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astro-ph/9508050
Effects of Sampling on Measuring Galaxy Count Probabilities
We investigate in detail the effects of sampling on our ability to accurately reconstruct the distribution of galaxies from galaxy surveys. We use a simple probability theory approach, Bayesian classifier theory and Bayesian transition probabilities. We find the best Bayesian estimator for the case of low sampling rates and show that even in the optimal case certain higher order characteristics of the distribution are irretrievably washed out by sparse sampling: we illustrate this by a simple model for cluster selection. We show that, even choosing an optimal threshold, there are nonzero numbers for both misidentified clusters and true clusters that are missed. The introduction of sampling has an effect on the distribution function that is similar to convolution. Deconvolution is possible and given in the paper, although it might become unstable as sampling rates become low. These findings have important consequences on planning and strategies of future galaxy surveys.
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11.787484
3.39057
1996-03-01
13
1996ApJ...459..504S
[ "sampling rates", "low sampling rates", "Bayesian classifier theory", "Bayesian transition probabilities", "future galaxy surveys", "true clusters", "certain higher order characteristics", "galaxy surveys", "cluster selection", "nonzero numbers" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/176913", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508050" ]
[ "Szapudi, Istvan", "Szalay, Alexander S." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997APHHI...5..271S", "1997astro.ph..2144S", "1998ApJ...493...39K", "1998MNRAS.296..253C", "1999ASPC..176...97C", "2000ApJ...530..547J", "2001AJ....122.3492M", "2002AJ....124.1810S", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2004MNRAS.354.1146V", "2005ApJ...625....6G", "2007MNRAS.376.1425G", "2012ApJ...751...50G" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983MNRAS.204...33L", "1985ApJ...292L..35H", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...414..493S", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJS...96..401C" ]
11600318
astro-ph/9601015
The distance modulus of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Constraints from RR Lyrae pulsation properties.
It has recently been suggested that the discrepancy between the "long" and "short" distance moduli of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), as inferred from the properties of the Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables, respectively, might be due to the action of "third parameters" between the Galaxy and the LMC, which would make the RR Lyraes in the old LMC globular clusters brighter than their Galactic counterparts by ~0.3mag. Through analysis of the RR Lyrae pulsation properties, we show that this idea is not supported by the available data. A satisfactory explanation of the problem has yet to be found.
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7.296563
9.422688
1996-03-01
8
1996A&A...307L..13C
[ "RR Lyrae variables", "LMC", "the RR Lyrae pulsation properties", "the old LMC globular clusters", "Galactic", "third", "Galaxy", "Cepheid", "the Large Magellanic Cloud", "the RR Lyraes" ]
[ "STARS: EVOLUTION", "STARS: HORIZONTAL BRANCH", "STARS: VARIABLES: OTHER", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "(GALAXIES:) MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601015" ]
[ "Catelan, M." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114..147M", "1997ARep...41..281E", "1997eds..proc...91T", "1998ApJ...495L..81C", "2002AJ....124..364C", "2003AJ....125.2543C", "2006ApJ...640L..43S", "2009Ap&SS.320..261C" ]
[ "1976ApJS...32..367S", "1985ApJS...57..287N", "1987A&AS...68..119C", "1987A&AS...71....1C", "1989AJ.....98.2086W", "1990AJ....100.1532W", "1990ApJ...365..539M", "1992A&A...261..457C", "1992AJ....103.1166W", "1992AJ....104..253C", "1992AJ....104.1072S", "1992AJ....104.1395W", "1992AJ....104.1743S", "1992ApJ...386..663C", "1992ApJ...390L..81W", "1993A&A...276...87C", "1993A&AS...98..547C", "1993AJ....106..719S", "1993AJ....106.1858C", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993ASPC...48..198D", "1993ApJ...410..526S", "1993ApJ...411..178V", "1993ApJ...414..580S", "1994A&A...284L..16F", "1994AAS...184.3202L", "1994ApJ...430..624C", "1994ApJ...432L..51B", "1994ApJS...93..233B", "1994MNRAS.266..441L", "1994hsgh.conf..298S", "1995AJ....110..704S", "1995ApJ...438..724C", "1995ApJ...451L..65V" ]
1989965
null
A 1.425 GHz Atlas of the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample, Part II
Galaxies with δ >= -45^deg^ and |b| >= 10^deg^ in the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample, Part II, were observed at 1.425 GHz by the Very Large Array in its B, CnB, C, DnC, and D configurations. An atlas of radio contour maps and a table listing the principal radio source parameters (position, flux density, angular size) are given. This atlas of 187 galaxies supplements the 1.49 GHz atlas of 313 galaxies in the revised Bright Galaxy Sample, Part I. Together, they are complete for extragalactic sources stronger than S = 5.24Jy at λ = 60 microns in the area |b| > 10^deg^, δ > -45^deg^. To the extent that the far-infrared and radio brightness distributions overlap, these radio maps provide the most accurate positions and high-resolution images of the brightest extragalactic far-infrared sources.
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14.859008
5.890719
1996-03-01
145
1996ApJS..103...81C
[ "radio contour maps", "Bright Galaxy Sample", "extragalactic sources", "Part II", "S = 5.24Jy", "flux density", "position", "the principal radio source parameters", "angular size", "|b|" ]
[ "ASTROMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
4
[ "10.1086/192270" ]
[ "Condon, J. J.", "Helou, G.", "Sanders, D. B.", "Soifer, B. T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996Ap.....39..237K", "1997A&A...319..737R", "1997AJ....113.1569G", "1998A&A...333..803S", "1998A&A...335..807A", "1998A&A...337..671R", "1998A&ARv...8..237I", "1998AJ....116.2682C", "1998MNRAS.298..824G", "1999A&A...341..667M", "1999A&A...346...45H", "1999A&A...346..753W", "1999A&A...347...37R", "1999A&A...347..809D", "1999A&A...348..394G", "1999ASPC..187..281M", "1999Ap&SS.266..131K", "1999Ap&SS.269..349M", "1999ChA&A..23..463L", "1999ESASP.427..805V", "1999IAUS..194..133M", "1999MNRAS.307..553D", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...363..933M", "2000AJ....119...94A", "2000AJ....119..509S", "2000ApJ...530..704K", "2000ApJ...541..644X", "2000ApJS..131..413Z", "2000BSAO...50..115V", "2000ChA&A..24...49S", "2001A&A...371...45D", "2001A&A...374...42D", "2001A&A...375..566N", "2001ApJS..132...37K", "2001ApSSS.277..371M", "2001PASJ...53..433R", "2002AJ....123..772V", "2002AJ....124..675C", "2002Ap.....45..277K", "2002ApJ...564..650C", "2002ApJ...570..557C", "2002ApJ...577..114K", "2002ApJS..143...47D", "2002astro.ph..2241R", "2002luml.conf..108M", "2003A&A...399...39R", "2003A&A...403..829V", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2003ApJ...583..670C", "2003ApJ...587..160M", "2003ApJ...591..791A", "2003ApJ...592..782P", "2003ApJ...593..733R", "2003IAUS..214..289K", "2003MNRAS.343.1285D", "2004A&A...414..123S", "2004AJ....127..736H", "2004AJ....128.1552B", "2004ApJ...601.1160R", "2004IAUS..220..183B", "2004PhDT.......134R", "2005A&A...434..149V", "2005AIPC..783..241P", "2005Ap.....48...99K", "2005ApJS..158....1I", "2005PASJ...57..587S", "2006A&A...457..779T", "2006AJ....131..100B", "2006AJ....131.2888I", "2006ApJ...645..186T", "2006ApJ...646L..41B", "2006MNRAS.371..945H", "2007A&A...462...81C", "2007A&A...462..575A", "2007A&A...463..481P", "2007A&A...464..553K", "2007AJ....134..118Z", "2007AJ....134.2124R", "2007ApJ...654..219T", "2007ApJ...664..820D", "2007MNRAS.375..227M", "2008A&A...490...77W", "2008ASPC..381..405B", "2008ASPC..396...93W", "2008ApJ...688..875B", "2008ApJ...688..990A", "2009A&A...493..525I", "2009A&A...506..689I", "2009ApJ...692..556R", "2009ApJ...695L..40A", "2010AJ....139.2241M", "2010AJ....140...63I", "2010AJ....140.1294M", "2010ApJ...713..524L", "2010ApJ...719.1433A", "2010MNRAS.404.1966X", "2011A&A...527A..60R", "2011arXiv1104.0509A", "2012A&A...538A.152Z", "2012ApJ...747..104A", "2012ApJ...751...10P", "2012ApJS..203....9U", "2012MNRAS.419.1051L", "2012MNRAS.422..510R", "2012MNRAS.422.2291P", "2012MNRAS.426..719C", "2012MNRAS.426.2601P", "2013Ap&SS.347..159O", "2014A&A...570A..97I", "2014ASInC..13..295G", "2014MNRAS.437.3236F", "2015AJ....149..116M", "2015ApJ...805...31L", "2015MNRAS.451.3768T", "2016ARep...60...73S", "2016MNRAS.460.2180H", "2016PhDT.......253B", "2017ApJ...835..226K", "2017ApJ...843..117B", "2017ApJ...849...29I", "2017ApJS..229...25C", "2018A&A...618A.104M", "2018A&A...618A.106R", "2018MNRAS.474.4056M", "2018MNRAS.476..158H", "2018MNRAS.479.3509S", "2019ApJ...878...76Y", "2019MNRAS.483.3444P", "2020A&A...633A.127F", "2020A&A...639A..43A", "2020ApJ...903..107K", "2020Natur.582..356H", "2021A&A...651A..42P", "2021ApJS..257...35C", "2021MNRAS.503..124M", "2022ApJ...925..203J", "2022ApJ...938..152D", "2023A&A...679A.115P", "2023ApJ...954...87W", "2023ApJ...956...32L", "2023ApJS..269...24K", "2023MNRAS.523.6239N", "2024ApJ...963...88P", "2024arXiv240202778P" ]
[ "1981MNRAS.197..829C", "1984ApJ...285..439U", "1986A&AS...65..145F", "1987A&A...172...32H", "1987AJ.....94...61R", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJS...65..485C", "1987ApJS...65..543C", "1987MNRAS.227..887H", "1987MNRAS.228..521U", "1988A&AS...74..315R", "1988AJ.....95..398D", "1988AJ.....95.1659M", "1988AJ.....96...30C", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1989A&A...208...32H", "1989A&A...208...39M", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ApJ...343..659U", "1990A&A...228..315H", "1990A&A...240..237D", "1990AJ.....99.2059R", "1990ApJS...72..761B", "1990ApJS...73..359C", "1990MNRAS.242..379V", "1990MNRAS.246..477P", "1991A&A...248...23H", "1991A&A...251...15B", "1991A&AS...90...55V", "1991A&AS...91...61V", "1991AJ....101..362C", "1991ApJ...382..100S", "1992A&A...255...35M", "1992A&A...259..462L", "1992A&A...264..483D", "1992A&A...266...37B", "1992ApJ...395..444C", "1992MNRAS.259..425S", "1993A&A...269...29J", "1993A&A...274..687N", "1993AJ....105...46S", "1993ApJ...419..553B", "1994A&A...281..718M", "1994A&AS..107...23A", "1994AJ....107..984F", "1994ApJ...421..122T", "1994ApJ...430L..41V", "1994ApJ...430L..45W", "1994ApJ...432..590D", "1994ApJ...434..128C", "1994ApJ...436...89C", "1994MNRAS.268..203C", "1994MNRAS.270...46S", "1995AJ....109.2318C", "1995AJ....110.1993S", "1995ApJ...445..599M" ]
1987535
null
Line Strengths and Line-Strength Gradients in S0 Galaxies
Line strengths and their gradients in Mg, Fe, and Hβ have been determined for a sample of 20 S0 galaxies in order to study the stellar populations of their bulges and disks and to investigate their relationship to elliptical galaxies. Data are also presented for the elliptical galaxy NGC 1700 and the E/S0 NGC 3585. We find that S0 galaxies generally follow a similar, though possibly steeper, relationship between central Mg_2_ line strength and central velocity dispersion as found for elliptical galaxies. The S0 galaxies show no dependence between Fe line strengths and central velocity dispersion similar to the behavior observed in elliptical galaxies. The central Mg/Fe ratios in the luminous S0 galaxies show an overabundance of Mg to Fe with respect to solar element ratios. The disks (at 1 h) and bulges (at 1 r_e_) show Mg/Fe ratios lower than those found in the central regions. The magnitudes of the Mg and Fe line-strength gradients within the galaxies are found to be correlated, i.e., objects with steep Mg gradients have correspondingly large Fe gradients. We infer bulge and disk gradients for the nine most edge-on galaxies for which we have both major and minor-axis profiles. The metal line strengths decrease with radius along the major and minor axes in the bulge-dominated central regions. At larger radii, however, the major-axis metal line strength profiles flatten while the minor-axis bulge profiles fall to lower values. Representative color maps in B - R are presented that display a separation between bulge and disk colors corresponding to the metal line strength profiles. Based on our Mg_2_ profiles, the average metal gradient found in the disks of our sub-sample is {DELTA}[Fe/H]/{DELTA}(r/h) = -0.08 +/- 0.06, which corresponds to a reduction in the mean metallicity of the disk stellar population by <~ 15% per disk scale length (h). These shallow metallicity gradients are approximately a factor of 2-3 smaller than those derived for the disks of late-type spiral galaxies from H II regions and are consistent with previous investigations that showed a trend for disk metallicity gradients to decrease toward earlier Hubble types. As inferred from our Mg and Fe line strengths, the mean size of the bulge metallicity gradients is {DELTA}[Fe/H]/{DELTA}log r = - 0.7 +/- 0.4 which is steeper than typical elliptical galaxy gradients. Our findings do not support formation scenarios in which bulges formed either from heated disk material at late times after disk formation or through dissipationless stellar merging, as neither process includes mechanisms for producing the observed metallicity gradients. Our observations are better explained in terms of formation via dissipative collapse (or merging) at early times.
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11.136483
7.023302
1996-03-01
150
1996ApJ...459..110F
[ "disk metallicity gradients", "disk gradients", "typical elliptical galaxy gradients", "Fe line strengths", "elliptical galaxies", "disk formation", "central Mg_2_ line strength", "steep Mg gradients", "Line strengths", "disk colors" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176873" ]
[ "Fisher, David", "Franx, Marijn", "Illingworth, Garth" ]
[ "Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; UCO/Lick Observatory, Board of Studies in Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064", "Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138", "UCO/Lick Observatory, Board of Studies in Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064" ]
[ "1996A&A...315L..75K", "1996AJ....111.2238P", "1996ASSL..209..255C", "1997A&A...323..749P", "1997A&A...326..528D", "1997AJ....113..950F", "1997ApJ...482...68H", "1997MNRAS.288..161J", "1997PASP..109..571R", "1997astro.ph.10101T", "1998A&A...333..419T", "1998A&A...334..805L", "1998A&A...335..823T", "1998A&AS..127..597C", "1998AJ....116...85S", "1998AJ....116..643L", "1998ASPC..147...13W", "1998ApJ...498..195F", "1998ApJ...502L.133B", "1998ApJ...505L.109B", "1998ApJS..116....1T", "1998HiA....11...78F", "1998MNRAS.293..343V", "1998MNRAS.298..267V", "1998MNRAS.300..469S", "1998PASP..110..888W", "1999AJ....117.2725S", "1999ASPC..163..274G", "1999ASPC..187..231P", "1999ASPC..192..283W", "1999Ap&SS.265..389S", "1999ApJ...513..224V", "1999ApJ...513..695M", "1999MNRAS.303..495E", "1999MNRAS.306..607J", "1999MNRAS.310..863P", "1999PASP..111..919H", "1999cezh.conf..168W", "2000A&A...359...18M", "2000A&AS..141....1M", "2000A&AS..141..385V", "2000AJ....119..126A", "2000AJ....120..741S", "2000ApJ...529..768K", "2000ApJ...543..634M", "2000MNRAS.311...37P", "2000MNRAS.313..800D", "2000MNRAS.315..184K", "2000MNRAS.317..406B", "2000MNRAS.317..907J", "2001A&A...366...68P", "2001ASPC..245..429T", "2001ApJ...562..689P", "2001ApJ...563..118P", "2001AstL...27...15S", "2001BSAO...51..123S", "2001MNRAS.323..615K", "2002A&A...388..396T", "2002A&A...395..761K", "2002AJ....124..706A", "2002ASPC..282..121S", "2002ApJ...576..720K", "2002MNRAS.329..513D", "2002MNRAS.330..547T", "2002MNRAS.333..517P", "2002astro.ph.10362K", "2003AJ....125..667H", "2003AJ....125.2809S", "2003ApJ...584..260W", "2003ApJ...591..185S", "2003ApJS..146..299E", "2003egcs.conf..121K", "2004A&A...419..449R", "2004A&A...428..877K", "2004AJ....127.2641S", "2004AJ....127.3192C", "2004AJ....127.3300V", "2004ARA&A..42..603K", "2004ASSL..319...81F", "2004MNRAS.353..405T", "2004oee..symp..388T", "2005A&A...429..825A", "2005AJ....129..630B", "2005AJ....129.2138L", "2005AJ....129.2617G", "2005ApJ...621..246B", "2005ApJ...623..795M", "2005MNRAS.357..590D", "2005MNRAS.358..813D", "2005MNRAS.358.1337R", "2006A&A...457..823S", "2006A&A...460..439D", "2006ApJ...637..200Y", "2006ApJS..163...50H", "2006ApJS..164..334F", "2006MNRAS.366..510T", "2006MNRAS.367..815N", "2006MNRAS.369..497K", "2006MNRAS.370..753B", "2006MNRAS.371..583M", "2006MNRAS.373.1125B", "2007A&A...474.1081G", "2007A&AT...26..311A", "2007ApJ...658..929R", "2007MNRAS.377..759S", "2007MNRAS.379..445P", "2007MNRAS.380..506G", "2008ApJ...683..707Y", "2008MNRAS.386..715T", "2008MNRAS.389..341M", "2009A&A...505...73R", "2009A&A...505..613S", "2009ASPC..419..131F", "2009ASSP....7..175C", "2009ApJS..182..216K", "2010MNRAS.405.1089L", "2010MNRAS.408...97K", "2010MNRAS.409..727F", "2011ApJS..195...13O", "2011AstL...37....1S", "2011MNRAS.412..423P", "2011MNRAS.413.1036H", "2011MNRAS.415.2063B", "2012ApJ...747...68H", "2012ApJ...753...79W", "2012IAUS..284..309O", "2012MNRAS.422.2590J", "2012MNRAS.423..962M", "2012MNRAS.427..790S", "2012arXiv1201.2373H", "2013A&A...549A.148L", "2013AJ....146..151O", "2013pss6.book...91G", "2014ApJ...790..122T", "2014Galax...2..300C", "2014MNRAS.438.1038R", "2014MNRAS.440.1690H", "2014MNRAS.441..333J", "2015ApJ...804...32G", "2016AJ....152...73S", "2016ASSL..418..127S", "2016ApJ...831..173F", "2016ApJS..225....6K", "2016MNRAS.463.4396M", "2017MNRAS.466.2024T", "2018ApJ...859..108K", "2019MNRAS.482.4084L", "2020ApJ...903..110K", "2020MNRAS.491.3562Z", "2020MNRAS.499.5607M" ]
[ "1931ApJ....74...43H", "1936rene.book.....H", "1951ApJ...113..413S", "1961PNAS...47..905M", "1961hag..book.....S", "1965ARA&A...3....1A", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973ApJ...179...69Q", "1973ApJ...179..423F", "1974ApJ...194....1O", "1975MNRAS.173..671L", "1976ApJ...204..365F", "1977ApJ...214..359K", "1977ApJ...215..401M", "1977ApJ...217..406K", "1977Natur.266..501C", "1978ApJ...221..554T", "1978ApJ...225..742S", "1979ApJ...227..714K", "1979ApJ...234..435B", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1981MNRAS.196..381T", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJ...256..460K", "1982ApJ...257..527T", "1982VA.....26..159G", "1983ApJ...268...90C", "1983ApJ...275..529K", "1984ApJ...281..512D", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJS...56..283W", "1985A&A...145..433V", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJS...57..711F", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986AJ.....91.1130B", "1987A&A...177...71B", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...317...82G", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1988AJ.....96..867C", "1988ASIC..232..459L", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1989ApJ...337...45G", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1989ApJS...69..217G", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ.....99.1108Z", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...350...73B", "1990ApJ...359L..41F", "1990ApJ...364L..33S", "1990MNRAS.245..217G", "1990PASP..102..709L", "1990dig..book..508S", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991MNRAS.250..392G", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...258..250B", "1992A&A...264..105M", "1992AJ....103.1512D", "1992ApJ...394L...9R", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992ApJ...400L...5R", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1993A&AS...98...29M", "1993A&AS..100...47G", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993ApJS...85....1N", "1993ApJS...86..153G", "1993ESOC...45....3B", "1993IAUS..153..151R", "1993IAUS..153..387P", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1993MNRAS.265..553C", "1993PhDT.......172G", "1994A&AS..105..481M", "1994AJ....107..135B", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...428L..49F", "1994ApJS...94..687W", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994MNRAS.270..523C", "1994MNRAS.270..743C", "1994PhDT.........8F", "1994mtia.conf.....S", "1994mtia.conf..349F", "1995A&A...296...73W", "1995ApJ...438..539F", "1995ApJ...446L..31J", "1995ApJ...448..119F", "1995IAUS..164..249F", "1995IAUS..164..259B", "1995IAUS..164..275S", "1995IAUS..164..281L", "1995IAUS..164..325R", "1995IAUS..164..453F" ]
1989938
null
The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Imaging Survey of BL Lacertae Objects. I. Properties of the Host Galaxies
The results of an extensive imaging survey of 50 BL Lac objects conducted at the Canada-France-Hawaii 3.6 m Telescope (CFHT) are presented. This paper details the results pertinent to the host galaxies of BL Lac objects; a companion paper presents results on the clustering environments of BL Lac objects obtained from the same images. All images were obtained through a Gunn r-filter and most during subarcsecond seeing conditions. The sample selected for observations includes both X-ray and radio-selected BL Lac objects with known redshifts < 0.65. Because high-z and unknown redshift (i.e., optically very featureless) BL Lac objects are excluded from this study, these results may not be pertinent to all BL Lac objects. Forty-six of 50 BL Lac objects are resolved by these images, 36 of which were resolved well enough to allow a host galaxy classification based upon their surface brightness profiles. Twenty of these 36 are best-fit unambiguously by elliptical profile host galaxies, 10 are likely ellipticals, three are possible spirals (but with problems with their profiles that make this conclusion tentative), and three host galaxies are best-fit unambiguously by spiral galaxy profiles. One of the three best-fit by a spiral profile (MS 0205+351) is also the only point source which is significantly decentered relative to its "host galaxy" and the lowest luminosity galaxy in the sample. This one BL Lac object and the other two in spiral galaxies (PKS 1413+135 and OQ 530) are the only candidates for gravitationally lensed BL Lac objects to be identified from this study. Comparisons of host galaxy luminosities and morphology made internal to the sample find no evidence that any BL Lacertae subtype with distinct characteristics (e.g., high vs. low polarization; presence of weak emission lines; X-ray vs. radio-loud) has distinct host galaxy properties. This is particularly important for the X-ray versus radio- selected BL Lac objects which have been suspected of being different types of objects on the basis of their discrepant (V/V_max_) values, redshift distributions, and emission-line properties. Therefore, the results here support a picture for BL Lac objects in which the X-ray-loud and radio-loud objects are from the same parent population with the X- ray-loud BL Lac objects viewed further from the beaming axis than the radio-loud BL Lac objects. Comparisons between the CFHT BL Lacertae sample and large, nearby samples of rich cluster brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and Fanaroff- Riley (FR) type 1 and 2 radio galaxies find that the host galaxy luminosity distribution is most consistent with the FR 2's, not with the FR 1's as suspected previously using smaller BL Lacertae samples. Paper II in this series shows that the clustering environment of BL Lac objects is also more consistent with that of FR 2's than FR 1's, confirming with a larger sample the suggestion by Prestage & Peacock that BL lac objects avoid rich clusters. And yet it is well known that the extended radio emission in BL Lac objects is most consistent with FR 1's in luminosity and morphology. The resolution to this apparent contradiction is that the parent population of BL Lac objects is only a subset of FR 1's which excludes at least the BCGs in rich clusters and possibly all radio galaxies in rich clusters as well.
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16.707062
5.027016
1996-03-01
125
1996ApJS..103..109W
[ "BL Lac objects", "selected BL Lac objects", "BL Lac", "BL lac objects", "BL Lacertae", "smaller BL Lacertae samples", "BL lac", "host galaxy luminosities", "elliptical profile host galaxies", "objects" ]
[ "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "SURVEYS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192271" ]
[ "Wurtz, Ron", "Stocke, John T.", "Yee, H. K. C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...312L..13H", "1996ASPC..100..253B", "1997A&A...325..911S", "1997AJ....114.1736H", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...480..547W", "1997ApJ...484L.113Y", "1997ApJ...487L.143C", "1997ApJ...489L..17S", "1997ApJ...491..146J", "1997MmSAI..68...47P", "1997VA.....41..247C", "1997astro.ph..5183J", "1998A&A...329..853H", "1998A&A...332..503K", "1998A&A...334..459B", "1998A&A...336..479K", "1998ApJS..114..177Z", "1998MNRAS.295..799W", "1998MNRAS.296..961W", "1999A&A...341..683H", "1999A&A...343...81N", "1999A&A...345..414W", "1999A&A...348..113H", "1999A&A...352...19R", "1999A&A...352...85F", "1999A&A...352..437G", "1999A&A...352L..11H", "1999ASPC..156..183S", "1999ASPC..159....3U", "1999ASPC..159..339P", "1999ASPC..159..367H", "1999ASPC..159..381L", "1999ASPC..159..399K", "1999ASPC..159..409H", "1999ApJ...512...88U", "1999ApJ...516..145R", "1999ApJ...521..134S", "1999ApJ...525..127L", "1999MNRAS.304..434C", "1999MNRAS.305..246H", "1999MNRAS.307..725G", "1999PASP..111.1193C", "1999PASP..111.1223N", "2000A&A...357...91F", "2000AJ....120.1626R", "2000ApJ...531..744V", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000ApJ...542..731F", "2000ApJ...544..258S", "2000MNRAS.319.1109G", "2000PhDT........21B", "2000eaa..bookE2359S", "2001A&A...376...51T", "2001AJ....121...90C", "2001AJ....122..565R", "2001ASPC..227...22S", "2001ASPC..227...32P", "2001ASPC..227..184S", "2001ASPC..250..200P", "2001MNRAS.325.1109B", "2002A&A...381..810P", "2002ARep...46..609B", "2002ApJ...566L..13B", "2002ApJ...579..554W", "2002ChJAA...2....8D", "2002MNRAS.336..945L", "2002NewAR..46..159P", "2002NewAR..46..349U", "2003A&A...400...95N", "2003A&A...400..477T", "2003A&A...406..565H", "2003AJ....125.1060R", "2003AJ....126.2677Q", "2003ApJ...583..134B", "2003ApJ...595..624F", "2003ApJ...599..155C", "2003MNRAS.338..176H", "2003MNRAS.343..505F", "2004A&A...418..813H", "2004A&A...423..935M", "2004A&A...424..107K", "2004MNRAS.351...83L", "2005A&A...440..831K", "2005ARep...49....5P", "2005ARep...49..368H", "2005ApJ...631..169B", "2005ApJ...635..173S", "2005BASI...33..401S", "2005MNRAS.356..859P", "2006A&A...457...35S", "2006AJ....132....1S", "2006Ap.....49...36E", "2006MNRAS.366.1337S", "2006MNRAS.370..738G", "2007A&A...462..889P", "2007A&A...470..787P", "2007ApJ...664L..71A", "2007ApJ...668L..99Q", "2007R&QE...50..253G", "2008A&A...477..513F", "2008MNRAS.384..230K", "2009ApJ...692L..29A", "2009ApJ...694..174B", "2009arXiv0907.0994E", "2010A&A...521A..69A", "2010ApJ...718..279G", "2010ApJ...720..976D", "2011ApJ...726...43A", "2011ApJ...726...58A", "2011ApJ...732..113S", "2011MNRAS.413...39D", "2012ApJ...761..125F", "2012MNRAS.423L..84L", "2012PhRvD..86g5024H", "2013A&A...552A..98T", "2014A&ARv..22...73F", "2015MNRAS.450..541A", "2018MNRAS.474.3162T", "2020ApJ...904..102N", "2021ApJ...907...61R", "2021ApJ...913..111Z", "2022MNRAS.514.3017V", "2024MNRAS.527.4763D" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975A&A....38..209C", "1975A&AS...20....1C", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1975ApJ...199..545M", "1975ApJ...202L.113O", "1976ApJS...31..143W", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJ...217L.125O", "1978A&A....69..253E", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1978bllo.conf..176M", "1978bllo.conf..328B", "1979ApJ...233...23S", "1979ApJS...40..699D", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1980AJ.....85..204B", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981ApJ...245..375S", "1981ApJ...248..439T", "1981ApJ...249....3W", "1981Natur.293..714B", "1982ApJ...253..485P", "1982ApJ...260..415M", "1983ApJ...264L..43D", "1983ApJ...266..459S", "1983ApJ...266..466G", "1984ApJ...276..466U", "1984ApJ...278...37E", "1984ApJ...279...93W", "1984ApJ...284L..23M", "1984RvMP...56..255B", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJ...294..158A", "1985ApJ...298..619S", "1985ApJ...298..630L", "1985Natur.318..446O", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986ApJ...301..841O", "1986ApJ...302..711H", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1987A&A...171...25C", "1987A&AS...69...57F", "1987AJ.....93....1B", "1987AJ.....94..587B", "1987ApJ...319..671S", "1987ApJ...320..122H", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1987PASP...99..309L", "1988A&A...198L..13S", "1988A&A...206L..30S", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1988Natur.335..146N", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ApJ...338..735Y", "1989LNP...334...45U", "1989LNP...334..149I", "1989LNP...334..242S", "1989LNP...334..253E", "1989LNP...334..401B", "1989LNP...334..420O", "1989MNRAS.238..357O", "1989MNRAS.240...33G", "1990AJ.....99....1K", "1990AJ....100...84D", "1990ApJ...356...75P", "1990ApJS...72...75O", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1990MNRAS.243..192N", "1990PASP..102..932S", "1991AJ....102.1294F", "1991ApJ...368..373P", "1991ApJ...369L..55M", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...374..431S", "1991ApJ...378...77G", "1991ApJ...380...49M", "1991ApJ...382..501U", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991ApJS...77...67S", "1991BAAS...23Q1429M", "1991MNRAS.249..742M", "1991MNRAS.252..482A", "1991Sci...253..522B", "1992AJ....104.1306M", "1992AJ....104.1687K", "1992ApJ...387...69Z", "1992ApJ...400..115S", "1992ApJ...400L..13C", "1992ApJ...400L..17S", "1992ApJ...401..474A", "1992ApJ...401L..65R", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992MNRAS.256..655M", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...268...53F", "1993A&AS...97..483S", "1993A&AS...98..393S", "1993AJ....105...53B", "1993AJ....105.2031F", "1993AJ....106..869W", "1993AJ....106..875L", "1993ApJ...406..430P", "1993ApJ...411...55S", "1993ApJ...411L..63F", "1993ApJ...412..541S", "1993ApJ...415..101A", "1993ApJS...84..109L", "1993ApJS...85..265J", "1993MNRAS.261..795B", "1993MNRAS.264..298M", "1994AJ....107..494P", "1994ASPC...54..319O", "1994ApJ...422..542B", "1994ApJ...424L..69P", "1994ApJ...428..130J", "1994ApJ...435L..11B", "1994ApJ...436...67V", "1994ApL&C..29..267M", "1994MNRAS.268..681M", "1994MNRAS.268L..51G", "1994PhDT........43W", "1995A&A...298..395F", "1995AJ....110.1554P", "1995AJ....110.1959L", "1995ApJ...439...80C", "1995ApJ...441..113S", "1995ApJ...444..567P", "1995ApJ...447L...1B", "1995ApJ...454...55S", "1995ApJS..101...29B", "1995qal..conf..175W" ]
1987424
null
Tidal Triggering of Star Formation by the Galaxy Cluster Potential
We have modeled the effect on star formation in a disk galaxy falling radially into the potential well of a cluster of galaxies due to the radial and transverse tidal accelerations from the cluster potential. We evaluated these accelerations for four different cluster mass distributions: (1) the canonical King model, (2) an isothermal X-ray gas, (3) an adiabatic X-ray gas distribution, which is more centrally peaked than the King model, and (4) that inferred from gravitational lensing, which is the most centrally peaked. The latter two peaked potentials show a progressively more significant lateral compression of the galaxy disk from the tidal field within 250 kpc of the cluster center. The tidal component is negligible for the canonical King model or isothermal X-ray potential within this radius because of the flattened central mass distribution which characterizes these distributions. For the centrally peaked potentials, inside of approximately 250 kpc, tidal accelerations from the cluster potential on galaxies will be important and will trigger collisions of neutral hydrogen clouds which will increase the level of expected star formation in a disk galaxy. The rotation of the galaxy will result in the entire disk experiencing the maximum transverse tidal acceleration within only 41 of a disk rotation period. Galaxies on radial orbits are very likely to pass within a radius of approximately 250 kpc as a cluster undergoes collapse or merger. Tidal triggering will thus increase the rate of star formation in galaxies during collapse. The central potential derived from lensing (which indicates a centrally concentrated mass profile) comes primarily from clusters at the epoch at which the population of galaxies seems to undergo considerable metamorphosis (the Butcher-Oemler effect). Therefore, the lensing potential may be a more realistic potential for the central region of a cluster at this epoch. Another possible effect on galaxy evolution is the ram pressure of the intracluster medium on the galaxy. Observations indicate that there are fewer X-ray luminous clusters at the Butcher-Oemler epoch relative to the present and suggest that the gas is undergoing density and temperature evolution. Therefore, we have calculated the ram-pressure effect for two cases: (1) a low- density intracluster gas which assumes that the intracluster gas experiences a significant density increase between the z = 0.2 epoch and the present and (2) the high-density gas which is similar to the most X-ray luminous clusters. For the latter case, the tidal effect of the cluster potential contributes to star formation triggering but is dominant only inside of 50 kpc, while in the former it dominates inside of 250 kpc. If ram pressure were the primary triggering mechanism, then a correlation of star formation with the X-ray luminosity should be apparent at some level in all of the clusters showing the Butcher- Oemler effect. However, no clear correlation is seen in the available data. We suggest that the tidal effect of the cluster potential contributes, along with galaxy-galaxy interactions to increasing the star formation rate in galaxies at the z = 0.2 epoch. We show that the cluster tidal field works with gas removal processes to enhance the level of star formation, increasing the number of blue galaxies, and also to ultimately shorten the timescale over which the star formation is intensified, focusing the epoch of intense star formation. Observational tests are suggested which will test this hypothesis.
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11.692533
6.984368
1996-03-01
68
1996ApJ...459...82H
[ "fewer X-ray luminous clusters", "star formation", "isothermal X-ray potential", "expected star formation", "intense star formation", "galaxy evolution", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "blue galaxies", "clusters" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
2
[ "10.1086/176870" ]
[ "Henriksen, Mark", "Byrd, Gene" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.288..702W", "1997MNRAS.292..920W", "1998ApJ...509..587F", "1998MNRAS.297L..34C", "1999AJ....117...75C", "1999AJ....117..140C", "1999ApJ...510L..15B", "1999ApJ...514..119K", "1999ApJ...527...54B", "1999MNRAS.307...67H", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...363..933M", "2000AJ....120...47C", "2000ApJ...530...96C", "2000MNRAS.314..324C", "2000MNRAS.317..667M", "2001ApJ...562L.125T", "2002AJ....124.2453M", "2003AJ....125.2975L", "2003ApJ...591...53T", "2004AJ....128...68C", "2004ApJ...613..866K", "2004IAUS..217..390M", "2004MNRAS.349..357B", "2004PASJ...56...29F", "2004cgpc.symp..277M", "2005AJ....129...31O", "2005AJ....129..647L", "2005ApJ...627..186W", "2005MNRAS.356..794D", "2005MNRAS.357..819S", "2005MNRAS.361..109B", "2006AJ....131.1974O", "2006PASP..118..517B", "2007AJ....133.2630C", "2007MNRAS.376..157C", "2008ApJ...688..918Y", "2009ApJ...693..152O", "2009eimw.confE...9K", "2010A&A...524A..24B", "2010ApJ...717..147S", "2011A&A...527A.101K", "2011ApJ...735...76K", "2011ApJ...738...56T", "2011LPI....42.1004B", "2011MNRAS.417.2927P", "2012A&A...542A..17P", "2012A&A...546A..48P", "2012ApJ...749...43Y", "2012ApJ...751...54H", "2012LPI....43.1042W", "2012MNRAS.426.1632P", "2013ApJ...770...61O", "2015MNRAS.454..322D", "2015PKAS...30..507P", "2016A&A...592A...7A", "2016MNRAS.455.2028F", "2017ApJ...838...81Y", "2021IJAA...11...95H", "2022A&A...660A.132D", "2022A&ARv..30....3B", "2022ApJ...927...66W", "2022MNRAS.516.4293W", "2023A&A...676A..92B", "2023ApJ...944..213C", "2024A&A...683A.205E", "2024IJAA...14...85H", "2024MNRAS.527.1062H" ]
[ "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1980pim..book.....D", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1986ApJ...301...57B", "1986ApJ...302..287H", "1986ApJ...306..384T", "1987ApJ...317..593C", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1988ApJ...332...81L", "1990ASPC...10..200D", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...350...89B", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1991ApJ...376...23E", "1991ApJ...383...66H", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992MNRAS.257...11T", "1993AJ....106..473C", "1994AJ....107....8F", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1994ApJ...431...91L" ]
1987844
null
Molecular Gas in Elliptical Galaxies: CO Observations of an IRAS Flux-limited Sample
A search for CO(2-1) emission from 42 early-type galaxies with 100 micron flux densities greater than 1 Jy detected (tentatively in some cases) 11 galaxies and tentatively found absorption against the active nucleus in two. Data from this survey and from the literature show that the overall detection rate of CO emission or absorption in elliptical galaxies is 45% and that the detection rate increases with increasing 100 micron flux density. The data suggest that all elliptical galaxies contain a small amount of cold interstellar matter. The CO and far-infrared fluxes are well correlated, though the relationship shows a lot of scatter, which does not appear to be caused by variations in the temperature of the interstellar dust and probably indicates differences in the physical state of the interstellar medium from galaxy to galaxy. The CO flux densities are completely uncorrelated with the galactic starlight. The detection of CO emission shows that many elliptical galaxies have dense cold gas in their inner regions. The four galaxies which are known to have CO absorption, including the two from the present paper, have relatively narrow absorption components which are at the galaxy's systemic velocity and/or redshifted with respect to this velocity, consistent with infall to the center of the galaxy.
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12.596514
8.49336
1996-03-01
70
1996ApJ...460..271K
[ "elliptical galaxies", "many elliptical galaxies", "galaxy", "CO absorption", "CO emission", "cold interstellar matter", "CO", "absorption", "dense cold gas", "all elliptical galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "ISM: MOLECULES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/176967" ]
[ "Knapp, G. R.", "Rupen, M. P." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...315L..75K", "1997A&A...322..419W", "1997ASPC..116..322R", "1997ApJ...483L..33B", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1999AJ....118.2592V", "1999ASPC..163..119K", "2000A&A...359..887L", "2000ApJ...543..634M", "2000MNRAS.317..649B", "2000PASJ...52..743F", "2001AJ....121.1336H", "2001IAUS..205..190P", "2001MNRAS.322..643G", "2001qhte.conf..185L", "2002A&A...381L..29O", "2002AJ....124..788Y", "2003A&A...401..113V", "2003A&A...404..861V", "2003ARA&A..41..191M", "2003ApJ...594..232V", "2003ApJS..146..299E", "2005ApJ...629..757D", "2005ApJ...634..258Y", "2005ApJS..159..197E", "2005MNRAS.362..983T", "2006MNRAS.366...49C", "2006PhDT.........1L", "2007AJ....134.2148L", "2007ApJ...657..232S", "2007ApJ...669..232K", "2007ApJS..173..619K", "2007MNRAS.377.1795C", "2007PASJ...59...61N", "2007RPPh...70.1099O", "2008ApJ...672..252L", "2008ApJ...676..317Y", "2008IAUS..245..173Y", "2009AJ....137.3053Y", "2009ApJ...706...21S", "2010ApJ...708..841W", "2010ApJ...721L.112X", "2010ApJ...725..100W", "2010MNRAS.407.2475F", "2011MNRAS.410.1197C", "2011MNRAS.414..940Y", "2011MNRAS.415.3798K", "2011MNRAS.417..882D", "2012ApJ...758...73S", "2012MNRAS.423...49K", "2013MNRAS.429..534D", "2013MNRAS.432.1742B", "2015AJ....149..187T", "2016MNRAS.458.2221N", "2016MNRAS.459..233P", "2016arXiv161205275W", "2017A&A...605A..74K", "2017ASSL..434..175W", "2017ApJ...837...40P", "2017ApJ...845..170B", "2017MNRAS.464.1029N", "2017MNRAS.466..677G", "2018MNRAS.481.1550K", "2019A&A...622A..87K", "2019ApJ...870...39V", "2019MNRAS.482.4617S", "2019MNRAS.486.1404D", "2019SSRv..215....5W", "2020ApJ...894...44L", "2024arXiv240510683R" ]
[ "1971A&AS....3..325G", "1973A&AS...12...89G", "1975A&AS...19....1G", "1976ApJS...31..187D", "1982euse.book.....L", "1984ApJ...278L...1N", "1984ApJ...278L..67D", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1986A&A...164L..22W", "1986A&A...165...15C", "1986AJ.....91..791V", "1987ApJ...312L..11J", "1988ApJ...330..684K", "1989A&A...225....1W", "1989AJ.....97..708V", "1989ApJ...336L..13L", "1989ApJ...344..204S", "1989ApJ...344..747T", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989ApJS...70..329K", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1990ApJ...350L..29G", "1990ApJ...363..451E", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1991A&A...245L..13I", "1991A&A...252..541T", "1991AJ....101..148W", "1991AJ....101.1609K", "1991ApJ...371..563G", "1991ApJ...379..177L", "1991ApJS...75....1B", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...255...35M", "1992A&A...257..455H", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1992AJ....103.1746N", "1992AJ....104.2097W", "1992ApJ...387..484B", "1992ApJS...79..331W", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993AJ....106..907H", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993ApJ...415...75F", "1993ApJ...419..544S", "1993PASJ...45..529S", "1994A&A...281..327H", "1994A&A...286..389H", "1994A&A...291...57R", "1994A&AS..103..573P", "1994A&AS..108..461P", "1994ApJ...434..110J", "1995A&A...295..599I", "1995A&A...297..643W", "1995A&A...300..675H", "1995AJ....109..517B", "1995AJ....109..543B" ]
1987813
null
The O/H Distribution in the Low-Mass Galaxies NGC 2366 and NGC 4395
Results of a spectrophotometric survey in the magellanic barred galaxy NGC 2366 and in the small weakly barred spiral galaxy NGC 4395, employing imaging spectrophotometry with narrow-band interference filters in the lines of Hα, Hβ, [O III] λ5007 and [N II] λ6584, are presented. The use of [O III]/Hβ as an abundance indicator is assessed; it is shown that for the probable range of the physical properties of the H II regions in NGC 2366 and NGC 4395, [O III]/Hβ may not give reliable estimates of O/H abundances in the interstellar gas in these two low-mass galaxies. Instead we use [NII]/[O III], which is more dependable at relatively low abundances. The derived mean levels of O/H (+/-1 σ dispersion) in NGC 2366 and NGC 4395 are 12 + log O/H = 8.19 +/- 0.14 and 8.33 +/- 0.25, respectively; the global gradients of both galaxies are flat. Mechanisms which could explain the absence of abundance gradients in low-mass and irregular galaxies are explored.
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11.029239
8.584302
1996-03-01
64
1996ApJ...460..284R
[ "NGC", "abundance gradients", "NII]/[O III", "O/H abundances", "the small weakly barred spiral galaxy", "reliable estimates", "the H II regions", "the magellanic barred galaxy", "O/H", "relatively low abundances" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 2366", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4395", "GALAXIES: ISM", "ISM: H II REGIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176968" ]
[ "Roy, Jean-Rene", "Belley, Julien", "Dutil, Yvan", "Martin, Pierre" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...468..598M", "1997A&A...321..363M", "1997ApJ...482..765D", "1997ApJ...489..636K", "1997MNRAS.288..715R", "1997MNRAS.288..726W", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1997astro.ph..6235K", "1998A&A...338..881G", "1998AJ....116.2805V", "1998ASPC..147..108K", "1998ApJ...497..601K", "1998ApJ...497L...1V", "1998egdg.conf..125G", "1999AJ....117.2789H", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "1999ApJ...516...62D", "1999ApJ...520..564K", "1999ApJ...527..110L", "1999IAUS..193..670K", "2000A&A...355..891L", "2000AJ....119..688D", "2000ApJ...538..141M", "2001ApSSS.277..287L", "2002A&A...391..487P", "2002A&A...391..809C", "2003Ap&SS.284..313G", "2003ApJ...588L..13F", "2003RMxAC..16..113P", "2004AJ....127.2322T", "2004AJ....128..617T", "2004ApJ...614..698L", "2004RMxAA..40...37H", "2005ApJ...627..739T", "2005ApJ...634.1043C", "2005MNRAS.358..521M", "2005RMxAC..23....9P", "2005SerAJ.170..101V", "2006NewAR..49..536C", "2007ApJS..173..524B", "2007RMxAC..29...72P", "2008A&A...487..901S", "2008ApJ...682..110B", "2010A&A...516A..10S", "2010ApJ...715..506M", "2010arXiv1011.1013H", "2011ApJ...740...48M", "2012ApJ...751..127M", "2012ApJ...754...61M", "2012MNRAS.424.1930G", "2013AstBu..68...40G", "2014MNRAS.441.1841T", "2015ApJ...805..145E", "2015ApJ...808..109M", "2015ApJS..218...29M", "2015MNRAS.446..943V", "2015MNRAS.450.3254P", "2015arXiv150500337P", "2016ApJ...816...40J", "2018MNRAS.481.1212R", "2019SerAJ.198...13V", "2020AstBu..75..234S", "2022ApJ...941..182G", "2023MNRAS.522.2655G" ]
[ "1971ApJ...168..327S", "1971MNRAS.153..471B", "1976ApJS...31..187D", "1978MNRAS.184..569P", "1979A&A....78..200A", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1979MNRAS.189...95P", "1980MNRAS.193..219P", "1980PASP...92..134K", "1981A&A....93..362S", "1981A&A....98....1M", "1981A&A...101..377A", "1981ARA&A..19...77P", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982A&A...105...76M", "1982PhDT........35M", "1983MNRAS.204..743W", "1984MNRAS.211..507E", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1985ApJS...58..533H", "1986A&A...158..266P", "1986A&AS...66..505W", "1986ApJ...307..431D", "1986PASP...98.1025D", "1987ApJ...314....3E", "1988A&A...195...38V", "1988ApJ...327..651M", "1988ApJ...335..644C", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...341..722W", "1989ApJ...342L..11F", "1989MNRAS.239..297W", "1989MNRAS.240..373P", "1989agna.book.....O", "1989epg..conf..356E", "1989epg..conf..377D", "1990A&AS...84..139M", "1990AJ.....99.1108Z", "1990ARA&A..28..525S", "1990ASSL..161..257D", "1990MNRAS.246..678E", "1990QJRAS..31..281T", "1991A&A...241..375D", "1991A&A...249..505M", "1991ApJ...367..141R", "1991ApJ...368..348S", "1991ApJ...380..140M", "1991PASP..103..815P", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..447S", "1992AJ....104...92S", "1992ApJ...386..498R", "1992ApJ...390L..73Z", "1992ApJ...397..463M", "1992ApJS...78...61B", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1992PhDT........91M", "1993ApJ...406...60R", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993MNRAS.261..306H", "1993MNRAS.261L..17E", "1993MNRAS.262...27W", "1993RPPh...56..173S", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...424..599M", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...430L.105F", "1994ApJ...431..172S", "1994ApJ...437..239G", "1995AJ....109.2428M", "1995ApJ...438..170H", "1995ApJ...444..610R", "1995ApJ...445..161M", "1995MNRAS.272..241E" ]
2008763
null
Star/galaxy classification using Kohonen self-organizing maps
The automatic classification of star/galaxy data sets is of growing importance as the size of survey data sets increases. Here we present a classifier based on the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM). The SOM was trained to classify by type using only a small number of manually classified objects. Galaxy classification accuracies of 98 per cent are achieved for objects with a limiting magnitude of 20.
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11.540276
4.791137
1996-03-01
25
1996MNRAS.279..293M
[ "survey data sets", "Galaxy classification accuracies", "growing importance", "objects", "star/galaxy data sets", "Kohonen", "type", "SOM", "manually classified objects", "the Kohonen self-organizing map" ]
[ "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "TECHNIQUES: IMAGE PROCESSING", "ASTRONOMICAL DATA BASES: MISCELLANEOUS", "CATALOGUES", "SURVEYS", "STARS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.1.293" ]
[ "Miller, A. S.", "Coe, M. J." ]
[ "Physics Department, The University, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK", "Physics Department, The University, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK" ]
[ "1999astro.ph..6099A", "2000A&A...357..197B", "2000ApJ...541..261M", "2000MNRAS.319..700A", "2001ApJ...556..937C", "2002A&A...385.1119P", "2003PASP..115.1006Z", "2004A&A...422.1113Z", "2004MNRAS.353..369B", "2005astro.ph..4651D", "2006ApJ...649..678B", "2006PASA...23..135M", "2006astro.ph..8638D", "2008A&A...482..483T", "2010IJMPD..19.1049B", "2012A&A...547A.115I", "2015A&C....11...64S", "2017MNRAS.470.1950J", "2018ApJ...863..131F", "2018MNRAS.478.4416R", "2019MNRAS.489.4817D", "2020bda..book..347C", "2021MNRAS.506.1651L", "2023MNRAS.524.4976C", "2023PASA...40....1H" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1982VA.....26...37K", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1985sgcc.book.....C", "1986Sci...233..625H", "1986pca..book.....J", "1987IAUS..124..367E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1991NYASA.647...14B", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992ESOC...43..513W", "1993VA.....36..141M", "1994VA.....38..251L", "1994VA.....38..257S", "1994VA.....38..281O", "1994VA.....38..317H" ]
1987452
null
Dynamically Induced Star Formation in Galaxies from the Passage of Globular Clusters
We analyze the effects a globular cluster passing through the disk of a galaxy will have on the galaxy's interstellar medium. Analysis based on the impact approximation and disk stability criteria suggests that such passage will trigger star formation in a region between 10 and 100 pc in diameter within the disk of the galaxy. Since globular clusters pass through our Galaxy every 106 yr, this may account for a small but still significant amount of the star formation in our Galaxy. In galaxies with weak spiral density waves and abundant subcritical H I gas, the interaction of globular clusters with the interstellar medium may play an important role in forming stars. The discovery of H I bubbles in the interstellar medium of other galaxies might be caused by a globular cluster triggering a wave of self-propagating star formation in their disks.
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10.722921
8.363999
1996-03-01
22
1996ApJ...459..555W
[ "star formation", "globular clusters", "forming stars", "other galaxies", "weak spiral density waves", "galaxies", "such passage", "self-propagating star formation", "Galaxy", "the star formation" ]
[ "GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "ISM: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176920" ]
[ "Wallin, John F.", "Higdon, James L.", "Staveley-Smith, Lister" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114..147M", "2000A&AT...18..621L", "2002A&AT...21..251E", "2002ARep...46..791E", "2003PhyU...46....1E", "2005MNRAS.356...12S", "2005MNRAS.360.1171H", "2007AJ....133.2242K", "2008ApJ...685L.125D", "2008IAUS..245..189C", "2008arXiv0811.3106V", "2009MNRAS.392..113V", "2010MNRAS.407.2109V", "2012AstL...38..506G", "2014Ap&SS.349..379D", "2016A&A...593A..85G", "2018ARep...62..557B", "2019AstBu..74...29B", "2019MNRAS.488.3474B", "2021MNRAS.503.4466L", "2023ApJ...945...39K", "2024MNRAS.527.5503O" ]
[ "1943ApJ....97..255C", "1953Obs....73..152G", "1954BAN....12..177O", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1972ApJ...176L..51O", "1973ApJ...183..565S", "1976asqu.book.....A", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979ApJ...229..533H", "1982FCPh....7..241S", "1984A&A...134..258V", "1986ApJ...309..183C", "1987A&A...177...63V", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987ARA&A..25..565E", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1987ApJ...322..113C", "1987degc.book.....S", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ARA&A..26..145T", "1988ApJ...335...74B", "1988ApJ...335..720A", "1988Natur.334..402V", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990ApJ...361..426O", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1994A&A...287...55J" ]
1986384
null
NGC 6438: A Triple System?
We provide photographic and photoelectric information as well as CCD imaging and medium resolution spectroscopy on this system located at a distance of ~32 Mpc. The S0 galaxy has twisted isophotes which also show changes in the ellipticity. Profiles toward the north of this galaxy are 0.1 and 0.2 mag brighter in the B and V bands, respectively, than in any other direction, probably due to the presence of dust in the Irregular system. Several blue regions (B-V = 0.26-0.40) are found in the Irregular object indicating ongoing star formation. One of these regions is located in an extreme of the northern arm, its luminosity being similar to that of the nucleus which is very close to it. Analysis of the spectra shows typical absorption lines and a weak [N II] emission in the S0 galaxy, whereas Hα, [N II], and [S II] emission lines are observed both in the nucleus and in the blue region mentioned above. We determine a high reddening E(B - V) = 1.4 in the nuclear region of this system. Rotation curves show a different behavior for the nucleus and the blue region, which have V_max_ >= 180 km/s and V_max_ = 80 km/s, respectively. All this evidence could support the idea that NGC 6438 is an interacting triplet, one S0 galaxy and two disk galaxies undergoing a merger.
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10.926563
7.760987
1996-03-01
1
1996AJ....111.1057D
[ "Several blue regions", "typical absorption lines", "S0", "ongoing star formation", "Irregular", "the blue region", "The S0 galaxy", "Rotation curves", "CCD imaging and medium resolution", "CCD" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 6438", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117851" ]
[ "Donzelli, C. J.", "Espindola, M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&AS..127..527D" ]
[ "1940PNAS...26...31S", "1966ZA.....64..202S", "1968adga.book.....S", "1972ApJ...171..253B", "1976A&A....51...25B", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1983MNRAS.204..347S", "1983gcpm.book.....L", "1984ApJ...287..586B", "1984PASP...96..393G", "1985ApJS...58..125E", "1986AJ.....91.1062P", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1987BAAA...33..197R", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1987cspg.book.....A", "1987ess..book.....L", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988MNRAS.230...97M", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990BAAA...36..311B", "1991ApJS...76..153R", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1992AJ....104..372L", "1994AJ....107.2021M" ]
2009442
null
The clustering of warm and cool IRAS galaxies
We use a series of statistical techniques to compare the clustering of samples of IRAS galaxies selected on the basis of their far-infrared emission temperature, to see whether a temperature-dependent effect, such as might be produced by interaction-induced star formation, could be responsible for the increase in clustering strength with redshift in the QDOT redshift survey that has been reported by several authors. The temperature-luminosity relation for IRAS galaxies means that warm and cool samples drawn from a flux-limited sample like QDOT will sample quite different volumes of space. To overcome this problem, and to distinguish truly temperature-dependent results from those depending directly on the volume of space sampled, we consider a pair of samples of warmer and cooler galaxies with matched redshift distributions, as well as pairs of samples selected using a simple temperature cut. We find that the redshift-space autocorrelation function of warm QDOT galaxies is significantly stronger than that of cool galaxies on large scales, but that this difference disappears when we come to consider the warmer and cooler samples with matched redshift distributions. A counts- in-cells analysis reveals no significant difference between the clustering of the warm and cool QDOT samples, while the use of a new, symmetric estimator reveals that the cross-correlations of warm and cool IRAS galaxies with Abell clusters do not differ significantly. A higher signal-to-noise ratio test is provided by computing the projected cross- correlations of the matched samples with the parent two-dimensional catalogue from which QDOT is drawn, and this does yield a marginal detection of greater large-scale power for warmer galaxies. A direct comparison of the distributions of the warmer and cooler samples, using a new technique which tests the null hypothesis that they are drawn from the same population, reveals that the two classes of galaxy do cluster differently on small scales in redshift space, while their ξ (σ,π) plots suggest that the apparent concentration of more warm IRAS galaxies into richer environments reflects the fact they sample richer volumes of space within the QDOT survey, rather than illustrating a correlation between temperature and richness. We conclude that there may be a temperature-dependent component to the observed increase in the clustering strength of QDOT galaxies with redshift, but that it is less important than a sampling effect, which reflects the local cosmography, rather than the physical properties of the galaxies and their environment. We discuss the implications of this work for the use of IRAS galaxies as probes of large-scale structure and for models accounting for their far-infrared emission by interaction- induced star formation.
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12.391971
5.136665
1996-03-01
20
1996MNRAS.279..636M
[ "warm QDOT galaxies", "warmer galaxies", "QDOT galaxies", "IRAS galaxies", "cool galaxies", "galaxy", "redshift space", "matched redshift distributions", "warm and cool IRAS galaxies", "QDOT" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.2.636" ]
[ "Mann, R. G.", "Saunders, W.", "Taylor, A. N." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...471..617L", "1997A&A...323..685B", "1997rpa..work...83K", "1998A&A...333....1K", "1998MNRAS.297..239B", "1999MNRAS.305..527T", "1999astro.ph..9191S", "2000ASPC..201..223S", "2000ASPC..201..228S", "2000ApJ...545....6B", "2000MNRAS.317...55S", "2000MNRAS.318..681M", "2000MNRAS.319L..13V", "2000astro.ph..6040V", "2001MNRAS.325..589H", "2001MNRAS.327..689T", "2006A&A...456...37P", "2009MNRAS.398..109W", "2010MNRAS.401...35W", "2010arXiv1010.5484W" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1984ApJ...278L..19L", "1984ApJ...278L..67D", "1985ApJS...57...77S", "1986ApJ...311L..33H", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...329..174T", "1988ApJ...335...74B", "1988iras....1.....B", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989MNRAS.238..523R", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1991ApJ...374..407X", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...400..153M", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1993AJ....105..864S", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993MNRAS.260..121M", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994MNRAS.269..742M" ]
1987415
null
Another Look at the Abell Cluster Inertial Frame Bulk Flow
Recently, use has been made of the relationship between absolute magnitude and galaxy structure for the first-ranked galaxies in Abell clusters out to 15,000 km s <SUP>1</SUP>, in a determination of a large bulk flow for this volume (see the recent work of Lauer &amp; Postman). The technique uses the logarithmic slope of the galaxy luminosity profile, at 10 h -1 kpc, parameterized by alpha, as an indicator of the galactic structure. In examining this M-alpha relation, it is shown to be similar to a magnitude-radius relation. Fitting a de Vaucouleurs R^{114 }law profile to the Abell brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) sample of Lauer &amp; Postman, the M-log .t'e relationship is used to test for Local Group motion with respect to the Abell cluster inertial reference frame (ACIF), defined by the BCG. A motion of 459 + 371 km s 1 toward 1 = 2030, b = 290 (l 320) is obtained when using the entire sample of 119 BCGs. This differs from the Local Group velocity inferred by the cosmic microwave background dipole, implying that the ACIF has a bulk flow of 738 + 158 km s - I toward 1 = 3300, b = +450 (l 260). Both vectors are consistent with those derived by Lauer &amp; Postman. The BCGs studied are shown to be a very homogeneous set of objects, with their radial size corrected magnitudes having a scatter of only 0.26 mag, making them a powerful tool in measuring galaxy distances and peculiar velocities. Using accurate CCD photometry, the galaxy light profiles are seen to be well fitted by an R^{1 4 }law. The slope of the mu -log re relation, for the BCG, is found to have a value of 2.87. Furthermore, there is negligible evidence for curvature in this bright portion of the fundamental plane. It is shown that use of the M-alpha relation is preferred over the M-log re relation in this type of analysis of bulk flow motion, as it results in considerably smaller error bars.
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12.505458
5.471896
1996-03-01
11
1996ApJ...459...27G
[ "galaxy distances", "bulk flow motion", "Local Group motion", "relation", "Local Group", "the Abell brightest cluster galaxy", "Abell", "absolute magnitude and galaxy structure", "Lauer", "BCG" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176866" ]
[ "Graham, Alister W." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...465..534G", "1997A&A...319..371M", "1997ApJS..109...79S", "1997MNRAS.292..499S", "1998AJ....115...26R", "1998AstL...24..491K", "1998MNRAS.298..114R", "2003AJ....125.2936G", "2006AJ....132.2711G", "2006MNRAS.369.1081B", "2015ApJ...807..136B" ]
[ "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1968ApJ...152L.149S", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1980ApJ...241..493H", "1983ApJ...265....1A", "1983ApJ...268..476S", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1987ApJS...64..643S", "1987IAUS..127..379H", "1987nngp.proc..175F", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988lsmu.book..199L", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992MNRAS.259..323C", "1994ApJ...425..418L", "1994ApJ...430L..17F", "1994MNRAS.269..785B", "1995AJ....109.1937C", "1995ApJ...440...28P", "1995ApJ...441..449G" ]
2008822
null
The prediction of the spectral properties of BL Lac samples
The distribution of infrared colours (J-K) of radio-and X-ray-selected BL Lacs is predicted and compared with the observations of two existing samples of BL Lac objects. We make use of the `recognition analysis' formalism introduced in previous papers and show how the infrared spectral properties for BL Lacs are well predicted by adding a galaxy and BL Lac component in different proportions. We also calculate the distributions of the ratio of galaxy light to BL Lac light for the two samples of BL Lac objects and find that the criteria traditionally used for the selection of BL Lac samples miss objects, many of which could be found if smaller observing apertures were used in the identification process.
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16.682074
5.079
1996-03-01
7
1996MNRAS.279...72M
[ "BL Lac samples", "BL Lac objects", "BL Lac", "BL Lac light", "BL Lac component", "BL Lacs", "galaxy light", "smaller observing apertures", "infrared colours", "previous papers" ]
[ "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.1.72" ]
[ "Marcha, M. J. M.", "Browne, I. W. A." ]
[ "DICE Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal", "University of Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281..425M", "1998AJ....115.1253P", "1998PhR...303...81B", "2000AIPC..515...53P", "2004MNRAS.350..167M", "2014mcb5.book.....M", "2018ApJ...859...80K" ]
[ "1968ApL.....2..105K", "1985ApJ...298..630L", "1990PhDT.........6J", "1991ApJ...369..314W", "1991ApJ...374..431S", "1991ApJ...380...49M", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJS...85..265J", "1993MNRAS.261..795B", "1993MNRAS.264..919G", "1993MNRAS.264L..21G", "1994ASPC...54..215U", "1994ApJ...428..130J", "1994ApJ...432..547P", "1994MNRAS.268L..51G", "1995A&AS..109..267G", "1995ApJ...444..567P", "1995MNRAS.275..951M" ]
1987501
null
The Muenster Redshift Project. I. Simulations of Power Spectra and Analytical Corrections
Random point realizations of Gaussian fluctuation fields are simulated and analyzed in order to illustrate the effects of redshift errors on inhomogeneous galaxy distributions. It is shown that, e.g., for 106 galaxies with redshifts z &lt; 0.3 and errors 001 &lt; _ &lt; 0.03 (similar to the present catalog of the Muenster Redshift Project), volume-averaging statistical methods such as power-spectrum analysis yield small statistical errors. Monte Carlo simulations are supplemented by analytical considerations, showing that with simple relations the measured power spectra can be corrected for the smoothing effect of redshift errors. The most important result of our simulations is the sensitivity of large samples (106 galaxies with z &lt; 0.3) to the expected turnover of the power spe<SUP>6</SUP>trum (here assumed to be located at 200 h -1 Mpc for H_{0 }= 100 h km s 1 Mpc -1), even with redshift errors as large as = 0.03. For global cosmological investigations, basic sampling parameters are the size and shape of the total survey volume and the number of objects located within this volume, while random redshift errors of individual galaxies are of minor importance.
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11.867331
2.909648
1996-03-01
9
1996ApJ...459..467S
[ "random redshift errors", "redshift errors", "small statistical errors", "redshifts z", "errors", "individual galaxies", "inhomogeneous galaxy distributions", "spe<SUP>6</SUP>trum", "basic sampling parameters", "lt" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "METHODS: STATISTICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176908" ]
[ "Schuecker, Peter", "Ott, Heinz-Albert", "Seitter, Waltraut C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...472..485S", "1997ASSL..212..305B", "1998A&AS..129..593C", "1998ASSL..231...99S", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "2000MNRAS.319..879M", "2001A&A...368...86S", "2007A&A...462....7K" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977MNRAS.178..687C", "1979ApJ...231..645T", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981MNRAS.196..397C", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1986ApJ...303..154L", "1986MNRAS.219..251B", "1986MitAG..67..401S", "1987A&A...173L...5P", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...329...24L", "1988LNP...310..125O", "1988PASP..100.1276B", "1989MNRAS.238..293L", "1990ApJ...362...14N", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990PhDT.......207S", "1991ApJ...378L...1S", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1992A&A...264....1D", "1992AN....313..139F", "1992ASSL..174..367S", "1992LNP...408....1P", "1992PASP..104..704T", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJS...84...39S", "1994ASIC..441.....S", "1994ASIC..441..371K", "1994ASIC..441..389S", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994IAUS..161..699S", "1994MNRAS.270..811B" ]
1987504
null
The Height of Ionized Gas in the Inner Galaxy
The distribution of diffuse [N II] 205 microns emission perpendicular to the Galactic plane at 1 = 7?28 is presented and compared with that of the [C II] 158 microns emission. The profile of [N u] emission, characteristic of warm ionized gas, is modeled as a Gaussian with a 13.3+43:23 arcminutes half-width at half-maximum (HWHM), apparently narrower than the 21.9+ }:o1 arcminutes HWHM of the distribution of [C II] 158 microns emission. The contribution of ionized gas close to the Galactic plane and traced by these observations accounts for 10%-30% of the [N II] line emission observed by COBE FIRAS The average ionizing flux derived for the inner Galaxy is consistent with the local hydrogen recombination rate. [N II] 205 microns emission was also detected from DR 21. The contribution of compact H II regions to the total Galactic luminosity of [N ii] is discussed.
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12.283445
9.55956
1996-03-01
4
1996ApJ...459..181P
[ "N II", "compact H II regions", "N ii", "warm ionized gas", "ionized gas", "N II] 205 microns emission", "Galactic", "half", "Galaxy", "the [N II] line emission" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "INFRARED: ISM: LINES AND BANDS", "ISM: ABUNDANCES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/176880" ]
[ "Petuchowski, S. J.", "Bennett, C. L.", "Haas, Michael R.", "Colgan, Sean W. J.", "Erickson, Edwin F." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&ARv...7..289M", "1998ApJS..115..259N", "1998InPhT..39..393B", "2011ApJ...739..100O" ]
[ "1976ApJ...209..429L", "1978A&A....70..565M", "1982ApJ...261..550C", "1982Icar...51..476H", "1983Icar...53..262H", "1984ApJ...282..191R", "1985ApJ...289..803S", "1985ApJ...291..755C", "1985InfPh..25..513E", "1986A&A...158..279S", "1986A&A...161..387B", "1986A&A...162..221D", "1987ASSL..134...87K", "1989A&A...222..247R", "1989ApJ...344..770W", "1989ApJ...345..811R", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...361..132L", "1990ApJ...364..549S", "1991ApJ...381..200W", "1991IAUS..144...67R", "1992ApJ...392..602G", "1993AIPC..278..156R", "1993AIPC..278..303N", "1993ApJ...405..591P", "1993ApJ...407...83S", "1993ApJ...413..237C", "1994ApJ...427L..17P", "1994ApJ...428..647D", "1994ApJ...428L..37B", "1994ApJ...434..587B", "1994ApJ...436..720H", "1995ApJ...444..721S" ]
2008742
null
VIII ZW 105: a starburst galaxy at z~=0.06?
Multicolour surface photometry and an HI measurement are presented for a distant object in Leo, which was interpreted by Zwicky as a binary galaxy. From our observations and from IRAS data we deduce that the object is probably a single galaxy with a strong dust lane. The far-infrared emission indicates that a strong star formation burst is taking place in the gas-dust lane.
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10.468443
8.01234
1996-03-01
0
1996MNRAS.279..191B
[ "IRAS data", "a strong dust lane", "Leo", "place", "a strong star formation", "Zwicky", "IRAS", "a distant object", "a single galaxy", "a binary galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: VIII ZW 105", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.1.191" ]
[ "Brosch, N.", "Hoffman, G. Lyle" ]
[ "The Wise Observatory and the School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel", "Department of Physics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA" ]
null
[ "1972AJ.....77..405B", "1975AJ.....80..545Z", "1978ApJ...224..132B", "1980A&A....82..314S", "1980ApJ...235..392T", "1983ApJ...273L...1S", "1986ApJ...311...98T", "1986ApJ...311L..33H", "1987MNRAS.225..257B", "1988IRAS..C......0B", "1989AJ.....97..666S", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...343...94S", "1991A&A...241...42K", "1991A&A...249..327B", "1991ApJ...371..515D", "1993sfgi.conf..108E", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994MNRAS.271..833G" ]
11607568
astro-ph/9512141
How filaments of galaxies are woven into the cosmic web
LARGE-SCALE structure in the distribution of galaxies is thought to have evolved through gravitational instabilities from small density fluctuations in the (largely homogeneous) early Universe. This structure of galaxies consists of rich and poor clusters, connected by filaments and sheets, with regions largely devoid of galaxies (voids) in between<SUP>1</SUP>. Numerical simulations of the growth of initial density fluctuations through a nonlinear regime, motivated by the likely physics of the early Universe, also show a network of filaments and voids<SUP>2,3,18</SUP>, but the origin of this picture of filaments as the dominant structure was not well understood. Here we show that the 'web' of filaments that defines the final state in these simulations is present in the initial density fluctuations; the pattern of the web is defined largely by the rare density peaks in the initial fluctuations, with the subsequent nonlinear evolution of the structure bringing the filamentary network into sharper relief. Applying these results to the observed galaxy distribution, we suggest that 'superclusters' are filamentary cluster-cluster bridges, and we predict that the most pronounced filaments will be found between clusters of galaxies that are aligned with each other and close together.
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12.054727
4.836746
1996-04-01
909
1996Natur.380..603B
[ "initial density fluctuations", "small density fluctuations", "galaxies", "filaments", "clusters", "filamentary cluster-cluster bridges", "the initial density fluctuations", "Numerical simulations", "the observed galaxy distribution", "gravitational instabilities" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
47
[ "10.1038/380603a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512141" ]
[ "Bond, J. Richard", "Kofman, Lev", "Pogosyan, Dmitry" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1982Natur.300..407Z", "1983MNRAS.204..891K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1988lsmu.book..419B", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1992ASIC..366.....F", "1992ApJ...393..437K", "1994ApJ...437L..87D", "1995A&A...302L...9B", "1996ApJS..103....1B" ]
11601344
astro-ph/9511003
The H i Content of Spirals. I. Field Galaxy H i Mass Functions and H i Mass--Optical Size Regressions
A standard parametric maximum likelihood technique is used to determine both the probability distribution over total H I mass, M_H I_ and the regression of this quantity on the linear optical diameter, D_o_, for field giant spirals (Sa-Sc) from a complete H I flux-limited data set of these objects. This sample is extracted from a subset of the optical magnitude-limited Catalog of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies comprised of galaxies observed in the 21 cm H I line and located in the lowest density environments of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster region bounded by 22^h^ &lt;= R.A. &lt; 3^h^, 0^deg^ &lt; decl. &lt; 40^deg^. Gaussian and Schechter parameterizations of the H I mass function are explored. We find that the available data are equally well described by both models and that the different morphological classes of giant spirals have H I mass functions that, in general, agree well within the errors. The largest discrepancy corresponds to the Sb-type systems that exhibit a deficit of low H I-mass objects relative to the other types. Using a straightforward generalization of the Gaussian model, we have also investigated the linear dependence of M_H I_, on D_o_. We confirm that the H I content of spirals is much better predicted by the size of their optical disks than by their morphological types alone. The inferred correlations imply a considerable decrease of the ratio M_HI_/D_0_^2^ with increasing galaxy size for types earlier than Sc.
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11.666399
7.379177
1996-04-01
93
1996ApJ...461..609S
[ "field giant spirals", "giant spirals", "total H", "increasing galaxy size", "spirals", "types", "low H I-mass objects", "_", "lt", "galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
9
[ "10.1086/177089", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511003" ]
[ "Solanes, Jose M.", "Giovanelli, Riccardo", "Haynes, Martha P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1197H", "1997ApJ...490..173Z", "1998AJ....115...49M", "1998AJ....115..584H", "1999A&AS..139..537T", "1999AstL...25....1K", "1999PASA...16....8K", "2000ASPC..197..407S", "2001A&A...370..365T", "2001A&A...375..770F", "2001A&A...376...98S", "2001ApJ...548...97S", "2001astro.ph..6207S", "2002A&A...383...14P", "2002AJ....124..690K", "2002AJ....124.2440S", "2002MNRAS.337..641W", "2002astro.ph..6238S", "2003MNRAS.342..738L", "2004A&A...418..393S", "2004AJ....127.3273V", "2004AJ....127.3300V", "2004AJ....127.3325V", "2004AJ....128...16K", "2004ApJ...603...74E", "2004ApJ...613..851K", "2004MNRAS.349.1251M", "2005A&A...429..439G", "2005AJ....130.1037C", "2005ApJ...621..215S", "2005MNRAS.356...77K", "2006AJ....131..716K", "2006ApJS..162...97K", "2007A&A...472....5J", "2007AJ....133.1104L", "2007MNRAS.374.1457M", "2008A&A...490..571F", "2008AIPC.1035..208M", "2008MNRAS.383.1519C", "2009A&A...505.1049S", "2009A&A...508..201B", "2009ApJ...697.1811F", "2009MNRAS.396L..41H", "2009MNRAS.400.1225C", "2010AJ....139..765R", "2010ASPC..421...45T", "2010MNRAS.403..683C", "2010MNRAS.403.1175S", "2011ARep...55.1016S", "2011ApJ...731...10M", "2011ApJ...732...92T", "2011ApJ...732...93T", "2011MNRAS.415.1797C", "2012A&A...540A..52C", "2012A&A...544A.101C", "2012AJ....144...16K", "2012ApJ...747...31R", "2012ApJ...754...61M", "2013A&A...550A.115H", "2013A&A...553A..89G", "2013A&A...553A..90G", "2013ApJ...773....4R", "2013ApJ...776...74L", "2013MNRAS.428..459T", "2014ASPC..480..279D", "2014MNRAS.444..667D", "2015MNRAS.450.3935L", "2015MNRAS.453...14Y", "2016A&A...591A..38C", "2016ASSL..435..381R", "2016MNRAS.461.3001T", "2016arXiv160903896S", "2017AstL...43..439Z", "2017MNRAS.464..530S", "2017PhDT........27C", "2018A&A...609A..17J", "2018A&A...619A..89B", "2019AJ....158..121M", "2019MNRAS.489.5723F", "2020AJ....159..218T", "2020MNRAS.495.4135T", "2020MNRAS.496.2516M", "2020MNRAS.498.4745J", "2021A&A...648A..31L", "2021A&A...650A..76H", "2021MNRAS.501.4550X", "2021MNRAS.507.2300F", "2021MNRAS.507.2949M", "2021PASA...38...35C", "2022ApJ...934...86S", "2023A&A...669A..73B", "2023A&A...676A.118D", "2023ApJ...944L..40X" ]
[ "1958MeLuS.136....1H", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1974afcp.book.....L", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...204..379H", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978A&A....68..321S", "1978AJ.....83.1026R", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1979ApJ...232..352S", "1981ApJS...47..139F", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1982AJ.....87.1355G", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1983AJ.....88..272H", "1983AJ.....88..881G", "1984AJ.....89....1G", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985AJ.....90.1982B", "1985AJ.....90.2445G", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1986A&A...169...14B", "1986AJ.....92..250G", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1988AJ.....95..607H", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1989AJ.....97..633G", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1991MNRAS.250..486C", "1991Natur.353..515B", "1992AJ....104.2086H", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1993AJ....105.1251W", "1993AJ....105.1271G", "1993ApJ...417..494B", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1994AJ....107.2036G", "1994ARA&A..32..115R" ]
11601290
astro-ph/9512043
Neutral Hydrogen in the Ringed Barred Galaxies NGC 1433 and NGC 6300
We have made observations of the H I in the southern ringed barred spiral galaxies NGC 1433 and NGC 6300 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the main goal being to test the resonance theory for the origin of these rings. NGC 1433 is the prototypical ringed barred spiral and displays distinct H I counterparts to its nuclear ring, inner ring, outer pseudoring, and plumelike features. The L_4_ and L_5_ regions at corotation, as well as the bar itself, are relatively devoid of neutral atomic hydrogen. We use the Tully-Fisher relation to argue that the mean inclination of the disk of NGC 1433 is closer to 33^deg^ than to 20^deg^, meaning that its outer pseudoring is intrinsically almost circular, while the inner ring is rather more elongated than the average (based on results from the Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies). Strong radio continuum emission is localized to the nucleus and the ends of the bar in NGC 1433, and we place an upper limit on the 1.38 GHz flux of the Type II SN 1985P a decade after the explosion. By associating the inner ring of NGC 1433 with the inner second harmonic resonance, and its outer pseudoring with the outer Lindblad resonance, we are able to infer a bar pattern speed for NGC 1433 of 26 +/- 5 km s^-1^ kpc^-1^. By way of contrast, NGC 6300 possesses a much more extended H I disk than NGC 1433, despite having a similar morphological type. There is a gas ring underlying the inner pseudoring, but it is both broader and slightly larger in diameter than the optical feature. The outer H I envelope has a 20^deg^ kinematic warp as well as a short tail, even though there are no nearby candidates for a recent interaction with NGC 6300. The noncircular motions inferred from optical emission-line spectra do not appear to extend beyond the bar region of NGC 6300. Barely 10% of the 1.38 GHz radio continuum emission in NGC 6300 originates in the type 2 Seyfert nucleus, with the rest coming from a disklike component internal to the ring. By again linking an inner ring feature to the inner second harmonic resonance, we derive a bar pattern speed for NGC 6300 of 27 +/- 8 km s^-1^ kpc^-1^, but in this case, neither the outer pseudoring nor the nuclear ring predicted by the resonance ring theory can be identified in NGC 6300. Although it may be the case that the ring in NGC 6300 is not related to a resonance with the bar at all, we postulate instead that NGC 6300 is merely a less well developed example of a resonance ring galaxy than is NGC 1433.
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10.950458
7.48237
1996-04-01
40
1996ApJ...460..665R
[ "NGC", "inner ring", "outer pseudoring", "Strong radio continuum emission", "a resonance ring galaxy", "the resonance ring theory", "L_5_ regions", "the inner second harmonic resonance", "an inner ring feature", "Southern Ringed Galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1433", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 6300", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/177000", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512043" ]
[ "Ryder, Stuart D.", "Buta, Ronald J.", "Toledo, Hector", "Shukla, Hemant", "Staveley-Smith, Lister", "Walsh, Wilfred" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11601207
astro-ph/9510105
The Intrinsic Shapes of Stellar Systems
I compute the estimated distribution function f(q) for the apparent axis ratio q of various types of stellar systems, using a nonparametric kernel method. I then invert f(q) to find the distribution of intrinsic axis ratios, using two different hypotheses: first, that the stellar systems are all oblate, and second, that they are all prolate. The shapes of globular clusters in our own Galaxy are consistent, at the 99% confidence level, with both the oblate and prolate hypotheses. The shapes of dwarf galaxies in the Virgo Cluster are consistent, at the 99% confidence level, with the prolate hypothesis but inconsistent with the oblate hypothesis. The shapes of star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud, of ordinary elliptical galaxies, of brightest cluster ellipticals, and of galaxy clusters are all inconsistent, at the 99% confidence level, with both the oblate and prolate hypotheses. The globular clusters in our Galaxy are older than their half-mass relaxation time and are most likely rotationally flattened oblate spheroids. The other stellar systems considered are generally younger than their half-mass relaxation time and thus are triaxial bodies flattened by anisotropy of their velocity dispersion.
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11.587343
6.182277
1996-04-01
67
1996ApJ...461..146R
[ "galaxy clusters", "stellar systems", "intrinsic axis ratios", "globular clusters", "brightest cluster ellipticals", "star clusters", "ordinary elliptical galaxies", "dwarf galaxies", "invert f(q", "triaxial bodies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177043", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510105" ]
[ "Ryden, Barbara S." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...471..822R", "1997A&A...319...45B", "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998ApJ...493..641R", "1998ApJ...498..625M", "1998ApJ...499..140S", "1998ApJ...505..199S", "1998astro.ph.11058R", "1999ASPC..182..164M", "1999MNRAS.302..399B", "1999PASP..111..129M", "2000A&A...357..809D", "2000AJ....120..110B", "2000ASPC..197..245C", "2000MNRAS.313..783C", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2000astro.ph..3468S", "2001ApJ...549..862H", "2001ApJ...549..871S", "2001PhRvE..63c5201G", "2002ApJ...570..610A", "2002astro.ph..1435K", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2003MPLA...18.2265P", "2004MNRAS.352.1323P", "2004astro.ph..2626P", "2004cbhg.symp...86S", "2005ApJ...623..137V", "2005ApJ...625..108D", "2005MNRAS.356..899C", "2005MNRAS.356..937S", "2005MNRAS.361.1043G", "2006AJ....131.1426S", "2006ApJ...641..773R", "2006ApJ...645..170S", "2006ApJ...650..770P", "2007ApJ...666..165C", "2007ApJ...668..150D", "2007MNRAS.380.1207S", "2007ggnu.conf..285P", "2008Ap&SS.313..373H", "2008ApJ...689.1005B", "2008arXiv0806.4282R", "2009AJ....137.4956R", "2009MNRAS.398.1117V", "2010A&A...521A..71M", "2010MNRAS.403.2077S", "2011IJMPD..20.1039R", "2011RAA....11.1449C", "2012MNRAS.419.2646S", "2012MNRAS.419.3280S", "2012RAA....12..383Z", "2012arXiv1204.0709M", "2013AN....334..445S", "2013ApJ...773..149C", "2013MNRAS.428.2241S", "2013MNRAS.428.2995M", "2013SSRv..177..155L", "2014MNRAS.444.3340W", "2016ASSL..418...15M", "2016MNRAS.459.1082C", "2017MNRAS.467.3801S", "2019MNRAS.487.2354B", "2021MNRAS.506.4488T", "2023ResPh..4806407M", "2024ApJS..271...52Z" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1956ZA.....39..126C", "1970ApJ...160..831S", "1972ApJ...176L..51O", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1977ApJ...213..368S", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1978MNRAS.183..501B", "1978MNRAS.185..227A", "1979ApJ...234..802N", "1980A&A....82..289B", "1980MNRAS.191..325C", "1980MNRAS.193..885B", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1982A&A...107..338B", "1982MNRAS.199..565F", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1983AJ.....88.1626F", "1984ApJ...283..598V", "1985A&AS...60..261G", "1985ApJ...295...73K", "1985IAUS..113..285F", "1985PhDT.........2D", "1986A&A...166..177D", "1986desd.book.....S", "1987ApJ...317..246W", "1987ApJ...323...54E", "1988A&A...200....5D", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1989AJ.....98..590K", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989ApJ...337...84G", "1990A&A...230...67D", "1991A&AS...91..513R", "1991AJ....101.1561P", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.249..629F", "1991MNRAS.249..662P", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...392L..47F", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...396..445R", "1992MNRAS.258..404L", "1992mde..book.....S", "1993A&AS...98..297B", "1993ApJ...410..515R", "1993ApJ...417..427S", "1993ApJ...419L...9E", "1994A&A...289..640V", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1994AJ....108....1S", "1994AJ....108..514M", "1994ApJ...425...43R", "1994ApJ...425..458S", "1994ApJ...425..481S", "1994ApJ...425..500S", "1994ApJ...433...80H", "1995A&A...298...63B", "1995AJ....110.1039T", "1995MNRAS.273...30D" ]
11607565
astro-ph/9603088
A companion to a quasar at redshift z = 4.7
THERE is a growing consensus that the emergence of quasars at high redshifts is related to the onset of galaxy formation<SUP>1</SUP>, suggesting that the detection of concentrations of gas accompanying such quasars should provide clues about the early history of galaxies. Quasar companions have been recently identified at redshifts up to z ∼ 3 (refs 2-4). Here we report observations of Lyman-α emission (a tracer of ionized hydrogen) from the companion to a quasar at z = 4.7, corresponding to a time when the Universe was less than ten per cent of its present age. We argue that most of the emission arises in a gaseous nebula that has been photoionized by the quasar, but an additional component of continuum light-perhaps quasar light scattered from dust in the companion body, or emission from young stars within the nebula-appears necessary to explain the observations. These observations may be indicative of the first stages in the assembly of galaxy-sized structures.
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14.37932
6.479033
1996-04-01
59
1996Natur.380..411P
[ "such quasars", "quasars", "galaxy formation", "Quasar companions", "emission", "high redshifts", "galaxies", "continuum light", "redshifts", "young stars" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1038/380411a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9603088" ]
[ "Petitjean, Patrick", "Pécontal, Emmanuel", "Valls-Gabaud, David", "Charlot, Stéphane" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996Natur.381..581D", "1996Natur.382..231H", "1996Natur.382..426O", "1996Natur.382..428O", "1996astro.ph..9188H", "1997ASPC..113..343F", "1997ApJ...485...92T", "1997ApJ...489..122D", "1997CRASB.325..115M", "1997IAUS..178..501O", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998AJ....115.1225F", "1998AJ....115.1319C", "1998AJ....115.2169G", "1998ASPC..146..148H", "1998ApJ...502L..95F", "1998ApJ...502L..99H", "1998PASJ...50..303O", "1998astro.ph..5159D", "1999A&A...343L..40B", "1999ASPC..191..179D", "1999ASPC..191..203H", "1999ASPC..193..397D", "1999ASPC..193..554H", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999NewA....4..101E", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000AJ....120.2206F", "2000ApJ...532L..13T", "2000NCimB.115..947F", "2000PASJ...52..557O", "2001ApJ...562L..15T", "2002AJ....123.1838C", "2002JKAS...35..175A", "2003AJ....125...13F", "2004A&A...415..879D", "2004A&A...417..487C", "2004AJ....128.2704O", "2005A&A...436..825W", "2006A&A...459..717C", "2006ApJ...645L..97I", "2007A&A...468..587C", "2007A&A...471...71N", "2008ApJ...683...55C", "2010A&A...518L..34L", "2012A&A...545A..57S", "2013A&A...558A.111F", "2013ApJ...763..120C", "2014A&A...566A..24N", "2014AJ....148...73M", "2014ApJ...784...99G", "2014MNRAS.439.2096W", "2015MNRAS.454..876F", "2016ApJ...830...63J", "2016MNRAS.461.1816F", "2020ApJ...902...37D", "2021A&A...654A..37D", "2023ApJ...958..187L" ]
[ "1985ApJ...299L...1D", "1991AJ....101.1187S", "1991ASPC...21..117I", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1993A&A...270...43M", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...402..411W", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJ...419....7V", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993hbic.book.....F", "1994A&A...281..691B", "1994A&A...288...65F", "1994ApJ...425L...1G", "1994MNRAS.267L...9M", "1994MNRAS.269L..28I", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1995A&AS..113..347B", "1995AJ....110..963T", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995ApJ...449L...1P", "1995ApJ...451..484L", "1995qal..conf...55P", "1995svlt.conf..351D" ]
11601443
astro-ph/9511005
The Optical Redshift Survey. II. Derivation of the Luminosity and Diameter Functions and of the Density Field
We quantify the effects of Galactic extinction on the derived luminosity and diameter functions and on the density field of a redshift sample. Galaxy magnitudes are more affected by extinction than are diameters, although the effect on the latter is more variable from galaxy to galaxy, making it more difficult to quantify. We develop a maximum likelihood approach to correct the luminosity function, the diameter function, and the density field for extinction effects. The effects of random and systematic photometric errors are also investigated. The derived density field is robust to both random and systematic magnitude errors as long as these are uncorrelated with position on the sky since biases in the derived selection function and number counts tend to cancel one another. Extinction-corrected luminosity and diameter functions are derived for several subsamples of the Optical Redshift Survey (ORS). Extinction corrections for the diameter-limited subsamples are found to be unreliable, possibly due to the superposition of random and systematic errors. The ORS subsamples are combined using overall density scaling factors from a full-sky redshift survey of IRAS galaxies, allowing the reconstruction of the optical galaxy density field over most of the sky to 8000 km s^-1^.
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12.157444
5.958368
1996-04-01
34
1996ApJ...461...38S
[ "diameter functions", "extinction effects", "overall density scaling factors", "diameters", "Galactic extinction", "Extinction corrections", "several subsamples", "IRAS galaxies", "extinction", "the optical galaxy density field" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177036", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511005" ]
[ "Santiago, Basilio X.", "Strauss, Michael A.", "Lahav, Ofer", "Davis, Marc", "Dressler, Alan", "Huchra, John P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997MNRAS.284..607D", "1997cdc..conf..423S", "1998ASSL..231..277S", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998ApJ...508....6B", "1998ApJ...508..440N", "1998astro.ph..9343L", "1999ASPC..177...35S", "1999ApJ...515..471N", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999ApJ...523..480P", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308....1B", "1999PASP..111..274P", "2000ASPC..195...71S", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000MNRAS.312..166L", "2000MNRAS.313..553E", "2001AJ....121.2358B", "2001AJ....122.1104Y", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.326.1191B", "2001MNRAS.328.1016R", "2002MNRAS.335...53B", "2003ASSL..289..343H", "2003ApJ...586.1211Y", "2003PASJ...55..121Y", "2008A&A...482..507J", "2011A&ARv..19...41J", "2018MNRAS.481.2694A" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976AJ.....81..952H", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977A&A....56..259P", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1978ApJ...221....1D", "1979AJ.....84..951K", "1979ApJ...231..645T", "1979ApJ...232..352S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983A&A...118..180N", "1983AJ.....88.1285K", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985MNRAS.214..197C", "1986MNRAS.223....1C", "1987A&A...184...86P", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.234..677L", "1988lsmu.book..219Y", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1989Natur.341..215V", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990A&A...233...16C", "1990ApJ...352..457M", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1991A&A...243..319P", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991MNRAS.252..219H", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PASP..103.1012S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.260..285S", "1993MNRAS.265...43H", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...446..457S", "1995ApJS..100...69F" ]
11601465
astro-ph/9511141
Hubble Space Telescope Counts of Elliptical Galaxies: Constraints on Cosmological Models?
The interpretation of galaxy number counts in terms of cosmological models is fraught with difficulty because of uncertainties in the overall galaxy population (mix of morphological types, luminosity functions, etc.) and in the observations (loss of low surface brightness images, image blending, etc.). Many of these can be overcome if we use deep high- resolution imaging of a single class of high surface brightness galaxies, whose evolution is thought to be fairly well understood. This is now possible by selecting elliptical and S0 galaxies using Hubble Space Telescope images from the Medium Deep Survey and other ultradeep Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 images. In the present paper, we examine whether such data can be used to discriminate between open and closed universes, or between conventional cosmological models and those dominated by a cosmological constant. We find, based on the currently available data, that unless elliptical galaxies undergo very strong merging since z ~ 1 (and/or very large errors exist in the morphological classifications), then flat models dominated by a cosmological constant are ruled out. However, both an Einstein-de Sitter ({OMEGA}_0_ = 1) model with standard passive stellar evolution and an open ({OMEGA}_0_ = 0.05) model with no net evolution (i.e., canceling stellar and dynamical evolution) predict virtually identical elliptical and S0 galaxy counts. Based on these findings and the recent reportings of H_0_ ~ 80 km s^- 1^ Mpc^-1^, we find that the maximum acceptable age of the universe is 13.3 Gyr, and a value of &lt;= 9 Gyr is favored. A flat ({LAMBDA} not equal to 0) universe is therefore not a viable solution to the H_0_/globular cluster age problem.
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11.698645
1.367108
1996-04-01
29
1996ApJ...461..525D
[ "elliptical galaxies", "high surface brightness galaxies", "cosmological models", "conventional cosmological models", "galaxy number counts", "flat models", "low surface brightness images", "standard passive stellar evolution", "other ultradeep Wide Field", "such data" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/177079", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511141" ]
[ "Driver, Simon P.", "Windhorst, Rogier A.", "Phillipps, Steven", "Bristow, Paul D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...473..595K", "1996MNRAS.282..281L", "1996NuPhS..51...30P", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...489L...1H", "1997ApJ...490L.135M", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..535P", "1997idm..work...32S", "1998ASPC..151....3F", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "1999ldss.work..280D", "2000MNRAS.319..807P", "2001ApJ...547L..69K", "2001PASJ...53..611M", "2001defi.conf..150B", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002luml.conf..128P", "2003MPLA...18.2265P", "2012MNRAS.421.1007K" ]
[ "1934ApJ....79....8H", "1936ApJ....84..517H", "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1972ApJ...173L..93T", "1974ApJ...194..555B", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203...52T", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJ...211..621T", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...248L.101P", "1983MNRAS.202.1025G", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1986ASIC..180..197W", "1986ApJ...303..154L", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...313..495C", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...346...28Y", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ASIC..348..173P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...372....8Y", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...414..431Y", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.263...86P", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ApJ...427..140F", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...435..577W", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267...13B", "1994MNRAS.269.1077P", "1994Natur.371..385P", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...440..470F", "1995ApJ...444...15Y", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1995JRASC..89....6V", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.274..769M", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1995MNRAS.274L..73E", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G" ]
11601258
astro-ph/9501028
Reconstructing Positions and Peculiar Velocities of Galaxy Clusters within 25,000 Kilometers per Second: The Cluster Real Space Dipole
Starting from the observed distribution of Abell/ACO galaxy clusters in redshift space, we use a two-step procedure to recover their distances and peculiar velocities. After statistically correcting for the unobserved cluster distribution in the zone of avoidance and also for a smooth absorption at higher latitudes, we use a dynamical iterative algorithm, based on that published by Strauss &amp; Davis in 1988, to recover the real-space cluster positions by minimizing the redshift-space distortions. The whole procedure assumes that clusters trace the mass, that peculiar velocities are caused by gravity, and that linear perturbation theory applies. The amplitude of the cluster dipole measured in real space turns out to be ~23% less than that measured in redshift space. In both cases the dipole direction is aligned with the cosmic microwave background dipole within ~10^deg^, taking into account the Virgocentric infall component of the Local Group motion. Using linear theory we obtain β_c_( = {OMEGA}_0_^0.6^/b_c_) ~ 0.21(+/- 0.03), where the uncertainty is due to observational errors and limitations in the reconstruction procedure, while the intrinsic cosmological variance amounts to ~0.07. This β_c_ value implies that for a cluster-mass bias parameter of b_c_ &lt;~ 5, a flat universe is not excluded, contrary to previous cluster-dipole z-space analysis. A more stringent determination of β_c_ will be obtained from the analysis of the peculiar velocity field in a forthcoming paper.
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11.686362
2.853238
1996-04-01
36
1996ApJ...460..569B
[ "clusters", "redshift space", "real space", "peculiar velocities", "linear perturbation theory", "linear theory", "_", "observational errors", "Abell/ACO galaxy clusters", "the unobserved cluster distribution" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/176993", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501028" ]
[ "Branchini, Enzo", "Plionis, Manolis" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...461L..17B", "1996MNRAS.282..384M", "1997ASSL..212..303P", "1998ASPC..146..202M", "1998ApJ...500....1P", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998MNRAS.295...19K", "1998MNRAS.296..599B", "1998MNRAS.298..114R", "1998MNRAS.299..637B", "1998astro.ph.11218G", "1999AJ....118.1489D", "1999ASPC..176..292M", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999IAUS..192..427G", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308....1B", "1999MNRAS.308..763M", "1999astro.ph..9257M", "2000MNRAS.312..540B", "2000MNRAS.313....8P", "2000MNRAS.313..491B", "2001MNRAS.323...47B", "2002ASSL..276..119V", "2002LNP...592..147P", "2002astro.ph..6427V", "2003A&A...410..461G", "2004ApJ...608..721K", "2004MNRAS.349..882B", "2006ApJ...645.1043K", "2006MNRAS.368.1515E", "2006MNRAS.373.1112B", "2007ApJ...662..224K", "2010ApJ...709..483L", "2016MNRAS.460..923R", "2018JCAP...04..021B" ]
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11601062
astro-ph/9601180
Flickering Faint Galaxies: Few and Far Between
Optical variability in galaxies at high redshift is a tracer of evolution in AGN activity, and should provide a useful constraint on models of galaxy evolution, AGN structure, and cosmology. We studied optical variability in multiple deep GCD and photographic surveys of blank fields for galaxies with B_j_ = 20-25 mag. Weakly variable objects are far more common than strongly variable ones. For objects near B_j_ = 22, 0.74% +/- 0.2% vary by 0.026 mag rms or more, over a decade. This is small compared with previous claims based on photographic surveys, and also small compared with the fraction of bright quasars (5% at B_j_= 20 mag) or Seyferts (~1% -2% for B_j_ &lt; 18). The fraction of objects that vary increases slowly with magnitude. Detection probabilities and error rates were checked by simulations and statistical analysis of fluctuations of sample sky spots.
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16.083733
7.027148
1996-04-01
8
1996AJ....111.1444K
[ "galaxy evolution", "~1%", "photographic surveys", "Weakly variable objects", "galaxies", "Optical variability", "optical variability", "statistical analysis", "multiple deep GCD", "error rates" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "ACCRETION DISKS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117889", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601180" ]
[ "Kochanski, Greg P.", "Tyson, J. Anthony", "Fischer, Philippe" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998ApJ...496..103B", "1998ApJ...503..325A", "2000ASPC..203...50A", "2005NewA...11...81L", "2007AN....328...16I", "2009MNRAS.400.1945T", "2009PhDT.........2P", "2022ApJ...936..157H" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..397P", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982ARA&A..20..431B", "1983ApJ...267..488V", "1984xue..conf..138R", "1985AJ.....90.2303D", "1985ApJ...293..343V", "1986A&A...157..383N", "1986ApJ...300...68O", "1986ApJ...300L..31S", "1986MNRAS.219..417H", "1988ApJ...335..552T", "1989AJ.....98..108T", "1989AJ.....98.1507S", "1989AJ.....98.1951S", "1989ApJ...338...32C", "1990ASPC....8....1T", "1990ApJ...351...47M", "1990ApJ...353..438P", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1992ApJ...389..196O", "1992PASA...10..107C", "1993A&A...268..350S", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ApJ...406..420M", "1993MNRAS.260..202H", "1993MNRAS.261..795B", "1993Natur.366..242H", "1993ebr..proc..103T", "1994A&A...284..764B", "1994A&AS..104..473S", "1994A&AS..106..349S", "1994AAS...184.3301C", "1994AJ....107..802F", "1994AJ....107..880S", "1994ApJ...424..550D", "1994ApJ...432...52L", "1994ApJ...433..494T", "1994ApJ...435L.113P", "1994ApJS...92..219V", "1994ApJS...92..487T", "1994Natur.371..210L", "1995ApJ...443...11E", "1995ApJ...444L..13B", "1995ApJS...99..281G", "1995MNRAS.274..701G" ]
4898898
astro-ph/9510003
The Neutral Hydrogen Disk of ARP 10 (=VV 362): A Nonequilibrium Disk Associated with a Galaxy with Rings and Ripples
We present VLA H I and optical spectra of the peculiar galaxy Arp 10. Originally believed to be an example of a classical colliding ring galaxy with multiple rings, the new observations show a large disturbed neutral hydrogen disk extending 2.7 times the radius of the bright optical ring. We also present evidence for optical shells or ripples in the outer isophotes of the galaxy reminiscent of the ripples seen in some early type systems. The small elliptical originally believed to be the companion is shown to be a background galaxy. The H I disk consists of two main parts: a very irregular outer structure, and a more regular inner disk associated with the main bright optical ring. In both cases, the H I structures do not exactly trace the optical morphology. In the outer parts, the H I distribution does not correlate well with the optical ripples. Even the inner H I disk does not correspond well morphologically nor kinematically to the optical rings. These peculiarities lead us to believe that the potential in which the H I disk resides is significantly out of equilibrium --- a situation which would inherently produce rings of star formation. We suggest that Arp 10 is the result of the intermediate stage of a merger between a large H I rich disk and a gas-poor disk system. As such, it may represent an example of a class of mergers which lies intermediate between the ``ripple and shell'' accretion systems and the head-on collisional ring galaxies.
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12.671313
8.506676
1996-04-01
17
1996ApJ...460..686C
[ "optical spectra", "optical shells", "multiple rings", "rings", "VLA H I", "the main bright optical ring", "the bright optical ring", "a large disturbed neutral hydrogen disk", "a classical colliding ring galaxy", "the optical rings" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ARP 10", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/177001", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510003" ]
[ "Charmandaris, V.", "Appleton, P. N." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113..201A", "1998AJ....116.2757B", "1998Ap.....41..106R", "1999ESASP.427..869C", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2001Ap&SS.276..553C", "2002A&A...396..815V", "2005astro.ph..1601M", "2007ApJ...662..304B", "2008A&A...490..583A", "2009NewAR..53..169M", "2010MNRAS.403.1516S", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2015A&A...575A..55A", "2017PhDT.......254A", "2019A&A...630A.112M", "2022ApJ...931..121A" ]
[ "1966apg..book.....A", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1977A&AS...28....1V", "1977MNRAS.178..473F", "1980Natur.285..643M", "1983AJ.....88..489S", "1984ApJ...279..596Q", "1984PhDT........95W", "1986A&A...166...53D", "1987ApJ...312....1H", "1987ApJ...312..566A", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...328...88S", "1991AJ....101.1601T", "1993ApJ...414..154C", "1993PhDT.........2H", "1994ApJ...423L.101S", "1995ApJ...444L..77S" ]
11600526
astro-ph/9508120
Non-flat power spectra in the CDM model.
Standard inflation with one scalar field produces primordial perturbations with a nearly flat ('Harrison-Zeldovich') power spectrum. Here we consider first, a double inflation spectrum, and second, a massive scalar field with an interaction potential which mimics an early λφ^4^ interaction, but fading away at a characteristic scale. We solve numerically the linear perturbation equations with initial conditions due to scalar field quantum fluctuations at the initial horizon crossing. The resulting power spectra are shown to be non-flat, exhibiting either a break or a valley. Using the transfer function of cold dark matter model we study the influence of the shape of primordial power spectra on observations of large scale structure in the universe. We compare the power spectra in redshift space with reconstructed power spectra from the IRAS catalogue. Further we discuss the variances of galaxy counts in cells, and the mass function of galaxy clusters. Comparison with standard CDM demonstrates the advantages and benefits of the more complicated initial spectra.
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11.131976
-0.588202
1996-04-01
7
1996A&A...308..697S
[ "primordial power spectra", "scalar field quantum fluctuations", "reconstructed power spectra", "primordial perturbations", "cold dark matter model", "initial conditions", "large scale structure", "galaxy counts", "Standard inflation", "galaxy clusters" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508120" ]
[ "Semig, L. V.", "Mueller, V." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AN....318..200S", "2000MNRAS.317..795L", "2000astro.ph.12018M", "2001ARep...45..163M", "2001MNRAS.324..977B", "2003AdSpR..31..427M", "2004ARep...48....2M" ]
[ "1970PhRvD...1.2726H", "1972MNRAS.160P...1Z", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980PhLB...91...99S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983PhLB..129..177L", "1983PhRvD..28..679B", "1985PhRvD..32.1899G", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988PhLB..214..508K", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990NuPhB.335..197H", "1990PhRvD..42.3329H", "1991ApJ...372..410H", "1991PhRvD..43.2510G", "1992ApJ...393...22C", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992IJMPD...1..257G", "1992JETPL..55..489S", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.258P..57L", "1992NuPhB.385..623P", "1992PhR...215..203M", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1994ASIC..441..439M", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...434..417G", "1994PhRvD..49.6319P", "1994PhRvD..50.7173I", "1995ApJ...441L...9B" ]
2010379
null
A galactic chimney in the Perseus arm of the Milky Way
GALAXIES are surrounded by large haloes of hot gas<SUP>1</SUP> which must be replenished as the gas cools. This has led to the concept<SUP>2</SUP> of galactic 'chimneys'-cavities in the interstellar medium, created by multiple supernova explosions, that can act as conduits for the efficient transport of hot gas from a galaxy's disk to its halo. Here we present a high-resolution map of atomic hydrogen in the Perseus arm of our Galaxy, which shows clear evidence for the existence of such a chimney. This chimney appears to have been formed by the energetic winds from a cluster of young massive stars, and may currently have reached the stage of blowing out into the halo.
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12.372965
8.189604
1996-04-01
127
1996Natur.380..687N
[ "hot gas", "young massive stars", "multiple supernova explosions", "large haloes", "atomic hydrogen", "clear evidence", "GALAXIES", "galactic", "Galaxy", "SUP>2</SUP" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1038/380687a0" ]
[ "Normandeau, M.", "Taylor, A. R.", "Dewdney, P. E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.2567F", "1996ApJ...466..191H", "1996ApJ...469..238M", "1996Natur.380..668S", "1996Natur.384...44N", "1997AJ....113.1296S", "1997ASPC..122...97J", "1997Ap&SS.252..289W", "1997ApJ...474L..31D", "1997ApJ...487..171A", "1997ApJS..108..279N", "1997ApJS..111..245H", "1997ApJS..111..387C", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998A&A...331..428D", "1998A&AT...16....1S", "1998ApJ...493..781G", "1998ApJ...493L..95K", "1998ApJ...498..689H", "1998ApJ...502..265H", "1998ApJS..115..241H", "1998LNP...506..371F", "1998PASA...15...56E", "1998PASA...15...60G", "1999A&A...347..650B", "1999A&A...350..230K", "1999ASPC..168..235P", "1999ASPC..168..261W", "1999ASPC..168..287N", "1999ASPC..168..299K", "1999ApJ...513..339T", "1999ApJ...514..221G", "1999ApJ...516..843B", "1999IAUS..193..384P", "1999IAUS..193..752R", "1999MNRAS.309..395W", "1999PASJ...51..751F", "1999irpa.conf...67A", "2000A&AS..145..509L", "2000AJ....119.2828M", "2000AJ....120.1963C", "2000AJ....120.2594F", "2000ASPC..221...41N", "2000Ap&SS.272..221R", "2000ApJ...529..229K", "2000ApJ...533L..25E", "2000ApJS..130..381C", "2000ESASP.445..149F", "2000MNRAS.315..479D", "2001A&A...369..706C", "2001A&AT...20..237S", "2001ASPC..232..235T", "2001ASPC..243..785K", "2001ApJ...547..907S", "2001ApJ...549..281R", "2001ApJ...558L.101R", "2001MNRAS.328..708D", "2001MNRAS.328.1115C", "2001Natur.412..282D", "2002A&A...385..216B", "2002ASPC..282...31R", "2002Ap&SS.281..275H", "2002IAUS..199..251T", "2003AJ....125..593S", "2003AJ....125.3145T", "2003ApJ...590..906T", "2003ApJ...592..964K", "2003ApJ...594..833M", "2003ApJS..148..383M", "2003MNRAS.344..741R", "2004A&A...421..693R", "2004ASPC..317....3M", "2004ASPC..317...20L", "2004ASPC..317..186R", "2004ApJ...608..297S", "2004IAUS..217..294M", "2005AJ....129..393O", "2005ASPC..331...33M", "2005ApJ...618..712M", "2006ApJ...638..196M", "2006ApJ...639.1069H", "2006ApJ...652..401M", "2007A&A...475..251V", "2007ApJ...656..914W", "2007PASJ...59..743S", "2008ApJ...688.1142K", "2008MNRAS.387...31D", "2008PASJ...60..739N", "2008PASJ...60..975S", "2008PASJ...60.1297D", "2008arXiv0804.3819R", "2008hsf1.book..264M", "2009ApJ...691.1109L", "2009ApJ...693..186L", "2009ApJ...700.1000A", "2009ApJ...701..330S", "2009NewA...14..180D", "2010A&A...520A..80L", "2010ARA&A..48..431P", "2010ASPC..438..133M", "2010HiA....15..804K", "2011MNRAS.413..763C", "2012A&A...540A..77D", "2012EAS....56..221R", "2013PASA...30....3D", "2013PASA...30...25D", "2014ApJS..213....1T", "2014PASJ...66....3S", "2015A&A...578A..24G", "2015MNRAS.448.1930C", "2015MNRAS.450.3935L", "2015arXiv150404082L", "2017ApJ...845...21K", "2017ApJS..230....3S", "2017MNRAS.467.4631H", "2017MNRAS.471.2438L", "2017RAA....17..117D", "2018ApJ...864..136B", "2018ApJ...865...65C", "2019A&A...630A.107D", "2019arXiv190901280D", "2021ApJ...923...58W", "2023ARA&A..61...19M", "2023ApJ...951..120V", "2023MNRAS.522.3948W", "2023arXiv230101000R", "2024A&A...687L...7W" ]
[ "1973A&AS....8....1W", "1974A&AS...14....1H", "1976ApJS...30..451H", "1977ApJ...218..377W", "1978A&A....63..103C", "1978ApJ...226L..39L", "1979A&A....79L..13B", "1979Ap&SS..61..417G", "1979ApJ...229..533H", "1980ApJ...238..829D", "1982A&A...107...43L", "1983JRASC..77...40J", "1984ApJS...55..585H", "1985ApJ...297..662T", "1986PASJ...38..697T", "1987A&AS...71..201M", "1987ApJ...315..555H", "1988ARA&A..26..145T", "1988ApJ...324..776M", "1989A&A...221...78G", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989ApJS...69..527H", "1990ApJ...361..607P", "1993ApJ...412..771L", "1996A&A...305...74V" ]
2012452
null
Discovery of an Abundance Gradient in the Central Region of the Virgo Cluster
We present the ASCA results of spatially resolved X-ray spectra in the central regions of the Virgo cluster, near to the central elliptical galaxy M87 and 40' northwest of M87 (M87 NW). Since the spectra of the M87 region is complex, an adequate fit requires at least two thin thermal-plasma components. The temperatures of the hot and cool components are approximately 3.0 and 1.3 keV, respectively, and the temperature of these components are both nearly constant over the central 10' radius from the center of M87. The spectrum of M87 NW, on the other hand, can be well fitted by a single thin thermal-plasma model of ~ 2.7 keV temperature. The abundances of Fe, Si, and S rise towards the center of M87, though the ratios of Si/Fe and S/Si remain constant. We also found, contrary to the Einstein Observatory's results, that the abundan ce ratio of oxygen to iron (O/Fe) is smaller than the solar value.
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13.951393
5.318225
1996-04-01
78
1996PASJ...48..201M
[ "M87 NW", "M87", "Fe", "S", "Si", "spatially resolved X-ray spectra", "the M87 region", "the central elliptical galaxy", "the abundan ce ratio", "oxygen" ]
[ "CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (VIRGO)", "CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM", "CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: X-RAYS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (M87)", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "X-RAYS: SPECTRA" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.2.201" ]
[ "Matsumoto, Hironori", "Koyama, Katsuji", "Awaki, Hisamitsu", "Tomida, Hiroshi", "Tsuru, Takeshi", "Mushotzky, Richard", "Hatsukade, Isamu" ]
[ "Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA", "Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University, 1-1 Gakuken-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-21" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283L.111R", "1996PASJ...48..395F", "1997ASPC..116..386M", "1997ApJ...476..560H", "1997ApJ...481..660I", "1997ApJ...486..230C", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997PASJ...49....9X", "1998AN....319...73I", "1998ASSL..229...51M", "1998ApJ...496..808C", "1998ApJ...500..738X", "1998IAUS..188..317O", "1998MNRAS.297L..63A", "1998PASJ...50..187F", "1999A&A...351L..19G", "1999AN....320..304S", "1999ApJ...519...48S", "1999ApJ...521...99R", "1999ApJ...525...58I", "1999ApJ...527..733S", "1999IAUS..183..191O", "1999LNP...520..269K", "1999LNP...530...93M", "1999MNRAS.310..483B", "1999NuPhS..69..567K", "1999NuPhS..69..581D", "1999PASJ...51..301K", "2000A&A...354..480P", "2000AdSpR..25..593O", "2000AdSpR..25..599M", "2000ApJ...535..602T", "2000ApJ...536..144A", "2000IAUS..195..199A", "2000MNRAS.311..493A", "2000MNRAS.313...21F", "2000MNRAS.315..269A", "2000MNRAS.318..733S", "2000PASJ...52..317F", "2000PASJ...52..623N", "2001A&A...365L..87T", "2001A&A...365L.181B", "2001A&A...375L...1V", "2001A&A...375L..14M", "2001A&A...379..107T", "2001ASPC..251..146O", "2001ApJ...549..228S", "2001ApJ...551..153D", "2001ApJ...551..206P", "2001ApJ...554..261C", "2001ApJ...560..194M", "2001MNRAS.322..589A", "2001PASJ...53..401M", "2001PASJ...53..475M", "2002A&A...383..773I", "2002A&A...386...77M", "2002ASPC..268..369F", "2002ApJ...565..867S", "2002ApJ...572..160G", "2002ApJ...575..697T", "2002ApJS..139....1T", "2002astro.ph..2020G", "2003A&A...399..497T", "2003ARA&A..41..191M", "2003MNRAS.338..824M", "2003NuPhA.718...61O", "2004A&A...416L..21B", "2004IAUS..217...92B", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2004oee..symp..422L", "2004rcfg.proc..125M", "2004rcfg.proc..189B", "2005ApJ...620..680B", "2005MNRAS.359.1041R", "2006PhR...427....1P", "2007arXiv0711.4110R", "2008MNRAS.384.1511R", "2010ApJ...714..652L" ]
[ "1975A&AS...20...37H", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1979ApJ...227L..67L", "1980ApJ...241..552F", "1981A&AS...45...11M", "1981ApJ...246..369L", "1982ApJ...261...42S", "1982ApJ...262...24L", "1982ApJ...262...33C", "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1984ApJ...278..536S", "1987AJ.....94..251B", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1989PhDT.......221H", "1990MNRAS.242..262H", "1990PhDT.......128T", "1991ITED...38.1069B", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1991Natur.350..135K", "1991PASJ...43....1T", "1993ARA&A..31..717M", "1994ApJ...423..143T", "1994Natur.368..828B", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1994PASJ...46L..65A", "1994nhxr.conf..273O", "1995MNRAS.274L..67B", "1995PASJ...47..105S", "1996PASJ...48..157O", "1996PASJ...48..171M" ]
1987597
null
The Effects of Dust on Broadband Color Gradients in Elliptical Galaxies
In order to examine the possibility that dust effects cause color gradients in elliptical galaxies, we have constructed a set of elliptical galaxy models spanning a wide range of dust properties, including mass, spatial distribution, and spectral properties. These models are spherically symmetric and include the effects of scattering. We have calculated the emergent broadband colors from the far-UV bands through K. These results were then compared with the color properties for a sample of 52 galaxies taken from the literature. In the optical, we can reproduce the magnitude, morphology, and color gradient ratios [i.e., {DELTA}U - R)/{DELTA}(B - R)] observed in many of the galaxies. The best fits are found for distributions with ρ_d_ ~ r^-1^ and τT ~ 1, which corresponds to dust masses on the order of 10^6^ M_sun_ within the central 10-30 kpc. More condensed dust profiles also produce strong color gradients, but only in the central regions (r &lt; 0.5 kpc). For many of the objects in this sample, the implied dust masses are in reasonable agreement with the dust masses inferred from IRAS observations, although a number of objects require significantly higher dust masses than their IRAS observations imply if their color properties are to be attributed solely to reddening by dust. Our models suggest that a simple dusty elliptical galaxy scenario can reproduce the magnitude, morphology, and ratios of observed broadband color gradients in many ellipticals. We find that currently available color gradient measurements are consistent with our model results but that these measurements are not precise enough in many objects to provide tight constraints on the models. Extended dust distributions will greatly complicate the interpretation of all broadband data. Any broadband analysis hindered by age-metallicity degeneracy will also be hindered by dust effects. In effect, all broadband observations of elliptical galaxies may be age-metallicity-dust degenerate. We also consider the effects of dust on several global relationships in ellipticals, such as the color-magnitude relation and various distance indicators.
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11.938837
7.151007
1996-04-01
73
1996ApJ...461..155W
[ "color gradients", "observed broadband color gradients", "strong color gradients", "dust properties", "dust effects", "dust masses", "Extended dust distributions", "dust", "elliptical galaxy models", "elliptical galaxies" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
2
[ "10.1086/177044" ]
[ "Wise, Michael W.", "Silva, David R." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..950F", "1997ASPC..116..338G", "1997ASPC..116..364W", "1997MNRAS.290L..43C", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997PThPh..97...49N", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1997eds..proc..197J", "1998A&A...334..453M", "1998A&A...335..479M", "1998AJ....116...85S", "1998AJ....116.1606P", "1998ApJ...492...62C", "1998ApJ...509..103S", "1998astro.ph..6314S", "1999A&AS..137..245M", "1999AJ....118.1766P", "1999ASPC..163..119K", "1999ASPC..182..146B", "1999Ap&SS.269..633B", "1999ApJS..123..437F", "1999astro.ph.12249C", "2000A&A...353..507G", "2000A&A...360...85M", "2000A&A...360..911S", "2000A&AS..141....1M", "2000AJ....119.2118G", "2000AJ....119.2134T", "2000AJ....120..533T", "2000ASPC..197..237B", "2000ASPC..197..241E", "2000MNRAS.313..153B", "2000MNRAS.318..798B", "2001ASPC..228..374B", "2001ApJ...556..676C", "2001ApJ...563L..19B", "2001PASP..113.1449C", "2002A&A...383...30I", "2002AJ....124.1886M", "2002MNRAS.335..441B", "2003A&A...409...21L", "2003AJ....126..596T", "2003MNRAS.343.1081B", "2003MPLA...18.2265P", "2003astro.ph..1248D", "2003mglh.conf...68D", "2004A&A...424..107K", "2004ApJ...612..837L", "2004MNRAS.347....1P", "2004MNRAS.355..617T", "2005A&A...441..451M", "2005AIPC..761...27B", "2005ApJ...622..244W", "2005ApJ...627...97O", "2005JKAS...38..149K", "2006MNRAS.370.1454P", "2008ApJ...688..945Y", "2009ApJ...706...21S", "2010AJ....140.1528L", "2010MNRAS.407..144T", "2011ApJ...735...18G", "2011MNRAS.412.2017V", "2012MNRAS.419.2116A", "2012MNRAS.426.2300L", "2014NewA...30...51K", "2015A&A...579A.103V", "2015MNRAS.450.2231C", "2016A&A...592A..19C", "2016MNRAS.458.3181C", "2016MNRAS.462.1415C", "2018MNRAS.476.1705S", "2018MNRAS.481.2766H", "2020ApJ...891...93F" ]
[ "1959PASP...71..106B", "1961ApJS....5..233D", "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1969AJ.....74...50M", "1970ApJ...159..263M", "1971ApJ...164...11S", "1971MNRAS.152....1H", "1972AJ.....77..333W", "1972ApJ...175..649S", "1973A&A....26...95J", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1977egsp.conf..157F", "1978ApJ...225..742S", "1980A&A....86..286Y", "1980ApJS...44..403R", "1983MNRAS.203..301H", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1985AJ.....90..183E", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985MNRAS.214..177S", "1986ApJ...306..483J", "1986LNP...255..141F", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987IAUS..127..379H", "1988A&A...204...28V", "1988AJ.....95..422E", "1988ASIC..229...93K", "1988ApJ...333..673B", "1988PASP..100.1134B", "1988rmgm.conf..195Y", "1989AJ.....97...69B", "1989AJ.....98..538F", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989ApJ...341L...9D", "1989ApJ...344L..57P", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...70..329K", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ASSL..161..201S", "1990ASSL..161..483D", "1990ApJ...350..104D", "1990ApJ...362..503B", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991ApJS...76..875E", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...400..153M", "1992IAUS..149..255F", "1992PhDT........13W", "1993AJ....106..923S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415...58W", "1993ApJ...415...75F", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1994A&AS..105..341G", "1994ASIC..445..255O", "1994ApJ...428..511S", "1994MNRAS.271..833G", "1995A&A...298..784G" ]
1987884
null
Far-Infrared Radiation from Dust Heated by the Interstellar Radiation Field in Spiral Galaxies
We calculate the 60 and 100 micron radiation emitted by dust in H I gas in spiral galaxies. The dust is assumed to be heated by the general interstellar radiation field. We base our results on the dust model by Desert et al., who have calculated the expected emission in the IRAS bands from dust heated by radiation fields with the same spectral shape as those observed in the solar neighborhood but of varying intensity. We estimate the amount of dust in a galaxy by assuming that the dust column density is proportional to that of H I at each radius. The intensity of the radiation field is derived from the observed blue-light profiles of the galaxies, corrected for extinction and projection effects. By combining these two observables with the dust heating model, we are able to show that the interstellar radiation field can account for a significant fraction of the far-infrared (FIR) emission in most spirals. For the best resolved galaxies, M31 and M33, the radial 60 and 100 micron profiles predicted from our model agree well with the observed profiles. For nine other resolved spirals, the overall shape of the modeled and observed FIR radial profiles are also similar. Overall, for a sample of 20 spirals, the 60 and 100 micron fluxes derived from our model are, on average, about half of the observed fluxes. We also compare the predicted and observed 12 and 25 micron fluxes and find good consistency. The analysis supports a picture where the 60 and 100 micron emission from spirals is a combination of two components, relatively cool (20-25 K) dust heated by the interstellar radiation field and warmer dust heated by OB stars. Which of these two dominates may vary from galaxy to galaxy. The agreement at shorter wavelengths argues for the likely existence of very small grains in spiral galaxies. Unless our understanding of dust models and the explanation for infrared emission from Galactic cirrus are incorrect, it appears that the role of the interstellar radiation field in heating dust in spiral galaxies is important enough that its contribution should not be ignored.
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12.430369
8.277429
1996-04-01
66
1996ApJ...460..696W
[ "dust models", "radiation fields", "warmer dust", "dust", "spiral galaxies", "galaxy", "infrared emission", "the dust heating model", "the general interstellar radiation field", "most spirals" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177002" ]
[ "Walterbos, Rene A. M.", "Greenawalt, Bruce" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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[ "1959ApJ...130..728D", "1973NYASA.223....3A", "1975A&A....45...43R", "1976ApJS...31..313S", "1977A&A....57..373B", "1978PhDT.......195B", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1982A&A...105..372M", "1982A&A...112..369B", "1983A&A...128..212M", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984A&A...140..325D", "1984A&AS...55..179B", "1984ApJ...278L..67D", "1984ApJS...55...67B", "1985A&A...145L...7D", "1985ApJ...292..494D", "1986A&A...155..380C", "1986A&A...157..230V", "1986A&AS...66..505W", "1986ApJ...310..660S", "1987A&A...180...27W", "1987A&AS...69..311W", "1987AJ.....93..816K", "1988ASIC..232..361W", "1988PhDT.......109D", "1989A&A...218...78D", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...345..230G", "1989ApJS...71..433P", "1990A&A...233..437B", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990AJ....100..387R", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ASPC...12..273B", "1990ApJ...350L..25D", "1990ApJ...358..418R", "1990ApJ...359...42D", "1990IAUS..139...21T", "1992AJ....103.1484B", "1992AJ....103.1536D", "1992ApJ...386..120B", "1992ApJ...390...66R", "1992ApJ...395L..37H", "1992ApJ...395L..41C", "1992ApJ...396L..69S", "1992FCPh...15..143D", "1993AJ....105...67R", "1993ApJ...418..123R", "1994AJ....107..184W", "1994AJ....108.1244D", "1994AJ....108.1667D", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...420..558B", "1994ApJ...425...91S", "1994ApJ...426..109X", "1994ApJ...426..553C", "1994ApJ...428..638S", "1994ApJ...429..153S", "1994ApJ...431..156W", "1995ApJ...446..909X", "1995ApJS...96....9L" ]
2009426
null
Observing strategies for blank-field surveys in the submillimetre waveband
The coming generation of submillimetre bolometer array detectors, such as the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) instrument currently being constructed for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), offer opportunities for searching for distant star-forming galaxies in the submillimetre waveband. The special features of observing in the submillimetre waveband require a careful assessment of the optimum observing strategy, aimed both at maximizing the probabilities of detecting distant galaxies and at discriminating between different models of galaxy formation and evolution. The distinctive feature of faint submillimetre sources is that their predicted source counts are inverted at low flux densities and this strongly influences the observing strategy. We illustrate how the strategy differs for distinct models of the evolution of the population of star-forming galaxies. In all cases the preferred observing wavelength is 850 mum. Plausible models of the evolution of IRAS galaxies suggest that the best strategy would be to observe an area of about 0.1 deg^2 for an observing time of 3x10^5 s. In a hierarchical clustering picture, it would be preferable to observe a much smaller area of 0.01 deg^2 for the same time to a deeper limiting flux density of 0.3 mJy, at which the extremely steep source counts expected in these models should be detected. It is argued that both types of survey should be carried out.
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13.53427
7.134854
1996-04-01
58
1996MNRAS.279..847B
[ "faint submillimetre sources", "submillimetre bolometer array detectors", "distant galaxies", "IRAS galaxies", "low flux densities", "distinct models", "galaxy formation", "different models", "Plausible models", "the optimum observing strategy" ]
[ "METHODS: OBSERVATIONAL", "STARS: FORMATION", "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.3.847" ]
[ "Blain, A. W.", "Longair, M. S." ]
[ "Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK", "Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996MNRAS.283.1340B", "1997ApJ...488L..67W", "1997ApJ...490L...5S", "1997MNRAS.286..732E", "1997MNRAS.287L..17B", "1997MNRAS.290..553B", "1998ASPC..146..353V", "1998IAUS..179...19C", "1998MNRAS.295...92B", "1998MNRAS.296..709F", "1998MNRAS.296L..29B", "1998MNRAS.297..502B", "1998MNRAS.297..511B", "1998MNRAS.298..583I", "1998Natur.394..241H", "1998Natur.395A...3E", "1998PASP..110..991S", "1998SPIE.3357..495S", "1998astro.ph..3294B", "1999A&A...345...29P", "1999ASPC..181..273M", "1999Ap&SS.266...11L", "1999Ap&SS.269..405C", "1999IAUS..194..219L", "1999MNRAS.302..632B", "1999MNRAS.309..715B", "1999astro.ph.11449B", "2000ASPC..200...81H", "2000AdSpR..25.2251S", "2000ApJ...529....1S", "2000ApJ...529..189G", "2001AJ....122.2156A", "2001ASPC..235..261B", "2001ApSSS.277...29C", "2001LIACo..36..103W", "2001PASJ...53..433R", "2001dmsi.conf...93B", "2002ApJ...570..470T", "2002LNP...608..124W", "2002MNRAS.330..219B", "2002MNRAS.330L..63B", "2002MNRAS.331..839F", "2002PhR...369..111B", "2002luml.conf...97L", "2005MNRAS.362..535I", "2005MNRAS.363..563M", "2005RMxAC..24..277V", "2008MNRAS.391..420S", "2009A&A...508..141F", "2010A&A...514A..67M", "2010A&ARv..18....1D", "2011A&A...528A.124C", "2013MNRAS.435.2753P", "2017ApJ...839...58S", "2019ApJ...878...83W", "2019MNRAS.484.2757C", "2020PASJ...72...69Y" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1979A&A....76...92E", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1983QJRAS..24..267H", "1984ASPRv...3....1Z", "1984ApJ...287..461C", "1989ApJ...344...35F", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.243..126D", "1990MNRAS.247...19D", "1990peu..conf..361E", "1991A&AS...89..285F", "1992AJ....103.1313G", "1992ApJ...396..460B", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.264..509B", "1993MNRAS.265L..21B", "1994ApJ...420..439M", "1994MNRAS.269L..28I", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1994SPIE.2198..638C" ]
1986647
null
HI Observations of Barred Magellanic Spirals.I.Global Properties
We present observations of the H I content of a sample of Barred Magellanic spiral type galaxies. The data are consistent with the fact that SBm systems are late-type spirals and not irregular galaxies. The barred morphology that is evident in the optical structure of these galaxies manifests itself in both the distribution and kinematics of the neutral gas. The H I is also distributed well beyond the optical extent of each galaxy. We have detected the presence of small (~10^7^ M_sun_) H I clouds around four of the five galaxies in this sample. Most of the clouds appear to be actively interacting with their primary galaxy and have no optical counterparts on the Digital Sky Survey images. We speculate that the barred morphology and kinematics of these galaxies may be the result of their interaction with such neighboring clouds. Additionally, the presence of these clouds and their relationship with the primary galaxies suggests that the process of galaxy formation continues in the present epoch.
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10.970676
7.250978
1996-04-01
52
1996AJ....111.1575W
[ "galaxy formation", "Barred Magellanic spiral type galaxies", "such neighboring clouds", "SBm systems", "the primary galaxies", "their primary galaxy", "Barred Magellanic", "kinematics", "not irregular galaxies", "~10" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117897" ]
[ "Wilcots, Eric M.", "Lehman, Catherine", "Miller, Bryan" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112..960S", "1997AJ....113.1618V", "1997AJ....113.2006E", "1997AJ....114..147M", "1998AJ....115..975P", "1998AJ....116.1186V", "1998AJ....116.2341V", "1998AJ....116.2363W", "1998ApJ...506..222M", "1999AJ....117.1688M", "1999AJ....117.2168P", "1999ASSL..237..125W", "2000A&A...361...33N", "2000AJ....119.1592I", "2001A&A...371..806N", "2001AJ....122..121V", "2001AJ....122..825B", "2001ASPC..240..167W", "2001ASPC..240..501P", "2001ApJ...560..110W", "2001astro.ph..9518T", "2002ApJ...565..941T", "2002ApJ...581.1039C", "2002ApJS..142..161P", "2004A&A...428..425L", "2004AJ....127.1900W", "2004AJ....128..617T", "2004MNRAS.351..333B", "2005AIPC..783..116V", "2005AJ....130..524M", "2007A&A...474...67V", "2007ApJ...662..959P", "2008A&A...491..131L", "2009A&A...505....1V", "2009A&A...505..105V", "2009ApJ...703.1984I", "2009IAUS..256..461W", "2009MNRAS.400..743K", "2010A&A...521A..63L", "2010ASPC..421..149W", "2011AJ....141..125A", "2012AJ....144...67K", "2012MNRAS.421.2109B", "2013AJ....145...61S", "2013MNRAS.428.1790W", "2014A&A...564A.121C", "2014MNRAS.438.1067M", "2014MNRAS.439.1948Y", "2018MNRAS.476.5127R", "2021ApJ...922L..21Z", "2022AJ....163...49L", "2022MNRAS.513..168B" ]
[ "1972VA.....14..163D", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1976MNRAS.176...31L", "1978PhDT.......195B", "1979A&A....75..170H", "1980ApJ...237..404S", "1984AJ.....89..966D", "1985IAUS..106..387V", "1986A&A...166...75B", "1987MNRAS.228..635N", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988A&A...201...37N", "1988AJ.....95.1354V", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1989A&A...214...33S", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990A&A...230...37G", "1990AJ....100..373R", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1990ApJ...364..415E", "1991A&A...243..118S", "1991AJ....101..829O", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...253..335K", "1992ApJ...391..502K", "1992ApJ...400..516P", "1993AJ....105..128T", "1993ApJ...407...22G", "1993ApJ...418..113P", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994AJ....107.1320O", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...424..599M", "1994ApJS...91...79H", "1996ASPC...91.....B" ]
2009245
null
Scattered broad optical lines in the polarized flux spectrum of the FR II galaxy 3C 321.
The authors present optical/infrared broad-band filter polarimetry and optical spectropolarimetry of the powerful FR II galaxy 3C 321. The latter observations reveal a scattered broad component to the Hα emission line, detectable in polarized flux. This implies that 3C 321 is actually a quasar the continuum and broad-line region of which are obscured from direct view, possibly by the geometrically thick torus invoked in the unified theory of active galaxies.
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15.180995
6.314818
1996-04-01
38
1996MNRAS.279L..72Y
[ "optical spectropolarimetry", "direct view", "active galaxies", "FR II", "a scattered broad component", "optical/infrared broad-band filter polarimetry", "polarized flux", "galaxy", "the Hα emission line", "the geometrically thick torus" ]
[ "Radio Galaxies: Spectropolarimetry", "Radio Galaxies: Quasars", "polarization -- scattering -- galaxies: active -- galaxies: individual: 3C 321" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.4.L72" ]
[ "Young, S.", "Hough, J. H.", "Efstathiou, A.", "Wills, B. J.", "Axon, D. J.", "Bailey, J. A.", "Ward, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281..591T", "1997ASPC..113..445G", "1997ASPC..121..600H", "1997ApJ...476..677C", "1997ApJ...482L..37O", "1998ASPC..144...81C", "1998ApJ...500..660T", "1998MNRAS.294..478Y", "1998MNRAS.296..721C", "1998MNRAS.298.1035T", "1999AJ....118.1963C", "1999ApJ...514..579H", "1999ApJ...526...60S", "1999MNRAS.303L..17A", "1999MNRAS.304..271D", "2000MNRAS.312..567Y", "2000MNRAS.314..849T", "2000MNRAS.317..922R", "2000MNRAS.319..685C", "2000MNRAS.319..963S", "2001ASPC..249..193A", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2003A&A...399...77D", "2003ApJ...583..632T", "2003NewAR..47..199B", "2005A&A...433..841M", "2005A&A...439...85E", "2005ApJ...631..720Y", "2007A&A...465..129G", "2011AJ....142...14Y", "2011arXiv1101.0837A", "2012A&AT...27..557A", "2013ApJ...768...30Y", "2014MNRAS.438..557Z", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2016ApJ...822..109A", "2019MNRAS.484..385V", "2019MNRAS.489.2177A" ]
[ "1974psns.coll..135S", "1982MNRAS.200.1067O", "1984ApJ...278..499A", "1984ApJS...54..259T", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986Natur.322..150B", "1987IAUS..124..761F", "1987MNRAS.224.1013H", "1987MNRAS.227P...1H", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1988MNRAS.234..899B", "1988Natur.334..591D", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...346L..21G", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990ApJ...363L..17A", "1990MNRAS.246..163T", "1991ApJ...378...47M", "1991MNRAS.248...74H", "1992ASPC...25..427W", "1992ApJ...397..452T", "1993AJ....105..853I", "1993ApJ...415...82H", "1993MNRAS.260L...1Y", "1993MNRAS.262.1029D", "1993MNRAS.263..895I", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1994ApJ...430..196K", "1994ApJ...431..123D", "1994MNRAS.271..250S", "1994Natur.371..313A", "1995MNRAS.272..513Y", "1995MNRAS.275..398I", "1996MNRAS.278..406P" ]
2009397
null
Galaxy counts and the galaxy two-point angular correlation function to I = 23
We present new results on the two-point angular correlation function of galaxies. The results have been determined from two large-format CCD Surveys, Covering 13 deg^2^ in total. At all magnitudes the two-point correlation function is well described by a power law with an index, δ, equal to -0.8. The amplitude of the correlation function decreases with increasing magnitude; however, the precise behaviour is not reproduced in models that include reasonable amounts of clustering evolution. We also present new data on the I-band galaxy number counts. A model that fits the count data well is a model that has a cosmological constant and a local galaxy number density equal to 1.76 x 10^- 2^(H_0_/100)^3^ Mpc^-3^.
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12.344793
4.741919
1996-04-01
29
1996MNRAS.279.1357L
[ "new data", "new results", "galaxies", "increasing magnitude", "models", "reasonable amounts", "a local galaxy number density", "clustering evolution", "the correlation function", "the I-band galaxy number counts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE- SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.4.1357" ]
[ "Lidman, C. E.", "Peterson, B. A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.2454L", "1997ASSL..210..231S", "1997ASSL..210..239M", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.284..915W", "1997astro.ph.12169M", "1998ASPC..146..413P", "1998ASSL..230..177M", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...494L.137B", "1998ApJ...496...31H", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998astro.ph..3336N", "1998astro.ph.11218G", "1999A&A...345..448P", "1999A&AS..137...51N", "1999ASPC..193..411B", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999ldss.work...34D", "2000A&A...353..867K", "2000A&A...355...37F", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...548..114S", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2004ApJ...617.1017S", "2017ApJ...836..182J" ]
[ "1953ApJ...117..134L", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1980PASP...92..746C", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1989daan.work...35V", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.249..606C", "1991MNRAS.251..482B", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...414..431Y", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...444...15Y" ]
2012426
null
X-Ray Observations of NGC 2110 with GINGA and ASCA
We present the Ginga and ASCA results for the narrow emission line galaxy NGC 2 110. Using Ginga data we found a fast time-variability of a few hours, superimposed on a relatively constant X-ray flux. The X-ray spectrum was well fitted with an absorbed power- law plus iron K emission-line model, in which no significant reflection component w as required. Using ASCA data we confirmed the previous detection of extra soft X-ray emission and a K-shell emission line from ``cold'' iron in the simple absorbed power-law spectrum. For the first time we detected a K-shell absorption edge of ``cold'' iron. This edge feature, combined with the Ginga results, indicates that the reflecti on process is not dominant in NGC 2110. We propose that these iron line and edge f eatures are due to a partial covering material with N_H ~ 10(23) cm(-2) , wh ich presumably comprises ``hidden'' broad line region (BLR) clouds.
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15.674827
7.845923
1996-04-01
25
1996PASJ...48..219H
[ "extra soft X-ray emission", "Ginga data", "iron K emission-line model", "ASCA data", "Ginga", "the narrow emission line galaxy", "wh ich", "edge", "The X-ray spectrum", "f eatures" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NGC 2110)", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: X-RA YS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.2.219" ]
[ "Hayashi, Ichizo", "Koyama, Katsuji", "Awaki, Hisamitsu", "Yamauchi, Shiro Ueno Shigeo" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01" ]
[ "1997ApJS..113...23T", "1997ApJS..113..311M", "1998A&A...333..411V", "1998ApJ...493...91T", "1998ApJ...501...54S", "1998ApJ...503L..39W", "1998PASJ...50..519X", "1999A&A...342L..41M", "1999A&A...344..857C", "1999AdSpR..23..887W", "1999ApJ...515..567W", "1999ApJ...523..147F", "1999ApJS..121..473B", "1999LNP...520..269K", "2000ApJ...531..245T", "2000ApJ...542..175A", "2000MNRAS.314L..11V", "2003A&A...399...77D", "2004A&A...415...39D", "2007ApJ...668L..31M", "2007ApJ...671.1345E", "2010int..workE..81B", "2015MNRAS.447..160M", "2020ApJ...895..135K", "2023A&A...669A.114D" ]
[ "1975ApJ...198...95G", "1977ARA&A..15...69W", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1978ApJ...224L..55R", "1978ApJ...226L.111B", "1979ApJ...233..809M", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1980A&A....87..245V", "1980ApJ...240...32S", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1982ApJ...256...92M", "1982ApJ...256..410L", "1983ApJ...264L...7U", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1985ApJ...291..627W", "1988ApJ...324..767W", "1988ApJ...335...57L", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989ApJ...345..730P", "1989ESASP.296..783I", "1989MNRAS.240..833T", "1989PASJ...41..345T", "1989PASJ...41..731K", "1990ApJ...360L..35P", "1991ApJ...366...88A", "1991ApJ...381...85T", "1991PASJ...43..195A", "1991PhDT.......151A", "1993ApJ...405..168M", "1994ApJ...433..625M", "1994MNRAS.268..405N", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1995ApJ...442..597W", "1995MNRAS.272L...9M" ]
1441795
null
Spectropolarimetry of 3C 265, a misaligned radio galaxy
We present spectropolarimetry of the powerful radio galaxy 3C 265 at z=0.811. The rest-frame UV continuum, which has an elongated structure misaligned by about 35 deg with respect to the radio axis, and the broad MgII 2800 are strongly polarized, while the narrow forbidden lines are unpolarized. The E-vector direction is constant with wavelength and is perpendicular to the UV axis. Therefore the extended UV continuum is due to scattering of anisotropic quasar light, and the other explanations of the `alignment effect' in distant radio galaxies, involving a direct connection with the radio-emitting plasma, are very unlikely in 3C 265, because of the misalignment.
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15.36747
6.297472
1996-04-01
22
1996MNRAS.279L..57D
[ "distant radio galaxies", "UV continuum", "anisotropic quasar light", "the powerful radio galaxy", "the radio axis", "wavelength", "respect", "The E-vector direction", "the UV axis", "3C" ]
[ "SCATTERING", "TECHNIQUES: POLARIMETRIC", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 3C 265", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.3.L57" ]
[ "di Serego Alighieri, S.", "Cimatti, A.", "Fosbury, R. A. E.", "Perez-Fournon, I." ]
[ "Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy", "Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy", "Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, C/ Via Lactea s/n, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain" ]
[ "1997A&A...323...21V", "1997ApJ...484..163R", "1997MNRAS.286...23B", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1998ASSL..226...29C", "1998ApJ...500..660T", "1998ApJ...507..161D", "1999AIPC..470..266C", "1999ApJ...518..167M", "2001A&A...366....7V", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2002A&A...381..389A", "2002MNRAS.331..673S", "2003MNRAS.340..705S", "2003NewAR..47..443B", "2004MNRAS.351..997S", "2004MNRAS.354L..43B", "2005MNRAS.364..640K", "2010ApJ...715...33D", "2013arXiv1312.1249R", "2014ApJ...781...72R", "2016A&A...593A.109D" ]
[ "1974MNRAS.169..395B", "1978ApJ...219..803K", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1988PhDT........22M", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989LNP...334.....M", "1989MNRAS.239P...1R", "1991ApJ...366L..69J", "1992ApJ...397...49E", "1992ApJ...399..426D", "1992ESOC...41...53W", "1993AJ....105.1690F", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994AJ....107.1227W", "1994ApJ...431..123D", "1994IAUS..159..470J", "1995MNRAS.273L..29D", "1995MNRAS.275L..47L" ]
1987544
null
Formation of the First Objects and Galaxies in the Long Cosmic String Scheme
The formation of wakes is triggered by the passing of long cosmic strings, and the high-density nonlinear sites of cold dark matter are expected to form at each crossing point of three wakes. We investigate the dark matter potential of such crossing points of three wakes, triggered at redshift z_i_, in the approximation of spherical Symmetry. We derive for several values of z_i_ the characteristic values of the dark matter potential, such as the radius, mass, and density distribution, at 1 + z = 10^2^, 10, and 1, respectively. Then we calculate the motion of baryonic matter in this potential, taking into account the drag force due to the background radiation and the thermal processes such as ionization degree and H_2_ molecular cooling. The first objects are formed at z ~ 300-200 because of the Jeans instability in the high-density region developed around the crossing points of three wakes triggered at z_i_ ~ 10^4^-10^5^. The mass and size of these objects are of the order of 10^3^ M_sun_ and 10^-1^ pc. For wakes triggered at z_i_ ~ 10^6^ and 10^7^, objects are formed at z ~ 70 and 5, respectively, and their mass and size are of the order of 10^3^ M_sun_ and 1 pc, respectively. The infall of baryonic matter to these objects in later time is also investigated to simulate galaxy formation and compared with the observations. Although the details of the stellar formation process must be much pursued, the results in the adopted assumption seem to be in good agreement with the observations of E-type galaxies. The formation of other astronomical objects is also discussed.
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10.304834
-1.695083
1996-04-01
18
1996ApJ...461....1H
[ "cold dark matter", "baryonic matter", "such crossing points", "other astronomical objects", "galaxy formation", "objects", "E-type galaxies", "wakes", "_", "the dark matter potential" ]
[ "COSMIC STRINGS", "COSMOLOGY: EARLY UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177034" ]
[ "Hara, Tetsuya", "Yamamoto, Hideki", "Maehoenen, Petri", "Miyoshi, Shigeru J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..331B", "1997PhRvD..56.4568A", "1998ApJ...508..530A", "1998PhRvD..57.2186G", "1998PhRvD..58l4027G", "1999IAUS..183..249H", "1999MNRAS.303..575O", "1999MNRAS.308.1173B", "1999PThPh.102...51H", "1999PhRvD..60l3508K", "2000PhRvD..61h3518M", "2000PhRvD..62l3505G", "2001ASPC..222..247M", "2001PhRvD..65b1301B", "2003Sci...301.1345C", "2004MNRAS.350..729I", "2004PhRvD..70l3507G", "2004Sci...305..376C" ]
[ "1968ApJ...153....1P", "1968ApJ...154..891P", "1968PThPh..39.1448N", "1969PThPh..41..840T", "1969PThPh..42..219M", "1969PThPh..42..523H", "1971ApJ...170..241M", "1971PThPS..49...11S", "1972PASJ...24...87Y", "1976JPhA....9.1387K", "1976MNRAS.176..483R", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1981PASJ...33..211I", "1982PThPh..68..236S", "1983ApJ...271..632P", "1983PThPh..69...89M", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984MNRAS.206..315C", "1984Natur.310..391K", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1984PThPh..72...47U", "1984PhRvL..53.1700S", "1985A&A...149..144J", "1985ApJ...297....1S", "1985PhR...121..263V", "1985PhRvL..54.1868A", "1986ApJ...301..522I", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJS...60..603S", "1986MNRAS.222P..27R", "1986Natur.321..229D", "1987ApJ...322....1S", "1987PThPh..77.1152H", "1987PThPh..78.1081H", "1988PhRvD..38.3610S", "1989ApJ...338..654A", "1989PThPh..81.1187H", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1989neas.book.....B", "1990Natur.346..233P", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1990PThPh..84..867H", "1990PhRvD..41..720B", "1990PhRvL..64..119A", "1990fecs.conf..421S", "1991ApJ...375...15O", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..461D", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1991PhRvL..67.1057V", "1992ApJ...391..502K", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399L...5B", "1992PhRvL..68.2121A", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ASPC...48..302Z", "1993ASPC...48..608F", "1993ASPC...48..664S", "1993ApJ...405..419H", "1993ApJ...412...22H", "1993ApJ...419..459U", "1993PASJ...45..655S", "1993gcgc.work..302Z", "1993gcgc.work..608F", "1993gcgc.work..664S", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...427...25S", "1994ApJ...428...51H", "1994ApJ...432...31H", "1994ApJ...437..556D", "1994csot.book.....V", "1995ApJ...438...27H", "1995PASJ...47....1W" ]
2009373
null
The Muenster Redshift Project: improved methods for automated galaxy redshift measurement from very low-dispersion objective-prism spectra
The Muenster Redshift Project (MRSP) is a large low-resolution galaxy- redshift survey, where pairs of film copies of direct and very low- dispersion objective-prism Schmidt plates are analysed fully automatically. This communication describes updated methods employed for the determination of galaxy redshifts z. For calibration, 1183 galaxies with z &lt;= 0.3 and r_F_ &lt;= 18.5 (b_J_ &lt;= 19.5) are used. The spectra have the linear reciprocal dispersion 245 nm mm^-1^ at Hγ. The random errors range between σ_z_ = 0.011 (best subsamples) and 0.031 (total sample). For the total sample the redshift errors depend on redshift, magnitude, morphological type and galactic latitude. The corresponding corrections can be obtained from the measured error distributions given in this paper. The best subsamples are not contaminated by galaxies with large systematic errors, and can be used for cosmological investigations, taking into account only the magnitude- dependent effects. It should be noted that galaxy redshifts obtained with low-resolution spectra cannot be used individually. However, the large number of redshifts and the large survey volumes permit the determination of statistical quantities with high significance.
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12.446653
5.268695
1996-04-01
11
1996MNRAS.279.1057S
[ "galaxy redshifts", "large systematic errors", "redshifts z.", "redshift", "redshifts", "galaxies", "best subsamples", "_", "total sample", "cosmological investigations" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.4.1057" ]
[ "Schuecker, Peter" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...472..485S", "1997A&AS..125...71C", "1997ASSL..212...17P", "1997ASSL..212..305B", "1998A&AS..133..293B", "1998ASSL..231...99S", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "1999A&AT...18..413B", "2004tivo.conf..220K", "2017MNRAS.471.2077A" ]
[ "1977MNRAS.178..687C", "1981MNRAS.196..397C", "1983asmm.work..209C", "1984IAUCo..78..401C", "1985MNRAS.213..971H", "1986MNRAS.219..251B", "1986MitAG..67..401S", "1986PhDT........85P", "1987A&A...173L...5P", "1988PASP..100.1276B", "1988mmis.book.....G", "1989RMxAA..19...92D", "1991ApJ...378L...1S", "1992A&A...264....1D", "1992AJ....103.2102S", "1992PASP..104..704T", "1992doss.conf..367S", "1993A&A...268..491C", "1993ApJS...84...39S", "1993Msngr..71...46N", "1994ASIC..441.....S", "1994IAUS..161..699S", "1994MNRAS.270..811B", "1995AJ....109.1498H" ]
2009274
null
Imaging polarimetry of the luminous merger galaxy NGC 3256.
Imaging polarimetry maps are presented for the starburst galaxy NGC 3256. To the north-east of the starburst region, the reflection nebulosity created by dust entrained in the galactic-scale outflows reaches out to some 7 kpc, which is approximately double the extent in the well-known tidally interacting starburst galaxy M82. Three sources of illumination are located: one is the established 2-μm nucleus, and one of the others may be the "hidden" counterpart of the nucleus of the second component of the merger. These data show evidence for very widespread superwinds emanating from the starburst region of the luminous merger galaxy NGC 3256.
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12.311555
8.586428
1996-04-01
7
1996MNRAS.279.1325S
[ "starburst galaxy M82", "starburst", "Imaging polarimetry maps", "the starburst region", "the starburst galaxy", "the luminous merger galaxy", "dust", "emanating", "evidence", "second" ]
[ "Starburst Galaxies: Galaxy Mergers", "Starburst Galaxies: CCD Images", "Starburst Galaxies: Polarization", "Galaxy Mergers: CCD Images", "Galaxy Mergers: Polarization", "polarization -- galaxies: individual: NGC 3256 -- galaxies: interactions -- galaxies: starburst" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.4.1325" ]
[ "Scarrott, S. M.", "Draper, P. W.", "Stockdale, D. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2000A&A...357..443A", "2000AJ....120..645L", "2000ApJS..129..493H", "2004MNRAS.348..369L", "2006ApJ...644..862S", "2014A&A...572A..40E", "2014ApJ...797...90S" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1983MNRAS.204.1163S", "1986Sci...231..227S", "1988PhDT.........1D", "1991ApJ...371L..19B", "1991MNRAS.252P..12S", "1991VA.....34..163S", "1992A&A...264...49C", "1993A&A...268...58L", "1993A&AS..101..363Z", "1993AJ....105...46S", "1993MNRAS.264L...7S", "1994A&A...284..731C", "1994ApJ...421..101D" ]
1989959
null
Radio Properties and Optical Identification of Two Samples of Millijansky Radio Sources at 1.4 GHz
From the 1.4 GHz radio survey of Condon, Dickey, &amp; Salpeter in a region much devoid of rich galaxy clusters at redshifts z &lt;~ 0.4, we selected a "distant" sample of 57 radio sources complete to a 1.4 GHz flux density of 35 mJy and a "nearby" sample of 36 mostly weaker radio sources which are optically brighter than B~19 mag. Our ultimate goals are (1) to study the radio, optical, and near-IR properties of those high-redshift (z~1), moderate-power radio sources in the distant sample and to compare them with that of more powerful radio sources, and (2) to make a comparison of primarily noncluster radio sources in the nearby sample with a companion survey of radio sources in a pair of rich superclusters at z ~ 0.1. In this first paper of a series, we report our new C-array VLA continuum snapshots at 4.86 GHz and optical R-band CCD imaging photometry for these two samples and tabulate the observational results on individual sources. Some direct sample statistical properties are also discussed in the paper and summarized as follows: (l) The distant sample: (a) the sample median flux density at 1.4 GHz is about 65 mJy. (b) The majority (80%) of the sample sources have a steep spectrum between 1.4 and 4.86 GHz with a spectral index around 0.9. Nineteen (90%) of the 21 sources that are fully resolved at 4.86 GHz (i.e., angular sizes θ &gt;~ 11") have a radio morphology of Fanaroff-Riley (FR) II type. (c) Thirty-seven (88%) of the 42 optically imaged sample sources were optically identified to a limiting R-band magnitude of R ~ 23.5 mag. About 15% of the identified radio sources appear to be point sources, and the others are extended galaxies with an appearance similar to nearby elliptical galaxies. (d) Twenty-eight (76%) of the optically identified sources have R &gt; 20 mag, suggesting that these are probably distant (z&gt; 0.8), with a redshift distribution peaking at z ~ 1, where their radio luminosities are about 10 times the break power between the FR I and II classes. (e) We found no strong evidence for the radio and optical axes of the resolved radio sources (i.e., θ &gt;~ 5") to be correlated or anticorrelated, nor any evidence for strong clustering around sample radio sources on average. (2) The nearby sample: except for R &lt;~ 15, the sample is dominated by elliptical galaxies with 16 &lt;~ R &lt;~ 18.5 mag and a spectral index distribution similar to that of the distant sample. Based on the radial distribution of optical objects around each radio source, we found that the average radio source environment becomes richer from that characteristic of galaxy groups for R &lt; 17 mag (z &lt;~ 0.2) to that of galaxy groups to clusters at R ~&gt; 18 mag (z ~&gt; 0.3).
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14.848039
5.865088
1996-04-01
8
1996ApJS..103..331L
[ "sample radio sources", "radio sources", "point sources", "individual sources", "rich galaxy clusters", "nearby elliptical galaxies", "moderate-power radio sources", "the identified radio sources", "the average radio source environment", "the resolved radio sources" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/192280" ]
[ "Lu, Nanyao Y.", "Hoffman, G. Lyle", "Salpeter, Edwin E.", "Houck, James R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...488..872L", "1997MNRAS.290L..17W", "1998ASSL..226..203J", "1999A&AS..134..505P", "1999ARep...43..417V", "1999Ap.....42..275A", "2000MNRAS.315..839M", "2002ApJS..143....1M" ]
[ "1965MmRAS..69..183P", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976MmRAS..81...25C", "1977A&A....57...41A", "1977AuJPA..41....1W", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982MNRAS.199..611A", "1982MNRAS.200..747B", "1982MNRAS.201..331A", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1983PASP...95.1021S", "1984A&AS...58....1W", "1984ApJ...277...27B", "1984ApJS...55...67B", "1984MNRAS.209..665A", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1985A&A...146...38K", "1985A&AS...59..255F", "1985AJ.....90.1413B", "1985ApJ...289..494W", "1985MNRAS.213..243A", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1986ApJ...306...30G", "1986qa...book.....W", "1987AJ.....93..788D", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987OptEn..26..779G", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...333L..37L", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1988PhDT........22M", "1989ApJ...340...77L", "1989MNRAS.240..129Y", "1990AJ.....99.1071C", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990AJ.....99.2059R", "1990AJ....100.1014M", "1990ApJ...348L...1C", "1990ApJ...351L...9E", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ComAp..15..343C", "1991MNRAS.249..164O", "1992ApJ...385...61R", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992ApJS...82....1B", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1994AJ....108..828T", "1995AJ....109..486O" ]
1987623
null
The X-Ray Spectrum of the BL Lacertae Object EXO 055625-3838.6
We report the results from observations of the BL Lac object EXO 055625 - 3838.6 carried out in the X-ray band using ROSAT and ASCA during 1993 and 1995. These observations provide the first X-ray spectra of the source obtained using image detectors. We find no evidence for dramatic variability within either observation, but find the source to have varied by a factor of ~1.5 in intensity between the two epochs. For both epochs we find the spectrum to be well described by a simple power-law model with a (photon) index {GAMMA} ~2.5, absorbed by an effective hydrogen column consistent with 21 cm measurements along the line of sight through our Galaxy. EXO 055625 - 3838.6 lies within the error box of the target designated H0557 - 385, ~25' south of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy included in the X-ray log N-log S and luminosity function derived from HEAO1 data (Piccinotti et al. 1982). However, based upon the results presented here, we suggest the BL Lac object probably did not contribute significantly to earlier hard X-ray observations made using collimated instruments.
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17.042965
5.161399
1996-04-01
3
1996ApJ...461..198G
[ "earlier hard X-ray observations", "BL Lac", "observations", "the X-ray band", "the first X-ray spectra", "HEAO1 data", "the X-ray log N-log S and luminosity function", "Galaxy", "dramatic variability", "EXO" ]
[ "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: EXO 055625-3838.6" ]
2
[ "10.1086/177047" ]
[ "George, I. M.", "Turner, T. J." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1999LNP...520..269K", "2001A&A...375..739D", "2002A&A...384...56C" ]
[ "1978ApJS...38..357F", "1981MNRAS.197..893M", "1982ApJ...253..485P", "1982MNRAS.198P..13F", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1984ApJS...56..507W", "1987SPIE..733..519P", "1988ApJ...324L..11B", "1988MNRAS.232..793G", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989MNRAS.236..375G", "1990ApJ...356..432G", "1994ApJ...434..468S", "1994ApJ...436L..27W", "1994ApJS...94..551F", "1994ApJS...95..371S", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1995ApJ...444..567P" ]
2009497
null
The correlation between bulk and shell velocities in cosmology
Previous studies have shown that the bulk velocity of a sample of elliptical galaxies nearer than 60 h^-1^ Mpc is observed to be high (599 km s^-1^ ), whereas the velocity of a shell of galaxies at a distance ~30 h^-1^ Mpc is much smaller, 224 km s^-1^, and consistent with shot noise only. We investigate the significance of the small ratio of these velocities in the context of Gaussian fluctuation theories for galaxy formation. We find that the shell and bulk velocities are significantly correlated for plausible power spectra, and the possibility of such a large discrepancy between them is small (~1.5 per cent). However, the probability rises to about 14 per cent since the shell at 30 h^-1^ Mpc is the most extreme of a sample of ten, and we conclude that the small ratio itself does not present a serious problem for the standard model of galaxy formation from gravitational instability of Gaussian fluctuations. We also investigate the joint distribution of the shell speed and bulk speed, as this allows us to put constraints on the density parameter of the Universe. Using the power spectrum of IRAS-selected galaxies as a (possibly biased) indicator of the underlying mass power spectrum, we find acceptable solutions provided that {OMEGA}_0_^0.6^/b ~&gt; 1, where b is the IRAS bias parameter.
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11.746467
2.84926
1996-04-01
0
1996MNRAS.279.1303L
[ "galaxy formation", "elliptical galaxies", "galaxies", "bulk speed", "plausible power spectra", "Gaussian fluctuation theories", "Gaussian fluctuations", "acceptable solutions", "IRAS", "IRAS-selected galaxies" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/279.4.1303" ]
[ "Loke, H. Y.", "Heavens, A. F." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
null
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1987ApJ...313L..37D", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988MNRAS.231..149K", "1988lsmu.book..339K", "1990eaun.book.....K", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1992A&A...253....3M", "1992MNRAS.258..581P", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992niiu.conf...65B", "1993ApJ...406..388C", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1995MNRAS.275..483H" ]
11601523
astro-ph/9508025
The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. Halos are excised from simulations of cosmologically representative regions and are resimulated individually at high resolution. We study objects with masses ranging from those of dwarf galaxy halos to those of rich galaxy clusters. The spherically averaged density profiles of all our halos can be fitted over two decades in radius by scaling a simple "universal" profile. The characteristic over- density of a halo, or equivalently its concentration, correlates strongly with halo mass in a way that reflects the mass dependence of the epoch of halo formation. Halo profiles are approximately isothermal over a large range in radii but are significantly shallower than r -2 near the center and steeper than r<SUP>-2</SUP> near the virial radius. Matching the observed rotation curves of disk galaxies requires disk mass-to-light ratios to increase systematically with luminosity. Further, it suggests that the halos of bright galaxies depend only weakly on galaxy luminosity and have circular velocities significantly lower than the disk rotation speed. This may explain why luminosity and dynamics are uncorrelated in observed samples of binary galaxies and of satellite/spiral systems. For galaxy clusters, our halo models are consistent both with the presence of giant arcs and with the observed structure of the intracluster medium, and they suggest a simple explanation for the disparate estimates of cluster core radii found by previous authors. Our results also highlight two shortcomings of the CDM model. CDM halos are too concentrated to be consistent with the halo parameters inferred for dwarf irregulars, and the predicted abundance of galaxy halos is larger than the observed abundance of galaxies. The first problem may imply that the core structure of dwarf galaxies was altered by the galaxy formation process, and the second problem may imply that galaxies failed to form (or remain undetected) in many dark halos.
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10.923315
5.356205
1996-05-01
7,327
1996ApJ...462..563N
[ "galaxy halos", "dwarf galaxy halos", "dwarf galaxies", "disk galaxies", "dark halos", "galaxy luminosity", "halo formation", "CDM halos", "galaxy clusters", "halo mass" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
132
[ "10.1086/177173", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9508025" ]
[ "Navarro, Julio F.", "Frenk, Carlos S.", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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4862092
astro-ph/9509034
Galaxy Cluster Virial Masses and Omega
The mean density of the universe is equal to the mass of a large galaxy cluster divided by the equivalent comoving volume in the field from which that mass originated. To reexamine the rich cluster {OMEGA}- value the CNOC Cluster Survey has observed 16 high X-ray luminosity clusters in the redshift range 0.17-0.55, obtaining approximately 2600 velocities in their fields. The systemic redshift, the rms line-of-sight velocity dispersion σ_1_, and the mean harmonic radius r<SUB>nu</SUB>_ are derived for each cluster using algorithms that correct for interlopers in redshift space and measure the angular extent of the sampling. The virial mass, and its internal error, are derived from σ_1_ and r<SUB>nu</SUB>_. The cluster luminosity is estimated from the K-corrected r-band luminosities of the cluster galaxies. Directly adding all the light to M_r_^K^ = - 18.5 mag, about 0.2L_sun_, and extrapolating for the small amount of light below the limit, the average mass-to-light ratio of the clusters is 295 +/- 53 h M_sun_ L_sun_^-1^, and the average mass per galaxy to M_r_^K^ = - 19.0 mag is 4.2 +/- 1.1 x 10^12^ h^-1^ M_sun_. The clusters are consistent with having a universal M<SUB>nu</SUB>_/L-value (within the errors of about 25%) independent of their velocity dispersion, mean color of their galaxies, blue galaxy content, redshift, or mean interior density. Using field galaxies within the same data set, with the same corrections, we find that the closure mass-to-light ratio, ρ_c_/j, is 1025 +/- 140 h M_sun_ L_sun_^-1^, and the closure mass per galaxy to M_r_^K^ = - 19.0 mag, ρ_c_/{PHI} is 15.5 +/- 3.0 x 10^12^ h^-1^ M_sun_. Under the assumptions that the galaxies are distributed like the mass and that the galaxy luminosities and numbers are statistically conserved, assumptions that these data indirectly support, {OMEGA}_0_ = 0.24 +/- 0.05 +/- 0.09, where the errors are, respectively, the 1 σ random error and an estimate of the possible systematic error resulting from the normalization to galaxy content.
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12.643675
4.711022
1996-05-01
544
1996ApJ...462...32C
[ "field galaxies", "blue galaxy content", "galaxy", "redshift space", "redshift", "_", "16 high X-ray luminosity clusters", "a large galaxy cluster", "the cluster galaxies", "light" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
10
[ "10.1086/177125", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509034" ]
[ "Carlberg, R. G.", "Yee, H. K. C.", "Ellingson, E.", "Abraham, R.", "Gravel, P.", "Morris, S.", "Pritchet, C. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11607176
astro-ph/9512057
Autofib Redshift Survey - I. Evolution of the galaxy luminosity function
We present a detailed determination of the rest frame B-band galaxy luminosity function (LF) as a function of redshift and star formation activity from z=0 to z~=0.75. The data set used for this purpose is a composite sample of over 1700 redshifts spanning a wide range in apparent magnitude, 11.5&lt;b_J&lt;24.0, which we term the Autofib Redshift Survey. The sample includes various earlier magnitude-limited surveys constructed by our team, as well as a new survey of 1026 redshifts measured for galaxies at intermediate magnitudes. Spectral classifications, essential for estimating the k-corrections and galaxy luminosities, are accomplished via cross-correlation with Kennicutt's library of integrated galaxy spectra. The various overlapping surveys in the sample enable us to assess the effects of redshift incompleteness. We demonstrate that uncertainties in classification and those arising from incompleteness do not seriously affect our conclusions. The large range in apparent magnitude sampled allows us to investigate both the nature of the LF at low redshifts (&lt;e1&gt;z&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;0.1) and the possible evolution in its shape to z=0.75. We find that earlier bright surveys have underestimated the absolute normalization of the LF. Because the shape of the local LF does not change with the apparent-magnitude limit of the survey, it seems unlikely that the local deficiency arises from an underestimated population of low-luminosity galaxies. Furthermore, surface-brightness losses cannot be significant unless they conspire to retain the LF shape over a variety of detection thresholds. Our data directly demonstrate that the B-band LF evolves with redshift. This evolution is best represented as a steepening of the faint-end slope of the LF, from alpha~=-1.1 at low redshift to alpha~=-1.5 at z~=0.5. Using [OII] emission as an indicator of star-formation activity, we show that the LF of quiescent galaxies has remained largely unchanged since z~=0.5, whereas the luminosity density of star-forming galaxies has declined by more than 50 per cent. The steepening of the overall LF with look-back time is of the form originally postulated by Broadhurst, Ellis &amp; Shanks and is a direct consequence of the increasing space density of blue star-forming galaxies at moderate redshifts.
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12.467899
6.094673
1996-05-01
381
1996MNRAS.280..235E
[ "galaxy luminosities", "low redshift", "low redshifts", "LF", "redshift incompleteness", "apparent magnitude", "quiescent galaxies", "moderate redshifts", "redshift", "galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.1.235", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512057" ]
[ "Ellis, Richard S.", "Colless, Matthew", "Broadhurst, Tom", "Heyl, Jeremy", "Glazebrook, Karl" ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatoires, The Australian National University, Weston Creek, ACT 2611, Australia", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
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11601527
astro-ph/9509010
Using Tidal Tails to Probe Dark Matter Halos
We use simulations of merging galaxies to explore the sensitivity of the morphology of tidal tails to variations of the halo mass distributions in the parent galaxies. Our goal is to constrain the mass of dark halos in well-known merging pairs. We concentrate on prograde encounters between equal-mass galaxies that represent the best cases for creating tidal tails, but we also look at systems with different relative orientations, orbital energies, and mass ratios. As the mass and extent of the dark halo increase in the model galaxies, the resulting tidal tails become shorter, less massive, and less striking, even under the most favorable conditions for producing these features. Our simulations imply that the observed merging galaxies with long tidal tails (~50-100 kpc) such as NGC 4038/39 (the Antennae) and NGC 7252 probably have halo: disk + bulge mass ratios less than 10:1. These results conflict with the favored values of the dark halo mass of the Milky Way derived from satellite kinematics and the timing argument, which give a halo: disk + bulge mass ratio of ~30:1. However, the lower bound of the estimated dark halo mass in the Milky Way (mass ratio ~10:1) is still consistent with the inferred tidal tail galaxy masses. Our results also conflict with the expectations of {OMEGA} = 1 cosmologies such as CDM, which predict much more massive and extended dark halos.
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10.659814
6.266419
1996-05-01
125
1996ApJ...462..576D
[ "tidal tails", "long tidal tails", "bulge mass ratios", "mass ratio", "mass ratios", "mass ratio ~10:1", "dark halos", "halo", "galaxies", "the inferred tidal tail galaxy masses" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/177174", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509010" ]
[ "Dubinski, John", "Mihos, J. Christopher", "Hernquist, Lars" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996NewA....1..133D", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1997PASJ...49..539H", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997astro.ph.12017S", "1998AJ....116..102T", "1998ASPC..136..210M", "1998ASPC..136..260D", "1998ApJ...494..183M", "1998ApJ...499...41M", "1998AstL...24...73S", "1998CeMDA..72...69B", "1998MNRAS.295..319M", "1998MNRAS.298..577N", "1998Natur.396..549G", "1998astro.ph..4121C", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999ASPC..160..351A", "1999ASPC..165...64J", "1999ASPC..182..393S", "1999ASPC..182..459B", "1999ASPC..182..463B", "1999Ap&SS.266..195M", "1999ApJ...511L..25B", "1999ApJ...512L.109J", "1999ApJ...515..153E", "1999ApJ...526..607D", "1999IAUS..186....1S", "1999IAUS..186...61D", "1999IAUS..186..137B", "1999MNRAS.307..162S", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000A&A...358..471F", "2000AJ....120.1238D", "2000ApJ...530..660B", "2000ApJ...544..176N", "2000AstL...26...61R", "2000AstL...26..277R", "2000lssx.proc..359G", "2001A&A...373..494R", "2001A&A...380..418B", "2001A&AT...20..111R", "2001ApJ...549..244K", "2001NewA....6...79S", "2002ApJ...575..779F", "2002MNRAS.336..119M", "2002NewAR..46..755C", "2003A&A...401..817B", "2003AJ....125.1087G", "2003AJ....126.2717L", "2003ApJ...586..152M", "2003ApJ...588..243Z", "2003ApJS..145...65F", "2003astro.ph.10513W", "2004A&A...414..497S", "2004AJ....128.2789B", "2004ApJ...617L...9L", "2004IAUS..217..390M", "2005A&A...430..443V", "2005AJ....130.2647V", "2005ApJ...627L..29G", "2005ApJ...632..847M", "2005MNRAS.357..753G", "2005MNRAS.361..776S", "2006A&A...449.1043G", "2007ApJ...663...61L", "2007arXiv0712.1459T", "2008A&A...483..719T", "2008A&A...484..655F", "2008AN....329.1042K", "2008ASPC..396..259T", "2008ApJ...673..787D", "2008ApJ...683...94O", "2008ApJ...684..870K", "2008MNRAS.386..461C", "2008MNRAS.388.1537M", "2008NJPh...10l5002D", "2009AJ....137.3071B", "2009AstL...35...25F", "2009MNRAS.399..628W", "2010ApJ...716.1438K", "2010ApJ...724...80R", "2010ApJ...725..353D", "2010arXiv1010.3382E", "2011ApJ...743...35C", "2011AstL...37..670M", "2011MNRAS.413.2860B", "2011arXiv1112.1416C", "2011arXiv1112.4186B", "2012A&A...538A.121W", "2012AJ....144..125M", "2012ApJ...753....9V", "2013ASPC..477...89B", "2013ApJ...765....7R", "2013ApJ...768...90L", "2013ApJ...771..120P", "2013LNP...861..327D", "2013MNRAS.431.3533C", "2013SerAJ.186....1M", "2013seg..book..555S", "2014ASPC..486..207C", "2014MNRAS.438.1784M", "2014PASP..126...55A", "2015A&A...583A..55O", "2015ApJ...800..133C", "2015ApJ...807...73O", "2016ASSL..418..413C", "2016ASSL..435..509D", "2016MNRAS.455.1957B", "2016MNRAS.463.3637R", "2017IAUS..321...61A", "2018ApJ...857..144H", "2018MNRAS.474.3423M", "2019MNRAS.487.2797E", "2020A&A...642A..30S", "2020MNRAS.492.2075B", "2020MNRAS.493.4551O", "2020MNRAS.499.3399R", "2020RAA....20..189A", "2022JPhG...49f3001M", "2022MNRAS.513.1459M", "2023arXiv230911552K", "2024arXiv240600517T" ]
[ "1959ApJ...130..705K", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1972MNRAS.157..309W", "1978ApJ...221..512H", "1978IAUS...77..279S", "1980ApJ...238..471R", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1982ApJ...252..455S", "1982ApJ...259..103F", "1982ApJ...261..439R", "1982SAAS...12..291W", "1983MNRAS.204P..87L", "1983MNRAS.205.1009N", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1985ApJ...297...16H", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987AJ.....93..816K", "1987ARA&A..25..603F", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...198...61W", "1988ApJ...330..519Z", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1989ApJ...345..108P", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989MNRAS.240..195R", "1990AJ.....99..497S", "1990ApJ...353..486L", "1990JCoPh..87..137H", "1991A&A...243..367M", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ApJ...372...54B", "1991ApJ...376....1K", "1991ApJ...382L..63C", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...399L.117H", "1992ApJ...400..460H", "1993ASSL..188..327H", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...416..415H", "1993ApJS...86..389H", "1994AJ....107...67H", "1994ApJ...435..599Z", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1994PhDT.......148H", "1995AJ....110..140H", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...439..652L" ]
11601452
astro-ph/9510160
The Formation of Dwarf Galaxies in Tidal Debris: A Study of the Compact Group Environment
From R-band images of 42 Hickson compact groups, we present a sample of 47 candidate dwarf galaxies that are associated with the tidal tails and arms in the groups. The candidates, found in 15 tidal features, have R magnitudes and masses (for M/L = 1) in the ranges - 16.5 &lt;= M_R_ - 5 log h_75_ &lt;= -11.5 and 2 x 10^6^ M_sun_ &lt;= M &lt;= 2 x 10^8^ M_sun_, respectively. Their masses and locations are compared to the predictions of theoretical/N-body tidal dwarf formation scenarios. Considering the longevity of tidal debris in the compact group environment and the results of this survey, we estimate the contribution of the tidal dwarf formation mechanism to the population of dwarf galaxies observed at large in compact groups. If the majority of our dwarf galaxy candidates are confirmed as being gravitationally bound stellar systems, then a significant fraction, perhaps as much as one-half, of the dwarf population in compact groups is the product of interactions among giant parent galaxies.
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11.111651
7.59721
1996-05-01
135
1996ApJ...462...50H
[ "dwarf galaxies", "compact groups", "tidal debris", "lt;= M", "giant parent galaxies", "the tidal dwarf formation mechanism", "lt;=", "R magnitudes", "47 candidate dwarf galaxies", "our dwarf galaxy candidates" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177126", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510160" ]
[ "Hunsberger, Sally D.", "Charlton, Jane C.", "Zaritsky, Dennis" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1997A&A...321..409V", "1997AJ....113..531D", "1997AJ....113.1239C", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ApJ...478..530B", "1997ApJ...479..190I", "1997ApJ...479..702T", "1997ApJ...488L..95H", "1997Msngr..89...14D", "1997NewA....2..139K", "1997astro.ph.12017S", "1998A&A...333..813D", "1998A&AS..129..455D", "1998AJ....115.1791I", "1998AJ....116.1118D", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998ApJ...492L..25O", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...500L.121S", "1998ApJ...503L..45D", "1998ApJ...505..536H", "1998ApJ...507..691M", "1998MNRAS.296..847M", "1998Sci...281.2025L", "1999AJ....117...75C", "1999AJ....117..190B", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999AJ....117.1657D", "1999AJ....118..162H", "1999ASPC..187..281M", "1999ApJ...516L..69P", "1999IAUS..186....1S", "1999IAUS..186...61D", "1999MNRAS.304..311M", "1999PhR...321....1S", "1999cezh.conf..175V", "2000A&A...359..941H", "2000A&A...361..500H", "2000A&AS..144...85S", "2000AJ....119.2146J", "2000AJ....120.1238D", "2000AJ....120.2550M", "2000ASPC..197..285H", "2000ASPC..197..369A", "2000ASPC..209...81H", "2000ASPC..211..247G", "2000ASPC..211..254H", "2000ApJ...539..136Z", "2000ApJ...542..137H", "2000dhst.conf...20C", "2001AJ....121.2524M", "2001AJ....122..163G", "2001AJ....122.2993S", "2001ASPC..230..425V", "2001ApJ...552..572L", "2001ApJ...562..679B", "2001ApSSS.277..371M", "2001PhR...349..125B", "2002AJ....123.2417W", "2002AJ....124.2425P", "2002PASJ...54...21N", "2002luml.conf..108M", "2003A&A...397...99R", "2003A&A...397..545W", "2003A&A...411L.469B", "2003AJ....126.1227K", "2003ApJ...587..660T", "2003RMxAA..39..275T", "2004A&A...415..803T", "2004ApJ...612L...5A", "2004ApJ...614..648M", "2004ApJS..153..243L", "2004IAUS..217..498W", "2004IAUS..217..550D", "2004IAUS..217..566A", "2005A&A...431..127T", "2005AJ....130.1049S", "2005AJ....130.2647V", "2005AN....326..362T", "2005ApJ...619L..95X", "2005ApJ...622L..21M", "2006A&A...456..481B", "2006AJ....131..158M", "2006AJ....132.2289W", "2006ApJ...640..768H", "2006ApJ...652.1077R", "2006MNRAS.373.1461M", "2006astro.ph..1084X", "2007A&A...471..753A", "2007MNRAS.374.1125M", "2007MNRAS.376..387M", "2007MNRAS.379.1053R", "2007ggnu.conf..157B", "2008ApJ...680..287M", "2008IAUS..244..311S", "2008IAUS..244..356H", "2008MNRAS.390..408Z", "2009A&A...507..723T", "2009AN....330..978E", "2010ASPC..423..271H", "2010ApJ...724...80R", "2011A&A...532A.118P", "2012A&A...538A..61M", "2012AJ....144...76W", "2012Ap&SS.337..729W", "2012ApJ...750..171S", "2012MNRAS.419...70K", "2012MNRAS.419.1780H", "2012MNRAS.424...80P", "2012PhDT........20M", "2013A&A...553A..72K", "2013MNRAS.429.1858D", "2013MNRAS.435..149N", "2013MNRAS.436..839S", "2014ApJ...782...35S", "2014ApJ...787..103H", "2014MNRAS.438.1784M", "2014MNRAS.440.1458D", "2014PhDT.......594S", "2015ApJ...812...78B", "2015MNRAS.447.2512P", "2015MNRAS.451.2793E", "2016A&A...596A..23S", "2018ApJ...866L..11B", "2018MNRAS.474..580P", "2018MNRAS.480.3257M", "2019ApJ...885..107N", "2020ApJ...898..110N", "2021ApJ...915...57G", "2022ApJS..261...11Z", "2023MNRAS.522.2655G", "2023MNRAS.524.1431Z", "2024arXiv240605179Z" ]
[ "1956ErNW...29..344Z", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1990NASCP3098..619M", "1991A&A...243..367M", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...380...30M", "1992A&A...256L..19M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1993ApJ...412...90E", "1994A&A...289...83D", "1994ApJ...427..684M", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994MNRAS.267L..13R", "1995ApJ...442...57H", "1995ApJ...453..100E" ]
11600299
astro-ph/9509080
Dynamical search for substructures in galaxy clusters. A hierarchical clustering method.
We propose a new hierarchical method which uses dynamical arguments to find and describe substructures in galaxy clusters. This method (hereafter h-method or h-analysis) uses a hierarchical clustering analysis to determine the relationship between galaxies according to their relative binding energies. We have tested from N-body simulations, the two following features of the proposed method: (o) It extracts subgroups which are much more stable during the cluster evolution than those given by other techniques. (o) There exists a reasonable similarity between the structures found when only the coordinates (x, y, v_z_) provided by "observations" are considered, and those found by using the six phase-space coordinates We have applied this method to two Abell clusters: ABCG151 and ABCG2670. Our results imply that ABCG151 is separated into two clusters, one of them is again divided into two subclusters. ABCG2670 has no subclustering. Our method allows however to extract the most bound galaxies in its dynamical core.
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12.602154
4.915053
1996-05-01
80
1996A&A...309...65S
[ "galaxy clusters", "dynamical arguments", "galaxies", "a new hierarchical method", "hereafter h-method", "ABCG151", "other techniques", "the proposed method", "Abell", "_" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS", "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: A 151", "A 2670", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509080" ]
[ "Serna, A.", "Gerbal, D." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...322...53P", "1997Ap&SS.250...11C", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997MNRAS.287..641N", "1997MNRAS.289..685H", "1998A&A...335...41D", "1998MNRAS.295..177G", "1998MNRAS.296.1061T", "1999A&A...343..733S", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999ASPC..176..163V", "1999ApJ...520..514T", "1999MNRAS.309..610D", "1999NewA....4...71V", "2000A&A...354..761K", "2000A&A...356..815D", "2000AJ....119.1090M", "2000Ap.....43...32N", "2001A&A...379..412B", "2001MNRAS.320...49K", "2003A&A...399..813F", "2003A&A...405..917C", "2005A&A...443...17A", "2005A&A...443..805A", "2006A&A...460..381C", "2008A&A...489...11B", "2008A&A...491..681A", "2008PhDT.......338C", "2009A&A...503..399U", "2009A&A...506..637D", "2009A&A...507.1225A", "2009arXiv0901.0868D", "2010A&A...517A..94D", "2011A&A...526A..18A", "2011A&A...528A..36U", "2011A&A...536A..89G", "2011MNRAS.412..800S", "2012A&A...537A..64G", "2012A&A...540A..43B", "2012A&A...540A.105A", "2012A&A...540A.123E", "2012A&A...547A..44B", "2012sf2a.conf..465G", "2013A&A...560A..78D", "2013AN....334..329G", "2013ApJ...776...91L", "2013MNRAS.430.3453B", "2013MNRAS.434..772B", "2013MNRAS.436..275W", "2014A&A...561A.112G", "2014A&A...566A.149G", "2014MNRAS.438.2186H", "2014MNRAS.442.2216B", "2015A&A...575A..69A", "2015A&A...583A.124D", "2015ApJ...810...37Y", "2015MNRAS.452.1617H", "2015arXiv150201195D", "2016A&A...588A..69D", "2016A&A...592A...7A", "2016ApJ...831..104G", "2017A&A...604A..96M", "2017IAUS..321..336P", "2018A&A...620A...5A", "2018ApJ...860..118Y", "2018ApJ...863..102L", "2018ApJ...865...40L", "2018MNRAS.480.1187B", "2020A&A...633A.108G", "2020A&A...637A..31S", "2020A&A...641A..95L", "2020ApJ...899..144Y", "2020MNRAS.492.2405B", "2021A&A...650A..76H", "2022A&A...658A.159G", "2022A&C....4100662Y", "2022MNRAS.517.1218L", "2023A&A...669A.147B", "2023A&A...680A.100A", "2023RMxAA..59..345C" ]
[ "1973caa..book.....A", "1977AN....298..151B", "1978A&A....63..401M", "1980ApJ...237..390T", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1985ApJ...289...18M", "1987ApJ...321..280T", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1990dig..book..394T", "1992A&A...255...69G", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992daec.conf...79M", "1993ApJ...402..398S", "1993IJMPC...4..197A", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1994AJ....108.1996S", "1994ApJ...422..480B", "1994ApJ...427..574S", "1995PhDT.......133D" ]
11607182
astro-ph/9412064
A method for extracting maximum resolution power spectra from microwave sky maps
A method for extracting maximal resolution power spectra from microwave sky maps is presented and applied to the 2-yr COBE data, yielding a power spectrum that is consistent with a standard n=1, Q_rms-ps=20 muK model. By using weight functions that fall off smoothly near the Galactic cut, it is found that the spectral resolution DeltaL can be more than doubled at L=15 and more than tripled at L=20 compared to simply using Galaxy-cut spherical harmonics. For a future high-resolution experiment with reasonable sky coverage, the resolution around the cold dark matter (CDM) Doppler peaks would be enhanced by a factor of about 100, down to DeltaL~1, thus allowing spectral features such as the locations of the peaks to be determined with great accuracy. The reason that the improvement is so large is basically that functions with a sharp edge at the Galaxy cut exhibit considerable `ringing' in the Fourier domain, whereas smooth functions do not. The method presented here is applicable to any survey geometry, chopping strategy and exposure pattern whatsoever. The so-called signal-to-noise eigenfunction technique is found to be a special case, corresponding to ignoring the width of the window functions.
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12.654682
1.726345
1996-05-01
34
1996MNRAS.280..299T
[ "maximal resolution power", "smooth functions", "weight functions", "microwave sky maps", "reasonable sky coverage", "spectral features", "Doppler peaks", "Galaxy", "exposure pattern", "great accuracy" ]
[ "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.1.299", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9412064" ]
[ "Tegmark, Max" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Fohringer Ring 6, D-80805 München, Germany" ]
[ "1996ApJ...464L..35T", "1996MNRAS.281.1297T", "1996MNRAS.283.1133H", "1996astro.ph..2023M", "1997ASIC..502..135B", "1997ApJ...476..440W", "1997ApJ...480...22T", "1997ApJ...480...72K", "1997PhRvD..55.5895T", "1997PhRvD..56.1908M", "1997PhRvD..56.4514T", "1998PhRvD..57.2117B", "1999astro.ph.12422W", "2001A&A...380..397S", "2001PhRvD..64f3001T", "2001PhRvD..64h3001D", "2002ApJ...567....2H", "2002moco.conf....9P", "2004MNRAS.349..603E", "2005GeoJI.162..655W", "2005LNP...653...71C", "2006GeoJI.166.1039S", "2006MNRAS.373..271B", "2007RPPh...70..899T", "2007SPIE.6701E..17S", "2008GeoJI.174..774D", "2011arXiv1112.5723H", "2012MNRAS.421.2043H", "2013GeoJI.193..136B", "2013MNRAS.433.2857M", "2016A&A...596A.107P", "2020A&A...635A..99P", "2020A&A...641A...5P", "2020A&A...644A..32N" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1973ApJ...185..757H", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1994ARA&A..32..319W", "1994ApJ...420....1W", "1994ApJ...430L..85G", "1994ApJ...436..443W", "1994ApJ...436..452L", "1994PhRvL..72...13B", "1995ApJ...444L..65G", "1995ApJ...446...49B", "1995ApJ...448..477D", "1995ApJ...450..477W", "1995ApJ...455....1T", "1995ApJ...455..429T", "1995MNRAS.277.1225S", "1995PhRvD..51.2599H", "1995PhRvL..74.4369B" ]
11600305
astro-ph/9511020
Neutral hydrogen in the nearby galaxies Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.
We present observations made with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope of HI emission from Dwingeloo 1, a nearby barred spiral discovered during the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxies Survey for galaxies hidden in the Zone of Avoidance, and of Dwingeloo 2, a small galaxy discovered in the beam of these WSRT observations. The WSRT data reveal the position of the dynamical center of Dw1, its systemic LSR velocity, its total (projected) width in velocity, its inclination on the sky, and its integrated HI flux, as well as details of the velocity field and gas distribution. Dw1 is the nearest grand-design barred spiral system, and is probably amongst the ten largest galaxies closer than about 5Mpc. We report here also the discovery of Dwingeloo 2, a small galaxy located within the WSRT primary beam as pointed to Dw1. In view of its angular and kinematic proximity to Dw1, Dw2 may well be a companion to the larger system. The two galaxies are probably both members of the group containing Maffei 1 &amp; 2 and IC342 and may influence the peculiar motions within that group and the morphology of its individual members.
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11.155154
7.721751
1996-05-01
21
1996A&A...309..687B
[ "galaxies", "Dw1", "Dwingeloo", "velocity", "HI", "WSRT", "the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxies Survey", "a small galaxy", "its systemic LSR velocity", "observations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: DW1", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: DW2", "GALAXIES: INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: LOCAL GROUP", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511020" ]
[ "Burton, W. B.", "Verheijen, M. A. W.", "Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.", "Henning, P. A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...324..899T", "1997A&AS..124..559K", "1997AJ....113..981M", "1997MNRAS.286..349R", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1998A&A...337...64S", "1998AJ....115..584H", "1998MNRAS.298..114R", "1998MNRAS.299...24L", "1998astro.ph.10151S", "1999AJ....118..826I", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000ASPC..209..158H", "2000ASPC..218...61H", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2001ApJ...550..243B", "2006AJ....131.1501K", "2007AN....328..376V", "2014MNRAS.440..405M", "2020kdbd.book..307V" ]
[ "1974A&AS...15..343V", "1974A&AS...15..417H", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1989A&A...223...47B", "1989ApJS...71..469L", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1992ApJS...78..365H", "1992gim..conf....1B", "1993AJ....105..121H", "1994ASPC...67....3K", "1994ASPC...67...31B", "1994ASPC...67...89K", "1994ASPC...67..203H", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1994PhDT.......225H", "1995A&A...293L..33H", "1995AJ....109.2460M", "1995ApL&C..31..227K" ]
11607223
astro-ph/9509013
Faint blue galaxies as a probe of the X-ray background at high redshift
We present a formalism describing the physical content of cross-correlation functions between a diffuse background and a population of discrete sources. The formalism is used to interpret cross-correlation signals between the unresolved X-ray background and a galaxy population resolved to high redshift in another spectral band. Specifically, we apply it to the so-called faint blue galaxy population and constrain their X-ray emissivity and clustering properties. A model is presented which satisfies the recently measured constraints on all three correlation functions (galaxy/galaxy, background/background and galaxy/background). This model predicts that faint galaxies in the magnitude range B=18-23 (covering redshifts &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;0.5) make up ~22 per cent of the X-ray background in the 0.5-2 keV band. At the mean redshift of the galaxy sample, z~0.3, the comoving volume emissivity is rho_X~(6-9)x10^38 h erg s^-1 Mpc^-3. When extrapolated to fainter magnitudes, the faint blue galaxy population can account for most of the residual background at soft X-ray energy. We show how the measurement of the angular and zero-lag cross-correlation functions between increasingly faint galaxies and the X-ray background can in principle allow us to map the X-ray emissivity as a function of redshift.
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14.360261
6.454486
1996-05-01
21
1996MNRAS.280..469T
[ "faint galaxies", "soft X-ray energy", "cross-correlation functions", "galaxy", "cross-correlation signals", "the unresolved X-ray background", "the X-ray background", "the X-ray emissivity", "their X-ray emissivity", "the faint blue galaxy population" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "COSMOLOGY: MISCELLANEOUS", "X-RAYS: GENERAL", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.2.469", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509013" ]
[ "Treyer, M. A.", "Lahav, O." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1997A&A...320..705S", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997MNRAS.284..499L", "1997MNRAS.286..393D", "1997MNRAS.286..994L", "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1998AN....319...55A", "1998ApJ...499..533B", "1998MNRAS.300..257M", "1998PhRvD..58j3508Y", "1999A&A...349..354S", "1999MNRAS.306..943M", "1999MNRAS.306..988M", "1999MNRAS.310..255N", "2000MNRAS.314..546M", "2000MNRAS.318L..21N", "2001A&A...376..825D", "2012MNRAS.421..213D", "2013ApJ...776...33I", "2013PhDT........40I" ]
[ "1962PhRvL...9..439G", "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1980ApJ...236....1T", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1987PhR...146..215B", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...324..749F", "1990ApJ...351...22D", "1990ApJ...354L..37M", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...378L..37J", "1991Natur.353..315S", "1992ARA&A..30..429F", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992ApJ...399L.107J", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...275....1H", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993MNRAS.260..376C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993Natur.364..693L", "1994A&A...288...77S", "1994ApJ...434..424M", "1994MNRAS.266..846C", "1994ncoa.conf..110B", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...455..480B", "1995MNRAS.272..462B", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273L..15R", "1995MNRAS.275...22C", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G" ]
11601308
astro-ph/9507074
Evolution of Clusters in Cold Plus Hot Dark Matter Models
We use N-body simulations to study the evolution of galaxy clusters over the redshift interval 0 &lt;= z &lt;= 0.5 in cosmological models with a mixture of cold and hot dark matter. Five different techniques are utilized: the cluster-cluster correlation function, axial ratios and quadrupoles of the dark matter distribution in individual clusters, virial properties, and density profiles. We find that the correlation function for clusters of the same mass limit was larger and steeper at high redshifts. The slope increases from 1.8 at z = 0 to 2.1 at z = 0.5. The comoving correlation length r_c_ scales with the mass limit M within a comoving radius 1.5 h^-1^ Mpc and the redshift z as r_c_ ~ 20(1 + z)(M/M_*_)^1/3, where M_*_ = 3 x 10^14^ h^-1^ M_sun_. When the correlation length is normalized to the mean cluster separation d_c_, it remains almost constant: r_c_ ~ (0.45-0.5)d_c_. For clusters of small masses (M &lt; 2 x 10^14^ h^-1^ M_sun_), there is an indication that r_c_ goes slightly above this relation, with the constant of proportionality being ~0.55-0.6. Anisotropy of density distribution in a, cluster shows no change with redshift, with axial ratios remaining constant at ~1.2. In other words, clusters at present are as elongated as they were at z = 0.5. While the anisotropy of clusters does not change with time, the density profile shows visible evolution: the slope of the density profile changes from γ ~ -3.5 at z = 0.5 to γ ~ -2.5 at the present. We find that the core of a cluster remains essentially the same over time but the density of the outlying regions increases noticeably. The virial relation M ~ ν^2^ is a good approximation, but there is a large fraction of clusters with velocity dispersions greater than given by this relation, and clusters with the same rms velocities have smaller masses in the past, by a factor of 2 at z = 0.5.
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12.318429
5.100081
1996-05-01
19
1996ApJ...462...13W
[ "cluster", "clusters", "galaxy clusters", "individual clusters", "density profiles", "density distribution", "high redshifts", "axial ratios", "redshift", "small masses" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177123", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507074" ]
[ "Walter, Charles", "Klypin, Anatoly" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...459..455L", "1996ApJ...470..102K", "1997ApJ...479..632S", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998Ap&SS.262...15L", "1998ApJ...495...80B", "1998MNRAS.296..109C", "1998MNRAS.301...81G", "1998astro.ph.10088P", "1999ApJ...524..510G", "1999MNRAS.307..949G", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ApJ...542....9G", "2004JCAP...12..005R", "2004JHEP...12..006K", "2005MNRAS.359..191S" ]
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1204782
astro-ph/9511053
Sampling effects on cosmological dipoles
We use numerical simulations to investigate the behaviour of the dipole moment of the spatial distribution of different kinds of mass tracers. We select density peaks of the simulated matter distribution with mean separations of 38 and 30 $h^{-1}$ Mpc to represent two samples of rich clusters of galaxies. We extract, from the same simulations, samples selected to mimic the full 3D galaxy distribution of IR galaxies, and the flux--limited IRAS and QDOT galaxy samples. We compare the dipole moments of these ``galaxy'' and ``cluster'' samples in order to assess the effects of sampling uncertainties and shot--noise on the relationship between the ``true'' underlying galaxy dipole and the dipoles obtained for clusters and for the flux--limited galaxy samples. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the dipoles of both the IRAS and QDOT--like catalogues should trace the full 3D dipole shape fairly accurately, with the loss however of about 15--20$\%$ of the total 3D dipole amplitude. Furthermore, using a simple argument based on linear perturbation theory, on the linear biasing assumption and on the amplitude of the cluster dipole relative to that of galaxies, we can estimate their relative biasing factors quite accurately and in agreement with results obtained by other methods.
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12.088063
2.579576
1996-05-01
11
1996MNRAS.280..186K
[ "limited galaxy samples", "IR galaxies", "galaxies", "samples", "limited IRAS and QDOT galaxy samples", "rich clusters", "linear perturbation theory", "the full 3D galaxy distribution", "numerical simulations", "the full 3D dipole shape" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.1.186", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511053" ]
[ "Kolokotronis, V.", "Plionis, M.", "Coles, P.", "Borgani, S.", "Moscardini, L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282..384M", "1998ApJ...500....1P", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998MNRAS.295...19K", "1998MNRAS.299..637B", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308..897L", "2000MNRAS.313....8P", "2006MNRAS.373.1112B", "2021MNRAS.505.3404A", "2023JPhCS2678a2001A" ]
[ "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1986AJ.....91..191M", "1986ApJ...301L...1Y", "1987ApJ...322...37V", "1987MNRAS.225..213L", "1987MNRAS.228P...5H", "1988MNRAS.234..401P", "1988MNRAS.234..677L", "1988lsmu.book..219Y", "1988lsmu.book..255S", "1989MNRAS.238..417P", "1989MNRAS.238..881L", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1990ApJ...350..119L", "1990ApJ...353L...3M", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1991ApJ...376L...1S", "1991MNRAS.249...46P", "1991MNRAS.253..485R", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1993ApJ...406....6J", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993MNRAS.262..465P", "1993MNRAS.262.1065C", "1993MNRAS.265...72H", "1994ApJ...422....1S", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...441L..57P", "1995ApJ...442..469M", "1995ApJ...444..507S", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1995MNRAS.277.1210B", "1995MNRAS.277.1225S", "1995astro.ph..2062K" ]
1987715
null
Ionized Gas in the Halos of Edge-on Starburst Galaxies: Evidence for Supernova-driven Superwinds
Supernova-driven galactic winds ("superwinds") have been invoked to explain many aspects of galaxy formation and evolution. Such winds should arise when the supernova rate is high enough to create a cavity of very hot shock-heated gas within a galaxy. This gas can then expand outward as a high-speed wind that can accelerate and heat ambient interstellar or circum-galactic gas causing it to emit optical line radiation and/or thermal X-rays. Theory suggests that such winds should be common in starburst galaxies and that the nature of the winds should depend on the star formation rate and distribution. In order to systematize our observational understanding of superwinds (determine their incidence rate and the dependence of their properties on the star formation that drives them) and to make quantitative comparisons with the theory of superwinds, we have analyzed data from an optical spectroscopic and narrow-band imaging survey of an infrared flux-limited (S_60 microns_ &gt;= 5.4 Jy) sample of about 50 IR-warm (S_60 microns_/S_100 microns_ &gt; 0.4), starburst galaxies whose stellar disks are viewed nearly edge-on (b/a ~&gt; 2). This sample contains galaxies with infrared luminosities from ~10^10^-10^12^ L_sun_ and allows us to determine the properties of superwinds over a wide range of star formation rates. We have found that extraplanar emission-line gas is a very common feature of these edge-on, IR-bright galaxies and the properties of the extended emission-line gas are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the superwind theory. We can summarize these properties as morphological, ionization, dynamical, and physical. 1. Morphological properties.-Extraplanar filamentary and shell-like emission-line morphologies on scales of hundreds of parsecs to 10 kpc are common, there is a general "excess" of line emission along the minor axis, the minor axis emission-line "excess" correlates with "IR activity," and the minor axis emission-line "excess" also correlates with the relative compactness of the Hα emission. 2. Ionization properties.-Line ratios become more "shocklike" (high ratios of [N II] λ6583/Hα, [S II] λλ6716, 6731/Hα, and [O I] λ6300/Hα) at more extreme IR properties, the most "shocklike" line ratios occur far out along the minor axis, "shocklike" line ratios corresponds to broad emission lines, and the most extreme line ratios correspond to the most extreme IR properties, especially for the emission-line gas farthest out along the minor axis. 3. Dynamical properties.-Lines are broader along the minor axis than along the major axis, line widths correlate with the "IR activity," line widths correlate with line ratios, line widths do not correlate with rotation speed, minor axis shear (a measure of the systematic velocity change along the minor axis) correlates with "IR activity," minor axis shear correlates with axial ratio and implies that a face-on galaxy would have an outflow/inflow speed of 170_-80_^+150^ km s^-1^, and the starbursts show statistically blueward line profile asymmetries. 4. Physical properties.-Pressures in the nuclei of these galaxies are 3 orders of magnitude higher than the ambient pressure in the interstellar medium of our galaxy, and the pressure falls systematically with radius. While none of these results are in themselves proof of the superwind model, we believe that when the results are taken as a whole, the superwind hypothesis is very successful in explaining what we have observed. In addition, these results have implications for galaxy evolution and the nature of the intergalactic medium. Those galaxies with the best evidence for driving superwinds are those with large IR luminosities (L_IR_ ~&gt; 10^44^ ergs s^-1^), large IR excesses (L_IR_/L_OPT_ ~&gt; 2), and warm far-IR colors (S_60 microns_/S_100 microns_ ~&gt; 0.5). Integrating over the local far-IR luminosity function for galaxies meeting the above criteria, multiplying by the age of the universe, and then dividing by the local space density of galaxies implies that superwinds have carried out ~5 x 10^8^ M_sun_ in metals and 10^59^ ergs in kinetic plus thermal energy per average (Schecter L^*^) galaxy over the history of the universe. We note that these two quantities are approximately equal to the mass of metals contained inside an average galaxy and the gravitational binding energy of an average galaxy, respectively. Even with the conservative assumptions of this calculation (we have neglected that star formation rates were presumably higher in the early universe), it is obvious that superwinds may have a major impact on the evolution of individual galaxies and the intergalactic medium by injecting mass, metals, and kinetic energy into the galactic halo and potentially the intergalactic medium.
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12.305171
8.547894
1996-05-01
291
1996ApJ...462..651L
[ "galaxy formation", "line emission", "galaxy evolution", "starburst galaxies", "broad emission lines", "line ratios", "galaxies", "individual galaxies", "optical line radiation", "line widths" ]
[ "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "SHOCK WAVES", "STARS: SUPERNOVAE: GENERAL" ]
10
[ "10.1086/177180" ]
[ "Lehnert, Matthew D.", "Heckman, Timothy M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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[ "1979ApJ...227..131S", "1979ApJS...40....1K", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1985A&A...143...59R", "1985Natur.317...44C", "1987A&A...182..120T", "1987AJ.....93..264M", "1987ApJ...317..190M", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1988ApJ...330..672F", "1988ApJ...330..695T", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ApJ...337..141M", "1989ApJ...341..129B", "1989ApJ...345..372N", "1989ApJ...347..727A", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ASSL..161..181C", "1990ApJ...364..471A", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1990MNRAS.244P..26B", "1991ApJ...369..320S", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1993ASSL..188..455H", "1993ApJ...407...83S", "1994ApJ...430..511S", "1994ApJ...431..640V", "1994ApJ...433...48V", "1995ApJS...96....9L", "1995ApJS...97...89L" ]
1987723
null
Bar Dissolution and Bulge Formation: an Example of Secular Dynamical Evolution in Galaxies
We discuss secular changes in the stellar distribution in a barred disk galaxy that may result from substantial inflows of gas. We present two- and three-dimensional N-body simulations of a disk galaxy in which we mimic the build up of gas at the center after a strong bar has formed. We show that the bar dissolves quickly and almost completely if the core mass exceeds ~5% of the combined disk and bulge mass of the galaxy model we adopt. While this result agrees with our previous single-particle orbit calculations, the exact fraction for bar dissolution may well depend on the galaxy model adopted and requires further study. Bar formation and subsequent thickening and dissolution creates an additional bulgelike stellar component from the central part of the disk. We build up the central concentration gradually, but the bar dissolves abruptly once the sustaining orbits aligned with the bar become stochastic. We discuss the predictions of such a model, including the point that barred Sc galaxies with sufficient central mass concentrations should be building bulges now. We emphasize that bulges can originate from a number of different mechanisms and discuss current evidence for bulge building and bar dissolution at both high and low redshift. It is possible that bar formation, dissolution, and bulge building may even be a recurrent process.
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10.47761
6.838568
1996-05-01
301
1996ApJ...462..114N
[ "bar dissolution", "bar formation", "Sc galaxies", "sufficient central mass concentrations", "bulge building", "dissolution", "a barred disk galaxy", "bulge", "different mechanisms", "current evidence" ]
[ "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177133" ]
[ "Norman, Colin A.", "Sellwood, J. A.", "Hasan, Hashima" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1979ApJ...227..785M", "1981A&A....99..362S", "1982SAAS...12..115K", "1985ApJ...296...20N", "1985MNRAS.216..467G", "1985MNRAS.217..127S", "1986ARA&A..24..421S", "1986MNRAS.221..195S", "1987NASCP2466..395N", "1988ASIC..232..495N", "1988LNP...297..177N", "1989Natur.338...45S", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990A&A...233...82C", "1990ApJ...361...69H", "1991A&A...252...75P", "1991ApJ...378..131K", "1991IAUS..146..362F", "1991Natur.352..411R", "1992ASSL..180...47R", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1993A&A...268...65F", "1993A&A...268..511S", "1993AIPC..278..133S", "1993ApJ...409...91H", "1993IAUS..153..385H", "1993NYASA.688..716R", "1993RPPh...56..173S", "1994ApJ...424...84H", "1994ApJ...425..551M", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJS...91..749M", "1994ESOC...49..147K", "1994mtia.conf....1P", "1995A&A...301..649F", "1995AJ....110.2771W", "1995ApJ...441L..13G", "1995ApJ...443L..13K", "1995ApJ...445..716D", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995IAUS..164...99G", "1995Natur.377..701O", "1995PhDT.......129D" ]
1989907
null
Evaluation of Statistical Tests for Substructure in Clusters of Galaxies
We use N-body simulations of galaxy cluster mergers to evaluate new and published statistical tests of substructure. These tests include 22 one-dimensional (normality) tests, four two-dimensional (spatial) tests, and five three-dimensional (velocity-spatial) tests. These tests are statistical in that they provide a significance level for the presence of substructure. All the tests are applied to the same data files so that their relative sensitivity can be compared. The data files contain positions and velocities of dark matter particles drawn randomly from the simulations. Three noncosmological simulations are run in which the subclusters begin as King spheres: a single isothermal cluster, a merger of a 1/6 mass subcluster, and a merger of a 1/3 mass subcluster. In this way, we examine the dependence of the tests on the subcluster's relative mass. We examine also the dependence on the total sample size, the epoch of merger (pre- and post-core-crossing), and the projection angle of the merger axis. The results allow a quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of each estimator under different observational scenarios. In general, the higher the dimensionality of the test, the more sensitive it is to substructure. The sensitivity of individual diagnostics depends on the line of sight relative to the merger axis. The three-dimensional tests are least sensitive to lines of sight perpendicular to the merger axis and are most sensitive to lines of sight 45%deg^-60^deg^ from perpendicular. The two-dimensional tests are most sensitive to lines of sight perpendicular to the merger axis. The one-dimensional tests are the most sensitive to lines of sight parallel to the merger axis. No single substructure test is the most sensitive in all situations. Therefore, we recommend that a battery of tests be applied to each cluster. We provide a score for each test reflecting its relative sensitivity. We find that clusters with no merging components but a velocity dispersion gradient have an increased likelihood for a "false-positive" response from some three-dimensional tests. We examine also the signatures of merger and the detectability of mergers in redshift surveys. We find that cluster masses are overestimated by up to a factor of 2 for clusters undergoing mergers. We plot the dependence of mass estimators on projection angle and epoch of merger. We find that the detectability of postmerger states is hampered by small search radii (e.g., &lt;2.0h_75_^-1^ Mpc) in redshift surveys.
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12.436402
5.044462
1996-05-01
199
1996ApJS..104....1P
[ "galaxy cluster mergers", "tests", "merger", "mergers", "cluster masses", "sight perpendicular", "clusters", "sight relative", "sight parallel", "lines" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
4
[ "10.1086/192290" ]
[ "Pinkney, Jason", "Roettiger, Kurt", "Burns, Jack O.", "Bird, Christina M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113...80K", "1997AJ....114.1711G", "1997ASPC..117..505F", "1997ApJ...474..580G", "1997ApJ...482...41G", "1997ApJ...485...39C", "1997ApJ...488L..15O", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997ApJS..109..307R", "1998AJ....115.2359K", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...502..505B", "1998ApJ...503...16O", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998MNRAS.296.1061T", "1998MNRAS.300..589B", "1998Sci...280..400.", "1998Sci...280..400B", "1999AJ....118.1131W", "1999ASPC..172...38V", "1999ASPC..176..113K", "1999AcA....49..403K", "2000A&A...354..761K", "2000AJ....120.2269P", "2000ASPC..201...88W", "2000ApJ...532..206F", "2000ApJ...540..726G", "2001A&A...378..408S", "2001A&A...379..412B", "2001AJ....122.2858O", "2001AJ....122.3106E", "2001ApJ...552..120L", "2001MNRAS.320...49K", "2002A&A...386..816B", "2002AJ....123.2261B", "2002AJ....123.3018M", "2002MNRAS.329..813K", "2003AJ....125.2393M", "2003AJ....125.2427M", "2003AJ....126.2740L", "2003AstL...29..783S", "2004A&A...425..429C", "2004ApJ...613..841M", "2004MNRAS.347.1055K", "2004MNRAS.352..605B", "2005AJ....129...31O", "2005AJ....130...47L", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2005MNRAS.359.1491K", "2006A&A...449..461B", "2006A&A...450....9F", "2006A&A...455...45G", "2006AJ....131.2426M", "2006ApJ...648..209L", "2006MNRAS.368..651P", "2006MNRAS.372.1856F", "2007A&A...467...37B", "2007A&A...469..861B", "2007A&A...470...39R", "2007ApJ...662..236H", "2007ApJ...663..164D", "2007MNRAS.377.1785R", "2008A&A...481..593M", "2008ApJ...676..218H", "2008ApJ...684..933G", "2008MNRAS.383..445W", "2008MNRAS.389..749M", "2008PASA...25..176P", "2008PhDT.......338C", "2009A&A...495..379B", "2009A&A...504..331K", "2009AJ....137.2981G", "2009ApJ...692..702O", "2009ApJ...693..901O", "2009MNRAS.392..135L", "2009MNRAS.392.1070M", "2009MNRAS.399.2201L", "2010A&A...514A..32B", "2010A&A...521A..28A", "2010MNRAS.408.1361L", "2010MNRAS.408.1818W", "2011A&A...525A..79M", "2011A&A...527A.143A", "2011A&A...529A.128B", "2011A&A...530A..27C", "2011A&A...536A..89G", "2011ApJ...728...27O", "2011ApJ...741..122O", "2011MNRAS.410.1837P", "2011MNRAS.413.1333W", "2012A&A...540A..43B", "2012A&A...540A..90B", "2012A&A...540A.123E", "2012A&A...542A..36E", "2012A&A...547A..44B", "2012AJ....144...79G", "2012ApJ...756..139C", "2012MNRAS.419.1017C", "2012MNRAS.421.3594H", "2012MNRAS.426.1632P", "2013A&A...549A..19W", "2013A&A...549A.142B", "2013A&A...556A..74R", "2013ApJ...767..102W", "2013ApJ...768..104F", "2013ApJ...770...56G", "2013ApJ...772...25S", "2013ApJ...776...91L", "2013ApJ...779..112N", "2013AstRv...8a..40R", "2013MNRAS.428..476M", "2013MNRAS.429.1827P", "2013MNRAS.430.3453B", "2013MNRAS.434..784R", "2013MNRAS.435.1715H", "2014ApJ...783..136C", "2014MNRAS.438.3049P", "2014MNRAS.442..406H", "2014MNRAS.445..630P", "2014NewA...27...41S", "2015A&A...575A..48S", "2015A&A...579A...4G", "2015A&A...584A.125C", "2015ApJ...805..143D", "2015ApJ...810...37Y", "2015BAAA...57...22D", "2015MNRAS.447.3623V", "2015MNRAS.452.2208A", "2015MNRAS.453.2718W", "2016A&A...586A..63Z", "2016A&A...590L...1P", "2016A&A...592A.154D", "2016ApJ...831..110G", "2016MNRAS.456.2829G", "2016MNRAS.458..226D", "2016MNRAS.458.3083S", "2016MNRAS.460.2193N", "2016MNRAS.460.3838A", "2016MNRAS.461..248S", "2017A&A...597A..24R", "2017A&A...601A.145F", "2017A&A...606A.122F", "2017ApJ...834..210C", "2017ApJ...835...56C", "2017ApJ...838..110G", "2017ApJ...841....7B", "2017ApJ...846...51L", "2017MNRAS.466.2614M", "2017MNRAS.468.1824O", "2017MNRAS.468.2645D", "2017MNRAS.468.4566M", "2017MNRAS.469.3489P", "2017MNRAS.469L..20M", "2018ApJ...862..160W", "2018ApJ...863..102L", "2018MNRAS.475..853O", "2018MNRAS.475.4148G", "2018MNRAS.475.4223G", "2018MNRAS.477..139C", "2018MNRAS.478.1403R", "2018MNRAS.478.5473L", "2018MNRAS.480.1187B", "2018MNRAS.481.1097M", "2018MNRAS.481.1507B", "2018arXiv181010474T", "2019ApJ...874..143K", "2019ApJ...881..121W", "2019ApJ...882...69G", "2019MNRAS.482.3308A", "2019MNRAS.490.5017B", "2019NatAs...3..844Y", "2019arXiv190109198F", "2020A&A...640A..30M", "2020A&A...644A.107R", "2020AJ....160..152G", "2020ApJ...888..106T", "2020ApJ...894...60L", "2020ApJ...903..151Y", "2020MNRAS.495.2007M", "2020MNRAS.497.4704G", "2020MNRAS.499.3792B", "2020PhDT........19B", "2021MNRAS.500.1323L", "2021MNRAS.501..756M", "2021MNRAS.504.5383D", "2022A&A...661A..92B", "2022A&A...665A.117C", "2022ApJ...925...68C", "2022ApJ...928..170K", "2022MNRAS.509.3470M", "2022MNRAS.517.4355H", "2023A&A...669A.147B", "2023ApJ...954...36W", "2023MNRAS.523..785B", "2023RMxAA..59..345C", "2024ApJ...966...49S", "2024MNRAS.527L..19L", "2024MNRAS.528.5924O", "2024arXiv240702557F" ]
[ "1981ApJ...244..805B", "1985AJ.....90.2431T", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987ApJ...317..653F", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987MNRAS.224..453C", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988ApJ...327....1W", "1988ApJ...335..532W", "1988ApJ...335..617B", "1988MNRAS.230..161F", "1988MNRAS.231..479S", "1989ApJ...340...47C", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990ApJ...350...36W", "1990ApJ...360..436B", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991A&A...246L..10B", "1991A&A...246L..14H", "1991A&AS...91..513R", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...383...72G", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...400..385B", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1993AJ....106..831H", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...408....3U", "1993ApJ...411L..13B", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1993ApJ...416...36P", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1994AJ....108.2031P", "1994AJ....108.2348A", "1994ApJ...422..480B", "1994ApJ...423..539E", "1994ApJ...427..574S", "1994ApJ...433L..61G", "1994ApJ...436...67V", "1995AJ....109..874B", "1995AJ....110...21C", "1995ApJ...439...29B", "1995ApJ...445L..81B", "1995ApJ...446..583B", "1995ApJ...447L..21Z", "1995ApJ...453..634R", "1995ApJS...99..391H" ]
1987911
null
Structure of Merger Remnants. V. Kinematics
In this paper we report on a study of the kinematics of merger remnants. We have performed a series of numerical simulations of galaxy mergers, using a variety of orbital geometries and progenitor galaxies. Our analysis highlights three aspects of the kinematics of remnants: the misalignment of the total angular momentum of the luminous matter with respect to the minor axis of its spatial distribution; rotation curves along the major axis; and the distribution of luminous particles over the various allowed orbital families. By comparing the results from the various simulations, we learn how encounter geometry and the structure of the progenitors can affect the velocity distribution of the remnants. The encounter geometry, the structure of the progenitors, and the shape of the remnant play deciding roles in the distribution of angular momentum over the remnant, and therefore in the final velocity distribution. We have employed a hybrid of two numerical techniques in our investigation. First, the encounter and the evolution of the remnant to equilibrium are simulated using a hierarchical tree algorithm. Once the remnant has settled down, we use a self-consistent field approach to study its orbit structure, thereby mitigating the scattering of particles between orbit families Owing to two-body interactions. With this hybrid, a reliable determination of the orbital distribution of particles is practical.
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11.281051
6.305097
1996-05-01
29
1996ApJ...463...69H
[ "merger remnants", "remnants", "orbital geometries", "luminous particles", "numerical simulations", "progenitor galaxies", "angular momentum", "orbit families", "encounter geometry", "galaxy mergers" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177223" ]
[ "Heyl, Jeremy S.", "Hernquist, Lars", "Spergel, David N." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.291..527Z", "1998A&A...330..841C", "1998A&AS..130..267L", "1998AJ....115.2337S", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "1999ASPC..182..477N", "1999ApJ...513L..25R", "1999ApJ...518..613Z", "1999ApJ...523L.133N", "1999MNRAS.310..879M", "2000ASPC..197..217B", "2000ApJ...544..204C", "2000MNRAS.316..315B", "2001ApJ...555L..91N", "2001ApJ...559..828C", "2001sgnf.conf..147B", "2003ApJ...597..893N", "2003JKAS...36..223Z", "2005ApJ...621..146G", "2005MNRAS.357..753G", "2005MNRAS.360.1185J", "2006A&A...458...69K", "2006MNRAS.370.1737B", "2007MNRAS.378..541M", "2012ApJS..203...17R", "2013ApJ...771L..15R", "2018MNRAS.473.4956L", "2023MNRAS.518.5953L" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1986ApJ...310..593C", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987ApJ...320L..93L", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1988PhDT........69F", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990JCoPh..87..137H", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1992ApJ...386..375H", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992ApJ...397L..75S", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992ApJ...399L.117H", "1992ApJ...400..460H", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993ApJ...416..415H", "1993ApJ...416L...9H", "1993ApJS...86..389H", "1993MNRAS.265..213G", "1994ApJ...427..165H", "1994ApJ...431L..79W", "1994ApJ...437L..47M", "1994MNRAS.267L...1N", "1994MNRAS.268..521V", "1995ApJ...448...64H", "1995ApJ...449..592H" ]
2009701
null
The clustering of blue and red galaxies at B~25.5 mag
Deep CCD imaging at the Isaac Newton Telescope provided a sample of ~7000 faint galaxies, with B-R colours, to faint limits of B~=25.5 mag and R~=24.5 mag. The number counts of these galaxies are consistent with the previous galaxy number counts of Metcalfe et al. and Tyson, showing at faint magnitudes an excess above non-evolving predictions, consisting of galaxies with moderately blue colours of 0.0&lt;=&lt;e1&gt;B-R&lt;=&lt;/e1&gt;1.5. The number of redder (&lt;e1&gt;B-R&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1.5) galaxies did not exceed the non-evolving prediction. We calculate the angular correlation function, omega(theta, of these faint galaxies, and compare with the predictions of new models which take into account the observed dependence of galaxy clustering properties on morphology and luminosity. In agreement with previous studies (e.g., by Roche et al.), the omega(theta) amplitude of faint galaxies in our data set is found to fall well below the predictions of models in which galaxy clustering remains stable in proper coordinates and the redshift distribution N(z) has a non-evolving form, suggesting that the faint galaxy N(z) is more extended than this and includes a high proportion of &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1 galaxies. We find that a pure luminosity evolution model, with a steep luminosity function for late-type galaxies, a significant increase with redshift in the star-forming activity of Sab and Sbc spirals, and mild dust-reddening, gives a good fit to both the galaxy number counts and the omega(theta) results, as obtained from this data set and from other published CCD surveys. However, the peak in the faint galaxy colour distribution is closer to B-R~=0.8 than to the bluer colour of B-R~=0.4 predicted by our model (the reason for this discrepancy remains unclear). The omega(theta) amplitude of the redder (&lt;e1&gt;B-R&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1.5) galaxies in our sample appears to be higher than that of the bluer (&lt;e1&gt;B-R&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;1.5) galaxies, in agreement with Roche et al. and Neuschaefer et al. We also find very little cross-correlation between red and blue galaxies. The lower omega(theta) amplitude of the bluer galaxies suggests that the steep fall in galaxy omega(theta) amplitudes at &lt;e1&gt;B&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;23 is caused by the same blue galaxies that produce the excess in the number counts at these magnitudes. The colour dependence of omega(theta) is well fitted by our PLE model, in which, at B~25, almost all of the redder galaxies would lie at &lt;e1&gt;z&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;1, while the bluer galaxy subsample would consist of both dwarf late-type galaxies at low/moderate redshifts and evolving L~L* galaxies widely distributed in redshift from z~0.5 out to z~3, giving a much more extended N(z), and consequently a lower omega(theta) amplitude, for bluer galaxies. The stronger clustering of the redder galaxies suggests that galaxy clustering is approximately stable (epsilon=0) out to at least z~0.6, and therefore that the low omega(theta) amplitude of the full sample does not result simply from very rapid evolution of the clustering of all galaxies. These results may argue against models, such as merging-dominated models, in which the excess blue galaxies are confined to lower redshifts. The excess blue galaxies could only lie within a no-evolution N(z) if they belong to a separate population of dwarf starburst galaxies which is intrinsically very weak clustered. However, there is evidence (e.g., Cole et al.) that dwarf starburst galaxies are normally clustered. This would leave significant L* evolution, with a redshift distribution extending to z~3 at B~25, as the most plausible explanation of the low omega(theta) amplitude of B~25 galaxies.
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12.304086
5.609409
1996-05-01
37
1996MNRAS.280..397R
[ "galaxy omega(theta", "faint galaxies", "galaxy clustering", "galaxies", "starburst galaxies", "bluer galaxies", "lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1 galaxies", "B~25 galaxies", "dwarf starburst galaxies", "galaxy clustering properties" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.2.397" ]
[ "Roche, N.", "Shanks, T.", "Metcalfe, N.", "Fong, R." ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997astro.ph..5098B", "1997astro.ph.10140G", "1998ApJ...494L.137B", "1998ApJ...495..550C", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998ApJ...507L..25B", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998RvMA...11...83F", "1999A&A...344..393F", "1999A&A...349..751S", "1999AJ....117.1651G", "1999ASPC..193..411B", "1999ApJ...512...30C", "1999MNRAS.303..411C", "1999MNRAS.304..160J", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "1999MNRAS.307..111R", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "2000A&A...362..487V", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2002A&A...386..816B", "2002A&A...389.1090C", "2003ApJ...591..623S", "2003MNRAS.343....1B", "2003PASP..115..271B", "2005MNRAS.358..875A", "2006A&A...451..881B" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981seg..book.....B", "1984A&A...132..389P", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986seg..work..439S", "1987hrpg.work...29J", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...383L..37W", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...392..452M", "1992ApJ...393L..45M", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ASPC...51..308P", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993ApJ...418L...1R", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993obco.symp..308P", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994IAUS..161..635R", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995ApJ...441L..13G", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...449L...1P", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...455...96C", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...458..100B" ]
2009681
null
Near-infrared surface photometry of `Sixty Micron Peaker' galaxies
Near-infrared (NIR) photometry of a sample of 31 `warm' IRAS galaxies whose spectral energy distribution peaks in the 60-μm band - Sixty Micron Peakers - is presented. Radial surface brightness profiles reveal that most are dominated by a bulge component in the NIR, indicative of early-type host galaxies. The distribution of the bulge effective radius in the K band is similar to LINERS and starbursts, but very different from optically selected Seyferts. The J, H and K host-galaxy colours, however, are not typical of normal early-type galaxies; they appear to contain significant dust and/or star formation. The sample galaxies classified as starbursts are well fitted by a single r^1/4 profile and do not require a buried active nucleus, while most of the Seyfert galaxies do require an added nuclear point source to fit the light profile. J-K colour profiles and two-colour JHK diagrams reveal that the nuclei are quite red compared to the host galaxies, consistent with the picture of substantial centrally concentrated hot dust. Model-independent parameters, such as concentration index, effective surface brightness and effective radius, are presented for the sample galaxies. No apparent correlations are found with respect to nuclear optical spectroscopic classification. The results of this NIR study support the hypothesis that Sixty Micron Peakers represent galaxies that have recently undergone an interaction which has funnelled gas and dust to the central regions and resulted in a host galaxy with an elliptical-like light profile.
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13.411475
7.634185
1996-05-01
12
1996MNRAS.280..579H
[ "galaxies", "Radial surface brightness profiles", "effective surface brightness", "Sixty Micron Peakers", "early-type host galaxies", "effective radius", "nuclear optical spectroscopic classification", "significant dust", "normal early-type galaxies", "a host galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES." ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.2.579" ]
[ "Heisler, Charlene A.", "De Robertis, M. M.", "Nadeau, D." ]
[ "Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, New South Wales, 2121, Australia", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada", "Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal, and Observatoire du mont Megantic, CP 6128, Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada" ]
[ "1997A&AS..126..479G", "1998ApJ...496..117F", "1998ApJ...501...94S", "1998MNRAS.300.1111H", "1998PASA...15..167H", "1999AJ....118.2038H", "1999ASPC..175..401H", "2000A&A...359..900L", "2000A&A...360..871O", "2003ApJ...593..733R", "2004ApJ...601.1160R", "2007AN....328..953C" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1968nim..book..167J", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1970ApJ...160..831S", "1980ApJ...237..404S", "1981ApJ...249...76B", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...252..455S", "1982MNRAS.199..943H", "1982Natur.299..234A", "1984ApJ...280...41H", "1984MNRAS.211...15C", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1987AJ.....93...60S", "1987ApJ...320..199F", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&A...201...37N", "1988A&A...203..259N", "1988ApJ...333....1M", "1989ApJ...346...34T", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1989SPIE.1130..176M", "1990AJ....100...60H", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990ApJ...359...72B", "1990ApJS...72..231M", "1990Natur.344..417W", "1991AJ....102.1241M", "1991ApJ...370..102C", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991PhDT........10H", "1992AJ....104.1018H", "1992ApJ...397..452T", "1992ApJ...399...38D", "1992MNRAS.254..509F", "1992PASAu..10...94A", "1993AJ....106.1743V", "1993ApJ...414..552O", "1993ApJS...84..185Z", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1993PASP..105.1150B", "1993PhDT........31T", "1993lead.conf.....A", "1994AJ....107...35H", "1994ApJ...432...75A", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994ApJS...91..491G", "1994MNRAS.266..953K", "1994MNRAS.271..250S", "1994PASP..106..909N", "1995AJ....110...87H" ]
2012360
null
The extragalactic flux of cosmic rays
The propagation of extragalactic particles within our galaxy has been modelled. The flux of such particles is below the observed cosmic ray flux at most energies when their power law spectrum is extrapolated back from the highest energies. Also, we expect that the propagation of extragalactic particles through static magnetic fields in the Galaxy will not result in a flux change to match the flux of particles measured here within the Galaxy. However, if we were to consider the observed cosmic rays to be of galactic origin, there would be a remarkable similarity between the required galactic injection flux and the extrapolated extragalactic flux. We consider here whether the scattering of extragalactic particles in the Galaxy together with an associated energy perturbation might be sufficient for the extragalactic beam to result in the production of 'galactic' particles and, hence, essentially all of the observed cosmic rays. This appears to be possible.
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6.196527
0.634522
1996-05-01
5
1996PASA...13..121C
[ "extragalactic particles", "such particles", "particles", "most energies", "the observed cosmic ray flux", "galactic origin", "static magnetic fields", "the extrapolated extragalactic flux", "Galaxy", "the required galactic injection flux" ]
[ "ACCELERATION OF PARTICLES", "MAGNETIC FIELDS" ]
0
[ "10.1017/S1323358000020658" ]
[ "Clay, R. W.", "Smith, A. G. K." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1998PASA...15..208C", "2000APh....12..249C", "2001PASA...18..148C", "2002JHEP...12..032C", "2002PASA...19..228C" ]
[ "1933PhRv...43...87L", "1968JPhA....1..694T", "1990AuJPh..43..373S", "1992ApJ...400L..67S", "1993PhRvL..70..127S", "1995APh.....3..105Y" ]
1987744
null
A Simple Black Hole Model of Quasar Abundance and Evolution in the Infinitely Long Cosmic-String Scheme
The formation and evolution of quasars are investigated in relation to the infinitely long cosmic-string scheme. Using the mass function of high-density sites of cold dark matter in the cosmic-string model, a simple black hole model for the evolution of quasar abundance and luminosity function is developed by assuming an appropriate gas accretion rate into the central black holes. To compare with the observations, we apply statistical methods, assuming a Gaussian distribution, to the formation epoch of quasar host galaxies z_G_, to the mass fraction F of host-galaxy-fueling central black holes, and to the radiative efficiency ɛ, respectively. There is a time lag between the formation of host galaxies and the birth of high-redshift quasars. The simulated results with reasonable parameter values are in good agreement with the observed evolution of quasar abundance and luminosity function. It is necessary to have enough nonlinear regions for host galaxies at around z ~ 7 to adequately reproduce the observations.
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14.698862
6.675303
1996-05-01
1
1996ApJ...462..601H
[ "host galaxies", "quasar host galaxies", "reasonable parameter values", "enough nonlinear regions", "cold dark matter", "evolution", "host-galaxy-fueling central black holes", "good agreement", "statistical methods", "quasar abundance and luminosity function" ]
[ "COSMIC STRINGS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "BLACK HOLE PHYSICS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177176" ]
[ "Hara, Tetsuya", "Yamamoto, Hideki", "Maehoenen, Petri", "Miyoshi, Shigeru J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998ApJ...508..530A" ]
[ "1966ApJ...143..400S", "1969PThPh..42..523H", "1970MNRAS.149..365R", "1971MNRAS.152..341S", "1973grav.book.....M", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976JPhA....9.1387K", "1976MNRAS.176..367L", "1976MNRAS.176..483R", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1978MNRAS.185..847B", "1978ppim.book.....S", "1981ARA&A..19..137P", "1981ApJ...247...19S", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1983ApJ...271..632P", "1983MNRAS.205..705S", "1983MNRAS.205..955K", "1984ARA&A..22..471R", "1984ApJ...277..445C", "1984ApJ...278....1O", "1985ApJ...297....1S", "1985PhR...121..263V", "1986IAUS..119..359B", "1986MNRAS.218..265P", "1987ApJ...313..556D", "1987ApJ...316..505D", "1987ApJ...322....1S", "1987PThPh..78.1081H", "1987PhRvD..36..335B", "1988ApJ...324..701D", "1988ApJ...325...92K", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1989PThPh..81.1187H", "1989egf..conf....1P", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1990PhRvD..41.1764P", "1990RPPh...53.1095W", "1990Sci...247..817R", "1990agn..conf..161B", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1991AJ....102..837S", "1991ApJ...380L...9B", "1991PhRvL..67.1057V", "1991PhST...36..102C", "1992ApJ...396..411G", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399L...5B", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992PhLB..282..305V", "1992PhRvD..45.1884V", "1992pagn.conf....1B", "1992pagn.conf..133C", "1992pagn.conf..345F", "1992pagn.conf..662R", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...403..542L", "1993ApJ...405..419H", "1993ApJ...406L...1K", "1993ApJ...411L...1N", "1993ApJ...412...22H", "1993ApJ...414..421H", "1993ApJ...415..445H", "1993ApJ...419..459U", "1993MNRAS.263..168H", "1993PhRvD..48.1530P", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994ApJ...424...84H", "1994ApJ...428...51H", "1994ApJ...432...31H", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1994PASJ...46..461T" ]
11601362
astro-ph/9512099
Gasdynamics and Starbursts in Major Mergers
Using numerical simulation, we study the development of gaseous inflows and triggering of starburst activity in mergers of disk galaxies of comparable mass. Our models cover a range of orbits and internal structures for the merging galaxies. In all encounters studied, the galaxies experience strong gaseous inflows and, using a density-dependent Schmidt law to model star formation, moderate to intense starburst activity. We find that galaxy structure plays a dominant role in regulating activity. The gaseous inflows are strongest when galaxies with dense central bulges are in the final stages of merging, while inflows in bulgeless galaxies are weaker and occur earlier in the interaction. Orbital geometry plays only a relatively modest role in the onset of collisionally induced activity. Through an analysis of the torques acting on the gas, we show that these inflows are generally driven by gravitational torques from the host galaxy (rather than the companion) and that dense bulges act to stabilize galaxies against bar modes and inflow until the galaxies merge, at which point rapidly varying gravitational torques drive strong dissipation and inflow of gas in the merging pair. The strongest inflows (and associated starburst activity) develop in coplanar encounters, while the activity in inclined mergers is somewhat less intense and occurs slightly later during the merger. To the extent that a Schmidt law is a reasonable description of star formation in these systems, the starbursts that develop in mergers of galaxies with central bulges represent an increase in the star formation rate of two orders of magnitude over that in isolated galaxies. We find that the gaseous and stellar morphology and star-forming properties of these systems provide a good match to those of observed ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Our results imply that the internal structure of the merging galaxies, rather than orbital geometry, may be the key factor in producing ultraluminous infrared galaxies.
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11.888054
7.320609
1996-06-01
1,510
1996ApJ...464..641M
[ "galaxy structure", "ultraluminous infrared galaxies", "disk galaxies", "bulgeless galaxies", "galaxies", "isolated galaxies", "observed ultraluminous infrared galaxies", "strong gaseous inflows", "gaseous inflows", "star formation" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
39
[ "10.1086/177353", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512099" ]
[ "Mihos, J. Christopher", "Hernquist, Lars" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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11600822
astro-ph/9511128
An HI Survey of the Bootes Void. II. The Analysis
We discuss the results of a VLA [Napier et al., Proc. IEEE 71,1295(1983)] H I survey of the Bootes void and compare the distribution and H I properties of the void galaxies to those of galaxies found in a survey of regions of mean cosmic density. The Bootes survey covers 1100 Mpc^3^ or ~ 1% of the volume of the void and consists of 24 cubes of typically 2 Mpc x 2 Mpc x 1280 km s^-1^, centered on optically known galaxies. Sixteen targets were detected in H I; 18 previously uncataloged objects were discovered directly in H I. The control samples consists of 12 cubes centered on IRAS-selected galaxies with FIR luminosities similar to those of the Bootes targets and located in regions of one to two times the cosmic mean density. In addition to the 12 targets 29 companions were detected in H I. We find that the number of galaxies within 1 Mpc of the targets is the same to within a factor of 2 for void and control samples, and thus that the small scale clustering of galaxies is the same in regions that differ by a factor of ~6 in density on larger scales. A dynamical analysis of the galaxies in the void suggests that on scales of a few Mpc the galaxies are gravitationally bound, forming interacting galaxy pairs, loose pairs, and loose groups. One group is compact enough to qualify as a Hickson compact group (hereafter referred to as HCG [Hickson, APJ, 255 , 382 (1982)]. The galaxies found in the void are mostly late-type, gas-rich systems. A careful scrutiny of their H I and optical properties shows them to be very similar to field galaxies of the same morphological type. This, combined with our finding that the small scale clustering of the galaxies in the voids is the same as in the field, suggests that it is the near environment that mostly affects the evolution of galaxies.
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11.189227
2.841722
1996-06-01
67
1996AJ....111.2150S
[ "field galaxies", "galaxies", "interacting galaxy pairs", "H I.", "H I", "mean cosmic density", "larger scales", "loose groups", "optical properties", "al." ]
[ "SURVEYS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/117951", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511128" ]
[ "Szomoru, Arpad", "van Gorkom, J. H.", "Gregg, Michael D.", "Strauss, Michael A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.2141S", "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996ASPC..106..293V", "1997A&A...325..881P", "1997A&A...328..756P", "1997AJ....114.1753S", "1997ApJ...490..173Z", "1997PASA...14...31B", "1997PASA...14..126Z", "1998A&A...331..873B", "1998ASSL..231...53P", "1998ASSL..231...59H", "1999AJ....118.2561G", "1999Ap&SS.269...59S", "1999cezh.conf..175V", "2000A&AS..142..399V", "2000A&AS..144..323S", "2000AJ....119...32G", "2000ApJ...530L..61Z", "2001ApJ...557..495P", "2001MNRAS.324..969M", "2002A&A...381..771D", "2002A&A...389..405P", "2002ApJ...574L.115M", "2002MNRAS.337.1193M", "2003ApJ...591...79M", "2004MNRAS.350..517S", "2005ApJ...620..618H", "2005ApJ...621..215S", "2005ApJ...621..643G", "2005MNRAS.362..213B", "2006MNRAS.368.1132P", "2007MNRAS.380..551P", "2008ASPC..395..125H", "2008IAUS..244...83H", "2010ASPC..421..107S", "2010Natur.465..565P", "2011A&A...534A.128E", "2011AJ....141....4K", "2011AJ....141..204K", "2011ASSP...27...17V", "2011ApJ...732...25C", "2011ApJ...735..132K", "2011IJMPS...1...41V", "2012AJ....144...16K", "2012MNRAS.425.2313T", "2013AJ....145..120B", "2013MNRAS.428..370S", "2013MNRAS.428.3409A", "2013MNRAS.435..222R", "2014ASInC..13..299D", "2015ApJ...812..104T", "2016MNRAS.458..394B", "2017MNRAS.464..666B", "2017MNRAS.468..849S", "2019ApJ...883...29W", "2020MNRAS.491.2496B", "2021ApJ...919..101P", "2021MNRAS.505.1223P", "2022A&A...658A.124D", "2022MNRAS.517..712R", "2023A&A...680A.111D", "2023ApJ...950..189D", "2023MNRAS.518.1361T", "2023Natur.619..269D", "2024ApJ...962...58C", "2024MNRAS.528..542K" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1980A&A....81..371C", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1982A&AS...47..171B", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1982ApJ...258L..11S", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...278L..71S", "1984ApJ...284..461D", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1985ApJ...298L..31S", "1985ApJS...58...67T", "1985ComAp..11...53F", "1986A&A...154..343V", "1986PhDT........93M", "1986PhDT.......105W", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987AJ.....94..831A", "1987ApJ...314..493K", "1987ApJ...314L..33M", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1987ApJ...322...88G", "1987ApJS...63..809S", "1987BAAS...19.1074W", "1988A&A...203..237H", "1988AJ.....95.1602S", "1988ApJ...330..579P", "1988ApJ...331..172W", "1988ApJ...335..104M", "1988BAAS...20R1087B", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989A&A...210....1H", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1989MNRAS.240..329L", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990AJ.....99..463D", "1990AJ....100..604C", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1991AJ....101.1957W", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJ...374..407X", "1992A&A...253..349P", "1992AJ....103..399M", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...388L..13H", "1992ApJ...394..409B", "1992ApJ...396L..23W", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992ApJ...400...74Z", "1992ApJS...78..365H", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993AJ....105..464S", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...410..458D", "1993MNRAS.263..481V", "1993PhDT........40M", "1994AJ....108..491S", "1994ApJ...430...74A", "1994MNRAS.267..253L", "1995AJ....109..981W", "1996AJ....111.2141S" ]
2640233
astro-ph/9601085
Testing Ansatze for quasi-non-linear clustering: the linear APM power spectrum
We compare the accuracy of published formulae that transform the linear perturbation theory power spectrum into the non-linear regime against the results of an ensemble of large N-body simulations, paying attention to scales on which the density fluctuations are linear and quasi-linear. The inverse transformation to obtain the linear power spectrum is applied to the APM Galaxy Survey power spectrum measured by Baugh &amp; Efstathiou. The resulting linear spectrum is used to generate the initial density fluctuations in an N-body simulation, which is evolved to match the measured APM amplitude on large scales. We find very good agreement between the final power spectrum of the simulation and the measured APM power spectrum. However, the higher moments for the particle distribution match the ones recovered from the APM Survey only on large scales, R&gt;~10 h^-1 Mpc. On small scales, &lt;e1&gt;R&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;10 h^-1 Mpc, the APM estimations give smaller amplitudes, indicating that non-gravitational effects, such as biasing, are important on those scales. Our approach can be used to constrain a model of how light from galaxies traces the underlying mass distribution.
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11.74135
2.552335
1996-06-01
46
1996MNRAS.280L..37B
[ "large scales", "small scales", "non-gravitational effects", "APM", "linear", "the APM Galaxy Survey power spectrum", "the measured APM power spectrum", "scales", "the linear power spectrum", "lt;e1&gt;R&lt;&lt;/e1&gt;10 h^-1 Mpc" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.3.L37", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9601085" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M.", "Gaztanaga, E." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "CSIC Centre d'Estudis Avancats de Blanes, c/ Cami de St Barbara s/n, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain" ]
[ "1996ComAp..18..323F", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ASPC..126..558P", "1997ApJ...481L...1S", "1997ApJ...487....1S", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.287..241C", "1997MNRAS.290..639P", "1997NuPhB.503..405A", "1997PhLB..391..271A", "1998A&A...331..829G", "1998A&A...334....1V", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...495..554C", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...504...27M", "1998ApJ...509..483P", "1998JKAS...31..109K", "1998MNRAS.294..229G", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1998astro.ph..1011M", "1998astro.ph.12271M", "1999ASIC..541..179B", "1999ApJ...519..622H", "1999ApJ...521L..83F", "1999ApJ...524..510G", "2000ASPC..215...21G", "2000ApJ...542....9G", "2000MNRAS.311..149M", "2001ApJ...548...47G", "2001ApJ...558L...1G", "2001MNRAS.324..977B", "2001NYASA.927...24J", "2001NuPhS..95...66B", "2002ASSL..274..303G", "2002ASSL..276..259C", "2002MNRAS.331...13G", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003AdSpR..31..469K", "2003ApJ...589...82G", "2003MNRAS.339..641C", "2003RPPh...66..691B", "2004ApJ...608...16Z", "2005MNRAS.361..824G", "2012PhRvD..86f3528M" ]
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...374L...1H", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994A&A...288..349B", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...431..495J", "1994ApJ...437L..13G", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1994MNRAS.270..183B", "1995A&A...301..309B", "1995ApJ...454..561G", "1995MNRAS.273L...1G", "1995MNRAS.274.1049B", "1995MNRAS.276L..25J" ]
11600819
astro-ph/9511127
An HI Survey of the Bootes Void. I. The Data
We present the results of a neutral hydrogen survey of the Bootes void carried out with the VLA [Napier et al., Proc. Inst. Electron. Electric. Eng. 71, 1295 (1983)] in D array. The survey covers ~1100 Mpc^3^, about 1% of the volume of the void as defined by Kirshner et al., [ApJ, 314,493(1987)]. We observed 24 fields, centered on known void galaxies; 16 of these were detected in H I. Eighteen uncataloged companion galaxies were discovered directly in the H I line at distances of 45" to 14.5' from the target galaxies. We also present the results of follow-up optical imaging observations and discovery of one additional Bootes void galaxy, found through spectroscopy of a number of apparent companions to known void members. Our angular resolution is ~1' (45 kpc)^3^ each field has a size of ~1^deg^ (2.7 Mpc). The detected H I masses range from 8 x 10^8^ to 1 x 10^10^ M_sun_. Typically our 2σ HI column density sensitivity is 2 x 10^19^ cm^-2^. The radio and optical data are analyzed and discussed in the following companion article (Paper 11, Szomoru et al. 1996).
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11.882827
7.631501
1996-06-01
28
1996AJ....111.2141S
[ "known void galaxies", "Kirshner et al.", "H I. Eighteen uncataloged companion galaxies", "al.", "Kirshner et al", "Szomoru et al", "known void members", "apparent companions", ".", "one additional Bootes void galaxy" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117950", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511127" ]
[ "Szomoru, Arpad", "van Gorkom, J. H.", "Gregg, Michael D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11600341
astro-ph/9507076
Observations of weak lensing in the fields of luminous radio sources.
We present an attempt to reveal the existence of large foreground mass condensations directly responsible for the gravitational magnification of distant luminous QSO/radiosources in five selected fields: PKS0135-247, PKS1508-05, PKS1741-03, 3C446, and Q1622+238. The technique uses a weak lensing analysis of the distant galaxies in the field of each source. We find a coherent shear map on the line of sight to Q1622+238 and centered on a distant compact cluster. The shear amplitude in the field of the four other bright radiosources is often correlated with the presence of groups or clusters of galaxies. For one of them, PKS0135-247, the shear is tangential to a foreground group which is a serious candidate for the lens responsible for the shear pattern. The result suggests that a substantial amount of invisible mass may be condensed in groups and clusters of galaxies. If confirmed it may explain the origin of a large angular correlation between the distribution of distant radiosources (z&gt;1) and the distribution of low redshift galaxies (z&lt;0.3) (Bartelmann &amp; Schneider 1993). In this paper we discuss the feasibility and consequences of a future systematic survey with ground-based telescopes to investigate the problem of magnification bias in the fields of luminous distant objects and to probe the mass distributions of galaxy groups at intermediate redshifts.
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12.937701
4.09323
1996-06-01
32
1996A&A...310..705F
[ "distant radiosources", "galaxy groups", "luminous distant objects", "large foreground mass condensations", "low redshift galaxies", "galaxies", "groups", "invisible mass", "magnification bias", "distant luminous QSO/radiosources" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9507076" ]
[ "Fort, B.", "Mellier, Y.", "Dantel-Fort, M.", "Bonnet, H.", "Kneib, J. -P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997ApJ...480..568S", "1997MNRAS.290..292B", "1997MNRAS.291..446D", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997euvl.conf..189M", "1998A&A...329..827K", "1998A&A...333..767S", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998CRASB.326..587F", "1998ESASP.429...89S", "1998IAUS..179..241S", "1998MNRAS.296..873S", "1998astro.ph..6003T", "1998astro.ph..9268K", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999PThPS.133...85T", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "1999ldss.work...51S", "1999mdrg.conf..437L", "2000ApJ...538....1F", "2000MNRAS.316..267W", "2000MNRAS.318..625B", "2000PhST...85..259T", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2007AJ....134..158F", "2007astro.ph..1598D", "2010CQGra..27w3001B" ]
[ "1987ApJS...63....1H", "1990A&A...240...11F", "1991A&A...251L..35B", "1991ApJ...366....7H", "1992A&A...259..413B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B", "1993A&A...280L...7B", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1994A&A...284....1B", "1994A&A...289L..15M", "1994A&A...290..399B", "1994ApJ...427L..83B", "1994ApJ...431L..71F", "1994ApJ...437...56F", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1994MNRAS.271..504L", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1995ApJ...448L..89B", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1995MNRAS.273.1069T" ]
11607273
astro-ph/9501041
Counts-in-cells analysis of the statistical distribution in an N-body simulated universe
Evolution of the statistical distribution of the density field is investigated by means of a counts-in-cells method in a low-density cold dark matter (CDM) simulated universe. Four model distributions, namely the negative binomial distribution, the lognormal distribution, the Edgeworth series and the skewed lognormal distribution, are tested to fit the calculated distribution function, and it is shown that only the skewed lognormal distribution of second- and third-order can describe the evolution of the statistical distribution perfectly well from the initially Gaussian regime to the present stage. The effect of sparse sampling is also investigated, and we conclude that in order to reconstruct the underlying density distribution we should use a sample with a galaxy number density larger than ~0.01h^3 Mpc^-3.
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11.682263
2.930382
1996-06-01
24
1996MNRAS.280..754U
[ "the underlying density distribution", "the skewed lognormal distribution", "the lognormal distribution", "the calculated distribution function", "order", "the statistical distribution", "sparse sampling", "Four model distributions", "a galaxy number density", "Evolution" ]
[ "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.3.754", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501041" ]
[ "Ueda, Haruhiko", "Yokoyama, Jun'ichi" ]
[ "College of Education, Akita University, Akita 010, Japan", "Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan" ]
[ "1996ApJ...463..409M", "1997A&A...328....1M", "1997ApJS..110..177S", "1997astro.ph..2144S", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...493...39K", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001ApJ...561...22K", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2004ApJ...602...26S", "2004ApJ...608..647O", "2005A&A...442..801M", "2005MNRAS.356..456C", "2006JCAP...02..006T", "2007JCAP...02..015T", "2007PASJ...59...73M", "2016A&A...594A..62D", "2016ApJ...821..110P", "2016JCAP...03..005A", "2017ApJ...843...73S", "2017MNRAS.466.1444C", "2020MNRAS.498..355M", "2022MNRAS.512.5165A" ]
[ "1934ApJ....79....8H", "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983PhLB..127..242C", "1983PhLB..131..116C", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1984ApJ...277L...5F", "1985ApJ...289...10F", "1986ApJ...306..358F", "1988ApJ...331...45I", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1990ApJ...348..378O", "1990ApJ...350..492S", "1991ApJ...380...24C", "1991MNRAS.248....1C", "1991PASJ...43L..17S", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992MNRAS.254..247E", "1993ApJ...403..450G", "1993ApJ...408....3U", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.260..765C", "1994ApJ...420...44K", "1994ApJ...435..536C", "1995ApJ...442...39J", "1995ApJ...443..479B" ]
1988217
null
A Comparison between the Narrow-Line Regions of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 Galaxies
We present high-resolution narrow-band [O III] images of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies, obtained in the Hubble Space Telescope Data Archive. The continuum-subtracted [O III] images were used to measure the narrow- line region (NLR) sizes and compare them with the predictions from the Unified Scheme. This paper shows that the Seyfert 1 NLR sizes are much smaller than the NLR sizes of the Seyfert 2's if they were observed pole- on. We propose that the Unified Scheme is not wrong but rather that the Seyfert 1's may have their torus axes aligned close to the galaxy plane axis.
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15.246696
7.761452
1996-06-01
130
1996ApJ...463..498S
[ "NLR", "the Hubble Space Telescope Data Archive", "the Seyfert 1 NLR sizes", "the galaxy plane axis", "Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies", "the NLR sizes", "Seyfert 1", "Seyfert 2", "the Seyfert", "the Unified Scheme" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177264" ]
[ "Schmitt, Henrique R.", "Kinney, Anne L." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...467..622K", "1997ApJ...477..623S", "1997ApJ...487..122F", "1997MNRAS.292..136P", "1997PASJ...49...69I", "1997PASJ...49L..13M", "1998AJ....115..460M", "1998ApJ...495..189C", "1998ApJ...495..196A", "1998ApJ...499..134N", "1998ApJ...499..719K", "1998ApJ...501L..25T", "1998ApJ...503L.115M", "1998ApJ...506..647S", "1998MNRAS.297..579C", "1999AJ....118..208M", "1999AdSpR..23.1089K", "1999ApJ...516...97N", "1999ApJ...519...69K", "1999ApJ...521L.103T", "1999ApJ...524...65T", "1999ApJ...524L...5S", "1999MNRAS.309....1F", "1999astro.ph.10036T", "2000AJ....120.1731C", "2000AJ....120.2363T", "2000ApJ...528..179M", "2000ApJ...531..257N", "2000ApJ...531..278K", "2000ApJ...532..323P", "2000ApJ...532L.101C", "2000ApJ...533..826S", "2000ApJ...535...53K", "2000ApJ...538..581R", "2000ApJS..129..517C", "2001AJ....122.2961R", "2001AN....322...87T", "2001ASPC..247..519K", "2001ASPC..249..193A", "2001ApJ...549..155N", "2001ApJ...549..254S", "2001ApJ...555..663S", "2001ApJ...556..653C", "2001ApJ...557...54L", "2001ApJS..136...61S", "2001PASJ...53..629N", "2002ASPC..255..221R", "2002ApJ...566..187C", "2002ApJ...566..675R", "2002ApJ...575..826S", "2002MNRAS.331..154R", "2003ApJ...583..632T", "2003ApJ...597..768S", "2003ApJS..148..327S", "2003MNRAS.340..733R", "2004AJ....128.2066N", "2004AJ....128.2758M", "2004ApJ...603..456M", "2005ApJ...619..116C", "2005ApJ...623..700D", "2006A&A...446..459C", "2006AJ....132..620D", "2006ApJ...646..754D", "2006MNRAS.371..170B", "2006MNRAS.373....2R", "2007AJ....134..648M", "2007ApJ...656..699D", "2007ApJ...664...71D", "2007ApJ...668..730K", "2007ApJS..170...33P", "2008ApJ...678...87K", "2008ApJ...679.1128K", "2008ApJS..174...31H", "2008MNRAS.385.1129R", "2008MNRAS.391..765C", "2009A&A...500.1287S", "2009ApJ...691..922M", "2009ApJ...694..765C", "2009ApJ...698..106K", "2009ApJ...705..568L", "2009MNRAS.396....2B", "2009MNRAS.399..842M", "2009arXiv0907.0180M", "2010AJ....139..871C", "2010MNRAS.402..879R", "2010int..workE..85R", "2011ApJ...727...71F", "2011ApJ...727..130K", "2011ApJ...737..105K", "2011ApJ...739...69M", "2011MNRAS.417.2752R", "2012ASSL..386..217D", "2012ApJ...744....7B", "2012MNRAS.427.1266V", "2012NewAR..56...93A", "2013ApJS..209....1F", "2013arXiv1306.0188K", "2014A&A...565A..97C", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2014MNRAS.445..414S", "2014arXiv1408.5789S", "2015A&A...583A.104S", "2015MNRAS.452.4128M", "2016ApJ...820...27D", "2016ApJ...822..109A", "2016ApJ...828...97B", "2016ApJ...832...67N", "2017FrASS...4...34M", "2017MNRAS.464.1771S", "2017MNRAS.470.3850D", "2017PASJ...69...90T", "2018ApJ...867...49W", "2018ApJ...867..149D", "2018MNRAS.473.2160N", "2018MNRAS.479.3142M", "2018MNRAS.479.3892F", "2018MNRAS.481.2470T", "2019A&A...621A..83S", "2019ApJS..245....3G", "2019MNRAS.483.3404F", "2019MNRAS.489.2177A", "2020ApJ...893...80G", "2020MNRAS.495.1874D", "2020MNRAS.496..215M", "2021A&A...652A..98G", "2021ApJ...910...19J", "2021ApJ...916...31M", "2022A&A...657A..77W", "2022ApJ...941...46S", "2023Physi...5.1061D" ]
[ "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1975A&A....45...43R", "1981ApJ...247..419U", "1982ApJ...263..576W", "1984ApJ...278..544U", "1984ApJ...285..439U", "1985ApJ...294..158A", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985MNRAS.216..193M", "1986MNRAS.218..711U", "1988A&A...195...53D", "1988ApJ...327...89O", "1988ApJ...328..519P", "1988ApJ...332..702P", "1988ApJ...334..104H", "1988ApJ...334..121W", "1989ApJ...342L..11F", "1989ApJ...343..659U", "1989ApJ...345..730P", "1989MNRAS.241P..31P", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990BAAS...22.1280K", "1991ApJ...369L..27E", "1991ApJ...377..100K", "1991MNRAS.250..138S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AAS...180.0201K", "1992ApJ...393...98W", "1992ApJ...396...45S", "1992ApJS...79...49W", "1992wfpi.book.....M", "1993AJ....105.1308U", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...404..563P", "1993ApJ...410L..75F", "1993ApJ...417...82E", "1993ApJ...419L..61W", "1994AJ....107.1686B", "1994ApJ...421...87C", "1994ApJ...423..237S", "1994ApJ...433..625M", "1994ApJ...435L...7J", "1994ApJ...435L..15M", "1995ApJ...446..101H", "1995ApJ...448..600C", "1995ApJ...451..585P", "1995ApJ...454..106B", "1995MNRAS.272..355M", "1995MNRAS.276..592S", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1996A&A...305..727H" ]
1988158
null
Extended LY alpha -absorbing Halos around Nearby Galaxies
In order to establish the Lyα absorption cross section of present-day galaxies, we have identified 38 galaxies with z = 0-0.08 that lie within 40-500 h^-1^ kpc of the line of sight to a QSO observed with the Faint Object Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Including three galaxies in the field of 3C 273 investigated by previous authors, we find that nine of 41 galaxies have associated Lyα absorption. If the identified Lyα absorption systems are genuinely associated with the galaxies, then the covering factor of gas around galaxies remains roughly constant at ~40% between 100 and 300 h^-1^ kpc. Beyond 300 h^-1^ kpc, the incidence of absorption drops sharply. We conclude that (1) nearby galaxies do not possess Lyα-absorbing halos beyond 300 h^-1^ kpc in radius and (2) the covering factor of present-day galaxies between 50 and 300 h^-1^ kpc is 44% at an equivalent width limit of W &gt;= 0.3 A. For the nine galaxies with associated Lyα absorption lines, differences in the galaxies systemic velocities and the velocity of the absorption line, {DELTA}v, range over +/- 300 km s^-1^, consistent with the distribution found at redshifts &gt; 0.1 by Lanzetta et al. and Le Brun, Bergeron, &amp; Boisse. Values of {DELTA}v spanning several hundred km s^-1^ are probably real for some of the QSO-galaxy pairs, however, and do not simply arise from errors in measuring cz_gal_ or cz_abs_. This suggests that the absorbing clouds are kinematically tied to the galaxy disks and that the distribution of {DELTA}v may arise because of the effects of galaxy inclination. We find no evidence for a correlation between Lyα equivalent width and galaxy line-of-sight separation, which weakens the argument that the identified galaxies are directly associated with the Lyα lines. Also, we find that absorption does not arise only from bright galaxies, since there are several examples in which low-luminosity galaxies apparently cause absorption. Yet we show that the absorbing halos around galaxies cannot be independent of galaxy luminosity because if all low- redshift galaxies were surrounded by extended halos, the number of Lyα absorption systems found in HST spectra would be much larger than has recently been determined. This result leads us to question whether the galaxies are actually responsible for the Lyα absorption lines or whether the association in redshift is fortuitous. Our results support the picture suggested by others that Lyα lines arise in filaments or sheets that connect and contain the overdense regions that galaxies inhabit. This conclusion, however, remains at odds with the results of Lanzetta et al., who find that Lyα systems are more intimately linked with galaxies. It may be, therefore, that we are seeing an evolution of the way in which Ly&amp; lines associate with galaxies over the last few billion years. We suggest that at least some of the Lyα clouds that are not associated with galaxies at z ~ 0.5 have been slowly merging with galaxies over time, creating larger but less uniform gas distributions around the galaxies we see today.
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13.971378
7.973554
1996-06-01
67
1996ApJ...464..141B
[ "galaxies", "galaxy luminosity", "bright galaxies", "nearby galaxies", "galaxy inclination", "associated Lyα absorption lines", "Lyα lines", "Lyα absorption", "Lyα absorption systems", "Lyα systems" ]
[ "GALAXIES: HALOS", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177306" ]
[ "Bowen, David V.", "Blades, J. Chris", "Pettini, Max" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996astro.ph.10225M", "1997ASPC..114...99L", "1997ApJ...480..568S", "1997ApJ...483..638C", "1997ApJ...488L.101M", "1997ApJ...491...45D", "1997MNRAS.284..599B", "1997PASP..109.1298D", "1998A&A...329...30R", "1998A&A...332..814L", "1998AJ....115..451S", "1998AJ....116.1205S", "1998ARA&A..36..267R", "1998ASPC..143...19M", "1998ASPC..146..175L", "1998Ap&SS.262...39C", "1998Ap&SS.263...75B", "1998ApJ...494...60P", "1998ApJ...494..567D", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...498...77C", "1998ApJ...499..677C", "1998ApJ...500..789H", "1998ApJ...508..200T", "1998MNRAS.297..239B", "1998MNRAS.298..378W", "1998MNRAS.301..787L", "1998SerAJ.157...19C", "1999AJ....117..811H", "1999ASPC..170..323L", "1999ASPC..182..507L", "1999ApJ...511..521D", "1999ApJ...523...72O", "1999ApJ...524..536I", "1999ApJS..122..355V", "1999elss.conf..321C", "2000ApJ...528..637B", "2000ApJ...529..644L", "2000ApJ...532...77W", "2000MNRAS.311..657L", "2000MNRAS.319..517L", "2001ApJ...547...39B", "2001ApJ...547..162F", "2001ApJ...559..654C", "2002ASPC..254...72M", "2002ASPC..254...78L", "2002ASPC..254..236C", "2002ApJ...565..720P", "2002ApJ...575..697T", "2002ApJ...580..169B", "2002sgdh.conf..246B", "2003ASSL..281..133B", "2003MNRAS.342.1093L", "2004astro.ph..7352S", "2005ApJ...618..178C", "2005ApJ...619..714T", "2006MNRAS.367.1251R", "2006MNRAS.367.1261M", "2009ApJS..182..378W", "2009MNRAS.393..808M", "2009MNRAS.397..943M", "2012ARA&A..50..491P", "2012MNRAS.425.1270S", "2013ApJ...777...59T", "2015ApJ...815...91B", "2021ApJ...923...44S" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1980ApJS...42...41S", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...289...81R", "1986ApJ...301L...7G", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1987ApJ...315L..93T", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&AS...90..121C", "1991AJ....101.1242G", "1991AJ....101.1258S", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...377L..21M", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&AS...94..553K", "1992AJ....103..385S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...391..569Y", "1993A&AS...98..275B", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1993ApJS...87....1B", "1993eeg..conf..263S", "1994ApJ...427..696M", "1994ApJ...437L...9C", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1995ApJ...438..650W", "1995ApJ...441...51S", "1995ApJ...442..538L", "1995ApJ...448..634B", "1995ApJ...451...24S", "1995ApJS...97....1L", "1996ApJ...457...19B", "1996ApJ...458..518R" ]
1988207
null
Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the Local Universe. II. Selection Effects and Completeness of the Automated Plate Measuring Survey
We discuss the techniques employed for identifying low surface brightness galaxies for the Automated Plate Measuring (APM) survey. We present the method of calibrating the photometry performed from the APM scans and discuss the uncertainties associated with the calibrations. We also review the possible sources of incompleteness in the survey, and we present the results of a program of simulations to estimate the completeness as a function of galaxy parameters. Finally, we discuss the implications of the survey results and show, in particular, that the observed distribution of central surface brightnesses among all galaxies in one survey field is almost flat for μ_B_(0) &gt; 23 mag arcsec^-2^.
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12.136713
6.013409
1996-06-01
33
1996ApJ...463..535S
[ "low surface brightness galaxies", "central surface brightnesses", "galaxy parameters", "APM", "the survey results", "incompleteness", "simulations", "show", "one survey field", "mag" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "SURVEYS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/177268" ]
[ "Sprayberry, D.", "Impey, C. D.", "Irwin, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1212O", "1997AJ....114..635D", "1997AJ....114.2448O", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1998ASSL..230..239J", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...506..673L", "1998MNRAS.299..123J", "1998astro.ph.10470C", "1999A&AS..135..255K", "1999ASPC..170..131D", "1999ASPC..170..307C", "1999MNRAS.304..297M", "2000ASPC..218..309D", "2001AJ....122.2318B", "2001AJ....122.2341I", "2001ASPC..225...28S", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2001MNRAS.327.1249Z", "2002AJ....124...78C", "2002AJ....124.1360G", "2003A&A...405...99M", "2003MNRAS.338...72S", "2004AJ....127..704K", "2006A&A...459..679A", "2008MNRAS.391..986Z", "2009PASP..121.1267S", "2011A&A...528A..36U", "2013MNRAS.432.1701K", "2015MNRAS.447..875G", "2018MNRAS.476.4488H" ]
[ "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1976ApJ...207..700F", "1976Natur.263..573D", "1978obco.meet..125L", "1979ApJ...227...67A", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982PASP...94..742B", "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1984amd..conf..277K", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987MNRAS.224..557C", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1988AJ.....95.1389S", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992PASP..104..553O", "1993ASSL..188..105D", "1993ApJ...417..114S", "1994AJ....107..530M", "1994MNRAS.269..349D" ]
2009675
null
Imaging of the field of 4C 41.17 below the Lyman limit
Imaging of z&gt;=3.4 radio galaxy fields below the Lyman continuum wavelength allows companion galaxies to be identified on the basis of red colours across the wavelength of redshifted Lyalpha and very red colours across the redshifted Lyman continuum. These arise owing to a combination of absorption by intervening Lyalpha forest and Lyman-limit systems, and intrinsic Lyman-limit breaks in the galaxy spectral energy distribution caused by an HI screen or breaks in stellar spectra. As a pilot study we have imaged the field of the z=3.8 radio galaxy 4C 41.17 in U, V and R with the Auxiliary Port of the William Herschel Telescope (WHT). We find a number of potential companion galaxies, which require confirmation via spectroscopy or narrow-band imaging. The Lyman limit in the spectrum of the radio galaxy itself and its implications for the origin of the UV flux are also discussed.
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13.809158
6.30734
1996-06-01
18
1996MNRAS.280..888L
[ "companion galaxies", "potential companion galaxies", "Lyman", "red colours", "continuum wavelength", "Lyalpha forest", "spectral energy distribution", "the z=3.8 radio galaxy 4C", "redshifted Lyalpha", "breaks" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 4C 41.17" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.3.888" ]
[ "Lacy, Mark", "Rawlings, Steve" ]
[ "Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK" ]
[ "1997A&A...326..501A", "1997astro.ph.10249S", "1997euvl.conf..274D", "1997euvl.conf..285R", "1997hsth.conf..207D", "1998A&A...333...43F", "1998ASPC..146..225S", "1998ApJ...504..139P", "1998MNRAS.300..625W", "1999A&A...341..329P", "2000ApJ...542...27I", "2001ApJS..135...63P", "2001MNRAS.325..897S", "2003ApJ...583..551S", "2003ApJ...596..105S", "2003ApJ...599...86S", "2003PASJ...55..385T", "2005HiA....13..302B" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1985ApJ...289..105F", "1987ARA&A..25..521B", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989MNRAS.240..257D", "1990A&A...228..299M", "1990A&AS...82..229L", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990ApJ...363...21C", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991BAAS...23..951D", "1991MNRAS.253..320B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992AJ....104..941S", "1992ApJ...401L..69M", "1992ersf.meet..332R", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993Natur.362..224H", "1994A&A...288L..33C", "1994ApJ...420L...5G", "1994ApJ...421..412W", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994ApJ...427L..13S", "1994Natur.370..347D", "1995AJ....110.2519S", "1995ApJ...441...18M", "1995MNRAS.273L..29D" ]
1987965
null
Equations of State of Large Gravitating Gas Clouds
Large gravitating gas clouds are central to several issues in astrophysics. This paper presents explicit equations of state for their thermodynamics. They are based on general forms proposed by Saslaw &amp; Hamilton in 1984, completed by a Riemannian geometric approach to thermodynamics. I study a regime starting at the ideal gas state and analytic to a pressure about one-quarter that of a corresponding ideal gas. The end of this analytic regime may be related to the problem of galaxy clustering, as evidenced by a comparison with density fluctuations in the distribution of galaxies.
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11.634418
9.468246
1996-06-01
13
1996ApJ...464..547R
[ "Large gravitating gas clouds", "galaxy clustering", "explicit equations", "density fluctuations", "general forms", "state", "several issues", "galaxies", "the ideal gas state", "a corresponding ideal gas" ]
[ "EQUATION OF STATE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177345" ]
[ "Ruppeiner, George" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2005PhRvE..72a6120R", "2007arXiv0711.4328R", "2008PhRvD..78b4016R", "2010AmJPh..78.1170R", "2010Ap&SS.330..227A", "2013Ap&SS.343..763A", "2014Entrp..16.4420S", "2014JLTP..174...13R", "2018Entrp..20..460R", "2018PDU....19..137H", "2018arXiv180807933R", "2019PhLA..383..703R", "2021PDU....3200816H" ]
[ "1956MNRAS.116..351B", "1974Phy....73..107W", "1979PhRvA..20.1608R", "1980ApJ...235..299S", "1983PhRvA..27.1116R", "1983PhRvL..50..287R", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1985PhRvA..31.3415D", "1985tait.book.....C", "1986ApJ...301....1C", "1986ApJ...304...11S", "1989hde..book.....Z", "1991PhRvA..44.3583R", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1995RvMP...67..605R" ]
2009689
null
Supershells as probe particles for the study of the galactic spin orientation
Here we describe a method that can be used to derive, with a high degree of confidence, the direction of the rotation axis of a galaxy. The method is based on the deformation, caused by differential galactic rotation, of the remnants produced by multi-supernova explosions. We consider two realistic extreme sets of galactic boundary conditions, and assume a large number of possible locations and energetics of the exciting OB associations, for our time-dependent 3D calculations. We define the zones where the observation of large-scale multi-supernova remnants, for all possible galactic inclination angles, could help to determine the direction of galaxy rotation. The method is applied to the dwarf irregular Holmberg II (HoII) and to the spiral M31.
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10.677919
6.646505
1996-06-01
8
1996MNRAS.280..711S
[ "differential galactic rotation", "galactic boundary conditions", "multi-supernova explosions", "galaxy rotation", "possible locations", "Holmberg II", "large-scale multi-supernova remnants", "all possible galactic inclination angles", "the dwarf irregular Holmberg II", "HoII" ]
[ "SUPERNOVA REMNANTS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: HOII", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M31", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/280.3.711" ]
[ "Silich, S. A.", "Mashchenko, S. Ya.", "Tenorio-Tagle, G.", "Franco, J." ]
[ "Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 252650, Kiev, Goloseevo, Ukraine", "Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 252650, Kiev, Goloseevo, Ukraine", "Instituto de Astrofisca de Canarias, E38200-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain", "Instituto de Astronomia UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-264, 04510 Mexico DF, Mexico" ]
[ "1997ARep...41...19M", "1997RMxAC...6...14B", "1997RMxAC...6..198M", "1998A&A...332..429T", "1999A&A...343..352M", "2000astro.ph.10140M", "2004PASJ...56.1067Z", "2011AJ....141...23B" ]
[ "1969ApJ...155..393P", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1977ApJ...218..377W", "1978MNRAS.184..643D", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1982ApJ...252...75H", "1983ApJS...52..155G", "1983MNRAS.205..773U", "1986A&A...169...14B", "1987A&A...186..287T", "1987nngp.proc..227D", "1988A&A...198...61W", "1988ApJ...330..695T", "1988srim.conf..447M", "1989AZh....66..907K", "1989MNRAS.239..571K", "1990A&A...227..175P", "1990A&A...236..237I", "1990ASSL..161...39B", "1991ApJ...372...54B", "1991SvA....35..370B", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1992Ap&SS.195..317S", "1992PASJ...44..493K", "1993MNRAS.265..250D", "1994Ap&SS.220..243V", "1995AZh....72..660M", "1995RvMP...67..661B" ]
2010490
null
An old galaxy in a young Universe
A mature galaxy has been discovered in an early phase of the Universe apparently too young to contain it. Is this the end of the theorists' favourite cosmology, the Einstein-de Sitter model?
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11.739293
4.951642
1996-06-01
4
1996Natur.381Q.555K
[ "Universe", "an early phase", "the Einstein-de Sitter model", "the Einstein-de Sitter", "the theorists favourite cosmology", "A mature galaxy", "the Universe", "the end", "it", "this" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/381555a0" ]
[ "Kennicutt, Robert C." ]
[ "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA" ]
[ "1997A&G....38e..10W", "1998ApJ...507L.113Y", "1999PhRvD..59l3513G", "2000IJMPD...9..373S" ]
[ "1985ApJ...297..371H", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996Natur.381..581D" ]
2012390
null
On the Chemical Evolution of Our Galaxy
We have investigated the chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood with a particular emphasis on the helium abundance and the current supernova (SN) rate, while taking into account the effects of the stellar mass loss on nucleosynthesis in stars. We found that the Scalo IMF can reproduce the solar-helium abundance as well as the current ratio of type-Ia to type-(Ib+II) SNe for a suitable choice of the close-binary fraction. A current type-Ia to type-(Ib+II) SNe ratio as low as 0.1 is favored in order to reproduce the solar-iron abundance. We have noticed that there exists a method to estimate the mass-to-luminosity ratio of our Galaxy and the Hubble constant by assuming that the current SNe rate of our Galaxy is the same as that of external Sbc galaxies. By combining our best model prediction, M/L<SUB>B</SUB> = 12.3h(2) , with the observed value, M/L<SUB>B</SUB> = 7.6h, we obtained M/L<SUB>B</SUB> = 4.7 and H_0 ~ 62 \ [{km\ {s(-1) {Mpc}(-1}}) ] with a fairly large uncertainty.
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8.034935
7.367704
1996-06-01
3
1996PASJ...48..467M
[ "ratio", "Galaxy", "external Sbc galaxies", "SNe", "the current SNe rate", "type-(Ib+II", "the current ratio", "account", "luminosity", "SN" ]
[ "GALAXY: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: MASS-LUMINOSITY RATIO", "GALAXIES: MILKY WAY", "SUPERNOVAE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/48.3.467" ]
[ "Mihara, Kuniko", "Takahara, Fumio" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-ohsawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03", "-" ]
[ "1997PASP..109...78T", "2000ApJ...534..747R", "2011MNRAS.415.1155B" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1979A&A....71....1L", "1979ApJ...234..964S", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981ApJ...250..262C", "1982A&A...105..140C", "1982sscr.conf..371T", "1985ApJ...294..674C", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986IAUCo..89...91W", "1987sedo.work..609M", "1988A&A...191..121B", "1988A&A...197...33T", "1988ComAp..12..131V", "1989ApJ...345..752E", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1989epg..conf..201P", "1991ARA&A..29..129R", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ASPC...20..389A", "1991ASPC...20..539M", "1991ApJ...383L..71B", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...264..105M", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992ApJ...387..138F", "1993A&A...273..383C", "1993A&A...277...42P", "1993ApJ...403...65M", "1993ApJ...419...52R", "1993PhR...227...65W", "1994A&A...284..477P", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...424..181C", "1994ApJ...425..205V", "1994PASJ...46..447M", "1994RMxAA..28..181P", "1995MNRAS.273..499G", "1996PASJ...48....1F" ]
11601781
astro-ph/9509107
Cosmological Simulations with TreeSPH
We describe numerical methods for incorporating gasdynamics into cosmological simulations and present illustrative applications to the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario. Our evolution code, a version of TreeSPH (Hernquist &amp; Katz 1989) generalized to handle comoving coordinates and periodic boundary conditions, combines smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with the hierarchical tree method for computing gravitational forces. The Lagrangian hydrodynamics approach and individual time steps for gas particles give the algorithm a large dynamic range, which is essential for studies of galaxy formation in a cosmological context. The code incorporates radiative cooling for an optically thin, primordial composition gas in ionization equilibrium with a user-specified ultraviolet background. We adopt a phenomenological prescription for star formation that gradually turns cold, dense, Jeans-unstable gas into collisionless stars, returning supernova feedback energy to the surrounding medium. In CDM simulations, some of the baryons that fall into dark matter potential wells dissipate their acquired thermal energy and condense into clumps with roughly galactic masses. The resulting galaxy population is insensitive to assumptions about star formation; we obtain similar baryonic mass functions and galaxy correlation functions from simulations with star formation and from simulations without star formation in which we identify galaxies directly from the cold, dense gas.
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9.809469
5.373069
1996-07-01
927
1996ApJS..105...19K
[ "star formation", "galaxy formation", "gas particles", "collisionless stars", "cosmological simulations", "CDM simulations", "supernova feedback energy", "dark matter", "similar baryonic mass functions", "simulations" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
32
[ "10.1086/192305", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9509107" ]
[ "Katz, Neal", "Weinberg, David H.", "Hernquist, Lars" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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11601254
astro-ph/9510154
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Galaxy Formation. II. Photoionization and the Formation of Low-Mass Galaxies
Photoionization by the high-redshift ultraviolet radiation background heats low- density gas before it falls into dark matter potential wells, and it eliminates the neutral hydrogen and singly ionized helium that dominate cooling of primordial gas at temperatures of 10^4^-10^5^ K. We investigate the influence of photoionization on galaxy formation using high-resolution simulations with a one-dimensional, spherically symmetric, Lagrangian hydrodynamics/gravity code. We find that the presence of a photoionizing background suppresses the formation of galaxies with circular velocities v_circ_ &lt;~ 30 km s^-1^ and substantially reduces the mass of cooled baryons in systems with circular velocities up to v_circ_ ~ 50 km s^-1^. Above v_circ_ ~ 75 km s^-1^, photoionization has no significant effect. Photoionization exerts its influence primarily by heating gas before collapse; the elimination of line cooling processes is less important. We discuss the implications of these results for hierarchical theories of galaxy formation.
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11.929125
7.909207
1996-07-01
486
1996ApJ...465..608T
[ "galaxy formation", "low- density gas", "primordial gas", "heating gas", "circular velocities", "line cooling processes", "dark matter potential wells", "Photoionization", "photoionization", "galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "RADIATIVE TRANSFER", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/177446", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9510154" ]
[ "Thoul, Anne A.", "Weinberg, David H." ]
[ "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138", "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540; Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, Columbus, OH 43210" ]
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4958616
astro-ph/9512058
The Environment of ``E+A'' Galaxies
The spectrum of an "E + A" galaxy (Dressier &amp; Gunn) which is dominated by a young stellar component but lacks the emission lines characteristic of any significant, on-going star formation suggests that the galaxy experienced a brief, powerful starburst within the last gigayear (Dressler &amp; Gunn; Couch &amp; Sharples). In past work, this violent star formation history and the detection of these galaxies almost exclusively in distant clusters linked them to the Butcher-Oemler (B-O) effect (Butcher &amp; Oemler) and argued for the influence of cluster environment in the evolution of galaxies. However, no statistical survey of the environments of "E+A"s had ever been made. From 11,113 galaxy spectra in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (Shectman and coworkers), we have obtained a unique and well-defined sample of 21 nearby "E+A" galaxies with the same spectral characteristics as "E+A"s in distant clusters. These "E+A"s are selected to have the strongest Balmer absorption lines (the average of the equivalent widths of Hβ, γ, δ is &gt;5.5 A) and weakest [O II] emission-line equivalent widths (&lt;2.5 A, which corresponds to a detection of [O II] of less than 2 σ significance) of any of the galaxies in the survey. In contrast to inferences drawn from previous studies, we find that a large fraction (75%) of nearby "E + A "s lie in the field, well outside of clusters and rich groups of galaxies. We conclude that interactions with the cluster environment, in the form of the intracluster medium or cluster potential, are not essential for "E+A" formation and therefore that the presence of these galaxies in distant clusters does not provide strong evidence for the effects of cluster environment on galaxy evolution. If one mechanism is responsible for "E+A" formation, then the observations that "E+A"s exist in the field and that at least five of the 21 in our sample have clear tidal features argue that galaxy-galaxy interactions and mergers are that mechanism. The most likely environments for such mergers are poor groups of galaxies, which have lower velocity dispersions than clusters and higher galaxy densities than the field. Groups are correlated With rich clusters and, in hierarchical models, fall into clusters in greater numbers at intermediate redshifts than they do today (cf. Bower; Lacey &amp; Cole; Kauffmann). When combined with the strong evolution observed in the field population (cf. Broadhurst and coworkers; Lilly and coworkers), our work suggests that the B-O effect may reflect the typical evolution of galaxies in groups and in the field, rather than the influence of clusters on the star formation history of galaxies.
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12.311689
6.885416
1996-07-01
361
1996ApJ...466..104Z
[ "cluster environment", "galaxies", "distant clusters", "higher galaxy densities", "rich clusters", "clusters", "galaxy-galaxy interactions", "amp", "gt;5.5 A", "lt;2.5 A" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
14
[ "10.1086/177495", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512058" ]
[ "Zabludoff, Ann I.", "Zaritsky, Dennis", "Lin, Huan", "Tucker, Douglas", "Hashimoto, Yasuhiro", "Shectman, Stephen A.", "Oemler, Augustus", "Kirshner, Robert P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11607194
astro-ph/9502096
The age of elliptical galaxies and bulges in a merger model
The tightness of the observed colour-magnitude relation for elliptical galaxies has often been cited as an argument against a model in which ellipticals form by the merging of spiral discs. A common view is that merging would mix together stars of disparate ages and produce a large scatter in colour. Here we use semi-analytic models of galaxy formation in a flat cold dark matter (CDM) universe to derive the distribution of the mean ages and colours of the stars in cluster elliptical galaxies formed by mergers. It is seen that most of the stars in cluster ellipticals form at relatively high redshift (&lt;e1&gt;z&lt;~&lt;/e1&gt;1.9) and that the predicted scatter in the colour-magnitude relation falls within observational bounds. We conclude that the apparent `homogeneity' in the properties of the stellar populations of cluster ellipticals is not inconsistent with a merger scenario for the origin of these systems. The analysis is then extended to the stellar populations of field ellipticals and the bulges of spiral galaxies. The mean stellar age of a bright field elliptical is on average 4Gyr less than that of a cluster elliptical. The ages of bulges are found to correlate strongly with the luminosity of the associated disc. The bulges of late-type spirals are predicted to be older than the bulges of early-type spirals. Finally, we derive predictions for the properties of elliptical galaxies in clusters at high redshift. The number of recently merged objects increases with redshift and this causes the scatter in the colour distributions to become progressively larger. However, an rms scatter in rest-frame U-V colour greater than 0.1 is predicted only at redshifts greater than 1.
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11.983994
6.254858
1996-07-01
411
1996MNRAS.281..487K
[ "cluster elliptical galaxies", "cluster ellipticals", "elliptical galaxies", "field ellipticals", "spiral galaxies", "galaxy formation", "high redshift", "ellipticals", "disparate ages", "clusters" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.2.487", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502096" ]
[ "Kauffmann, Guinevere" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
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[ "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1990dig..book..132J", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994ApJ...432..453C", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995IAUS..164..249F", "1995IAUS..164..325R", "1995MNRAS.274..161K", "1996MNRAS.281..475K" ]
11607220
astro-ph/9512123
Disc galaxies at z=0 and at high redshift: an explanation of the observed evolution of damped Lyalpha absorption systems
The analysis of disc formation in this paper is based on the White &amp; Rees model, in which disc galaxies form by the continuous cooling and accretion of gas within a merging hierarchy of dark matter haloes. A simple Kennicutt law of star formation for discs, based on a single-fluid gravitational stability model, is introduced. Since the gas supply in the disc is regulated by infall from the surrounding halo, the gas is always maintained at a critical threshold surface density Sigma_c, where Sigma_c~V_c/R. Chemical enrichment of the discs occurs when the surrounding hot halo gas is enriched with heavy elements ejected during supernova explosions. This gas then cools on to the disc, producing a new generation of metal-rich stars. We show that models of this type can reproduce many of the observed properties of a typical spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, including its gas and stellar surface density profiles and the observed relationship between the ages and metallicities of solar neighbourhood stars. In particular, we find that the rapid early enrichment predicted by our model solves the classic G-dwarf problem. In addition, we are able to account for some of the global trends in the properties of disc galaxies, such as the observed relation between galaxy luminosity, metallicity and gas content. We then use our models to make inferences about the properties of disc galaxies at high redshift. Because the overall mass distribution in the Universe shifts to smaller haloes at higher redshifts, and these smaller haloes contain less luminous, more gas-rich galaxies, we find that the total neutral hydrogen density Omega(HI) increases at higher z. The predicted increase is mild, but is roughly consistent with the latest derivation of Omega(HI) as a function of z by Storrie-Lombardi &amp; MacMahon. Our models are also able to account for some of the other trends seen in the high-redshift data, including the increase in the number of high-column-density systems at high redshift, as well as the metallicity distribution of damped Lyalpha systems at z~2-3. Finally, one completely general prediction of these models is that, at high redshift, the galaxies that produce the damped Lyalpha absorption will typically be smaller, more compact and less luminous than disc galaxies at the present epoch.
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11.005758
6.733763
1996-07-01
218
1996MNRAS.281..475K
[ "disc galaxies", "disc formation", "discs", "high redshift", "higher redshifts", "galaxy luminosity", "gas", "Rees model", "models", "smaller haloes" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: HALOES", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.2.475", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512123" ]
[ "Kauffmann, Guinevere" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.281..487K", "1997ASPC..114...37W", "1997ApJ...480..145N", "1997ApJ...481..601R", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...484...31G", "1997ApJ...486...42G", "1997ApJ...487...73P", "1997ApJ...487L..29F", "1997ApJ...487L..53C", "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1997NuPhA.621..566P", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997euvl.conf..219W", "1997gsr..proc....3W", "1998A&A...334..388W", "1998A&A...337...51L", "1998ASPC..133..237C", "1998ASPC..136..159W", "1998ASPC..147...78G", "1998Ap&SS.263...43S", "1998ApJ...495..647H", "1998ApJ...496..177M", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...507..113P", "1998ApJ...508L.123D", "1998MNRAS.294..705K", "1998MNRAS.295..319M", "1998MNRAS.296..430J", "1998MNRAS.301..168N", "1998astro.ph.10418P", "1999A&A...351..841M", "1999AIPC..470..102M", "1999ASPC..156..140P", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999Ap&SS.264..347W", "1999Ap&SS.265..483P", "1999Ap&SS.269..513S", "1999ApJ...512L.105N", "1999ApJ...522..604P", "1999AstL...25..582E", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", 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"2023MNRAS.520.3368B", "2023MNRAS.525.3032B", "2024MNRAS.529..628V" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1972ApJ...176L...9Q", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1981AJ.....86.1825B", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1987ApJ...317...82G", "1987ApJ...319..575B", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988prun.proc..201B", "1988qal..conf..227Y", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1990ApJ...348...48P", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1993A&AS..102..603E", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJ...419L..13H", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994ApJ...435L.101W", "1994ApJ...437L..75S", "1994MNRAS.267..401N", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995ApJ...454..698W", "1995ApJS...99..501P", "1995MNRAS.275...56N" ]
2787055
astro-ph/9606135
Detection of Lyman-α-emitting galaxies at redshift 4.55
STUDIESof the formation and early history of galaxies have been hampered by the difficulties inherent in detecting faint galaxy populations at high redshift. As a consequence, observations at the highest redshifts (z = 3.5-5) have been restricted to objects that are intrinsically bright. These include quasars, radio galaxies, and some Lyman-α-emitting objects<SUP>1-3</SUP> that are very close to (within ~10kpc)-and appear to be physically associated with-quasars. But the extremely energetic processes which make these objects easy to detect also make them unrepresentative of normal (field) galaxies. Here we report the discovery of two Lyman-α-emitting galaxies at redshift z = 4.55, which are sufficiently far from the nearest quasar (~700kpc) that radiation from the quasar is unlikely to provide the excitation source of the Lyman-α emission. Instead, these galaxies appear to be undergoing their first burst of star formation, at a time when the Universe was less than one billion years old.
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13.434906
6.582775
1996-07-01
118
1996Natur.382..231H
[ "faint galaxy populations", "radio galaxies", "galaxies", "redshift z", "high redshift", "star formation", "objects", "Lyman", "quasars", "z" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/382231a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9606135" ]
[ "Hu, Esther M.", "McMahon, Richard G." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.1794T", "1996Natur.383..502R", "1996astro.ph..9188H", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..114...11P", "1997ASPC..117..477F", "1997ApJ...474L..81K", "1997ApJ...478L..57M", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1997ApJ...485...92T", "1997ApJ...486L..75F", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997hsth.conf...67C", "1997hsth.conf..207D", "1998AJ....115.1225F", "1998AJ....115.1319C", "1998AJ....115.2169G", "1998ASPC..133...88C", "1998ASPC..146..148H", "1998ApJ...492....1K", "1998ApJ...497...21M", "1998ApJ...501L..11M", "1998ApJ...502L..99H", "1998MNRAS.293L...6T", "1998MNRAS.298..577N", "1998astro.ph..5159D", "1999A&A...343L..40B", "1999AJ....118.2547K", "1999ASPC..177...89T", "1999ASPC..191..179D", "1999ASPC..191..203H", "1999ASPC..193..397D", "1999ASPC..193..554H", "1999ApJ...511L...1C", "1999ApJ...522L...9H", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000AJ....120.2206F", "2000AdSpR..25.2233T", "2000ApJ...532L..13T", "2000ApJ...536...19K", "2000PASJ...52..557O", "2001ApJ...547..146T", "2001ApJ...562L..15T", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ASSL..276..323V", "2002ApJ...576L..25A", "2002astro.ph..1056L", "2003AJ....125...13F", "2003JKAS...36..123T", "2003PASA...20..242B", "2003PASJ...55L..17K", "2003RMxAC..16..173B", "2004A&A...418..885N", "2004ApJ...614...75F", "2004MNRAS.353..301F", "2005MNRAS.357L..11L", "2005RMxAC..24..247G", "2006AJ....131...34M", "2006ApJ...642L..13G", "2006Natur.440.1145H", "2006Natur.443..151M", "2007A&A...461..423M", "2007A&A...471...71N", "2007ASPC..380...61N", "2007ApJ...663..765K", "2007ApJ...671..278G", "2007MNRAS.379.1589D", "2008MNRAS.386..492D", "2008Msngr.131...11M", "2008SPIE.7016E..02I", "2009Ap&SS.320...35M", "2010ApJ...711..693K", "2010ApJ...720.1016Y", "2010MNRAS.405..969K", "2010PASJ...62.1455N", "2011ApJ...729...48B", "2011ApJS..192....5A", "2011MNRAS.416.2041M", "2011PJAB...87..575I", "2012ApJ...752..160W", "2012ApJ...754..118Y", "2012ApJ...760..128M", "2012MNRAS.422.2980S", "2012MNRAS.424..884Y", "2012MNRAS.424.2193J", "2013ApJ...766..124L", "2013ApJ...775...99C", "2013RMxAC..42...62B", "2014ApJ...795...33E", "2014ApJ...797...11O", "2014MNRAS.437.3962Y", "2014MNRAS.440..776Y", "2014MNRAS.440.2375M", "2014PASP..126..969B", "2015ApJ...812..157H", "2015MNRAS.449.4336S", "2015Natur.523..169E", "2016MNRAS.456.4061B", "2016MNRAS.457.3541C", "2017ApJ...845L..16H", "2018A&A...614A..31B", "2018ApJ...863..131F", "2018MNRAS.477.5406Y", "2018MNRAS.480.1938C", "2018PASJ...70S..13O", "2019A&A...621A.107H", "2019A&A...624A.141U", "2019SAAS...46..189O", "2020ARA&A..58..617O", "2020ApJ...890L..12D", "2021A&A...648A...7G", "2022MNRAS.516..572M", "2023A&A...680A..70W", "2023ApJ...958..187L", "2024ApJ...962...36L", "2024arXiv240211220N", "2024arXiv240418998P" ]
[ "1971MNRAS.153..471B", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1985ApJ...299L...1D", "1988ApJ...328..315M", "1990ApJ...348..371S", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1991ApJ...377L..73L", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1993ApJ...404..511M", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1994A&A...288..103G", "1994ApJ...428..574W", "1994ApJ...432L..83C", "1994ApJS...94..461S", "1995AAS...186.2509D", "1995ApJ...455...50L", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1995PASP..107..375O", "1996ApJ...457..490F", "1996ApJ...459L..53H", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "1996Natur.380..411P" ]
11600572
astro-ph/9512111
Unveiling hidden structures in the Coma cluster.
We have assembled a large data-set of 613 galaxy redshifts in the Coma cluster, the largest presently available for a cluster of galaxies. We have defined a sample of cluster members complete to b_26.5_=20.0, using a membership criterion based on the galaxy velocity, when available, or on the galaxy magnitude and colour, otherwise. Such a data set allows us to define nearly complete samples within a region of 1h^-1^Mpc radius, with a sufficient number of galaxies per sample to make statistical analyses possible. Using this sample and the ROSAT PSPC X-ray image of the cluster, we have re-analyzed the structure and kinematics of Coma, by applying the wavelet and adaptive kernel techniques. A striking coincidence of features is found in the distributions of galaxies and hot intracluster gas. The two central dominant galaxies, NGC 4874 and NGC 4889, are surrounded by two galaxy groups, mostly populated with galaxies brighter than b_26.5_=17 and well separated in velocity space. On the contrary, the fainter galaxies tend to form a single smooth structure with a central peak coinciding in position with a secondary peak detected in X-rays, and located between the two dominant galaxies; we suggest to identify this structure with the main body of the Coma cluster. A continuous velocity gradient is found in the central distribution of these faint galaxies, a probable signature of tidal interactions rather than rotation. There is evidence for a bound population of bright galaxies around other brightest cluster members. Altogether, the Coma cluster structure seems to be better traced by the faint galaxy population, the bright galaxies being located in subclusters. We discuss this evidence in terms of an ongoing accretion of groups onto the cluster.
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11.981788
5.989957
1996-07-01
125
1996A&A...311...95B
[ "bright galaxies", "galaxies", "other brightest cluster members", "cluster members", "the faint galaxy population", "the bright galaxies", "the galaxy velocity", "these faint galaxies", "sample", "two galaxy groups" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: COMA", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9512111" ]
[ "Biviano, A.", "Durret, F.", "Gerbal, D.", "Le Fevre, O.", "Lobo, C.", "Mazure, A.", "Slezak, E." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&A...317..385L", "1997A&A...322...53P", "1997A&A...323..337A", "1997Ap&SS.254..233I", "1997ApJ...474L...7V", "1997ApJ...482.1011S", "1997ApJ...485..447D", "1997ApJS..111..143B", "1997MNRAS.287..817V", "1997astro.ph.10094G", "1998A&A...331..439A", "1998A&A...331..838K", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998A&AS..128..397S", "1998AJ....115.1423C", "1998ASPC..145..500S", "1998ApJ...493...62R", "1998ApJ...496..693R", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1998ucb..proc....1B", "1998ucb..proc..170B", "1998ucb..proc..187C", "1998wfsc.conf..359A", "1999A&A...342..408G", "1999A&A...343..733S", "1999A&A...344..409E", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999AJ....117..140C", "1999ASPC..163..286B", "1999ApJ...513..690D", "1999ApJ...527...80W", "1999MNRAS.308..309R", "2000A&A...355..443P", "2000A&A...355..461A", "2000AJ....119..580B", "2000AJ....119..991S", "2000ASPC..215..151B", "2000ASPC..218..283B", "2000ApJ...533..137H", "2000ChPhL..17..388C", "2000cucg.confE...1B", "2001A&A...371...11A", "2001A&A...377..428S", "2001A&A...379..347B", "2001ASPC..240..626B", "2001ApJ...547..555G", "2001ApJ...563..118P", "2001AstHe..94..161S", "2001ChA&A..25..132C", "2001NewA....6...43G", "2001astro.ph.10053B", "2002ASPC..268..127B", "2002ASSL..272...79B", "2002ApJ...567..130B", "2002ApJ...567..178E", "2002ApJS..138..185F", "2003A&A...397..431M", "2003MNRAS.343..401L", "2004A&A...424..779B", "2004A&A...425...33B", "2004AJ....127..765L", "2004AJ....127.3300V", "2004ApJ...600..657K", "2004MNRAS.352.1135P", "2004astro.ph..7278B", "2004ogci.conf..413M", "2005A&A...429...39A", "2005A&A...443...17A", "2005A&A...443..805A", "2005Ap.....48..433K", "2005MNRAS.359.1491K", "2005xrrc.procE8.07B", "2006A&A...451.1159A", "2006A&A...459..679A", "2006MsT..........3H", "2007A&A...462..411A", "2007A&A...467...37B", "2007A&A...467...49M", "2007A&A...468..815G", "2007A&A...470...39R", "2007Ap.....50..289K", "2007ApJ...662..236H", "2007ApJ...666..846J", "2008A&A...490..923M", "2008A&A...491..681A", "2008arXiv0805.0002V", "2009A&A...507.1225A", "2009ApJ...691.1337J", "2009ApJ...700.1161G", "2010A&A...517A..65G", "2010A&A...519A.107K", "2010MNRAS.402.1942C", "2010MNRAS.408.1818W", "2011A&A...525A..79M", "2011A&A...532A..77B", "2012A&A...540A..43B", "2012AJ....144...40Y", "2013ApJ...766..107A", "2013MNRAS.434.1939A", "2014A&A...566A.149G", "2014ApJ...794...12B", "2015A&A...583A.124D", "2015Ap.....58..328T", "2016A&A...588A..69D", "2016A&A...595A..73B", "2016ApJS..224...33B", "2016MNRAS.455..158V", "2016MsT.........33H", "2017A&A...602A..20B", "2017A&A...604A..96M", "2017MNRAS.465.2584B", "2017MNRAS.471.2022T", "2018A&A...613A..20D", "2018MNRAS.479.3308A", "2019A&A...622A..78D", "2019A&A...631A..16Z", "2019MNRAS.485.2922L", "2020A&A...633A..42S", "2020A&A...634A..30M", "2020IAUS..342..133L", "2020MNRAS.492.2405B", "2021A&A...650A..76H", "2021A&A...651A..41C", "2024MNRAS.527.1368K", "2024arXiv240201834H" ]
[ "1931ZPhy...69..298V", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1969ApJ...158..657R", "1971PASP...83..313R", "1974ApJ...188..451R", "1975ApJ...199....1G", "1976ApJ...205..716G", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977MNRAS.178..701M", "1979ApJ...230..655V", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1980AJ.....85.1565H", "1981AJ.....86..919S", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1983MNRAS.203..701W", "1983crvg.book.....P", "1984AJ.....89.1310D", "1984AN....305..175B", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984MNRAS.208..709M", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1985ApJS...57..423B", "1986AJ.....92.1248T", "1986desd.book.....S", "1986gft..book.....D", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987ApJ...317..653F", "1987ApJ...320...96G", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1987IAUS..117..112G", "1988A&A...199...67M", "1988A&AS...76..339M", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1988MNRAS.231..977L", "1989AJ.....97.1279S", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJS...71..701H", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990AJ....100.1405W", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990MNRAS.243..390K", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1991MNRAS.253..584L", "1992A&A...253...77G", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992A&A...264..379E", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...387...27Y", "1992ApJ...396...35B", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1992MNRAS.258..738W", "1993AJ....106..473C", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993AJ....106.1314Z", "1993ApJ...404...38G", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993MNRAS.261L...8W", "1993MNRAS.263...31T", "1993MNRAS.264...71V", "1993MNRAS.265..706P", "1994A&A...287..733D", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1994AJ....108.1996S", "1994ApJ...423..539E", "1994ApJ...427L..87B", "1994ApJ...433L..61G", "1994ApJ...435..162V", "1994MNRAS.267..779F", "1994MNRAS.268...79W", "1994clga.conf...11M", "1995A&A...297..610B", "1995A&A...303..661D", "1995A&AS..111..265B", "1995AJ....109.1071P", "1995AJ....109.1469R", "1995ApJ...438..590G", "1995ApJ...439..113D", "1995ApJ...445..607G", "1995astro.ph..8153D", "1996AJ....111...78C", "1996MNRAS.278..697P" ]
11607569
astro-ph/9605154
Identification of a galaxy responsible for a high-redshift Lyman-α absorption system
DAMPEDLyman-α systems are high-column-density intergalactic clouds of hydrogen, the existence of which is inferred from absorption lines appearing in the emission spectra of distant quasars. The galaxies believed to be responsible for these absorption systems have been suggested as possible progenitors of the normal disk galaxies observed in the local Universe<SUP>1</SUP>. Indeed, Lyman-α systems appear to contain a substantial fraction of the baryons known to exist in galaxies today<SUP>2,3</SUP>. Here we report the optical detection of a galaxy (designated DLA2233 + 131) associated with a known<SUP>4</SUP> damped Lyman-α absorption system at a redshift of z = 3.150. The properties of this galaxy correspond closely to those expected of a young disk galaxy in the early stages of formation, and show no evidence for an active nucleus. This finding gives strong support to the idea that damped Lyman-α systems represent a population of young galaxies at high red-shifts.
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14.081794
8.603466
1996-07-01
119
1996Natur.382..234D
[ "young galaxies", "galaxies", "absorption lines", "Lyman-α absorption system", "a young disk galaxy", "Lyman", "the normal disk galaxies", "Lyman-α systems", "α", "strong support" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/382234a0", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9605154" ]
[ "Djorgovski, S. G.", "Pahre, M. A.", "Bechtold, J.", "Elston, R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJS..107..475L", "1996Natur.383..502R", "1997AIPC..408..279P", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..114...11P", "1997ASPC..114..137P", "1997ApJ...481..673L", "1997ApJ...482L..25F", "1997ApJ...484...31G", "1997ApJ...484..131L", "1997ApJ...484L...1M", "1997ApJ...486...42G", "1997ApJ...486L..75F", "1997ApJ...487...73P", "1997ApJ...489..489P", "1997IAUS..178..525B", "1997astro.ph..3076W", "1998A&A...330...19M", "1998A&A...332..514L", "1998A&A...337...51L", "1998AJ....115.1319C", "1998AJ....116..673F", "1998ASPC..146..186L", "1998ASPC..148...47S", "1998ApJ...492....1K", "1998ApJ...495..647H", "1998ApJ...498L..93D", "1998ApJ...501L..11M", "1998ApJ...504L..61L", "1998ApJS..114....1G", "1998MNRAS.295..319M", "1998MNRAS.296..430J", "1998MNRAS.299..661M", "1998astro.ph..1031A", "1998astro.ph..5159D", "1999A&A...351..841M", "1999ASPC..156..140P", "1999ASPC..177...89T", "1999ASPC..191..179D", "1999ASPC..193..397D", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999ApJ...519..486M", "1999ApJ...520..469T", "1999MNRAS.303..711L", "1999MNRAS.305..849F", "1999MNRAS.309..875B", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "1999Prama..53.1013K", "1999fsgu.conf..120T", "2000A&A...353..457F", "2000ASPC..200..276P", "2000AdSpR..25.2233T", "2000ApJ...534..594H", "2000ApJ...536...36K", "2000MNRAS.317..937R", "2000RSPTA.358.2035P", "2000RvMA...13..173K", "2000astro.ph..6145S", "2000fist.conf..305P", "2001A&A...373..796F", "2001Ap&SS.276.1007F", "2001ApJ...549..770E", "2001ApJ...550..585B", "2001ApJ...551...37K", "2001ApJ...556...70S", "2001ApJ...557..421S", "2001ApJ...559..131G", "2001MNRAS.321..743M", "2001MNRAS.326..759W", "2001defi.conf..326G", "2002AJ....123.2206P", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ApJ...566...51C", "2002ApJ...574...51M", "2002ApJ...578...33Z", "2002JKAS...35..175A", "2003ApJ...597..699H", "2003JKAS...36..123T", "2004A&A...417..487C", "2004A&A...419..927V", "2004A&A...422L..33M", "2004AN....325..124C", "2004NuPhS.132..295V", "2005A&A...429..477C", "2005MNRAS.358..985W", "2006A&A...457...71L", "2006AJ....131..686C", "2006ApJ...636...30K", "2006IAUS..232..130S", "2007A&A...464..487K", "2007A&A...468..587C", "2007MNRAS.376..673M", "2009ApJ...695.1382M", "2010MNRAS.408..362F", "2010MNRAS.408.2128F", "2010PhDT.......254L", "2011A&A...532A..51Z", "2011MNRAS.410.2237P", "2012A&A...546A..20S", "2012MNRAS.419....2B", "2014ApJ...780..116K", "2014ApJ...793..139C", "2014MNRAS.438..529R", "2014MNRAS.445..225C", "2015MNRAS.446...18C", "2015MNRAS.446.3178F", "2015MNRAS.448.2832W", "2016A&A...596A..97D", "2016ApJ...831...49J", "2016MNRAS.458.3760S", "2016MNRAS.463..980R", "2017A&A...606A..13F", "2017ApJ...841...67F", "2017arXiv170400317J", "2019ApJ...883...17C", "2020MNRAS.493.5336B", "2020PASJ...72...29O", "2022A&A...662A..64R", "2022ApJ...929..150K" ]
[ "1985AJ.....90..987C", "1991ApJ...373L..39E", "1991ApJ...377L..73L", "1992ApJ...385..151W", "1992ApJ...391...48L", "1993ApJ...404..511M", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJ...419L..13H", "1993ApJS...84....1L", "1993NYASA.688..281W", "1994ApJ...427L..13S", "1994ApJ...435L.101W", "1994PASP..106.1052P", "1995AJ....110..963T", "1995AJ....110..982T", "1995AJ....110.2519S", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995ApJ...449L...1P", "1995ApJ...451..484L", "1995ApJS...99..173L", "1995PASP..107..375O", "1996A&A...311...25W", "1996ApJ...457..490F", "1996ApJ...461...20H", "1996ApJ...462L..17S" ]
11607305
astro-ph/9511057
Pursuing parameters for critical-density dark matter models
We present an extensive comparison of models of structure formation with observations, based on linear and quasi-linear theory. We assume a critical matter density, and study both cold dark matter models and cold plus hot dark matter models. We explore a wide range of parameters, by varying the fraction of hot dark matter , the Hubble parameter h and the spectral index of density perturbations n, and allowing for the possibility of gravitational waves from inflation influencing large-angle microwave background anisotropies. New calculations are made of the transfer functions describing the linear power spectrum, with special emphasis on improving the accuracy on short scales where there are strong constraints. For assessing early object formation, the transfer functions are explicitly evaluated at the appropriate redshift. The observations considered are the four-year COBE observations of microwave background anisotropies, peculiar velocity flows, the galaxy correlation function, and the abundances of galaxy clusters, quasars and damped Lyman alpha systems. Each observation is interpreted in terms of the power spectrum filtered by a top-hat window function. We find that there remains a viable region of parameter space for critical-density models when all the dark matter is cold, though h must be less than 0.5 before any fit is found and n significantly below unity is preferred. Once a hot dark matter component is invoked, a wide parameter space is acceptable, including n 1. The allowed region is characterized by 0.35 and 0.60 n 1.25, at 95 per cent confidence on at least one piece of data. There is no useful lower bound on h, and for curious combinations of the other parameters it is possible to fit the data with h as high as 0.65.
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11.456004
1.054123
1996-07-01
64
1996MNRAS.281..531L
[ "hot dark matter", "parameter space", "parameters", "microwave background anisotropies", "density perturbations", "early object formation", "cold plus hot dark matter models", "structure formation", "galaxy clusters", "both cold dark matter models" ]
[ "cosmology: theory - dark matter", "Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.2.531", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511057" ]
[ "Liddle, Andrew R.", "Lyth, David H.", "Schaefer, R. K.", "Shafi, Q.", "Viana, Pedro T. P." ]
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11608984
astro-ph/9606040
Semi-Automatic Removal of Foreground Stars from Images of Galaxies
A new procedure, designed to remove foreground stars from galaxy proviles is presented here. Although several programs exist for stellar and faint object photometry, none of them treat star removal from the images very carefully. I present my attempt to develop such a system, and briefly compare the performance of my software to one of the well-known stellar photometry packages, DAOPhot (Stetson 1987). Major steps in my procedure are: (1) automatic construction of an empirical 2D point spread function from well separated stars that are situated off the galaxy; (2) automatic identification of those peaks that are likely to be foreground stars, scaling the PSF and removing these stars, and patching residuals (in the automatically determined smallest possible area where residuals are truly significant); and (3) cosmetic fix of remaining degradations in the image. The algorithm and software presented here is significantly better for automatic removal of foreground stars from images of galaxies than DAOPhot or similar packages, since: (a) the most suitable stars are selected automatically from the image for the PSF fit; (b) after star-removal an intelligent and automatic procedure removes any possible residuals; (c) unlimited number of images can be cleaned in one run without any user interaction whatsoever. (SECTION: Computing and Data Analysis)
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11.393965
4.438248
1996-07-01
6
1996PASP..108..624F
[ "star removal", "foreground stars", "automatic removal", "images", "galaxy proviles", "galaxies", "residuals", "Data Analysis", "unlimited number", "star-removal" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/133775", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9606040" ]
[ "Frei, Zsolt" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997ASSL..210..239M", "1999Ap&SS.269..649F", "2001BaltA..10..413B", "2011ApJS..197...21H", "2019MNRAS.482.2823P", "2021A&C....3700507C" ]
[ "1976PASP...88..543T", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1983AJ.....88..296H", "1984AJ.....89...83I", "1986AJ.....92..285P", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1989ApJ...343..602E", "1996AJ....111..174F" ]
11601607
astro-ph/9506052
Topology of Large-Scale Structure by Galaxy Type: Hydrodynamic Simulations
The topology of large-scale structure is studied as a function of galaxy type using the genus statistic. In hydrodynamical cosmological cold dark matter simulations, galaxies form on caustic surfaces (Zeldovich pancakes) and then slowly drain onto filaments and clusters. The earliest forming galaxies in the simulations (defined as "ellipticals") are thus seen at the present epoch preferentially in clusters (tending toward a meatball topology), while the latest forming galaxies (defined as "spirals") are seen currently in a spongelike topology. The topology is measured by the genus (number of "doughnut" holes minus number of isolated regions) of the smoothed density-contour surfaces. The measured genus curve for all galaxies as a function of density obeys approximately the theoretical curve expected for random- phase initial conditions, but the early-forming elliptical galaxies show a shift toward a meatball topology relative to the late-forming spirals. Simulations using standard biasing schemes fail to show such an effect. Large observational samples separated by galaxy type could be used to test for this effect.
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11.433662
6.377259
1996-07-01
8
1996ApJ...465..499G
[ "galaxy type", "hydrodynamical cosmological cold dark matter simulations", "random- phase initial conditions", "the latest forming galaxies", "density obeys", "caustic surfaces", "The earliest forming galaxies", "standard biasing schemes", "Simulations", "Large observational samples" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/177436", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9506052" ]
[ "Gott, J. Richard, III", "Cen, Renyue", "Ostriker, Jeremiah P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.284..633D", "1998ASPC..146..405P", "1998MNRAS.297..777C", "2002ApJ...580..663H", "2005ApJ...618....1H", "2005ApJ...633...11P", "2008ApJ...675...16G", "2010ApJS..190..181C" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1967ApJ...147...73S", "1971ApJ...169L..13G", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1976ApJ...204..649G", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977ARA&A..15..235G", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1979ApJ...234...13G", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980MNRAS.193..353E", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...246L...5B", "1982ApJ...263L...1P", "1982Natur.295..304G", "1983PhRvD..28..679B", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1984PhLB..136..157G", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...306..341G", "1986ApJ...309....1H", "1986isos.book..362G", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...319....1G", "1987ApJ...321....2W", "1988ApJ...328...50M", "1988PASP..100.1373W", "1989ApJ...340..625G", "1989ApJ...345..618M", "1989Sci...245..361J", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...352....1G", "1990ApJ...354L..37M", "1990ApJ...365...13E", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.242P..59P", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991MNRAS.249..288P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992ApJ...387....1P", "1992ApJ...392L..51P", "1992ApJ...393...22C", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1992ApJ...399L..11C", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJS...78..341C", "1992MNRAS.256..477M", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417..387C", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1994ApJ...420..525V", "1994ApJ...421....1R", "1994ApJ...423L...9T", "1994ApJ...430...83K", "1994ApJ...431..451C", "1994ApJ...432....7K", "1994ApJ...432L...5R", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1994ApJ...437....1S", "1994ApJ...437L...9C", "1994Natur.371..385P", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1995ApJ...441L...9B", "1995ApJ...451..436C", "1995PhLB..351...99L", "1995PhRvD..52.3314B", "1995PhRvD..52.6789L", "1995Sci...267..980B", "1995wfsd.conf...98S" ]
1988076
null
Stellar and Gaseous Kinematics of Seyfert Galaxies. II. The Role of the Bulge
We have used measurements of the nuclear stellar velocity dispersion, σ_*_, for a large sample of Seyfert galaxies to investigate the role played by the nuclear gravitational potential in defining the properties of active galaxies. We address four basic questions. First, do Seyferts have unusual nuclear stellar dynamical properties compared to those of normal galaxies? Second, what are the relative contributions of gravitational and nongravitational forces creating the velocity field of the nuclear emission-line gas? Third, how do the emission-line and radio luminosities in the narrow-line region (NLR) depend on the bulge potential? Fourth, in what way are the properties of Seyfert galaxies related to those of radio galaxies? We find that Seyferts define a tight correlation between σ_*_ and bulge absolute magnitude, similar to the Faber-Jackson relation for normal spiral bulges. We infer from this that Seyfert bulges are kinematically normal. The Seyfert relation is, however, offset to higher bulge luminosities, which we interpret as evidence for a lower mean mass- to-light ratio. Either Seyferts have experienced higher than average star formation or they avoid systems with older stellar populations. We analyze the relations between σ_*_ and both galaxy rotation and galaxy absolute magnitude, finding similar relations to those of normal spirals. This also supports a normal kinematic relation between bulges and disks in Seyferts. A moderately strong correlation between σ_*_ and [O III] profile width suggests that gravitational motion plays an important role in the NLR velocity field. The correlation is weaker with [O III] base and wing widths, although the interpretation of this is not yet clear. The remaining real scatter on the relations indicates the importance of other factors. In particular, objects with kiloparsec-scale linear radio sources can have significantly broader [O III] lines, confirming that interaction with an expanding radio source can accelerate the NLR gas. We also find that Seyferts that are tidally distorted have broader [O III] lines. The kinematic relations do not depend on galaxy inclination or Seyfert class, suggesting that the NLR gas is confined neither to the plane of the galaxy nor to the plane of an inner obscuring disk. We find moderately strong correlations between [O III] luminosity and σ_*_ and between radio luminosity and σ_*_, confirming the importance of the bulge potential in determining the overall NLR luminosity. More massive bulges may have more massive black holes, provide more fuel through stellar mass loss, allow larger emitting regions, and/or have higher pressures and emissivities. We included radio galaxies in our analysis of the correlation between radio luminosity and bulge mass. Using total radio luminosity, the radio galaxies and Seyferts show little connection. However, when the core luminosities of radio galaxies are used, the two groups form a single continuous steep relation spanning 6 mag in M_bul_. There is some evidence that at a given bulge mass, more "jetlike" sources (Seyferts with linear morphology, and cores of FR II radio galaxies) are more luminous than the less "jetlike" sources (Seyferts without linear morphology, and cores of FR I radio galaxies). Finally, the radio galaxies fall on the same Faber-Jackson relation as the Seyferts, offset from the normal galaxy relation. Thus, we see both unity and continuity between the properties of Seyfert galaxies and radio galaxies. In particular, we can understand the separation of radio-quiet and radio- loud objects into spirals and ellipticals as a direct manifestation of a more fundamental dependence of galactic scale radio luminosity on bulge mass.
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15.3119
7.234612
1996-07-01
220
1996ApJ...465...96N
[ "radio galaxies", "FR II radio galaxies", "radio luminosity", "total radio luminosity", "galactic scale radio luminosity", "Seyfert galaxies", "normal galaxies", "higher bulge luminosities", "galaxy inclination", "active galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/177405" ]
[ "Nelson, Charles H.", "Whittle, Mark" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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1988235
null
Small-Scale Power Spectrum and Correlations in Lambda + Cold Dark Matter Models
Cosmological models with a positive cosmological constant ({LAMBDA} &gt; 0) and {OMEGA}_0_ &lt; 1 have a number of attractive features. A larger Hubble constant H_0_, which can be compatible with the recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) estimate, and a large fraction of baryon density in galaxy clusters make them current favorites. Early galaxy formation also is considered as a welcome feature of these models. But early galaxy formation implies that fluctuations on scales of a few megaparsecs spent more time in the nonlinear regime, as compared With standard cold dark matter (CDM) or cold + hot dark matter (CHDM) models. As has been known for a long time, this results in excessive clustering on small scales. We show that a typical {LAMBDA}CDM model with H_0_ = 70 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^, {OMEGA}_0_ = 0.3, and cosmological constant {LAMBDA} such that {OMEGA}<SUB>LAMBDA</SUB>_ = {LAMBDA}/(3H_0_^2^) = 1 - {OMEGA}_0_, normalized to COBE on large scales and compatible with the number density of galaxy clusters, predicts a power spectrum of galaxy clustering in real space which is too high: at least twice larger than CfA estimates and 3 times larger than estimates for the APM Galaxy Survey for wavenumbers k = (0.4- 1)h Mpc^-1^. This conclusion holds if we assume either that galaxies trace the dark matter (σ_8_ ~ 1.1 for this model) or just that a region with higher density produces more galaxies than a region with lower density. The only way to reconcile the model with the observed power spectrum P(k) is to assume that regions with high dark matter density produce fewer galaxies than regions with low density. Theoretically this is possible, but it seems very unlikely: X-ray emission from groups and clusters indicates that places with a large density of dark matter produce a large number of galaxies. Since it follows that the low-{OMEGA} {LAMBDA}CDM models are in serious trouble, we discuss which ACDM models have the best hope of surviving the confrontation with all available observational data.
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11.78839
1.266152
1996-07-01
51
1996ApJ...466...13K
[ "high dark matter density", "galaxy clusters", "Cosmological models", "more galaxies", "fewer galaxies", "Early galaxy formation", "early galaxy formation", "large scales", "dark matter", "standard cold dark matter" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL" ]
2
[ "10.1086/177489" ]
[ "Klypin, Anatoly", "Primack, Joel", "Holtzman, Jon" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996Sci...274...69D", "1997ApJ...479..580G", "1997ApJ...484....7G", "1997ApJS..111...73K", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1997MNRAS.289...37C", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997PhRvD..55.1851C", "1997SSRv...79..793T", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997idm..work...32S", "1998A&A...336...11V", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...494....1J", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...501..493C", "1998ApJS..114..165G", "1998MNRAS.297..910S", "1998MNRAS.301...81G", "1998PhRvD..57.4642F", "1998Sci...280.1405G", "1999ASPC..176..328V", "1999ApJ...516..530K", "1999ApJ...520..437K", "1999ApJ...523...32C", "1999MNRAS.303..157H", "1999PhDT.........1G", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ASPC..201..389P", "2000MNRAS.318..227K", "2000MNRAS.318.1144P", "2000NuPhS..87....3P", "2001ApJ...550..522B", "2001ApJ...558..463Y", "2001astro.ph.12255P", "2001canp.book..287P", "2001cghr.confE...8A", "2002A&A...386..775A", "2002LNP...592..147P", "2002moco.conf....9P", "2003NuPhS.124....3P", "2004ApJ...609...35K", "2005astro.ph..2105S", "2006PhDT.......399S", "2010MNRAS.405.2161D", "2011ApJ...740..102K", "2018ARA&A..56..435W", "2019MNRAS.489.1684K", "2023A&A...678L...2M", "2024arXiv240218052D" ]
[ "1981csup.book.....H", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...301..522I", "1988MNRAS.234..569G", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991A&A...243..295K", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991MNRAS.250..407B", "1991MNRAS.251..128L", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1992ApJ...398L..81B", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...407L..49B", "1993ApJ...408...17O", "1993ApJ...411L..13B", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...417..387C", "1993MNRAS.262..603C", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1993PhLB..317..510S", "1993PhRvD..47.5219B", "1994ApJ...425..392F", "1994ApJ...428..399K", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...432L..79K", "1994ApJ...437L...5B", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994Natur.371..757F", "1995ApJ...438L..17R", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1995MNRAS.273..101B", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1995MNRAS.277.1225S", "1995PhRvD..52.3314B", "1995PhRvD..52.6789L", "1995PhRvL..74.2160P", "1995PhRvL..75..398D", "1995PhRvL..75.2650A", "1995Sci...267..192C", "1996ApJ...461..572S", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996NuPhB.461..597R" ]
2009105
null
Young stars and scattered light in the powerful radio galaxy 3C 321
Blue spectropolarimetry observations are presented for the low-redshift radio galaxy 3C 321 (z=0.096). The percentage polarization is found to show a spectacular decline from the UV to the optical - by a factor of 5 from the shortest to the longest wavelengths covered by the observations - and the polarization angle is within 15 deg of the perpendicular to the radio axis. These results are consistent with the presence of a scattered AGN component which comprises 20-70 per cent of the UV continuum, but is diluted by the light of the old stellar populations at optical wavelengths. Attempts to model the continuum spectral energy distribution in terms of quasar+E-galaxy or power-law+E-galaxy produce generally good fits over much of the spectrum, but there is a significant excess over the models in the rest-wavelength range 3900-4300 A. This excess, and the detection of the higher order Balmer lines in absorption, provides strong evidence for the presence of a population of young (A-type) stars. The best-fitting model comprises a combination of a quasar, a 1-Gyr starburst, a 15-Gyr-old stellar population and nebular continuum, with these components contributing 22, 34, 34 and 10 per cent of the total flux at 3639A respectively. Overall, our results serve to emphasize the multicomponent nature of the optical/UV continuum of powerful radio galaxies.
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15.223988
6.295263
1996-07-01
41
1996MNRAS.281..591T
[ "powerful radio galaxies", "optical wavelengths", "galaxy", "Blue spectropolarimetry observations", "nebular continuum", "Balmer lines", "strong evidence", "the old stellar populations", "the continuum spectral energy distribution", "Balmer" ]
[ "POLARIZATION", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 3C 321", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.2.591" ]
[ "Tadhunter, C. N.", "Dickson, R. C.", "Shaw, M. A." ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, The Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, The Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK", "Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, The Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.290..231S", "1998ApJ...501...94S", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.301..131J", "1999AJ....118.1963C", "1999ASPC..162..101W", "1999ApJ...526...60S", "2000ApJ...540..678B", "2000MNRAS.317..120R", "2000MNRAS.317..922R", "2001ASPC..249..581W", "2001ApJ...546..845G", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2001sgnf.conf...88V", "2002ASPC..258..101G", "2002MNRAS.330..977T", "2002MNRAS.333..211W", "2004ASPC..320...57M", "2004ApJ...617..903W", "2004MNRAS.347..771W", "2004MNRAS.353.1117X", "2005ASPC..343..457T", "2005ApJ...621..146G", "2005ApJ...629...88S", "2005MNRAS.356..480T", "2005MNRAS.364.1239R", "2006AN....327..167S", "2006AN....327..180T", "2006MNRAS.370.1633H", "2006NewAR..49..501S", "2007MNRAS.381..611H", "2008A&A...489..989B", "2009ApJ...694..268D", "2010A&A...515A..67S", "2010ApJ...722.1333D", "2010MNRAS.405..933W", "2010MNRAS.406.1841H", "2010MNRAS.407..721J", "2011MNRAS.412..960T", "2018A&A...619A..75M", "2021A&ARv..29....3O" ]
[ "1975ApJ...196..261S", "1978ApJ...226..753Y", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1981PASP...93..681M", "1984ApJ...278..499A", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1985A&A...142..100S", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987IAUS..124..761F", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1988AJ.....95...26G", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1989ApJ...341..658S", "1989ApJ...342L..59D", "1989ApJ...345L..21B", "1989LNP...334.....M", "1989MNRAS.238P..41F", "1989MNRAS.239P...1R", "1989MNRAS.240..329L", "1990A&A...227..385C", "1990AJ.....99.1243T", "1990ApJ...348L...1C", "1990ApJ...354L...9C", "1990MNRAS.242..570B", "1991MNRAS.249..729R", "1992MNRAS.256P..53T", "1993A&A...272..105J", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993MNRAS.262.1029D", "1993MNRAS.263..999T", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1994ApJ...431..123D", "1994Natur.371..313A", "1995MNRAS.273L...7C", "1995MNRAS.273L..29D", "1995MNRAS.275..703S", "1996MNRAS.279L..72Y" ]
1986693
null
Dynamics of the Cluster of Galaxies A3266 (Sersic 40/60). I. Spectroscopic Data
We present 387 velocities covering an area 1.8^deg^ x 1.8^deg^, including 229 new galaxy velocities obtained from 309 spectra, of which 317 appear to be cluster members according to our analysis. Based on this extended velocity sample we reanalyzed the velocity structure of the cluster. We found a strongly decreasing velocity dispersion profile that, as well as the mean velocity, shows significant radial scatter. Inside the 2.5h_50_^-1^ Mpc radius, the velocity dispersion has a value of 1306+/-73 km s^-1^, while further out than 3h_50_^-1^ Mpc it falls below 800 km s^- 1^. The global dispersion is 1085+/-51 km s^-1^. We found a remarkable velocity substructure, which we interpret as a tidal outgoing arm reaching from the center to the northernmost extensions surveyed. The arm could be produced by a recent merger with another cluster, that moved from the front and SW direction and scattered from the main cluster core into the arm. This model allows us to derive an epoch for the collision between the more massive core and the front edge of the incoming cluster of 4 x 10^9^h_50_^-1^ yr ago and of ~2 x 10^9^h_50_^-1^ yr for the merging of both cores. Formation of the dumb-bell is a later merger process of the two BCMs, consistent with theoretical estimates. The collision picture is also consistent with the distorted x-ray image. The very northernmost parts of the arm could, alternatively, be interpreted as ongoing infall of a few outlying loose groups. The suggestion of a faint galaxy system within 400h_50_^-1^ kpc, satellite to the central dumb-bell, is maintained in spite of the large central velocity dispersion value; however, confirmation requires data for further compact faint members. From several mass estimators we derived a cluster dynamical mass value of 5 x 10^15^h_50_^-1^ M_sun_, but this value should be seen in the merger context described.
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13.407191
5.028171
1996-07-01
41
1996AJ....112...36Q
[ "cluster members", "the large central velocity dispersion value", "further compact faint members", "a cluster dynamical mass value", "229 new galaxy velocities", "1306+/-73 km s^-1^", "the velocity dispersion", "several mass estimators", "a remarkable velocity substructure", "this extended velocity sample" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: A3266", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117987" ]
[ "Quintana, H.", "Ramirez, A.", "Way, M. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997A&AS..125..247Q", "1997ApJ...481..633D", "1997astro.ph..8116W", "1997astro.ph..9036W", "1998ApJ...496..693R", "1998ApJ...502..134W", "1998PASP..110..934K", "1999ASPC..176...93W", "1999ApJ...527L..25D", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.309..610D", "2000AJ....120..511Q", "2000ApJ...529..692H", "2000ApJ...532..206F", "2000ApJ...538...92R", "2000ApJS..126....1Q", "2001AJ....121...10C", "2001ApJ...562..254D", "2002ApJ...577..701H", "2003ASPC..301..495G", "2004A&A...416..839B", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004ApJ...617L..17B", "2005A&A...430...19F", "2005A&A...444..673S", "2005AJ....130.2012W", "2006ApJ...643..790F", "2008A&A...481..593M", "2008PASA...25..176P", "2009ApJ...693.1840B", "2010A&A...510A..83R", "2011A&A...532A..77B", "2011PASJ...63..585Z", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2013MNRAS.430.3453B", "2017MNRAS.468.2645D", "2019MNRAS.490.5017B", "2020PhDT........19B", "2022ApJ...925...68C", "2022MNRAS.511.3525D", "2022MNRAS.515.1871R" ]
[ "1975PASP...87..625V", "1977ApJ...214..347Y", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1981A&AS...44...87M", "1981A&AS...44..329W", "1981AJ.....86.1567M", "1982A&A...109..238M", "1982MNRAS.199..493V", "1983ured.book.....H", "1984AJ.....89.1288M", "1985AJ.....90..410Q", "1985ApJ...296..340P", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1985MNRAS.212..471C", "1987A&AS...67...57P", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...333..567B", "1988ApJ...335..617B", "1988MNRAS.234.1051G", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.240..941R", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1990dig..book..394T", "1990eoci.book.....H", "1991srcp.book.....F", "1992ASIC..366...49J", "1993A&A...278..379B", "1993ApJ...403..497M", "1993ApJ...404...38G", "1993ApJ...410....1S", "1993ApJ...413..492M", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1994ApJ...423..539E", "1995AJ....110..463Q" ]
1987107
null
Evolutionary Studies of the Low Metallicity Dwarf Irregular Galaxy UGCA 20
Optical imaging, spectroscopic, and H I synthesis imaging observations of the irregular dwarf galaxy UGCA 20 were undertaken to constrain the star formation history and potential for future star formation. The striking features of UGCA 20 are its observed low metal abundance and high ratio of M_H_/L_B_. New observations of the optical and H I emission result in a revised estimate for M_H_/L_B_ of 2.8 M_sun_/L_sun_, a factor of 3 higher than typical for dwarf galaxies. UGCA 20 is under luminous for its H I mass; its absolute blue magnitude is -14.9 at an assumed distance of 12.8 Mpc. UGCA 20 has an oxygen abundance of only 1/17th of solar; however, the observed colors, U-B= -0.20+/-0.03, B-V = 0.36+/-0.01, and V-R = 0.50+/-0.01, indicate the presence of an old stellar population. Based on a maximum-disk dark matter model, approximately 90% of the mass in UGCA 20 is dark. Furthermore, the dynamical time scale of UGCA 20 is quite short, slightly less than 1 Gyr, so it is unlikely that UGCA 20 has been caught in the process of collapse. Rather, it appears that the evolution of the system has been "hung up.'' One key to its star formation history is that the majority of the H I gas appears to be below the nominal threshold required for star formation. The minimal sites of active star formation are spatially correlated with peaks in the H I column density. Only in those regions does the H I column density exceed the threshold density. Thus, in UGCA 20, star formation appears to have been occurring at a constant, but suppressed rate for at least the last 4 Gyr. UGCA 20 has an irregular H I distribution which is possibly indicative of two components embedded in a common HI envelope.
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11.082373
7.902271
1996-07-01
38
1996AJ....112..129V
[ "star formation", "galaxy UGCA", "active star formation", "future star formation", "UGCA", "H", "M_H_/L_B_", "dwarf galaxies", "its star formation history", "the star formation history" ]
[ "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: UGCA 20", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117994" ]
[ "van Zee, L.", "Haynes, M. P.", "Salzer, John J.", "Broeils, Adrick H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....113.1618V", "1997AJ....114.2479V", "1997AJ....114.2497V", "1997PASP..109..937H", "1998AJ....116.1186V", "1998ASPC..147...98V", "1998Ap&SS.263...79C", "1998ApJ...493..595H", "1998ApJ...497L...1V", "1998ApJ...509..620C", "1999ASPC..170..274V", "1999ASPC..187..323V", "1999ApJ...514..119K", "1999astro.ph..3406V", "2000A&ARv..10....1K", "2000AJ....120.2975S", "2000ApJ...540..814E", "2000ApJ...543L..31V", "2001ApJ...555..301M", "2003A&A...397..463U", "2003A&A...403...55C", "2003AJ....126.2774H", "2003ApJ...585..256R", "2004AJ....128.1152W", "2004ApJ...608..189D", "2005A&A...443...91P", "2006AstL...32..228P", "2007A&A...464..859P", "2008ApJS..178..247K", "2009ApJ...692.1305L", "2010MNRAS.406.1238E", "2013A&A...557A..95R", "2013PASP..125..600M", "2017ApJ...846...68Q", "2017IAUS..321..287F", "2017MNRAS.471.1743D", "2018MNRAS.477..904X", "2019ApJ...872...16D" ]
[ "1964ApJ...139.1217T", "1969BOTT....5....3P", "1972ApJ...173...25S", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1979A&A....74...73S", "1980A&A....84..320S", "1982A&AS...48..299S", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983IEEEP..71.1295N", "1983MNRAS.203..301H", "1986PASP...98....5H", "1987JRASC..81..195D", "1987MNRAS.224..801H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...328..315M", "1988MNRAS.231P..63B", "1989A&A...214...33S", "1989ApJ...347..760C", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990A&AS...83..501S", "1990ApJ...356L..15D", "1990ApJ...363..142G", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1991A&AS...88..399M", "1991AJ....101.1258S", "1991AJ....102...48R", "1991ApJ...380..140M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ASPC...25..131V", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1992PhDT.......258B", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..655S", "1994A&A...284..793K", "1994AJ....107..971T", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...431..598D", "1994MNRAS.270...35M", "1995AJ....109..173M", "1995AJ....109..990V", "1995AJ....109.2415C", "1995ApJ...445..108T", "1995ApJ...448...98H", "1995ApJ...448L..97W", "1995MNRAS.273..603B", "1995MNRAS.274..235D", "1995MNRAS.275....1T", "1995PhDT.......115B" ]
2012573
null
A Spectroscopic Survey of Nearby Galactic Nuclei
An optical spectroscopic survey of the nuclei of a magnitude-limited (B_T 0 degrees) sample of nearby galaxies was completed to investigate a number of problems related to nuclear activity. Long-slit spectra of exceptionally high quality were obtained using the Hale 5 m telescope at Palomar Observatory for nearby 500 galaxies spanning all morphological types. The data have moderate resolution (2.5-4 A) and cover the wavelength regions 4230-5110 A and 6210-6860 A. After careful subtraction of the stellar light, emission lines with a wide range of intensities and excitation patterns were detected in ~85% of the nuclei. The relative intensity ratios of the emission lines in approximately half the cases (H II nuclei) can be explained by photoionization by young stars, while those in the other half (Seyfert nuclei and LINERs) require excitation by a source of more energetic photons, most likely originating from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The most important results from the survey include the following. (1) LINERs are extremely common, being present in 1/3 of all galaxies, and they show a clear preference for galaxies of early Hubble types (E thorugh Sb). (2) If all LINERs are powered by nonstellar activity, then nearly half (46%) of all galaxies host active nuclei. (3) At least 10% of all nuclei were found to emit broad H-alpha emission qualitatively similar to the broad-line emission seen in classical Seyfert 1 nuclei and QSOs. This implies that the space density of AGNs in the current epoch is much larger than previously thought. (4) The presence of a bar has a negligible effect on the incidence and strength of nonstellar activity, but it appears to have a pronounced impact on nuclear star formation for some spiral galaxies. Among spirals of early Hubble types (S0-Sbc), bars enhance the probability of nuclear star formation as well as the ratio in which the massive stars form. (5) The spectroscopic properties of H II regions in the nuclear regions of galaxies change systematically with Hubble type. Nuclear H II regions also distinguish themselves from disk H II regions by emitting on average stronger low-ionization emission lines. This behavior can be understood most simply by the effects of higher dust content in galaxy nuclei. To aid in the interpretation of the data, a new set of photoionization models was calculated to predict the behavior of the optical and near-infrared emission-line spectrum under a variety of physical conditions appropriate for Seyfert nuclei and LINERs. Photoionization by a nonstellar ionizing continuum with a low ionization parameter can consistently explain the optical to near-infrared spectroscopic properties of most LINERs. Finally, a multiwavelength (radio to X-ray) analysis was performed on the LINER nucleus of M81. Spectra taken with the Hubble Space Telescope unambiguously detected a featureless, power-law, nonstellar continuum extending from optical to ultraviolet wavelengths. Numerous broad emission lines characteristic of Seyfert 1 nuclei were also found. It was possible to deduce for the first time a number of detailed properties concerning the central engine, the spectral energy distribution, and the regions emitting broad and narrow lines. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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14.945787
7.656034
1996-07-01
14
1996PASP..108..637H
[ "galaxy nuclei", "H II nuclei", "Seyfert nuclei", "Nuclear H II regions", "H II regions", "Numerous broad emission lines", "nearby galaxies", "galaxies", "early Hubble types", "disk H II regions" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1086/133777" ]
[ "Ho, Luis C." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1997AJ....114.1345V", "1998ApJ...496...93D", "1999AJ....117.1657D", "1999AJ....118.2108V", "2000ApJS..129..517C", "2005AstHe..98..453T", "2012JPhCS.372a2006F", "2013EPJWC..6104005F", "2015AJ....149..192C", "2015ApJ...801...42D", "2015ApJS..217...12D", "2016ApJS..226...19F", "2017IAUS..324..192F", "2023A&A...670A..22F" ]
null
2009059
null
The rotation curve of the Galaxy obtained from planetary nebulae and AGB stars
The rotation curve of the Galaxy is obtained from a sample of planetary nebulae and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The AGB stars are OH/IR stars and carbon-rich stars with large mass-loss rates, with velocities known from radio observations and distances determined from their infrared luminosity. The rotation curve exhibits a steep decrease in the solar vicinity, and a minimum at about 8.5 kpc (adopting R_=7.9 kpc). We fit the rotation curve with a mass distribution model of the Galaxy, based on the model for star counts in the infrared region of Ortiz &amp; Lepine the main components are a spherically symmetric density distribution that represents the bulge and the halo, and two exponential disc components with scalelengths 2.6 and 4.5 kpc. A good agreement is found between the star count model and the rotation curve. A minimum is observed at 8.5 kpc; possible explanations are discussed. The surface density of the disc in the solar neighbourhood is 77 M_ pc^-2, not very different from the value predicted by star counts. This result implies that there is no need for a dark matter component, at least up to a radius of about 12 kpc.
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9.759775
6.797821
1996-07-01
26
1996MNRAS.281..339A
[ "star counts", "R_=7.9 kpc", "the star count model", "radio observations", "possible explanations", "carbon-rich stars", "OH/IR stars", "Galaxy", "two exponential disc components", "a mass distribution model" ]
[ "STARS: AGB AND POST-AGB", "STARS: KINEMATICS", "PLANETARY NEBULAE: GENERAL", "GALAXY: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXY: STRUCTURE" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.1.339" ]
[ "Amaral, L. H.", "Ortiz, R.", "Lepine, J. R. D.", "Maciel, W. J." ]
[ "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da USP, Av. Miguel Stefano 4200, 04301-904 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil", "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da USP, Av. Miguel Stefano 4200, 04301-904 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil", "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da USP, Av. Miguel Stefano 4200, 04301-904 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil", "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da USP, Av. Miguel Stefano 4200, 04301-904 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.286..885A", "1997PASJ...49..453H", "1998A&AS..132...13D", "1998NewA....3..419A", "1999AJ....118..488C", "2000MNRAS.313..263L", "2001A&A...367..967P", "2001AJ....121.2638Z", "2001ApJ...546..234L", "2001ChJAA...1..144J", "2002APHHI..15...81M", "2002AcASn..43...24Z", "2002ChA&A..26..267Z", "2002IAUS..207...15B", "2002RMxAC..14...29B", "2003A&A...411..417M", "2003ARep...47..443K", "2003ApJ...599..275O", "2005ARep...49..435A", "2005RMxAA..41..383M", "2007A&A...473..143D", "2007arXiv0706.1811L", "2008BaltA..17..321C", "2008MNRAS.386.2081L", "2009arXiv0901.4382C", "2013MNRAS.435.2299B" ]
[ "1956AZh....33..315S", "1965gast.book..513S", "1970ApJ...159..379R", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1976A&A....49...57G", "1978A&A....63....7B", "1978IAUS...76..215P", "1979ApJ...231L.115B", "1979IAUS...84..501V", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1983ApJ...274L..61S", "1983ApJS...52..399S", "1984A&AS...55..253M", "1984ApJ...276..182S", "1985ApJ...295..422C", "1987A&A...176...34H", "1987A&A...178...95R", "1988A&A...197...83C", "1988gera.book..295B", "1989IAUS..136...37R", "1989IAUS..136...77S", "1989IAUS..136..503L", "1990A&A...227...82E", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ApJ...370..205B", "1991MNRAS.252..210B", "1992A&A...262..271M", "1992ApJ...387..181K", "1992ApJS...83..111W", "1993A&A...274..765B", "1993A&A...275...67B", "1993A&A...275..163K", "1993A&A...279...90O", "1993A&AS...99...31G", "1993A&AS...99..291L", "1993ARA&A..31...63K", "1994A&A...285..415P", "1994A&A...287..552O", "1994ApJ...421..178K", "1995A&A...299..453L" ]
1988040
null
H i and the Maffei 2 Starburst: A Merger Scenario
We present high-resolution H I maps of the nearby starburst galaxy Maffei 2. These VLA maps have maximum resolutions of 20" and show emission extending across 15', well beyond the optical extent of the galaxy. The radio continuum emission matches the barred asymmetric morphology seen in the infrared. The asymmetries in the outer disk are also evident in H I, although the nucleus, which exhibits strong CO emission, is deficient in atomic gas. The total H I mass of the galaxy is 1.1 x 10^9^ M_sun_, accounting for ~1.5% of its total inferred dynamical mass. Its velocity field is, to first, order, typical of symmetrical barred galaxies, although there is a 10 km s^-1^ difference in systemic velocity between the disk and nucleus. Maffei 2 has a markedly disturbed appearance with an unusual H I "double arc" to the north that is probably a tidal feature indicating a recent or ongoing interaction. We propose that the asymmetries in the galaxy as well as its nuclear starburst are driven by an ongoing merger with a small satellite companion galaxy.
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12.109265
8.445327
1996-07-01
23
1996ApJ...466..135H
[ "symmetrical barred galaxies", "strong CO emission", "continuum emission", "emission", "maximum resolutions", "systemic velocity", "H I", "~1.5%", "a small satellite companion galaxy", "Maffei 2" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NAME: MAFFEI 2", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/177498" ]
[ "Hurt, Robert L.", "Turner, Jean L.", "Ho, Paul T. P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2000A&A...361L..45H", "2000AJ....119.1720C", "2002PASJ...54..179S", "2003A&A...404..495I", "2003ApJ...587..672F", "2003MmSAI..74...19M", "2004A&A...416..515D", "2004ApJ...612..860M", "2006AJ....131.1501K", "2006AJ....132.2383T", "2007ApJ...655..814F", "2008ApJ...675..281M", "2008PASJ...60..465T", "2008PASJ...60..475K", "2009ApJ...694..610M", "2012ApJ...755..104M", "2014MNRAS.440..405M", "2015ApJ...805...31L", "2020A&A...635A.131I", "2022AJ....164...91G", "2022arXiv220605417G", "2023MNRAS.522.4740K" ]
[ "1965AJ.....70..471B", "1968PASP...80..618M", "1969AJ.....74..859R", "1971A&A....12..264B", "1971ApJ...163L..25S", "1971ApJ...169L..71S", "1972A&A....17..468M", "1972A&A....19..317A", "1973A&AS....8....1W", "1973ApJ...180..351S", "1973ApL....13....1W", "1974A&AS...17....1W", "1974gegr.book..291W", "1976A&A....48..413S", "1979ApJ...233...67R", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1983ApJ...268L...7R", "1984ApJ...286..471G", "1984ApJS...54..513B", "1985AJ.....90.1474O", "1986ApJ...301..790W", "1988ApJ...330..667T", "1988gera.book..522G", "1989ApJ...337..191E", "1989ApJ...342...29O", "1989ApJ...342...39O", "1989ApJ...344..135H", "1989Natur.340..687H", "1990AJ....100..387R", "1990ApJ...349...57H", "1991A&A...244....8T", "1991A&A...244...52E", "1991ApJ...377..434H", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...400..153M", "1993AJ....105..121H", "1993ApJ...404..602H", "1993ApJ...414..120T", "1993ApJ...414..487C", "1993ApJ...418..123R", "1994ASSL..190..175H", "1994ApJ...421..122T", "1994ApJ...423..614H", "1994ApJ...425L..13M", "1994Natur.372...77K", "1995A&A...293L..33H", "1995AJ....109.2460M", "1995ApJ...438L..75M", "1995ApJ...448...41H" ]
2009796
null
A ROSAT HRI observation of 3C 356: further evidence for a distant intracluster medium.
The authors report a 36-ks ROSAT HRI observation of the distant powerful radio galaxy 3C 356, which was detected in the PSPC. No point source is detected at the position of the radio galaxy at the flux expected from the PSPC observation, confirming that the PSPC source is extended. A weak extended source is detected in the HRI. The authors therefore rule out interpretations of the X-ray emission from this source as originating from the active nucleus, or a jet-cloud interaction. The emission observed with the PSPC most plausibly originates from the most distant intracluster medium yet detected in X-rays.
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14.983691
5.739488
1996-07-01
20
1996MNRAS.281L...5C
[ "PSPC", "-", "the distant powerful radio galaxy", "HRI", "the X-ray emission", "rays", "the PSPC source", "A weak extended source", "the PSPC observation", "interpretations" ]
[ "Radio Galaxies: X Rays", "Radio Galaxies: Cooling Flows", "Radio Galaxies: Intracluster Matter", "galaxies: active -- cooling flows -- galaxies: individual: 3C356 -- radio continuum: galaxies -- X-rays: galaxies" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.1.L5" ]
[ "Crawford, C. S.", "Fabian, A. C." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996MNRAS.282.1483C", "1997A&A...325..898B", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ASPC..115...38C", "1997ApJ...476..677C", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1997PASP..109...78T", "1997hsth.conf..207D", "1998ASSL..226...99C", "1998ApJ...507..558H", "1999ASPC..193..336C", "1999MNRAS.305..707K", "1999MNRAS.308.1159C", "1999MNRAS.309..969H", "1999dtrp.conf...59K", "1999mdrg.conf..285A", "2000MNRAS.315..433C", "2002MNRAS.334..511S", "2004A&A...421..129S", "2006A&A...446...97B" ]
[ "1989MNRAS.240..129Y", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1993AJ....105.1690F", "1993MNRAS.260L..15C", "1994MNRAS.270..431L", "1996MNRAS.280L...9B" ]
2009067
null
H I and optical observations of the NGC 428 field.
The H I and optical properties of the NGC 428 galaxy field are presented. Three galaxies in this system are found to contain H I. The largest of these is NGC 428 which has undergone strong recent star formation in its spiral arms where the H I surface density exceeds ≈8×10<SUP>20</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. To the north of NGC 428 there is a low surface brightness galaxy (0110+008) with μ<SUP>B</SUP><SUB>0</SUB> = 25.0 mag arcsec<SUP>-2</SUP> and with a peak H I column density of ≡2×10<SUP>20</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Additionally there is an H I tail lying to the south of NGC 428 with a peak H I column density of ≡1×10<SUP>20</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP> which is connected to NGC 428 and extends to ≡2.5 Holmberg radii. This tail has no associated optical emission to ≡27 μ<SUB>B</SUB> mag arcsec<SUP>-2</SUP>. It is postulated that the low H I surface density of the tail has inhibited star formation. Possible formation scenarios for the H I tail and low surface brightness galaxy 0110+008 are discussed.
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11.483155
7.955872
1996-07-01
9
1996MNRAS.281..393S
[ "low surface brightness", "NGC", "H", "strong recent star formation", "density", "star formation", "H I.", "Possible formation scenarios", "optical properties", "a low surface brightness galaxy" ]
[ "Spiral Galaxies: H I Observations", "Spiral Galaxies: Interacting Galaxies", "Spiral Galaxies: Star Formation", "Spiral Galaxies: Structure", "galaxies: individual: NGC 428 -- galaxies: interactions -- galaxies: kinematics and dynamics -- galaxies: photometry -- radio lines: galaxies" ]
1
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.2.393" ]
[ "Smoker, J. V.", "Davies, R. D.", "Axon, D. J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1998A&AS..127..409K", "2004AJ....127.1386C", "2005MNRAS.362..127G", "2006ApJ...649..692W", "2008MNRAS.391..881E", "2010MNRAS.405.2453M", "2018MNRAS.479.3842K", "2019ApJ...886..133I", "2019MNRAS.482.3403E" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1972ApJ...176L...9Q", "1974afcp.book.....L", "1978A&A....68..321S", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1978ApJS...36..587M", "1980A&A....89..377C", "1981AJ.....86..523B", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1984ApJ...284...90C", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984PhDT........95W", "1986A&A...154...25B", "1987ApJS...65..485C", "1988A&A...198...33S", "1988A&A...203..237H", "1988ApJ...324...75H", "1988PhDT.......177S", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJ...346L...5G", "1989ApJ...347L..55Y", "1989ApJS...70..447S", "1990ApJ...357..113M", "1990MNRAS.244..385D", "1991AJ....101.1242G", "1991AJ....101.1258S", "1991ApJ...378...39S", "1992A&A...256L..19M", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1993A&AS...97..887B", "1993AJ....105..128T", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993ApJ...417..114S", "1993PhDT.......384S" ]
2009112
null
Global chemical evolution - I. QSO absorbers and the chemical evolution of galaxy discs
Intervening objects giving rise to absorption lines in the spectra of distant QSOs provide one of our best probes of the conditions in the Universe at early epochs. In particular, damped Lyman alpha (Lyalpha) systems are generally assumed to be due to the progenitors of today's normal galaxies, seen at an early phase in their evolution. Several groups have reported on the metallicity deduced for such absorbers, noting that they are significantly lower than present day metallicities measured in the interstellar gas of typical spiral galaxies such as our own. This is expected, in general terms, from chemical evolution models, but the required rate of evolution appears higher than expected from these models. However, in order to interpret these results correctly, we need to consider the average metallicity seen on a random line of sight through a galaxy, subject only to the constraint of a minimum gas density. Much of the covering factor on the sky may be the result of the outer parts of large discs or of numerous small systems, either of which are likely to have low abundances. In this paper we attempt to model random lines of sight, taking these factors into account. We find that such an area-weighted mean metallicity may be much less (by nearly 1 dex) than would be obtained by simply adopting the figures given for the central parts of giant spirals. For a range of plausible galaxy populations this mean is only about one third of the solar metallicity, even today. Relatively little evolution is therefore required in order to account for the low abundances seen in the Lyalpha absorbers.
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13.96473
8.763413
1996-07-01
15
1996MNRAS.281..362P
[ "random lines", "typical spiral galaxies", "plausible galaxy populations", "chemical evolution models", "absorption lines", "low abundances", "numerous small systems", "such absorbers", "evolution", "present day metallicities" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/281.1.362" ]
[ "Phillipps, S.", "Edmunds, M. G." ]
[ "Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.292..733E", "1998A&A...333..841B", "1998NewA....3..259C", "1999A&A...341..709L", "1999ASPC..170..383E", "1999ASPC..187..203E", "1999ASPC..192..273F", "1999cezh.conf..256F", "2000AJ....120.1306L", "2000RvMA...13..189F", "2001Ap&SS.276.1007F", "2001MNRAS.321..743M", "2002IAUS..187..209P", "2004A&A...413...37B", "2005A&G....46d..12E" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1975MNRAS.172...13P", "1975gaun.book..123H", "1984MNRAS.211..507E", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986ApJ...311..610Y", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...329L..57T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJ...347..875S", "1990ApJ...348...48P", "1990MNRAS.244..168P", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991MNRAS.251...84P", "1992ApJ...399L.121M", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1993AJ....106..548V", "1993MNRAS.260..453P", "1993MNRAS.261L..17E", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...435L.101W", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1995A&A...302..353R", "1995ApJ...438..170H", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995ApJ...444..610R", "1995ApJ...445..642R", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1996MNRAS.280..337M" ]
2585750
astro-ph/9503073
Weak Gravitational Lensing by Galaxies
We report a detection of weak, tangential distortion of the images of cosmologically distant, faint galaxies due to gravitational lensing by foreground galaxies. A mean image polarization of (p)= 0.011 +/- 0.006 (95% confidence bounds) is obtained for 3202 pairs of source (23 &lt; r_s_ &lt;24) and lens (20 (20 &lt;= r_d_ &lt;= 23) galaxies with projected separations of 5" &lt;= θ &lt;= 34". Averaged over annuli of inner radIus 5" and outer radius θ_max_, the signal is string for lens-source separations of θ_max_ &lt;~ 90" consistent with quas-isothermal galaxy halos extending to large radii (~&gt;100 h^-1^ kpc). The observed polarization is also consistent with the signal expected on the basis of simulations incorporating measured properties of local galaxies and modest extrapolations of the observed redshift distribution of faint galaxies (to which the results are somewhat sensitive). From the simulations we obtain formal best-fit model parameters for the dark halos of the lens galaxies that consist of a characteristic circular velocity of V^*^ ~220 +/- 80 km s^-1^ and characteristic radial extent of s^*^ ~&gt; 100 h^-1^ kpc. The predicted polarization based on the model is relatively insensitive to the characteristic radial extent of the halos, s^*^, and very small halos (s^*^ ~ 10 h^-1^ kpc) are excluded only at the 2 a level. The formal best-fit halo parameters imply typical masses for the lens galaxies within a radius of 100 h^-1^ kpc on the order of 1.0_-0.5_^+1.2^ x 10^12^ h^-1^ M_sun_ (90% confidence bounds), in agreement with recent dynamical estimates of the masses of local spiral galaxies. This is particularly encouraging as the lensing and dynamical mass estimators rely on different sets of assumptions. Contamination of the gravitational lensing signal by a population of tidally distorted satellite galaxies can be ruled out with reasonable confidence. The prospects for corroborating and improving this measurement seem good, especially using deep HST archival data.
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12.40981
4.18634
1996-08-01
413
1996ApJ...466..623B
[ "faint galaxies", "local galaxies", "local spiral galaxies", "foreground galaxies", "characteristic radial extent", "θ_max_", "large radii", "inner radIus", "outer radius", "quas-isothermal galaxy halos" ]
[ "GALAXIES: HALOS", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1086/177537", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503073" ]
[ "Brainerd, Tereasa G.", "Blandford, Roger D.", "Smail, Ian" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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