude and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the observation: fluctuation amplitudes are systematically larger in low- S/N measurements. We attribute this relationship to present-day limitations of infrared arrays, which have sensitivity and dark current variations on scales comparable to those of the surface brightness fluctuations. In low-S/N observations, variations due to imperfect dark current subtraction and flat-fielding contribute significantly to the power spectrum, resulting in a biased measurement of the fluctuation power. To measure accurate IR SBF distances, a S/N ~&gt; 4 is required. Significant radial variations in fluctuation power were not conclusively observed in any of the elliptical galaxies for which our S/N was sufficiently high to permit radial SBF analysis.
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9.829068
6.84844
1996-09-01
34
1996ApJ...468..519J
[ "fluctuation amplitudes", "fluctuation power", "fluctuations", "galaxy distances", "accurate IR SBF distances", "IR SBFs", "IR SBF", "Significant radial variations", "dark current subtraction", "radial SBF analysis" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "TECHNIQUES: IMAGE PROCESSING" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177711" ]
[ "Jensen, Joseph B.", "Luppino, Gerard A.", "Tonry, John L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ASPC..116..186M", "1997ApJ...475..399T", "1997ApJ...483L..37T", "1998AJ....116.2873J", "1998ApJ...505..111J", "1999ASPC..167..279M", "1999ASSL..237..181B", "1999ApJ...510...71J", "1999ApJ...515...79P", "1999ApJS..124..127P", "1999LNP...530....9B", "1999MNRAS.304..595G", "2000ApJ...543..644L", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2001A&A...366...54M", "2001A&A...371..779M", "2001A&A...376..793M", "2001MNRAS.320..193B", "2002ApJ...564..216L", "2003AJ....125.2783C", "2003ApJ...583..712J", "2003ApJ...587..672F", "2005A&A...438..103M", "2006A&A...450..979M", "2006AJ....132.1384D", "2007ApJ...662..940C", "2007ApJ...668..130C", "2008ApJ...686.1007B", "2008ChJAA...8..369Y", "2011A&A...534A..35C", "2012PASA...29..489F", "2013IAUS..289..304B", "2015ApJ...808...91J", "2024A&A...686A..62R" ]
[ "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983ApJ...266..562K", "1983ApJ...275..529K", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1989ApJ...346L..57T", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...365..186F", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992PASP..104..441H", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1993A&A...275..433B", "1993ApJ...409..530W", "1993ApJ...410...81L", "1993ApJ...418..947W", "1993ApJ...419..479C", "1994ApJ...433..567P", "1994cag..book.....S", "1996AJ....111..208S" ]
1988720
null
Global Redshift Periodicities and Periodicity Structure
A formula has been derived which matches global redshift periodicities. Observed periodicities appear to be contained within the set of integral negative ninth roots of 2 times the speed of light. Galaxy samples from the Virgo cluster, the Perseus and Cancer supercluster regions, and local space, are examined for periodicities as viewed from the cosmic background rest frame. Numerous periodicities are present, most of which are coincident with periods given by the ninth- root rule; periodicities associated with previously postulated 72 and 36 km s^-1^ periods are especially strong. Some classes of local galaxies are also periodic in a galactocentric rest frame. The strength of specific periods depends upon galaxy type as characterized primarily by the width of the 21 cm profile. Variation of the width range shifts power between harmonics but does not induce new periods. Using a previously predicted dependence of periodicity on z and q_0_ we confirm that q_0_ is consistent with a value of 1/2.
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14.793395
6.176198
1996-09-01
29
1996ApJ...468..491T
[ "global redshift periodicities", "Observed periodicities", "Numerous periodicities", "periodicities", "periodicity", "local galaxies", "integral negative ninth roots", "new periods", "specific periods", "galaxy type" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177710" ]
[ "Tifft, W. G." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996Ap&SS.244...57N", "1996Ap&SS.244..127N", "1996Ap&SS.244..143C", "1996Ap&SS.244..169B", "1996Ap&SS.244..211C", "1996Ap&SS.244..321L", "1996Ap&SS.244..375P", "1997ApJ...485..465T", "1997JApA...18..415T", "2002Ap&SS.279..305R", "2002astro.ph.11091B", "2003Ap&SS.285..429T", "2003astro.ph..5060B", "2003astro.ph..5112B", "2003astro.ph..6042B", "2003astro.ph.12132B", "2004ApJ...616..738B", "2006AN....327..103G", "2006NewA...11..344H", "2006astro.ph..2242B", "2007ApJ...667L.129B", "2007ONCP....4..159B", "2007PPNL....4....5B", "2008ARep...52..517K", "2012ARep...56..702R", "2013Ap&SS.344..471B", "2013arXiv1312.0340M", "2014Ap&SS.349..437B", "2015IJAA....5..166B" ]
[ "1961npt..book.....W", "1969ApJ...158..103Y", "1972JRASC..66..111L", "1973ApJ...179...29T", "1974ApJ...188..221T", "1976ApJ...206...38T", "1977ApJ...211...31T", "1977ApJ...211..377T", "1977NCimA..40..171C", "1978ApJ...221..756T", "1980ApJ...239..445T", "1981ApJS...47..139F", "1984ApJ...287..492T", "1985AJ.....90.2445G", "1986AJ.....91..705B", "1986AJ.....91..732B", "1987AJ.....93.1326B", "1987ApJS...63..247H", "1988ApJS...67....1T", "1989AJ.....97..633G", "1989ApJ...336..128T", "1989ApJ...345...72C", "1989ApJ...346..613C", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990A&AS...84...47T", "1990ApJS...73..603T", "1990ChJPh..28..215L", "1990MNRAS.243..431G", "1990NCimB.105.1091C", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...368..105T", "1991ApJ...382..396T", "1991MNRAS.253..533G", "1992AAS...181.6514T", "1993AAS...182.0513T", "1993pnc..conf...29N", "1994AAS...185.5605T", "1994AAS...185.5705C", "1995Ap&SS.227...25T", "1995NuPhB.442..593R" ]
1987096
null
High-Velocity H I in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 5668
The nature and origin of the high-velocity clouds (HVCs) of neutral hydrogen in our Galaxy are not well understood, in part because of the uncertain distances to the clouds. As a result it is difficult to measure the mass of neutral hydrogen in the HVCs in the Galaxy, but further insight into the nature of HVCs can be obtained by finding and studying such gas in other galaxies. The Sc-galaxy NGC 5668 was found to have high-velocity wings beyond the double-horned 21 cm profile in observations performed with the Arecibo 305 m telescope; these wings are the expected signature of HVCs in a disk galaxy. In this paper, Very Large Array observations of NGC 5668 are presented that confirm the high- velocity H I wings detected with the Arecibo telescope. About 60% of the material in the high-velocity wings is distinct in position-velocity diagrams, located primarily outside the optical disk of the galaxy, and may be infalling material comparable to the Magellanic Stream in our own Galaxy. The total mass of this kinematically distinct neutral hydrogen is 4 x 10^8^ M_sun_. A natural source for the rest of the wing material is halo gas produced by a galactic fountain. Such a fountain would be driven by supernovae and energetic stellar winds from massive stars in OB associations that would also transfer kinetic energy to the neutral hydrogen disk. This would result in a larger H I velocity dispersion within the optical disk than outside of it, as is suggested by these observations.
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11.887416
8.678775
1996-09-01
29
1996AJ....112..960S
[ "neutral hydrogen", "other galaxies", "HVCs", "halo gas", "such gas", "high-velocity wings", "the neutral hydrogen disk", "material", "observations", "Galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5668", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/118070" ]
[ "Schulman, Eric", "Bregman, Joel N.", "Brinks, Elias", "Roberts, Morton S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1559S", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998AJ....115...62H", "1999AJ....118..323R", "1999ASPC..165..480B", "1999ASPC..166..125B", "1999ASPC..166..311W", "1999ASPC..187...43B", "1999ApJ...511..660S", "1999ApJ...514..818B", "1999astro.ph..1307B", "2000A&A...358..812J", "2001A&A...366..796C", "2001ASPC..230..317J", "2001ASPC..231..318D", "2001ApJ...548.1051G", "2004A&A...423..895O", "2004Ap&SS.289..395C", "2004NewAR..48.1305B", "2006MNRAS.367...46G", "2007MNRAS.380..506G", "2008MNRAS.388..500E", "2008MNRAS.390..466E", "2012ApJ...754...61M", "2017ApJ...850..180J", "2019ApJ...886..133I", "2020MNRAS.493..250P", "2022ApJ...935...20U" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1976ApJS...31..187D", "1980A&A....89..377C", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1982ApJ...259L..63K", "1984A&A...141..195B", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1985A&A...143...77C", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1990ApJ...352...15B", "1990ApJ...352..522D", "1990PhDT.......179W", "1991A&A...250..499W", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...258..583C", "1992A&A...266...37B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1993A&A...273L..31K", "1994AJ....108.1638R", "1994ApJ...423..180S", "1994ApJS...91...79H", "1995AJ....110.2037J", "1995ApJ...438..563M", "1995ApJS...99..427T", "1995PhDT........32S", "1995PhDT.......115B", "1996AJ....111.1575W", "1996ApJS..102..189T" ]
2012517
null
UBVRI Photometry of Spiral Galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters
In this study multi-aperture photo electric photometry in the five passbands UBVRI for 171 and 46 galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax clusters, respectively, are presented. New radial velocities and H I profiles for 17 galaxies in Fornax have been obtained. Total magnitudes and colours are derived for around 800 individual measurements using standard growth curves in B, U-B and B-V. Total colours V-R and R-I are derived from a set of synthetic colour growth curves. The resulting total B magnitudes have an internal error of 0.09\,mag, the U-B colours have an internal error of 0.03 mag, and in B-V V-R and R-I the error is 0.02 mag. The derived magnitudes of a nearly complete sample (~90%) of all Virgo and Fornax spirals with i &gt;/= 45 degrees (as listed in the Virgo and Fornax cluster catalogues) lend themselves for a detailed study of the luminosity-line width relation (Tully-Fisher relation) in UBVRI. In particular the effects of different parameter sets (line widths, axial ratios, morphological types) and corrections on the luminosity-lkine width relation are investigated. Furthermore, the dependence on morphological galaxy type is examined, new internal absorption corrections are derived and the accuracy of the luminosity-line width method in different passbands is studied. The data are used to determine a distance of the spiral galaxies of the Fornax cluster relative to the Virgo spirals. The results are as follows: The slope of the luminosity-line width relation in B is -6.50 +/- 0.36 and depends on the line width correction. Differences of up to 0.2 mag in the intercept of each cluster are found when using different input parameter; changes due to different corrections apply to both clusters simultaneously, and have little effect on the relative distance. Subsamples as to inclination or galaxy type affect the relative distance only marginally, while a restriction in apparent magnitude results in a change of the slope and the intercept of each cluster and of the relative distance. A limitation in line width affects Fornax more than Virgo, because the scatter in the luminosity-line width relation of the Fornax cluster changes strongly with line widths (or magnitude). The luminosity-line width relation s in other passbands show the same scatter for Virgo (about 0.64 mag); in Fornax the scatter varies with wavelength and is largest in the I-band. The slope is dependent on wavelength and approaches an asymptotic value of about -8.5 at long wavelengths. The mean relative distance modulus over all passbands is m_F - m_V = -0.40 +/- 0.10 mag. The variation of the inclination dependent part of the internal absorption with wavelength is investigated. The colours show a dependence on axial ratio only for Sb to Scd galaxies. The resulting internal absorption with respect to the RC3 B-band absorption for these galaxy types is 116\% in the U-band, 82% in V, 74% in R and 63% in I. Furthermore, a new absorption law of A_B = 1.7 log R was found for Sb to Scd galaxies (as compared with the RC3 law of A_B = 1.47 log R), though the present sample is too small for the result to be reliable. The potential of a luminosity-colour relation is inspected. However, error and scatter are much higher than in the luminosity-line width relation. The resulting relative distance of Fornax and Virgo is consistent within the errors with the distance found using the luminosity-line width relation. The spiral galaxies of the Fornax cluster are found to be closer than the Virgo spirals by 0.40 mag. The resulting peculiar velocity of Fornax relative to Virgo lies between 150 km s^-1 and 300 km s^-1, depending on the virgocentric infall model, and points away from the Local Group. The division of Virgo into subclusters and the effect of H I stripping are discussed. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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10.560117
7.520047
1996-09-01
1
1996PASP..108..829S
[ "line width", "line widths", "morphological galaxy type", "new internal absorption corrections", "Fornax", "Scd galaxies", "Virgo", "different passbands", "R", "different corrections" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133803" ]
[ "Schroeder, Anja" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.306..708G" ]
null
1987069
null
Large-Scale Structure in the Direction of the Virgo Cluster
We explore the distribution of galaxies behind the Virgo cluster out to z &lt; 0.1, using the CfA redshift catalog, ZCAT, in conjunction with Abell clusters and pencil beam surveys as other tracers of large-scale structure. The field galaxies of ZCAT are found to trace the same overdensity as indicated by a supercluster defined by Abell clusters in the catalog of Einasto et al. [MNRAS, 269,351(1994)]. On even larger scales, galaxy peaks in three different pencil beam lines of sight toward the Virgo cluster are all found to fall at z ~ 0.08. We show this similarity in redshift to have a small probability of being caused by a random alignment, suggesting a sheet-like structure at that redshift, spanning &gt;~ 150h_75_^-1^ Mpc.
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11.068901
7.073642
1996-09-01
2
1996AJ....112..865F
[ "Abell clusters", "redshift catalog", "pencil beam surveys", "redshift", "galaxy peaks", "galaxies", "Virgo", "other tracers", "Einasto et al", "ZCAT" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: VIRGO", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/118059" ]
[ "Flint, K. P.", "Impey, C. D." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998myco.conf..234F", "1999ApJ...524..536I" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1978AJ.....83.1549K", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1984ApJ...280..547H", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJS...77..363S", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1993ApJ...407..470Z", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1994ApJ...437..560W", "1994MNRAS.267..771N", "1994MNRAS.269..301E" ]
11601579
astro-ph/9510058
Mass Estimates of X-Ray Clusters
We use cosmological gasdynamic simulations to investigate the accuracy of galaxy cluster mass estimates based on X-ray observations. The experiments follow the formation of clusters in different cosmological models and include the effects of gravity, pressure gradients, and hydrodynamical shocks. A subset of our ensemble also allows for feedback of mass and energy from galactic winds into the intracluster medium. We find that mass estimates based on the hydrostatic, isothermal β- model are remarkably accurate when evaluated at radii where the cluster mean density is between 500 and 2500 times the critical density. At lower densities, radial temperature information becomes important. In the quoted radial regime, the distribution of the estimated-to-true mass ratio, derived from 174 artificial images constructed from the simulations, is nearly unbiased and has a standard deviation of 14%-29%. The scatter can be considerably reduced (to 8%-15%) by using an alternative mass estimator that exploits the tightness of the mass- temperature relation found in the simulations. The improvement over β-model estimates is due to the elimination of the variance contributed by the gas outer slope parameter. We discuss these findings and their implications for recent measurements of cluster baryon fractions.
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12.981426
4.51019
1996-10-01
645
1996ApJ...469..494E
[ "galaxy cluster mass estimates", "different cosmological models", "cluster baryon fractions", "mass", "clusters", "cosmological gasdynamic simulations", "radial temperature information", "mass estimates", "X-ray observations", "recent measurements" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/177798", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510058" ]
[ "Evrard, August E.", "Metzler, Christopher A.", "Navarro, Julio F." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11607238
astro-ph/9602052
The correlation function of clusters of galaxies and the amplitude of mass fluctuations in the Universe
We show that it may be possible to determine both the cosmic density parameter Omega_0 and the amplitude of cosmic mass fluctuations sigma_8 by using large redshift surveys of galaxies and galaxy clusters. If a cluster sample can be considered complete above some mass threshold, then hierarchical theories for structure formation predict its autocorrelation function to be determined purely by the cluster abundance and by the spectrum of linear density fluctuations. Thus, if the shape of the initial fluctuation spectrum is known, its amplitude sigma_8 can be estimated directly from the correlation length of a cluster sample in a way that is independent of the value of Omega_0. If the cluster mass corresponding to the sample threshold is also known, it provides an independent estimate of the quantity sigma_8Omega^0.6_0. Thus cluster data should allow both sigma_8 and Omega_0 to be determined observationally. We explore this possibility using N-body simulations together with a simple but accurate analytical model based on extensions of Press-Schechter theory. Applying our results to currently available data, we find that if the linear fluctuation spectrum has a shape similar to that suggested by the APM galaxy survey, then a correlation length r_0 in excess of 20 h^-1 Mpc for Abell clusters would require sigma_8&gt;~1, while r_0&lt;15 h^-1 Mpc would require sigma_8&lt;~0.5. With conventional estimates of the relevant mass threshold, these imply Omega_0&lt;~0.3 and Omega_0&gt;~1 respectively.
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12.655555
3.984196
1996-10-01
113
1996MNRAS.282.1096M
[ "cosmic mass fluctuations", "galaxy clusters", "cluster data", "Abell clusters", "linear density fluctuations", "r_0&lt;15 h^-1 Mpc", "h^-1 Mpc", "large redshift surveys", "sigma_8", "hierarchical theories" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.3.1096", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9602052" ]
[ "Mo, H. J.", "Jing, Y. P.", "White, S. D. M." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1997ApJ...484...31G", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1997MNRAS.284..189M", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.286..979M", "1997MNRAS.291..305C", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ASSL..231..343M", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...503L...9J", "1998JKAS...31..109K", "1998MNRAS.293..209M", "1998MNRAS.295..319M", "1998MNRAS.296.1089P", "1998MNRAS.297..692C", "1998MNRAS.298.1097P", "1999A&A...349..435S", "1999ApJ...515L..45J", "1999ApJ...519..433G", "1999ApJ...520..437K", "1999ApJ...522..569N", "1999ApJ...523...32C", "1999ApJ...523..463K", "1999ApJ...524..510G", "1999MNRAS.305...61T", "1999MNRAS.305..866B", "1999MNRAS.305L..21B", "1999MNRAS.307..949G", "1999RSPTA.357..133P", "2000ApJ...532..728X", "2000MNRAS.314..647M", "2000MNRAS.316..283M", "2000MNRAS.318.1144P", "2000MNRAS.319..939C", "2000NCimB.115..947F", "2001A&A...370..715S", "2001ApJ...549...28S", "2001ApJ...550L.121R", "2001ApJ...562..628G", "2001MNRAS.323....1S", "2001MNRAS.324..977B", "2001MNRAS.327..422M", "2001NYASA.927..143F", "2002A&A...390....1R", "2002ApJ...564....1M", "2002ApJ...571..585S", "2002ApJ...579...93P", "2002MNRAS.329..431P", "2002MNRAS.332..697S", "2002MNRAS.333..730C", "2002MNRAS.336..112M", "2002SSRv..100..299S", "2002maun.conf..299S", "2003ApJ...593....1B", "2003ApJ...594...75K", "2003MNRAS.339..872C", "2003astro.ph..8137R", "2003astro.ph.11312S", "2004ApJ...610...61Z", "2005ApJ...619..178E", "2005ApJ...621...22Z", "2005ApJ...631...41T", "2005CSci...88.1088B", "2005MNRAS.357..608Y", "2006astro.ph.10524B", "2007ApJ...656...27J", "2007MNRAS.374..477T", "2007MNRAS.374..535K", "2007MNRAS.379..689L", "2007arXiv0709.1159J", "2008JCAP...09..027L", "2008MNRAS.390.1470S", "2009ApJ...692..265E", "2009ApJ...696..620C", "2009MNRAS.400.1527K", "2010MNRAS.409..867D", "2010PhRvD..81f3530G", "2010PhRvD..82h3511D", "2010arXiv1007.3519C", "2011ApJ...736...59Z", "2011JCAP...04..006B", "2011JCAP...04..011B", "2011MNRAS.411..675S", "2011MNRAS.413.2087D", "2011MNRAS.415..153F", "2012A&A...547A..77S", "2012MNRAS.424..553A", "2013MNRAS.434..684M", "2014ApJ...783...41B", "2014MNRAS.442.1930P", "2014PTEP.2014fB111K", "2015MNRAS.450.1836K", "2015MNRAS.453.4368G", "2015MNRAS.454.1161Z", "2016Ap&SS.361..223A", "2016MNRAS.457.2968S", "2016MNRAS.458.4015Z", "2017MNRAS.470.3720T", "2018ApJ...858...30G", "2018MNRAS.478.1341K", "2019ApJ...873..111I", "2020ApJ...888...79P", "2020arXiv201207373D", "2021MNRAS.502.5935S", "2022MNRAS.510..674W", "2022MNRAS.511.1484I", "2022Univ....8..554A", "2023JApA...44....5D", "2023PhRvD.108d3541G", "2024MNRAS.52711694D", "2024PhRvD.109l3543V" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983SvAL....9...41K", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985Natur.314..718S", "1986ApJ...300L..35B", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...317...19K", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988MNRAS.234..159S", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989ApJ...338L...5D", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.237.1127C", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...389..499J", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...392..419B", "1992ApJ...392..452M", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.255P..21N", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1992MNRAS.259..652W", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...411..450J", "1993MNRAS.260..121M", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.263..798M", "1994ApJ...420....1W", "1994ApJ...432...17W", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995MNRAS.276..417J", "1996MNRAS.281..323V", "1996MNRAS.281..703E" ]
11601626
astro-ph/9510030
Cosmic Error and Statistics of Large-Scale Structure
We use a generating function approach to examine the errors on quantities related to counts in cells extracted from galaxy surveys. <P />The measurement error, related to the finite number of sampling cells, is distinguished from the cosmic error," due to the finiteness of the survey. While the measurement error can be circumvented through the application of a proper algorithm, the cosmic error is an irrecoverable property of any survey. Using the hierarchical model and assuming locally Poisson behavior, we identify three contributions to the cosmic error: <P />1. The finite volume effect is proportional to the average of the two-point correlation function over the whole survey. It accounts for possible fluctuations of the density field at scales larger than the sample size. 2. The edge effect is related to the geometry of the survey. It accounts for the fact that objects near the boundary carry less statistical weight than those further away from it. 3. The discreteness effect is due to the fact that the underlying smooth random field is sampled with finite number of objects. This is the "shot noise error. <P />To check the validity of our results, we measured the factorial moments of order N ≤ 4 in a large number of small subsamples randomly extracted from a hierarchical sample realized by Raighley-Lévy random walks. The measured statistical errors are in excellent agreement with our predictions. The probability distribution of errors is increasingly skewed when the order N and/or the cell size increases. This suggests that "cosmic errors" tend to be systematic: it is likely to underestimate the true value of the factorial moments. <P />Our study of the various regimes showed that the errors strongly depend on the clustering of the system, i.e., on the hierarchy of underlying correlations. The Gaussian approximation is valid only in the weakly nonlinear regime, otherwise it severely underestimates the true errors. <P />We study the concept of "number of statistically independent cells" (re)defined as the number of sampling cells required to have the measurement error of same order as the cosmic error. This number is found to depend highly on the statistical object under study and is generally quite different from the number of cells needed to cover the survey volume. In light of these findings we advocate high oversampling for measurements of counts in cells. <P />As a preliminary application to realistic situations, we study contour plots of the cosmic error expected in typical three-dimensional galaxy catalogs.
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12.147963
3.032673
1996-10-01
105
1996ApJ...470..131S
[ "cosmic errors", "errors", "sampling cells", "finite number", "cells", "<P />The measurement error", "galaxy surveys", "the cosmic error", "The measured statistical errors", "the measurement error" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/177855", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510030" ]
[ "Szapudi, Istvan", "Colombi, Stephane" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ApJ...479..580G", "1997ApJ...481L...1S", "1997MNRAS.287..241C", "1997astro.ph..2144S", "1997astro.ph..4241S", "1998ApJ...493...39K", "1998ApJ...494L..41S", "1998ApJ...496..586S", "1998ApJ...497...16S", "1998ApJ...499L.125C", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.296..253C", "1998MNRAS.299.1097S", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1998MNRAS.300L..35S", "1998astro.ph..1011M", "1998astro.ph.12271M", "1999A&A...342...15V", "1999A&A...343..333K", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ApJ...517...54S", "1999ApJ...519..622H", "1999ApJ...521....1B", "1999MNRAS.307..387M", "1999MNRAS.310..428S", "1999MNRAS.310..511W", "1999MNRAS.310..892M", "1999elss.conf..122C", "2000ASPC..200..153C", "2000ApJ...530...36B", "2000ApJ...535L..13K", "2000ApJ...540...62S", "2000ApJ...544..597S", "2000MNRAS.311..149M", "2000MNRAS.313..148M", "2000MNRAS.313..524V", "2000MNRAS.313..711C", "2000MNRAS.313..725S", "2000MNRAS.318..145M", "2000MNRAS.318L..45S", "2000PASJ...52..749S", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001A&A...368..766M", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...546...20S", "2001ApJ...546..652S", "2001ApJ...548..114S", "2001ApJ...561...22K", "2001MNRAS.322..107M", "2001NYASA.927...94S", "2001defi.conf..252M", "2002A&A...388..758S", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002ApJ...570...75S", "2002MNRAS.329..355A", "2002MNRAS.329..797M", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002astro.ph..8361M", "2003A&A...409..411M", "2003AdSpR..31..475P", "2003ApJ...585...12Z", "2003JAD.....9....1U", "2003MNRAS.338..846M", "2005MNRAS.361..357P", "2005MNRAS.362.1363P", "2005PhRvD..71f3001S", "2005astro.ph..5391S", "2006MNRAS.369.1009B", "2007MNRAS.375L...6S", "2007PASJ...59...73M", "2010ApJ...725.2078P", "2010MNRAS.407.2131D", "2010PhRvD..82j3536H", "2011A&A...536A..95V", "2012A&A...539A..80L", "2012A&A...547A.100V", "2012MNRAS.425..862G", "2013MNRAS.429.1564M", "2013MNRAS.435....2W", "2013MNRAS.435.2806H", "2014A&A...561A..53V", "2014MNRAS.444.2793D", "2014arXiv1403.5237B", "2015MNRAS.447..671C", "2015MNRAS.451.1682W", "2015MNRAS.453..450C", "2016ApJ...821..110P", "2016MNRAS.460.1598C", "2017MNRAS.467.1569A", "2018PhR...733....1D", "2020ApJ...890..160W", "2020JCAP...05..043M", "2020MNRAS.493.2318B", "2020MNRAS.495.4006U", "2020MNRAS.496.2262K", "2021MNRAS.500.3631R", "2022A&A...663A.124B", "2022JCAP...11..020M", "2022MNRAS.509.1478Z", "2022MNRAS.516.3592H", "2023OJAp....6E...1U", "2024ApJ...961..102M", "2024PhRvD.109h3537J", "2024arXiv240215915B" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1975ApJ...196....1P", "1975CRASM.280.1551M", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978ApJ...221...19F", "1984A&A...130...79S", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...292L..35H", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1986PhRvL..56...99P", "1987ApJ...314..493K", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...331..641H", "1988sisp.book.....R", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...349L...5A", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1991ApJ...383...19B", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...390...17M", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...412..504F", "1993ApJ...414..493S", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994A&A...281..301C", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...422..430L", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...437..541B", "1994ApJS...93...65B", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJS...96..401C", "1995MNRAS.274.1049B", "1996ApJ...465...14C" ]
11601485
astro-ph/9604169
An Optical and X-Ray Study of Abell 576, a Galaxy Cluster with a Cold Core
We analyze the galaxy population and dynamics of the galaxy cluster A576; the observational constraints include 281 redshifts (230 new), R- band CCD galaxy photometry over a 2 h^-1^ Mpc x 2 h^-1^ Mpc region centered on the cluster, an Einstein IPC X-ray image, and an Einstein MPC X-ray spectrum. We focus on an 86% complete magnitude-limited sample (R_23.5_ &lt; 17) of 169 cluster galaxies. The cluster galaxies with emission lines in their spectra have a larger velocity dispersion and are significantly less clustered on this 2 h^-1^ Mpc scale than galaxies without emission lines. We show that excluding the emission-line galaxies from the cluster sample decreases the velocity dispersion by 18% and the virial mass estimate by a factor of 2. The central cluster region contains a nonemission galaxy population and an intracluster medium which is significantly cooler (σ_core_ = 387_-105_^+250^ km s^-1^ and T_x_ = 1.6_-0.3_^+0.4^ keV at 90% confidence) than the global populations (σ = 977_-96_^+124^ km s^- 1^ for the nonemission population and T_X_ &gt; 4 keV at 90% confidence). Because (1) the low-dispersion galaxy population is no more luminous than the global population and (2) the evidence for a cooling flow is weak, we suggest that the core of A576 may contain the remnants of a lower mass subcluster. We examine the cluster mass, baryon fraction, and luminosity function. The cluster virial mass varies significantly depending on the galaxy sample used. Consistency between the hydrostatic and virial estimators can be achieved if (1) the gas temperature at r~1 h^-1^ Mpc is T_X_ ~ 8 keV (the best-fit value) and (2) several velocity outliers are excluded from the virial calculation. Although the best-fit Schechter function parameters and the ratio of galaxy to gas mass in A576 are typical of other clusters, the baryon fraction is relatively low. Using the consistent cluster binding mass, we show that the gas mass fraction is ~3 h^-3/2^% and the baryon fraction is ~4%.
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12.951569
4.951648
1996-10-01
70
1996ApJ...470..724M
[ "galaxies", "galaxy", "gas mass", "other clusters", "baryon fraction", "the galaxy cluster A576", "several velocity outliers", "%", "The cluster virial mass", "emission lines" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A576", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177903", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604169" ]
[ "Mohr, Joseph J.", "Geller, Margaret J.", "Fabricant, Daniel G.", "Wegner, Gary", "Thorstensen, John", "Richstone, Douglas O." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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2581897
astro-ph/9607033
Starcounts Redivivus II: Deep Starcounts With Keck and HST and the Luminosity Function of the Galactic Halo
We have combined deep starcount data with Galaxy model predictions to investigate how effectively such measurements probe the faint end of the halo luminosity function. We have tested a number of star/galaxy classification techniques using images taken in 0.5 arcsec seeing with LRIS on the Keck telescope, and we find that different combinations of these techniques can produce variations of 10% in the inferred starcounts at R = 22.5 and 30% at R = 24.5 mag. The decreasing average angular size of galaxies with fainter magnitude effectively limits ground-based work to R&lt;25.5 mag. The higher angular resolution provided by HST allows one to probe at least 2 mag fainter, but the small field size is a significant limitation. In either case, our models show that the contribution from halo subdwarfs is effectively limited to colours of (R-I)&lt;1.0, with the redder stars being members of the Galactic disk. The apparent increase in number density for M<SUB>v</SUB>&gt; 10 in the derived luminosity function is a result of contributions from disk stars at fainter absolute magnitudes and does not provide evidence for an upturn in the halo subdwarf mass function. Indeed, starcount data alone are not an effective method of probing the shape of the halo luminosity function close to the hydrogen-burning limit. Finally, we examine how the Hubble Deep Field observations can be used to constrain the contribution of various stellar components to the dark-matter halo.
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9.504205
7.173617
1996-10-01
65
1996AJ....112.1472R
[ "fainter absolute magnitudes", "deep starcount data", "disk stars", "starcount data", "Galaxy model predictions", "contributions", "fainter magnitude", "number density", "various stellar components", "the halo luminosity function" ]
[ "GALAXY: HALO", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/118115", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9607033" ]
[ "Reid, Iain Neill", "Yan, Lin", "Majewski, Steve", "Thompson, Ian", "Smail, Ian" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...328...83C", "1997AJ....113..806G", "1997AJ....113.1345P", "1997AJ....113.2246R", "1997AN....318..163K", "1997ApJ...476L..19D", "1997ApJ...484..741R", "1997PASP..109..559R", "1997astro.ph.10311R", "1998A&A...330..937M", "1998AJ....115..154D", "1998AJ....115..204R", "1998AJ....116.1789V", "1998AJ....116.2513M", "1998ASPC..134..495C", "1998ASPC..136....3R", "1998ApJ...494L.137B", "1998ApJ...499....7G", "1998ApJ...503..798G", "1998MNRAS.301..569L", "1999A&A...341..641A", "1999AJ....118.1709M", "1999ASPC..165..419T", "1999ApJ...517..264A", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "2000A&A...355...37F", "2000A&A...355..138B", "2000A&A...356..108P", "2000A&A...363..451S", "2000AJ....120.1384V", "2000AJ....120.2488N", "2000AJ....120.2550M", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...559..942R", "2001MNRAS.324..167C", "2001MNRAS.327..588P", "2001PASP..113..267S", "2002ApJ...569..432M", "2002ApJ...578..151S", "2002MNRAS.329..181P", "2002MNRAS.335.1017W", "2003A&A...407..541D", "2003ApJ...582..915H", "2003ApJ...596..143L", "2003IAUS..211..203B", "2003MNRAS.339..817F", "2004MNRAS.355..307K", "2005A&A...443..929P", "2005ARA&A..43..247R", "2006ApJ...650..916M", "2006MNRAS.365..439C", "2006MNRAS.367..156B", "2006MNRAS.368.1811X", "2006MNRAS.372.1304D", "2006PASA...23..135M", "2006PASP..118..107P", "2008ApJ...673..864J", "2008MNRAS.384..348S", "2009MNRAS.395.1569S", "2013AJ....145..163N", "2019A&A...622A.177L", "2022ApJ...924..114A", "2024arXiv240416567D" ]
[ "1958RA......4.....O", "1979nlcs.book.....L", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1983ApJ...266..747V", "1983MNRAS.202.1025G", "1987ApJ...320..653D", "1988ApJ...332..891L", "1989ApJ...345..939B", "1989PASP..101.1113K", "1990A&AS...83..357B", "1991ApJ...381..147R", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1992AJ....103..638M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992Natur.358..383R", "1993AJ....106.2335D", "1993ApJ...409..635R", "1993ApJ...414..254T", "1994ApJ...424..333S", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1994ApJS...94..749K", "1995AJ....110..682E", "1995AJ....110.1838R", "1995ApJ...440..216P", "1995ApJ...446L..35B", "1995ApJ...449L.105S", "1995ApJ...453..358K", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995PASP..107..375O", "1995PASP..107.1065H", "1996A&A...305..125R", "1996ASPC...92..257A", "1996ApJ...456L..49G", "1996ApJ...466L..55F" ]
11601467
astro-ph/9604182
Clustering of the Diffuse Infrared Light from the COBE DIRBE Maps. I. C(0) and Limits on the Near-Infrared Background
The cosmic infrared background (CIB) and its anisotropy have not yet been measured but are important signatures of the early evolution and clustering of galaxies. The near-IR is particularly interesting because redshift effects bring the peak luminosity of distant galaxies into the near-IR, allowing high-redshift objects to dominate the theoretical predictions of the CIB and its fluctuations. This paper is devoted to studying the CIB through its correlation properties. We studied the limits on CIB anisotropy in the near-IR (1.25, 2.2, and 3.5 micron, or J, K, L) bands at a scale of 0.7^deg^ using the COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) data. In single bands, we obtain the upper limits on the zero-lag correlation signal C(0) = &lt;(νδI<SUB>nu</SUB>_)^2^&gt; &lt; 3.6 x 10^-16^, 5.1 x 10^-17^, and 5.7 x 10^- 18^ W^2^ m^-4^ sr^-2^ for the J, K, and L bands, respectively. The DIRBE data exhibit a clear color between the various bands with a small dispersion. On the other hand, most of the CIB is expected to come from redshifted galaxies, and thus it should have different color properties. We use this observation to develop a "color subtraction" method of linear combinations of maps at two different bands. This method is expected to suppress the dominant fluctuations from foreground stars and nearby galaxies, while not reducing (or perhaps even amplifying) the extragalactic contribution to C(0). Applying this technique gives significantly lower and more isotropic limits. For the , J - K, , J- L, and K - L combinations, these limits are C(0) &lt; 6.3 x 10^-17^, 1.4 x 10^- 16^, and 1.2 x 10^-17^ W^2^ m^-4^ sr^-2^, respectively. We also use simple no-evolution models to interpret these numbers in terms of the total CIB levels, postponing a more detailed interpretation to a forth- coming paper. From the single-band fluctuations, we estimate upper limits on the CIB from clustered matter of (νI_{nu_))_z,rms_ = [{integral}(dνI<SUB>nu</SUB>/dz)^2^dz]^1/2^ &lt; 200, 78, and 26 nW m^-2^ sr^-1^ in the, J, K, and L bands independently of the evolution history or spectral energy distribution. The color-subtracted signals constrain strongly the color evolution of galaxy populations and, if their degree of isotropy is indicative of a cosmological origin, they could allow determination of the total diffuse fluxes due to clustered material.
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13.359797
7.035305
1996-10-01
52
1996ApJ...470..681K
[ "CIB anisotropy", "L bands", "CIB", "upper limits", "single bands", "nearby galaxies", "galaxy populations", "distant galaxies", "redshifted galaxies", "different color properties" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "INFRARED: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/177900", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604182" ]
[ "Kashlinsky, A.", "Mather, J. C.", "Odenwald, S.", "Hauser, M. G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...473L...9K", "1997ASPC..116..561K", "1997ASPC..124..329K", "1997ASPC..124..334M", "1997ESASP.401..159F", "1998A&A...334..420B", "1998ASPC..146..158D", "1998ApJ...493L...1B", "1998ApJ...496...13M", "1998ApJ...508...25H", "1998ApJ...508..106D", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1998PhRvL..80.2992B", "1999ApJ...511...16J", "1999ApJ...527...16O", "2000APh....12..217V", "2000ApJ...528...74K", "2000ApJ...545...43W", "2000MNRAS.312L...9M", "2001ARA&A..39..249H", "2001IAUS..204..101H", "2003ApJ...583..535O", "2003ApJ...585..305A", "2004ApJ...606..611C", "2004ApJ...608....1K", "2005PhR...409..361K", "2006astro.ph.10943K", "2007A&A...471..439M", "2007ApJ...655L..13M", "2007ApJ...663..125A", "2007MNRAS.379..985F", "2010ApJS..186...10A", "2011ApJ...737....2M", "2012ApJ...752..113H", "2012ApJ...753...63K", "2013APh....43..112D", "2013ApJ...769...68C", "2015ApJ...804...99K", "2016A&A...590A..24A", "2016ApJ...824...26A", "2016CRPhy..17..632H", "2017MNRAS.465.3668D", "2017MNRAS.467.2896K", "2018ApJ...864..141L", "2018RvMP...90b5006K", "2019ApJ...883...64L", "2019BAAS...51c..37K", "2019BAAS...51c..51K", "2019MNRAS.489.1006R", "2020PJAB...96..335M", "2024MNRAS.527.4153M", "2024arXiv240707047Y" ]
[ "1953ApJ...117..134L", "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1973ApJ...179..681S", "1974ApJ...188..233S", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1983MNRAS.205..955K", "1984ApJ...278L..15H", "1984ApJ...278L..19L", "1985A&A...144L...9B", "1986ApJ...306..428B", "1987ARA&A..25..187S", "1987ApJ...315L..73P", "1987ApJ...316L..15H", "1987Natur.327..210P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...338..677M", "1990ApJ...358...60L", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991A&AS...89..285F", "1991ApJ...367..420B", "1991ApJ...367L..49H", "1991ApJ...368L...7P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370L...1B", "1991ApJ...372....8Y", "1991ApJ...374..465W", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991Natur.349..753K", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ASIC..359..231W", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...393L..45M", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...397..420B", "1992ApJ...399L...1K", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992Icar...95..180S", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993AIPC..278..201H", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...406L...1K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...415L..71S", "1993SPIE.2019..180S", "1994A&A...291L...5B", "1994AJ....107.1303H", "1994ApJ...425L..85A", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJ...436..696D", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1994Natur.369..719D", "1994euoq.conf..181K", "1995AJ....110..259G", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...439...47R", "1995ApJ...445..227B", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995Natur.374..521R", "1996AIPC..348...11H", "1996AIPC..348...37R", "1996AIPC..348...74W" ]
11600571
astro-ph/9601078
The mass distribution of CL0939+4713 obtained from a `weak' lensing analysis of a WFPC2 image.
The image distortions of high-redshift galaxies caused by gravitational light deflection of foreground clusters of galaxies can be used to reconstruct the two-dimensional surface mass density of these clusters. We apply an unbiased parameter-free reconstruction technique to the cluster CL0939+4713 (Abell 851), observed with the WFPC2 on board of the HST. We demonstrate that a single deep WFPC2 observation can be used for cluster mass reconstruction despite its small field of view and the irregular shape of the data field (especially for distant clusters). For CL0939, we find a strong correlation between the reconstructed mass distribution and the bright cluster galaxies indicating that mass follows light on average. The detected anti-correlation between the faint galaxies and the reconstructed mass is most likely an effect of the magnification (anti) bias, which was detected previously in the cluster A1689. Because of the high redshift of CL0939 (z_d_=0.41), the redshift distribution of the lensed, faint galaxies has to be accounted for in the reconstruction technique. We derive an approximate global transformation for the surface mass density which leaves the mean image ellipticities invariant, resulting in an uncertainty in the normalization of the mass. From the non-negativity of the surface mass density, we derive lower limits on the mass inside the observed field of 0.75(h^-1^_50_Mpc)^2^ ranging from M&gt;3.6x10^14^h^-1^_50_M<SUB>sun</SUB>_ to M&gt;6.3x10^14^h^-1^_50_M<SUB>sun</SUB>_ for a mean redshift of &lt;z=1 &gt; to &lt;z=0.6 &gt; of the faint galaxy images with R{in}(23,25.5). However, we can break the invariance transformation for the mass using the magnification effect on the observed number density of the background galaxies. Assuming a mean redshift of &lt;z=0.8 &gt; and a fraction of x=15% (x=20%) of cluster galaxies in the observed galaxy sample with R{in}(23,25.5) we obtain for the mass inside the field M=~5x10^14^h^-1^_50_M<SUB>sun</SUB>_ (M=~7x10^14^h^-1^_50_M<SUB>sun</SUB>_) which corresponds to M/L=~100 h_50_ (M/L=~140 h_50_).
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12.877087
4.50999
1996-10-01
62
1996A&A...314..707S
[ "cluster mass reconstruction", "cluster galaxies", "mass", "galaxies", "foreground clusters", "distant clusters", "the bright cluster galaxies", "the surface mass density", "high-redshift galaxies", "the faint galaxy images" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: CL0939+4713", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601078" ]
[ "Seitz, C.", "Kneib, J. -P.", "Schneider, P.", "Seitz, S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...323..337A", "1997ApJ...485...92T", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1998A&A...333..767S", "1998A&A...337..325S", "1998A&A...338..843S", "1998ASPC..151...53L", "1998ApJ...499L.115F", "1998ApJ...502..505B", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998ESASP.429...89S", "1998LRR.....1...12W", "1998MNRAS.295..497G", "1998MNRAS.298..945S", "1998MNRAS.301..861W", "1998astro.ph..9268K", "1998lsst.conf..297K", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ApJ...512...25G", "1999ApJ...512L..87B", "1999ApJ...524....9B", "1999MNRAS.302..118G", "1999MNRAS.303...87A", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "1999astro.ph..8213O", "1999ldss.work...51S", "2000A&A...353...41S", "2000A&A...364..491D", "2000ApJ...531..613B", "2000ApJ...531..684B", "2000ApJ...534...34W", "2000ApJ...534L..15B", "2000ApJ...539L...5U", "2000PASJ...52....9I", "2000PhST...85..259T", "2000pras.conf..203S", "2001A&A...374..740S", "2001A&A...378..748K", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002A&A...382..769L", "2002AJ....123.2197C", "2002ApJ...577L..83W", "2002ApJ...581..844S", "2002SSRv..100...73M", "2002maun.conf...73M", "2003A&A...404...63D", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003Ap&SS.285..167D", "2003ApJ...590..770I", "2003ApJ...598..804K", "2003astro.ph..6465S", "2005ApJ...623...42L", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2006ApJ...642...39C", "2006MNRAS.369..425S", "2007astro.ph..1598D", "2012MNRAS.419.2921A", "2015A&A...581A..31S" ]
[ "1988ApJ...327..693G", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994A&ARv...5..239F", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...429L...9K", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1995A&A...294..411S", "1995A&A...297...61B", "1995A&A...297..287S", "1995A&A...303..643B", "1995ApJ...438...49B", "1995ApJ...439L...1K", "1995ApJ...449L.105S", "1995ApJ...451...60B", "1995ApJ...454L...1K", "1995iapi.conf.....C", "1996A&A...305..383S", "1996ApJ...464L.115B" ]
2009665
astro-ph/9602090
The search for and investigation of large quasar groups
Recently, it was suggested that large concentrations or groups of quasars may trace sites of enhanced matter density at medium and high redshifts, analogous to the way in which galaxy clusters trace them in nearby space. We checked existing quasar data for the presence of such groups. Large quasar groups (LQGs) were identified using a well-known cluster analysis technique and the following selection criteria: (i) an LQG must contain at least 10 quasars; (ii) the number density of quasars in a group must exceed that of the background by at least a factor of 2; (iii) the majority of quasars in a group must have reliable redshifts. Our final list contains 12 such groups, including one reported previously. It was found that most of the quasars in these groups come from deep homogeneous surveys. Further analysis of the spatial distribution of quasars in these surveys shows that: (i) the probability that the detected groups are random is rather small (generally a few per cent); (ii) their sizes range from ~70 to ~160 h^-1 Mpc, which is comparable to the sizes of nearby rich superclusters; (iii) the detected groups all have redshifts 0.5&lt;z&lt;=2 (iv) the abundance of the LQGs is comparable to the abundance of large superclusters at z~0, which is consistent with the idea that quasar groups and superclusters can be evolutionarily related. We argue that quasar groups could be a common feature of the spatial distribution of medium-redshift quasars, and that the quasars in groups may belong to concentrations of young galaxy clusters and groups (distant superclusters) and hence be biased tracers of the large-scale structure of matter distribution in the early Universe. Theoretical implications, as well as other observations needed to test this point, are discussed.
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14.535468
6.274667
1996-10-01
39
1996MNRAS.282..713K
[ "Large quasar groups", "quasar groups", "such groups", "groups", "quasars", "large superclusters", "young galaxy clusters", "nearby rich superclusters", "large concentrations", "matter distribution" ]
[ "QUASARS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.3.713", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9602090" ]
[ "Komberg, B. V.", "Kravtsov, A. V.", "Lukash, V. N." ]
[ "Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, 117810 Moscow, Russia", "Astronomy Department, New Mexico State University, Box 30001, Department 4500, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001, USA", "Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, 117810 Moscow, Russia" ]
[ "1996astro.ph..8112K", "1997A&A...325..433B", "1997AJ....114...41S", "1998ARep...42..425P", "1998ARep...42..567R", "1998ApJ...497..529L", "1998JETP...86....6U", "1999A&AT...18...47L", "1999elss.conf..321C", "1999hxra.conf..218E", "2000MNRAS.313..377T", "2000MNRAS.314..256K", "2000MNRAS.317..795L", "2000astro.ph..3253L", "2001ASPC..232..108C", "2001ApJ...547..521T", "2001MNRAS.323..688H", "2002A&A...386..775A", "2002ASPC..254..132W", "2003AJ....126..706W", "2003AdSpR..31..409L", "2003AstL...29..224G", "2007ARep...51..820P", "2009MNRAS.396L..31D", "2012MNRAS.419..556C", "2012PhDT........15H", "2012sf2a.conf..469H", "2013MNRAS.429.2910C", "2013MNRAS.435.3125H", "2014A&A...568A..46E", "2014arXiv1409.1347E", "2015CoTPh..64..758L", "2015JKAS...48...75P", "2015MNRAS.452.2236B", "2016ARep...60..563S", "2016IAUS..308..161E", "2020arXiv200901637F", "2022fics.book.....L", "2024arXiv240415963L" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160L..33B", "1976MNRAS.175..517S", "1979ApJS...41..689W", "1982MNRAS.199..683W", "1983MNRAS.204..365C", "1984A&A...136L...9S", "1984MNRAS.206..529E", "1985MNRAS.213..485S", "1985MNRAS.216..623B", "1986ApJ...303L..27J", "1987ApJ...314..129C", "1987ApJ...322..142S", "1988AJ.....95..644A", "1988AJ.....96..816C", "1988AcA....38..155K", "1988ApJ...330L..13I", "1989ApJ...345...59C", "1989MNRAS.238.1171D", "1990AJ....100...47C", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991AJ....102..502C", "1991AJ....102.1627M", "1991ASPC...21..202I", "1991ASPC...21..248C", "1991ApJ...380L...9B", "1991ApJS...75..273O", "1991ApJS...76...23W", "1991MNRAS.249..218C", "1991cqan.book.....V", "1992A&A...256L..23M", "1992A&A...257....1M", "1992ApJ...388....9T", "1992ApJ...392..432J", "1992ApJ...398L..13A", "1993AJ....106.1324H", "1993ApJ...407..443E", "1993ApJ...410..493M", "1993ApJ...411L...1N", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1994A&A...286L..19K", "1994MNRAS.269..277K", "1994MNRAS.269..301E", "1994MNRAS.271..753S", "1995AJ....109...73H", "1995ApJ...454L..77M", "1995MNRAS.275..790G", "1995Natur.376..150D", "1996ApJ...458...73D" ]
11607159
astro-ph/9603016
Power spectrum analysis of the Stromlo-APM redshift survey
We test estimators of the galaxy power spectrum P(k) against simulated galaxy catalogues constructed from N-body simulations, and we derive formulae to correct for biases. These estimators are then applied to compute the power spectrum of galaxies in the Stromlo-APM redshift survey. We test whether the amplitude of P(k) depends on galaxy luminosity, but find no significant luminosity dependence except at absolute magnitudes brighter than M_bJ=-20.3 (H_0=100 km s^-1), where there is some evidence of a rise in the amplitude of P(k). By comparing the redshift-space power spectrum of the Stromlo-APM survey with the real-space power spectrum determined from the parent APM Galaxy Survey, we attempt to measure the distortion in the shape of P(k) caused by galaxy peculiar motions. We find some evidence of an effect, but the errors are large and do not exclude a value of beta=Omega^0.6/b=1, where Omega is the cosmological density parameter and b is the linear biasing parameter relating galaxy fluctuations to those in the mass, (deltarho/rho)_gal=b(deltarho/rho)_m. The shape of the Stromlo-APM power spectrum is consistent with that determined from the CfA-2 survey, but has a slightly higher amplitude (by a factor of about 1.4) than the power spectrum of IRAS galaxies.
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11.998436
2.831422
1996-10-01
58
1996MNRAS.282.1381T
[ "galaxy luminosity", "galaxy fluctuations", "simulated galaxy catalogues", "IRAS galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy peculiar motions", "spectrum", "APM Galaxy Survey", "H_0=100 km s^-1", "the galaxy power" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.4.1381", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9603016" ]
[ "Tadros, H.", "Efstathiou, G." ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1997ApJ...475..414B", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...493...28G", "1998ApJ...498....1W", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...499..555T", "1998MNRAS.294..229G", "1998MNRAS.296..995T", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1998NewA....3..631R", "1999ApJ...519..441E", "1999ApJ...520..437K", "1999MNRAS.303...77S", "1999MNRAS.305..527T", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "1999MNRAS.308..897L", "1999MNRAS.309..576A", "1999MNRAS.309..659H", "1999MNRAS.310.1128H", "1999elss.conf..185B", "2000A&A...356..418N", "2000ASPC..200..241B", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317L..51H", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2000chun.proc..191E", "2001A&A...366....1R", "2001ApJ...546..652S", "2001ApJ...551..635M", "2001ApJ...553....1Y", "2001ApJ...555...68M", "2001MNRAS.321..497O", "2001MNRAS.324..560D", "2001MNRAS.324.1029C", "2001MNRAS.325.1603E", "2001MNRAS.326..147Z", "2001MNRAS.327..538G", "2001MNRAS.327..689T", "2001MNRAS.328..174O", "2001PABei..19S..37Y", "2002A&A...382..397R", "2002ApJ...579...76L", "2002IJMPD..11..321M", "2002MNRAS.329..336H", "2002MNRAS.332..311H", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002moco.conf..344G", "2003MNRAS.342..483O", "2003MNRAS.343..796P", "2005MNRAS.358..939P", "2006MNRAS.365..255B", "2006PhRvD..74l3507T", "2007ApJ...669..692Q", "2009RAA.....9..227Y", "2010MNRAS.406..803B", "2010MNRAS.409.1393W" ]
[ "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989MNRAS.237..569H", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ApJ...375...25B", "1991MNRAS.251..128L", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...392L..51P", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993ApJ...408L..77B", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...419..440G", "1993MNRAS.264..825M", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...437L...1D", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.268L..23C", "1995AJ....110..477M", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995MNRAS.275..483H", "1995MNRAS.275..515C", "1995MNRAS.276L..45T", "1996ApJ...456L...1L", "1996ApJ...464L..21W", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996MNRAS.279L...1F", "1996MNRAS.280..267B" ]
11601571
astro-ph/9509145
Mixed Dark Matter in Halos of Clusters
We discuss the structure of clusters in a class of flat cosmological models with the fraction of mass {OMEGA}_CDM_ ~ 0.8 in cold dark matter, and the rest in hot dark matter in the form of massive neutrinos. These cold + hot dark matter (CHDM) models with one, two, or three massive neutrinos, with total mass ~4.6 eV, are considered. Neutrinos of that mass range are too hot and cannot constitute the halos of galaxies and groups, but only of clusters of galaxies. The limit on the density of neutrinos in the central parts of galaxy clusters is estimated from the phase-space density constraints. The ratio of the density of neutrinos to that of cold dark matter through the cluster is found analytically. It appears that the density of the neutrinos is suppressed within the Abell radius. However, neutrinos contribute ~20% of the mass density to the cluster halo. Our numerical simulations fairly match analytical results for the suppression factor. The simulations indicate that the cluster halo dark matter density profile has the power-law slope α ~ 2.5, which is close to that in the model with the cosmological constant. We also found that in the CHDM models the velocity dispersion is almost constant across the cluster. This is quite different from the model with cosmological constant or from the open model where the velocity dispersion in the cluster outskirts declines. We discuss observational tests that can probe cold, neutrino, an baryonic components, unequally distributed in clusters: X-ray emission and weak gravitational lensing. Combing the spherically symmetric fit to the CHDM mass density profile found here with the X-ray surface brightness of the cluster A2256 and a simple model of the hydrostatic equilibrium of the hot gas, we derive the theoretical temperature distribution in the cluster. This distribution disagrees with the observational data near the cluster center. It also disagrees with the velocity dispersion of the cold particles in a numerical simulation to the extent that the dispersion corresponds to the gas temperature. We also find that the problem of high baryonic fraction in clusters is not resolved in the CHDM models.
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9.08461
0.286408
1996-10-01
30
1996ApJ...470..102K
[ "galaxy clusters", "clusters", "cold dark matter", "flat cosmological models", "hot dark matter", "massive neutrinos", "Neutrinos", "neutrinos", "the cluster halo dark matter density profile", "X-ray emission" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "ELEMENTARY PARTICLES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
4
[ "10.1086/177853", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509145" ]
[ "Kofman, Lev", "Klypin, Anatoly", "Pogosyan, Dmitry", "Henry, J. Patrick" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996NuPhS..51...30P", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997ApJ...481..571S", "1997ApJ...491..467M", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997PhLB..397..209A", "1997PhRvD..55..540H", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..535P", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998Natur.394..122E", "1998ucb..proc..175H", "1999APh....11..303W", "1999ApJ...524..510G", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ApJ...538..386L", "2000ApJ...540L...1S", "2001A&A...369..826B", "2002ApJ...580...16P", "2003PhRvD..67b3506S", "2004JCAP...12..005R", "2004JHEP...12..006K", "2005dmap.conf...62R", "2007MNRAS.380..331S", "2008MPLA...23.2881T", "2010JCAP...09..014B", "2012IJMPD..2150056B", "2012JCAP...02..045H", "2014JCAP...01..030D", "2014PhRvD..90h3518L" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJ...218..592G", "1979PhRvL..42..407T", "1980SvAL....6..252D", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...274..443B", "1985ApJ...297...16H", "1986Natur.322..329Q", "1987PhRvD..36.2242B", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...328..489H", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.265..379L", "1993MNRAS.265..507P", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...428..399K", "1994ApJ...430L..25M", "1994ApJ...430L..97K", "1994ApJ...431..451C", "1994ApJ...432..438J", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1994ApJ...437...12C", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994ApJ...437L...5B", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1995ApJ...444....1K", "1995ApJ...447..465P", "1995ApJ...449...18M", "1995GReGr..27.1137K", "1995MNRAS.275...56N", "1995Natur.377..600O", "1995PhRvL..74.2160P", "1996ApJ...462...13W" ]
11607221
astro-ph/9608027
WN 1626+5153: a giant radio galaxy from the WENSS survey
A Fanaroff-Riley II (FR II) radio source with an angular extension of 18.4 arcmin has been discovered in the Westerbork Northern Sky Survey that is being carried out at 325 MHz. This source is identified with Mrk 1498 at z=0.056, indicating that its projected extension is 1.6 h_50 Mpc. The optical spectrum of Mrk 1498 has the typical emission lines of a narrow-line radio galaxy; Hα is the only permitted line that has a faint broad component. The discovery shows that the good sensitivity of WENSS at low frequencies to low-surface-brightness features at scales of a few arcminutes is uniquely suited to provide well-defined and relatively large samples of giant radio galaxies. The future definition of such samples will be important for our understanding of giant radio galaxies.
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15.345016
5.793334
1996-10-01
14
1996MNRAS.282.1033R
[ "giant radio galaxies", "radio source", "such samples", "low frequencies", "FR II", "Mrk", "the Westerbork Northern Sky Survey", "WENSS", "a narrow-line radio galaxy", "scales" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MRK 1498", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.3.1033", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9608027" ]
[ "Rottgering, H. J. A.", "Tang, Y.", "Bremer, M. A. R.", "de Bruyn, A. G.", "Miley, G. K.", "Rengelink, R. B.", "Bremer, M. N." ]
[ "Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands", "Radio Sterrewacht, Dwingeloo, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands", "Radio Sterrewacht, Dwingeloo, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands", "Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands" ]
[ "1998A&A...336..455S", "1998MNRAS.299L..25B", "1999MNRAS.309..100I", "2001A&A...374..861S", "2001ApJ...560..178K", "2006MNRAS.373.1203K", "2012MNRAS.420..878K", "2013AstSR...9...80V", "2016AcA....66...85W", "2016AstBu..71..139V", "2016MNRAS.461.3153P", "2017ApJ...835..256K", "2018ApJS..238....9K", "2019MNRAS.489.4049H" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1974Natur.250..625W", "1980PhDT.......150L", "1983Afz....19..221M", "1984A&A...141...85N", "1984AJ.....89..332K", "1986A&A...170...20S", "1987slrs.work..104S", "1988ApJ...327L..41L", "1989A&A...226L..13D", "1989AJ.....97.1064C", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989MNRAS.236P..13R", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990A&A...227..351D", "1990AJ.....99..476K", "1990MNRAS.246..256H", "1990psrj.conf..304K", "1992A&AS...96..389D", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993MNRAS.260..908S", "1993MNRAS.264..721L", "1994ASPC...54..319O", "1995LNP...463...97R", "1996MNRAS.279..257S" ]
2643332
astro-ph/9606160
Large-scale fluctuations in the distribution of galaxies
The null hypothesis that the three-dimensional power spectrum measured from the APM Survey is consistent with the one-dimensional power spectrum measured from the pencil-beams surveys of Broadhurst et al. and of Szalay et al. is tested. The external estimates of the mean power that we make are sensitive to details of the model for the survey geometry and to the assumed level of the distortion of the pattern of galaxy clustering caused by peculiar motions. We find that the measured 3D clustering of galaxies can account for the presence of peaks in the one-dimensional power spectrum but is less successful in recovering the detailed appearance of the observations. We find no strong evidence for any additional large-scale structure in the deep pencil beams beyond that recovered from the APM Survey. We conclude that it is unlikely that large-scale structure can be responsible for the steep local number counts of bright galaxies.
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12.033639
3.011694
1996-10-01
9
1996MNRAS.282.1413B
[ "galaxy clustering", "bright galaxies", "Szalay et al", "galaxies", "et al", "large-scale structure", "peculiar motions", "the deep pencil beams", "the steep local number counts", "the mean power" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.4.1413", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9606160" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1998ApJ...495...44C", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "2000MNRAS.314..256K", "2001ApJ...558L...1G", "2001NYASA.927...24J", "2003MNRAS.339.1057Y", "2003MNRAS.340..771V", "2006ApJ...646..696W", "2011MNRAS.417..517G" ]
[ "1977ats..book.....K", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...379..482K", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1993ApJ...415..450L", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993PNAS...90.4853S", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...430L...9A", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995ApJ...454..561G", "1995MNRAS.275..515C", "1995PhRvD..51.6714F", "1996ApJ...456L...1L", "1996MNRAS.280..267B" ]
2010514
null
A radio galaxy at redshift 4.41
THE most distant astronomical objects observed are quasars at redshifts of z ~ 4.9 (ref. 1), corresponding to a time when the Universe was less than a billion years old. This leaves little time during which the quasars and their host galaxies could form<SUP>2</SUP>. In principle, the evolutionary state of the host galaxies can be probed by determining how many stars have formed, but this task is not straightforward because light from the quasar itself overwhelms any accompanying starlight. High-redshift radio galaxies-the likely progenitors of luminous elliptical galaxies<SUP>3</SUP>-provide better targets for such studies, as optical emissions from their active nuclei are observed to be faint. Here we report the discovery of a radio galaxy (6C0140 + 326) at z = 4.41 which shows no evidence for either a stellar continuum or an unobscured quasar nucleus. We conclude that the galaxy associated with the radio source is neither fully formed nor obviously in the process of forming stars. This implies that at least some giant elliptical galaxies are still immature at z ~ 4.5, and that if the intense bursts of star formation thought to produce the bulk of their stellar populations occur during the radio-bright phase, these star-forming regions are obscured by dust and gas.
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14.471056
6.53031
1996-10-01
70
1996Natur.383..502R
[ "luminous elliptical galaxies", "forming stars", "star formation", "High-redshift radio galaxies", "z", "little time", "a radio galaxy", "optical emissions", "quasars", "such studies" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1038/383502a0" ]
[ "Rawlings, Steve", "Lacy, Mark", "Blundell, Katherine M.", "Eales, Stephen A.", "Bunker, Andrew J.", "Garrington, Simon T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...478L..57M", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ConPh..38..409D", "1997MNRAS.289..766H", "1997MNRAS.292..817M", "1997astro.ph..4294D", "1997astro.ph.10249S", "1998AJ....116...13D", "1998ASPC..146...49R", "1998ASPC..146...59C", "1998ASPC..146..225S", "1998ASSL..226...29C", "1998ASSL..226...63W", "1998ASSL..226..157D", "1998ASSL..226..171R", "1998ApJ...498L..93D", "1998ApJ...502..614V", "1998MNRAS.293L...6T", "1998MNRAS.295..265B", "1998MNRAS.301L..15B", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999AJ....117..677B", "1999AJ....117.1122S", "1999ASPC..177...89T", "1999ASPC..193...94L", "1999ApJ...518L..61V", "1999MNRAS.308.1096L", "1999Natur.399..330B", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "1999mdrg.conf..257S", "1999mdrg.conf..437L", "2000A&A...362..519D", "2000A&AS..143..303D", "2000AdSpR..25.2233T", "2000GMS...119..237E", "2000SPIE.4005...83V", "2000astro.ph..8067R", "2000pras.conf..131B", "2001AJ....121.1241D", "2001MNRAS.323..417A", "2001MNRAS.326.1563J", "2001MNRAS.326.1585J", "2001MNRAS.327..907J", "2001qhte.conf..333J", "2003mglh.conf..148J", "2004ApJS..150..417C", "2004MNRAS.355...20J", "2004NewAR..48.1173J", "2004mas..conf..141C", "2005BSAO...58....5V", "2006AN....327..249J", "2006ApJ...637...58O", "2006AstL...32..433K", "2006MNRAS.373.1531C", "2006Natur.442..180K", "2008A&ARv..15...67M", "2010ApJ...725...36D", "2010MNRAS.405..436I", "2011MNRAS.417.1088K", "2013ASSL..396..223D", "2015MNRAS.452.3457G", "2015Nanos...716460L", "2016AdM....28.8051W", "2016MNRAS.458...84A", "2018MNRAS.480.2733S", "2021ApJS..255...22M", "2021NanoL..21.1500F", "2022InPhT.12304188S", "2023MNRAS.521.1556P" ]
[ "1982MNRAS.199..987P", "1985MNRAS.217..149E", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989MNRAS.238..357O", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990MNRAS.243P..14R", "1991AJ....102..837S", "1991AJ....102.1659K", "1991Natur.349..138R", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...399L..47E", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1993Natur.363..140E", "1994MNRAS.271..504L", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1995ApJ...438L..51S", "1995ApJ...451...76N", "1995MNRAS.273L..29D", "1995MNRAS.275L..33I", "1996ApJ...460...68E", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996Natur.381..581D", "1996Natur.382..231H", "1996Natur.382..234D", "1996Natur.382..426O", "1996Natur.382..428O" ]
2009635
null
ROSAT observations of distant 3CR radio galaxies - II
The X-ray emission from high-redshift radio galaxies reveals the properties of their environment, as well as the degree of obscuration of the nuclear component. In this paper we compile and compare all archival ROSAT PSPC observations, pointed and serendipitous, of 3CR radio galaxies above a redshift z of 0.4. We present new detections of four galaxies in the redshift range 1&lt;z&lt;1.8, one of which is an `N galaxy'. Of the three radio galaxies where no optical nucleus is seen, the X-ray emission of one (3C 194) appears to be dominated by an absorbed power-law component; the others (3C 294 and 324) are fitted equally well by either an absorbed power law or a thermal model. The inferred thermal X-ray luminosity is consistent with the radio galaxy being in a moderately rich X-ray cluster of galaxies. If our interpretation is correct, the cluster around 3C 294 at a redshift of 1.786 is the most distant yet detected in X-rays. Our results support a simple model where the X-ray emission from distant objects classified as radio galaxies originates in a hot surrounding intracluster medium, sometimes with the addition of an absorbed power-law component from the central nucleus.
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15.024928
5.90815
1996-10-01
60
1996MNRAS.282.1483C
[ "galaxies", "rays", "-", "The X-ray emission", "the X-ray emission", "The inferred thermal X-ray luminosity", "high-redshift radio galaxies", "distant objects", "3CR radio galaxies", "the radio galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.4.1483" ]
[ "Crawford, C. S.", "Fabian, A. C." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1997A&A...325..898B", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997MNRAS.284..213B", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1997astro.ph.11010B", "1998A&AS..128..153M", "1998ASPC..146..482B", "1998ASSL..226...11B", "1998ASSL..226...99C", "1998ApJ...504..139P", "1998ApJ...504..743H", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.298..854J", "1998MNRAS.299..357B", "1998MNRAS.301L..25B", "1998PASP..110..493O", "1999A&A...341..329P", "1999A&A...342...57B", "1999AJ....117..677B", "1999AJ....117.2608G", "1999AJ....118...76R", "1999AJ....118.1988M", "1999AN....320..293M", "1999ASPC..193..336C", "1999MNRAS.306..599E", "1999MNRAS.308.1159C", "1999MNRAS.309..969H", "1999MNRAS.309.1017W", "1999Natur.399..330B", "2000A&A...353..498D", "2000ASPC..200..327B", "2000ApJ...534..133E", "2000MNRAS.311....1B", "2000MNRAS.313..237W", "2000MNRAS.315..433C", "2000MNRAS.317..720B", "2000cucg.confE...8G", "2001A&A...367L...5O", "2001A&A...370L..39O", "2001A&A...372..755B", "2001ApJ...552..504S", "2001MNRAS.322L..11F", "2001MNRAS.323..965S", "2001MNRAS.326.1127W", "2002ARA&A..40..539R", "2002RMxAC..13..203O", "2003A&A...399..449M", "2003A&A...405...53O", "2003MNRAS.341..729F", "2003MNRAS.343....1B", "2003NewAR..47..239C", "2004MNRAS.352..924B", "2005xrrc.procE7.11B", "2006astro.ph.10124B", "2007AJ....134..158F", "2009ApJ...694L..31Z", "2010MNRAS.402.1561R", "2012MNRAS.422..590R", "2015IAUS..313..251B" ]
[ "1979ApJ...234L..39S", "1984ApJ...280L...9S", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1986ApJ...301..689H", "1986ApJ...305....9F", "1987ApJ...313..596W", "1987MNRAS.227..241A", "1988AJ.....96..836D", "1988Natur.333..319B", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989MNRAS.240..129Y", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990ApJ...365..487M", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991MNRAS.249..343L", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992A&A...264..415T", "1992ApJ...388...82D", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992MNRAS.258P..29A", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993MNRAS.260L..15C", "1994AJ....107.1942T", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ApJ...420L..17W", "1994ApJ...424L..79C", "1994ApJ...431L...1U", "1995AJ....109..935B", "1995MNRAS.273..827C", "1995MNRAS.274L..63F", "1995MNRAS.275..741A", "1996MNRAS.278..479R", "1996MNRAS.281L...5C" ]
2012725
null
Uniformity in the Temperature and Metallicity of the X-Ray Emitting Gas in the Abell 1060 Cluster of Galaxies
The results from ASCA observations of the Abell 1060 cluster of galaxies are presented. Spatially sorted X-ray spectra were used to derive the distributions of the temperature and metallicity in the X-ray emitting gas of the cluster. Within ~ 20' (or 400 kpc assuming H_0 = 50 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) ) of the cluster center, the gas temperature has been found to be radially constant at 3.1(+0.3}_{-0.5) keV (or 3.1 +/- 0.2 keV within ~ 10'), and the 2--10 keV luminosity was estimated to be 2 times 10(43) erg s(-1) . An upper limit on the cool emission component at the cluster center was derived to be 6 times 10(41) erg s(-1) \ in 0.5--3 keV, assuming that it has a temperature of 1 keV. Although the metallicity is consistent with being radially constant at 0.3 relative to solar value, the present observations do not constrain the abundance well beyond 10', allowing values in the range from 0.2 to 0.4 solar value. There is some indication that O, Ne, and Si are more abundant than Fe and Ni, when compared to the solar-abundance ratios. These results suggest the importance of galactic winds driven by type-II supernovae during the early phase of galaxy formation. In comparison with the Centaurus and Virgo clusters, discussions are made concerning the possible role of the cD galaxy in generating a metal concentration and a cool X-ray component at the cluster center.
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13.73857
5.11505
1996-10-01
47
1996PASJ...48..671T
[ "solar value", "galaxy formation", "a cool X-ray component", "galaxies", "ASCA observations", "galactic winds", "the X-ray emitting gas", "Spatially sorted X-ray spectra", "values", "the cluster center" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: (ABELL 1060)", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.5.671" ]
[ "Tamura, Takayuki", "Day, Charles S.", "Fukazawa, Yasushi", "Hatsukade, Isamu", "Ikebe, Yasushi", "Makishima, Kazuo", "Mushotzky, Richard F.", "Ohashi, Takaya", "Takenaka, Kazuhiro", "Yamashita, Koujun" ]
[ "Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113", "Code 666, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA", "Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113", "Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-21", "Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, The Institute for Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama 351-01", "Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113", "Code 666, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA", "Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03", "Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-21", "Department of Astrophysics, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01" ]
[ "1997ApJ...481..660I", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997ApJ...491...38M", "1997PASJ...49....9X", "1997astro.ph.10324M", "1998A&A...329...21S", "1998AN....319...73I", "1998MNRAS.297L..63A", "1998MNRAS.298..416P", "1998PASJ...50..187F", "1999ApJ...517..627M", "1999ApJ...519..518I", "1999ApJ...519L.109C", "1999IAUS..183..191O", "1999MNRAS.305..325F", "1999MNRAS.305..631A", "1999PASJ...51..301K", "2000A&A...361..429R", "2000ApJ...534..565H", "2000ApJ...535..602T", "2000ApJ...544..188F", "2000IAUS..195..199A", "2000MNRAS.313...21F", "2000PASJ...52..317F", "2001ASPC..251..146O", "2001ASPC..251..446F", "2001ApJ...546..150I", "2001MNRAS.322..589A", "2001PASJ...53..401M", "2001PASJ...53..421F", "2002ASPC..268..369F", "2002ApJ...578..833Y", "2002astro.ph..3244F", "2003ApJ...598..741C", "2003NuPhA.718...61O", "2004ApJ...606L.109F", "2004PASJ...56..743H", "2004oee..symp..422L", "2005A&A...438..103M", "2006ApJ...639...64O", "2006ApJ...650..560C", "2006PASJ...58..695H", "2007PASJ...59..299S", "2009ApJ...690..879S", "2011ApJ...731...11C", "2014IJMPD..2350083K", "2014MNRAS.438..262P" ]
[ "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1979PThPh..62.1253T", "1980ApJ...236..730M", "1981ApJ...244L..47M", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...285....1S", "1984PhST....7..157M", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1988ApJ...330..620S", "1988PASJ...40..639O", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ApJ...338..761R", "1989PhDT.......221H", "1990Natur.347..450P", "1991A&A...246L..10B", "1991A&A...247..335V", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ITED...38.1069B", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1991Natur.350..135K", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...412..489K", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1993ApJ...418L..55F", "1994ApJ...428..544D", "1994ApJ...436L..41M", "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994ApJ...436L..67A", "1994ApJ...436L..71M", "1994ApJ...436L..75L", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1994PASJ...46L..65A", "1994nhxr.conf..171M", "1994nhxr.conf..273O", "1994nhxr.conf..511M", "1995AIPC..336..172M", "1995MNRAS.272..665R", "1995PhDT........15I", "1996ApJ...466..686M", "1996PASJ...48..157O" ]
2009620
null
Potential-density basis sets in axisymmetric coordinates
We present a general scheme for constructing potential-density basis sets in axisymmetric coordinates, for both infinite and finite systems. Several examples are given, starting from simple functions. The basis sets constructed are useful for galaxy modelling, N-body simulations and three-dimensional stability analyses of dynamical equilibria. Symbolic manipulation software implementing the technique is available.
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9.871518
5.429983
1996-10-01
9
1996MNRAS.282.1129R
[ "Symbolic manipulation software", "axisymmetric coordinates", "galaxy modelling", "Several examples", "simple functions", "dynamical equilibria", "potential-density basis sets", "The basis sets", "a general scheme", "both infinite and finite systems" ]
[ "INSTABILITIES", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.4.1129" ]
[ "Robijn, F. H. A.", "Earn, David J. D." ]
[ "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands", "Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel" ]
[ "1998MNRAS.300..135B", "1999ApJ...527...86C", "2002NewA....7..293T", "2009MNRAS.393.1459R", "2010MNRAS.404.1519J", "2010MNRAS.407..355H", "2010arXiv1005.0195H", "2015MNRAS.450.2842V", "2023A&A...672A..91L" ]
[ "1953mtp..book.....M", "1963ApJ...138..385T", "1972Ap&SS..16..101C", "1972hmfw.book.....A", "1973Ap&SS..23...55C", "1975clel.book.....J", "1976ApJ...205..745K", "1984A&A...141..171P", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...356..365D", "1991ApJ...369...57D", "1991MNRAS.248..494S", "1992ApJ...386..375H", "1992MNRAS.257..581Q", "1993MNRAS.262.1062S", "1993MNRAS.263..394Q", "1994tisp.book.....G", "1995MNRAS.276.1009S", "1995PhDT.......119R", "1996ApJ...465...91E", "1996MNRAS.278..488Z" ]
2009605
null
Angular sizes and luminosity evolution of faint galaxies
We investigate the number counts and the V-I colour, angular size and axis ratio distributions of 5384 faint galaxies detected with the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera, to limits of I~=25 on a 27-field strip and I~=26 on a single deeper field. These results are compared with non-evolving and pure luminosity evolution (PLE) models, with a steep (alpha=-1.65) luminosity function for late-type galaxies. In these models, we have aimed to incorporate surface brightness selection effects, which can produce a significant bias against detection of higher redshift galaxies with larger angular sizes. We find no deficit of large-angular-size galaxies relative to our non-evolving model. At I&lt;~22 there is a significant (approximately factor of 2) excess of moderately large (0.4&lt;=r_hl&lt;=1.5 arcsec at 22&lt;=I&lt;=24) galaxies with blue (V-I&lt;=1.2) colours over our non-evolving model. The observed angular size and colour distributions are reasonably well-fitted by our PLE model, when detection thresholds appropriate to the data are included. These results appear to provide positive evidence that L~L* galaxies do brighten significantly (by ~1 mag) to z~1-2, increasing the numbers of blue, large-angular-size, high-redshift galaxies seen at I&lt;~22, and that L* evolution, in addition to a steep luminosity function, is needed to explain the steep galaxy number counts. We also investigate faint galaxy axis ratios. At 20&lt;=I&lt;=24 the smaller galaxies tended to be more rounded than galaxies of large angular size, suggesting that a greater proportion are ellipticals. On going faintward, however, the axis ratio distribution of the smaller galaxies appears to shift towards that of a spiral-dominated population, as expected if later-type galaxies have a much steeper luminosity function than ellipticals. The axis ratio distribution of larger-angular-size galaxies remains consistent with a spiral-dominated population over the whole 20&lt;=I&lt;=25 range, suggesting that most of the evolving high-redshift galaxies on these fields are spirals and that the high-redshift ellipticals are significantly dimmed by dust extinction.
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12.275653
6.269537
1996-10-01
33
1996MNRAS.282.1247R
[ "higher redshift galaxies", "L* galaxies", "large angular size", "larger angular sizes", "galaxies", "faint galaxy axis ratios", "angular size", "axis ratio distributions", "L* evolution", "the steep galaxy number counts" ]
[ "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.4.1247" ]
[ "Roche, N.", "Ratnatunga, K.", "Griffiths, R. E.", "Im, M.", "Neuschaefer, L." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA" ]
[ "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.291...59D", "1997astro.ph..8075E", "1998ASPC..146...96G", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998MNRAS.293..157R", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1998PASP..110..291G", "1998astro.ph.10395B", "1999AJ....117..645C", "1999AJ....117.2582B", "1999AJ....118...86R", "1999ASPC..170...76F", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999astro.ph..4179R", "2001A&A...369..421B", "2002A&A...389..761W", "2002ApJ...566..123B", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2003ApJ...595...71C", "2004mmu..symp..256L", "2005ApJ...631..101P", "2005asli.symp...98L", "2008A&A...488.1167D", "2012A&A...547A..51G", "2015ApJ...804..103K", "2017MNRAS.472..217S", "2018ApJ...855....4K" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1984A&A...132..389P", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992MNRAS.258..404L", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263...86P", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994AJ....107....1T", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994BAAS...26.1403G", "1994IAUS..161..635R", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.270L..63G", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995AJ....110..573M", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJ...441L..13G", "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...449L...1P", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...453L...5R", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.377..600O", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995PASP..107..590N", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...458..132C", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...462...89F", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..397R" ]
2012706
null
A Search for Galaxies behind the Milky Way at Aquila and Sagittarius
We searched for galaxies using Schmidt atlases in a Milky Way region of about 800 square degrees around l =~ 8(deg) to 43(deg) and b =~ -17(deg) to 17(deg) . The surveyed region is located between the northern Local void and the Ophiuchus void. We detected about 5300 galaxy candidates, which have galaxy-like images with sizes larger than 0.'1. Of these, only 30 have been given in galaxy catalogs and another 74 are associated with IRAS point sources containing 18 IRAS galaxies with known redshifts. We made a catalog of detected objects in which the position in (alpha , delta ) and (l, b), size, and features of image and multiplicity are given. The sky distribution of detected objects shows the presence of two clusters of galaxies and a group of nearby galaxies located around l=33(deg) , b=-15(deg) with cz=1500 km s(-1) .
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11.894239
7.382551
1996-10-01
22
1996PASJ...48..679R
[ "galaxy catalogs", "nearby galaxies", "galaxies", "detected objects", "IRAS point sources", "IRAS point", "l =", "Milky Way", "Schmidt atlases", "cz=1500 km s(-1" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS OF", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE", "GALAXIES: MILKY WAY", "GALAXIES: SEARCH" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.5.679" ]
[ "Roman, Adel T.", "Nakanishi, Kouichiro", "Tomita, Akihiko", "Saito, Mamoru" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998PASJ...50...37R", "1998PASJ...50...47R", "1999A&AS..135..221K", "1999ASPC..170..103K", "1999MNRAS.307..236C", "2000A&A...363...62R", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000A&AS..141..123K", "2000A&AS..144..475P", "2000ASPC..218...43R", "2000ApJS..127...27R", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000MNRAS.316..326H", "2000PASA...17....6K", "2002A&A...387....1V", "2003A&A...412...45P", "2003CSF....16...47R", "2005ApJS..159..282L", "2011Ap.....54....1N", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2018ApJS..235....4O", "2023MNRAS.524..678D" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1963MCG...C03....0V", "1965cgcg.book.....Z", "1973rncn.book.....S", "1973rngc.book.....S", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1982euse.book.....L", "1987ApJ...322..706D", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991PASJ...43..449S", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991trcb.book.....D", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993PASJ...45...25Y", "1994ASPC...67..121S", "1994ASPC...67..131W", "1994ASPC...67..225B", "1994ASPC...67..297K", "1994ulss.conf..121S", "1994ulss.conf..131W", "1994ulss.conf..225B", "1994ulss.conf..297K", "1995A&A...297..617K", "1995A&AS..110..269W", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995PhDT.......169H", "1996A&AS..117..369L", "1996ApJ...457..693T" ]
2009659
null
A deep ROSAT survey - XI. Enhanced X-ray emission from faint galaxies
To investigate the contribution of faint galaxies to the ~1-keV X-ray background (XRB), we cross-correlate the positions of 2750 galaxies with 18&lt;=R&lt;=23 mag, detected on optical CCD images, with the unresolved fluctuations on a deep (74 ks) ROSAT PSPC image. We detect a positive and significant (5sigma) signal in the cross-correlation function, in good agreement with our previous results from slightly less deep data. We measure similar cross-correlation amplitudes for brighter (18&lt;=R&lt;21) and fainter (21&lt;=R&lt;=23) subsets of the galaxies. These results are consistent with a galaxy X-ray emissivity of rho_0(0.7-2.0 keV)=1.09+/-0.14x10^38h_50 erg s^-1 Mpc^-3 locally, increasing with AGN-like evolution to rho_z(0.7-2.0 keV)~=4.16+/-0.53x10^38h_50 erg s^-1 Mpc^-3 at the mean redshift of the galaxies, and would indicate that the faint galaxy contribution to the XRB is similar to that from QSOs. The galaxies show cross-correlations similar to the unresolved XRB in the 0.70-1.07 and 1.07-2.0 keV energy bands. From the ratio of these two cross-correlations, we derive an X-ray hardness ratio for the summed emission from 18&lt;=R&lt;=23 galaxies. We find this corresponds to either a high-temperature (&lt;e1&gt;kTd&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;2.5 keV) thermal spectrum or a power law with spectral index alpha_x~=-0.6+/-0.7. This is harder than the expected emission from giant ellipticals, but in agreement with the X-ray properties of star-forming galaxies. Extrapolation of our results to higher redshifts suggests that evolving, star-forming galaxies would produce ~30-50 per cent of the total 0.7-2.0 keV XRB, sufficient to explain the non-QSO component of the XRB in this energy range.
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14.48875
6.508846
1996-10-01
14
1996MNRAS.282..820R
[ "faint galaxies", "similar cross-correlation amplitudes", "a galaxy X-ray emissivity", "XRB", "-", "non-QSO", "higher redshifts", "an X-ray hardness ratio", "erg s^-1 Mpc^-3", "optical CCD images" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/282.3.820" ]
[ "Roche, N.", "Griffiths, R. E.", "della Ceca, R.", "Shanks, T.", "Boyle, B. J.", "Georgantopoulos, I.", "Stewart, G. C." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1998A&A...332...55P", "1998AN....319...21G", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999A&A...348..673C", "1999ASPC..170..365V", "1999MNRAS.305L..31G", "1999MNRAS.310..255N", "2000AdSpR..25..853G", "2000MNRAS.318.1073P", "2000MNRAS.318L..21N", "2001MNRAS.324..305G", "2004AdSpR..34.2486G", "2004MNRAS.349..135G" ]
[ "1984ApJ...286..144W", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1990ApJ...360..483G", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1990ismg.conf..201S", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.249..698C", "1991Natur.353..315S", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992A&A...264...11T", "1992ApJ...388...82D", "1992ApJ...393..134K", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1992MNRAS.255..545G", "1993A&A...275....1H", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.262..619G", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.264..604B", "1993Natur.364..693L", "1993nag..conf..133H", "1994A&A...288...77S", "1994ApJ...432..598D", "1994ApJ...434..424M", "1994MNRAS.270L..17M", "1994MNRAS.271..639B", "1994nhxr.conf..331S", "1994nhxr.conf..359B", "1994nhxr.conf..503A", "1995A&A...296....1C", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...451..564V", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995MNRAS.272..462B", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.273L..15R", "1995MNRAS.275...22C", "1995MNRAS.275...77G", "1995MNRAS.277.1312C", "1995Natur.375..469W", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995PASJ...47L...5G", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460L...1L", "1996MNRAS.280..276G", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.280..469T", "1996MNRAS.281...71G", "1996rftu.proc..331M", "1996rftu.proc..369D" ]
2012551
null
Multicolor Two-Dimensional Photometric Study of Galaxies in Rich Abell Clusters
Bessel BVRI photometric data was gathered for 961 galaxies and 384 stars from the central 1 Mpc of six rich Abell clusters. These clusters where Abell 576, 957, 1185, 1377, 2063 and 2657. Each object was examined with two fitting functions and an asymptotic magnitude was determined. One fitting function produced a shape parameter beta which, when taken in combination with the color index (B - I), showed a breakdown of the three basic morphological types (E, S0, and S) into six beta-types. These six beta-types could be determined on images where visual classification was extremely uncertain. Therefore, this technique provides a tool for classification of galaxies from coursely sampled data or from the deepest HST fields. In addition, the beta parameter provided a method of star-galaxy separation which was 96% efficient. The breakdown of the galaxies into six beta-types provided a probe into the nature of these rich Abell clusters. An examination of the luminosity functions, overall color indices, and counts of the various beta-types show differences in the clusters based on their Rood-Sastry type. These differences may provide clues to the underlying physics for the creation and evolution of these clusters. (SECTION: Dissertation Summary)
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12.382007
5.699473
1996-10-01
0
1996PASP..108..950H
[ "overall color indices", "Bessel BVRI photometric data", "galaxies", "visual classification", "Dissertation Summary", "classification", "star-galaxy separation", "differences", "the beta parameter", "six rich Abell clusters" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133818" ]
[ "Hintz, Eric George Bowman" ]
[ "-" ]
null
null
11607231
astro-ph/9603101
A Comparison of X-ray and Strong Lensing Properties of Simulated X-ray Clusters
We use gas-dynamical simulations of galaxy clusters to compare their X-ray and strong lensing properties. Special emphasis is laid on mass estimates. The cluster masses range between 6x10^14 and 4x10^15 M_solar, and they are examined at redshifts between 1 and 0. We compute the X-ray emission of the intracluster gas by thermal bremsstrahlung, add background contamination, and mimic imaging and spectral observations with current X-ray telescopes. Although the beta model routinely provides excellent fits to the X-ray emission profiles, the derived masses are typically biased low because of the restricted range of radii within which the fit can be done. For beta values of ~2/3, which is the average in our numerically simulated sample, the mass is typically underestimated by ~40 per cent. The masses of clusters that exhibit pronounced substructure are often substantially underestimated. We suggest that the ratio between peak temperature and emission-weighted average cluster temperature may provide a good indicator for ongoing merging and, therefore, for unreliable mass estimates. X-ray mass estimates are substantially improved if we fit a King density profile rather than the beta model to the X-ray emission, thereby dropping the degree of freedom associated with beta. Clusters selected for their strong lensing properties are typically dynamically more active than typical clusters. Bulk flows in the intracluster gas contain a larger than average fraction of the internal energy of the gas in such objects, hence the measured gas temperatures are biased low. The bulk of the optical depth for arc formation is contributed by clusters with intermediate rather than high X-ray luminosity. Arcs occur predominantly in clusters that exhibit substructure and are not in an equilibrium state. Finally, we explain why the X-ray emission of some observed arc clusters is cooler than predicted from the arc geometry. All clusters for which this happens in our simulations show structure in velocity space, indicating ongoing merging along the line of sight. The temperature discrepancy is probably a projection effect.
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12.905129
4.532588
1996-11-01
106
1996MNRAS.283..431B
[ "X-ray mass estimates", "current X-ray telescopes", "galaxy clusters", "Clusters", "clusters", "typical clusters", "the X-ray emission profiles", "ray", "-", "the X-ray emission" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "DARK MATTER", "X-RAYS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.2.431", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9603101" ]
[ "Bartelmann, Matthias", "Steinmetz, Matthias" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
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[ "1933AcHPh...6..110Z", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977AJ.....82.1013L", "1977MNRAS.181..375G", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985ApJ...292..441H", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ARA&A..30..543M", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994A&A...287....1B", "1994ApJ...426..513B", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...428..405B", "1994ApJ...429....4C", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1995A&A...297....1B", "1995A&A...297..287S", "1995A&A...299...11B", "1995ApJ...438...49B", "1995ApJ...443L...9H", "1995ApJ...449...18M", "1995ApJ...454..643S", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1995MNRAS.275..720N", "1995PASJ...47..105S", "1996A&A...305..383S", "1996A&A...305..756S", "1996ApJ...456..437M", "1996ApJ...462..563N", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996MNRAS.278.1005S", "1996MNRAS.280..199W", "1996MNRAS.281..716C" ]
11601618
astro-ph/9509149
Baryonic Dark Halos: A Cold Gas Component?
We consider the possibility that some of the dark matter in the halos of galaxies may be in the form of cold, dense gas clouds. A number of observational and dynamical arguments point to the existence of hitherto unobserved cold gas around galaxies. The cold gas may be stabilized if it is embedded within dark miniclusters of collisionless objects or particles, or if the thermal balance of the gas is dominated by gas-grain heating. Typical cloud masses are ~1 M_sun_, and the gas temperature is &lt;~ 10 K. We discuss the evolution of the halo cold gas content and derive constraints on the miniclusters within the framework of a simple two-component model. Various predictions are given for testing the hypothesis that such clouds could contribute substantially to the mass in the outer halos of galaxies. If halos are indeed partly baryonic and contain significant amounts of cold gas, they are likely to play a much more active role in galaxy formation and evolution than is commonly supposed.
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12.267437
8.614549
1996-11-01
114
1996ApJ...472...34G
[ "cold gas", "dark miniclusters", "galaxy formation", "cold, dense gas clouds", "such clouds", "halos", "Typical cloud masses", "the halo cold gas content", "galaxies", "The cold gas" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "ISM: CLOUDS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/178039", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509149" ]
[ "Gerhard, Ortwin", "Silk, Joseph" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ASSL..209..451C", "1996ApJ...470..493D", "1996astro.ph.10031D", "1997A&A...327..453C", "1997ASPC..117...82O", "1997ASPC..117..249P", "1997ASPC..117..266D", "1997PhR...279...67R", "1998A&A...329...74D", "1998A&A...329..920C", "1998A&A...330..953M", "1998Ap&SS.262...39C", "1998ApJ...498L.125W", "1998ApJ...500...59D", "1998ApJ...509L..41D", "1998CeMDA..72...69B", "1998MNRAS.294..283D", "1998MNRAS.300.1006D", "1998NewA....3..539D", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1998PhyU...41..945Z", "1999A&A...350L...9K", "1999A&AS..134..377M", "1999ASPC..165...27S", "1999ASPC..165..515D", "1999ASPC..166..269W", "1999ApJ...510L.103D", "1999ApJ...522..313M", "1999ApJ...522..793S", "1999ApJ...522L..29V", "1999ApJ...527L.109W", "1999MNRAS.303..755S", "1999MNRAS.304..495D", "1999MNRAS.306..504W", "1999MNRAS.308..551W", "1999MNRAS.309...63S", "1999PASA...16..262W", "1999PhDT........19B", "1999dmap.conf..375B", "1999dmap.conf..433D", "1999h2sp.confE..46C", "2000A&A...359...65B", "2000ARep...44...65S", "2000ASPC..209..148C", "2000ApJ...529...77I", "2000ApJ...543..153T", "2000ApJ...544L..41G", "2000MNRAS.312...33S", "2000MNRAS.319.1001S", "2000NJPh....2...12D", "2000NuPhS..87...90R", "2000NuPhS..87..430J", "2000astro.ph..6393T", "2001ASPC..228..175B", "2001ASPC..243..155M", "2001Ap&SS.276..151S", "2001ApJ...547..207R", "2001MNRAS.322...67S", "2001MNRAS.323..147L", "2002A&A...382....6B", "2002A&A...393L..41H", "2002MNRAS.332L..29K", "2002MNRAS.335L..62K", "2002NewAR..46..755C", "2002NuPhS.110...16R", "2002SSRv..100..117J", "2002astro.ph.10483W", "2002maun.conf..117J", "2003ApJ...589..281D", "2003ApJ...589..810W", "2003ApJ...595..418T", "2004Ap&SS.291..185K", "2004ApJ...601..798C", "2004ApJ...606L..13H", "2004ApJ...610..868O", "2004IAUS..220..241P", "2004MNRAS.354..543S", "2004bdmh.confE..87P", "2004mmu..symp...67S", "2004mmu..symp..159T", "2005A&A...431..511P", "2005AIPC..761..344T", "2005JCAP...08..007A", "2005MNRAS.356..371B", "2005SSRv..119..313S", "2006A&A...450..193H", "2006ApJ...640L.131C", "2006RSPTA.364.3091C", "2007ASPC..365..177H", "2007arXiv0705.2908C", "2008MNRAS.386..138B", "2008arXiv0812.0797S", "2009A&A...501..171R", "2009arXiv0904.4638R", "2010JCAP...02..031S", "2011A&A...532A.121H", "2011ApJ...736...91L", "2012JPhCS.354a2004D", "2013MNRAS.429.2537M", "2013MNRAS.434.2814W", "2017Ap&SS.362..115K", "2018A&A...609A.131G", "2018A&A...613A..64F", "2019A&A...629A..87D", "2019ApJ...881...69W", "2019ApJS..243....1P", "2020arXiv201208326K", "2021MNRAS.502.3294W", "2022A&A...664A..30T", "2022ApJ...932....4W", "2022MNRAS.513.2491T", "2023Symm...15..160T", "2024MNRAS.528.1979T", "2024PhRvD.109b3003A" ]
[ "1956ApJ...124...20S", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1968Ap&SS...1..388D", "1968dms..book.....S", "1970ApJ...161...87V", "1972ApJ...175...31S", "1974ASSL...43..299G", "1976MNRAS.176..483R", "1976PhDT........26Z", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...211..135C", "1977ApJ...214..152S", "1978ApJ...222..881G", "1979A&A....74...73S", "1979ApJS...41..555H", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1981seng.proc..111T", "1983ApJ...265..223B", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1983bhwd.book.....S", "1984A&A...134..258V", "1984ApJ...280..465L", "1985ApJ...298...18F", "1985prpl.conf..104L", "1986A&A...161...89S", "1986A&A...165....1U", "1986ApJ...301...27B", "1986ApJ...303...56H", "1987ASSL..134..731B", "1987IAUS..117...67S", "1988A&A...207....1S", "1988ApJ...332L..33C", "1988qal..conf..241S", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989ARA&A..27..469B", "1990ApJ...358..399M", "1990ApJ...363...50M", "1990ApJ...363...66L", "1991AJ....101.1231C", "1991AJ....102...48R", "1991ApJ...369...57D", "1991ApJ...377..158V", "1991MNRAS.249..523B", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992A&A...254...99D", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992AJ....103.1552M", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...389L...1M", "1992ApJ...392L..47F", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...400..273C", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1993A&A...269....7B", "1993A&A...273L..19E", "1993A&A...280L..23L", "1993AIPC..278..193W", "1993ApJ...411..439S", "1993ApJ...412L..21B", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993MNRAS.262..901A", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1994A&A...282L..41W", "1994A&A...285...79P", "1994A&A...285...94P", "1994AJ....108..538P", "1994AJ....108.1619Z", "1994ARA&A..32..531C", "1994ApJ...422...92D", "1994ApJ...422..467O", "1994ApJ...425..551M", "1994ApJ...427..822B", "1994ApJ...433L...5F", "1994ApJ...435...22K", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1994ApJ...436..629S", "1995A&A...295..567D", "1995A&A...299..647D", "1995A&A...301....1A", "1995ApJ...441...70H", "1995ApJS..100..132N", "1995IAUS..164..195K", "1995MNRAS.275..897N", "1995PhLB..347..347K", "1995Sci...267..192C", "1996A&A...308L...5P", "1996A&A...308L..21S", "1996ApJ...457..565B", "1996ApJ...457L..51H", "1996ApJ...461...84A", "1996MNRAS.278L...5E" ]
11600995
astro-ph/9608119
A Dynamical Analysis of the Poor Galaxy Clusters Abell 2626 and Abell 2440
We use 189 new radial velocities and R band CCD photometry to study the galaxy clusters Abell 2626 and Abell 2440. By combining these new optical constraints with archival x-ray images and gas temperature measurements, we investigate the dynamical nature of both systems. We derive masses, luminosity functions, and mass-to-light ratios. The symmetric x-ray emission from A2626 suggests a relaxed, single-component system; however, our sample of 159 redshifts reveals a complex, three-component cluster at cz ~ 17500 km/s. One of these components is a typical x-ray bright cluster, a second has a cluster-like galaxy population with a much lower central galaxy and gas density, and the third is a background structure with field galaxy composition. A comparison of the magnitude distributions within the two subclusters suggests that A2626 is a merger in progress (at 93% confidence). Virial masses and a composite luminosity function for a region with projected radius r= 1.5h^-1^ Mpc yield a mass- to-light ratio M/L_R_ ~ 610h. Analysis of the x-ray emission from the primary component yields a gas mass function of ~2.2h^-3/2^% and a baryon fraction of ~3.4%. A radial infall model indicates that the virial mass may be an underestimate. The bimodal x-ray emission and elongated galaxy distribution of A2440 have been studied before (Baier 1979; Beers et al. 1991). With deeper, CCD R band photometry we demonstrate a striking correspondence between the galaxy and cluster gas distributions. The galaxy distribution has three main components, each associated with a giant elliptical galaxy. The two larger peaks in the galaxy distribution coincide with the primary peaks in the x-ray emission, and the third is associated with a significant x-ray surface brightness enhancement. We use this galaxy-gas correspondence, 48 redshifts, and the structure of the x-ray emission to argue that the subclusters are bound within a single system, and that the two primary components are beginning to merge. The composite luminosity function and estimates of the subcluster virial masses indicate a mass-to-light ratio in the range M/L_R_ = 660h to 880h.
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13.536008
4.979418
1996-11-01
33
1996AJ....112.1816M
[ "archival x-ray images", "elongated galaxy distribution", "field galaxy composition", "The bimodal x-ray emission", "The symmetric x-ray emission", "the x-ray emission", "luminosity functions", "a typical x-ray bright cluster", "a significant x-ray surface brightness enhancement", "R band CCD photometry" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: ABELL 2626", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: ABELL 2440", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/118144", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9608119" ]
[ "Mohr, Joseph J.", "Geller, Margaret J.", "Wegner, Gary" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114...25M", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997ApJ...491...38M", "1998AJ....116.2108K", "1998ApJ...492...45S", "1999ApJ...510..564S", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999PASP..111..438F", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000AJ....119...21R", "2001ApJ...546..157V", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2008ApJ...682..155W", "2008MNRAS.383..445W", "2008SSRv..134...93F", "2011A&A...525A..79M", "2013MNRAS.436L..84G", "2014ApJ...794...12B", "2014MNRAS.438.2186H", "2015arXiv150201195D", "2016A&A...595A..73B", "2016ApJ...831..156Y", "2017A&A...604A..21I", "2017ApJ...837...88B", "2017MNRAS.470.4168B", "2018A&A...610A..89I", "2018ApJ...860..118Y", "2018MNRAS.476.4753J", "2020MNRAS.497..656B", "2021A&A...654A.173H", "2021AJ....162..193H", "2024MNRAS.532.1849W" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1973asqu.book.....A", "1977ApJ...213L..99B", "1977ApJS...34..451S", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978A&A....70..677C", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...241..552F", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982ApJ...257...23B", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1986ApJ...301...57B", "1986ApJ...303..535L", "1986ApJ...308..530F", "1986MNRAS.221..453L", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ApJ...336...77F", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990SPIE.1235..747F", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1992BICDS..41...31H", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....105..788F", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994AJ....108.1476F", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994ApJ...437...63C", "1994MNRAS.268..953P", "1995AJ....110..502D", "1995ApJ...446..583B", "1995ApJ...446L..55T", "1995ApJ...447L..21Z", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1996ApJ...464...60L" ]
2642683
astro-ph/9608142
A wide-field K-band survey - II. Galaxy clustering
We present the first measurement of the angular correlation function in a K-selected galaxy survey, from two fields covering almost 10 °<SUP>-2</SUP>. The angular correlation function at small angles is well described by a Θ<SUP>-0.8</SUP> power law, as for optically selected samples. The clustering amplitude is reduced by a factor of ∼4 between galaxies with K&lt;15 and a fainter magnitude slice with 15&lt;K&lt;16. This allows us to place constraints upon the redshift distribution of the galaxies and their spatial correlation function. We find no clear evidence for a change in clustering amplitude when galaxies are selected by their observed B - K colours.
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12.475832
5.223125
1996-11-01
40
1996MNRAS.283L..15B
[ "galaxies", "clustering amplitude", "small angles", "The angular correlation function", "the angular correlation function", "their spatial correlation function", "a K-selected galaxy survey", "K&lt;15", "∼4", "constraints" ]
[ "surveys - galaxies: clusters: general - cosmology: observations - largescale structure of Universe - infrared: galaxies", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.1.L15", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9608142" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M.", "Gardner, J. P.", "Frenk, C. S.", "Sharples, R. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...321L...1B", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1998ASPC..146..268A", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.297..427A", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "2000A&A...353..867K", "2000A&A...361..535D", "2000ASPC..200...68M", "2000ApJ...540..593V", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2000astro.ph..4224V", "2001ApJ...548..127T", "2001ApJ...559..592T", "2003ApJ...588...50D", "2003MNRAS.346..803R", "2004A&A...416....1L", "2004ApJ...611..685O", "2004ApJS..154...30O", "2004ApJS..154...35F", "2004MNRAS.352...44G", "2004astro.ph..5592O", "2005ApJ...629...29M", "2005MNRAS.360.1244A", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2007MNRAS.381.1437W", "2008MNRAS.391.1589O", "2009RAA.....9..979M", "2010ApJ...708..202M", "2011ApJ...727..111F", "2011MNRAS.410..548M", "2013MNRAS.430..425B", "2014A&A...568A..24B", "2016MNRAS.455.1629W", "2017JKAS...50...61S", "2023A&A...669A..27S", "2023MNRAS.523..251V" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382L...5G", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995ApJS...98..441G", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.280..267B", "1996MNRAS.281L..47R", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G" ]
11608959
astro-ph/9609137
Formation of the Galaxy
Current ideas on the formation of the Galaxy are reviewed. Many of the observed characteristics of our Milky Way System are consistent with a scenario in which the Galaxy formed inside out, with the inner part of it evolving by rapid collapse of a single protogalaxy, while the outer halo was accreted over an extended period. A number of possible problems with this "Standard Model" are discussed and summarized in section 5. (SECTION: The Galaxy)
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10.205032
7.292118
1996-11-01
28
1996PASP..108..986V
[ "Milky Way System", "Standard Model", "Galaxy", "rapid collapse", "possible problems", "Current ideas", "our Milky Way System", "section", "the outer halo", "a single protogalaxy" ]
[ "GALAXY: FORMATION", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/133824", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9609137" ]
[ "van den Bergh, Sidney" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...483L...1P", "1997astro.ph..3048H", "1998A&AS..131..483B", "1998ApJ...503..186G", "1999A&ARv...9..273V", "1999ApJ...526L..13T", "1999ApJ...527..199J", "2000ApJ...530..777V", "2000ApJ...533..869C", "2001A&AT...20.1066K", "2001AJ....122.3136L", "2001ApJ...547L.123M", "2001ApJ...558..666B", "2001ApJ...559..754M", "2001MNRAS.322..257F", "2002A&A...396..117K", "2002A&AT...21..137T", "2002AJ....124.1328D", "2002IAUS..207....3H", "2002IAUS..207..163K", "2003A&A...405..931P", "2003Ap&SS.284..651T", "2003MNRAS.338..587B", "2003RMxAC..17...60T", "2003S&W....42j..40V", "2004ApJ...607..688G", "2007MNRAS.381..669W", "2016MNRAS.456.2126S" ]
[ "1939Obs....62..104O", "1944ApJ...100..137B", "1951POMic..10....7B", "1957ZA.....43..236V", "1959AJ.....64..432M", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1968ApJ...154..215R", "1969AJ.....74..587H", "1971ApJ...170..241M", "1973ApJ...184..815R", "1975ARA&A..13..217V", "1976ApJ...209..418H", "1977MNRAS.181P..37F", "1977egsp.conf..219S", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1980A&A....88..360V", "1981ApJ...244..912R", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1985A&A...152L...1H", "1986ApJ...309..472Q", "1987ASIC..207..281H", "1987MNRAS.224..175G", "1988AJ.....96..884T", "1988ASPC....4...59P", "1988ApJ...334..927L", "1990AJ.....99..572C", "1990ApJ...353..494F", "1990JRASC..84...70S", "1991AJ....101..873S", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991Ap&SS.184..169B", "1991ApJ...367..528S", "1991ApJ...379..631B", "1992A&A...255..255R", "1992AJ....103..104B", "1992AJ....104..144W", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992IAUS..149...23S", "1992Natur.359..806H", "1992PASJ...44..325S", "1992PASP..104..798L", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..142L", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1993ApJ...410L..79M", "1993ApJ...411..178V", "1993IAUS..153....3K", "1993IAUS..153...73D", "1993IAUS..153..151R", "1993IAUS..153..391S", "1994AJ....107.1079P", "1994AJ....107.1097G", "1994AJ....108..538P", "1994AJ....108.2145V", "1994ApJ...423..248L", "1994ApJ...430L.105F", "1994ApJ...430L.121B", "1994ApJ...431..645N", "1994ApJS...91..749M", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1994PASP..106..726S", "1995A&A...302...69P", "1995A&AS..114....1K", "1995AJ....109.1663M", "1995AJ....109.1697T", "1995AJ....109.1706S", "1995AJ....109.2533D", "1995AJ....110.1171V", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1995AJ....110.1649M", "1995AJ....110.2206K", "1995ARA&A..33..381F", "1995ApJ...451..598J", "1995ApJ...455L.159R", "1995Natur.376..399B", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995Natur.377..701O", "1995PASP..107.1016H", "1996AJ....111..220T", "1996AJ....111.1169I", "1996AJ....111.2439C", "1996AJ....112..171S", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996ASPC...92....3F", "1996ASPC...92..119M", "1996ASPC...92..221F", "1996ASPC...92..231H", "1996ASPC...92..307G", "1996ASPC...92..387S", "1996ASPC...92..415B", "1996ASPC...92..453M", "1996ApJ...459..579M", "1996ApJ...459L..73M", "1996ApJ...463..602R", "1996MNRAS.278..727U", "1996MNRAS.278..947B", "1996MNRAS.279.1083C", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996PASP..108..166C" ]
11600594
astro-ph/9610242
An ISOPHOT study of the disk of galaxy NGC 6946: 60μminfrared and radio continuum correlation.
We use the ISOPHOT 60μmimage of Tuffs et al. (1996) to study the 60μmlight distribution and its correlation with radio continuum within the disk of spiral galaxy NGC 6946, and to resolve the long-standing IRAS controversy as to whether the infrared-to-radio continuum ratio, Q, decreases radially out in galaxy disks. Our main results are: (1) The disk at 60μmalso appears to follow an exponential fall-off. Its e-folding scale-length lies between 1.3' and an upper limit of 1.9', obtained from the mean radial profile between 1.5' and 4' in radius. This scale length is smaller than that derived from the radio continuum data at either 20cm or 6cm, with or without the thermal component removed, at a significance level of &gt;2σ. (2) From 1.5' to 4' in radius, the 60μm-to-radio continuum surface brightness ratio, Q, decreases by a factor of 1.5 to 1.7 on average. These quantitative results agree with that of Marsh &amp; Helou (1995ApJ...445..599M) using IRAS HiRes data, but not with that of Fitt et al. (1992MNRAS.255..146F) based on IRAS CPC data. Our results also fit into the picture of the radio disk as a "smeared" version of the infrared disk, but are not consistent with the picture in which the variation of Q is a result of the thermal and non-thermal radio components having two distinct, constant values of the infrared-to-radio ratio.
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13.066856
8.013615
1996-11-01
17
1996A&A...315L.153L
[ "radio", "IRAS HiRes data", "galaxy disks", "IRAS HiRes", "IRAS CPC data", "IRAS CPC", "the radio continuum data", "IRAS", "Fitt et al", "Q" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 6946", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9610242" ]
[ "Lu, N. Y.", "Helou, G.", "Tuffs, R.", "Xu, C.", "Malhotra, S.", "Werner, M. W.", "Thronson, H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...315L..43S", "1996A&A...315L.149T", "1998A&A...334...57H", "1998A&A...335..123F", "1998A&A...335..807A", "1998A&A...339...19S", "1999ASPC..177..197H", "2000ApJS..131..413Z", "2001AJ....122..140W", "2001ApJ...548..172G", "2002A&A...388....7W", "2002AJ....124.2548J", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2003MNRAS.341..909L", "2010ApJ...713..524L", "2010MNRAS.401.1839Z", "2013MNRAS.435.1598B" ]
[ "1977A&A....55..421V", "1982A&A...108..176K", "1984ApJ...284..461D", "1990AJ.....99.1674A", "1990ApJ...358..418R", "1990ApJ...362...59B", "1991A&A...251...15B", "1991ApJS...76..875E", "1992MNRAS.255..146F", "1993ApJ...415...93H", "1994A&A...285...19X", "1994ApJ...430...53P", "1995ApJ...445..599M", "1996Natur.379...47B" ]
11601632
astro-ph/9605200
Environmental Effect on the Associations of Background Quasars with Foreground Objects. I. Analytic Investigation
The associations of the angular positions of background quasars with foreground galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and quasars are often attributed to statistical lensing by gravitational potentials of the matter along the lines of sight, although it is known that the presence of none of the individual objects (galaxies, clusters, or quasars) is sufficient to explain fully the reported amplitudes of the quasar number enhancements. This probably arises from the fact that the gravitational lensing effect of the environmental matter surrounding these objects has been ignored. In this paper we conduct an extensive study of the influence of the environmental matter on the prediction of the quasar enhancement factor by employing a spatial two-point correlation function. Assuming a singular isothermal sphere for the mass density profile in galaxies and cluster of galaxies, we estimate the average surface mass density {SIGMA}^bar^ around galaxies, clusters, and quasars from the galaxy-galaxy, cluster-cluster, cluster-galaxy, and quasar-galaxy correlations. Our results show that the {SIGMA}^bar^ induced quasar number enhancement in the scenario of gravitational magnification depends critically on the mass density parameters of galaxies ({OMEGA}_g_) and clusters of galaxies ({OMEGA}_c_) in the universe. For a flat cosmological model with {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 the environmental matter can indeed play an important role in the lensing origin of the quasar-quasar and quasar-galaxy associations if {OMEGA}_g_ ~ {OMEGA}_c_ ~ {OMEGA}_0_, while it is unlikely that {SIGMA}^bar^ is sufficient to account for the reported quasar overdensity behind quasars/galaxies if galaxies and clusters of galaxies contribute no more than 25% to the matter of the unIverse. Nonetheless, the recently observed quasar-cluster associations on a scale of ~10' cannot be the result of gravitational lensing by the cluster environmental matter even if {OMEGA}_g_ = {OMEGA}_c_ = {OMEGA}_0_.
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14.508271
6.197568
1996-11-01
10
1996ApJ...471..575W
[ "galaxies", "foreground galaxies", "quasar number enhancement", "cluster", "clusters", "_", "gravitational potentials", "gravitational magnification", "quasar-galaxy correlations", "the cluster environmental matter" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177991", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9605200" ]
[ "Wu, Xiang-Ping", "Fang, Li-Zhi", "Zhu, Zonghong", "Qin, Bo" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...476L..55W", "1997ApJ...488..557W", "1997ApJ...490...31Z", "1998A&A...335...69C", "1998ChA&A..22..123Z", "1998IJMPD...7..463Z", "1999MNRAS.303..411C", "1999MNRAS.307L..17C", "2000ApJ...538....1F", "2003MNRAS.342..467M" ]
[ "1982AJ.....87..972Q", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1984ApJ...284....1T", "1986AJ.....92..691T", "1986ApJ...300...56A", "1988A&A...204...73F", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1989A&A...221..221S", "1989ApJ...339L..53N", "1990A&A...240...11F", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991ApJ...380L...9B", "1991MNRAS.253...99F", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993MNRAS.262..187W", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994A&A...284....1B", "1994A&A...286..748W", "1994AJ....107..451R", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1995AIPC..336..331R", "1995ApJ...447L..81B", "1995MNRAS.272..705W", "1995Natur.377..600O", "1996ApJ...461L...5W", "1996ApJ...463..404W", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996astro.ph..1014S" ]
1986653
null
The Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy NGC 6822.II.The Old and Intermediate -Age Star Formation History
We present a study of the old and intermediate-age star formation history (SFH) of the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy (DIG) NGC 6822. It has been quantitatively obtained from the comparison of the observed [(V-I)_0_, M_I_] CM diagram with a set of model CM diagrams, computed assuming different evolutionary scenarios. The comparison has been performed through a number of indicators relative to the stars' distribution in two key structures of the CM diagram, the red-tail and the red-tangle. They contain most of the resolved stars of the galaxy which represent a major fraction of its SFH. The reliability of the model CM diagrams computed is a result of three main components: (i) a reliable set of stellar evolutionary models covering the needed range of ages and metallicities, (ii) the interpolation of the stellar evolutionary tracks of fixed mass and metallicity to determine the precise, smooth distribution of stars of any age, mass, and metallicity on the CM diagram, and (iii) a realistic simulation of the observational effects on the synthetic CM diagram. Significant constraints have been put on the SFH of NGC 6822. The main results reached are the following: (i) Star formation beginning later than 6 Gyr ago can be ruled out. Star formation beginning at about 6 Gyr ago would only be possible if the galaxy started its early star formation from gas already enriched to about half the current metallicity, or if a prompt metal enrichment occurred in the galaxy. (ii) NGC 6822 has most likely begun forming stars at a very early epoch (about 15-12 Gyr ago), from low metallicity gas. (iii) An SFR close to constant or declining in the last few Gyr of the galaxy's lifetime seems best to reproduce the observations. Short-time and small-amplitude fluctuations of the SFR may have occurred. This result solves a long lasting question about the age of the stars in the Baade's sheet, confirming, at least for NGC 6822, the original idea of Baade (1963) that DIGs contain a considerable amount of old stars.
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10.837946
8.038549
1996-11-01
137
1996AJ....112.1950G
[ "Star formation", "model CM diagrams", "old stars", "stars", "stellar evolutionary models", "irregular galaxy", "low metallicity gas", "CM", "ages", "metallicity" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 6822", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
3
[ "10.1086/118154" ]
[ "Gallart, C.", "Aparicio, A.", "Bertelli, G.", "Chiosi, C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996AJ....112.2596G", "1997AJ....114..669A", "1997AJ....114..680A", "1997AJ....114..988E", "1997AJ....114.1447A", "1997AJ....114.2514D", "1997AJ....114.2527D", "1997ApJ...480L.107M", "1997NewA....2..397D", "1997PASP..109..629G", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1997astro.ph..6197A", "1998A&AS..132..133N", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998AJ....115.1462M", "1998AJ....115.1840H", "1998AJ....115.1869G", "1998AJ....115.2356C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...493L..23S", "1998ApJ...495L..43G", "1998ApJ...504..725G", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1998salg.conf..457S", "1999A&A...352..363K", "1999A&AS..134...21G", "1999AJ....117.2244O", "1999AJ....117.2789H", "1999AJ....118..302A", "1999AJ....118..853L", "1999AJ....118..862M", "1999AJ....118.2229M", "1999AJ....118.2245G", "1999ASPC..170..169S", "1999ApJ...514..665G", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999IAUS..192..304A", "1999cezh.conf..124S", "2000A&A...354..874P", "2000AJ....119..177A", "2000AJ....120.3060H", "2000ASPC..218..357D", "2000ASPC..221..133G", "2000ApJ...542..137H", "2000ESASP.445...87G", "2000NewAR..44..335P", "2000PASP..112.1162W", "2000astro.ph..7239G", "2000astro.ph.11126G", "2000fist.conf..283M", "2001AJ....121.1013B", "2001AJ....121.2020B", "2001AJ....122.2490W", "2001Ap&SS.276..545A", "2001ApJ...547..765V", "2001ApJ...553..121H", "2001ApJS..136...25H", "2001MNRAS.327..918T", "2002A&A...390..121K", "2002A&A...390..917V", "2002A&A...392.1129N", "2002Ap&SS.281..109A", "2002MNRAS.331..293W", "2002MNRAS.332...91D", "2002RMxAC..12..230V", "2003AJ....125..754W", "2003AJ....125.1247H", "2003AJ....125.3097W", "2003AJ....126.1326V", "2003AJ....126.2752A", "2003ApJ...588L..85C", "2003ApJ...590L..17K", "2003ApJ...596..253S", "2003MNRAS.340..143W", "2003MNRAS.341L..39D", "2003MSAIS...3..137T", "2003PASP..115..635D", "2004A&A...415..915R", "2004AJ....127.2723K", "2004AJ....128.1465A", "2004AJ....128.2170H", "2004ApJ...606..869B", "2004MmSAI..75..103T", "2004MmSAI..75..126B", "2004oee..sympE..58V", "2005A&A...429..837C", "2005AIPC..752..161G", "2006A&A...454..717K", "2006AJ....131..343D", "2006AJ....132..378B", "2006ApJ...642..813L", "2006ApJS..162...49H", "2006AstL...32..149T", "2007ASPC..374..221T", "2007ApJ...662..259D", "2007ApJ...668..876Y", "2007arXiv0707.3057T", "2008AJ....135.1361D", "2008ApJ...680.1112D", "2008ApJ...685..933C", "2008ApJ...689..160W", "2009A&A...495..447H", "2009A&A...504.1031G", "2009AJ....138..558A", "2009ARA&A..47..371T", "2009ApJ...704.1538W", "2009IAUS..258...61T", "2010A&A...518L..55G", "2010AdAst2010E...3C", "2010ApJ...725.1717G", "2011A&A...525A..69B", "2011A&A...526A.123R", "2011ApJ...738...58H", "2011ApJ...739....5W", "2012A&A...537A.108K", "2012A&A...539A.103D", "2012A&A...544A..73D", "2012AJ....143...74B", "2012ApJ...751...60D", "2013ApJ...775...76D", "2014A&A...572A..10D", "2014A&A...572A..26F", "2014ApJ...789..147W", "2014MNRAS.438.1067M", "2015MNRAS.451.3489D", "2016ApJ...825..153D", "2016MNRAS.456.4315S", "2016SPIE.9909E..06F", "2018MNRAS.476.1942A", "2019IAUS..343...49T", "2019MNRAS.490..832J", "2019arXiv190302767A", "2021MNRAS.501..933P", "2023ApJ...947L..27D", "2024MNRAS.527.5339B" ]
[ "1963esg..book.....B", "1975MSRSL...8..369R", "1981A&A....94..175R", "1983ARA&A..21..271I", "1986PASP...98....5H", "1987A&A...188...74W", "1987A&AS...71..297A", "1988A&AS...74..375A", "1988ApJ...329..299B", "1989ARA&A..27..139H", "1991ApJ...375L..53B", "1992ARA&A..30..235C", "1992ApJ...388..400B", "1993A&A...267..410G", "1993AJ....105.1779B", "1993ApJ...413..641V", "1993MNRAS.262..545K", "1994A&AS..104..365F", "1994A&AS..105...29F", "1994A&AS..106..275B", "1994ApJ...425L...9G", "1994ESOC...51..101D", "1995A&A...297..727B", "1995AJ....109..173M", "1995AJ....110.2105A", "1995ApJ...438..188M", "1996A&AS..117..113G", "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996ApJ...462..684T", "1996ApJ...466..732G" ]
1989656
null
The Molonglo Reference Catalog/1 Jansky Radio Source Survey. I. Radio Galaxy Identifications
This is the first in a series of papers discussing the properties of a complete set of radio sources selected near S_408_ = 1 Jy. We present optical or infrared identifications for a sample of 452 radio galaxies. The sources were selected from the 408 MHz Molonglo Reference Catalog, restricted only by flux density and position on the sky, as follows: S_408_ &gt;= 0.95 Jy and -30^deg^ &lt; decl. (1950) &lt;-20^deg^, and 9^h^20^m^ &lt; R.A.(1950) &lt; 14^h^4^m^ or 20^h^20^m^ &lt; R.A.(1950) &lt; 6^h^14^m^. This complete sample, the MRC/1 Jy survey, contains 558 radio galaxies or quasars, of which six are occulted by bright stars or galaxies and two are multiple confused sources. Of the remaining 550 sources, 527, or 96%, are identified to an r magnitude of 25, and eight additional sources are identified to K = 19. Of the 17 unocculted objects that remain unidentified, 15 are sources for which we have either poor radio maps or inadequate optical/IR images. This paper presents finding charts and astrometric positions for the 452 sources that are not identified as either quasars or BL Lacertae objects. Magnitudes in the r passband accurate to typically 0.1 mag are given for 353 of the radio galaxy identifications. Redshifts for 268 of the galaxies are also listed; these have been derived from 450 spectroscopic observations. The radio observations, quasar and BL Lac identifications, spectroscopy, and near- IR images will be presented in subsequent papers in this series.
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14.895223
5.98827
1996-11-01
91
1996ApJS..107...19M
[ "radio sources", "multiple confused sources", "sources", "BL Lac identifications", "galaxies", "lt", "BL Lac", "Molonglo Reference Catalog", "the radio galaxy identifications", "S_408_" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
4
[ "10.1086/192353" ]
[ "McCarthy, Patrick J.", "Kapahi, Vijay K.", "van Breugel, Wil", "Persson, S. E.", "Athreya, Ramana", "Subrahmanya, C. R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..580P", "1997ApJ...484..163R", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1998A&A...329..809A", "1998AJ....115.1234C", "1998ASSL..226..165B", "1998ASSL..226..185D", "1998ASSL..226..285B", "1998ApJ...494L.143C", "1998ApJ...502..614V", "1998ApJS..118..275K", "1998ApJS..118..327K", "1998JApA...19...63A", "1998MNRAS.300..269I", "1999A&A...352L..45C", "1999A&AS..134..505P", "1999AJ....117.1122S", "1999ASPC..193...23M", "1999ApJS..122...29B", "1999IAUS..183..251A", "1999IAUS..186..321M", "1999MNRAS.303..616B", "1999MNRAS.310..223B", "1999ldss.work..236V", "2000A&A...362..519D", "2000A&AS..143..303D", "2000A&AS..145..121P", "2000AJ....119.2634B", "2000AJ....120.1612C", "2000MNRAS.317..658I", "2000MNRAS.318..453C", "2000SPIE.4005...83V", "2001AJ....121.1241D", "2001ApJ...550..122R", "2001ApJS..135...63P", "2001MNRAS.322..523R", "2001MNRAS.323..460I", "2002A&A...394...59D", "2002AJ....123..637D", "2002ASPC..284..275D", "2002MNRAS.329..277I", "2003MNRAS.346..627B", "2003NewA....8..805P", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004AJ....128.2642C", "2004MNRAS.353..377R", "2005PASP..117.1271Z", "2006MNRAS.373..972G", "2007A&A...461..823V", "2007HiA....14..382D", "2007MNRAS.375..705H", "2008A&ARv..15...67M", "2008ApJS..174..313H", "2008MNRAS.390.1505H", "2009MNRAS.394.2197B", "2009MNRAS.395.1099B", "2010MNRAS.401..633D", "2010MNRAS.405..436I", "2011MNRAS.416.1135R", "2011MNRAS.416.1900R", "2011MNRAS.417.2651M", "2011MNRAS.418...74H", "2012ApJ...744...84Y", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013A&A...553A..13O", "2013A&A...555A...4M", "2013Ap&SS.345..305Y", "2013ApJ...766...37S", "2014MNRAS.438.2898E", "2015ApJ...809L..12K", "2016ApJ...817..158F", "2016ApJ...820...65Y", "2016ApJ...830...90N", "2017ApJ...836..136F", "2017ApJ...836..174C", "2017ApJ...846...78Y", "2018PASA...35...43R", "2019MNRAS.482.2484B", "2019MNRAS.483.1354S", "2019MNRAS.489.4926G", "2020A&A...642A.153D", "2020PASA...37...17W", "2021AN....342.1062A", "2021ApJS..255...22M", "2022MNRAS.509.2122J", "2022MNRAS.510.4504T", "2023ApJS..265...32M", "2023JApA...44...13D", "2023MNRAS.519.5760L", "2024ApJS..271....8G", "2024MNRAS.527.8511A" ]
[ "1962MmRAS..68..163B", "1966ApJ...144..459W", "1966ApJ...144..861V", "1974A&AS...18..147F", "1974ApJ...191...43K", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1977MmRAS..84...61J", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1980MNRAS.190..903L", "1980RSPTA.296..367W", "1981ApJ...248...61P", "1981MNRAS.194..331P", "1981MNRAS.194..693L", "1982MNRAS.199..611A", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984ApJ...287..461C", "1984MNRAS.208..589D", "1985MNRAS.213..243A", "1985MNRAS.216..173W", "1985MNRAS.217..149E", "1985MNRAS.217..167E", "1985MNRAS.217..179E", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1986MNRAS.218...31D", "1988AJ.....96..836D", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1989AJ.....98..419V", "1989ApJ...336..702B", "1989ApJ...340...77L", "1989MNRAS.236..737E", "1989MNRAS.238..777S", "1989MNRAS.238.1171D", "1989MNRAS.240..129Y", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990AJ....100.1014M", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1991AJ....102..522M", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992PASP..104..204P", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1994AJ....107....1T", "1994ASPC...54..253R", "1994MNRAS.271..504L", "1995ApJ...438L..51S" ]
2008892
null
Anomalous radio-loudness of Cygnus A and other powerful radio galaxies.
The nearby, extremely powerful radio galaxy Cygnus A stands out as having an atypically low far-infrared/radio luminosity ratio. It is demonstrated that objects displaying such a low ratio have a radio-loudness which is anomalously high. This fact is connected to these objects inhabiting dense X-ray haloes. The enhanced radio emission is most likely due to strong radiation losses in the dense environment. It must be concluded that radio luminosity is not a good measure of AGN power.
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15.340329
6.390054
1996-11-01
103
1996MNRAS.283L..45B
[ "radio luminosity", "dense X-ray haloes", "strong radiation losses", "Cygnus A", "objects", "The enhanced radio emission", "AGN power", "the dense environment", "The nearby, extremely powerful radio galaxy", "a radio-loudness" ]
[ "Radio Galaxies: Radio Luminosities", "Radio Galaxies: Intergalactic Matter", "Radio Galaxies: Infrared Luminosities", "galaxies: active - intergalactic medium - infrared Galaxies: radio continuum" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.2.L45" ]
[ "Barthel, P. D.", "Arnaud, K. A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ApJ...482L..37O", "1998A&A...337...69O", "1998ASSL..226...99C", "1998ApJ...494L.143C", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.298.1035T", "1998MNRAS.301..131J", "1999ARep...43..135Z", "1999MNRAS.303..616B", "1999MNRAS.308.1087L", "1999NewAR..43..639G", "1999mdrg.conf..285A", "1999mdrg.conf..311F", "2000A&A...354....7B", "2000MNRAS.313..515I", "2000MNRAS.316..267W", "2000MNRAS.317..720B", "2000MNRAS.317..922R", "2000MNRAS.318.1232W", "2001A&A...368..398S", "2001A&A...372..719M", "2001ApJ...555..709L", "2001MNRAS.323..231W", "2001astro.ph..6381W", "2002ApJ...565..195S", "2002ApJ...567..781C", "2002ApJ...568..592B", "2002ApJ...577...22C", "2003NewAR..47..219W", "2003NewAR..47..231C", "2004A&A...414..927H", "2004A&A...424..531H", "2004ApJ...602..116W", "2004MNRAS.349..503G", "2004MNRAS.350..865G", "2004MNRAS.351...70B", "2005ApJ...629...88S", "2005MNRAS.362...25B", "2006ApJ...642...96E", "2006MNRAS.368L..67B", "2006MNRAS.370.1893H", "2007A&A...464..143G", "2007MNRAS.376.1849H", "2007MNRAS.379..260M", "2007MNRAS.379..894B", "2008MNRAS.391.1674W", "2009ApJ...694..268D", "2009ApJ...704.1586S", "2010ApJ...710..764K", "2010MNRAS.405..347F", "2010MNRAS.407.1078D", "2011MNRAS.411.1909F", "2011MNRAS.412..960T", "2011arXiv1101.0837A", "2012A&AT...27..557A", "2012MNRAS.425.1320I", "2012MNRAS.427.2401K", "2013ApJ...767...12G", "2013ApJ...769...79W", "2013ApJ...769..129S", "2013ApJ...770...31W", "2013MNRAS.430..174H", "2013MNRAS.436..997R", "2014A&A...563A.131S", "2014ARA&A..52..589H", "2014ApJ...788...98D", "2014MNRAS.438.2898E", "2014MNRAS.438.3233D", "2014MNRAS.442.1181K", "2014MNRAS.445..280H", "2014MNRAS.445..955B", "2015ASSL..414...83H", "2015ApJ...808..154R", "2015MNRAS.451.1025E", "2015MNRAS.453.2682I", "2015aska.confE.173K", "2016A&ARv..24...10T", "2016AJ....151..120W", "2016ApJ...830...82M", "2016MNRAS.456.1172G", "2016RAA....16...13C", "2017ApJ...843L..16B", "2017ApJ...846...78Y", "2017MNRAS.471..658R", "2018ApJS..239...33Y", "2018MNRAS.474.3361T", "2018MNRAS.475.2768H", "2019MNRAS.484..385V", "2019MNRAS.488.2701M", "2019MNRAS.489.3436J", "2020ApJ...898..169P", "2020MNRAS.493.4355M", "2020MNRAS.497.3083S", "2020MNRAS.499.5826S", "2022A&A...665A.114Z", "2022AJ....163..194P", "2023ApJ...951...73L", "2023ApJ...952..148E", "2023Galax..11..102A", "2023arXiv231210177C", "2024A&A...683A..23D", "2024A&A...686A..43I" ]
[ "1946Natur.157..296H", "1954ApJ...119..206B", "1965ApJ...141....1S", "1969ApJ...157....1K", "1973MNRAS.165..259B", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1977A&A....61...99B", "1978MNRAS.184..783M", "1983A&A...122..330M", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984ApJ...277..115F", "1984MNRAS.211..981A", "1984Natur.308...43D", "1985A&A...148..323R", "1985ApJ...291...52M", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1986ApJ...301..689H", "1987ApJ...316..611D", "1988AJ.....95...26G", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1988PhDT........22M", "1989AJ.....98.2018M", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1989MNRAS.238..777S", "1989MNRAS.240..701R", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990MNRAS.246..163T", "1991AJ....101.1623P", "1991ApJ...373..325G", "1991MNRAS.250..737B", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993MNRAS.263..999T", "1993Natur.362..326H", "1994ApJ...431L...1U", "1994ApJS...92...53W", "1995A&A...303....8H", "1995ApJ...448..521Z", "1995ApJ...448L..81W", "1995MNRAS.273..827C", "1996A&ARv...7....1C", "1996ASPC..100..341B", "1996MNRAS.278..479R", "1996cyga.book..231E" ]
1989281
null
X-Ray Evidence for the Interaction of the Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4472 with Its Virgo Cluster Environment
We analyze X-ray spatial and spectral data on the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472, the brightest galaxy in the Virgo cluster. The X-ray contours of NGC 4472 are elongated in the northeast-southwest direction, perhaps as a result of motion through the Virgo intracluster gas. A bow shock-like structure is evident on the galaxy's north side. The temperature at a given radius in this bow shock region is slightly higher than the temperature at the same radius on the galaxy's southwest side. Away from this bow shock region, the surface brightness profile of NGC 4472 can be traced out to a radius of 260 kpc in the southwest direction. Beyond 260 kpc, we find evidence for emission from both the Virgo cluster and the Galactic North Polar Spur (believed to be the rim of a hot Galactic superbubble). NGC 4472 is interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636. We do not detect any excess or deficit in the X-ray emission toward this galaxy. An H I cloud, detected previously in the 21 cm line and located midway between the two galaxies, appears to have been removed from the irregular galaxy through either tidal interaction or ram pressure stripping. We find a marginally significant hole in the ROSAT HRI and PSPC X-ray images at the position of this cloud, suggesting that the cloud lies at the front side of NGC 4472. If the hole in the X-ray images is due to soft X-ray absorption, the total gaseous mass of the cloud must be at least 1.7 x 10^9^ M_sun_, far greater than its 21 cm H I mass. This suggests that the majority of the material in the cloud is molecular.
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12.176544
7.79592
1996-11-01
114
1996ApJ...471..683I
[ "X-ray spatial", "PSPC X-ray images", "soft X-ray absorption", "the X-ray emission", "the X-ray images", "The X-ray contours", "NGC", "Virgo", "the dwarf irregular galaxy", "the giant elliptical galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4472", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: UGC 7636", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177998" ]
[ "Irwin, Jimmy A.", "Sarazin, Craig L." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1580I", "1997AJ....114..613D", "1997AJ....114.1824L", "1997ApJ...486L..83B", "1997ApJ...488..585F", "1998AJ....115.2337S", "1998ASPC..136..277M", "1998ApJ...493L...9M", "1998ApJ...495..239B", "1998ApJ...497..587S", "1998ApJ...503L..15M", "1998MNRAS.296..977B", "1998MNRAS.298..811B", "1999A&A...343..420S", "1999AJ....117..181K", "1999AJ....117.2398M", "1999AN....320..195Y", "1999AN....320..291K", "1999ASPC..182..415B", "1999ApJ...512...65B", "1999ApJ...515..542B", "1999ApJ...518...50L", "1999ApJ...519...48S", "1999ApJ...523..521F", "1999ApJ...526..114M", "1999ApJ...527L..89B", "1999MNRAS.309..685B", "1999MNRAS.310..483B", "1999MNRAS.310..663S", "2000A&A...353..487T", "2000AJ....119.2699W", "2000AJ....120..733E", "2000AJ....120.2928Z", "2000AdSpR..25..593O", "2000ApJ...530..213H", "2000ApJ...530L..17L", "2000ApJ...531L..95K", "2000ApJ...535..650B", "2000ApJ...539..172B", "2000ApJ...544..242B", "2000ApJ...545..181M", "2001A&A...374..454T", "2001ApJ...547..722L", "2001ApJ...549..228S", "2001MNRAS.322..702M", "2001MNRAS.328..185S", "2002A&A...383..791N", "2002ApJ...565..883P", "2002ApJ...573..542B", "2002ApJS..143...25C", "2002IAUS..207..256B", "2002PhDT.........7P", "2002sgdh.conf..140Z", "2003A&A...397..503S", "2003AJ....125.2975L", "2003ARA&A..41..191M", "2003ApJ...587..580B", "2003ApJ...591..850C", "2003ApJ...596..159M", "2003ApJ...599..992M", "2003AstL...29..298S", "2003MNRAS.341.1333A", "2003RMxAC..15..323D", "2004A&A...413..817I", "2004AJ....127.2094R", "2004ASSL..319..759K", "2004ApJ...613..238B", "2004MNRAS.350..609C", "2004PASJ...56L..29F", "2005A&A...429.1125L", "2005ApJ...621..663M", "2005ApJ...630..280M", "2005MNRAS.360.1069S", "2006A&A...453..883V", "2006ApJ...644..155M", "2006ApJ...646..899H", "2006PASP..118..517B", "2007MNRAS.382.1481N", "2008ApJ...679.1162J", "2008ApJ...680..897D", "2008ApJ...688..931K", "2009A&A...502..427V", "2009ApJ...703.1257H", "2010ApJ...709.1203T", "2010ApJ...715..972J", "2011A&A...530A..98P", "2011ApJ...727...41K", "2011ApJ...731...98T", "2011MNRAS.418.1901B", "2012A&A...541A.138S", "2012ASSL..378...55S", "2012ASSL..378..121K", "2012ASSL..378..235B", "2013ApJ...764L..20M", "2013MNRAS.429.1747M", "2013MNRAS.430.1516H", "2015ApJ...806..103R", "2015ApJ...806..156S", "2015MNRAS.449.2312V", "2017A&A...603A..38S", "2017A&A...603A.104H", "2017ApJ...834...16M", "2017ApJ...840L...7S", "2017ApJ...841...22V", "2017ApJ...848...26G", "2017ApJ...848...63V", "2018ApJ...857...32B", "2019AJ....158....6S", "2019ApJ...874..112S", "2019ApJ...874..161T", "2019MNRAS.482.3576W", "2020ApJ...905...28H", "2023arXiv231202587H", "2024MNRAS.529.1347D" ]
[ "1967MNRAS.137..157B", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...222....1K", "1979ApJ...234L..27F", "1981ApJ...248...47F", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1984ASSL..111..297F", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985ApJ...299..881T", "1986ApJ...301..380L", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1987ApJ...315L..39S", "1987ApJS...64..601B", "1988ASIC..229...31A", "1989AJ.....98..806G", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ASIC..274...53D", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1991Natur.350..135K", "1992ApJ...384..474L", "1992ApJ...400L..55P", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993ApJ...418..519P", "1993ApJ...418L..55F", "1993ApJ...419..479C", "1993ApJS...86...95P", "1994A&A...281..327H", "1994AJ....108..844M", "1994ApJ...437...83B", "1994Natur.368..828B", "1995ApJ...441..182K", "1995MNRAS.272..665R", "1996ApJ...461..622H" ]
1989654
null
The Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey. IV. The Redshift Catalog
The Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey consists of 1797 galaxies with b_J_ &lt; 17.15 selected randomly at a rate of 1 in 20 from automated plate measurement (APM) scans. The survey covers a solid angle of 1.3 sr (4300 deg^2^) in the south Galactic cap. Redshifts have been measured for 1790 (99.6%) of the galaxies. The median galaxy recession velocity is 15,300 km s^-1^, and so the volume probed is V ~ 1.38 x 10^6^ h^-3^ Mpc^3^. In this paper we describe the construction of the redshift catalog and present the survey data.
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12.537966
5.636202
1996-11-01
75
1996ApJS..107..201L
[ "automated plate measurement", "b_J_", "Redshifts", "APM", "The median galaxy recession velocity", "deg^2^", "lt", "b_J_ &lt", "the redshift catalog", "the south Galactic cap" ]
[ "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "SURVEYS", "TECHNIQUES: RADIAL VELOCITIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192360" ]
[ "Loveday, J.", "Peterson, B. A.", "Maddox, S. J.", "Efstathiou, G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...489...29L", "1998A&A...336..445C", "1998ASPC..146..330T", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998JKAS...31..105P", "1998MNRAS.298.1212M", "1998MNRAS.300..417R", "1998lsst.conf..147A", "1999MNRAS.308..618A", "1999MNRAS.309...89S", "1999MNRAS.309..659H", "1999MNRAS.310..262T", "1999MNRAS.310..281L", "1999MNRAS.310.1128H", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000ApJ...536..606L", "2000MNRAS.312..257H", "2000MNRAS.312..557L", "2000MNRAS.317L..51H", "2000astro.ph..8184N", "2000astro.ph.11458K", "2001MNRAS.323..130C", "2001MNRAS.326.1076D", "2001MNRAS.328.1039C", "2002A&A...391..519C", "2002ApJ...567..716R", "2002ApJ...571..172Z", "2002JKAS...35..111L", "2002MNRAS.330..876C", "2002MNRAS.336..907N", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003A&A...412...45P", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003ApJ...594..154M", "2003MNRAS.342..605F", "2003MNRAS.343...75H", "2003MNRAS.343..971L", "2003MNRAS.345.1049F", "2003astro.ph..8137R", "2003moco.book.....D", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004MNRAS.349..115H", "2004MNRAS.354..991B", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005AJ....130..957F", "2005ApJ...623..795M", "2005MNRAS.356...77K", "2005MNRAS.358..363C", "2005MNRAS.361..369L", "2006AJ....131.2035G", "2006AJ....132.2409N", "2007MNRAS.381..573R", "2008AJ....135..268W", "2008MNRAS.390..289J", "2008PASA...25..176P", "2008PASP..120..235R", "2009A&A...503..445K", "2009MNRAS.394.2050M", "2009MNRAS.395..504B", "2010A&A...514A..11M", "2012ApJ...744...76B", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2014arXiv1408.5237Z", "2015A&A...581A..53Z", "2015Ap&SS.359...17S", "2015PhRvD..91b4018S", "2016MNRAS.456..323K", "2016gac..conf..282R", "2017CoTPh..68...39S", "2019RAA....19...53Z", "2020A&A...644A..91M", "2021Galax...9...99A", "2021MNRAS.507..129S", "2023MNRAS.523.6239N", "2024ApJ...966..139H" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1975gaun.book..761S", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1980PASP...92..746C", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1988AJ.....95..284D", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988PASP..100..626R", "1988PASP..100..841R", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996MNRAS.278.1025L" ]
1887447
null
HI Observations of the Tucana Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
H I observations of the Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxy, Tucana, have been obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Within the optical extent of this galaxy, no H I was detected. The upper limit on the H I mass to blue luminosity ratio, M_HI_/L_B_ , is then ~10^-2^ for Tucana, a value similar to those of the Galactic dwarf spheroidal companions. This nondetection contrasts with the modest H I contents of Phoenix and LGS3, the other relatively isolated Local Group dwarfs with dominant old stellar populations. However, an H I cloud was detected, some 15' to the north-east of Tucana, at a heliocentric velocity of 130+/-2 km s^-1^. CCD observations of the central regions of this cloud, which has a maximum extent of ~20' x 10', did not reveal any obvious optical counterpart. The cloud has a faint tail of emission that points in the general direction of Tucana, and if it is at the same distance as the dE galaxy, then the H I mass is ~1.5 x 10^6^ M_sun_. We prefer the alternative interpretation that this H I cloud is a foreground high- velocity cloud, probably associated with the Magellanic Stream complex that pervades this part of the southern sky.
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11.246709
7.787973
1996-11-01
40
1996AJ....112.1969O
[ "H I observations", "Tucana", "Local Group", "elliptical galaxy", "dominant old stellar populations", "blue luminosity ratio", "Magellanic Stream", "a foreground high- velocity cloud", "_", "130+/-2 km s^-1^. CCD observations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: TUCANA", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR" ]
0
[ "10.1086/118155" ]
[ "Oosterloo, T.", "Da Costa, G. S.", "Staveley-Smith, L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114.2505S", "1997ASPC..116..270D", "1997ApJ...490..710Y", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998AJ....116.1690C", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999AJ....117.1758Y", "1999AJ....118..208M", "1999AJ....118..862M", "1999AJ....118.1235S", "1999ASPC..166..311W", "1999IAUS..192...17G", "1999PASA...16...18C", "1999PASP..111..306C", "2000ApJ...541..675B", "2000MNRAS.318.1241T", "2001AJ....121.2572G", "2001ASPC..240..464M", "2002A&A...389..812K", "2002AJ....124.2600W", "2002ASPC..273..235C", "2002MNRAS.336..643I", "2003AJ....125..593S", "2003AJ....125.1926G", "2003AJ....126.1295B", "2004AJ....127.2031K", "2005A&A...444..133T", "2005AJ....130.2058B", "2005nfcd.conf...35D", "2006AJ....131.2913B", "2007MNRAS.379.1475S", "2008MNRAS.385.1045M", "2009A&A...499..121F", "2009ApJ...696..385G", "2011AJ....141..106J", "2015AN....336..707K", "2016MNRAS.457.4012A", "2019MNRAS.485.2010G", "2021MNRAS.501.2562A" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..129S", "1977ApJ...212L..57C", "1978AJ.....83..360K", "1979ApJ...232L..11T", "1983AJ.....88..934C", "1983ApJ...273..530M", "1985AJ.....90.2221O", "1985ApJS...58..143B", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1989BAAS...21..775C", "1990A&AS...82....1M", "1990ApJ...355..473W", "1990ApJ...362L..55M", "1991A&A...250..484W", "1991A&A...250..499W", "1991A&A...250..509W", "1991AJ....102..130V", "1991ApJ...381L..13C", "1992AJ....103...81L", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1994AJ....107.1328V", "1994AJ....108..507S", "1994ESOC...49..211A", "1994ESOC...49..221D", "1994MNRAS.270L..43K", "1995ApJ...449...52P", "1996ASPC...92..511C" ]
1989350
null
An X-Ray Temperature Map of Abell 1795, a Galaxy Cluster in Hydrostatic Equilibrium
We present the first two-dimensional X-ray temperature map of the galaxy cluster Abell 1795, which harbors a strong cooling flow. We also present an X-ray surface brightness map of the cluster. The temperature map clearly shows a cool region coincident with the peak X-ray surface brightness and with the cD galaxy. Outside this region, there is no significant temperature structure. The X-ray isophotes are slightly elliptical but very smooth, with a small asymmetry to the north, coincident with a region of enhanced galaxy density. All these observations are consistent with an evolutionary scenario in which clusters without recent mergers have bad enough time for the bulk of the cluster to equilibrate, becoming isothermal except for the centers which develop cooling flows. Since A1795 is likely to be nearly spherically symmetric and in hydrostatic equilibrium, it should be possible to estimate the total mass and gas mass fraction relatively free of systematic errors. Within a radius of 0.5 h^-1^ Mpc, the radius to which we have temperature measurements, the total mass is 2.7 +/- 0.22 x 10^14^ h^-1^ M_sun_, of which the gas contributes 4.6 +/- 0.9 h^-1.5^ percent. We do not confirm the high value of excess absorbing material in the cooling flow region found previously using other instruments.
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13.73235
5.011994
1996-11-01
44
1996ApJ...472..131B
[ "cooling flows", "temperature measurements", "clusters", "an X-ray surface brightness map", "the peak X-ray surface brightness", "excess absorbing material", "enhanced galaxy density", "bad enough time", "The X-ray isophotes", "hydrostatic equilibrium" ]
[ "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ABELL 1795", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/178048" ]
[ "Briel, Ulrich G.", "Henry, J. Patrick" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&A...329...21S", "1998ApJ...494L.177S", "1998ApJ...498L..17M", "1998ApJ...500..738X", "1998ApJ...503...77M", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998IAUS..188..185B", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1999A&AS..136..173P", "1999ApJ...513..549Y", "1999ApJ...516..604H", "1999ApJ...517..627M", "1999ApJ...519..518I", "1999ApJ...520..529S", "1999ApJ...526..592B", "1999MNRAS.305..834E", "1999dtrp.conf..185S", "1999dtrp.conf..201B", "2000ApJ...532L.113B", "2000ApJ...536..144A", "2000ApJ...538..543I", "2000ApJ...540..614M", "2000ApJ...541...37P", "2000ApJ...544..242B", "2000MNRAS.312..663W", "2001A&A...365L..80A", "2001A&A...365L..87T", "2001ApJ...547L...7B", "2001ApJ...562L.153M", "2001AstHe..94..161S", "2001MNRAS.321L..33F", "2001PASJ...53..401M", "2002A&A...390..397D", "2002ApJ...567....1K", "2002ApJ...567..163D", "2002ApJ...576..688B", "2002MNRAS.331..635E", "2004ApJ...611..175I", "2004rcfg.proc..197I", "2006ApJ...648..176L", "2006MNRAS.372.1840R", "2008ApJ...676..218H", "2010ApJ...725.1688A", "2012ApJ...749..186G" ]
[ "1977AN....298...87B", "1979ApJ...234L..21J", "1982AdSpR...2d.241T", "1984MNRAS.208..709M", "1986A&AS...65..561A", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1988ApJ...332L..23H", "1989AJ.....97..627O", "1990A&A...237..283V", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993AJ....106..831H", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993MNRAS.263...31T", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994AJ....107..857O", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ASIC..441..159B", "1994ApJ...428..544D", "1994ApJ...433..583W", "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994MNRAS.268..953P", "1994Natur.372..439B", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1995AIPC..336..231M", "1995ApJ...443L...9H", "1995ApJ...452..164V", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1995Sci...267..192C", "1996A&A...305..756S", "1996ApJ...458...27B", "1996ApJ...458..637H", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996yCat.2043....0H" ]
1989300
null
Optical Continuum and Emission-Line Variability of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Markarian 509
We report on the results of a 5 year coordinated program of spectroscopic monitoring of the luminous Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 509. The Hβ and He II λ4686 emission lines are found to respond to continuum variations with time lags of ~80 and ~60 days, respectively, considerably longer than the emission-line lags measured for other Seyfert galaxies.
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15.888571
7.661025
1996-11-01
26
1996ApJ...471..737C
[ "other Seyfert galaxies", "time lags", "spectroscopic monitoring", "continuum variations", "Seyfert", "galaxy", "days", "the luminous Seyfert", "the emission-line lags", "a 5 year coordinated program" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MARKARIAN 509", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
3
[ "10.1086/178002" ]
[ "Carone, T. E.", "Peterson, B. M.", "Bechtold, J.", "Bertram, R.", "Bischoff, K.", "Dietrich, M.", "Filippenko, A. V.", "Ho, L. C.", "Huchra, J. P.", "Kollatschny, W.", "Korista, K. T.", "Matheson, T.", "Pogge, R. W.", "Shields, J. C.", "Smith, P. S.", "Wagner, R. M.", "Wilkes, B. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ASSL..218...85N", "1998ApJ...501...82P", "1999A&A...345...49B", "1999ASPC..175...49P", "1999ApJ...526..579W", "1999MNRAS.303..227Y", "1999MNRAS.305..109L", "2000MNRAS.312..567Y", "2001ApJ...555..719C", "2004ApJ...609...69K", "2004MNRAS.350.1049G", "2007A&A...461..135S", "2008ApJ...677..884L", "2009ApJ...698..895K", "2010ApJ...708..927K", "2010SCPMA..53S.196Z", "2011A&A...534A..39M", "2011A&A...534A..42S", "2011ApJ...732..128K", "2014IAUS..304....1M", "2015ApJS..221....9L", "2016A&A...595A.106C", "2018MNRAS.474.1590K", "2019MNRAS.490.3936P", "2021MNRAS.508.6077G", "2024A&A...684A.167G" ]
[ "1982ApJ...255..419B", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1986ApJ...305..175G", "1987ApJS...65....1G", "1988ApJ...333..646E", "1989ApJ...337..236C", "1989MNRAS.236...21M", "1990ApJ...351...75M", "1990MNRAS.246..668C", "1991ApJ...366...64C", "1991ApJ...367..493M", "1991ApJ...368..119P", "1991ApJ...382..483U", "1992ApJ...392..470P", "1992PASP..104..700V", "1993A&A...269...39W", "1993ApJ...402..469P", "1993ApJ...408..416D", "1993PASP..105..247P", "1994A&A...282..742S", "1994A&A...284...33D", "1994ASPC...69....1P", "1994ASPC...69...95M", "1994ApJ...421...34M", "1994ApJ...425..582R", "1994ApJ...425..609S", "1994ApJ...425..622P", "1994PASP..106..879W", "1995A&A...296...90E", "1995ApJ...441..507S", "1995ApJ...445..680W", "1995ApJS...97..285K", "1995PASP..107..579P" ]
1989291
null
Galaxy Velocity Dispersion Profiles from Merging in Clusters
In a previous paper, we presented an approach (based on the perturbative solution of a Boltzmann-Liouville equation) aimed at deriving the velocity distribution for aggregating galaxies in the potential well of galaxy clusters, averaged over the cluster volume. This approach succeeded in explaining both the value β &lt; 1 of the ratio of galaxy to gas energy density measured in several clusters and the velocity bias found in several N-body simulations. Further evidence for galaxy aggregations in the cluster cores may he constituted by the rising velocity dispersion profiles found recently in the central regions of many clusters. In this paper, we develop our previous approach to derive the velocity distribution as a function of the distance r from the cluster center, and hence we compute the galaxy velocity dispersion as a function of r (velocity dispersion profiles [VDPs]). The results depend upon the depth of the cluster potential wells, which can be measured by the X-ray temperature T. We find that, in clusters with T &lt; 6.5 keV, the efficiency of galaxy merging in the central, denser regions causes the dissipation of galaxy orbital energy. The decrease of this effect with the distance from the cluster center (due to the decrease of galaxy density) gives rise to rising VDPs, associated with a galaxy average velocity dispersion smaller than that of the dark matter. Thus, in such clusters, increasing VDPs are expected to be correlated with a β parameter (measured from combined optical and X-ray observations) smaller than 1. In clusters with T &gt; 8 keV, merging is not efficient and the galaxy velocity dispersion follows the radial decrease of the dark matter velocity dispersion, characterizing most models of cluster dark matter distribution. In clusters with X-ray temperature in the range 6.5 keV &lt;~ T &lt;~ 8 keV, the VDPs depend critically on the shape of the gravitational potential. We discuss the dependence of such effects upon the parameters defining the cluster potential wells in the usual King models. Finally, we compare our results with recent data, finding quantitative agreement with the predictions of our model.
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12.535744
4.878593
1996-11-01
32
1996ApJ...472...46M
[ "galaxy clusters", "cluster dark matter distribution", "several clusters", "such clusters", "clusters", "many clusters", "galaxy density", "galaxy aggregations", "galaxies", "galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/178040" ]
[ "Menci, N.", "Fusco-Femiano, R." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...482...41G", "1998ApJ...498...95F", "1999ASPC..176...15B", "2001ApJ...548..550N", "2004A&A...424..779B", "2004MNRAS.352..501L", "2004cgpc.sympE...3B", "2005A&A...442...29G", "2006A&A...455...45G", "2007A&A...469..861B", "2009A&A...501..419B", "2009ApJ...702.1199H", "2010A&A...517A..65G", "2010MNRAS.409L.124R", "2011A&A...529A.128B", "2012A&A...540A..43B", "2012MNRAS.419L..24M", "2012MNRAS.421.3594H", "2012MNRAS.426.1632P", "2013A&A...556A..74R", "2013MNRAS.434..784R", "2014NewA...27...41S", "2017AcASn..58...27P", "2018ChA&A..42..343P", "2018MNRAS.473L..31C", "2018MNRAS.481.1507B", "2019MNRAS.483L.121N", "2020MNRAS.494.3317M", "2020MNRAS.499.3792B", "2020PhDT........19B", "2022A&A...661A..92B", "2022MNRAS.517.4355H" ]
[ "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1967MNRAS.136..101L", "1971Natur.231..437C", "1972ApJ...174L.123K", "1972ApJ...175..627R", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1977ApJ...214..347Y", "1978A&A....70..677C", "1981A&A...100..194C", "1981ApJ...246..680T", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...268...30R", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...278..457P", "1984ApJ...281..512D", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1991ApJ...369...13C", "1991ApJ...376L..37C", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ApJ...392...41C", "1993ApJ...404...38G", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...429..545F", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994ApJ...434L..51C", "1995ApJ...442..538L", "1995ApJ...449..431F", "1995ApJ...453...40B", "1995Natur.376..321B", "1995qal..conf..139S", "1996ApJ...457...61G" ]
1986757
null
WFPC2 Imaging of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 5253
A high-resolution F606W band image has been obtained with the WFPC2 instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope of the unusual starburst galaxy NGC 5253. This is a dwarf elliptical galaxy with a very young starburst in progress. The HST image is compared to ground-based data in the Hα and 2 cm wavebands to draw correlations between the high- resolution structures detected in the HST image and the broader, lower resolution structures of the ground-based data. The optical image is also compared to a previous FOC image in the UV obtained before the refurbishment. The comparisons help reveal the relative ages of the clusters which populate the center of the galaxy. The bright, central cluster seems to have the properties of a "super star cluster'' which may be a globular cluster in the process of formation.
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10.83663
8.341348
1996-11-01
27
1996AJ....112.1886G
[ "a previous FOC image", "the high- resolution structures", "the unusual starburst galaxy", "A high-resolution F606W band image", "a globular cluster", "ground-based data", "The HST image", "the HST image", "a dwarf elliptical galaxy", "WFPC2" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5253", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
0
[ "10.1086/118150" ]
[ "Gorjian, Varoujan" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...481L..75S", "1998AJ....116.1212T", "1998IAUS..184..127S", "1999AJ....118.2331V", "1999MNRAS.304..654C", "1999MNRAS.306...43S", "2000A&A...354..836L", "2000ApJ...532L.109T", "2000MNRAS.319..893L", "2001ApJ...554L..29G", "2001ApJ...557..659M", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....124..877M", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2003Natur.423..621T", "2004A&A...415..509V", "2004ApJ...602L..85T", "2004ApJ...610..226S", "2004IAUS..217..208T", "2006ASPC..356..139T", "2008A&A...492....3G", "2009ASSP...10..215T", "2013A&A...550A..88W", "2013ApJ...768..174G", "2013MNRAS.429.3390H", "2017ApJ...846...73T", "2017ApJ...850...54C" ]
[ "1973AJ.....78..929P", "1974ApJ...193..309R", "1980AJ.....85....1W", "1980PASP...92..122V", "1982MNRAS.199P..31A", "1985A&A...149L..24M", "1985AJ.....90.1163A", "1988AJ.....95..720K", "1988ARA&A..26..199R", "1988ApJ...325..679R", "1989ApJ...338..789C", "1989MNRAS.239..297W", "1990ApJ...353L...7S", "1991ApJ...375..594V", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992sfss.conf..253M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994ApJ...423L..13S", "1994ApJ...433...65O", "1994ApJS...90...31P", "1995AJ....109..960W", "1995AJ....110.1009B", "1995AJ....110.2665M", "1995ApJ...438....8S", "1995ApJ...445..221S", "1996ApJ...457..610B" ]
1989983
null
Star Formation Activity in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Far-Infrared Emission from IRAS High-Resolution Data
We present an investigation of the properties of 21 molecular clouds in the LMC. Our data consist of 60 mu m and 100 mu m IRAS images that we compare with fully sampled 12CO (J = 1 --&gt; 0) maps. The CO data were taken on the 15 m Swedish-ESO Submillimeter Telescope (SEST), which has a beamwidth at 2.6 mm of 45", or 10 pc at the distance of the LMC. We use the IRAS high-resolution reprocessed data, with approximate resolutions of 60" and 75" at 60 mu m and 100 mu m, respectively. The clouds mapped are in three regions: two complexes south of 30 Doradus, and one at the H II region N11. We measure the far-infrared luminosities for each cloud that has a good CO-FIR correspondence and compare these results with those from similar studies done on Milky Way molecular clouds. The far-infrared luminosities range from 3.5 x 104 to 2.8 x 106 L⊙, with an average value of 4 x 105 L⊙. This average is lower than that seen for H II regions in the inner Milky Way, as reported by Scoville &amp; Good in 1989 and slightly higher than that for outer Galaxy clouds as reported by Mead et al. in 1990. Virial masses of these clouds are from 4 x 104 to 1 x 106 M⊙. Star formation activity (LFIR/MVIR), defined as the ratio of the luminosity from recently formed stars to the total cloud mass, has a range of 2 orders of magnitude for any MVIR. In addition, we find that LFIR/MVIR is independent of cloud mass over the entire range of measured virial masses. These results indicate that although less luminous in CO and FIR than their inner Milky Way counterparts, LMC molecular clouds are undergoing significant massive star formation. LFIR is used to determine the numbers and types of stars embedded in the GMCs. We compare these findings with those from the Milky Way and discuss the implications for star formation theories.
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11.701787
9.732112
1996-11-01
27
1996ApJ...472..611C
[ "Milky Way molecular clouds", "LMC molecular clouds", "outer Galaxy clouds", "significant massive star formation", "Milky Way", "star formation theories", "H II regions", "stars", "measured virial masses", "CO" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "ISM: CLOUDS", "ISM: MOLECULES", "GALAXIES: MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/178092" ]
[ "Caldwell, Douglas A.", "Kutner, Marc L." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&AS..122..255K", "1997ApJ...480..607B", "1998A&AS..130..527T", "1998ApJ...493..260M", "1998PASA...15..136C", "1999ApJ...514..798W", "1999PASJ...51..745F", "1999sf99.proc...18F", "2000ESASP.445..361D", "2001A&A...372..527H", "2001PASJ...53...85D", "2001PASJ...53..971M", "2001PASJ...53..985Y", "2002IAUS..207..199B", "2003A&A...401...99I", "2003A&A...405..111G", "2003A&A...406..817I", "2003AJ....125.1940B", "2006AJ....132.2653H", "2008A&A...489..489R", "2008ApJS..178...56F", "2009ApJS..184....1K", "2010AJ....139...68V", "2010Msngr.139...42S", "2010Natur.464..733S", "2010PASJ...62...51M", "2015ApJ...812..142A" ]
[ "1972ApJ...177L..69P", "1974A&A....32..269M", "1976MmRAS..81...89D", "1977ApJ...217..425M", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1984IAUS..108..333K", "1984IAUS..108..353D", "1985A&A...144...98H", "1985A&A...149..330B", "1985prpl.conf..201S", "1986A&A...162..235F", "1986ApJ...303..186I", "1987A&A...184..300H", "1987ApJ...312..321M", "1987ApJ...319..730S", "1987PhDT.......115P", "1988A&A...193...27M", "1988ApJ...330..399M", "1988ApJ...331L..95C", "1988ApJS...67..149M", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1989A&A...215..131W", "1989A&A...225..497M", "1989A&AS...79..105S", "1989ApJ...338..178E", "1989ApJ...339..149S", "1990AJ.....99.1674A", "1990ApJ...354..492M", "1991ApJ...380L..23P", "1992ApJ...397..542D", "1992ApJ...399L..87W", "1993A&A...276...25I", "1993LNP...416..171C", "1993prpl.conf...97E", "1994ApJ...431..658C", "1996ApJ...456..566W" ]
1989333
null
Estimates of the Global Masses of Two Distant Galaxies Using a New Type of Astrophysical Mass ``Laboratory''
We have applied the polarization alignment-breaking method of measuring global masses of galaxies (developed by Kronberg et al.) to new radio and deep optical images of the strong jet quasar 3C 9 at z = 2.012. We demonstrate the power of this previously unexploited technique by making estimates of the global mass of two intervening galaxies: at z = 0.25 and z &gt; 1. This paper also explores the possibilities of the method. It shows that for these two intervening galaxy masses, a detectable gravitational signature in the jet polarization alignment is expected for reasonable galaxy masses. We have clearly detected the expected signature, which provides information on the global mass of each galaxy independently of the other. The more distant z &gt; 1 galaxy has a mass of 17 x 1O^11^ M_sun_ with an estimated uncertainty of ~+/-30%. For the z = 0.25 galaxy, we determine a firm upper limit of 20 x 10^11^ M_sun_, which includes the entire mass up to ~100 kpc radius (H_0_ = 75). Future measurements of this type on lensing galaxies up to z ~ 1.8 could place interesting constraints on M and M/L at proper times sufficiently early to constrain galaxy and cosmological evolution.
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14.277665
7.164682
1996-11-01
21
1996ApJ...472..115K
[ "reasonable galaxy masses", "galaxies", "global masses", "deep optical images", "Kronberg et al", "z", "new radio", "M_sun", "galaxy and cosmological evolution", "proper times" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: 3C 9", "GALAXIES: JETS", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "POLARIZATION" ]
1
[ "10.1086/178046" ]
[ "Kronberg, Philipp P.", "Dyer, Charles C.", "Roeser, Hermann-Josef" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997astro.ph..4285L", "1998PhRvL..81.3067C", "1999ApJ...515..455S", "1999ApJS..124..285R", "2000MNRAS.315..722H", "2001ASPC..237...81B", "2004ApJ...613..672B", "2005MNRAS.356..381S", "2009PhRvD..80j5021F", "2010PhRvD..82d7302K", "2011ASSP...22..139D", "2011ApJ...735L..23B", "2011FrPhy...7..461F", "2011MNRAS.410.2057B", "2011PhRvD..84d3504C", "2012FrPhy...7..461F", "2012PhRvD..86j3529G", "2015IJMPD..2430016D", "2018MNRAS.474..460W", "2022JCAP...09..003F", "2022arXiv220703296F" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1972ApJ...174L.123K", "1974Natur.249..230H", "1977ApJ...212..541P", "1977ApJ...213..548P", "1977ApJ...217..892B", "1979Natur.279..381W", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981ApJ...249..290D", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988Natur.333..537H", "1991A&A...243...23S", "1991ApJ...367L...1K", "1992ApJ...390L...5D", "1993LIACo..31..333K" ]
1989236
null
Damped LY alpha Absorbers as Tracers of the Evolution of the Mass Spectrum of Interstellar Matter in the Galaxy Population
A generally accepted approach to the interpretation of the damped Lyα absorption systems seen in QSO spectra is to attribute them to cases in which the observer's sight line passes through high column density gaseous disks of galaxies, i.e., spiral galaxies or the progenitors of spirals. Here we consider an alternative natural possibility, consistent with available observational data, namely that the absorption is simply associated with neutral gas in giant hydrogen clouds that could be associated with any type of gaseous galaxy or protogalaxy. At high redshift such galaxies could be the progenitors of different types of galaxies (e.g., ellipticals, spirals, etc.) that are observed at the present epoch. We show that the observational data, which include low to moderate redshift data recently obtained with HST and moderate to high-redshift data compiled using large ground-based telescopes over the last decade, coupled with some reasonable assumptions about the properties of giant hydrogen clouds in galaxies, can be used to form the two-dimensional distribution for the number of damped Lyα systems in redshift and column density, d^2^N/dzdN_HI_, over the redshift interval 0.1 &lt; z &lt; 3.5. This can be further extended to redshift z = 0 using information provided by 21 cm observations of nearby galaxies. By combining this result with the assumption that damped Lyα absorbers behave like the giant hydrogen clouds in our Galaxy and neighboring galaxies, we show that the mass spectrum of clouds responsible for the damped Lyα absorption systems can be derived. This mass spectrum can be used to study the evolution of the giant hydrogen cloud population associated with galaxies over cosmic time. An interesting feature of the mass spectrum is that its steepness increases systematically as the redshift decreases over the interval 3 &lt; z &lt; 0.75. This effect is likely to be related to intensive star formation processes, which lead to the destruction of high-mass clouds and the formation of numerous low-mass clouds.
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13.99645
8.516528
1996-11-01
20
1996ApJ...471..657K
[ "giant hydrogen clouds", "high redshift", "damped Lyα systems", "gaseous galaxy", "moderate redshift data", "such galaxies", "nearby galaxies", "galaxies", "high column density gaseous disks", "clouds" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177996" ]
[ "Khersonsky, Valery K.", "Turnshek, David A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1998A&A...334..388W", "1998ApJ...500L.115R", "1999A&A...351..841M", "1999ASPC..156...16B", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999Ap&SS.264..347W", "1999PASA...16..100Z", "2000A&A...360..846G", "2000A&A...363...69D", "2000ApJS..130....1R", "2000PhPl....7..701W", "2001ASPC..240...61T", "2001ApJ...550..585B", "2002ASPC..254...24R", "2003ApJ...596..810B", "2005A&A...444..461V", "2005MNRAS.364.1467Z", "2007ARep...51..787A", "2009MNRAS.397..943M" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1967AuJPh..20..147H", "1978PASP...90..506M", "1981A&A....97..380K", "1981A&A....98...74K", "1981ApJ...246..761H", "1981MNRAS.194..809L", "1981SvA....25..134K", "1982MNRAS.200..159L", "1983A&A...120..113M", "1983ApJ...264...87B", "1983ApJ...270..105M", "1984A&A...137..343R", "1984inch.book.....D", "1986ApJ...301..398M", "1986ApJ...305..892D", "1986ApJ...308..357T", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1986PASP...98.1066S", "1987A&A...182..243M", "1987ApJ...317..180T", "1987ApJ...319..730S", "1987ApJ...319L..45M", "1987ApJ...320..182E", "1987ip...symp..349S", "1988ASSL..147..281I", "1988ApJ...329..392M", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988ApJ...335...35F", "1988gera.book...95K", "1988qal..conf..275B", "1988qal..conf..297W", "1989A&A...214...33S", "1989AJ.....98.1274L", "1989ApJ...338..902L", "1989ApJ...341..650B", "1989ApJ...344..567T", "1990ApJ...348...48P", "1990ismg.conf....3K", "1990ismg.conf...39B", "1990ismg.conf..405K", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991psfe.conf....3B", "1992A&A...263...41L", "1992A&A...264..105M", "1992A&A...266..150K", "1992ApJ...385..151W", "1992ApJ...388...17W", "1992ApJ...391...48L", "1992ApJS...81....5S", "1992MNRAS.258..334S", "1993AJ....105.2107M", "1993ASSL..188..237L", "1993ApJ...402..411W", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...407...60T", "1993ApJ...418...11H", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJS...84..109L", "1993BAAS...25R.841S", "1993PhR...227...65W", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994ApJ...435L.101W", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994Natur.371...43S", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995ApJ...440L..45S", "1995ApJ...442..186M", "1995ApJ...449..488R", "1995ApJ...451L..13M", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995ApJ...454..698W", "1995ApJ...455..536P", "1995qal..conf...47S" ]
1986702
null
An Extremely Thin Gravitational Arc Formed by the Distant Cluster CL 0016+1609: Lensing of a Compact HDF-Type Object?
Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images of the core of the distant cluster of galaxies CL 0016+1609 (z =0.545) have revealed a single extremely thin faint arc, likely produced by gravitational lensing of a very distant background galaxy. The arc, which we refer to as Arc-1, is ~3.5 arcsec in extent, has a radius of curvature of 25+/-5 arcsec, and subtends an angle of ~8^deg^ with respect to the center of the cluster. Arc-1 has total magnitudes of I = 23.30 and V = 24.65. As Arc-1 is unresolved in the Wide Field Camera CCD, with a FWHM &lt;= 0.20 arcsec, the source galaxy is magnified by at least a factor of 7.8(2.2 mag). Therefore, the magnitudes for the unmagnified source galaxy are I &gt;= 25.5 and V &gt;= 26.85, similar to the very compact objects seen in the Hubble Deep Field. If the source galaxy is at a redshift of 3, it would be close to L^*^ in luminosity, decreasing in luminosity for larger magnification factors. The surface brightness of Arc-1 is not uniform. Rather, it is asymmetric, having several bright knots located on one side. This suggests Arc-1 is a single lensed image of a background galaxy and that the surface brightness variations along Arc-1 result from intrinsic structure in the source galaxy. This arc is an excellent demonstration of how the combination of the HST with a "gravitational telescope" can provide the most detailed structural information on distant compact galaxies and protogalaxies. Assuming Arc-1 lies close to the Einstein radius of the cluster, we find the V-band mass-to-light ratio of the cluster core to be M/L~ 370h (in solar units).
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13.094051
4.776354
1996-11-01
4
1996AJ....112.1812L
[ "distant compact galaxies", "galaxies", "Arc-1 result", "Arc-1", "Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images", "several bright knots", "gravitational lensing", "25+/-5 arcsec", "larger magnification factors", "the unmagnified source galaxy" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: CL 0016+1609" ]
0
[ "10.1086/118143" ]
[ "Lavery, Russell J." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1998MNRAS.294..299W", "1999ApJ...527..535W", "2006ApJ...642...39C", "2011MNRAS.410.1939Z" ]
[ "1937PhRv...51..290Z", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1981ApJ...251L..75K", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1985MNRAS.217..239E", "1988ApJ...329L..21L", "1989A&A...226...45H", "1989ApJ...337..621K", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...396...10K", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1993ApJ...407...33M", "1993ApJ...416..444L", "1993ApJ...417L...5M", "1994ApJ...437...63C", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1995A&A...299...11B", "1995MNRAS.273..277S", "1995PASP..107.1065H", "1996ASPC...94..209G", "1996ApJ...456L..21P", "1996ApJ...461...72E", "1996ApJ...461L..83C", "1996mmmu.conf..209G" ]
11607466
astro-ph/9607172
High-redshift galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field: colour selection and star formation history to z~4
The Lyman decrement associated with the cumulative effect of HI in QSO absorption systems along the line of sight provides a distinctive feature for identifying galaxies at z&gt;~2.5. Colour criteria, which are sensitive to the presence of a Lyman continuum break superposed on an otherwise flat UV spectrum, have been shown, through Keck spectroscopy, to successfully identify a substantial population of star-forming galaxies at 3&lt;~z&lt;~3.5. Such objects have proven to be surprisingly elusive in field galaxy redshift surveys; quantification of their surface densities and morphologies is crucial for determining how and when galaxies formed. The Hubble Deep Field (HDF) observations offer the opportunity to exploit the ubiquitous effect of intergalactic absorption and obtain useful statistical constraints on the redshift distribution of galaxies to considerably fainter limits than the current spectroscopic limits. We model the HI cosmic opacity as a function of redshift, including scattering in resonant lines of the Lyman series and Lyman continuum absorption, and use stellar population synthesis models with a wide variety of ages, metallicities, dust contents and redshifts to derive colour selection criteria that provide a robust separation between high-redshift and low-redshift galaxies. From the HDF images we construct a sample of star-forming galaxies at 2&lt;~z&lt;~4.5. While none of the ~60 objects in the HDF having known Keck/Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrograph (LRIS) spectroscopic redshifts in the range 0&lt;~z&lt;~1.4 is found to contaminate our high-redshift sample, our colour criteria are able to efficiently select the 2.6&lt;~z&lt;~3.2 galaxies identified by Steidel et al. The ultraviolet (and blue) dropout technique opens up the possibility of investigating cosmic star and element formation in the early Universe. We set a lower limit to the ejection rate of heavy elements per unit comoving volume from Type II supernovae at &lt;z&gt;=2.75 of ~=3.6x10^-4 M_solar yr^-1 Mpc^-3 (for q_0=0.5 and H_0=50 km s^-1 Mpc^-1), which is 3 times higher than the local value but still 4 times lower than the rate observed at z~=1. At &lt;z&gt;=4, our lower limit to the cosmic metal ejection rate is ~=3 times lower than the &lt;z&gt;=2.75 value. We discuss the implications of these results on models of galaxy formation, and on the chemical enrichment and ionization history of the intergalactic medium.
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13.043593
6.581599
1996-12-01
1,985
1996MNRAS.283.1388M
[ "field galaxy redshift surveys", "galaxy formation", "redshift", "redshifts", "galaxies", "Lyman continuum absorption", "intergalactic absorption", "colour selection criteria", "stellar population synthesis models", "QSO absorption systems" ]
[ "STARS: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
33
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.4.1388", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9607172" ]
[ "Madau, Piero", "Ferguson, Henry C.", "Dickinson, Mark E.", "Giavalisco, Mauro", "Steidel, Charles C.", "Fruchter, Andrew" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101-1292, USA", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA" ]
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2644552
astro-ph/9602085
Evolution of the Hubble sequence in hierarchical models for galaxy formation
We present a model for the broad morphological distinction between the disc and spheroidal components of galaxies. Elaborating on the hierarchical clustering scheme of galaxy formation proposed by Cole et al., we assume that galaxies form stars quiescently in a disc until they are disrupted into a spheroidal configuration by mergers. Bulges and spheroids may continue to accrete gas from their hot coronae, and so they may grow discs again. Thus an individual galaxy may pass through various phases of disc or spheroid dominance during its lifetime. To distinguish between discs and spheroids we add one additional free parameter to the semi-analytic model of Cole et al., which we fix by requiring that the predicted morphological mix should match that observed locally. Assuming an Omega=1, standard cold dark matter cosmology, we calculate formation and merging histories, and the evolution in colour, luminosity and morphology of the galaxy populations in different environments. Our model predicts that the bulges of spirals were assembled before the spheroids of ellipticals, and that the spheroids of cluster ellipticals were assembled before those of field ellipticals. About 50 per cent of ellipticals, but only about 15 per cent of spirals, have undergone a major merger during the redshift interval 0.0&lt;=z&lt;=0.5. In spite of their violent formation history, elliptical galaxies turn out to have colour-magnitude diagrams with remarkably small scatter. Apart from a general blueing of the galaxy population with redshift, the colour-magnitude diagrams are remarkably similar at redshift z=0.5 and at the present day. The morphological mix of galaxies that become rich cluster members at high redshift is dominated by spiral galaxies, due to the long time-scale for galaxy mergers compared with the time-scale for cluster assembly at high redshift. The assembly of low-redshift clusters is slower, allowing more galaxy mergers to occur in the progenitor haloes. As a result, z=0 rich clusters become E/S0 dominated, and we find a `Butcher-Oemler' effect that becomes weaker for poorer groups at high redshift. The field luminosity function of red galaxies shows little evolution out to z~=1, and the reddest galaxies at these redshifts are as bright as their local counterparts. The blue luminosity function, on the other hand, evolves rapidly with redshift, increasing its characteristic luminosity and becoming steeper at the faint end. These trends are similar to those recently observed in the Canada-France Redshift Survey. Our calculations serve to demonstrate that a simple prescription for the distinction between discs and spheroids that is compatible with hierarchical clustering goes a long way towards explaining many of the systematic trends observed in the galaxy population.
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11.778409
6.458463
1996-12-01
451
1996MNRAS.283.1361B
[ "galaxy mergers", "galaxy formation", "more galaxy mergers", "red galaxies", "galaxies", "elliptical galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "high redshift", "redshift", "disc" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.4.1361", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9602085" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M.", "Cole, S.", "Frenk, C. S." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
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11607400
astro-ph/9605136
Detection of strong evolution in the population of early-type galaxies
The standard picture holds that giant elliptical galaxies formed in a single burst at high redshift. Ageing of their stellar populations subsequently caused them to fade and become redder. The Canada-France Redshift Survey provides a sample of about 125 galaxies with the luminosities and colours of passively evolving early-type galaxies and with 0.1&lt;z&lt;1. This sample is inconsistent with the standard evolutionary picture for elliptical galaxies with better than 99.9 per cent confidence. The standard Schmidt test gives &lt;V/V_max&gt;=0.398 when restricted to objects with no detected star formation, and &lt;V/V_max&gt;=0.410 when objects with emission lines are also included. A smaller sample of early-type galaxies selected from the Hawaii Deep Survey gives equally significant results. With increasing redshift, a larger and larger fraction of the nearby elliptical and S0 population must drop out of the sample, either because the galaxies are no longer single units or because star formation alters their colours. If the remaining fraction is modelled as F=(1+z)^-gamma, the data imply that gamma=1.5+/-0.4. At z=1, only about one-third of nearby bright E and S0 galaxies were already assembled and had the colours of old passively evolving systems. We discuss the sensitivity of these results to the incompleteness corrections and stellar population models that we have adopted. We conclude that neither the corrections nor the models are uncertain enough to reconcile the observations with the standard picture. Hierarchical galaxy formation models suggest that both merging and recent star formation play a role in the strong evolution that we have detected.
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161
1996MNRAS.283L.117K
[ "elliptical galaxies", "Hierarchical galaxy formation models", "S0 galaxies", "star formation", "recent star formation", "stellar population models", "nearby bright E", "that giant elliptical galaxies", "early-type galaxies", "colours" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.4.L117", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9605136" ]
[ "Kauffmann, Guinevere", "Charlot, Stephane", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Institut d'Astrophysique du CNRS, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...487..512S", "1997ApJ...490L.135M", "1997MNRAS.291..527Z", "1997Natur.390..377Z", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1997astro.ph..7064F", "1997gsr..proc....3W", "1997gsr..proc..215D", "1998A&A...339..355C", "1998AJ....116.2793S", "1998ASPC..146..206M", "1998ApJ...495..157K", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...501..522B", "1998ApJ...501L.177T", "1998ApJ...503...48B", "1998ApJ...503..118S", "1998ApJ...504...42S", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...506..545C", "1998ApJ...506..600F", "1998ApJ...507..585M", "1998ESASP.429...33E", "1998MNRAS.294..705K", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.297.1021C", "1998MNRAS.297L..23K", "1998Natur.395A...3E", "1998astro.ph..9131A", "1999A&A...343L..25S", "1999A&A...345...93W", "1999A&A...352L..45C", "1999AJ....117..102B", "1999AJ....118..719D", "1999ASPC..163..227B", "1999ASPC..182..113B", "1999ASPC..187..293B", "1999ASPC..193..191L", "1999ASPC..193..312R", "1999Ap&SS.267..329O", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ApJ...515L..65B", "1999ApJ...518..641L", "1999ApJ...519...27C", "1999ApJ...521...81F", "1999ApJ...524L..27T", "1999ApJ...525...31S", "1999ApJ...527L..31M", "1999MNRAS.302..537T", "1999MNRAS.303..641A", "1999MNRAS.305...61T", "1999MNRAS.305L..16J", "1999MNRAS.306..655T", "1999MNRAS.309..208M", "2000A&A...359..953S", "2000A&A...361..535D", "2000A&A...362L..45D", "2000AJ....119.2556L", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ASPC..207..338S", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...530L..53B", "2000ApJ...538...29C", "2000ApJ...543..131K", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317L..17P", "2000MNRAS.318..453C", "2000eaa..bookE2138S", "2001A&A...367..788F", "2001AJ....122..750I", "2001AJ....122.2267E", "2001ApJ...558..520Y", "2001ApJ...562L..23M", "2001MNRAS.322....1M", "2001MNRAS.324..757G", "2001NewAR..45..337S", "2001astro.ph.11239P", "2002ASPC..283..351P", "2002ApJ...570...54C", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002MNRAS.330....1S", "2002MNRAS.333..633A", "2002MNRAS.335..335C", "2002MNRAS.337..953W", "2002astro.ph..3340M", "2003A&A...409..485P", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003ASSL..281..223R", "2003Ap&SS.284..539M", "2003Ap&SS.285..231C", "2003ApJ...582L..79B", "2003ApJ...586...17W", "2003ApJ...586..745C", "2003ApJ...589...29L", "2003ApJ...591..878D", "2003ApJ...599L..61C", "2003MNRAS.338..623P", "2003MNRAS.340.1375O", "2003MNRAS.346..746C", "2004AJ....127..131S", "2004ARA&A..42..477M", "2004Ap&SS.294...23C", "2004ApJ...600L..11B", "2004ApJ...601L.127F", "2004ApJ...608..742D", "2004ApJ...608..752B", "2004MNRAS.347....1P", "2004MNRAS.348..165E", "2004MNRAS.353..500C", "2004MNRAS.355..424T", "2004bdmh.confE..72M", "2004cbhg.symp..421B", "2004cgpc.sympE..12E", "2005A&A...433..519Z", "2005AIPC..804..333A", "2005ApJ...622...81M", "2005ApJ...627...97O", "2005ApJ...634..861Y", "2005ApJS..157..175K", "2005JKAS...38..135I", "2005MNRAS.356..480T", "2005MNRAS.360...60K", "2005MNRAS.364...47H", "2005astro.ph..8456H", "2005mmgf.conf..237C", "2006A&A...453..397F", "2006ARA&A..44..141R", "2006ApJ...649..599K", "2006MNRAS.370..753B", "2006astro.ph.10832M", "2007A&A...476..151B", "2007ASPC..374..347W", "2007ASPC..374..439C", "2007ASPC..380..413H", "2007ApJ...665..265F", "2007ApJ...665.1084B", "2007ApJS..173..512S", "2007MNRAS.379..841B", "2007soch.conf...28L", "2008ApJ...680...70M", "2008ApJ...683...45I", "2008arXiv0804.4156W", "2009A&A...503..445K", "2009AIPC.1178...57B", "2009ApJ...696.1554C", "2011ApJ...738..150T", "2012ApJ...755..105S", "2012ceg..book.....M", "2013IAUS..295..340N", "2014MNRAS.444.3357N", "2015MNRAS.449..528H", "2016MNRAS.462.3800D", "2017MNRAS.464.1659Q", "2019MNRAS.489.1265M", "2020AJ....160...66P", "2022IJMPD..3150084S", "2023IAUS..373..140L", "2023MNRAS.518.3999L" ]
[ "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1976ApJ...203...52T", "1992AJ....103.1501V", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1993MNRAS.263...86P", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ApJ...432..453C", "1994ApJS...94..687W", "1995ASPC...86..283D", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...455...50L", "1995ApJ...455...60L", "1995ApJ...455...88H", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1996A&A...311..361T", "1996ApJ...456L..79P", "1996ApJ...463L..51B", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996MNRAS.279....1B", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.281..487K", "1996MNRAS.281..985V", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B" ]
11607374
astro-ph/9601103
The APM Galaxy Survey - III. an analysis of systematic errors in the angular correlation function and cosmological implications
We present measurements of the angular two-point galaxy correlation function, w(theta), from the APM Galaxy Survey. Various estimators of w are investigated using simulated galaxy catalogues and analytic arguments, and we use the estimators that are least affected by errors in the galaxy counts. An error analysis of the plate matching procedure in the APM Galaxy Survey shows that residual plate-to-plate errors bias our estimates of w by no more than ~1x10^-3. A direct comparison between our photometry and external CCD photometry of over 13000 galaxies from the Las Campanas Deep Redshift Survey shows that the rms error in the APM plate zero-points lies in the range 0.04-0.05 mag, in agreement with our previous estimates. This comparison also sets tight limits on the variation of our photometry with right ascension. We find no evidence for systematic errors in the survey correlated with the date of plate scan or exposure. We find that atmospheric extinction and obscuration by dust in our Galaxy have negligible effect on w. The estimated plate-to-plate errors are independent of limiting magnitude for b_J&lt;20. At fainter limits the star-galaxy classification becomes less reliable and plate-to-plate variations in the completeness of the survey are introduced. We use deep redshift surveys to estimate the redshift distribution of galaxies in the APM Galaxy Survey at various magnitude limits. These redshift distributions are used to predict how w should scale as a function of limiting magnitude. Our estimates of w are in excellent agreement with the expected scaling relation, providing further evidence that systematic errors in the APM survey are small. We explicitly remove large-scale structure by filtering the APM galaxy maps and conclude that there is still strong evidence for more large-scale structure than predicted by the standard scale-invariant cold dark matter (CDM) model. We compare the APM w, and the three-dimensional power spectrum derived by inverting w, with the predictions of scale-invariant CDM models. We show that the observations require Lambda=Omega_0h in the range 0.2-0.3 and are incompatible with the value Lambda=0.5 of the standard CDM model.
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12.077582
2.777205
1996-12-01
144
1996MNRAS.283.1227M
[ "galaxy maps", "plate scan", "galaxies", "plate", "systematic errors", "simulated galaxy catalogues", "APM", "errors", "deep redshift surveys", "inverting w" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.4.1227", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601103" ]
[ "Maddox, S. J.", "Efstathiou, G.", "Sutherland, W. J." ]
[ "The Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK", "Department of Physics, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Department of Physics, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1997ApJ...489...29L", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1997MNRAS.289...37C", "1997MNRAS.289..263D", "1998A&A...334..420B", "1998ASPC..146..198M", "1998ASPC..146..413P", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...505...18A", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998ApJ...506..509K", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998ApJS..114..165G", "1998MNRAS.294..229G", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.296..995T", "1998MNRAS.298..378W", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1998MNRAS.300..945C", "1998SSRv...84...31S", "1998astro.ph.10088P", "1998pnge.conf...31S", "1999A&A...348..667D", "1999AJ....118..613N", "1999ASPC..163..227B", "1999ApJ...510..564S", "1999ApJ...517..549R", "1999ApJ...519..441E", "1999ApJ...523...32C", "1999MNRAS.304..851M", "1999MNRAS.305..547C", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "1999MNRAS.309..659H", "1999MNRAS.310..842E", "1999MNRAS.310.1128H", "1999MNRAS.310.1137H", "1999RSPTA.357..133P", "2000A&A...356..418N", "2000AJ....119...12G", "2000AJ....119.2060N", "2000ApJ...530...36B", "2000MNRAS.311..307T", "2000MNRAS.313..252S", "2000MNRAS.316..479S", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2000MNRAS.318.1144P", "2001AJ....121.2392N", "2001ApJ...546....2E", "2001ApJ...546...35F", "2001ApJ...547L..93C", "2001ApJ...548..127T", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001ChPhL..18..711F", "2001MNRAS.321..629M", "2001MNRAS.324..560D", "2001MNRAS.325.1603E", "2001MNRAS.326..255C", "2001MNRAS.327.1297P", "2001MNRAS.328...64N", "2001MNRAS.328.1039C", "2001Natur.410..169P", "2001NewAR..45..355E", "2001PABei..19S..23F", "2002AJ....123...51E", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002ApJ...569..582B", "2002ApJ...572L..67P", "2002ApJ...579...42C", "2002ApJ...579...48S", "2002ConPh..43..437L", "2002MNRAS.329L..37B", "2002MNRAS.330..241M", "2002MNRAS.330..506H", "2002MNRAS.332..827N", "2002MNRAS.333..100M", "2002MNRAS.334..297B", "2002MNRAS.335..216M", "2002MNRAS.336..907N", "2002MNRAS.337..993B", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002moco.conf....9P", "2003A&A...401..851E", "2003A&A...408..905C", "2003AJ....125.2927N", "2003AdSpR..31..475P", "2003ApJ...597..225B", "2003ApJS..148..195V", "2003JAD.....9....1U", "2003MNRAS.338...72S", "2003MNRAS.343..796P", "2003MNRAS.346...78H", "2003MNRAS.346..186M", "2004AJ....127..832C", "2004AJ....127.3155F", "2004AJ....128.1017L", "2004ApJS..151....1E", "2004MNRAS.347.1043L", "2004MNRAS.349..115H", "2004MNRAS.350.1485M", "2004MNRAS.351.1387W", "2004MNRAS.352.1232C", "2004MNRAS.353..287W", "2004PASJ...56..581U", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005A&A...440..425R", "2005AJ....130.2012W", "2005AJ....130.2434L", "2005ApJ...619..147M", "2005ApJ...629..158D", "2005ApJ...631L...1S", "2005ApJ...634..793N", "2005MNRAS.356..456C", "2005MNRAS.356.1293Y", "2005MNRAS.356.1549E", "2005MNRAS.359..741M", "2005MNRAS.360..159B", "2005astro.ph..2105S", "2006A&A...460...59S", "2007A&A...464..811Z", "2007ApJ...657..645P", "2007MNRAS.374.1030S", "2007MNRAS.381..494O", "2008GReGr..40..249N", "2008MNRAS.387.1391S", "2009RAA.....9..501Z", "2010MNRAS.401.1989D", "2010MNRAS.407.2530E", "2013ApJ...763...33I", "2016ApJS..226...24L", "2016MNRAS.457..786S", "2017pcos.book.....J", "2018MNRAS.476.1050B", "2018MNRAS.480.4614M", "2018PhRvD..98d3526A", "2020A&A...640A..47E", "2020JCAP...03..044N", "2021A&A...646A..40B", "2022MNRAS.509.1478Z", "2022PhRvD.105b3520A", "2023MNRAS.525.4367H", "2023MNRAS.526.3951S" ]
[ "1954ApJ...119..655L", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1974ApJ...189L..51P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978AJ.....83..845S", "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1980MNRAS.192..209S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984ApJ...287L..55G", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986AJ.....91....1P", "1986ApJ...304..585D", "1986ApJ...310..499G", "1986ApJ...310..507G", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1986Natur.321...27P", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989MNRAS.236P...7C", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...375...25B", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991MNRAS.249..729R", "1992ASIC..366..351S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...392L..51P", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.257..650F", "1992MNRAS.258..404L", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...406L..47H", "1993ApJ...408L..77B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993MNRAS.265..867N", "1993PNAS...90.4859E", "1993PhRvL..71..324C", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...437L...1D", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1994MNRAS.267..785C", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.269..151D", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.276.1425E", "1995MNRAS.276L..45T", "1995wfsd.conf...98S", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996ssgd.book.....B" ]
11601243
astro-ph/9504020
Galaxy Dynamics in Clusters
We use high-resolution simulations to study the formation and distribution of galaxies within a cluster that forms hierarchically. We follow both dark matter and a gas component that is subject to thermal pressure, shocks, and radiative cooling. Galaxy formation is identified with the dissipative collapse of the gas into cold, compact knots. We explore two extreme numerical representations of these galaxies during subsequent cluster evolution, one purely gaseous and the other purely stellar, and we find that the results are quite sensitive to this choice. Simulations in which galaxies remain gaseous appear to suffer from an "overmerging" problem, but this problem is much less severe if the gas is allowed to turn into stars. We compare the kinematics of the galaxy population in these two representations to the kinematics of dark halos and of the underlying dark matter distribution. Galaxies in the stellar representation are positively biased (i.e., overrepresented in the cluster) both by number and by mass fraction. Both representations predict the galaxies to be more centrally concentrated than the dark matter, whereas the dark halo population is more extended. A modest velocity bias also exists in both representations, with the largest effect, σ_gal_/σ_DM_ ~ 0.7, found for the more massive star galaxies. Phase diagrams show that the galaxy population in the stellar case is roughly in hydrostatic equilibrium. Virial mass estimators can underestimate the true cluster mass by up to a factor of 5 because of these various bias effects. The discrepancy is largest if only the most massive galaxies are used, reflecting significant mass segregation. A binding energy analysis suggests that this segregation is primarily a result of dynamical friction. We discuss briefly the relevance of these results both to real clusters and to the general problem of simulating the formation and clustering of galaxies. The incorporation of a realistic star formation algorithm within future simulations is the key to further progress.
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12.183987
5.394616
1996-12-01
137
1996ApJ...472..460F
[ "Galaxies", "galaxies", "real clusters", "subsequent cluster evolution", "significant mass segregation", "Galaxy formation", "dark halos", "future simulations", "Virial mass estimators", "Simulations" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/178079", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9504020" ]
[ "Frenk, Carlos S.", "Evrard, August E.", "White, Simon D. M.", "Summers, F. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470..115G", "1996ApJ...473L..83M", "1996MNRAS.283.1031N", "1997AJ....114...14F", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997ApJ...491..467M", "1997JKAS...30..191P", "1997MNRAS.289...37C", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...493L..59P", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...498L.107T", "1998ApJ...498L.119P", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...500..714V", "1998ApJ...502..141D", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998ApJ...506...45G", "1998MNRAS.298.1145E", "1998MNRAS.300..146G", "1998MNRAS.300..945C", "1998astro.ph.12377E", "1999A&A...342....1R", "1999AJ....118..883P", "1999ASPC..170...60S", "1999ASPC..170...84J", "1999ASPC..170..183P", "1999ApJ...521L..99P", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.309..610D", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999astro.ph.11017T", "2000A&A...355..848M", "2000AJ....120.1316K", "2000ASPC..200..434M", "2000ApJ...539..561C", "2000ApJ...543..149O", "2000ApJ...544..616G", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2000MNRAS.317.1029P", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000MNRAS.319..619T", "2000RSPTA.358.2143E", "2000astro.ph..1180G", "2000astro.ph.12119W", "2001AJ....122.3065H", "2001ApJ...546..223G", "2001ApJ...547..555G", "2001ApJ...548..550N", "2001ApJ...558..590M", "2001ApJ...561...69T", "2001MNRAS.320..261B", "2001MNRAS.323..743R", "2001MNRAS.324..450T", "2001MNRAS.326..649P", "2001MNRAS.327.1041B", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001MNRAS.328.1151D", "2001PASP..113..658W", "2002ApJ...565..854F", "2002MNRAS.330..113K", "2002PASJ...54...21N", "2002PThPh.108..103T", "2003ApJ...582..141G", "2003ApJ...590..654Y", "2003MNRAS.338..913H", "2003MNRAS.345..429O", "2004ApJ...601L...9L", "2004ApJ...606..635M", "2004ApJ...614...26B", "2004MNRAS.351.1439S", "2004MNRAS.352..535D", "2005ApJ...618..557N", "2005MNRAS.358..139F", "2005MNRAS.363.1299O", "2006A&A...451..395C", "2006A&A...456...23B", "2006MNRAS.373..397S", "2006NewA...12..134B", "2006RPPh...69.3101B", "2007ApJ...660L..27F", "2007ApJ...669..905B", "2007ApJS..172..295S", "2007MNRAS.374...16L", "2007MNRAS.377...41C", "2007MNRAS.377..516D", "2008ASPC..393..111O", "2008LNP...740..287B", "2008MNRAS.386..835L", "2008MNRAS.391..565S", "2009AJ....137.4867L", "2009MNRAS.399.1773C", "2010ApJ...708.1419L", "2010MNRAS.401..319N", "2010MNRAS.402.1273C", "2010MNRAS.406..729S", "2010MNRAS.407.1403C", "2010arXiv1010.5484W", "2011AJ....141...99L", "2011ASL.....4..204B", "2011Ap&SS.331..575N", "2011PhLB..703..209F", "2012AdAst2012E..28A", "2012MNRAS.419.3304P", "2013ApJ...763..124R", "2013MNRAS.434.2606O", "2013MNRAS.436..460W", "2014MNRAS.437.1894O", "2014MNRAS.442.2094T", "2015MNRAS.447..646C", "2015MNRAS.454.3185C", "2015MNRAS.454.3938S", "2015NewA...34..151C", "2016A&A...595A..30V", "2016MNRAS.455..318B", "2016MNRAS.457.3492H", "2017ApJ...841L..21H", "2017PhRvD..95f4014C", "2018MNRAS.474.3746A", "2018MNRAS.476.2168M", "2018PhRvD..97l3525D", "2019EPJC...79..751H", "2019JCAP...06..045B", "2019MNRAS.482..821O", "2019MNRAS.484.4471F", "2019MNRAS.485.5423D", "2019MNRAS.486.2679R", "2020ApJ...898..145M", "2020MNRAS.494.3880B", "2020MNRAS.495..743B", "2020MNRAS.497.4459F", "2021MNRAS.501.4657R", "2021MNRAS.502.1191H", "2022JApA...43...14S", "2023MNRAS.525..683O", "2024EPJB...97...80L" ]
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11601787
astro-ph/9604101
Comparison of Velocity and Gravity Fields: The Mark III Tully-Fisher Catalog versus the IRAS 1.2 Jy Survey
We consider a measure of the peculiar velocity field derived from the Mark III compilation of 2900 spiral galaxies (Willick et al.), using an analysis method that is substantially free of bias (Nusser &amp; Davis). We expand the velocity field in a set of orthogonal, smooth modes, reducing the data to a set of 56 coefficients fitted to a maximum redshift of 6000 km s^-1^, and maximum spherical harmonic of l = 3. The radial resolution of the modes degrades with redshift, from 800 km s^-1^ locally to 3000 km s^-1^ at 4000 km s^-1^ redshift. Equivalent mode coefficients can be computed for the gravity field derived from any whole-sky redshift catalog of galaxies, such as the IRAS 1.2 Jy survey (Fisher et al.). Given the coefficients of the expansions, one can compare the velocity and gravity fields on a galaxy-by-galaxy basis, or on a mode-by-mode basis. Detailed comparison shows the two independent fields to be remarkably aligned in general. There are, however, systematic discrepancies in the fields that lead to considerable coherence in the residuals between them. These residuals take the form of a dipole field in the Local Group (LG) frame that grows with distance; it is not consistent with a bulk flow residual. We perform a likelihood analysis in the mode-mode comparison to determine which value of β = {OMEGA}^-0.6^/b for the IRAS gravity field is the best fit to the Mark III velocity field, considering the errors and covariance in both the velocity and gravity coefficients. We find that the most likely value lies in the range β = 0.4-0.6. However, in contrast with results we obtain using simulated galaxy catalogs, the X^2^ per degree of freedom for the fit is well in excess of unity, primarily because of the coherent dipole residuals at cz &gt;~ 3000 km s^-1^. Thus, despite the general alignment of the Mark III velocity and IRAS gravity fields, they do not agree in detail, precluding a firm determination of β from these data sets at present. The method is capable of measuring β to an accuracy of 10%, but without understanding these systematic discrepancies, we cannot infer a value of β from these data.
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11.742724
2.909664
1996-12-01
124
1996ApJ...473...22D
[ "gravity fields", "Equivalent mode coefficients", "simulated galaxy catalogs", "mode", "the Mark III velocity field", "galaxies", "galaxy", "Mark III", "the IRAS gravity field", "the Mark III velocity and IRAS gravity fields" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/178124", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604101" ]
[ "Davis, Marc", "Nusser, Adi", "Willick, Jeffrey A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...483..565P", "1997ApJ...484..560J", "1997ApJ...486..629W", "1997ApJ...488L...1R", "1997ApJ...489..457P", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997ApJS..109..333W", "1997MNRAS.287..425W", "1997PhRvD..56.4439T", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1997cdc..conf..423S", "1998ASPC..151....3F", "1998ASSL..231...11D", "1998ASSL..231...71N", "1998ASSL..231..135C", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJ...499...41M", "1998ApJ...499...66M", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998ApJ...507...64W", "1998ApJ...508....6B", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998CQGra..15.2589S", "1998MNRAS.299..425D", "1998MNRAS.300.1027C", "1998Natur.395A...9S", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1998PNAS...95...78D", "1998PNAS...95...82C", "1998PhRvD..58b3503F", "1998astro.ph..4329C", "1998astro.ph.10020S", "1998astro.ph.12258D", "1998aums.conf...82C", "1999ApJ...515L...1F", "1999ApJ...520..413Z", "1999ApJ...522....1D", "1999ApJ...523....1F", "1999ApJ...527L..73B", "1999IAUS..183...64B", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308....1B", "1999MNRAS.308..897L", "1999MNRAS.309..543B", "1999fsu..conf..213W", "1999ldss.work...29F", "2000AJ....119.1701Z", "2000ASPC..201...17C", "2000ASPC..201..194J", "2000ASPC..201..242T", "2000ASPC..201..254B", "2000ASPC..218...79E", "2000ASPC..218..173Z", "2000ApJ...530...17W", "2000ApJ...536..112B", "2000ApJ...537..537B", "2000ApJ...537L...1B", "2000ApJ...544..636C", "2000MNRAS.313..491B", "2000MNRAS.313..587N", "2000MNRAS.316..464K", "2000MNRAS.316..621R", "2000MNRAS.317L..23H", "2000MNRAS.319..573P", "2000PhR...333..147D", "2000Sci...287..109J", "2000astro.ph..3232W", "2001ApJ...548..564W", "2001ApJ...549..688B", "2001ApJ...557..102S", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.320L..21N", "2001MNRAS.326..375Z", "2001MNRAS.326.1191B", "2001PABei..19S..41Z", "2001aard.conf...64T", "2001astro.ph.10323D", "2001misk.conf..119D", "2002ApJ...580..774E", "2002MNRAS.335...53B", "2002MNRAS.336.1234Z", "2002PhRvD..65d3504H", "2002astro.ph..6052Z", "2003ApJ...590..654Y", "2003CQGra..20.4837M", "2003MNRAS.339..641C", "2003astro.ph..8027T", "2004MNRAS.355.1378R", "2005A&A...440..425R", "2005ApJ...635...11P", "2005MNRAS.357..527Z", "2005MNRAS.364..743N", "2006ApJ...637....1P", "2006MNRAS.373...45E", "2006MNRAS.373.1112B", "2006PhRvD..73l3526H", "2007MNRAS.375..348C", "2008AstL...34..451P", "2009PhRvD..80d3005E", "2011ApJ...732...65W", "2011MNRAS.413.2906D", "2012MNRAS.419.3560T", "2012MNRAS.425.2422K", "2012MNRAS.425.2880M", "2013MNRAS.436.2029M", "2014ApJ...788..157N", "2014JCAP...05..003O", "2014MNRAS.445.2677S", "2014MNRAS.445.4267K", "2016IAUS..308..310D", "2016MNRAS.456.1886S", "2017MNRAS.467.3993A", "2017MNRAS.471.3135H", "2018MNRAS.480.5332W", "2020ApJ...905...47N", "2020MNRAS.495...90N", "2021A&A...646A..65M", "2021MNRAS.507.1557L", "2022MNRAS.514..139R", "2022MNRAS.515..953H", "2023JCAP...05..002G", "2023MNRAS.522.5291G", "2024MNRAS.527.2152N" ]
[ "1962clel.book.....J", "1974ApJ...193L...1O", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980ApJ...238L.113D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...246..680T", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988ang..book.....T", "1988lsmu.book..115F", "1988lsmu.book..219Y", "1988lsmu.book..255S", "1989ApJ...344....1G", "1990ApJ...351L...5W", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...372..394D", "1991ApJ...379....6N", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992HiA.....9..687L", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993ApJ...405..437N", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993NYASA.688...84P", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1993PhR...231....1L", "1993cvf..conf....9D", "1993cvf..conf..187F", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ApJ...421L...1N", "1994ApJ...427....1B", "1994ApJ...427..527S", "1994ApJ...430L..85G", "1994MNRAS.266..219F", "1994MNRAS.266..475H", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1995AIPC..336..361D", "1995AJ....110.1071C", "1995ApJ...446...12W", "1995ApJ...454...15S", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.272..885F", "1995MNRAS.274..305H", "1995MNRAS.276.1391N", "1995PhDT........19B", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995PhRvD..52.5538B", "1995PhRvL..74.4369B", "1996ApJ...457..460W", "1996ApJ...458..419K", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996ApJ...465...34V", "1996Natur.379..519K" ]
11600460
astro-ph/9604090
Optically identified QSO absorption systems and galaxy evolution.
A comprehensive set of all available magnitudes, colors and redshifts for optically identified QSO absorbers is compiled from the literature. This results in a largely unbiased sample of galaxies at high redshifts, the size of the sample being reasonably large to allow for a first comparison with galaxy evolution models. We use our evolutionary spectral synthesis models describing various spectral types of galaxies with appropriate star formation histories. For a standard cosmology H_0_=50km/s/Mpc, {OMEGA}_0_=1, we find that all identified QSO absorbers up to a redshift =~2 do fall within the evolving range of models which had been shown earlier to give good agreement with nearby galaxies of various spectral types. The most striking result is that all spectral types of galaxies from E through Sd seem to be present in this absorber candidate sample with the bulk of the objects being spirals of type Sa to Sc. We also show that such kind of high redshift galaxy sample should allow for significant restrictions of the cosmological parameters. While models with H_0_=50km/s/Mpc, {OMEGA}_0_=1 and any redshift of galaxy formation z_form_=5...10 give reasonable agreement with observed luminosities and colors, present data seem to exclude the combination H_0_=50km/s/Mpc, {OMEGA}_0_=0.1. A low {OMEGA}_0_ together with a value of H_0_&gt;50 might still be viable. Additional data, and in particular observations of absorbing galaxies in more than one passband, are required for further constraints. We realize that the present results depend on the adopted evolutionary models and on the input physics used which might be better constrained by future observations.
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13.87385
8.15583
1996-12-01
9
1996A&A...316..123L
[ "high redshift galaxy sample", "galaxy evolution models", "galaxy formation", "absorbing galaxies", "nearby galaxies", "galaxies", "various spectral types", "high redshifts", "present data", "redshifts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9604090" ]
[ "Lindner, U.", "Fritze-v. Alvensleben, U.", "Fricke, K. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.288..457P", "1997astro.ph.11089A", "1997euvl.conf..404L", "1999A&A...341..709L", "1999ASPC..192..273F", "2000RvMA...13..189F", "2002IAUS..187..147F", "2004A&A...413...37B", "2013ApJ...774...40A" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1985AJ.....90..395S", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1986A&A...161...89S", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986PhDT.......107G", "1987A&A...175L...1C", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987AJ.....94..633M", "1988A&A...191....1B", "1988A&AS...74..185G", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1989A&A...224L...1F", "1989PhDT.........8F", "1990ApJ...351..377Y", "1990ApJ...351..396Y", "1990ApJ...357..321L", "1991A&A...242...93M", "1991A&A...242..343K", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&A...246L..59F", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...382...26T", "1992A&A...257..417B", "1992AJ....104..941S", "1992ApJ...391..569Y", "1992ApJ...394...81S", "1992ApJ...396...20B", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1992ApJS...82..447N", "1993A&A...279...33L", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993AJ....106....1S", "1993AJ....106..848D", "1993ASSL..188..263S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...413L..77S", "1994A&A...285..751F", "1994AJ....107.1219E", "1994ApJ...421...27A", "1994ApJS...94...63B", "1995A&A...303...41K", "1995Natur.376..321B" ]
11607349
astro-ph/9510131
Colours, luminosity functions and counts of galaxies
Standard models for deep galaxy counts are based on luminosity functions (LFs) that have a relatively flat faint end (alpha~-1.0). Galaxy counts in the B band exceed the prediction of such models from a factor of 2 to more than a factor of 5, forcing the introduction of strong luminosity and/or density evolution. Recently Marzke, Huchra &amp; Geller, using the CfA redshift survey sample, found that the number of galaxies in the range -16&lt;M_Zw&lt;-13 exceeds the extrapolation of a flat faint-end LF by a factor of 2. Here we show that this steep LF substantially contributes to justify the observed blue galaxy counts without invoking strong luminosity and/or density evolution. Furthermore we show that taking into account the variation of the B-K colour as a function of the morphological types and assuming a mean value &lt;B-K&gt;&lt;2.5 for dwarf galaxies, we reproduce well also the observed K-band deep galaxy counts. This assumption is supported by the strong correlation we found between B-K colour of galaxies and their infrared absolute magnitude: galaxies become bluer with decreasing luminosity.
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12.593701
6.165113
1996-12-01
4
1996MNRAS.283..865S
[ "deep galaxy counts", "dwarf galaxies", "galaxies", "luminosity functions", "decreasing luminosity", "the observed blue galaxy counts", "such models", "the observed K-band deep galaxy counts", "strong luminosity and/or density evolution", "Standard models" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.3.865", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510131" ]
[ "Saracco, P.", "Chincarini, G.", "Iovino, A." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy", "Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20121 Milano, Italy" ]
[ "1997AJ....114..887S", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "2000A&AS..141..113A", "2000MNRAS.312..557L" ]
[ "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1980PhyS...21..630T", "1981NASCP2171..731B", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982MNRAS.201..223E", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1987ASIC..208..171P", "1987MNRAS.227..115P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...329..618T", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989ASIC..264...15W", "1990A&A...229...64R", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991A&A...249..312R", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993ASPC...51...74V", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993ApJ...419..469G", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994AJ....108..870B", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267..981K", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1994pvgt.conf..173B", "1995A&AS..109..511R", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1995ApJ...438..590G", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJ...450..534D", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995ApJS...96..117M", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...462...89F" ]
2010240
null
Decrease in the space density of quasars at high redshift
QUASARS have been found up to redshifts of almost five, corresponding to an epoch when the Universe was less than ten per cent of its present age. This leaves a rather short time for the formation of the galaxies in which quasars are believed to be embedded. Indeed, some optical studies<SUP>1-3</SUP> indicate that the space density of quasars does decline rapidly for redshifts z &gt; 3, as expected if this is the epoch of galaxy formation. The interpretation of this decline is equivocal, however, as it could result simply from the obscuration of distant quasars by dust in intervening galaxies<SUP>4</SUP>. Radio emission from quasars, on the other hand, is unaffected by dust, and we show here that the space density of radio-loud quasars also decreases strongly forz &gt; 3, demonstrating that the decline is real, at least for these objects. We argue that this conclusion probably applies to all quasars. If quasars are associated with galaxy formation and/or interactions between galaxies, the decline in their space density at high redshift provides a measure of the timescale for the onset of these processes.
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14.902611
6.424411
1996-12-01
217
1996Natur.384..439S
[ "distant quasars", "QUASARS", "quasars", "galaxy formation", "high redshift", "redshifts z", "galaxies", "redshifts", "radio-loud quasars", "Radio emission" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/384439a0" ]
[ "Shaver, P. A.", "Wall, J. V.", "Kellermann, K. I.", "Jackson, C. A.", "Hawkins, M. R. S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1984ApJ...278....1O", "1990A&A...228..299M", "1990ApJ...353...24G", "1990ApJ...353..411W", "1990MNRAS.247...19D", "1990PKS...C......0W", "1991ApJ...375....1L", "1991NYASA.647...14B", "1993ASPC...51..614M", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...406L..43H", "1993ApJ...413L..63K", "1994ApJ...421..412W", "1994ApJ...428..574W", "1994MNRAS.267..167G", "1995AJ....110...68S", "1995AJ....110.2553K", "1995ApJ...445...62H", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995MNRAS.273L..63H", "1995qal..conf..299B", "1996ApJ...457..529B", "1996ApJ...466...46G", "1996ApJ...468..121S", "1996ApJ...470..403P", "1996MNRAS.278L..11S", "1996MNRAS.281..348H" ]
1990023
null
The Nature of Starburst Galaxies
Utilizing a large sample of infrared-selected starburst galaxies having optical images and long-slit spectra, we explore the interrelationships between the properties of starbursts and relate these properties to those of the "host" galaxy. We find that the half-light radius of the Hα-emitting region (r_e,Hα_) enters into several correlations that suggest it is physically related to the actual starburst radius. Most suggestively, the effective IR surface brightness (L_IR_/πr^2^_e,Hα_) correlates strongly with the far-IR color temperature. This can be reproduced roughly with an idealized model of a surrounding dust screen whose far-IR emissivity is determined by the local energy density of UV starburst light. Typical values for r_e,Hα_ are a few hundred pc to a few kpc (with the Hα emission being significantly more compact than the red starlight). This confirms the "circumnuclear" scales of typical starbursts. We show also that starbursts seem to obey a limiting IR surface brightness of about 10^11^L_sun_ kpc^2^, corresponding to a maximum star formation rate of about 20 M_sun_ yr^-1^ kpc^2^ for a normal initial mass function. We argue that this upper limit suggests that starbursts are self-regulating in some way. We show that most of these galaxies have relatively normal, symmetric rotation curves. This implies that the galactic disk need not suffer severe dynamical damage in order to "fuel" a typical starburst. We show also that the starbursts occur preferentially in the inner region of solid-body rotation. This may reflect both bar-driven inflow of gas to the region between the inner Lindblad resonances and the dominance of gravitational instability over tidal shear in this region. Most of the starbursts reside in galaxies with rotation speeds of 120-200 km s^-1^ (compared to 220 km s^-1^ for a fiducial L^*^ galaxy like the Milky Way). The lack of a correlation between galaxy rotation speed and starburst luminosity means that even relatively modest galaxies (masses~10% of the Milky Way) can host powerful starbursts. We argue on the basis of causality that the internal velocity dispersion in a starburst sets an upper limit to the star formation rate. The most extreme starbursts approach this limit, but most are well below. Finally, we show that the relative narrowness of the nuclear emission lines in starbursts (relative to the galaxy rotation speed) arises because the gas in the nuclear "bin" usually does not sample fully the solid-body part of the rotation curve. The narrow lines do not necessarily imply that the starburst is not in dynamical equilibrium.
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12.400462
7.509326
1996-12-01
189
1996ApJ...472..546L
[ "galaxy rotation speed", "typical starbursts", "starbursts", "powerful starbursts", "rotation speeds", "Hα_", "galaxies", "UV starburst light", "starburst luminosity", "_ kpc^2^" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
5
[ "10.1086/178086" ]
[ "Lehnert, Matthew D.", "Heckman, Timothy M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AIPC..393..259H", "1997AIPC..408...31M", "1997AJ....114...54M", "1997ApJ...481..673L", "1997ApJ...488L..95H", "1997ApJ...489..543P", "1997ApJ...490..194R", "1997ApJS..111..369L", "1997Natur.386..445B", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998AJ....116.2166U", "1998ARA&A..36..189K", "1998ASPC..148..127H", "1998ApJ...498..541K", "1998ApJ...503..646H", "1998ApJ...506L...7F", "1998ApJ...507..155C", "1998ApJ...508..539P", "1998ApJ...509...93W", "1998ESASP.429...33E", "1998astro.ph.11202F", "1999A&A...352..371B", "1999AJ....117.2102I", "1999ApJ...511..118K", "1999ApJ...513..156M", "1999ApJ...517..148F", "1999ApJ...519...27C", "1999ApJ...522..183M", "1999ApJ...522..199H", "1999ApJ...522..579T", "1999ApJS..121..473B", "1999IAUS..193..645L", "1999MNRAS.304..175M", "1999MNRAS.309..161M", "1999fgb..conf...64C", "1999mdrg.conf..227H", "2000A&A...364..409G", "2000A&A...364L..36T", "2000ASPC..211...81M", "2000ApJ...530..704K", "2000ApJ...537..690H", "2000ApJ...540..715R", "2000ApJ...545..712K", "2000ApJS..129..493H", "2000astro.ph..8242K", "2000gfe..progE...1A", "2001AJ....121.2483U", "2001ASPC..249..457L", "2001ASPC..249..626A", "2001ApJ...550..570H", "2001ApJ...550L..35B", "2001ApSSS.277..507G", "2001ApSSS.277..609C", "2001JApA...22..155C", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2001astro.ph..2056E", "2001astro.ph..8083A", "2002AJ....124.3135K", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ARep...46..871S", "2002ApJ...571...15W", "2002JKAS...35..175A", "2003ApJ...591..827P", "2003ApJ...599...92C", "2003MNRAS.339..793G", "2003MNRAS.340..813T", "2003MNRAS.345L..29W", "2004A&A...414...23J", "2004A&A...417...39M", "2004A&A...419..849P", "2004AJ....127..736H", "2004AJ....128.1541H", "2004ApJ...600L.143M", "2004ApJ...604..125B", "2004ApJ...606..258W", "2004ApJ...606..829S", "2004ApJ...610..201S", "2004ApJ...612..108S", "2004ApJ...613..898T", "2004ApJS..151..193S", "2004BaltA..13..632K", "2004MNRAS.348..406H", "2004MNRAS.354L..19S", "2005ASPC..331..187D", "2005ApJ...618..569M", "2005ApJ...619..270M", "2005ApJ...620..113D", "2005ApJ...633...86S", "2005MNRAS.364..552S", "2006A&A...448...43T", "2006A&A...451..431L", "2006A&A...457..779T", "2006A&A...459..113M", "2006AJ....132.1333L", "2006ApJ...643..173S", "2006ApJ...644..813E", "2006ApJ...645.1062F", "2006ApJ...646..107E", "2006ApJ...646..858S", "2006ApJ...650..661N", "2006ApJ...653.1027W", "2006MNRAS.371..530C", "2006RMxAC..26..129S", "2007A&A...462...81C", "2007A&A...464..541R", "2007ASPC..380...75V", "2007ApJ...657..725N", "2007ApJ...664..198X", "2007ApJ...668...45P", "2007ApJ...669..929L", "2007ApJS..172..132B", "2007IAUS..235..318L", "2007MNRAS.376..523S", "2007MNRAS.377.1024V", "2007MNRAS.378..525B", "2007NewAR..51..131B", "2007arXiv0708.3000L", "2008A&A...479...67N", "2008ApJ...673..686H", "2008ApJ...675..262R", "2008ApJ...682..231S", "2008ApJ...686..155Z", "2008MNRAS.390..245C", "2008arXiv0806.3278Z", "2009A&A...494..563H", "2009ApJ...697.2030S", "2009ApJ...699.1660L", "2009MNRAS.398.1915M", "2009astro2010S.289S", "2010ApJ...714.1256C", "2010ApJ...717..289S", "2010ApJ...719.1503R", "2010ApJ...720..226P", "2010MNRAS.405.1634S", "2010MNRAS.408..919S", "2011A&A...531A.127S", "2011ASPC..440..345L", "2011MNRAS.414.1705P", "2011PASJ...63.1181T", "2011PASJ...63.1207Y", "2012ApJ...746...57S", "2012ApJ...750L..36M", "2012ApJ...754..144T", "2012ApJ...755L..26D", "2012ApJS..203....3S", "2012MNRAS.427..311W", "2012PKAS...27..325M", "2013A&A...554A.133V", "2013RAA....13..179L", "2014A&A...566A..53D", "2014A&A...572A..90L", "2014AJ....147....5R", "2014ApJ...784...93Z", "2014ApJ...787....9W", "2014ApJ...794..156R", "2014MNRAS.441.3417S", "2014MNRAS.445..201M", "2014arXiv1401.4791L", "2014arXiv1410.7445S", "2015ApJ...804...83S", "2015HiA....16..495B", "2015MNRAS.448..258R", "2016A&A...593A.109D", "2016ApJ...833...39S", "2016MNRAS.461.3683I", "2017A&A...600A.121N", "2017A&A...604A.117C", "2017A&A...606A..36C", "2017ApJ...850...51S", "2017MNRAS.468.4801Z", "2017MNRAS.471.2174B", "2019A&A...621A..27F", "2019A&A...623A..33S", "2019ApJ...882..145B", "2019MNRAS.482.4032L", "2019MNRAS.486.3685V", "2020A&A...641A.124L", "2020ApJ...901..138P", "2020MNRAS.492.2924V", "2020MNRAS.497.4346K", "2021ApJ...910...89B", "2021ApJ...923..275P", "2022A&A...668A..45L", "2022ApJ...928...68S", "2023ApJ...949....9P", "2023ApJ...952...27Y", "2023MNRAS.518.5323H", "2023MNRAS.519.3064F", "2024MNRAS.532..643Z" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1972ApJ...176L...9Q", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1983ApJ...265..148S", "1983ApJ...265L..61C", "1983ApJ...266..479W", "1983ApJ...267..563H", "1984ApJ...278L..19L", "1984ApJ...285..813F", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1987ApJ...312..574L", "1987ApJ...314..513L", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987IAUS..115..663S", "1988A&A...203..259N", "1988ApJ...324L..55S", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1988MNRAS.235..297M", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...346..126D", "1989ApJ...347..812P", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1989MNRAS.238..523R", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ASSL..161...67Y", "1990ASSL..161..437D", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990ApJ...361..426O", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1991AJ....101.1293W", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...371..515D", "1991ApJ...376...95C", "1991mss..book..233S", "1992A&A...257...47X", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992MNRAS.259..345A", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...268...25B", "1993ASSL..188..455H", "1993ApJ...412...99R", "1993ApJ...418..687K", "1994ApJ...425L..13M", "1994ApJ...427..759W", "1994mtia.conf..234H", "1995AJ....110.2665M", "1995ApJ...449..508P", "1995ApJS...96....9L", "1995ApJS...97...89L", "1996ApJ...460..252S", "1996ApJ...462..651L" ]
1989666
null
HST Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. I. Intermediate Redshifts
We have obtained images of 267 3CR radio galaxies and quasars by conducting a snapshot survey with HST's WFPC2 through a broadband red (F702W) filter. This is the first in a series of papers resulting from this survey, describing and presenting the basic data. Here we focus on the 77 radio galaxies within the redshift range 0.1 &lt;z &lt; 0.5 (91% of the total number of 3CR radio galaxies within this redshift range). The images show that on the o".t scale of the HST observations there is a wide variety of structure in radio galaxy morphology. At least 30% of the galaxies show dust, either well-defined dust lanes or chaotically distributed throughout the galaxy. We find disturbed morphologies, such as multiple nuclei and tails of emission, that could indicate merging systems. There is an obvious optical synchrotron jet in 3C 346, and another eight jet candidates are present.
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14.887873
6.219942
1996-12-01
157
1996ApJS..107..621D
[ "radio galaxy morphology", "multiple nuclei", "disturbed morphologies", "3CR radio galaxies", "merging systems", "dust", "emission", "tails", "an obvious optical synchrotron jet", "WFPC2" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: JETS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192376" ]
[ "de Koff, Sigrid", "Baum, Stefi A.", "Sparks, William B.", "Biretta, John", "Golombek, Daniel", "Macchetto, Ferdinando", "McCarthy, Patrick", "Miley, George K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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1990060
null
Is the Dust Obscuring Supernovae in Distant Galaxies the Same as Dust in the Milky Way?
Previous attempts to correct type Ia supernovae (SN Ia's) for host galaxy extinction have given strange results: increased dispersion on the Hubble diagram or impossibly low values of the reddening ratio for dust in distant galaxies. The cause is the incorrect assumption that SN Ia's have a uniform intrinsic luminosity and color at maximum light. Our multicolor light-curve shape (MLCS) method establishes the relation between intrinsic luminosity and color for SN Ia's using information in light-curve shapes. Here we estimate the B - V, V - R, and V - I color excess for 20 SN Ia's using MLCS and estimate the reddening ratios of dust in distant galaxies. The ratios of selective to total absorption from dust in distant galaxies hosting SN Ia's are consistent with the galactic extinction law. The SN Ia's in late-type galaxies are often obscured by dust, while those in early-type galaxies are dust free. This suggests that SN Ia extinction is caused by interstellar (not circumstellar) dust, with similar optical properties as the dust in the Milky Way.
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2.512098
4.924088
1996-12-01
109
1996ApJ...473..588R
[ "SN Ia extinction", "SN Ia", "type Ia supernovae", "host galaxy extinction", "distant galaxies", "SN", "dust", "intrinsic luminosity", "SN Ias using information", "similar optical properties" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/178174" ]
[ "Riess, Adam G.", "Press, William H.", "Kirshner, Robert P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&A...331..815T", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ARA&A..36...17B", "1998ApJ...492..228H", "1998ApJ...504..935R", "1998ApJ...507...46S", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1998PhR...307...31F", "1998RMxAC...7...73W", "1999AJ....117..707R", "1999AJ....118.1766P", "1999ASPC..177..300W", "1999ApJ...523..617F", "1999ApJS..125...73J", "1999astro.ph.10454K", "1999idm..conf...25R", "2000A&A...359..876C", "2000A&ARv..10..179L", "2000AIPC..522...65S", "2000AIPC..522..445W", "2000AIPC..540..227F", "2000ASSL..254..463W", "2000ApJ...539..658K", "2000tias.conf....1F", "2001ApJ...546..734L", "2001ApJ...553...39P", "2001ApJ...556L..71H", "2001NewAR..45..409S", "2001PASP..113..920L", "2001idm..conf...20R", "2001sgrb.conf..239K", "2001sgrb.conf..356W", "2002ApJ...568..779H", "2002ApJ...574..719M", "2002MNRAS.332..352R", "2002PASP..114..803N", "2003A&A...404..901N", "2003astro.ph..9416P", "2004ApJ...605..614M", "2004ApJ...607..391G", "2004ApJ...607..665R", "2004LNP...646..191F", "2004MNRAS.349.1344A", "2004mmu..symp..270F", "2005A&A...429..559S", "2005A&A...443..781G", "2005ASSL..332...97F", "2005ApJ...619..749M", "2005ApJ...627..579R", "2005IJMPD..14..901N", "2005MNRAS.362..671R", "2006A&A...450..971O", "2006A&A...459..229S", "2006AJ....131.1639K", "2006AN....327..917B", "2006ApJ...645..488W", "2006ApJ...652..512Q", "2006ApJS..166..443E", "2006astro.ph..8520S", "2007A&A...466...11G", "2007AJ....133...58K", "2007AJ....133..403G", "2007ApJ...659...98R", "2007ApJ...659..122J", "2007ApJ...664L..13C", "2007MNRAS.378....2S", "2008A&A...485..403O", "2008A&A...487...19N", "2008ApJ...675..626W", "2008GReGr..40..221L", "2008MNRAS.386..475H", "2009ApJ...697..380W", "2009ApJ...704..629M", "2009ApJS..183..109R", "2009ApJS..185...32K", "2009PhRvD..80d4019C", "2010AJ....139..120F", "2010ApJ...721.1608B", "2010MNRAS.404..247C", "2011A&A...526A.119N", "2011Ap&SS.335..223T", "2011ApJ...731..120M", "2012ApJ...749..126W", "2013ApJ...764..191H", "2013ApJ...773..119D", "2013IAUS..281....1K", "2013JCAP...11..053C", "2014A&A...569A..61P", "2015MNRAS.446.3768H", "2015MNRAS.447.1247S", "2015MNRAS.451.2390H", "2016A&A...590A...5G", "2016A&A...596A.109P", "2016ApJ...819..152C", "2016MNRAS.460..373S", "2016MNRAS.463.4311S", "2017ApJ...834...60Y", "2017ApJ...842...93M", "2017PDU....18...17H", "2017hsn..book.2543P", "2018A&A...615A..42C", "2018CaJPh..96..225H", "2018EPJP..133...30H", "2018PhDT.......102A", "2021MNRAS.508.4310T", "2022MNRAS.510.3939M", "2022MNRAS.517.3312M", "2024MNRAS.530.4016T", "2024arXiv240506013U" ]
[ "1960AJ.....65..581K", "1978A&A....62..411B", "1982AJ.....87..264H", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982Afz....18..574J", "1985A&A...144..471I", "1985A&A...149..330B", "1985LNP...224..151C", "1986PhDT.........8W", "1987IAUS..124..151T", "1988duun.conf..501B", "1990AJ....100..530M", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1990ASSL..165..277R", "1990ApJ...350..110C", "1991A&A...249..327B", "1992AJ....104..696D", "1992ARA&A..30..359B", "1992dge..book.....W", "1993AJ....106.2392H", "1993ApJ...413L.105P", "1993ApJ...415....1S", "1994AJ....108.2226H", "1994ApJ...423L..13S", "1994ApJ...424L.107M", "1995AJ....109....1H", "1995ApJ...453L..55V", "1996ApJ...457..500H" ]
1990012
null
Properties of Host Galaxies of Powerful Radio Sources
This paper describes those properties of the host galaxies of powerful radio sources that are unique to radio galaxies. The radio galaxies have redshifts up to z = 0.5 and radio powers, P_408,MHz_, ranging from 10^25^ to 10^28^ W Hz^-1^ (H_0_=50 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^ and q_0_ = 0.0). We find that the magnitudes, colors, and surface brightness profiles of these radio galaxies are very diverse. Their rest frame V magnitudes range from -24th to -20th magnitude and are 0.55 +/- 0.06 mag fainter than those of brightest cluster members. Their (B - V) colors can be as red as those of brightest cluster members but may also be ~1 mag bluer. The optical structure of the low-redshift (0.03 &lt; z &lt;0.25) radio galaxies may vary ranging from cD to N galaxy behavior. Although the host galaxies of the low-redshift radio sources are generally "elliptical-like" galaxies, a comparison of the overall structure of radio galaxies to those of radio- quiet "generalized elliptical galaxies" of Schombert shows that only 17% are genuine elliptical galaxies, 9% have elliptical profiles with truncated halos, 26% are roughly elliptical but have disturbed surface brightness profiles, 16% are cD or D galaxies, 7% have double nuclei, and 21% are N galaxies. The only property that radio galaxies, as a class, have in common is that their sizes are relatively larger than those of normal elliptical galaxies of the same absolute magnitude. At the 22d isophote (in V) radio galaxies are 11% larger, at the 24th isophote they are 15% larger, and at the 25th isophote they are 20% larger. The host galaxies of the low-redshift (0.03 &lt;z &lt;0.25) FR I and FR II sources have different properties. Sixty-nine percent of all FR I's are associated with cD-like or double nucleus galaxies, 19% with smooth ellipticals, and 13% with disturbed ellipticals; no FR I's are associated with N galaxies. Forty-one percent of all FR IIs are associated with N galaxies, 26% with smooth ellipticals, and 26% with disturbed ellipticals; no FR II's are associated with cD-like galaxies. The colors and color gradients are also different, with the FR II's having both bluer colors and a larger dispersion in their color gradients. Powerful FR I and FR II sources exhibit differing cosmological evolutions in their number counts. At low redshifts, almost all powerful sources are FR I's, and at high redshifts they are predominantly FR II's. We suggest that powerful FR I's prefer host galaxies that are the dominant central galaxies of relaxed groups and clusters, while FR II's are most often associated with violent galaxy encounters.
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14.938845
6.011793
1996-12-01
65
1996ApJ...473..713Z
[ "radio galaxies", "host galaxies", "normal elliptical galaxies", "genuine elliptical galaxies", "N galaxies", "galaxy behavior", "violent galaxy encounters", "powerful radio sources", "FR II", "low redshifts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
3
[ "10.1086/178184" ]
[ "Zirbel, Esther L." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...491..146J", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998A&A...336..479K", "1998A&ARv...8..237I", "1998ApJ...494..503B", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1998ApJ...495..749S", "1998ApJ...502..614V", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999ASPC..159..409H", "1999ApJ...510..631H", "1999ApJ...516L..61M", "2000A&A...353..507G", "2000A&A...355..873C", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000AJ....119.2068P", "2000ApJ...541..624S", "2000ApJ...545L..93L", "2001A&A...371..795H", "2001A&A...375..791V", "2001A&A...379...21Z", "2001A&A...379...35Z", "2001ApJ...555..650H", "2001MNRAS.325..636A", "2002A&A...394..791C", "2002AJ....123.2312S", "2002ApJS..139..411A", "2003AJ....125.1795Z", "2004A&A...428..401V", "2005ApJ...632..781I", "2006ApJ...652..112C", "2007ApJ...664L..75F", "2007ApJ...667..780D", "2009ApJ...696.1103C", "2010ASPC..423..249K", "2010ApJ...710L.107C", "2010ApJ...715.1071O", "2010MNRAS.407.1739I", "2012MNRAS.420..187T", "2013ApJ...762...30B", "2013ApJ...771...38O", "2014A&A...567A..76B", "2014ApJ...786....3S", "2014ApJ...792..113C", "2014ApJ...792..114C", "2014IAUS..304..298B", "2014MNRAS.439.1270R", "2015A&A...573A..93V", "2015A&A...576A..38B", "2016ApJ...826...46K", "2017ApJS..232...21K", "2018ApJ...867...35R", "2018arXiv180909568C", "2019A&A...623A..48C", "2019ApJ...870...53B", "2020A&A...635A..32C", "2020A&A...635L..10C", "2020A&A...640A..65C", "2022A&A...667A..52C", "2022A&ARv..30....6M", "2022ApJ...941...95W", "2022ApJ...941..114J", "2023A&A...672A.164P", "2023ApJS..265...32M" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1958PASP...70..364M", "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1966MNRAS.133..421L", "1972ApJ...178....1S", "1972ApJ...178...25S", "1973ApJ...183..711S", "1973ApJ...183..731S", "1973ApJ...183..743S", "1974ApJ...194....1O", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1976ApJ...205..688S", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1978ApJ...221..383K", "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1979ApJS...40..583B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983ApJ...268..476S", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1983PhDT.........5M", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...286...68B", "1984MNRAS.209..401L", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985MNRAS.217..601P", "1985PhDT.........2D", "1986ApJ...300..591B", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986ApJS...60..603S", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJS...63..555S", "1987ApJS...64..643S", "1987MNRAS.229...15S", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1988PhDT.........6S", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989ApJ...336..681B", "1989ApJ...336..702B", "1989ApJ...342L..59D", "1989ApJ...345L..21B", "1989ApJS...69..365S", "1989MNRAS.236..959P", "1989MNRAS.238..357O", "1989MNRAS.238P..41F", "1989MNRAS.239P...1R", "1990ApJ...355..416D", "1990ApJ...356..399S", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...373..325G", "1991MNRAS.249..164O", "1991Natur.349..138R", "1992ApJ...386L...9D", "1992ApJ...389..208B", "1992ApJ...399..426D", "1992MNRAS.254..546M", "1993ApJ...404..521A", "1994ApJ...428...65H", "1994PhDT.......269L", "1995ApJ...448..521Z", "1995ApJ...451...88B" ]
1990091
null
On the Frequency of Occurrence of Recurrent Novae and Their Role as Type IA Supernova Progenitors
We have determined the frequency of occurrence of recurrent novae (RNe) for the Galaxy, M31, and the LMC. We find that the ratio between the rate of outbursts of recurrent and classical novae (CNe) is in the range n_out_(RNe)/n_out_(CNe) ~ 0.1-0.3. The implications of this result for the realization frequency of RNe as potential progenitors of Type Ia supernovae are also discussed. RNe are not the major class of progenitors of Type Ia supernovae.
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4.936085
8.942669
1996-12-01
42
1996ApJ...473..240D
[ "Type Ia supernovae", "potential progenitors", "RNe", "progenitors", "recurrent novae (RNe", "outbursts", "Galaxy", "occurrence", "recurrent and classical novae (CNe", "M31" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL MESSIER NUMBER: M31", "GALAXIES: MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "STARS: NOVAE", "CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES", "STARS: STATISTICS", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/178139" ]
[ "della Valle, Massimo", "Livio, Mario" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998MNRAS.296.1019H", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999A&A...344L..13O", "1999A&A...347L..43K", "2001AIPC..599..682K", "2001ASSL..264...55M", "2001ApJ...550L..53C", "2001ApJ...558..323H", "2001ApJ...563..749S", "2002A&A...389..439N", "2004ApJ...610..261G", "2004PASJ...56S...1K", "2005A&A...442..879P", "2005ApJ...620..938O", "2008A&A...492..787S", "2009A&A...498L..13H", "2009ApJ...705.1056B", "2010A&A...523A..89H", "2010AN....331..187P", "2010ApJ...712..728D", "2010ApJS..187..275S", "2011A&A...532L..11M", "2011PhDT........23H", "2012ApJ...750..164C", "2012ApJ...752..133C", "2012BASI...40..293R", "2013ApJ...768...48T", "2014A&A...563A...2H", "2014ARA&A..52..107M", "2014ApJ...788..164P", "2014ApJS..213...10W", "2014MNRAS.442..713M", "2015ApJS..216...34S", "2017ApJ...849L..23M", "2019MNRAS.483.1114B", "2020A&ARv..28....3D", "2020AdSpR..66.1147D", "2021ApJ...920..127J", "2023JCAP...03..015G", "2023MNRAS.518.2614M", "2024A&A...686A..72I", "2024arXiv240216635P" ]
[ "1928PASP...40..347D", "1929ApJ....69..103H", "1956AJ.....61...15A", "1963AJ.....68..435B", "1964AnAp...27..498R", "1965AJ.....70..212B", "1973A&AS....9..347R", "1973AN....294..255M", "1979ctvs.conf...96G", "1986PhDT.........8W", "1987ApJ...314..653W", "1987ApJ...318..520C", "1987PASP...99..606L", "1987SSRv...45....1D", "1989AJ.....97...83R", "1989AJ.....97.1622C", "1990MNRAS.245P..28S", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991Ap&SS.180..273S", "1992A&A...262...97V", "1992ApJS...81..683T", "1992Natur.358..563S", "1993A&A...268..472C", "1993AnIPS..10...57L", "1994A&A...286..786D", "1994ApJ...423L..31D", "1994ApJ...425..797L", "1995ApJ...445..789P", "1995ApJ...447..656Y", "1995PASP..107.1019B", "1995cvs..book.....W", "1996ApJ...466..890Y" ]
2009851
null
What bent the jets in 4C 34.16?
The steep-spectrum radio source 4C 34.16 lies in a poor cluster of galaxies and is symmetrically bent in a wide C-shape. In order to investigate the origins of its bent shape, we have obtained X-ray, optical and radio observations of this object and its environment. Their ROSAT PSPC observation reveals the existence of substantial substructure in the intracluster gas similar to the features seen in simulations of cluster mergers. The most striking of these features is a "wake" of X-ray emission between the radio lobes. The authors' data and analysis provide strong evidence that the existence of this wake is related to the mechanism responsible for the bending of the jets. Both of these phenomena can be explained by a minor merger event, in which a small infalling galaxy group or a lump of cool primordial gas has disturbed the cluster. A simple hydrodynamical description of the shape of the radio jets, which incorporates both ram pressure and buoyancy forces, places constraints on the galaxy velocity relative to the intracluster gas; we find that a galaxy velocity of ≲300 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> can account for the bending of the jets as well as explaining the density enhancement in the wake.
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14.833578
5.523615
1996-12-01
33
1996MNRAS.283..673S
[ "X-ray emission", "galaxies", "cool primordial gas", "cluster mergers", "≲300 km s", "strong evidence", "substantial substructure", "-", "buoyancy forces", "a small infalling galaxy group" ]
[ "Radio Sources: Radio Structure", "Radio Sources: X-Ray Structure", "Radio Sources: Jets", "Radio Sources: Intracluster Gas", "Radio Sources: Clusters of Galaxies", "galaxies: clusters: general -- galaxies: individual: 4C34.16 -- intergalactic medium -- galaxies: jets -- radio continuum: galaxies: -- X-rays: galaxies" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.2.673" ]
[ "Sakelliou, I.", "Merrifield, M. R.", "McHardy, I. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998MNRAS.293..489S", "1998MNRAS.294..347M", "1999MNRAS.305..417S", "1999MNRAS.309..273H", "1999MNRAS.310..663S", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2001MNRAS.321L..33F", "2003MNRAS.345.1255K", "2004MNRAS.349..560H", "2004MNRAS.351.1439S", "2004NewAR..48..843E", "2005MNRAS.359.1007H", "2005MNRAS.360.1069S", "2006ApJ...644..155M", "2007ApJS..172..295S", "2008ApJ...673..763D", "2008ApJ...682..186G", "2009A&A...505...55G", "2009ApJ...703L.172M", "2010ApJ...713..484O", "2011ApJ...743..199D", "2012ASSL..378...55S", "2014A&A...563A.131S", "2016MNRAS.460.2376B", "2019Ap&SS.364...72P", "2020AJ....160..152G", "2020JPhCS1579a2021S", "2020MNRAS.494.5207M", "2021arXiv210315199P", "2022ApJS..259...31S", "2022PASA...39...49G", "2023ApJ...956...87G", "2023Galax..11...67O" ]
[ "1943ApJ....97..255C", "1944MNRAS.104..273B", "1971MNRAS.154..141H", "1973MNRAS.165..259B", "1973Natur.244...80G", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975A&A....43..337C", "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...224..718G", "1979AJ.....84.1478B", "1979Natur.279..770B", "1980ApJ...242..511D", "1981ApJ...250...66V", "1981ApJ...250..450B", "1981MNRAS.195..523B", "1982AJ.....87....1Q", "1982ApJ...255..373G", "1982IAUS...97...45B", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1983ApJ...274..502M", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...278...37E", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1985A&A...143..136B", "1987A&AS...69...57F", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991AJ....102...14P", "1991MNRAS.252..414E", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992MNRAS.255..431J", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...408..428O", "1993ApJ...416...36P", "1994A&AS..106..505R", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1994AJ....108.2031P", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ApJ...423...94B", "1994ApJ...427..351R", "1994ApJ...428..544D", "1994Natur.369..462P", "1995A&AS..113..133R", "1995AJ....109..874B", "1995AJ....110...46D", "1995ApJ...440...48D", "1995ApJ...445..578D", "1995ApJ...446..583B", "1995ApJ...447..559S", "1995ApJ...449...93W", "1996A&A...305..756S", "1996A&A...311..817R" ]
1986584
null
An Optically Based Search for Distant Galaxy Clusters
We describe an automated, optically based search for distant galaxy clusters. The search covers 13 square degrees of deep I-band CCD data from which we present a catalogue of 105 candidates. Half of the candidates from this search are expected to be as rich as Abell richness class zero. These Abell-like clusters are expected to have a median redshift greater than z = 0.5. The other half are likely to be poorer clusters or chance overdensities.
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12.599891
5.080308
1996-12-01
35
1996AJ....112.2454L
[ "poorer clusters", "distant galaxy clusters", "Abell richness class", "deep I-band CCD data", "chance overdensities", "Abell", "Half", "half", "CCD", "These Abell-like clusters" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "CATALOGS", "EARLY UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/118195" ]
[ "Lidman, Christopher E.", "Peterson, Bruce A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&A...340L..27H", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998AJ....116.2644O", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1998PASP..110..223T", "1999A&A...345..681O", "1999AJ....118.2002H", "1999ASPC..176...97C", "2000A&A...360..896L", "2000AJ....120.2148G", "2000ApJ...533..601B", "2000ApJ...540..593V", "2000astro.ph..4224V", "2001A&A...368..776R", "2001A&A...380..460O", "2001ApJ...550..593J", "2001ApJS..137..117G", "2002ARA&A..40..539R", "2002MNRAS.337..470B", "2003MNRAS.346..229B", "2004MNRAS.349..425B", "2005ApJ...633..122H", "2006astro.ph..1195G", "2007ApJ...660..221K", "2009ApJ...706..571T", "2010ApJS..191..254H", "2011MNRAS.417.1402F", "2012MNRAS.420.1167A", "2012MNRAS.420.1861M", "2014arXiv1403.5237B", "2015ApJ...812..138F", "2015ApJS..216...27B", "2016MNRAS.460.1340M", "2021MNRAS.500.2236R", "2023MNRAS.519.2630W" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1960ApJ...132..908M", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1969AJ.....74..804K", "1970AJ.....75..237S", "1974Ap&SS..28..365S", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1976A&AS...23..109R", "1976ApJS...32..409T", "1977ApJ...217L..77B", "1977ApJS...35..209D", "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1978MNRAS.182..241B", "1979ApJ...232..689B", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1981ApJ...251L..75K", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1983MNRAS.204...33L", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985MNRAS.217..239E", "1986ApJ...304L...5L", "1986ApJ...306...30G", "1986MNRAS.222..323K", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1989ApJ...341L..71E", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989ESOC...31...35V", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991ARA&A..29..499G", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...383..104K", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991MNRAS.249..606C", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1993A&A...278..379B", "1993MNRAS.262..764A", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1994ApJ...424L..79C", "1994ApJ...429....4C", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1994ApJ...432..438J", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994MNRAS.268..345B", "1994MNRAS.269..151D", "1995ApJ...439...47R", "1996AJ....111...29O", "1996AJ....111..615P", "1996MNRAS.279.1357L" ]
2008848
null
Large- and superlarge-scale structure in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey
In this paper we employ a core-sampling analysis to find characteristic scales for the large- and the superlarge-scale structure (LSS and SLSS, respectively) in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (LCRS). With this method, we show that the spatial distribution of galaxies can be roughly characterized as a superposition of three different populations of structural elements: the richest and most stable part is composed of sheet-like elements which can be identified with the SLSS; a system of rich filaments forms the stable part of the LSS; and a system of poor, sparsely populated filaments, lying preferentially in underdense regions, completes the LSS construction. The SLSS incorporates about 60 per cent of the galaxies within the full survey sample, and this value changes little for subsamples constrianed by absolute magnitude. Hence, the number density of galaxies is heavily modulated by the SLSS. The spatial distribution of the SLSS elements is approximately Poissonian and is characterized by a mean separation of elements D_sc~=(77+/-9) h^-1 Mpc for the full LCRS sample. This value for D_sc depends only weakly on galaxy luminosity. The stable component of the LSS contains about 20 per cent of the galaxies in the full sample, and the spatial distribution of this component can also be approximated as Poissonian. This distribution is characterized for the full LCRS sample by the mean separation of filaments D_fc~=(30+/-2) h^-1 Mpc. The poorest and most sparsely populated component of the LSS contains about 20 per cent of the galaxies in the full LCRS sample. The spatial distribution of this component of the structure can also be described as Poissonian and can be characterized by a mean separation of filaments D_fc~=(12.9+/-0.3) h^-1 Mpc. The projected proper thickness of the sheets, t_pr, is ~=(4-5) h^-1 Mpc, much smaller than the separation of the sheets themselves; hence, galaxies tend to be confined to a relatively small fraction of the survey volume. This heavy concentration of galaxies within the sheets of SLSS, however, is not necessarily accompanied by a similar concentration of dark matter.
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12.099854
4.559505
1996-12-01
40
1996MNRAS.283.1281D
[ "galaxies", "galaxy luminosity", "rich filaments", "h^-1 Mpc", "filaments", "structural elements", "characteristic scales", "LSS", "LCRS", "the full LCRS sample" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.4.1281" ]
[ "Doroshkevich, Andrei G.", "Tucker, Douglas L.", "Oemler, Augustus, Jr.", "Kirshner, Robert P.", "Lin, Huan", "Shectman, Stephen A.", "Landy, Stephen D.", "Fong, Richard" ]
[ "Theoretical Astrophysics Center, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark", "Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany", "Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8101, USA", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE" ]
[ "1997A&AS..123..495D", "1997ApJ...491..421E", "1997MNRAS.285L...5T", "1997MNRAS.289..801E", "1998A&A...329....1M", "1998A&A...329...14D", "1998ASSL..231..117T", "1998ApJ...492...45S", "1998ApJ...505...12S", "1998GrCo....4S.110E", "1998NewA....3..631R", "1998PhRvD..58j3517K", "1999ASPC..176..297M", "1999ApJ...512..527D", "1999IJTP...38.2581D", "1999MNRAS.306..575D", "1999MNRAS.306..779D", "2000A&AS..144..323S", "2000ASPC..200..314C", "2000ApJ...538...29C", "2000ApJ...545L..11W", "2000MNRAS.314..256K", "2000MNRAS.315..767D", "2000MNRAS.318..665D", "2000MNRAS.318.1177D", "2000MNRAS.318.1189D", "2001MNRAS.322..369D", "2002MNRAS.330..531T", "2002NewA....7..249B", "2003astro.ph..7233D", "2004A&A...418....7D", "2004A&A...421..157H", "2004ApJ...606...25B", "2004ApJ...615....1B", "2005ApJ...620..595W", "2005MNRAS.358..256P", "2006PhDT.......399S", "2011ApJ...726...17P", "2011ApJ...727...48W", "2011MmSAI..82..619P" ]
[ "1958AN....284..109M", "1973ApJ...183..711S", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1983ARA&A..21..373O", "1983SvAL....9..104S", "1985MNRAS.216...17B", "1986ASIC..180..169L", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...306..341G", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987SvA....31....8K", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...331L..63B", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...340..625G", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...383...41B", "1991PhRvD..43.2510G", "1992A&A...257....1M", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...390...17M", "1992ApJ...393..437K", "1992ApJ...393..464B", "1992ApJ...401...28B", "1993ApJ...409..517S", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1994A&A...288..697M", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994ApJ...427...25S", "1994ApJ...434...24B", "1994ApJ...434..417G", "1994ApJ...437..560W", "1994ApJ...437L...1D", "1994ApJ...437L..71G", "1994PhDT........11T", "1995AIPC..336..429F", "1995PhDT........21L", "1995lssu.conf...65D", "1995qal..conf..347S", "1995qal..conf..371D", "1995wfsd.conf...98S", "1996A&A...306....1B", "1996ApJ...456L...1L" ]
1989936
null
IRAS Observations of the Outer Galaxy. I. Discrete Sources and Large-Scale (Diffuse) Emission
The infrared emission in two fields of the outer Galaxy is analyzed using the IRAS image data. We present a census of discrete (but extended) IRAS sources, identified from the 60 μm images. This sample can be used to characterize the properties of typical star-forming regions. <P />We distinguish class A sources (Galactic star-forming regions) from other Galactic objects on the basis of their flux density distributions. However, our class A sources have different infrared colors than other star formation groups (young stellar objects [YSOs] and ultracompact H ii regions), as measured by the IRAS Point Source Catalogue. The class A colors, in particular the high 12μm/25μm ratio, are similar to the color sequence found by Boulanger et al. for the 0-star-excited California Nebula. They are also similar to the colors measured, on IRAS image products, for larger "classical" H II regions embedded in large molecular clouds. The similar infrared colors suggest that most class A sources are larger, lower density regions that sample a variety of local radiation field strengths. <P />The infrared colors of class A sources are also found to match the colors of normal spiral galaxies. This suggests that a close correspondence exists between the physical conditions in outer Galaxy star- forming regions and normal spiral galaxies. <P />The discrete sources have been carefully measured on IRAS Coadd images, and detailed comparisons are made with the results from other IRAS data products, especially with the Point Source Catalog (PSC). Great care has been taken to investigate the uncertainties associated with these measurements, and these results may be useful for other studies that make use of IRAS image products. <P />Information from these measurements is combined with larger scale IRAS images to investigate the relative contributions of different components of the outer Galaxy to the total mid- and far-infrared emission. At 60 and 100 i#m, the diffuse emission (i.e., infrared cirrus) dominates the emission from the discrete sources, which include all possible sites of star formation.
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10.624725
10.442632
1996-12-01
24
1996ApJ...472..624F
[ "IRAS sources", "IRAS image products", "larger scale IRAS images", "other IRAS data products", "IRAS Coadd images", "outer Galaxy star- forming regions", "different infrared colors", "IRAS", "other star formation groups", "discrete sources" ]
[ "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "INFRARED: ISM: CONTINUUM", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "SURVEYS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/178093" ]
[ "Fich, Michel", "Terebey, Susan" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJS..111..387C", "1998AJ....115.2483P", "1998ApJ...493..312M", "1998ApJ...502..265H", "1999RMxAC...8...67P", "2000ApJS..126...85K", "2001AJ....121..413A", "2002A&A...394L...1I", "2002A&A...395..955C", "2002AJ....123.3348C", "2002AJ....124.3449K", "2003A&A...412..431A", "2004A&A...420..225T", "2006ApJ...640..270S", "2007MNRAS.379..289K", "2008KPCB...24..229A", "2008PhDT.......109F", "2010AJ....140..462A", "2010ASPC..438..328A", "2011A&A...532A...9A", "2011MNRAS.416.1535R", "2014ApJ...784..111L", "2014ApJ...791..109Z", "2015ApJ...799..153K" ]
[ "1984A&A...138...10P", "1984ApJ...278L..19L", "1985A&A...144L...9B", "1985ApJ...292..494D", "1985ESOC...22..527H", "1986A&A...154L...8C", "1986ApJ...307..337B", "1986ApJ...309L..73T", "1986ApJ...311L..33H", "1987AJ.....94..416P", "1987AJ.....94.1025L", "1987ARA&A..25..521B", "1987ApJ...319L..63T", "1987ApJ...322..101S", "1987IAUS..115...19E", "1988ApJ...329L..93V", "1988ApJ...330..964B", "1988ApJ...332..328B", "1988ApJ...332..954L", "1988MNRAS.235..441H", "1989A&A...214..139M", "1989AJ.....97..786H", "1989ApJ...336..762S", "1989ApJ...340..265W", "1989ApJ...344..350L", "1989IAUS..135..285H", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ApJ...364..136B", "1990ApJS...74..575W", "1991A&A...246..559D", "1992A&A...258..495L", "1992A&AS...96..625O", "1992ApJ...387..591J", "1992ApJ...397...55F", "1992ifss.book.....M", "1993A&AS...99..291L", "1993AJ....105.1505K", "1993ApJ...407..657C", "1993ApJ...416..769C", "1994A&A...291L...5B", "1994ASPC...58..180F", "1995AJ....109.2611C" ]
2008836
null
X-ray emission from the field of the hyperluminous IRAS galaxy IRASF15307+3252
We report on a 20-ks observation of the z=0.93 hyperluminous galaxy IRAS F15307+3252 with the ROSAT HRI. No X-ray source is detected at the position of F15307+3252 at an upper limit of ~4x10^43ergss^-1. This is less than 2x10^-4 of the bolometric luminosity of the object, and indicates either that the nucleus emits an unusually small fraction of its total power in X-rays, or that little of the nuclear X-ray flux is scattered into our line of sight by electrons. The lack of an X-ray detection around F15307+3252 also rules out it being at the centre of a cluster, such as is observed for IRAS P09104+4109. A weak, possibly extended, X-ray source is detected 13 arcsec south of the galaxy, spatially coincident with a clump of faint objects visible in a Keck K_s-band image of the field. This may be the core of a cluster near the line of sight to F15307+3252.
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14.528544
7.690535
1996-12-01
25
1996MNRAS.283L..95F
[ "X-ray source", "galaxy IRAS F15307", "-", "rays", "faint objects", "No X-ray source", "the nuclear X-ray flux", "an X-ray detection", "IRAS P09104", "F15307" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: IRAS F15307+3252", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES." ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/283.3.L95" ]
[ "Fabian, A. C.", "Cutri, R. M.", "Smith, H. E.", "Crawford, C. S.", "Brandt, W. N." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA", "IPAC, Caltech, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "IPAC, Caltech, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA" ]
[ "1998A&A...334L..73A", "1998MNRAS.297L..11F", "1998MNRAS.300L...7W", "1999Ap&SS.266...55W", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "1999MNRAS.309..862W", "2000MNRAS.315L...8F", "2001MNRAS.321L..15I", "2001MNRAS.326.1467D", "2001MNRAS.327.1187M", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2002ASPC..258..185F", "2002MNRAS.329..605F", "2002MNRAS.329L..18F", "2002MNRAS.335..574V", "2002MNRAS.335.1163F", "2003MNRAS.338..303A", "2003MNRAS.338L..19W", "2005MNRAS.362L..20I", "2006ApJ...650..879F", "2007A&A...471..775R", "2008MNRAS.383L..10N", "2013MNRAS.431.1638H", "2013MNRAS.434.3322D", "2017MNRAS.464.2223H" ]
[ "1987ApJ...323..243W", "1988A&A...205...53P", "1988ApJ...328..161K", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1993MNRAS.260...28L", "1993MNRAS.261..513R", "1994ApJ...424L..65C", "1994ApJ...436L..51F", "1995ApJ...450L...1H", "1995ApJ...455..480B", "1995MNRAS.274L..63F", "1996ApJ...456L...9G", "1996ApJ...461...72E" ]