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Gravitational Lensing by a Cluster of Galaxies and the Central cD Galaxy: Measuring the Mass Profile
We study the constraints on the density profile of the mass in a cluster of galaxies that can be obtained when a radial arc produced by gravitational lensing is observed. We apply this to the cluster MS 2137 - 23, which contains a radial arc, a tangential arc, and three other arclets. As shown by Mellier and coworkers, the positions and elongations of all these five images are well reproduced as arising from two different background galaxies, if the mass distribution in the cluster is elliptical, is exactly centered on the brightest cluster galaxy, and has the same ellipticity and position angle as this galaxy. The galaxy is therefore identified as the center of the cluster potential well. We show that the ratio θ_r_/θ_i_ of the distance from the radial arc to the center of the cluster to the distance from the other image of the same source to the center gives a powerful constraint on the form of the dark matter density profile. Models that are favored have well-defined core radii of ~30 h^-1^ kpc, with the slope changing rapidly from almost flat to roughly isothermal around this radius. Density that remain steeper than r^-1^ all the way to the center are probably ruled out, since they predict θ_r_/θ_i_ to be smaller than observed. We also show that θ_r_/θ_i_ is significantly affected by the mass in stars in the central galaxy. The stellar mass tends to move the radial arc closer to the center, since its profile is very steep. This implies an upper limit to the mass-to-light ratio of the stars, similar to the dynamical measurements of the mass-to- light ratio of elliptical galaxies. The constraints on the profile will be improved once the position of the radial arc is measured more accurately and the arc redshifts are determined. All the models for the density profile that are consistent with the observed position of the radial arc predict a velocity dispersion for the cluster galaxies of ~1200 km s^-1^ and a central velocity dispersion for the stars of ~350 km s^-1^, consistent with the observed velocity dispersions in other cD galaxies. The models also predict that the velocity dispersion of the cD halo should rise rapidly with radius and that the two sources producing the five arcs should be at similar redshifts. This can be tested by future observations.
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12.53615
4.492254
1995-01-01
83
1995ApJ...438..514M
[ "elliptical galaxies", "galaxies", "θ_r_/θ_i_", "a radial arc", "the radial arc", "future observations", "the brightest cluster galaxy", "radius", "similar redshifts", "Density" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Density (Mass/Volume)", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Mass", "Gravitational Lenses", "Curves (Geometry)", "Images", "Radii", "Velocity", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175098" ]
[ "Miralda-Escude, Jordi" ]
[ "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...303...27K", "1995ApJ...453..545K", "1995ApJ...453L..77W", "1995MNRAS.277....1S", "1996A&A...313..697B", "1996ApJ...457L...5F", "1996ApJ...469..508S", "1996IAUS..173..131M", "1996MNRAS.283.1031N", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997AJ....113...80K", "1997ApJ...488...44B", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997cdc..conf..535P", "1998ASPC..151...53L", "1998lsst.conf..297K", "1999A&A...345..439A", "1999AJ....118.1506B", "1999Ap&SS.267..251C", "1999MNRAS.307..131C", "1999astro.ph..5254N", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000ApJ...538..528S", "2000CaJPh..78..755C", "2001AJ....121....1B", "2001ApJ...547..574D", "2001ApJ...559..544M", "2001ApJ...559..572O", "2001ChJAA...1...29Z", "2001IJMPD..10..239X", "2002ApJ...564...60M", "2002ApJ...573...51O", "2002ApJ...574L.129S", "2002ApJ...576..720K", "2003A&A...403...11G", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003ApJ...599....7O", "2004A&A...418..413B", "2004ApJ...604...88S", "2004PhDT.........1O", "2005A&A...443..793G", "2005ApJ...627...32S", "2005IAUS..225..179G", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2005MNRAS.362.1301M", "2006ApJ...640..639Z", "2006ApJ...642...39C", "2007A&A...461..813C", "2007MNRAS.381..171M", "2007NJPh....9..447J", "2007RMxAC..28...89D", "2008A&A...489...23L", "2008ApJ...674..711S", "2008ApJ...685...70S", "2009A&A...501..475T", "2009ApJ...706.1078N", "2009MNRAS.398..438D", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2010MNRAS.405.2215O", "2011A&A...528A..73D", "2011A&ARv..19...47K", "2011ApJ...727...96R", "2011ApJ...738..125G", "2012ApJ...746..161S", "2012ApJ...758...68H", "2012ApJ...761..170G", "2012MNRAS.424...38D", "2013ApJ...762...59W", "2013ApJ...765...24N", "2013ApJ...765...25N", "2013ApJ...769L..35O", "2013ApJ...770...56G", "2013MNRAS.430..105P", "2013SSRv..177...31M", "2014ARep...58..587B", "2014ApJ...783...52G", "2016ApJ...822...78G", "2018MNRAS.473.4279D", "2019MNRAS.483.4615P", "2020ApJ...897....4V", "2022ApJ...928...87F", "2022MNRAS.510...54A" ]
[ "1972AJ.....77..288G", "1975ApJ...202L.113O", "1977ARA&A..15..505B", "1977ApJ...217L.125O", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1979ApJ...231..659D", "1979ApJ...234L..21J", "1981ApJ...251..508M", "1984ApJ...279...13T", "1985AJ.....90.2431T", "1985ApJ...289...18M", "1986Natur.322..329Q", "1987A&A...172L..14S", "1987ApJ...316....1W", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...190L..11P", "1988A&A...191L..19S", "1988ApJ...324L..37G", "1988ApJ...329L..21L", "1989ApJ...336....1L", "1989ApJ...344..637G", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...366..405P", "1991ApJ...368..325K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ApJ...383...66H", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992A&A...256..343M", "1992A&A...266....6P", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...386..420M", "1992ApJ...396...10K", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1992ApJ...399L.125F", "1992ApJ...400...41K", "1992LNP...406..267F", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993AJ....106.1273Z", "1993ApJ...403..497M", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1993ApJ...407...33M", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993MNRAS.263..628S", "1994ApJ...434..402C" ]
1970872
null
Large size of Lyman-α gas clouds at intermediate redshifts
THE Lyman-α absorption lines observed in the spectra of quasars are thought to be caused by intervening clouds of atomic hydrogen, the origin and physical nature of which are still unknown. These clouds might be structures confined by the pressure of the surrounding intergalactic medium<SUP>1</SUP>, relicts of density fluctuations in the early Universe<SUP>2</SUP>, gravitationally bound clouds associated with condensations of cold dark matter<SUP>3</SUP> or the result of shocks owing to galaxy formation<SUP>4</SUP>. Here we present ultraviolet spectra of the quasar pair Q0107 - 025A and B, in which we detect four Lyman-α lines common to both spectra in the redshift range 0.5 &lt; z &lt; 0.9. These common lines indicate that the characteristic radius of the clouds has a lower limit of 160h<SUP>-1</SUP> kpc, where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. The typical velocity difference between the common absorption lines along the two lines of sight is only about 100 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. The clouds are larger in extent and have smaller internal motions than can be explained by any current model.
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14.103246
7.873417
1995-01-01
105
1995Natur.373..223D
[ "clouds", "smaller internal motions", "cold dark matter", "ultraviolet spectra", "atomic hydrogen", "density fluctuations", "the common absorption lines", "physical nature", "galaxy formation", "These common lines" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1038/373223a0" ]
[ "Dinshaw, Nadine", "Foltz, Craig B.", "Impey, Chris D.", "Weymann, Ray J.", "Morris, Simon L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1984B", "1995ApJ...452...90B", "1995ApJ...452L..81C", "1995MNRAS.275L..76R", "1995NYASA.759...87S", "1995Natur.374..500C", "1995PhRvL..75....7S", "1996A&A...306..691L", "1996A&A...308L..25H", "1996ASSL..206...93W", "1996ASSL..206..109H", "1996ASSL..206..115B", "1996ASSL..206..137R", "1996ASSL..206..249W", "1996ApJ...457L..51H", "1996ApJ...458..518R", "1996ApJ...459....1P", "1996ApJ...459L...5L", "1996ApJ...462...77F", "1996ApJ...463..473I", "1996ApJ...466...46G", "1996ApJ...471..582M", "1996ApJ...471L...1L", "1996MNRAS.281..463D", "1996MNRAS.282.1165F", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996astro.ph.10225M", "1997A&A...317..416L", "1997A&A...321....1M", "1997AJ....114.2254S", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ASPC..114...99L", "1997ApJ...482..621N", "1997ApJ...483....8C", "1997ApJ...483...21H", "1997ApJ...484..672K", "1997ApJ...485...26C", "1997ApJ...485..496Z", "1997ApJ...489....7R", "1997ApJ...490..564W", "1997ApJ...491...45D", "1997MNRAS.285..209C", "1997MNRAS.289..629G", "1997euvl.conf..266P", "1998A&A...329...30R", "1998A&A...331...61J", "1998A&A...334L..45P", "1998A&A...339..678D", "1998A&A...340..335P", "1998AJ....115.1725B", "1998ARA&A..36..267R", "1998ASPC..143...19M", "1998ASPC..146..383P", "1998ASPC..146..391I", "1998ASPC..148...21W", "1998ASSL..231..291R", "1998ApJ...494...60P", "1998ApJ...494..567D", "1998ApJ...495...44C", "1998ApJ...495..637L", "1998ApJ...502...16C", "1998ApJ...508..200T", "1999AJ....117.2063K", "1999AnPh...24....1P", "1999ApJ...515..108S", "1999ApJ...520....1C", "1999ApJ...522..563W", "1999ApJ...522..627M", "1999ApJ...524..536I", "1999MNRAS.309...63S", "1999MNRAS.309..885G", "2000ApJ...532...77W", "2000ApJ...539..111D", "2000ApJ...542...42T", "2000MNRAS.318.1177D", "2000MNRAS.318.1189D", "2000MNRAS.319..517L", "2001A&A...376...28R", "2001ApJ...549...76Y", "2001ApJ...554..823R", "2001ApJ...559..507S", "2001ApJ...561..550A", "2001MNRAS.326..597P", "2002A&A...391....1A", "2002ASPC..254...72M", "2002ApJ...565..720P", "2002ApJS..140..143B", "2002MNRAS.329..848V", "2002PABei..20..175H", "2002PASP..114.1197P", "2003AIPC..666..157W", "2003MNRAS.340..937T", "2003MNRAS.341.1279R", "2005ApJ...632...58R", "2006AJ....132.2046P", "2006MNRAS.367.1261M", "2006MNRAS.372.1333D", "2006astro.ph..3149C", "2009MNRAS.397..943M", "2010MNRAS.402.1273C", "2011JCAP...09..001S", "2014ApJ...784....5M", "2016MNRAS.456.3610O", "2020MNRAS.491.4462D", "2021MNRAS.503.3243A" ]
[ "1983ApJ...268L..57S", "1984ApJ...281L...1F", "1986ApJ...301..522I", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1988ApJ...324..627B", "1988ApJ...327...99L", "1989ApJ...336..550C", "1990MNRAS.242..544M", "1992ApJ...389...39S", "1992ApJ...389L...1M", "1993ApJS...87....1B", "1993Natur.362..224H", "1994ApJ...427..696M", "1994MNRAS.269...52M" ]
1950176
null
Active Galaxies Observed during the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer All-Sky Survey
We present observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) obtained with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) during the all-sky survey. A total of 13 sources were detected at a significance of 2.5 σ or better: seven Seyfert galaxies, five BL Lac objects, and one quasar. The fraction of BL Lac objects is higher in our sample than in hard X-ray surveys but is consistent with the soft X-ray Einstein Slew Survey, indicating that the main reason for the large number of BL Lac objects detected in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray bands is their steeper X-ray spectra. We show that the number of AGNs observed in both the EUVE and ROSAT Wide Field Camera surveys can readily be explained by modelling the EUV spectra with a simple power law in the case of BL Lac objects and with an additional EUV excess in the case of Seyferts and quasars. Allowing for cold matter absorption in Seyfert galaxy hosts drive up the inferred average continuum slope to 2.0 +/- 0.5 (at 90% confidence), compared to a slope of 1.0 usually found from soft X-ray data if Seyfert galaxies without EUV excesses form a significant fraction of the population, then the average spectrum of those with bumps should be even steeper. We place a conservative limit on neutral gas in BL Lac objects: N_H_ &lt; 10^20^ cm^- 2^.
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14.941557
6.865623
1995-01-01
59
1995ApJ...439...90M
[ "BL Lac objects", "BL Lac", "soft X-ray data", "hard X-ray surveys", "soft X-ray bands", "Seyfert galaxy hosts", "Seyfert galaxies", "the soft X-ray Einstein Slew Survey", "EUV", "their steeper X-ray spectra" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Bl Lacertae Objects", "Quasars", "Seyfert Galaxies", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite", "Spectral Correlation", "Spectrum Analysis", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "SURVEYS", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175154" ]
[ "Marshall, H. L.", "Fruscione, A.", "Carone, T. E." ]
[ "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US" ]
[ "1995A&A...297L..55W", "1995AdSpR..16c..25B", "1995ApJ...448L...9V", "1995ApJ...449..567S", "1995ApJ...454...77S", "1996A&A...308..511M", "1996ApJ...457...77U", "1996ApJ...457..169M", "1996ApJ...459..509F", "1996ApJ...463..424U", "1996ApJ...467...61G", "1996ApJ...472L...9B", "1996ApJS..102..129B", "1997A&A...322..719K", "1997AJ....114.1356C", "1997AcA....47..263K", "1997ApJ...482..167R", "1997ApJ...483..774S", "1997ApJ...487..536S", "1997ApJS..109..279H", "1997MNRAS.284..946L", "1997MNRAS.286..848W", "1997MNRAS.287..293M", "1998A&A...339..327G", "1998AJ....115.1357S", "1998AdSpR..21...83F", "1998ApJ...502..630S", "1999A&A...346..785S", "1999A&A...352..395B", "1999ApJ...510..178T", "1999MNRAS.303..148C", "1999MNRAS.307...91E", "2000A&A...364..450C", "2000ARA&A..38..231B", "2000ApJ...538..121X", "2000PhDT........21B", "2001ApJ...546..877C", "2001ApJ...549..938M", "2001MNRAS.325..772B", "2002MNRAS.330L...1P", "2003A&A...410..131G", "2003AJ....125..459M", "2003PhDT.......177P", "2004ApJ...601..759T", "2004ApJ...605..670P", "2004ApJ...609..597B", "2004MNRAS.349...57P", "2005A&A...442..895A", "2005MNRAS.361..795F", "2007arXiv0711.1025G", "2009ApJ...698...99T", "2010A&A...511A..52H", "2011ApJ...739....7E", "2011arXiv1106.2084E", "2013MNRAS.435.1287P", "2015ASInC..12..143P", "2016ApJ...832...76D", "2020Ap&SS.365...66K", "2021APh...13202620K" ]
[ "1976ADNDT..18..497M", "1978ApJS...38..357F", "1978MNRAS.182..489C", "1980ApJ...235..377M", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1984ApJ...283..495G", "1985MNRAS.216.1043B", "1987ApJ...323..243W", "1989AJ.....97..777E", "1989MNRAS.240..833T", "1990ApJ...356..432G", "1991ASSL..171...89H", "1991ApJ...369..314W", "1991eua..coll..228M", "1991eua..coll..409P", "1991eua..coll..483W", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...80..257E", "1993ApJ...414L..53M", "1993MNRAS.260...77P", "1994AJ....107..751M" ]
1947788
null
The Optical and Near-Infrared Colors of Galaxies. II. Spectral Classification
We have used optical and near-infrared photometry of a well defined sample of field galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts [Bershady et al., 108, 870 (1994)] to study and characterize the trends and dispersions of rest-frame colors at intermediate redshifts of z &lt;= 0.3. We have constructed a simple spectral synthesis model which serves to determine the information available in our five bands (U, J, F, N, and K) to constrain the stellar composition of galaxies, as well as to classify spectrally our sample. We find that a simple model consisting of two stellar spectral types can reproduce well the observed broadband colors, but only if the types are allowed to vary. The five primary galaxy spectral types resulting from this model are bk, bm, am, fm, and gm (lower-case letters refer to stellar types B, K, etc.), and are distinct both in stellar type and mixture. The hottest galaxy spectral types have a very narrow range of stellar fractions, whereas the cooler types show a broader range of stellar fractions that are qualitatively consistent with more sophisticated stellar population synthesis models of similar stellar systems. Two types, am and fm, have similar rest-frame colors, although am-type galaxies are on average 2.5 times more luminous. We describe how our spectral synthesis model, when fit to the observed colors of galaxies, provides an accurate interpolative means for determining rest- frame colors. The κ-corrections calculated in this way are consistent with more sophisticated models and observed spectral energy distributions of local galaxies. Spectral classification is well suited for the study of distant galaxies because of the direct connection between spectral type and κ-correction. κ-corrections for the K band, however, are shown to be very uniform for all galaxy types to z = 0.3, as predicted by models. The mean K band κ-corrections are tabulated as a function of redshift. Luminosities in all bands are also tabulated for individual galaxies. The rest-frame color distributions of our galaxies are comparable in range to local samples; there are no new spectral types at the intermediate redshifts and magnitude limits of our sample. In the U- V, V-K two-color plane, the trend of the rest-frame colors with galaxy spectral type well matches the mean distribution of local galaxies binned by morphological type. Particular attention is paid, however, to the scatter in these colors. Color-luminosity effects are observed in both V-K and U-V for all galaxy types over a combined range of 10 magnitudes. The range of colors at a fixed absolute magnitude is comparable to the change in mean color over the observed absolute magnitude range. In contrast to studies of galaxies segregated by Hubble type, we find no evidence for a strong galaxy spectral type dependence on the slope of the color-luminosity correlation. If physical parameters, such as age and metallicity give rise to the relationship between color and luminosity, they must conspire to produce similar effects for all galaxy spectral types.
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12.323514
6.227757
1995-01-01
40
1995AJ....109...87B
[ "galaxy spectral type", "spectral type", "stellar type", "stellar types B", "local galaxies", "galaxies", "field galaxies", "distant galaxies", "Hubble type", "individual galaxies" ]
[ "Galaxies", "Infrared Photometry", "Spectrum Analysis", "Stellar Color", "Astronomical Models", "Broadband", "Color-Color Diagram", "Extremely High Frequencies", "Luminosity", "Red Shift", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/117259" ]
[ "Bershady, Matthew A." ]
[ "University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1071C", "1995AJ....110.1602Z", "1995AJ....110.2655C", "1995ApJ...444...21P", "1995ApJ...450..512S", "1995LNP...463..139B", "1996ApJ...470..706A", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1997A&A...326..950F", "1997AJ....113.1983C", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..117..537B", "1998A&A...332..459G", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998MNRAS.297..128C", "1999A&A...351..869F", "1999AIPC..470..225C", "1999Ap&SS.269..183B", "1999Ap&SS.269..585C", "1999MNRAS.310..157D", "2000AJ....119.2118G", "2000AJ....119.2645B", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2000ApJ...532L.105B", "2006ApJ...636L..13C", "2009ApJ...690.1158C", "2010ApJ...714..487S", "2010ApJ...716..198B", "2011ApJ...735..125S", "2011ApJ...739L..47B", "2011ApJ...742...18W", "2011MNRAS.415.2417A", "2012ApJ...746...70S", "2013A&A...557A.130M", "2013ApJ...768...41A", "2014ApJ...795..136S", "2021MNRAS.507.4425C", "2022AJ....163..202G" ]
[ "1936rene.book.....H", "1957PASP...69..291M", "1959PASP...71..106B", "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1960ApJ...131..558V", "1961ApJS....5..233D", "1961hag..book.....S", "1963ApJ...138...30M", "1964ApJ...140..833W", "1966ARA&A...4..193J", "1968ApJ...154...21O", "1971ApJ...169..215W", "1972ApJ...173..485S", "1973ApJ...179..427S", "1973ApJ...179..731F", "1975ApJ...195L..15F", "1975gaun.book..159W", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...206..370O", "1976ApJ...210...33T", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977A&A....59..317V", "1977ApJ...216..214V", "1977ApJS...35..171H", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1978ApJ...221..562S", "1978ApJ...221L.103A", "1978ApJ...223..824A", "1979ApJS...39...61P", "1979ApJS...41..501S", "1980AJ.....85.1295G", "1980ApJ...240..785F", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981A&A...100L..20V", "1981AnPh....6...87R", "1981ApJ...245L..59L", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1981seg..book.....B", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1106G", "1982ApJ...257..527T", "1982ApJ...257L..57P", "1982MNRAS.199P...1W", "1982VA.....26...37K", "1982mcts.book.....H", "1983ApJ...268..667T", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1984AJ.....89.1300B", "1984MNRAS.211..461G", "1985ApJ...291..586B", "1985ApJ...298..528F", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987ApJ...316...70E", "1987ApJ...320..199F", "1988ARA&A..26...51F", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...333..673B", "1988PASP..100.1134B", "1989ApJS...71..817B", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990ApJ...364..104I", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990Natur.346..153V", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1992A&A...253...21A", "1992A&A...256...45M", "1992AJ....103.1761P", "1992AJ....104..569K", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...400L..21B", "1992IAUS..149..357R", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992MNRAS.254..677H", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994AJ....108..870B" ]
1950212
null
Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies and the Radio-optical Correlation for Quasars
Through analysis of available optical spectrophotometric data and radio flux density measurements in the literature, it is demonstrated that a good correlation exists between the radio power and bolometric luminosity of the optically-selected QSOs in the Bright Quasar Sample (BQS) of Schmidt &amp; Green (1983). This correlation, noted previously by others as a correlation with absolute B-magnitude, is shown to be robust, and to be independent of a variety of assumptions used in the calculation of the bolometric luminosity. The correlation is present for the entire BQS sample, but is improved when QSOs with high values of radio-to- optical flux density (radio-loud) are excluded. Using this correlation, radio measurements can therefore be used to predict the bolometric luminosity of quasars even if their optical and UV continua are not directly observable. We have recently used VLBI measurements of a sample of ultraluminous infrared galaxies to infer the likely existence of radio-quiet AGNs deeply enshrouded in dust within their nuclei (Lonsdale, Smith, and Lonsdale 1993). We employ the radio-bolometric luminosity correlation for the BQS quasars to test whether these hypothetical buried AGNs can be energetically responsible for the observed far-infrared luminosities of the ultraluminous infrared galaxies. The ultraluminous infrared galaxies are shown to follow the same relation between radio core power and bolometric luminosity as the radio-quiet QSOs, suggesting that buried AGNs can account for essentially all the observed infrared luminosity, and raising the possibility that any starburst which may be in progress may not be energetically dominant. The broader implications of the radio-optical correlation in quasars for AGNs and luminous infrared galaxy models and the use of radio astronomy as a probe of the central powerhouse in radio quiet AGNs and luminous infrared galaxies are briefly discussed.
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15.358334
6.390688
1995-01-01
45
1995ApJ...438..632L
[ "radio quiet AGNs", "radio measurements", "bolometric luminosity", "radio astronomy", "radio core power", "ultraluminous infrared galaxies", "luminous infrared galaxies", "luminous infrared galaxy models", "buried AGNs", "available optical spectrophotometric data and radio flux density measurements" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Infrared Radiation", "Light Emission", "Quasars", "Radio Emission", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Models", "Bolometers", "Correlation", "Radio Astronomy", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Very Long Base Interferometry", "Astrophysics", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175106" ]
[ "Lonsdale, Carol J.", "Smith, Harding E.", "Lonsdale, Colin J." ]
[ "NASA. Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "NASA. Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, US", "MIT, Westford, MA, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1019S", "1995ApJ...450L...1H", "1995ApJS...98..171V", "1995MNRAS.277..857P", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996Ap.....39..183K", "1996ApJ...457..616H", "1996ApJ...468..475G", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AIPC..393..259H", "1997ApJ...474..104G", "1997ApJ...484...92V", "1997PASA...14..230D", "1998A&A...330L..37G", "1998ApJ...492..137S", "1998ApJ...493L..17S", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1998MNRAS.294..494S", "1998MNRAS.297..366K", "1998PASJ...50..399I", "1999AJ....117.2632B", "1999ASPC..162...15W", "1999Ap&SS.266..119L", "1999Ap&SS.266..125S", "1999Ap&SS.266..273H", "1999ApJ...511L..67M", "1999ApJ...516..704S", "1999ApJ...522..113V", "1999IAUS..194...60S", "1999MNRAS.302...96I", "2000ARA&A..38..761G", "2001ASPC..225...13L", "2001ApJ...555..650H", "2001ApJ...555..719C", "2001ApJ...558L..93I", "2001IAUS..205..386L", "2003ApJ...592..804L", "2004ApJ...601..676V", "2004ApJS..154..178A", "2005ApJS..159..197E", "2006ApJ...653..137Z", "2006asup.book..285L", "2011ApJ...739L..25L", "2015MNRAS.454.3577M" ]
[ "1974ApJ...193...43B", "1982ApJ...257..487P", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1986ApJ...305...57T", "1986ApJ...306..490I", "1987ApJ...323..243W", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1988ApJ...332L..13A", "1988MNRAS.233..801O", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...339...27C", "1989ApJ...346...68S", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1989ApJ...347..727A", "1990ApJ...353..419B", "1990BAAS...22.1316W", "1990MNRAS.244..207M", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1992ASPC...31..159S", "1992ApJ...391..560V", "1992ApJ...396..487S", "1993ApJ...405L...9L", "1993ApJ...412..513B", "1994Natur.370..117L" ]
1950209
null
Colors, Luminosities, and Masses of Disk Galaxies. II. Environmental Dependencies
The B-band and near-infrared (H) luminosity functions of spiral galaxies are derived for the Coma and A1367 clusters and for a reference population of "field" galaxies in the Coma supercluster. They are consistent at the bright end, but they differ significantly at the faint end, indicating an overdensity of spirals with blue color (B - H &lt; 3.0) and faint H luminosity (H&gt; -21.5) in clusters with respect to the field. These objects have disturbed morphology and peculiar velocities significantly larger than the rest of the cluster sample. We discuss these results in the framework of a possible environmental dependence of galaxy evolution, and we conclude that enhanced current star formation in cluster spiral galaxies might occur due to molecular gas collapse stimulated by the ram-pressure mechanism.
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11.884912
6.304385
1995-01-01
31
1995ApJ...438..590G
[ "cluster spiral galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "galaxy evolution", "faint H luminosity", "clusters", "enhanced current star formation", "molecular gas collapse", "peculiar velocities", "Coma", "morphology" ]
[ "Disk Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Mass", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Formation", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Photometry", "Morphology", "Velocity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: COMA", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175102" ]
[ "Gavazzi, Giuseppe", "Randone, Isabella", "Branchini, Enzo" ]
[ "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy", "SISSA/ISAS, Trieste, Italy" ]
[ "1995A&A...303..661D", "1995A&A...304..325G", "1996A&A...311...95B", "1996A&AS..118..111H", "1996A&AS..120..489G", "1996A&AS..120..521G", "1996AJ....111...78C", "1996ApL&C..35....1G", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1997A&A...327..522B", "1997A&AS..121..507B", "1997AJ....113..101S", "1997AJ....113..492C", "1998AJ....115.1745G", "1998AJ....116.2728S", "1998MNRAS.300..205M", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1998MNRAS.301.1001S", "1999A&AS..136..227G", "1999AJ....117..140C", "1999ASPC..187..256A", "1999ApJ...523..107T", "2001A&A...365...11C", "2002A&A...384..383I", "2003A&A...397..421I", "2003ApJ...597..210G", "2005Ap.....48..433K", "2016ApJ...825..108L", "2016ApJ...831..104G", "2017MNRAS.469.4249T", "2018ApJ...866...70L" ]
[ "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJ...213..327A", "1979ApJ...229....1A", "1982A&A...115..293S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...257..527T", "1984ARA&A..22..185D", "1984ARA&A..22..445H", "1985ApJ...294L..89G", "1985ApJS...57..423B", "1986ApJ...301...57B", "1987A&A...186L...1G", "1987ApJ...320...96G", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989ApJ...342..718G", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989ApJ...346...59G", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990A&A...229...64R", "1990A&AS...83..399G", "1990A&AS...86..109G", "1991AJ....101.1207G", "1991ApJ...373..347D", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992MNRAS.258..738W", "1993AJ....106..473C", "1993AJ....106.1301Z", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...419..469G", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1993MNRAS.264...71V", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993fisc.book.....G", "1994A&A...283...12B", "1994A&AS..104..271G" ]
1950158
null
ROSAT Observations of Coma Cluster Galaxies
The ~86 ks ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter image of the Coma Cluster is deeper than any previous X-ray observation of a galaxy cluster. We search for X-ray emission from 35 individual galaxies in a magnitude-limited sample, all of which lie within 20' of the optical axis in at least one of the four Coma pointings. We detect seven galaxies in the 0.4-2.4 keV band at a significance level exceeding 3 σ, and a further four at above 2 σ. Although we can set only upper limits on the individual flux from each of the other galaxies, we are able to measure their mean flux by stacking the observations. The X-ray luminosities of the seven detections range from 6.2 x 10^40^ to 1.5 x 10^42^ ergs s^-1^ (0.4-2.4 keV for H_0_ = 50 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^). For galaxies with a blue absolute magnitude of about -21 we find a mean X-ray luminosity of 1.3 x 10^40^ ergs s^-1^. The ratio of X-ray to optical luminosity is substantially smaller for such objects than for the brightest galaxies in the cluster. The X-ray luminosities of the four brightest galaxies are ill-defined, however, because of ambiguity in galaxy emission from cluster emission. Each object appears to be related to significant structure in the diffuse intracluster medium. We also investigate emission in the softer 0.2-0.4 keV band where detections are less significant because of the higher background, and we discuss the properties of a number of interesting individual sources. The X-ray luminosities of the Coma galaxies are similar to those of galaxies in the Virgo Cluster and in other regions with relatively low galaxy density. We conclude that large-scale environmental effects do not significantly enhance or suppress the average X-ray emission from galaxies, but that individual objects vary in luminosity substantially in a way which may depend on the detailed history of their local environment.
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12.240325
5.869108
1995-01-01
30
1995ApJ...439..113D
[ "X-ray emission", "galaxy emission", "galaxies", "optical luminosity", "ray", "a mean X-ray luminosity", "The X-ray luminosities", "-", "the average X-ray emission", "luminosity" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Luminosity", "X Ray Astronomy", "X Ray Spectroscopy", "X Rays", "Brightness Distribution", "Data Correlation", "Rosat Mission", "X Ray Density Measurement", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: COMA", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175156" ]
[ "Dow, K. L.", "White, S. D. M." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England, UK" ]
[ "1995A&A...304..369Z", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1996A&A...311...95B", "1997ApJ...477..128A", "1997ApL&C..36...97D", "1997ApL&C..36..181B", "1998ucb..proc..170B", "1999A&A...343...23P", "1999A&A...351..487P", "1999ApJ...511L..21R", "1999ApJ...513L..21F", "1999MNRAS.302..561A", "1999MNRAS.310...30C", "1999MNRAS.310..663S", "2000AJ....119.2699W", "2000ApJ...533..137H", "2000ApJ...533..799D", "2001A&A...365L..60B", "2001A&A...365L..74N", "2001ESASP.459..165G", "2001MNRAS.325..509T", "2002ApJ...567..130B", "2002ApJ...577..139S", "2003A&A...400..811N", "2003MNRAS.344L..17S", "2004A&A...419...47F", "2005MNRAS.364..169P", "2006A&A...453L...5R", "2007ApJ...657..197S", "2013A&A...554A.140P" ]
[ "1971ApJ...167L..81G", "1971Natur.231..437C", "1972ApJ...174L..65K", "1972ApJ...178..309F", "1976ApJ...206..934G", "1976ApJ...209..693O", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1979AJ.....84..946H", "1979ApJ...234L..27F", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1983ApJ...265...26B", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1984PhST....7..209T", "1984amd..conf..277K", "1985ApJ...291...32B", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985ApJ...296..447T", "1985MNRAS.215..437C", "1985MNRAS.216.1043B", "1986ApJ...310..637T", "1987ApJ...316..127F", "1987ApJ...317..653F", "1987cqan.book.....V", "1988A&A...199...67M", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ifss.book.....M", "1990AN....311...89B", "1990ApJ...354...52D", "1991A&AS...87..389B", "1991ApJ...378...77G", "1991ApJ...382...79C", "1991ApJS...75..751R", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ASIC..366...29O", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1992ApJS...80..531F", "1993AJ....106..473C" ]
1950381
null
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope and Optical Emission-Line Observations of H II Regions in M81
Images of the type Sab spiral galaxy M81 were obtained in far-UV and near-UV bands by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-1 Spacelab mission of 1990 December. Magnitudes in the two UV bands are determined for 52 H II regions from the catalog of Petit, Sivan, &amp; Karachentsev (1988). Fluxes of the Hα and Hβ emission lines are determined from CCD images. Extinctions for the brightest H II regions are determined from observed Balmer decrements. Fainter H II regions are assigned the average of published radio-Hα extinctions for several bright H II regions. The radiative transfer models of Witt, Thronson, &amp; Capuano (1992) are shown to predict a relationship between Balmer Decrement and Hα extinction consistent with observed line and radio fluxes for the brightest 7 H II regions and are used to estimate the UV extinction. Ratios of Lyman continuum flux (computed from the extinction corrected Hα flux) to the extinction corrected far- UV flux are compared with ratios predicted by model spectra computed for IMF slope equal to -1.0 and stellar masses ranging from 5 to 120 M_sun_. Ages and masses are estimated by comparing the Hα and far-UV fluxes and their ratio with the models. The total of the estimated stellar masses for the 52 H II regions is 1.4 x 10^5^ M_sun_. The star-formation rate inferred for M81 from the observed UV and Hα fluxes is low for a spiral galaxy at ~0.13 M_sun_ yr^-1^, but consistent with the low star- formation rates obtained by Kennicutt (1983) and Caldwell et al. (1991) for early-type spirals.
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11.209559
8.429349
1995-01-01
30
1995ApJ...438..181H
[ "several bright H II regions", "Fainter H II regions", "UV flux", "Hα flux", "Hα fluxes", "Fainter H II", "continuum flux", "Fluxes", "the brightest H II regions", "Sab spiral galaxy" ]
[ "H Alpha Line", "H Ii Regions", "Light Emission", "Spiral Galaxies", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Ultraviolet Photography", "Visible Spectrum", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Flux Density", "H Beta Line", "Interstellar Extinction", "Radiative Transfer", "Stellar Spectra", "Ultraviolet Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL MESSIER NUMBER: M81", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175063" ]
[ "Hill, Jesse K.", "Cheng, K. -P.", "Bohlin, Ralph C.", "Cornett, Robert H.", "Hintzen, P. M. N.", "O'Connell, Robert W.", "Roberts, Morton S.", "Smith, Andrew M.", "Smith, Eric P.", "Stecher, Theodore P." ]
[ "Hughes STX, Lanham, MD, US", "Hughes STX, Lanham, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NRAO, Charlottesville, VA, US", "NRAO, Charlottesville, VA, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US", "NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US" ]
[ "1995ApJS...98..595H", "1996AJ....111.1128M", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996ApJ...473L..21S", "1996astro.ph.12098C", "1996astro.ph.12152C", "1997AIPC..393..287W", "1997AIPC..408...94H", "1997AJ....113.1011C", "1997ApJ...477..673H", "1997ApJ...481..169W", "1997ApJ...487..171A", "1997PASP..109..584S", "1998A&A...335..449T", "1998PASA...15...99W", "1999astro.ph.10098S", "2000AJ....120..604S", "2000ApJ...529..201S", "2000ApJ...538..608S", "2001AJ....121.1395W", "2001ApJ...559..878H", "2001ApJS..132..129M", "2002AJ....124.3179J", "2003AJ....126.1286L", "2003ApJS..144..213S", "2004AJ....128..211K", "2004ApJS..154..215G", "2006ApJ...648..987P", "2007AJ....133.1710C", "2008ApJ...673..798H" ]
[ "1981ApJ...249...99M", "1983AJ.....88..296H", "1983ApJ...267..119M", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984AJ.....89..621S", "1984AJ.....89.1702S", "1984ApJ...277..542H", "1986A&A...155..297C", "1987ApJ...317...82G", "1987ApJ...319...61K", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988A&AS...74..475P", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...352...55B", "1990ApJ...363..154B", "1991ApJ...370..526C", "1992A&AS...96..269S", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...395L...1S", "1992ApJ...395L..37H", "1992ApJ...395L..45O", "1992IAUS..149..225K", "1994ApJ...425..122H", "1994ApJ...430..568H" ]
1974681
null
New Interesting Objects Discovered in Optical Sky Surveys
From a compliation of objects discovered during our long-term systematic searches on optical sky surveys, six particularly interesting objects have been selected. These hitherto unknown objects were investigated as to their optical appearance and seem to represent the following types of objects: a nearby dwarf irregular galaxy, a supernova remnant, a distant star cluster or nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxy, a galaxy clustering containing a bright "arc," a planetary nebula, and an extragalactic H II region. All the objects deserve detailed follow-up examination. (SECTION: Surveys)
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10.798026
7.475235
1995-01-01
27
1995PASP..107...58W
[ "objects", "optical sky surveys", "a distant star cluster or nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "Surveys", "These hitherto unknown objects", "detailed follow-up examination", ": a nearby dwarf irregular galaxy", "an extragalactic H II region", "a galaxy clustering", "their optical appearance" ]
[ "Dwarf Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "H Ii Regions", "Irregular Galaxies", "Planetary Nebulae", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Star Clusters", "Supernova Remnants", "Astronomical Photography", "Optical Properties", "Telescopes", "Astronomy", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133515" ]
[ "Weinberger, R." ]
[ "Leopold-Franzens-Univ., Innsbruck, Austria" ]
[ "1995ApJ...453L..21I", "1995PASP..107..937D", "1996A&AS..117..369L", "1996AJ....112.2013S", "1996MNRAS.280..252D", "1997A&A...318..561K", "1997A&A...324..651S", "1997A&ARv...8....1M", "1998A&A...332..523W", "1998AJ....116.2287A", "1998PASP..110..722W", "1999A&AS..137..293W", "1999ASPC..165..295S", "1999ApJ...522L..17W", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2000A&A...356..274Z", "2000A&A...361L..57O", "2000AJ....120.2038M", "2000ASPC..209..107T", "2002IAUS..207...15B", "2006ApJ...646L.115O", "2008PhDT.......109F", "2011ApJ...738...74D", "2018ApJ...860...65M", "2018ApJ...860...66M", "2022MNRAS.513.3136Z", "2023arXiv231208108P" ]
[ "1970ApJ...162L.155S", "1977A&AS...30..343W", "1977MNRAS.178..251L", "1979PASP...91...41H", "1982ApJS...49..183B", "1982PASP...94...40M", "1984PASP...96..283E", "1985A&A...145...41H", "1987cspg.book.....A", "1990MNRAS.243..236M", "1991ApJ...383..148S", "1994AJ....107.2101S", "1994ASPC...67...81S" ]
1246563
null
Rotating Cooling Flows
We describe the evolution of the hot interstellar medium in a large, slowly rotating elliptical galaxy. Although the rotation assumed is a small fraction of the circular velocity, in accordance with recent observations, it is sufficient to have a profound influence on the X-ray emission and cooling geometry of the interstellar gas. The hot gas cools into a disk that extends out to ~10 kpc. The cool, dusty disks observed in the majority of elliptical galaxies may arise naturally from internal cooling rather than from mergers with gas-rich companions. As a result of angular momentum conservation in the cooling flow, the soft X-ray isophotes are quite noticeably flatter than those of the stellar image. The gas temperature is higher along the rotation axis. The rotational velocity of the gas several kiloparsecs above the central disk far exceeds the local stellar rotation and approaches the local circular velocity as it flows toward the galactic core. The detailed appearance of the X-ray image and velocity field of the X-ray gas provide information about the global rotational properties of giant ellipticals at radii too distant for optical observations. The overall pattern of rotation in these galaxies retains information about the origin of ellipticals, particularly of their merging history. In ellipticals having radio jets, if the jets are aligned with the rotation axis of the inner cooling flow, rotation within the jet could be sustained by the rotating environment. Since most large ellipticals have modest rotation, X-ray observations at low spatial resolution, when interpreted with spherical theoretical models, give the impression that hot gas undergoes localized cooling to very low temperatures many kiloparsecs from the galactic core. We suggest that such apparent cooling can result in a natural way as gas cools onto a rotating disk.
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12.385118
7.484818
1995-01-01
26
1995ApJ...438..100K
[ "X-ray observations", "hot gas undergoes", "gas", "modest rotation", "rotation", "the X-ray gas", "most large ellipticals", "giant ellipticals", "elliptical galaxies", "elliptical galaxy" ]
[ "Cooling Flows (Astrophysics)", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Rotation", "High Temperature Gases", "Interstellar Matter", "X Rays", "Gas Dynamics", "Hydrodynamics", "Radio Jets (Astronomy)", "X Ray Astronomy", "Astronomy", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175057" ]
[ "Kley, Wilhelm", "Mathews, William G." ]
[ "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...448...84T", "1996ApJ...457..177B", "1996ApJ...468..184B", "1996ApJ...468..571T", "1996ApJ...470..747B", "1997MNRAS.288....1P", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998AJ....116...37G", "1998ASPC..136..289B", "1998ApJ...494..535D", "1998ApJ...497..699K", "1998MNRAS.298..697G", "1998MNRAS.298..811B", "2000ApJ...530..213H", "2000ApJ...539..675B", "2002A&A...382..804B", "2002ApJ...581.1032S", "2003ARA&A..41..191M", "2006ApJ...643..222V", "2006MNRAS.367..627E", "2007A&A...461..103P", "2007ApJ...668..150D", "2009ApJ...691.1648F", "2013MNRAS.430.1516H", "2014MNRAS.439..823N", "2024A&A...682A..31B" ]
[ "1975ApJ...200..439B", "1976ApJ...204..290R", "1977ApJ...218L..43I", "1978ApJ...219..413M", "1984ApJ...278..536S", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJS...57..473L", "1985MNRAS.214..177S", "1986ApJ...303..327J", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987ApJ...312L..11J", "1987ApJ...318..612W", "1987ApJ...318..621W", "1987ApJ...319..614L", "1987IAUS..127..405K", "1987MNRAS.228..973T", "1988AJ.....95..422E", "1988AJ.....95.1047M", "1988ApJ...335..688W", "1988Natur.331..147G", "1988Natur.331..149L", "1989A&A...208...98K", "1989AJ.....97...42M", "1989ApJ...344..613F", "1989MNRAS.238...15L", "1989eag..work...75B", "1990ApJ...351..406B", "1990ApJ...354...52D", "1990ApJ...354..468M", "1990MNRAS.242..399H", "1990MNRAS.247..367M", "1990dou..conf..227Z", "1991ApJ...367..476W", "1991ApJ...373..445L", "1991ApJ...376..380C", "1991MNRAS.249..779F", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992A&A...254...89B", "1992AJ....104.2097W", "1993AJ....105.1318V", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1993ApJ...418L..55F" ]
1971610
null
Broad Hα emission in the high-redshift radio galaxy 3C 22
We present the result of near-infrared spectroscopic observations on the radio galaxy 3C 22 (z=0.937). Contrary to the previous classification of this object as a narrow-line radio galaxy, we report the clear presence of a broad Hα line, showing directly that at least some powerful radio galaxies are simply reddened quasars.
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14.868487
6.282628
1995-01-01
25
1995MNRAS.272L...5E
[ "the radio galaxy", "a narrow-line radio galaxy", "at least some powerful radio galaxies", "a broad Hα line", "the clear presence", "near-infrared spectroscopic observations", "the previous classification", "this object", "the result", "22" ]
[ "GALAXIES", "ACTIVE-QUASARS", "EMISSION LINES-GALAXIES", "INDIVIDUAL", "3C 22", "INFRARED", "GALAXIES-RADIO CONTINUUM", "GALAXIES." ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/272.1.L5" ]
[ "Economou, Frossie", "Lawrence, Andy", "Ward, Martin J.", "Blanco, Philip R." ]
[ "Physics Department, Queen Mary &amp; Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS", "Physics Department, Queen Mary &amp; Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS", "Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH", "Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0111, USA" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2597T", "1995MNRAS.274..428R", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1996ApJ...462..163H", "1996ApJ...465..145C", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AJ....114.2292F", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1997gsr..proc..232B", "1998ASSL..226...11B", "1998ApJ...498..553E", "1998MNRAS.295..451B", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.297L..39S", "1999ApJ...516....9K", "1999MNRAS.303..616B", "1999MNRAS.305..125G", "1999MNRAS.306..828S", "1999PhDT.......255L", "2000ApJ...545...63E", "2000MNRAS.311....1B", "2000MNRAS.317..720B", "2002AJ....123..132F", "2010ApJ...714..561L", "2011A&A...525A..43N" ]
[ "1977ApJ...213..635R", "1977MmRAS..84...61J", "1978ApJ...220..783G", "1980MNRAS.192..233R", "1982ApJ...256..410L", "1982JApA....3..173S", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984MNRAS.209..159P", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1988ApJ...327...89O", "1988ApJ...329..702K", "1989agna.book.....O", "1991MNRAS.252..586L", "1993AJ....105.1690F", "1993MNRAS.263..936D" ]
1950070
null
The Angular Two-Point Correlation Function of Galaxies Down to B J &lt;= Magnitude on &lt;= 10 Scales
We place constraints on the evolution of galaxy clustering from deep CCD frames in Gunn gri from two widely separated, intermediate Galactic latitude fields (b ~&gt; 30^deg^), each roughly square in shape and ~0.5^deg^ in extent. More than 90% of the galaxies brighter than gri ~24.5 mag are detected. For each field in each pass-band, a total of ~&gt;23,000 objects are found. Neuschaefer, Windhorst &amp; DressIer (1991) (the first paper in the series) and Neuschaefer &amp; Windhorst (1994) (the second paper in the series) discuss the details of the photometric and astrometric calibrations, object classification and galaxy counts. The current paper, the third in this series, presents the faint galaxy angular two-point correlation function (as a function of median redshift and apparent magnitude) and assesses the relative importance of effects due to sample completeness, galaxy surface brightness, evolution in galaxy spectra, evolution in clustering, as well as the overall matter density in the universe. Galaxies undergo a moderate bluing trend with increasing sample depth, consistent with previous work. We establish two important trends in the correlation function, w(θ) is proportional to θ<SUP>delta</SUP>^ (with {delta] ~-0.7), as function of increasing survey depth: (1) w(θ)'s amplitude declines moderately with survey depth down to gri ~ 24.5 mag (where our galaxy catalogs are more than 90% complete); (2) w(θ)'s slope marginally flattens from δ ~ -0.8 in all-sky surveys to δ ~ -0.5 at g_med_ = 25 mag in our Four-Shooter data. The decline of the correlation amplitude with fainter magnitude is stronger than expected for an {OMEGA}_0_ = 1 universe that contains only galaxies with nonevolving spectral energy distributions. Better agreement with the observations is obtained through a combination of the following explanations: (1) w(θ)'s slope δ(z) grows steeper with cosmic time roughly as γ(z) is proportional to γ(0)(1 + z)^0.2+/-0.2 with γ(0) = 1 - δ(0) = 1.75, confirming predictions of N-body CDM galaxy clustering simulations; (2) galaxy clustering has increased somewhat in amplitude since z &lt;~ 1, parameterized by a clustering exponent ɛ ~&gt;0 (3) field galaxies have undergone mild spectral evolution out to redshifts z &lt;~ 1; and/or (4) low surface brightness galaxies are more weakly clustered than the general field galaxy population.
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12.483665
5.008262
1995-01-01
28
1995ApJ...439...14N
[ "only galaxies", "Galaxies", "galaxy", "increasing survey depth", "increasing sample depth", "mild spectral evolution", "survey depth", "N-body CDM galaxy clustering simulations", "w(θ", "function" ]
[ "Angular Correlation", "Cosmology", "Faint Objects", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Red Shift", "Stellar Magnitude", "Brightness Distribution", "Numerical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175147" ]
[ "Neuschaefer, Lyman W.", "Windhorst, Rogier A." ]
[ "Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ", "Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ" ]
[ "1995ApJ...444...21P", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...470..681K", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996ApJS..104..185H", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.292..817M", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998astro.ph..7334B", "1999A&A...346...58B", "1999AJ....118.2547K", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999MNRAS.307..529K", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...548..114S", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2004ApJ...617..765C", "2011MNRAS.410..241K" ]
[ "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...241..521C", "1980MNRAS.192..209S", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJS...47..357B", "1981PhDT........66K", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1984A&AS...58....1W", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1984MNRAS.210P..19B", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...299...15D", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...308..510B", "1986HiA.....7..355W", "1987IAUS..124..573W", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...324..677D", "1988ApJ...331...64H", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...333..673B", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988PhDT........88M", "1989A&A...209....1B", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989MNRAS.236P...7C", "1990A&A...227..324B", "1990ASPC...10..185B", "1990ASPC...10..248E", "1990ASPC...10..268K", "1990ASPC...10..389W", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990clga.conf...65W", "1991AJ....102..445P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991MNRAS.250..802E", "1991MNRAS.252..261E", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992PhDT.........6N", "1992xrea.conf..227A", "1993ApJ...407..489W", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...414..431Y", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993NYASA.688..534M", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994MNRAS.266...50F" ]
1950059
null
Far-Infrared Thermal Emission from the Inner Cooling Flow Region of NGC 1275
Measurements of the spatial distribution of 100 micron emission are presented for NGC 1275, the central galaxy in the Perseus cluster. The emission is clearly resolved on a kiloparsec level, and has the same flux density as seen by IRAS at an epoch when the nonthermal emission was a factor of 10 higher. This emission which traces the greater part of the luminosity of this galaxy, is thus identified as thermal emission from dust. The emission appears to be distributed more nearly like the low- velocity Hα filaments in the core of this galaxy than the starlight, extended nonthermal radio, X-ray emission, or high velocity gas. While the dust might be heated by a star-formation region that is fed by the cooling flow in this cluster, the intracluster gas also appears to be energetically capable of this as well, in which case the dust would be, at least at the present time, the dominant cooling mechanism for the hot gas. The large quantity of dust in NGC 1275 is unlikely to have been created within the galaxy, or in the cooling flow, but was probably accreted from a recent galactic interloper.
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12.429042
8.559261
1995-01-01
20
1995ApJ...439..185L
[ "X-ray emission", "thermal emission", "high velocity gas", "dust", "NGC", "Hα filaments", "the nonthermal emission", "100 micron emission", "the cooling flow", "the central galaxy" ]
[ "Cooling Flows (Astrophysics)", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Infrared Astronomy", "Infrared Spectra", "Spatial Distribution", "Cosmic Dust", "Data Reduction", "Flux Density", "Infrared Photometry", "Interacting Galaxies", "Point Sources", "Star Formation", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 1275", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIATION MECHANISMS: THERMAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175163" ]
[ "Lester, D. F.", "Zink, E. C.", "Doppmann, G. W.", "Gaffney, N. I.", "Harvey, P. M.", "Smith, B. J.", "Malkan, M." ]
[ "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US" ]
[ "1996AJ....111.1852I", "1996AJ....111.2224K", "1996ASSL..209..170S", "1996ApJ...468..139S", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998ApJ...501..119A", "1998ApJ...507..774Y", "1998MNRAS.300..967B", "1999MNRAS.306..599E", "2000ApJ...529..875P", "2000ApJ...544..242B", "2000ApJS..131..413Z", "2001ApJ...554..803Y", "2001MNRAS.328..359I", "2001MNRAS.328..762E", "2002MNRAS.333..876F", "2003ApJ...594L..13E", "2004ApJ...600..695R", "2008A&A...484..317S", "2010A&A...516A...1L" ]
[ "1957IAUS....4..107M", "1976ApJ...204..365F", "1977ApJ...215..723C", "1979ApJ...230..667K", "1979PASP...91..143H", "1983ApJ...275L..27H", "1984MNRAS.209..373L", "1985ApJ...299..341M", "1985MNRAS.217..281G", "1986ApJ...306..483J", "1986ApJ...308...59E", "1986Icar...68..239L", "1987ARA&A..25..187S", "1987ApJ...312L..11J", "1987ApJ...320..667F", "1988A&AS...75..317S", "1988AJ.....96..481S", "1988ApJ...333....1M", "1988cfcg.work...73H", "1989A&A...216L...5C", "1989ApJ...336L..13L", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1989ApJ...340L...9M", "1989Icar...78..355L", "1989PASJ...41..865M", "1990ApJ...350L..25D", "1990ApJ...351..406B", "1990ApJ...353L...7S", "1990ApJ...355..401G", "1990ApJ...360..465B", "1990MNRAS.246..477P", "1991AJ....101.1609K", "1992A&A...256L..11S", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992ARA&A..30...11D", "1992ApJ...388..301C", "1992MNRAS.254..509F", "1993A&A...277...21R", "1993A&A...279...61N", "1993AJ....105..877R", "1993ApJ...405...94W", "1993MNRAS.264L..25B", "1994ApJ...425...91S" ]
1970784
null
Invariants of simple gravitational lenses
We present approximate tests which can be applied to a newly observed quadruple QSO, or to a quadruplet of extended objects distorted by a foreground cluster of galaxies. These tests indicate whether the responsible gravitational lens may have a simple mass distribution. If the lens galaxy is detected, the tests give an approximate orientation for it, which can be compared with the observed orientation of the galaxy. The tests do not require construction of an explicit lens model, and therefore can save time and effort. In the case of many objects distorted by a cluster, these diagnostics can help to select possible quadruplet candidates.
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13.432605
4.050825
1995-01-01
13
1995MNRAS.272..363K
[ "approximate tests", "extended objects", "possible quadruplet candidates", "many objects", "galaxies", "an explicit lens model", "the responsible gravitational lens", "the lens galaxy", "QSO", "construction" ]
[ "METHODS", "ANALYTICAL-GALAXIES", "CLUSTERING-COSMOLOGY", "MISCELLANEOUS-GRAVITATIONAL LENSING." ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/272.2.363" ]
[ "Kassiola, Aggeliki", "Kovner, Israel" ]
[ "Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, 14 avenue E. Belin, Toulouse 31400, France", "Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, 14 avenue E. Belin, Toulouse 31400, France" ]
[ "1998ApJ...509L..13D", "1998MNRAS.295..488S", "2000CaJPh..78..755C", "2001A&A...370...43M", "2001A&A...379...72C", "2001MNRAS.320..401Z", "2004MNRAS.354..343T", "2007A&A...463..105T", "2020JKAS...53..149T", "2022AJ....164..113S", "2022AJ....164..120F", "2024MNRAS.tmp.1534M", "2024SSRv..220...12S" ]
[ "1987dmu..conf..133B", "1988AJ.....95.1331Y", "1988AJ.....96.1570K", "1988Natur.334..325M", "1990ApJ...364...15K", "1991AJ....102..454R", "1991ApJ...369L..59C", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1992AJ....104..959R", "1992AJ....104..968H", "1992MNRAS.259P...1P", "1992MNRAS.259P...5L", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993AJ....105....1S", "1993AJ....106.1330K", "1993ApJ...403..517W", "1993ApJ...409L...9K", "1993ApJ...417..450K", "1994A&A...286..357K", "1994AJ....107...28Y", "1994ApJ...429L...9K", "1994MNRAS.268..889H" ]
1947825
null
Morphology of Early-Type Galaxies in Compact groups. III.
In the previous papers of this series we presented and discussed photometric and morphological data relative to early-type galaxies in several Hickson's [ApJ, 255,382(1982)] Compact Groups. The sample of galaxy groups we present here is extracted from the lists of Compact Groups of Compact Galaxies given by Shakhbazyan and collaborators (1973- 1979). These groups are often not well defined, since they have in general larger distances with respect to the Hickson's groups. Therefore, besides photometric and morphological data of all galaxies belonging to the groups, we give here a better definition of each group, by excluding misclassified objects (essentially stars) and including (in case) possible new members. Although the Shakhbazyan's groups represent a less homogeneous class of objects with respect to the Hickson's groups, the morphological properties of early-type galaxies are quite in agreement with those we found in the Hickson's groups. In particular, it is confirmed that isophotes of elliptical galaxies in compact groups are less boxy and more irregular with respect to analogous galaxies in different environments.
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11.929759
6.916497
1995-01-01
18
1995AJ....109...32B
[ "galaxy groups", "Compact Galaxies", "elliptical galaxies", "analogous galaxies", "compact groups", "Hickson", "Compact Groups of Compact Galaxies", "Compact Groups", "misclassified objects", "general larger distances" ]
[ "Classifications", "Compact Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Astronomical Photometry", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Isophotes", "Morphology", "Statistical Analysis", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "GALAXIES: COMPACT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117254" ]
[ "Bettoni, Daniela", "Fasano, Giovanni" ]
[ "Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy" ]
[ "1996A&AS..118..429B", "1996AN....317..239S", "1996AN....317..383S", "1997AN....318....7S", "1997AN....318...89S", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..116...71B", "2002A&A...392...33T", "2003RMxAA..39..275T", "2004A&A...415..803T", "2005A&A...439..973T", "2005AN....326..362T", "2005RMxAA..41....3T", "2006ARep...50..861T", "2007RMxAA..43...45T", "2010Ap.....53...50T", "2010Ap.....53..154T", "2014MNRAS.443..288F" ]
[ "1963MCG...C03....0V", "1977ApJ...211..311R", "1980ApJ...236..366K", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1985MNRAS.214..177S", "1990A&A...234...89F", "1990IRASF.C......0M", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1993AJ....105.1291B", "1993PASJ...45L..39S", "1993nbpg.conf..181L", "1994AJ....107.1649F" ]
1974641
null
Near-Infrared Properties of Quasar and Seyfert Host Galaxies
We present near-infrared images of nearly 100 host galaxies of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Our quasar sample is comprised of the 50 quasars from the Palomar Green Bright Quasar Survey with redshifts z\&lt;= 0.3. We have restricted the redshift range to ensure adequate spatial resolution, galaxy detectability, and minimal distance-dependent effects, while still giving a large sample of objects. For lower-luminosity AGN we have chosen to image the CfA Seyfert sample. This sample is composed of 48 Seyferts, roughly equally divided among types 1, 1.5-1.9, and 2. This sample was spectroscopically selected, and, therefore, is not biased towards Seyferts with significant star formation. Taken together, these samples allow a statistical look at the continuity of host-galaxy properties over a factor of 10,000 in nuclear luminosity. We find the near-infrared light to be a good tracer of luminous mass in these galaxies. The Seyferts are found in galaxies of type S0 to Sc. The radio quiet quasars live in similar kinds of galaxies spanning the same range of mass centered around L*. However, for the most luminous quasars, there is a correlation between the minimum host-galaxy mass and the luminosity of the active nucleus. Radio-loud quasars are generally found in hosts more massive than an L* galaxy. We also detect a population of low-mass host galaxies with very low-luminosity Seyfert nuclei. The low luminosity quasars and the Seyferts both tend to lie in host galaxies seen preferentially face-on, which suggests there is a substantial amount of obscuration coplanar with the galaxian disk. The obscuration must be geometrically thick (thickness-to-radius ~1) and must cover a significant fraction of the narrow line region (r&gt;100 pc). We have examined our images for signs of perturbations that could drive fuel toward the galaxy nucleus, but there are none we can identify at a significant level. The critical element for fueling is evidently not reflected clearly in the large scale distribution of luminous mass in the galaxy. We also present an infrared image of the jet of 3C 273 and compare it to visible and radio images from the literature. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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15.044628
6.596901
1995-01-01
6
1995PASP..107...91M
[ "host galaxies", "galaxy detectability", "galaxies", "hosts", "low-mass host galaxies", "luminous mass", "host-galaxy properties", "nuclear luminosity", "mass", "significant star formation" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133521" ]
[ "McLeod, Kim Katris" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996PASP..108....8T", "2001ApJ...547...90H", "2002ApPhL..81.1615H", "2003A&A...405..959S", "2003JAP....93.8793M", "2006ApJ...649..616P" ]
null
1950388
null
Inhomogeneity of Cold Dark Matter due to Initial Fluctuations in the Long Cosmic String Scheme. I.
It is investigated numerically how the inhomogeneity of dark matter proceeds in the long cosmic string model of galaxy formation. Wakes having sheetlike structures are naturally formed in this model; however, the appropriate fluctuations of dark matter are necessary for the development of inhomogeneity in them, which grows up into astronomical objects such as galaxies. The growth of inhomogeneity of dark matter is calculated for two types of initial fluctuations, such as the standard cold dark matter fluctuations and a Gaussian flat spectrum (n = 0). If the amplitude of the fluctuations is too large, even the wakes are not formed, and if too small, astronomical objects are not formed within a wake. Typical isodensity surfaces in some representative cases are presented, and we have derived the suitable amplitude range of initial fluctuations for each spectrum type, taking into account the conditions for wake formation and galaxy formation in wakes, which is relatively limited.
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10.38964
-1.698701
1995-01-01
3
1995ApJ...438...27H
[ "dark matter", "initial fluctuations", "wake formation", "the standard cold dark matter fluctuations", "galaxy formation", "Wakes", "wakes", "astronomical objects", "Typical isodensity surfaces", "inhomogeneity" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Galactic Evolution", "Inhomogeneity", "String Theory", "Universe", "Hubble Constant", "Normal Density Functions", "Wakes", "Astrophysics", "COSMIC STRINGS", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175051" ]
[ "Hara, Tetsuya", "Maehoenen, Petri", "Yamamoto, Hideki", "Miyoshi, Shigeru J." ]
[ "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan", "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan", "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan", "Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Kyoto, Japan" ]
[ "1996ApJ...459L..45M", "1996ApJ...461....1H", "1999PThPh.102...51H" ]
[ "1969PThPh..42..523H", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1971PThPS..49...11S", "1972A&A....20..189S", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976JPhA....9.1387K", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1981MNRAS.195..467S", "1981PhRvD..23..347G", "1981csup.book.....H", "1982ApJ...263L...1P", "1982PhRvL..48.1867V", "1983ApJ...271..417F", "1983MNRAS.204..891K", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1984PhRvL..53.1700S", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985PhR...121..263V", "1986ApJ...300....1S", "1986ApJ...301..522I", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.222P..27R", "1986PThPh..75.1342S", "1986PhRvL..57.1655V", "1987ApJ...316..489B", "1987ApJ...322....1S", "1987PThPh..77.1152H", "1988ApJ...327..584S", "1988Natur.335..410B", "1988PThPS..96...63N", "1989ApJ...338..654A", "1989ApJ...339..603C", "1989PhRvD..40..973A", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1990ApJ...365...37V", "1990Natur.346..233P", "1990PThPh..84..867H", "1990PhRvD..41..720B", "1990PhRvL..64..119A", "1990fecs.conf..421S", "1990fecs.conf..465B", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1991PhRvL..67.1057V", "1991PhST...36...70F", "1991PhST...36...88E", "1991PhST...36...97R", "1991PhST...36..127S", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...398...33V", "1992ApJ...399L...5B", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.356..489D", "1992PhRvD..45.1000C", "1992PhRvD..45.1884V", "1992PhRvD..45.3487V", "1992mgm..conf..964H", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...405..419H", "1993ApJ...406..361U", "1993ApJ...406L...1K", "1993ApJ...412...22H", "1993ApJ...414..421H", "1993PhRvD..48.1530P", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...432...31H" ]
11580210
astro-ph/9407005
Models of Galaxies with Central Black Holes: Adiabatic Growth in Spherical Galaxies
We add black holes to nonrotating, spherical galaxy models, with the assumption that the black-hole growth is slow compared with the dynamical time but fast compared with the relaxation time. The outcome differs depending on whether the core of the initial galaxy does or does not resemble that of an isothermal sphere. For the isothermal case the previously known results are confirmed and sharpened: the black hole induces cusps in the density (ρ ∼ r<SUP>-3/2</SUP>) and velocity dispersion (υ<SUP>2</SUP> ∼ r<SUP>-1</SUP>), and a tangential anisotropy in the velocity distribution away from the center. For the nonisothermal case the induced density cusp is steeper, and the induced anisotropy is larger and penetrates right to the center. The cusp around the black hole is insensitive to anisotropy in the initial velocity distribution, and also to the origin of the black hole, unless its mass comes exclusively from the stars of lowest angular momentum, in which case the cusp is suppressed. We discuss the implications for the interpretation of evidence for massive black holes in galactic nuclei.
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9.851367
5.742478
1995-02-01
176
1995ApJ...440..554Q
[ "black holes", "massive black holes", "velocity dispersion", "spherical galaxy models", "lowest angular momentum", "the black hole", "the initial velocity distribution", "r", "cusps", "the black-hole growth" ]
[ "BLACK HOLE PHYSICS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "Astrophysics" ]
11
[ "10.1086/175295", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407005" ]
[ "Quinlan, Gerald D.", "Hernquist, Lars", "Sigurdsson, Steinn" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1960AnAp...23..474H", "1972GReGr...3...63P", "1975ApJ...199..328H", "1976ApJ...209..214B", "1978ApJ...221..721Y", "1980ApJ...242.1232Y", "1980MNRAS.190..873B", "1983MNRAS.202..995J", "1984MNRAS.207..511G", "1985ApJ...296...20N", "1985ApJ...296..370R", "1985IAUS..113..373S", "1985MNRAS.216..467G", "1986LNP...267..233H", "1987ApJ...319...55M", "1987MNRAS.224...13D", "1988A&A...198..135U", "1988MNRAS.231..935P", "1989ApJ...343..594L", "1989IAUS..134..217D", "1989ddse.work...43B", "1989ddse.work...81P", "1990AJ.....99.1548M", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...356..483Q", "1990ApJ...361...69H", "1990Sci...247..817R", "1991A&A...244L..37N", "1991MNRAS.253..414C", "1992AJ....103..703L", "1992AJ....104..552L", "1992hena.conf..196K", "1992pagn.conf..273G", "1993AJ....106.1371C", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993MNRAS.265..213G", "1993MNRAS.265..250D", "1994AJ....107..634T", "1994ApJ...432L..91V", "1994ApJ...435L..35H", "1994MNRAS.268..521V" ]
11579149
astro-ph/9407032
Steps towards nonlinear cluster inversion through gravitational distortions. I. Basic considerations and circular clusters.
The distortion of images of faint, high-redshift galaxies by light deflection at foreground clusters of galaxies can be used to determine the (projected) mass distribution of the clusters. In the case of strong distortions, which lead to arcs in clusters, the position of the arc and/or its radius of curvature yields an estimate for the total mass inside a circle traced out by the arc. Weak distortions, which can be observed to much larger angular separations, can be used to determine the mass profile. In the case of weak distortions, an approximation which identifies the observed distortion with the shear produced by the lens can be made; this (linear) approximation breaks down, however, if one wants to probe the center of the cluster, i.e., approach the region within which giant arcs can be formed. The methods developed hitherto, the most advanced of which is due to Kaiser &amp; Squires, rely on the linear approximation and thus cannot yield reliable results for regions close to the center of the cluster. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis to extend the Kaiser &amp; Squires method into the nonlinear regime, thereby making it more powerful, since the nonlinear distortions provide strong constraints on the mass profile, which in combination with the weak distortions should yield more reliable cluster inversions. We discuss the statistical properties of the observable image ellipticities and provide several methods to determine the local distortion by the lens from observed galaxy images, some of which rely only on the orientations of the images, not on their ellipticities. Analytic approximations for the error in the locally determined distortion are provided. An invariance transformation of the density profile of the cluster is derived which leaves the observable distortion invariant; this transformation differs from that valid in the linear approximation where it simply corresponds to the addition of a homogeneous matter sheet. We then investigate the inversion of spherical clusters; in particular, we show the precision with which the center of a spherical cluster can be determined, both with and without usage of the absolute value of the image ellipticities. We show that inclusion of the absolute value of the ellipticities increases the accuracy of the center position considerably. Finally, we study the fully nonlinear inversion of spherical clusters in some detail, to illustrate the difficulties one has to anticipate in nonlinear reconstructions of realistic two-dimensional matter distributions. We compare the direct nonlinear inversion with the method of fitting parametrized mass profiles to the distortion data, and point out relative strengths and shortcomings. In particular, we emphasize the influence of the aforementioned global invariance transformation and an additional local degeneracy.
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12.527404
4.035573
1995-02-01
214
1995A&A...294..411S
[ "spherical clusters", "Weak distortions", "weak distortions", "strong distortions", "foreground clusters", "clusters", "observed galaxy images", "nonlinear reconstructions", "fitting parametrized mass profiles", "Analytic approximations" ]
[ "Dark Matter", "Distortion", "Galactic Clusters", "Gravitational Effects", "Gravitational Lenses", "Inversions", "Cosmology", "Ellipticity", "Invariance", "Nonlinearity", "Statistical Analysis", "Astrophysics", "GRAVITATION", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407032" ]
[ "Schneider, Peter", "Seitz, Carolin" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1995A&A...299...11B", "1995A&A...302..639S", "1995A&A...303..331B", "1995A&A...303..643B", "1995ApJ...451...60B", "1995NYASA.759..573S", "1996A&A...305..383S", "1996A&A...314..707S", "1996ApJ...461..572S", "1996ApJ...464...92G", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...469...73S", "1996ApJ...473...65S", "1996ApJ...473..570G", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173..131M", "1996IAUS..173..137S", "1996MNRAS.283..837S", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...317..303V", "1997A&A...318..687S", "1997A&A...319..764H", "1997AJ....113..521F", "1997ApJ...474...25S", "1997ApJ...484...70F", "1997ApJ...485..460A", "1997MNRAS.287..833N", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..3103S", "1998A&A...330..791L", "1998A&A...335....1L", "1998A&A...337..325S", "1998AJ....116.1541A", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998ApJ...501..539T", "1998ApJ...504..636H", "1998ApJ...504..661C", "1998IAUS..179..241S", "1998LRR.....1...12W", "1998MNRAS.295..497G", "1998MNRAS.296..763K", "1998MNRAS.298..945S", "1998MNRAS.299..895B", "1998MNRAS.301..389V", "1998MNRAS.301..861W", "1998NewAR..42...73N", "1998astro.ph..3279R", "1998astro.ph.12388G", "1998lsst.conf..297K", "1999A&A...342...15V", "1999A&A...342..337L", "1999A&A...343...81N", "1999A&A...345....1R", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999ApJ...524....9B", "1999MNRAS.304..687S", "1999PThPS.133...53U", "2000A&A...353...41S", "2000A&A...355...23E", "2000A&A...355..433S", "2000A&A...361..415M", "2000A&A...364..377R", "2000AJ....120.1654S", "2000ApJ...533L..93B", "2000ApJ...536...79R", "2000ApJ...540...14V", "2000MNRAS.313..524V", "2000astro.ph.10387B", "2000fepc.conf..138B", "2000pras.conf..203S", "2001A&A...369....1K", "2001A&A...374..740S", "2001A&A...379..384C", "2001AmJPh..69..218A", "2001ApJ...546...47B", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002A&A...382..769L", "2002A&A...389..729S", "2002AJ....123..583B", "2002ApJ...577L...1B", "2002LNP...608....1C", "2002LNP...608...55W", "2002MNRAS.335.1037M", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003astro.ph..6465S", "2004A&A...424...13B", "2004AJ....127.2544S", "2004astro.ph.10643B", "2005A&A...437...39B", "2005A&A...440..453D", "2005ApJ...618...46J", "2005ApJ...621...53B", "2005MNRAS.360..477D", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2006A&A...451.1139S", "2006A&A...456..827K", "2006A&A...458..349C", "2006ApJ...653..936S", "2006MNRAS.372..758M", "2006MNRAS.372.1289M", "2007A&A...467..427P", "2007A&A...470..821D", "2007ApJ...656...27J", "2007MNRAS.379..190C", "2007MNRAS.380..229M", "2008A&A...485..363S", "2008ApJ...673L.111M", "2008ApJ...680....1O", "2008ApJ...681..187B", "2008ApJ...684..177U", "2008ApJ...684..794K", "2008MNRAS.386..307L", "2008PhR...462...67M", "2009A&A...508.1141S", "2009AnApS...3....6B", "2009ApJ...694.1643U", "2009ApJ...702..980K", "2010A&A...523A..28K", "2010ApJ...710..372G", "2010ApJ...714.1470U", "2010MNRAS.401.2257M", "2010arXiv1002.3952U", "2010arXiv1008.3088E", "2011A&A...528A..51H", "2011ApJ...729..127U", "2011ApJ...735..118R", "2011ApJ...736...43C", "2011ApJ...738...41U", "2011MNRAS.410.2156V", "2011MNRAS.412.1023H", "2011MNRAS.416.1392G", "2011RAA....11..507J", "2012A&A...546A..32R", "2012MNRAS.424.2757M", "2013A&A...559A..37S", "2013ApJ...768...39G", "2013ApJ...769...13U", "2013MNRAS.432.1046B", "2013MNRAS.435..822R", "2013MNRAS.435.1547B", "2013RAA....13..517E", "2014A&A...564A.103S", "2014ApJ...784...31L", "2014ApJ...795..163U", "2014IAUS..306...94V", "2014JCAP...11..008T", "2014JInst...9C3037M", "2014MNRAS.437.2642S", "2014MNRAS.439.1909V", "2014MNRAS.442.1507G", "2014MNRAS.444.2685E", "2014arXiv1403.5237B", "2015ApJ...806....4M", "2015ApJ...806..207U", "2015ApJ...807..182M", "2015ApJ...811...70R", "2015IJMPD..2430011F", "2015MNRAS.449.2128K", "2015MNRAS.452.2353K", "2015RPPh...78h6901K", "2015SSRv..193..139K", "2016ApJ...821..116U", "2016ApJ...832...82J", "2016JCAP...08..020B", "2016MNRAS.455..892G", "2016MNRAS.459.2762H", "2016MNRAS.460.2505R", "2016MNRAS.461.2328M", "2016MNRAS.462.4028C", "2016PhRvD..94b2002B", "2017A&A...597L...1T", "2017ApJ...839...25S", "2017ApJ...843...78J", "2017ApJ...851...46F", "2017JCAP...04..049B", "2017MNRAS.468..346H", "2017MNRAS.469.3738S", "2017MNRAS.471.1370S", "2018A&A...610A..85S", "2018ApJ...859..159C", "2018ApJ...860..104U", "2018MNRAS.474.2635S", "2018MNRAS.476.1198B", "2018MNRAS.479.2871J", "2019A&A...627A.143H", "2019MNRAS.487.4492W", "2019PhRvD..99b3525F", "2019PhRvD..99b3526F", "2019Univ....5..177W", "2020A&ARv..28....7U", "2020ApJ...890..148U", "2020MNRAS.492.5023J", "2020MNRAS.494.3253L", "2021A&A...645A.105G", "2021MNRAS.502..728W", "2021MNRAS.502.4048K", "2021MNRAS.505.3923S", "2022A&A...664A..77S", "2022A&A...668A..18Z", "2022ApJ...934..169U", "2022MNRAS.509.1127S", "2022MNRAS.516.1829P", "2023A&A...672A..44H", "2023ApJ...945..152C", "2023MNRAS.518.4494T", "2023MNRAS.518.5843D", "2023MNRAS.526.5455D", "2023arXiv230613187S", "2024A&A...683A.103B", "2024MNRAS.528.6680Y", "2024SSRv..220...19N", "2024arXiv240417124O", "2024arXiv240513491E", "2024arXiv240518930N" ]
[ "1986BAAS...18R1014L", "1987A&A...172L..14S", "1987Natur.325..572P", "1988A&A...191L..19S", "1988A&A...200L..17F", "1988ApJ...327..693G", "1989ApJ...344..637G", "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1992grle.book.....S", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993A&A...280L...7B", "1993ApJ...404..441K" ]
11579879
astro-ph/9409080
The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment: Deep Photometry of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
We present deep CCD photometry of a field in the newly discovered dwarf spheroidal galaxy in Sagittarius (hereafter Sgr), and of a nearby control field. These data were used to produce color-magnitude (CM) diagrams reaching I ~ 22.3 in both fields. After statistically removing the field stars from the CM diagram we find that Sgr is dominated by a moderately old (age ~10 Gyr) population, significantly younger than a typical globular-cluster population. There is some evidence for a weak intermediate-age component or alternatively a population of blue stragglers. These results confirm that Sgr is a bona fide dwarf spheroidal galaxy, the ninth found orbiting the Milky Way. We have discovered nine short-period variables in the Sgr field, well in excess of the number found in the control field. Seven of these stars have similar apparent magnitudes and are almost certainly RR Lyr stars in Sgr. We have used the minimum-light colors of the RRab variables to determine the reddening of the Sgr field to be E(V-I) = 0.22, or E(B-V) = 0.18 for a normal extinction law. For an assumed RR Lyr luminosity of M_v_ = +0.6 we conclude that the distance of Sgr is 25.2+/-2.8 kpc. The properties of the Sgr giant branch and upper main sequence are consistent with a mean metallicity of [Fe/H]~ -1.1+/-0.3.
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8.883003
7.873983
1995-02-01
96
1995AJ....109..588M
[ "hereafter Sgr", "Sgr", "RR Lyr stars", "similar apparent magnitudes", "upper main sequence", "the Sgr field", "the Sgr giant branch", "deep CCD photometry", "a bona fide dwarf spheroidal galaxy", "CM" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Sagittarius Constellation", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Distance", "Metallicity", "Variable Stars", "Astronomy", "GRAVITIATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/117303", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409080" ]
[ "Mateo, Mario", "Udalski, A.", "Szymanski, M.", "Kaluzny, J.", "Kubiak, M.", "Krzeminski, W." ]
[ "University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US", "University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US", "Warsaw Univ. Observatory, Poland, UK", "Warsaw Univ. Observatory, Poland, UK", "Warsaw Univ. Observatory, Poland, UK", "Warsaw Univ. Observatory, Poland, UK" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2533D", "1995AJ....110.1141M", "1995AJ....110.2166M", "1995AcA....45..237U", "1995Obs...115..256B", "1996A&A...312L..21Z", "1996A&AS..118..303K", "1996AJ....112.1536M", "1996ARA&A..34..419P", "1996ASPC...98..328S", "1996ApJ...458L..13M", "1996ApJ...458L..17A", "1996ApJ...459L..65F", "1996MNRAS.278..727U", "1996MNRAS.278..947B", "1996Msngr..85...28Z", "1996NewA....1...57W", "1996astro.ph..6166Z", "1996astro.ph.10025T", "1997A&A...326....1A", "1997AJ....113..634I", "1997ApJ...474..217A", "1997ApJ...474L..99B", "1997ApJ...480..297B", "1997ApJ...486L.107L", "1997ApJ...487..651W", "1997MNRAS.290....7E", "1997MNRAS.292..686G", "1997PASP..109..977L", "1998A&A...330..453M", "1998A&A...333..505B", "1998A&A...336..130I", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998AJ....115.1840H", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...500..575I", "1998ApJ...500L.149Z", "1998ApJ...508L..55M", "1998MNRAS.294..139Z", "1998PASP..110..533S", "1999AJ....117.1313L", "1999AJ....118..442O", "1999AJ....118.1245B", "1999IAUS..186...39I", "1999IAUS..192..121B", "2000A&A...357..871C", "2000A&A...359..597R", "2000A&A...359..663B", "2000AJ....119.1760L", "2000ASPC..203..264L", "2000Ap&SS.271...73B", "2001A&A...369..778C", "2001A&A...375..909C", "2001ApJ...554.1124S", "2001ApJ...556..635B", "2001ApJ...559L..17C", "2001PASP..113...82H", "2001coev.conf..263B", "2002AJ....124.1528P", "2002PASP..114..645D", "2003ApJ...599.1082M", "2003MNRAS.345..747M", "2004MNRAS.353..874M", "2005AJ....129..267C", "2005PASP..117..721G", "2005PhRvD..71d3516F", "2006AJ....132.1361S", "2006ApJ...651..197C", "2007ApJ...667L..57S", "2008AJ....135..631K", "2008AJ....136.2441K", "2009A&A...502..505B", "2009AJ....137.4478K", "2009ASPC..403..110U", "2009IAUS..256...30S", "2010AJ....139..415K", "2010ApJ...712..516N", "2010ApJ...721..329C", "2010ApJ...724..799Y", "2011rrls.conf..117K", "2013AJ....145...33K", "2013AJ....145..160K", "2013AJ....146..119K", "2013MNRAS.434.1220A", "2013MNRAS.436..413M", "2013arXiv1310.0549L", "2014RMxAA..50..307A", "2016AcA....66..197H", "2016ApJ...818...41S", "2017AJ....154...85V", "2017MNRAS.465.2489T", "2017MNRAS.468..870T", "2018MNRAS.481.2000D", "2019MNRAS.490.4254N", "2020MNRAS.493.6109W", "2020MNRAS.497.4162V" ]
[ "1979AJ.....84..383L", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983ApJ...273..530M", "1984ApJ...284..670P", "1984ApJ...285..483D", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1985AJ.....90.2221O", "1985ApJ...298..544S", "1985ApJS...58..561V", "1985ApJS...58..711V", "1986ApJ...304....1P", "1987AJ.....93..565O", "1989ARA&A..27..139H", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...69..593L", "1990A&AS...82....1M", "1990A&AS...82..207M", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1991AJ....101..892M", "1991AJ....102.1358C", "1992AJ....103..840C", "1992MNRAS.257..195G", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994ApJ...428..617V", "1994Natur.370..194I" ]
11580182
astro-ph/9409071
The Contribution of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies to Faint Galaxy Counts
Recent observations have revealed a population of blue galaxies at intermediate redshift with a space density well in excess of expectations from the local luminosity function and standard cosmology. The colors and luminosities of these faint blue galaxies are similar to nearby low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. Such galaxies are severely underrepresented in surveys used to define the local luminosity function, but could in principle be detected in deep surveys. If LSB galaxy density is high enough, the faint-galaxy counts could be explained without requiring rapid galaxy evolution. <P />To explore the consequences of including LSB galaxies, we construct catalogs of simulated nonevolving galaxies drawn from a multivariate distribution of galaxy luminosities, central surface brightnesses, bulge/disk ratios, and spectral-energy distributions. We compare two models dominated by LSB galaxies to a "standard" nonevolving model. Model galaxies are convolved with seeing and selected in a manner that closely matches real surveys. For each model we compute the local B<SUB>j</SUB> band luminosity function, H I mass function, number counts in the B<SUB>j</SUB>, I, and K bands, redshift distributions and color distributions. <P />We find it possible to include a large population of LSB galaxies and incorporate a steep faint-end slope of the luminosity function in our simulations without violating the constraints on the local field-galaxy luminosity function or the H I mass function. For q<SUB>0</SUB> = 0.5, the most favorable model matches the counts to B = 23, but falls short of the observations at fainter magnitudes. The discrepancy at faint magnitudes is smaller in the I and K bands. The colors and redshift distributions remain roughly consistent with observations to B = 24. The most serious discrepancy with observations is in the distribution of r<SUB>e</SUB> at faint magnitudes, suggesting that the model contains too many LSB galaxies. <P />Nevertheless, the results suggest that LSB galaxies could be a significant contributor to faint-galaxy counts, reducing the need for such extreme models of galaxy evolution as rapid merging or bursting dwarf galaxies. We propose several tests to assess the contribution of LSB galaxies to faint galaxy counts and to differentiate models involving moderate galaxy evolution from models involving rapid merging or starbursts.
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11.38891
6.860361
1995-02-01
80
1995ApJ...440..470F
[ "LSB galaxies", "galaxy luminosities", "galaxy counts", "galaxy evolution", "blue galaxies", "Such galaxies", "rapid galaxy evolution", "Model galaxies", "moderate galaxy evolution", "simulated nonevolving galaxies" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175289", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409071" ]
[ "Ferguson, Henry C.", "McGaugh, Stacy S." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&AS..110..573M", "1995AJ....110..573M", "1995AJ....110.1059G", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...454..611M", "1995ApJ...455...50L", "1995ApJ...455...88H", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1996A&A...315...21V", "1996AJ....112..929S", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1996ASPC..106..389V", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...462..563N", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...465L...9D", "1996ApJ...467L..53C", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1997AJ....113..185M", "1997AJ....113.1212O", "1997AJ....114.2448O", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...475..494L", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...487L..53C", "1997ApJ...489..543P", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.290..334T", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1998A&AS..127....1L", "1998AJ....115.1418H", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998ApJ...495..139M", "1998ApJ...495..251D", "1998ApJ...498L.119P", "1998ApJ...503..531H", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998MNRAS.293..157R", "1998MNRAS.295...99M", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1999A&A...341..697B", "1999ASPC..170...76F", "1999ASPC..170..128D", "1999ASPC..170..365V", "1999ApJ...511L..97D", "1999ApJ...518..533L", "1999PASA...16...12M", "2000AJ....119..136O", "2000AJ....119.2154O", "2000AJ....119.2589G", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ASPC..207..450G", "2000Ap&SS.274..557H", "2000ApJ...542L..79G", "2000astro.ph..8247G", "2001AJ....122.2318B", "2001ASPC..230..319K", "2001ASPC..230..593I", "2002ApJ...571..107B", "2002IAUS..199..110N", "2014ApJ...793L..12Z", "2014ApJ...795...93Z" ]
[ "1961ApJ...133..355S", "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976Natur.263..573D", "1978AJ.....83.1549K", "1979AJ.....84..951K", "1979ApJ...227...67A", "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1979ApJ...234..775T", "1980ApJ...241...25B", "1980ApJ...241...41T", "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981AJ.....86.1859P", "1981ApJ...243L..23F", "1981seg..book.....B", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1983MNRAS.205.1253D", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1984amd..conf..277K", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987A&A...188...13Y", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987ApJ...320L..99K", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988AJ.....95.1389S", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988AJ.....96.1520F", "1988ARA&A..26..561S", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988MNRAS.231P..69D", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989AJ.....97..666S", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1989ApJS...69...65H", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1989PhDT.......212L", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990AJ....100.1523S", "1990ApJ...361....1S", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.242..235P", "1990MNRAS.244....8D", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.253...99F", "1991MNRAS.253P..17F", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993ApJ...416..425M", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994AJ....107..530M", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267..129M", "1994Natur.367..538M" ]
1950000
null
The IUE Survey for Damped Lyman- alpha and Lyman-Limit Absorption Systems: Evolution of the Gaseous Content of the Universe
We present a spectroscopic survey for moderate-redshift absorption features from damped Lyα and Lyman- limit absorption systems. The survey is based on a set of optimally extracted and co-added International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of QSOs, BL Lac objects, and Seyfert galaxies. Results of this survey are combined with those of previous surveys carried out at optical wavelengths in order to examine evolution of the gaseous content of the universe over the redshift interval 0.008 ≲ z ≲ 3.5. The main results of the survey are that (1) the product of the absorption cross section and the comoving spatial number density of damped Lyα absorption systems does not appear to evolve strongly over the redshift interval 0.008 ≲ z ≲ 3.5, (2) the cosmological mass density Ω<SUB>g</SUB>(z) of neutral gas associated with damped Lyα absorption systems appears to decrease significantly from z 3.5 to 0.008, and (3) the observed evolution of Ω<SUB>g</SUB>(z) results from a steady decrease in the incidence of high column density absorption systems with decreasing redshift. <P />Together these results suggest that the average mass of neutral gas per absorption system decreases with time, which is qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that the observed evolution of Ω<SUB>g</SUB>(z) results from the consumption of gas into stars at z ≲ 3.5. We present additional arguments supporting this hypothesis and assess the implications of the observations of Ω<SUB>g</SUB>(z) for scenarios of galaxy formation and evolution. Under a "closed box assumption" we determine a characteristic epoch z<SUB>s</SUB> of star formation in galaxies of z<SUB>s</SUB> = 2-3 and a characteristic timescale τ<SUB>s</SUB> of star formation in galaxies of r = 0.5-1.0 × 10<SUP>9</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP> yr at z ≳ 1.5. Considering recent chemical abundance measurements by Pettini et al. and others we conclude that the cosmic metallicity at z ≈ 2.5 is given by log Z(z ≈ 2.5)/Z<SUB>sun</SUB> = -1.0±0.5. Comparing the inferred cosmological mass density of metals in gas and stars at the epoch z with the nominal cosmological mass density of metals in nearby galaxies, we conclude that the characteristic epoch of metal production in galaxies occurred after the characteristic epoch of star formation in galaxies. The implication of this result is that the bulk of stars in nearby galaxies should be metal poor, whereas only a small fraction of the disk stars in the solar neighborhood are actually metal poor. This inconsistency represents a cosmic G-dwarf problem" in that a straightforward interpretation of our observations predicts many more metal-poor stars than are found in the solar neighborhood. We propose that the cosmic G-dwarf problem may be resolved if damped Lyα absorption systems trace not only galactic disk evolution, as suggested previously by Wolfe, but also galactic spheroid evolution.
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13.887392
8.75362
1995-02-01
356
1995ApJ...440..435L
[ "damped Lyα absorption systems", "Lyα absorption systems", "high column density absorption systems", "absorption system", "absorption systems", "≲ z ≲", "star formation", "z ≲", "galaxy formation", "z ≈" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175286" ]
[ "Lanzetta, Kenneth M.", "Wolfe, Arthur M.", "Turnshek, David A." ]
[ "State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY, USA", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA" ]
[ "1995ApJ...444....1K", "1995ApJ...445..624O", "1995ApJ...447..597L", "1995ApJ...449..488R", "1995ApJ...451..100P", "1995ApJ...451..468T", "1995ApJ...451L..13M", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995ApJ...454..698W", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995qal..conf...47S", "1996A&A...309....9B", "1996A&A...311...25W", "1996A&A...313L..25P", "1996ARA&A..34..461V", "1996ASPC...99..105L", "1996ASSL..206..121K", "1996ASSL..206..261S", "1996ASSL..206..285B", "1996ApJ...457..529B", "1996ApJ...457..551M", "1996ApJ...459..432E", "1996ApJ...459L..45M", "1996ApJ...462...57M", "1996ApJ...462..643S", "1996ApJ...464L..43F", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996ApJ...467...61G", "1996ApJ...468..121S", "1996ApJ...469....1K", "1996ApJ...470...92P", "1996ApJ...471..657K", "1996ApJ...471L...1L", "1996ApJS..102..191G", "1996ApJS..107..475L", "1996IAUS..171..291W", "1996IAUS..173...99S", "1996MNRAS.278..644L", "1996MNRAS.280..749B", "1996MNRAS.280..797M", "1996MNRAS.281..362P", "1996MNRAS.281..475K", "1996MNRAS.281..531L", 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"2012ApJ...755...89R", "2012MNRAS.421.3570G", "2012MNRAS.425.1270S", "2013A&A...556A.140Z", "2013A&A...556A.141Z", "2013ApJ...770...47K", "2013JCAP...04..002G", "2013MNRAS.435..482J", "2014A&A...572A.102F", "2014ARA&A..52..415M", "2014ApJ...782L..29R", "2014MNRAS.441..939B", "2015JCAP...08..001G", "2015JCAP...08..001S", "2015ads..book.....M", "2016ApJ...817..161M", "2016ApJ...818..113N", "2016ApJ...833..251D", "2016JApA...37...26S", "2016MNRAS.455.1043M", "2016MNRAS.458.3760S", "2016MNRAS.458.4074Q", "2016MNRAS.460.4310S", "2016MNRAS.463..980R", "2016arXiv160406230K", "2016arXiv161005504C", "2017ApJ...845..172B", "2017JApA...38...15C", "2017MNRAS.464L..56B", "2018A&A...615A..43H", "2018ApJ...869..152D", "2018JCAP...05..051S", "2018MNRAS.473..261S", "2018MNRAS.473.3559P", "2018MNRAS.473.4297P", "2018MNRAS.474.4870M", "2018MNRAS.476.1151P", "2019MNRAS.486.4377K", "2019MNRAS.487.5666S", "2019MNRAS.488.4356B", "2019MNRAS.490.2880S", "2019NewA...66....9B", "2019arXiv191009849H", "2020MNRAS.491.1008P", "2020MNRAS.499.4293S", "2020arXiv201207373D", "2021ApJ...921..119I", "2021ApJ...923..189M", "2021JCAP...02..016D", "2022ApJ...927...64N", "2023JApA...44....4S", "2023JApA...44....5D", "2023MNRAS.520.2094E", "2023MNRAS.525.3439E", "2024MNRAS.52711694D" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1962AJ.....67..486V", "1963ApJ...137..758S", "1970ApJS...22..117B", "1973MNRAS.163...13C", "1975ApJ...202..353O", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981ARA&A..19...77P", "1982Natur.298..427T", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1986RSPTA.320..503W", "1987ApJ...315..180B", "1987ApJ...322..739L", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...327..570B", "1988ApJ...332...96L", "1989ASIC..264....1P", "1989ApJ...342...64A", "1989ApJ...343L..37M", "1989ApJ...344..567T", "1989ApJS...69..703S", "1990ASSL..161..371W", "1990ASSL..161..405K", "1990ApJ...348...48P", "1990ApJ...363...57M", "1991A&A...246..354S", "1991ApJ...367...19L", "1991ApJ...367...45C", "1991ApJ...375....1L", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJS...75..645K", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991ApJS...77..203J", "1992ApJ...400....1G", "1992ApJ...401..706S", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...404..480W", "1993ApJ...407..456W", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJS...84....1L", "1993ApJS...84..109L", "1993ApJS...87....1B" ]
1970845
null
A new model for the infrared emission of quasars
The optical-UV continua of 75 PG quasars are modelled to test two extreme hypotheses: (a) the range of continuum shapes observed is the result of different amounts of reddening of a single underlying continuum, and (b) the range of continuum slopes is entirely intrinsic, due to accretion discs being viewed at different inclinations. Although (a) is consistent with the range of continua observed, and an underlying average de-reddened spectrum can be derived, the extinctions implied would require a far greater bolometric power in the infrared than is observed. On the other hand, at least part of the spread in continuum shapes is almost certainly due to extinction, because the redder continua tend to show the 2200-A dust feature in absorption. A compromise is adopted, in which bluer than average continua are assumed to be due to viewing an accretion disc at non-zero inclination from the normal, while redder than average continua are assumed to be due to dust extinction. The infrared emission of the 24 PG quasars with IRAS detections is then modelled in terms of (i) emission from dust clouds in the narrow-line region at lambda=3-30 mum, and (ii) a starburst contributing to the emission at 30-100 mum. Correlations between the luminosities in these components and the optical luminosity support this resolution into distinct infrared components, and suggest that the covering factor of the narrow-line-region dust clouds is 0.2-0.7,with a mean of 0.32. At bolometric luminosities greater than 10^12 L_ (for H_0=50 km s^-1 Mpc^-1, Omega_0=1), the space density of starburst galaxies is 10 times that of quasars, but these space densities may become comparable for L_bol&gt;=1^13 L_. For galaxies containing some kind of AGN (QSO, Seyfert 1 or 2), i.e. about 10-20 per cent of galaxies, the broad correlation of luminosities in starburst and QSO components suggests a common fuelling mechanism, for example via galaxy interactions and mergers. A QSO or Seyfert event appears to be inevitably accompanied by a starburst, but the reverse is not true.
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14.383354
7.179151
1995-02-01
208
1995MNRAS.272..737R
[ "starburst galaxies", "average continua", "dust extinction", "continua", "dust clouds", "distinct infrared components", "galaxy interactions", "starburst", "bolometric luminosities", "continuum shapes" ]
[ "ACCRETION", "ACCRETION DISCS", "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/272.4.737" ]
[ "Rowan-Robinson, Michael" ]
[ "Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.277.1134E", "1996ASSL..206...61R", "1996Ap&SS.237..187D", "1996MNRAS.279..459C", "1996MNRAS.279..884G", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1997ASSL..212..315S", "1997Ap&SS.258....3B", "1997ApJ...479L..97U", "1997ApJ...490..571L", "1997ESASP.401..133A", "1997MNRAS.285..102E", "1997MNRAS.289..490R", "1997MNRAS.292..338C", "1997astro.ph..9169C", "1998AJ....115.1234C", "1998ASPC..133..119R", "1998ASSL..226..291B", "1998ApJ...492..137S", "1998MNRAS.295..451B", "1998MNRAS.299.1123U", "1998astro.ph..8311C", "1999ASPC..162...15W", "1999ASPC..177..127R", "1999AdSpR..23.1095U", "1999ApJ...522..113V", "1999ApJ...522..139V", "1999ApJ...527..709I", "1999AstL...25..483O", "1999ESASP.427..845W", "1999ESASP.427..857A", "1999MNRAS.302..391C", "1999MNRAS.305..109L", "1999MNRAS.306..161A", "2000A&A...354..453H", "2000A&A...359..523V", "2000A&A...362...75P", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000ARA&A..38..761G", "2000MNRAS.311..833C", "2000MNRAS.313..237W", "2000MNRAS.316..885R", "2000MNRAS.317.1023S", "2000mfia.conf..147P", "2001A&A...365..409O", "2001A&A...379..823K", "2001AJ....122.2791S", "2001ASPC..224..149O", "2001ASPC..247..383N", "2001ApJ...549..745R", "2001ApJ...559L.101A", "2001ApJS..136..225K", "2001ESASP.460...77R", "2001ESASP.460...95L", "2001IAUS..204..265R", "2001MNRAS.324..999P", "2001MNRAS.324L..17P", "2001MNRAS.325.1511P", "2001NewAR..45..591B", "2001NewAR..45..617H", "2001NewAR..45..631R", "2001astro.ph.10027F", "2001sgnf.conf...88V", "2002A&A...392..377B", "2002ASPC..258..139B", "2002ApJ...570L...9N", "2002MNRAS.330..977T", "2002MNRAS.331..435W", "2002MNRAS.333..211W", "2002MNRAS.333..353C", "2002MNRAS.335..574V", "2002MNRAS.335.1163F", "2002xsac.conf..103F", "2003A&A...402...87H", "2003AJ....125..444A", "2003ApJ...590..128K", "2003ApJ...599..918I", "2003JKAS...36..249P", "2003MNRAS.339..260K", "2003MNRAS.340..739K", "2003MNRAS.343..585F", "2003MNRAS.344...45C", "2003RMxAC..16..198A", "2004A&A...426..445B", "2004ApJ...601..723Y", "2004MNRAS.347..144S", "2004MNRAS.347.1113P", "2004MNRAS.349.1353K", "2004MNRAS.350..473P", "2004MNRAS.351..676R", "2004MNRAS.351.1290R", "2004MNRAS.353..654B", "2004NuPhS.132..145B", "2005A&A...436L...5S", "2005A&A...439...85E", "2005AJ....129.1183R", "2005AN....326R.556S", "2005ApJ...627L...5W", "2005ESASP.577...41B", "2005MNRAS.358.1417P", "2005MNRAS.359.1237C", "2005Natur.436..666M", "2006A&A...458..107B", "2006AN....327..266M", "2006ApJ...640..625R", "2006ApJ...641L..85H", "2006ApJ...649...79S", "2006ApJ...653..127S", "2006MNRAS.369..281J", "2006MNRAS.370.1159B", "2006MNRAS.370.1479M", "2006MNRAS.371L..70E", "2007ASPC..379..151R", "2007ApJ...661..660K", "2007ApJ...661L..13T", "2007ApJ...661L..25L", "2007ApJ...662L..59F", "2007ApJ...666..806N", "2007MNRAS.377..203G", "2007NCimB.122.1029V", "2008A&A...484..671G", "2008ASPC..381..216R", "2008ApJ...674..676M", "2008ApJ...678..712D", "2008ApJ...678..729S", "2008ApJ...685..147N", "2008ApJ...688..122H", "2008MNRAS.383..581D", "2008MNRAS.385.1015S", "2008MNRAS.386..697R", "2008MNRAS.387..247C", "2008MNRAS.387..505V", "2008arXiv0808.4117L", "2009ApJ...694..268D", "2009ApJ...694.1485K", "2009ApJ...696.2044F", "2009ApJ...698L.188C", "2009ApJ...705..298M", "2009MNRAS.394..117R", "2009MNRAS.394..533G", "2009MNRAS.397.1326R", "2009MNRAS.398..176K", "2009MNRAS.399..615R", "2010A&A...515A..99R", "2010A&A...518L..26S", "2010ASSP...14..347R", "2010ApJ...712.1287L", "2010ApJ...722.1333D", "2010MNRAS.403.1246S", "2010MNRAS.403.1474S", "2010MNRAS.406..420G", "2010MNRAS.409....2R", "2011AJ....141..101F", "2011ASPC..446..193L", "2011ApJ...729..108D", "2012A&A...540A.109S", "2012A&A...545A..45R", "2012A&A...548A..45D", "2012ASPC..460..181K", "2012ApJ...751...27H", "2012ApJ...753...33D", "2012AstRv...7c..92K", "2012IAUS..284...82S", "2012IAUS..284..446R", "2012MNRAS.419..936F", "2012MNRAS.426..120F", "2013ApJ...762...51Z", "2013MNRAS.436.1873E", "2013arXiv1301.1349H", "2014MNRAS.439.3847R", "2014MNRAS.441..630S", "2014MNRAS.445.3848R", "2015A&A...575A..80P", "2015A&A...583A.120S", "2015ApJ...806L..11P", "2015ApJ...811...58M", "2015MNRAS.447.2437M", "2015arXiv150503797R", "2016AJ....151..120W", "2016ApJ...821...64V", "2016MNRAS.461.1100R", "2017ApJ...844...10B", "2017ApJS..228....6X", "2017MNRAS.464..303C", "2017MNRAS.464.3431H", "2017MNRAS.467.1496O", "2017MNRAS.468..217W", "2017MNRAS.469.1612L", "2017MNRAS.470.2578G", "2017MNRAS.471...28K", "2017NewAR..79...59X", "2019ApJ...872....8M", "2019ApJ...876..137W", "2019ApJ...885..126S", "2020ApJ...905...42G", "2020RAA....20..147X", "2021A&A...648A..42G", "2021A&A...651A..91E", "2021A&A...652A..66P", "2021ApJ...922...47G", "2022Univ....8..304L", "2023A&A...676A..73G", "2023ApJ...945..145A", "2023ApJS..265...37Y", "2023MNRAS.519.4966B", "2023NatAs...7..463R", "2023arXiv231203007R", "2024MNRAS.52710254R" ]
[ "1975ApJ...202..788C", "1977ApJ...213..635R", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1982ApJ...254...22M", "1982ApJ...255...25G", "1983ApJ...268..582M", "1983ApJ...269..352S", "1984ApJ...282..427T", "1984xue..conf..121M", "1985aagq.conf..259M", "1986ASSL..124..421R", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1986ApJ...308...59E", "1986ApJ...308L..55K", "1986ApJ...310..291E", "1987ApJ...313..171S", "1987ApJ...316..138W", "1987ApJ...318..595C", "1987ApJ...320..537B", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1989A&A...218...71R", "1989AJ.....98.1195K", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1989MNRAS.238..523R", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990A&A...228..299M", "1990ApJ...353...24G", "1990ApJ...353..419B", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1991ASPC...21..212G", "1991ApJ...377L...1B", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1991MNRAS.248...91L", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1991MNRAS.252..586L", "1991sepa.conf..165M", "1992MNRAS.255..713T", "1992MNRAS.258..787R", "1992MNRAS.259..425S", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...402..441L", "1993ApJ...419..136C", "1993ApJS...89....1R", "1993MNRAS.263..675R", "1994MNRAS.266..212E" ]
1950066
null
The Motion of the Magellanic Clouds, Origin of the Magellanic Stream, and the Mass of the Milky Way
Recent proper-motion observations indicate that the Magellanic Clouds are leading the Magellanic Stream. Although the direction of this motion is in agreement with that expected from theoretical models for the dynamics of the Clouds and the origin of the Stream, its magnitude is considerably smaller than that predicted. We reexamine the original conjecture that the Galaxy, during the past 14 x 10^9^ yr, has tidally disrupted the LMC-SMC binary galaxy and stripped H I gas from the Clouds to form the Magellanic Stream. We adopt two general prescriptions for the Galactic potential and construct the past orbital history of several segments of the Stream. We show that the discrepancy between the observational data and previous theoretical predictions can be reconciled if and only if the Galactic halo has a mass ~5.5 + 1 x 10^11^ M_sun_ within 100 kpc and a substantial fraction (~1/2) of this mass is distributed beyond the present Galactic distance of the Magellanic Clouds (&gt;= 50 kpc). This mass is nearly half that assumed in the previous models, but it is consistent with some recent estimates for the Galactic halo. Beyond 100 kpc this mass may continue to increase to ~10^12^ M_sun_ within its tidal radius (300 kpc). However, the modification of the Galactic potential does not lead to any major alteration in the dynamical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds. Similar to previous theoretical results, our analyses show that (1) the Magellanic Clouds are near perigalacticon, (2) they are gravitationally bound to the Galaxy with apogalacticon beyond 100 kpc, (3) the SMC and LMC are binary galaxies and will become separated in the next 1-2 Gyr, (4) the Clouds possess a total angular momentum comparable to that of Population 1 stars in the Galactic disk, (5) gas in the Stream is likely to have originated from the SMC between 1-2 Gyr ago; and (6) the mass in the Stream is comparable to the gas content in the SMC. Finally, we predict both the distance and proper motion of the gas and stars along the Stream, which may be measured to verify the validity of the theoretical model. We also predict the Galactocentric transverse velocity of the SMC to be 200+/-100 km s^-1^.
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10.946445
8.792076
1995-02-01
157
1995ApJ...439..652L
[ "previous theoretical results", "previous theoretical predictions", "theoretical models", "Galactic", "Clouds", "Stream", "SMC", "binary galaxies", "proper motion", "Galaxy" ]
[ "Galactic Halos", "Galactic Mass", "Interacting Galaxies", "Magellanic Clouds", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Dynamic Characteristics", "Mass Distribution", "Numerical Analysis", "Orbits", "Radial Velocity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXY: HALO", "GALAXIES: MAGELLANIC CLOUDS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175205" ]
[ "Lin, D. N. C.", "Jones, B. F.", "Klemola, A. R." ]
[ "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...451..419R", "1995ApJ...453..673W", "1995ApJ...455L..31W", "1995astro.ph..8098S", "1996AJ....111.1156W", "1996ARA&A..34..511O", "1996ASPC..106..187D", "1996ASPC..112...91F", "1996ASPC..112..109V", "1996ApJ...457..228K", "1996ApJ...461...84A", "1996ApJ...462..576D", "1996ApJ...466..732G", "1996ApJ...470..493D", "1996IAUS..169..645F", "1996IAUS..173..165S", "1996MNRAS.278..191G", "1997A&A...322...86Z", "1997A&A...323..585B", "1997AJ....114.2545Z", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1997ASPC..117..242F", "1997MNRAS.289..882R", "1997NewA....2...77K", "1997PASA...14...59B", "1997astro.ph..7189W", "1997astro.ph.12017S", "1998APh.....9..137B", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ASPC..136...22G", "1998ApJ...500..575I", "1998ApJ...500L.149Z", "1998MNRAS.294..139Z", "1998MNRAS.294..429D", "1998MNRAS.299..499W", "1998Natur.394..752P", "1999A&A...351..775G", "1999AJ....117..920A", "1999ASPC..165...34Z", "1999ASPC..166..180S", "1999ASPC..166..212B", "1999ASPC..182..393S", "1999ASPC..194...15J", "1999ApJ...510L..33B", "1999ApJ...512L.109J", "1999ApJ...515..108S", "1999ApJ...520..111V", "1999ApJ...526..607D", "1999IAUS..186....1S", "1999IAUS..186...31F", "1999MNRAS.310..645W", "1999NW.....86..201J", "1999astro.ph..9080P", "2000A&A...358..869R", "2000ASPC..197..107B", "2000ASPC..221..287Z", "2000Ap.....43..145R", "2000ApJ...528...51I", "2000ApJ...531..727O", "2000ApJ...531L..21B", "2000ApJ...532..922W", "2000ApJ...532L..41I", "2000PhDT........21B", "2000RSPTA.358.2063S", "2000astro.ph..2057G", "2001AJ....122.1827V", "2001ASPC..240..369B", "2001ApJ...551..294I", "2001ApJS..133..119R", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....124.2639V", "2002ApJ...573..597K", "2002MNRAS.337..459G", "2002Sci...297..578Y", "2002sgdh.conf..202V", "2003A&A...405..125C", "2003ApJ...598..260P", "2003IAUS..208..209J", "2003JGRA..108.1437S", "2003MNRAS.339.1135Y", "2003NewA....8...39S", "2004AJ....127.1531H", "2004ApJ...604..167Z", "2004ApJ...608..663K", "2004MNRAS.352.1302V", "2004NewA....9..475D", "2004PASA...21..222C", "2004oee..symp..234G", "2005A&A...438..545C", "2005A&A...440..111P", "2005ApJ...629..204A", "2005ApJ...631..838W", "2005MNRAS.363..509M", "2006A&A...451..125V", "2006A&A...452..179C", "2006AJ....131.1461P", "2006ApJ...638..772K", "2006ApJ...652.1213K", "2006MNRAS.368..741K", "2006MNRAS.369.1021M", "2006MNRAS.371..108C", "2006SSRv..127..327S", "2006lgal.symp...47V", "2007A&A...461..155R", "2007ApJ...668..949B", "2007arXiv0712.1764P", "2008A&A...485..457O", "2008AJ....135.1024P", "2008ApJ...678..219L", "2008ApJ...679.1239W", "2008MNRAS.383..646N", "2009AJ....137.4339C", "2009AN....330...20C", "2009ApJ...691.1807R", "2009ApJ...697.2015S", "2009IAUS..256...93K", "2009MNRAS.392L..21S", "2009MNRAS.397.1990B", "2010AJ....140.1934V", "2010ApJ...718.1046F", "2010ApJ...725..369R", "2011A&A...525A..99P", "2011A&A...535A.115I", "2011ApJ...732...17N", "2011ApJ...742..110N", "2011CSF....44..501Z", "2011MNRAS.414.1560B", "2012ApJ...759...99Z", "2012MNRAS.421.2109B", "2013ApJ...772..110F", "2013MNRAS.428..912D", "2013MNRAS.428.2342B", "2013MNRAS.431..364W", "2013PASA...30...12Z", "2014MNRAS.438.2440D", "2014MNRAS.439.2678D", "2014PASA...31....3T", "2015GReGr..47...12D", "2015arXiv150101008D", "2016ARA&A..54..363D", "2016ApJ...818...41S", "2016MNRAS.456..602B", "2017AcASn..58...27P", "2017MNRAS.466.4540H", "2018ApJ...857..101P", "2018ChA&A..42..343P", "2019MNRAS.488..918T", "2020ApJ...898....4C", "2020MNRAS.499.4114G", "2020SCPMA..6309801W", "2021ApJ...912..140S", "2021arXiv210709791C", "2022MNRAS.517.1737C", "2023ApJ...956..110C", "2023arXiv230906476H", "2024ApJ...966..134K", "2024MNRAS.532..322H" ]
[ "1942psd..book.....C", "1965AJ.....70..552D", "1966AuJPh..19..343M", "1966BAN....18..413H", "1972A&A....16..276V", "1972ApJ...173L.119W", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1972QJRAS..13..266T", "1973A&A....22..437M", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1974ApJ...190..291M", "1975ApJ...196..407T", "1976A&A....47..263F", "1976ApJ...203...72T", "1976MNRAS.174..695L", "1976PASP...88..377H", "1976RGOB..182..241K", "1977ApJ...217L...5M", "1977MNRAS.180...71D", "1977MNRAS.181...37L", "1978AJ.....83.1163D", "1978AJ.....83.1585K", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1980PASJ...32..581M", "1982MNRAS.198..707L", "1983A&A...124..216B", "1983MNRAS.204P..87L", "1983Sci...220.1339R", "1985PASA....6..104M", "1986Ap&SS.119..169M", "1986stpo.meet...45A", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987IAUS..117...39C", "1987MNRAS.229P...7G", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...327..651M", "1989ApJ...344..210H", "1989ApJ...345..759Z", "1989Gemin..25....6M", "1989MNRAS.240..195R", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...362....1P", "1990ApJ...362L..55M", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991IAUS..144..237F", "1991IAUS..148..447W", "1991IAUS..148..453I", "1991PASP..103.1279K", "1992AJ....103..447S", "1992ApJ...386..101S", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1993MNRAS.260..103D", "1994AJ....107.1333J", "1994AJ....107.2055B" ]
1949961
null
The Galactic Distribution of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
The infrared absorption feature near 2950 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> (3.4 μm), characteristic of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM), is attributed to C-H stretching vibrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons. We show here that the strength of the band does not scale linearly with visual extinction everywhere, but instead increases more rapidly for objects near the center of the Galaxy, a behavior that parallels that of the Si-O stretching band due to silicate materials in the diffuse ISM. This implies that the grains responsible for the diffuse medium aliphatic C-H and silicate Si-O stretching bands are different from those responsible for much of the observed visual extinction. It also suggests that the distribution of the carbonaceous component of the diffuse ISM is not uniform throughout the Galaxy, but instead may increase in density toward the center of the Galaxy. The similar behavior of the C-H and Si-O stretching bands suggests that these two components may be coupled, perhaps in the form of silicate-core, organic-mantle grains. Several possible models of the distribution of this material are presented and it is demonstrated that the inner parts of the Galaxy has a carrier density that is 5 to 35 times higher than in the local ISM. Depending on the model used, the density of aliphatic material in the local ISM is found to be about 1 to 2 -CH<SUB>3</SUB> groups m<SUP>-3</SUP> and about 2 to 5 -CH<SUB>2</SUB>- groups m<SUP>-3</SUP>. These densities are consistent with the strengths of the 2955 and 2925 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> (3.38 and 3.42 μm) subfeatures (due to -CH<SUB>3</SUB> and -CH<SUB>2</SUB>- groups, respectively) within the overall 2950 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> (3.4 μm) band being described by the relations A<SUB>υ</SUB>/τ<SUB>(2955 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>)</SUB> = 270±40 and A<SUB>υ</SUB>/τ<SUB>((2925 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>)</SUB> = 250±40 in the local diffuse ISM.
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11.636967
11.210162
1995-02-01
78
1995ApJ...440..697S
[ "aliphatic material", "ISM", "Si-O stretching bands", "density", "visual extinction", "aliphatic hydrocarbons", "materials", "Several possible models", "Galaxy", "the Si-O stretching band" ]
[ "ISM: MOLECULES", "INFRARED: ISM: LINES AND BANDS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175307" ]
[ "Sandford, Scott A.", "Pendleton, Yvonne J.", "Allamandola, Louis J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995A&ARv...6..271D", "1996A&A...315L.193V", "1996ASPC...97...29S", "1996ASPC...97..106K", "1996ASPC..102..255N", "1996ASPC..104..487D", "1996ASSL..209..143W", "1996ApJ...459..209B", "1996ApJ...472..665C", "1996M&PS...31..449S", "1996QJRAS..37..565W", "1997ASPC..122..201S", "1997ApJ...487..976B", "1997IAUS..178..343H", "1997OLEB...27...53P", "1997OLEB...27...79C", "1998A&A...329..199V", "1998ASPC..148..392S", "1998ASSL..236...69S", "1998IAUS..184..299N", "1999ApJ...512..224A", "1999ApJ...524L..71M", "1999MNRAS.302L..13R", "2000ARA&A..38..427E", "2000ApJS..131..531R", "2001ASPC..231..152S", "2002A&A...382..184M", "2002AJ....124.2790I", "2002AdSpR..30.1451M", "2002ApJ...568L.131G", "2002ApJ...577..789L", "2002ApJS..138...75P", "2003ANS...324..211A", "2003ARA&A..41..241D", "2003ApJ...583..314K", "2003MNRAS.341.1121R", "2004A&A...416..983M", "2004A&A...425..529M", "2004ApJ...613..770M", "2004MNRAS.348L..13B", "2005A&A...432..895D", "2005A&A...443..163M", "2005ApJ...623..242K", "2005ApJ...626..933D", "2005JPhCS...6..229L", "2005asli.symp...54S", "2006ApJ...642..966D", "2007A&A...463..635D", "2007A&A...476.1235D", "2007ApJ...656..798M", "2007MNRAS.377.1407R", "2008MNRAS.387...45R", "2008arXiv0804.0828R", "2009ApJ...707...89G", "2009M&PS...44..471B", "2009MNRAS.394.2043C", "2010ApJ...710.1009W", "2010EP&S...62...63G", "2011EAS....46..381D", "2011IAUS..280..162C", "2012A&A...537A..27G", "2012leop.book...63C", "2013ApJS..208...26S", "2013Icar..223..534O", "2014A&A...569A.119A", "2014GeCoA.136...80Q", "2014GeocJ..48..511D", "2014M&PS...49.1645G", "2014MNRAS.440L..56L", "2015BSRSL..84....7D", "2016A&A...586A.106G", "2016ApJ...825...22Y", "2016ApJ...830...71F", "2016P&SS..133....7K", "2020MNRAS.493.4463D", "2022ApJ...930...16J", "2022FrASS...983288H", "2022dge..book.....W" ]
[ "1972ApJ...172...89B", "1976ApJ...207L..83S", "1976asqu.book.....A", "1977ApJ...217..425M", "1978ApJ...220..831B", "1979ApJ...229L..65W", "1980A&A....88..194H", "1980ApJ...236..628D", "1980Natur.287..518W", "1981MNRAS.197..949T", "1981Natur.294..239A", "1982A&A...115..315B", "1982AIPC...83...77W", "1982ApJ...253..208J", "1982ApJ...254...50B", "1983Ap&SS..97..369W", "1983ApJ...272..563G", "1983MNRAS.204...53S", "1983MNRAS.205..187J", "1984ASSL..108....5A", "1984ApJ...285L..27H", "1985ApJ...289..582B", "1985ApJ...292...29F", "1985MNRAS.215..425R", "1986A&A...154L...5B", "1987ASIC..210..333T", "1987ApJ...317..881S", "1987ApJ...320..570W", "1987MNRAS.227..373G", "1987MNRAS.229..213J", "1988Icar...76..225A", "1989A&A...225..488T", "1989AIPC..183..245M", "1989ApJ...336..752R", "1989ApJ...341..808M", "1989IAUS..135..345G", "1989IAUS..135..357M", "1989IAUS..135..367W", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1989MNRAS.241..873M", "1990Ap&SS.172..109K", "1990MNRAS.243..400A", "1991ARA&A..29..129R", "1991ASPC...20..539M", "1991ApJ...371..607S", "1994ApJ...437..683P" ]
1947790
null
Variable Stars in the Dwarf Galaxy GR 8(DDO 155)
Observations of the resolved stars in dwarf galaxy GR 8, obtained over the period 1980 February to 1994 March, are presented. Thirty-four separate epochs were searched for variable stars, and a total of six were found, of which one has Cepheid characteristics. After correction for Galactic extinction this single Cepheid yields a distance modulus of m - M 26.75 +/- 0.35. This corresponds to a distance of 2.24 Mpc, placing GR 8 near the Local Group zero-velocity surface. The other five variable stars are very red, and possibly have long periods of order 100 days or more.
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7.186262
9.797537
1995-02-01
39
1995AJ....109..579T
[ "variable stars", "dwarf galaxy GR", "long periods", "GR", "Cepheid", "Galactic extinction", "one", "m", "order", "the resolved stars" ]
[ "Astronomical Photography", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Variable Stars", "Cepheid Variables", "Distance", "Interstellar Extinction", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: GR(DDO 155)", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117302" ]
[ "Tolstoy, Eline", "Saha, A.", "Hoessel, John G.", "Danielson, G. Edward" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD, US", "University of Wiconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, US", "University of Wiconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1640T", "1996AJ....111..794K", "1996AJ....112.1928G", "1996AN....317..197S", "1997ApJ...474..205S", "1997AstL...23..644G", "1997JKAS...30...27L", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998AJ....116.1227D", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998AJ....116.1679H", "1998AJ....116.2746T", "1998AJ....116.2886S", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...507..655F", "1998astro.ph.10278Z", "1999AJ....118..337C", "1999AJ....118..883P", "1999AN....320...21L", "1999Ap&SS.267..193S", "1999IAUS..191..551Z", "1999IAUS..192..218T", "1999astro.ph..1245T", "2000A&A...354..874P", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2002A&A...383..398P", "2003A&A...409..879B", "2003AJ....125..146L", "2003AJ....126.2362M", "2003ApJ...587..186W", "2004AJ....128.2170H", "2005MNRAS.361..517M", "2006ApJS..162...49H", "2006MmSAI..77..299G", "2009ARA&A..47..371T", "2009eimw.confE..69W", "2012AJ....144..134H", "2013AJ....146..104H", "2016AJ....151...14C" ]
[ "1956AJ.....61...69R", "1959PDDO....2..147V", "1965ApJS...11..216L", "1967ApJ...148..719H", "1968ApJ...151..531S", "1974PASP...86..645H", "1975A&A....44..151F", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1979AJ.....84...62F", "1981SPIE..290...16G", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983ApJ...271...65H", "1983ApJ...271..123D", "1985AJ.....90.1464S", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1986PASP...98.1282M", "1987ApJ...322..681T", "1988A&A...196...31S", "1988A&AS...74..375A", "1989PASP..101..640H", "1990AJ.....99...97S", "1990AJ.....99..178C", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1991PASP..103..933M", "1993AJ....106..507L", "1993PASJ...45L..21O", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994AJ....108..645H" ]
1971560
null
The clustering of faint blue galaxies
Deep CCD images have revealed a population of faint blue galaxies which have a high surface density. In an Einstein-de Sitter universe, the observations require that these galaxies have a higher space density and are less strongly clustered than normal luminous galaxies observed at the present day. We use a series of N-body simulations to show that in a hierarchical theory of galaxy formation, such as the cold dark matter model, these observations can be explained if the faint blue galaxies are a transient population associated with dark haloes of low masses and circular speeds (M_H&lt;~10^12 M_, upsilon_c&lt;~100 km s^-1).
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10.924543
6.063433
1995-02-01
32
1995MNRAS.272L..25E
[ "faint blue galaxies", "normal luminous galaxies", "galaxy formation", "upsilon_c&lt;~100 km s^-1", "circular speeds", "the faint blue galaxies", "low masses", "dark haloes", "Deep CCD images", "_" ]
[ "GALAXIES", "CLUSTERS", "GENERAL-GALAXIES", "FORMATION-COSMOLOGY", "THEORY." ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/272.1.L25" ]
[ "Efstathiou, G." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH" ]
[ "1995astro.ph.10054S", "1996AJ....111...72S", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...462...77F", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.280..469T", "1996MNRAS.281..311P", "1996MNRAS.282.1159G", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1997MNRAS.291..418S", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...500..789H", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998MNRAS.300..773W", "1999ASPC..176..223C", "1999MNRAS.307..703R", "1999RSPTA.357..185B", "2000MNRAS.313..252S", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002astro.ph..9128D", "2007ARep...51..169D", "2007ARep...51..709D", "2023MNRAS.518.3999L" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992csg..conf..199S", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1993PNAS...90.4859E", "1994ApJ...426..516B", "1994ApJ...431..477B", "1994MNRAS.267..541C", "1994MNRAS.270..245S" ]
1952734
null
Observation and Reduction Methods of Deep Palomar 200 Inch 4-Shooter Mosaics
We present deep contiguous CCD-mosaics in Gunn gri filters with the Palomar 200 inch 4-Shooter CCD array for two widely separated survey fields, each ~0.45^deg^ x 0.45^deg^ in size. We used the FOCAS package to compile multicolor catalogs in each survey field that contain ~23,000 galaxies and have 90% completeness limits of gri &lt;~ 24.5 mag (B_J_ &lt;~ 25.2 mag). The purpose is to constrain the evolution of galaxy clustering by tracing w(θ) down to B_J_ ~ 25mag. This paper describes the photometric and astrometric reduction methods of our 4-Shooter mosaics and the resulting faint galaxy catalogs. The accuracy of the global photometric zero points is determined from overlapping 4-Shooter frames and the known colors of field main-sequence stars, and amounts to ~0.08 mag rms. Astrometric solutions are determined from 10-15 secondary standard stars for each CCD with accurately measured coordinates from recent-epoch Palomar 48 inch Schmidt plates. The CCD frame-to-frame overlap shows that the rms accuracy of each CCD's astrometry is &lt;~0.5". Using &lt;~ 8 PSF stars in each CCD, we can distinguish stars from galaxies using object shape parameters down to gri &lt;~ 23 mag. We present the resulting galaxy counts down to Gunn gri &lt;~ 25 mag. The completeness of our galaxy catalogs is determined by comparing our galaxy counts with those from somewhat deeper surveys that cover much smaller areas. The multicolor two-point angular correlation functions for galaxies in these fields are presented in a companion (main journal) paper.
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12.693596
5.945826
1995-02-01
23
1995ApJS...96..371N
[ "galaxies", "galaxy", "PSF stars", "mag rms", "multicolor catalogs", "stars", "CCD", "the resulting faint galaxy catalogs", "lt;~", "Gunn gri" ]
[ "Charge Coupled Devices", "Galactic Evolution", "Mosaics", "Refracting Telescopes", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astrometry", "Astronomical Photometry", "Error Analysis", "Point Spread Functions", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192124" ]
[ "Neuschaefer, Lyman W.", "Windhorst, Rogier A." ]
[ "Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ", "Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995PASP..107..590N", "1996A&AS..119..391M", "1996ApJS..105..191G", "1996ApL&C..33..169G", "1996IAUS..175..581D", "1996Natur.381..581D", "1997ApJ...484..581S", "1998ApJS..119....1H", "1999A&A...342..408G", "1999AJ....117.1122S", "1999ASPC..193...55W", "1999PASP..111.1475S", "2000MNRAS.317..801W", "2002ApJS..143..113W", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003NewAR..47..357W", "2004PASP..116..712K", "2010A&A...509A..27N", "2012Icar..220..114M", "2021ApJ...911....1A", "2024AJ....167..178C" ]
[ "1976PASP...88..543T", "1976PASP...88..803C", "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1978PhDT........13K", "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980MNRAS.192..209S", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1981ApJS...47..357B", "1981PhDT........66K", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984A&AS...58....1W", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985AJ.....90..418K", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986AJ.....91..217I", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986ApJS...62...39S", "1986HiA.....7..355W", "1987OptEn..26..779G", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ASSL..141..161B", "1988ApJ...335..552T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990ASPC...10..185B", "1990ASPC...10..268K", "1990ASPC...10..389W", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ApJ...368L...7P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...388..345G", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992PhDT.........6N", "1992xrea.conf..227A", "1993ASPC...51..328C", "1993ApJ...405..498W", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994AJ....107..930W", "1994ApJ...429L..13B" ]
1950160
null
Imaging the Host Galaxies of High-Redshift Radio-quiet QSOs
We present new deep K-band and optical images of four radio-quiet QSOs at z~1 and six radio-quiet QSOs at z~2.5, as well as optical images only of six more at z~2.5. We have examined the images carefully for evidence of extended "fuzz" from any putative QSO host galaxy. None of the z~2.5 QSOs shows any extended emission, and only two of the z~1 QSOs show marginal evidence for extended emission. Our 3σ detection limits in the K images, ~m_K_~21 for an isolated source, would correspond approximately to an unevolved L^*^ elliptical galaxy at z = 2.5 or to 2-3 mag fainter than an L^*^ elliptical at z = 1, although our limits on host galaxy light are weaker than this due to the difficulty of separating galaxy light from QSO light. We simulate simple models of disk and elliptical host galaxies, and find that the marginal emission around the two z~1 QSOs can be explained by disks or bulges that are ~1-2 mag brighter than an unevolved L^*^ galaxy in one case and ~1.5-2.5 mag brighter than L^*^ in the other. For two other z~1 QSOs, we have only upper limits (L~L^*^). The hosts of the high-redshift sample must be no brighter than about 3 mag above an unevolved L^*^ galaxy, and are at least 1 magnitude fainter than the hosts of radio-loud QSOs at the same redshift. If the easily detected K-band light surrounding a previous sample of otherwise similar but radio-loud QSOs is starlight, then it must evolve on timescales of ~&gt; 10^8^ yr (e.g., Chambers &amp; Charlot 1990); therefore our non-detection of host galaxy fuzz around radio-quiet QSOs supports the view that high-redshift radio-quiet and radio-loud QSOs inhabit different host objects, rather than being single types of objects that turn their radio emission on and off over short timescales. This is consistent with the general trend at low redshifts that radio-loud QSOs are found in giant elliptical galaxies while radio-quiet QSOs are found in less luminous disk galaxies. It also suggests that the processes responsible for the spectacular properties of radio-loud AGNs at high redshifts might not be generally relevant to the (far more numerous) radio-quiet population.
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15.074069
6.473229
1995-02-01
29
1995ApJ...439..588L
[ "host galaxy light", "host galaxy fuzz", "galaxy light", "giant elliptical galaxies", "different host objects", "QSOs", "high redshifts", "radio-quiet QSOs", "disk and elliptical host galaxies", "extended emission" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Quasars", "Red Shift", "Spiral Galaxies", "Brightness", "Data Reduction", "Hubble Diagram", "Image Analysis", "Infrared Imagery", "Radio Astronomy", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175199" ]
[ "Lowenthal, James D.", "Heckman, Timothy M.", "Lehnert, Matthew D.", "Elias, J. H." ]
[ "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Livermore, CA, US", "Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Livermore, CA, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..994H", "1996MNRAS.283..282R", "1996MNRAS.283..930T", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997AJ....114..511R", "1997quho.conf...84A", "1998A&A...332..503K", "1998ASSL..226..279L", "1998ApJ...503..138D", "1998MNRAS.296..643A", "1998MNRAS.298L..13A", "1998PASP..110..374H", "2000A&A...364...70K", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000MNRAS.317..937R", "2001ApJ...547..124F", "2001ApJ...550..122R", "2001MNRAS.326.1533K", "2003A&A...405..959S", "2004A&A...418..813H", "2004Ap&SS.294...57F", "2004ApJ...604..495F", "2004IAUS..222..497K", "2005A&A...434..469F", "2005A&A...436..825W", "2006NewAR..50..732F", "2008ApJ...673..694F", "2009ApJ...704..415M", "2023A&A...672A..68R" ]
[ "1980ApJS...43..393C", "1981gask.book.....M", "1983ApJ...266...41D", "1985ApJ...297..621A", "1985ApJS...59...23M", "1986ApJ...306...64S", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987ApJS...63....1H", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1987MNRAS.225....1A", "1988ApJ...333..161L", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1988gera.book..563K", "1989ApJ...342..660H", "1990A&A...236...69V", "1990ApJ...348...38S", "1990ApJ...348L...1C", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1991AJ....101.2004S", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...368...28H", "1991ApJ...370...78H", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJ...381..373H", "1991ESOSR..10....1V", "1991MNRAS.251..482B", "1992ApJ...393...68L", "1992ApJ...399L..47E", "1993AJ....105.1333L", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993MNRAS.264..455D", "1993Natur.362..326H", "1993Natur.363..140E", "1994ApJ...420...58M" ]
1952792
null
Three-dimensional Shape Statistics: Methodology
Two three-dimensional shape statistics are introduced to quantify the amount of linelike and planelike structures in a point distribution. We calculate analytically the expected values of these statistics for a Poisson sample and a Gaussian sample with a power-law two-point correlation function. We construct a Bayesian approach for the significance analysis. Some simple tests have been performed to test the sensitivity of these new statistics to the shape of structures, the density contrast of a structure with specified shape to the background, and the number of structures in a point distribution. We find the statistics are very useful in detecting filaments and pancakes against background noise, measuring the amount of these structures, and revealing the typical scale of such structure. They can be used to differentiate different galaxy distributions in terms of the shape of structures, and thus constraining models of structure formation. They can also be used to identify filaments and pancakes in a galaxy survey in a quantitative and systematic manner.
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11.972336
3.17363
1995-02-01
28
1995ApJS...96..429L
[ "such structure", "structure formation", "structures", "different galaxy distributions", "specified shape", "background noise", "pancakes", "filaments", "linelike and planelike structures", "Bayesian" ]
[ "Background Noise", "Cosmology", "Galactic Structure", "Methodology", "Shapes", "Three Dimensional Models", "Universe", "Bayes Theorem", "Dark Matter", "Statistical Distributions", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192126" ]
[ "Luo, Shan", "Vishniac, Ethan" ]
[ "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US", "University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US" ]
[ "1996ApJ...465....2Y", "1996ApJ...468...62L", "1997A&AS..123..495D", "1997MNRAS.284..607D", "1998ApJ...495L...5S", "1998ApJ...508..551S", "1998MNRAS.294..245C", "1998MNRAS.298.1169S", "1998astro.ph..9343L", "1999ASPC..176..297M", "2000ApJ...538...11S", "2000MNRAS.312..166L", "2001A&A...366..376V", "2002MNRAS.331.1020K", "2003MNRAS.343...22S", "2003MNRAS.344..602B", "2004MNRAS.353..162S", "2005MNRAS.359..272C", "2006PhDT.......399S", "2007A&A...474..315A", "2007ApJ...655L...5A", "2007MNRAS.375..337C", "2008arXiv0805.4141G", "2010MNRAS.408..897J", "2010arXiv1003.5536G", "2013ApJ...762..115O", "2014MNRAS.441.2923C", "2015MNRAS.448.1471R" ]
[ "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982Natur.300..407Z", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ppss.book.....J", "1985MNRAS.216...17B", "1986ApJ...306..341G", "1987QJRAS..28..109B", "1991ARA&A..29..499G", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...401...28B", "1992Natur.356..489D", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1992scma.conf.....F", "1992xrb..work...80M", "1993ApJ...403..450G" ]
1947753
null
SN 1991F in NGC 3458: A Peculiar Type 1a Supernova
Supernova 1991F appeared in lenticular galaxy NGC 3458 (UGC 6037). On discovery, it was classified as type I, although no subtype (i.e., Ia or Ib/c) was assigned to it. In this paper, we present several low resolution spectra of this supernova. One of them was recorded ten days after the discovery. No others show the supernova spectral evolution over three months. Our SN 1991F spectra show very close similarities with the spectra of the well studied peculiar supernova 1991bg, which correspond to phases 80-200 days after maximum brightness. We propose that SN 1991F was a peculiar type Ia supernova with similar characteristics to those of the subluminous SN 1991bg.
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2.756613
4.642775
1995-02-01
9
1995AJ....109..737G
[ "supernova 1991bg", "several low resolution spectra", "SN 1991F", "lenticular galaxy", "Ib/c", "type", "similar characteristics", "SN", "Supernova 1991F", "1991F" ]
[ "Brightness Distribution", "Emission Spectra", "Evolution (Development)", "Lenticular Bodies", "Supernovae", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Magnitude", "Astronomy", "SUPERNOVAE: INDIVIDUAL: SN 1991F" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117316" ]
[ "Gomez, G.", "Lopez, R." ]
[ "Inst. de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain", "Inst. de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain" ]
[ "1996AJ....112.2094G", "1996MNRAS.283....1T", "1997ARA&A..35..309F", "1997MNRAS.284..151M", "1998AJ....116.2431T", "1998Ap&SS.263..295G", "2001ApJ...554L.193H", "2001ApJ...559.1019M", "2013ApJ...762....1W" ]
[ "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1977ApJ...218..767S", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...270..123B", "1984PASP...96..530F", "1987PASP...99..592P", "1988PhDT.......171L", "1989cpg..book.....P", "1990AJ....100.1575F", "1991IAUC.5188....1M", "1992AJ....103.1632P", "1992AJ....104.1543F", "1992ApJ...384L..15F", "1993AJ....105..301L", "1993AJ....106.1101F", "1993AJ....106.2383B", "1993ApJ...413L.105P", "1994ApJ...423L..31D" ]
1947836
null
Galaxy With an Optical Jet or a Pair of Galaxies
An unknown object at the position R.A. 13^h^36^m^04^s^ Dec. -10^deg^21'05" (1950) is studied. It may be a compact galaxy with an unusual jet with a nonthermal spectrum and at the same time with the presence of emission lines in the spectrum. The suggested "jet" is seen at a distance of about 20 arcsec (~9.0 kpc) out of the image of the host galaxy, the angular diameter of which is about 10 arcsec. It may also be that in this case we observe a pair of galaxies: a compact one and an edge-on spiral. The latter version seems to be true. The redshift of the object is z = 0.0241. The redshift of the jet (or of the edge-on spiral) is slightly, by about 200 km s^-1^, less than that of the compact galaxy, and thus the jet (if the observed feature is a jet) is almost perpendicular to the line of sight. The linear size of the compact galaxy is less than 5 kpc, its absolute stellar magnitude is about -17^m^. Thus this galaxy is a dwarf one. If the jetlike feature is also a galaxy then its extent is about 18 kpc.
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14.06478
6.482706
1995-02-01
1
1995AJ....109..513T
[ "galaxies", "~9.0 kpc", "R.A. 13^h^36^m^04^s^", "emission lines", "a compact galaxy", "the compact galaxy", "the host galaxy", "an unusual jet", "a galaxy", "this galaxy" ]
[ "Compact Galaxies", "Emission Spectra", "Jets", "Spiral Galaxies", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Galactic Clusters", "Line Of Sight", "Red Shift", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: JETS", "GALAXIES: COMPACT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117297" ]
[ "Tovmassian, H. M.", "Guichard, J." ]
[ "INAOE, Mexico", "INAOE, Mexico" ]
[ "1998ASPC..139..141C" ]
[ "1954ApJ...119..206B", "1967AuJPh..20..715T", "1974Natur.250..474T", "1979ApJ...231..364D", "1979ApJ...233...44S", "1979MNRAS.188..415D", "1980ApJ...235..749B", "1981ApJ...247L...5M", "1982A&A...109...95N", "1984A&A...138...49L", "1984AJ.....89.1487S", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1986ApJ...302..296K", "1986ApJ...311L...7F", "1988ApJ...329..532K", "1988ApJ...329L..81P", "1989A&A...224...17F", "1991AJ....101...88F", "1991ApJ...369L..55M", "1991ApJ...373L..55M", "1992A&AS...95..249L" ]
11580298
astro-ph/9405030
Ultraviolet Radiation from Evolved Stellar Populations. II. The Ultraviolet Upturn Phenomenon in Elliptical Galaxies
We discuss the far-ultraviolet upturn phenomenon (UVX) observed in elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxy bulges. Our premise is the the UV radiation from these systems emanates primarily from extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars and their progeny. Such objects have zero-age horizontal branch envelope masses M_env_^0^&lt;~0.05 M_sun_. Local examples of EHB stars exist in some globular clusters and in the Galactic disk field and serve both as a guide and constraint. We derive the broad-band UV colors 1500-V and 2500-V for globular clusters and elliptical galaxies from the available satellite data and investigate color-color and color- line strength correlations. There are several important distinctions between clusters and galaxies. They do not occupy a single Mg_2_-color sequence. Clusters can be bluer than any galaxy in 15-V and 25-V, implying larger hot star populations, but galaxies are significantly bluer than clusters in 15-25 at a given 15-V. We attribute this primarily to the effect of metal abundance on the mid-UV (2500 A) light. These redder colors of the galaxies also imply that the UVX in galaxies is not produced by metal-poor subpopulations similar to the clusters. We develop a simple spectral synthesis formulation for all phases of single star evolution from the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) to the white dwarf cooling track that requires only one or two parameters for each choice of age and abundance. We provide the ingredients necessary for constructing models with arbitrary horizontal branch (HB) morphologies in the age range 2 &lt; t &lt; 20 Gyr and for six metallicities in the range -2.26 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt;0.58 we also consider the effect of enhanced Y in metal- rich models. UV properties of the models are predicted using the Kurucz (1991) atmospheres. The maximum lifetime UV output is produced by EHB stars with M_env_^0^ ~ 0.02 M_sun_ and can be up to 30 times higher than for post-asymptotic giant branch (P-AGB) stars. The ultraviolet output of old populations is governed primarily by the distribution of M_env_^0^, P(M_env_^0^), on the ZAHB. The UV output is not very sensitive to [Fe/H] or to Y, but it can change very rapidly with M_env_^0^. Thus it is extremely sensitive to the precise nature of giant-branch mass loss. Because this process is not well understood physically, we choose to leave mass loss as an implicit free parameter. Our models use simple descriptions of P(M_env_^0^) to bracket the colors produced from any real distribution of stars. Our models accurately predict the range of UV colors observed for the globular clusters, given known constraints on their age, abundances, and HB morphologies. Clusters with "blue HB" morphologies do not require the hotter EHB stars to explain their UV colors, although a small EHB population is consistent with our models. The largest known population of these stars in a cluster, as a fraction of the total HB, is ~20% in ω Cen. For [Fe/H] ~&gt; -0.5, however, blue HB stars will be rare. As a consequence, we find that models with [Fe/H] ~&gt; 0 that do not contain EHB stars cannot reproduce the colors of most of the galaxies. However, only small EHB fractions are required: &lt;~5% for the bulk of the E galaxies and ~20% for those with the strongest UVX. These results are independent of the assumed [Fe/H]. The EHB fraction required for most galaxies is comparable to the fraction of hot subdwarfs in the Galactic disk. Most of these are EHB stars, and their existence considerably strengthens the case for EHB populations as the source of elliptical galaxy UV light. The models also predict that the fraction of the far-UV light from P-AGB stars, which are spatially resolvable in nearby galaxies, is ~70% and ~20% for moderate UVX and strong UVX systems, respectively. We find that 25 - V, but not 15- V, is sensitive to the age and abundance, though these cannot always be cleanly distinguished. The galaxy colors place limits of &lt;[Fe/H]&gt;&gt; -0.5 and less than 15% on the contribution of globular cluster-type populations to the V light. Galaxy colors are consistent with solar-abundance models with ages in the range 6-14 Gyr. However, the 25 - V colors of the galaxies other than the strong UVX systems are too blue to be consistent with [Fe/H] &gt; 0.2 for any age. This may be additional evidence that [Mg/Fe] &gt; 0 in elliptical galaxies. UV colors for M32 are consistent with the solar abundance, intermediate-age (4-6 Gyr) population inferred from optical/IR observations. We discuss several implications of the observations and the models, including the question of light metal versus iron peak enhancements in galaxies, whether the UV color-Mg_2_ correlation is continuous or discrete,effects of helium abundance on the UVX, and the key question of whether red giant branch mass loss can be large enough to produce the necessary EHB population in the strong UVX galaxies.
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12.037032
7.019143
1995-03-01
235
1995ApJ...442..105D
[ "EHB stars", "elliptical galaxy UV light", "UV colors", "larger hot star populations", "EHB populations", "blue HB stars", "elliptical galaxies", "stars", "single star evolution", "most galaxies" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Globular Clusters", "Spiral Galaxies", "Star Distribution", "Stellar Composition", "Stellar Evolution", "Stellar Models", "Ultraviolet Radiation", "Abundance", "Color", "Data Reduction", "Metallicity", "Spectrum Analysis", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "STARS: EVOLUTION", "STARS: HORIZONTAL-BRANCH", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1086/175428", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9405030" ]
[ "Dorman, Ben", "O'Connell, Robert W.", "Rood, Robert T." ]
[ "University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US", "University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US", "University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US" ]
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"2011ApJS..195...22Y", "2011MNRAS.410.2679L", "2011MNRAS.411..487P", "2011MNRAS.411.1792B", "2011MNRAS.414.1887B", "2011MNRAS.414.3410C", "2012AJ....143..121S", "2012AJ....144..126D", "2012ApJ...744L..10R", "2012ApJ...747...78B", "2012ApJ...749...35B", "2012ApJ...749L..14B", "2012ApJ...752...90P", "2012ApJ...755..131R", "2012ApJS..199....4R", "2012MNRAS.423.1921J", "2013AJ....146..128C", "2013MNRAS.431.2612H", "2013MNRAS.436.3135E", "2013MmSAI..84...75D", "2014Ap&SS.354...47D", "2014ApJ...797...59H", "2014ApJS..210....3M", "2014MNRAS.439..990M", "2014MNRAS.442.1350M", "2014MNRAS.444.2571H", "2015ApJ...800...52L", "2015MNRAS.446.1469D", "2015MNRAS.446.2030Z", "2015pust.book.....C", "2016MNRAS.461..766L", "2016MNRAS.463.3409V", "2017AstL...43..285M", "2017MNRAS.464..713P", "2017MNRAS.465..501S", "2017MNRAS.466.4492C", "2017PASA...34...58E", "2017arXiv170902127Y", "2018A&A...611A..42B", "2018A&A...615A.115K", "2018ApJ...857...16G", "2018ApJ...869L..10M", "2018MNRAS.476.1010A", "2018MNRAS.478..541A", "2018MNRAS.478.2368C", "2018MNRAS.481.3313P", "2019ApJ...883...82P", "2020IAUS..351..464K", "2020MNRAS.491.2822C", "2020MNRAS.492.2128P", "2021ApJ...908...66P", "2021ApJ...923...12A", "2021ApJ...923..162R", "2021MNRAS.501.2140R", "2021MNRAS.505.3514Z", "2022ApJ...939L..20P", "2022MNRAS.512.1400D", "2022RAA....22i5015P", "2023A&A...672A..69R", "2023ExA....55..199A", "2023MNRAS.518...87D", "2024A&A...686A...6G", "2024ApJ...966...50A" ]
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11580251
astro-ph/9308012
Weakly Nonlinear Gaussian Fluctuations and the Edgeworth Expansion
We use new analytical results and a series of N-body experiments to study the dynamics of weakly nonlinear clustering in an Einstein-de Sitter universe. The initial density fluctuations are assumed to be Gaussian with power spectra of the form P(k) is proportional to k^n^, with n = - 1 and n = 0. We focus on two spatially smoothed random fields: the mass density contrast, δ, and the peculiar velocity divergence, θ, with variances &lt;δ^2^&gt; = σ^2^ and &lt;θ^2^&gt; = σ<SUB>theta</SUB>^2^. Using perturbation theory, valid for σ &lt; 1 and σ<SUB>theta</SUB>_ &lt; 1, we calculate the evolution of the 1-point probability distribution functions (PDFs) of δ and θ. We expand the PDF in Hermite polynomials and powers of σ, using the so-called Edgeworth series. When σ &lt; 1, the simulations and perturbation theory agree precisely, demonstrating that the N-body method yields accurate results for the density field in the regime of weakly nonlinear clustering. The skewness and kurtosis of the density field stay remarkably close to the values predicted by perturbation theory even when σ = 2. For σ &lt; 1, the Edgeworth expansion properly describes the positive and negative tails of the PDF within ~1/σ standard deviations from zero. We show analytically that "biased" galaxy formation preserves the relation &lt;δ^3^&gt; is proportional to &lt;δ^2^&gt;^2^ predicted by second-order perturbation theory, provided that the galaxy density is a local function of the underlying mass density. Our results should be useful in the analysis of large-scale density and velocity fields, allowing one to derive constraints on the nature of primordial fluctuations, the value of the cosmological density parameter, and the physical processes that govern galaxy formation.
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11.479687
2.83837
1995-03-01
149
1995ApJ...442...39J
[ "perturbation theory", "weakly nonlinear clustering", "galaxy formation", "new analytical results", "accurate results", "power spectra", "lt", "σ", "primordial fluctuations", "the density field" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Gravitation", "Many Body Problem", "Nonlinearity", "Space Density", "Variations", "Kurtosis", "Normal Density Functions", "Perturbation Theory", "Power Spectra", "Probability Distribution Functions", "Skewness", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175420", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9308012" ]
[ "Juszkiewicz, Roman", "Weinberg, David H.", "Amsterdamski, Piotr", "Chodorowski, Michal", "Bouchet, Francois" ]
[ "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Warszawa, Poland", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Warszawa, Poland", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Warszawa, Poland", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Warszawa, Poland", "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France" ]
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11591181
astro-ph/9503116
A faint galaxy redshift survey to B=24
Using the multislit LDSS-2 spectrograph on the William Herschel Telescope, we have completed a redshift survey in the magnitude range 22.5&lt;B&lt;24 which has produced 73 redshifts, representing a 73 per cent complete sample uniformly selected from four deep fields at high Galactic latitude. The survey extends out to z&gt;1 and includes the highest redshift galaxy (z=1.108) yet discovered in a field sample. The median redshift, z_MED=0.46, and form of the redshift distribution constitute compelling evidence against simple luminosity evolution as an explanation of the large excess of faint galaxies [~=(2-4)xno-evolution] seen in this magnitude range. Rather, we identify the excess population as blue objects with z~0.4 and B luminosities similar to local L^* galaxies, indicating a dramatic decrease in the density of such objects over the last Hubble time, and confirming the trends found in brighter redshift surveys. We also find a marked absence of very low-redshift galaxies (z&lt;0.1) at faint limits, severely constraining any significant steepening of the local field galaxy luminosity function at low luminosities.
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12.716727
6.365777
1995-03-01
145
1995MNRAS.273..157G
[ "brighter redshift surveys", "galaxy luminosity function", "faint galaxies", "local L^* galaxies", "simple luminosity evolution", "low luminosities", "blue objects", "the highest redshift galaxy", "such objects", "William Herschel Telescope" ]
[ "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "QUASARS: GENERAL.", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.1.157", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9503116" ]
[ "Glazebrook, Karl", "Ellis, Richard", "Colless, Matthew", "Broadhurst, Tom", "Allington-Smith, Jeremy", "Tanvir, Nial" ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA", "Mt. Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatoires, Australian National University, Weston Creek, ACT 2611 Austrlia", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995AJ....110.2655C", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...454..611M", "1995ConPh..36..411E", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.274..832P", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1995Natur.377..603C", "1996A&A...315...21V", "1996A&A...316....1V", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996AJ....112..839C", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ASPC...94...83F", "1996ApJ...457..490F", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...462L...9C", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...465L.103S", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...469..508S", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996ApJ...469..535K", "1996ApJ...470..189G", "1996ApJ...471L..19B", "1996ApJ...473L..67C", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996BASI...24..593C", "1996IAUS..171..221D", "1996IAUS..171..247F", "1996IAUS..173..399A", "1996MNRAS.279..535M", "1996MNRAS.279.1157G", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.280..469T", "1996MNRAS.280L..43C", "1996MNRAS.281..847T", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996Natur.382..231H", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1996Natur.383..236M", "1997A&A...317...43B", "1997A&A...317..661B", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997A&A...319..365F", "1997A&A...328..499G", "1997A&AS..124..163A", "1997AJ....113..117G", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASPC..117..335F", "1997ASPC..117..485M", "1997ASSL..211....3P", "1997ASSL..212....3P", "1997ApJ...474..623V", "1997ApJ...475...20L", "1997ApJ...476...12H", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...480..132C", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997ApJ...481L...9C", "1997ApJ...483...87S", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997ApJ...490L..41B", "1997ApJS..109...45M", "1997ApL&C..36...27C", "1997ApL&C..36..161P", "1997MNRAS.285..613H", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.289..419R", "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1997MNRAS.291..383C", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1997astro.ph..8075E", "1998A&A...330..399B", "1998AJ....115.1840H", "1998AJ....116.1244T", "1998ASPC..146..102S", "1998ASSL..231...23M", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...499..112B", "1998ApJ...499..589H", "1998ApJ...500...75L", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998MNRAS.295...75E", "1998MNRAS.296..585F", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998MNRAS.298..451M", "1999A&A...347..532S", "1999ASIC..541..365M", "1999Ap&SS.267..319E", "1999IAUS..186..467G", "1999MNRAS.302..152K", "1999ldss.work..280D", "2000A&A...359....9H", "2000A&A...362..487V", "2000A&A...363..476B", "2000MNRAS.311..793B", "2000MNRAS.313..252S", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2000MPLA...15...41J", "2001A&A...371..393B", "2001AJ....122...26B", "2001ASPC..245..552J", "2001ApJ...550..593J", "2001PASA...18..169C", "2001PASJ...53..611M", "2001PASP..113..197G", "2002A&A...384...81H", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ASSL..274..253B", "2002MNRAS.331..817S", "2003ApJ...593..640B", "2003ApJ...598..878M", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2003MNRAS.339..427G", "2003RMxAC..17..207R", "2003astro.ph..2392B", "2004ApJ...602..571B", "2004ApJ...603..363B", "2005Natur.437..519L", "2006ApJ...652..963R", "2007MNRAS.378.1439L", "2008ApJS..179..306R", "2008arXiv0811.2148G", "2009MNRAS.398..497G", "2011IAUS..277..121L", "2013PASA...30...56G" ]
[ "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1986ApJ...303..336G", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988MNRAS.235..935B", "1988Obs...108..161W", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ASIC..348..257C", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...371L..55T", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.253..686C", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJS...80....1S", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.260..202H", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.269..953Z", "1994PASP..106..983A" ]
11580296
astro-ph/9407059
Physically Detached ``Compact Groups''
A small fraction of galaxies appear to reside in dense compact groups, whose inferred crossing times are much shorter than a Hubble time. These short crossing times have led to considerable disagreement among researchers attempting to deduce the dynamical state of these systems. In this paper, we suggest that many of the observed groups are not physically bound but are chance projections of galaxies well separated along the line of sight. Unlike earlier similar proposals, ours does not require that the galaxies in the compact group be members of a more diffuse, but physically bound entity. The probability of physically separated galaxies projecting into an apparent compact group is nonnegligible if most galaxies are distributed in thin filaments. We illustrate this general point with a specific example: a simulation of a cold dark matter universe, in which hydrodynamic effects are included to identify galaxies. The simulated galaxy distribution is filamentary and end-on views of these filaments produce apparent galaxy associations that have sizes and velocity dispersions similar to those of observed compact groups. The frequency of such projections is sufficient, in principle, to explain the observed space density of groups in the Hickson catalog. We discuss the implications of our proposal for the formation and evolution of groups and elliptical galaxies. The proposal can be tested by using redshift- independent distance estimators to measure the line-of-sight spatial extent of nearby compact groups.
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12.028207
5.8949
1995-03-01
118
1995ApJ...442...57H
[ "dense compact groups", "observed compact groups", "nearby compact groups", "apparent galaxy associations", "most galaxies", "galaxies", "elliptical galaxies", "groups", "earlier similar proposals", "an apparent compact group" ]
[ "Dark Matter", "Detachment", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Evolution", "Line Of Sight", "Spatial Distribution", "Hydrodynamics", "Many Body Problem", "Mathematical Models", "Red Shift", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175421", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407059" ]
[ "Hernquist, Lars", "Katz, Neal", "Weinberg, David H." ]
[ "University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, US", "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2293D", "1995AJ....110.1498P", "1995ApJ...444L..61O", "1996A&AS..118..429B", "1996AJ....112..378P", "1996AJ....112..871B", "1996ApJ...456...80M", "1996ApJ...456L...5M", "1996ApJ...457L..51H", "1996ApJ...457L..57K", "1996ApJ...458...18G", "1996ApJ...460..101W", "1996ApJ...462...50H", "1996ApJ...463L...5R", "1996ApJ...464..523H", "1996ApJ...467...19D", "1996ApJ...473L..83M", "1996ApJS..105...19K", "1996MNRAS.283..690P", "1996pcc..conf...95M", "1997A&A...321..409V", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..116..358O", "1997ASPC..116..469B", "1997ASPC..117..524G", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...482..640S", "1997ApJ...485...39C", "1997ApJ...485L..69M", "1997ApJS..110....1D", "1997ApL&C..36..223M", "1997MNRAS.286..825A", "1997PASA...14...48O", "1998A&A...330...37L", "1998A&A...330..423R", "1998AJ....115.1791I", "1998AJ....116.1573B", "1998AN....319..167S", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...496...73M", "1998ApJ...497...72R", "1998ApJ...505..536H", "1998NYASA.848...89D", "1999A&A...348..693T", "1999A&A...352....1D", "1999A&AS..139..483B", "1999ASPC..176..127T", "1999ApJ...511..521D", "1999ApJ...518...69M", "1999ApJ...523...87T", "1999IAUS..186..367H", "1999IAUS..186..375W", "1999astro.ph..9019M", "2000AJ....119.1687T", "2000AJ....120.1691N", "2000AN....321..101A", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..209..174M", "2000ASPC..209..217M", "2000ASPC..209..226S", "2000ASPC..209..233T", "2000ASPC..209..245A", "2000ASPC..209..377P", "2000ASPC..209..434D", "2000ApJ...534..114M", "2000MNRAS.319..933H", "2001A&A...377..812V", "2001A&A...378..370V", "2001A&A...378..740T", "2001ApJ...549L.187G", "2001ApJ...562..679B", "2001PASP..113..543T", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2002A&A...391...35F", "2002AN....323..488T", "2002ApJ...571....1M", "2002astro.ph..3066T", "2003A&A...398....1B", "2003AJ....125.1660I", "2003Ap&SS.285..133P", "2003astro.ph..2382I", "2004A&A...418..937K", "2004AJ....127.1811L", "2004ASSL..319..359L", "2004ApJ...612..628D", "2004MNRAS.349.1381P", "2004cgpc.symp..353M", "2005AJ....130..425D", "2005ApJ...630L.109D", "2005JASS...22..363R", "2005MNRAS.364.1069D", "2006A&A...457..771A", "2007RMxAA..43...45T", "2007arXiv0704.2604D", "2008A&A...486..113M", "2008MNRAS.387.1281M", "2009MNRAS.395..255M", "2010ASPC..421..179M", "2010Ap.....53...50T", "2010Ap.....53..320T", "2010ApJ...708.1419L", "2010ApJ...710..385B", "2010MNRAS.409.1227D", "2011A&A...533A.142B", "2011PhDT........96N", "2011sf2a.conf...81C", "2013arXiv1301.7157A", "2014A&A...572A..68Z", "2015A&A...578A..61D", "2015MNRAS.454.3222B", "2015RMxAA..51...13A", "2017ApJ...840...58F", "2017RMxAA..53..515T", "2020MNRAS.491L..66H", "2021ApJ...911..105Z", "2021BAAA...62..207D", "2024arXiv240614671M", "2024arXiv240617012C" ]
[ "1877MNRAS..37..334S", "1948AJ.....53R.203S", "1951PASP...63...72S", "1959VV....C......0V", "1960ApJ...131..742B", "1961AJ.....66..541B", "1961AJ.....66..555M", "1961ApJ...134..244B", "1963ApJ...138..873B", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1968ApJ...153L.135S", "1968PASP...80..129A", "1971swng.conf..351B", "1973ApJ...183..411A", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977AJ.....82.1013L", "1977ApJ...211..311R", "1977ApJ...213..323H", "1977MNRAS.181..375G", "1979ApJ...231...10R", "1979ApJ...231..320R", "1980AJ.....85..623G", "1981ApJ...249..449C", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1983A&A...120...36S", "1983AJ.....88..267S", "1983ApJ...270..417S", "1983PASJ...35...61I", "1983PhRvL..51..935M", "1984ASSL..111..367H", "1984ApJ...284L..29B", "1984MNRAS.208..873B", "1985ApJ...296...60M", "1985MNRAS.215..517B", "1986A&A...155..420H", "1986Ap&SS.119..221I", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986ApJ...305....1M", "1986ApJ...305..651C", "1986ApJ...306L..55H", "1986ApJ...307..426M", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1987ApJ...313..505W", "1987ApJ...321..622M", "1987ApJ...322..605S", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1987MNRAS.228..501N", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ApJ...329L..65H", "1988ApJ...331...64H", "1988ApJ...331L..69H", "1988ApJS...68..521B", "1989A&A...225..291W", "1989ApJ...341..679H", "1989ApJS...70..419H", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1989RvMP...61..185S", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990NASCP3098..619M", "1990dig..book..380W", "1991ApJ...371L..15G", "1991ApJ...372..419M", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJ...374..407X", "1991ApJ...375..517C", "1991ApJ...378..487P", "1991ApJ...380...30M", "1991ApJ...383..542Z", "1991ApJS...75..231H", "1991ApJS...76..153R", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...385...32S", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992MNRAS.255...41M", "1992PhDT........74M", "1992daec.conf...51M", "1993AAS...183.0502P", "1993AN....314..393R", "1993AN....314..393V", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...407..448Z", "1993ApJ...410..469M", "1993ApJ...410..520S", "1993ApJ...417..415C", "1993ApJ...418...72Z", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1993MNRAS.265..689K", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1994AJ....107..868D", "1994AJ....107.1235P", "1994AJ....107.1623R", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...427..684M", "1994ApJ...429..531S", "1994ApJ...433..479B", "1994PASP..106..413R" ]
11591225
astro-ph/9409011
The shapes of galaxy clusters
We have reanalysed a data set of 99 low-redshift (&lt;e1&gt; z &lt; 0.1 &lt;/e1&gt;) Abell clusters studied previously by Rhee, van Haarlem &amp; Katgert, and determined their shapes.For this, three different measures are used: two of which were originally used by Rhee et al., and one of which was used by Plionis, Barrow &amp; Frenk in their investigation of clusters in the Lick catalogue. We use Monte Carlo simulations of clusters to investigate the errors in the methods. For low ellipticity, all methods overestimate the cluster elongation, whereas the opposite is true for a highly flattened system. Also background galaxies and shot noise have a rather large influence on the measured quantities. The corrected distribution of cluster ellipticities shows a peak at epsilon ~ 0.4 and extends to epsilon ~ 0.8 , consistent with results of some previous studies. However, the present study uses more than twice as many clusters as the earlier studies, and is self-consistent. That is, with the corrected distribution over projected cluster shapes we can reconstruct the observed distribution over projected cluster shapes and the observed relation between the number of galaxies in a cluster and its ellipticity. To achieve this, we have to assume that there is an anti-correlation between the true (projected) ellipticity of a cluster and its number of galaxies. It is not necessary to assume that the ellipticity of a cluster increases when one only includes the brighter galaxies (as suggested by Binney). Using a redshift-independent richness criterion of Vink &amp; Katgert, it is shown that the richer clusters are intrinsically more nearly spherical than the poorer ones. Furthermore, the corrected distribution of cluster shapes is found to be more consistent with a population that consists of purely prolate clusters than with a purely oblate population. We compare the corrected true distribution of (projected) ellipticities with predictions from N-body simulations. For this, we use a catalogue of 75 N-body simulated clusters which assume a CDM spectrum with Omega = 1.0 . The simulations include a recipe for galaxy formation and merging. The model clusters are expected to be a representative sample of all real clusters. They show a good resemblance with the data in both radial profile and number of galaxies. 'Observation' of these simulated clusters in exactly the same way as the real clusters produces an ellipticity distribution that extends to much higher epsilon and that has too few nearly spherical clusters. Preliminary results of simulations of the formation of clusters in an Omega = 0.2 universe suggest that, on average, clusters are more nearly spherical in this case, as is expected on theoretical grounds. This shows that the elongations of clusters can provide a useful constraint on the value of Omega .
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12.40778
5.009568
1995-03-01
47
1995MNRAS.273...30D
[ "cluster ellipticities", "cluster shapes", "projected cluster shapes", "clusters", "Abell clusters", "low ellipticity", "galaxy formation", "background galaxies", "these simulated clusters", "the cluster elongation" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.1.30", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409011" ]
[ "de Theije, Pascal A. M.", "Katgert, Peter", "van Kampen, Eelco" ]
[ "Sterrewacht Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Sterrewacht Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Sterrewacht Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.274..975D", "1996AJ....111...92O", "1996AJ....111.1795L", "1996ApJ...461..146R", "1996MNRAS.279..349D", "1997A&A...320...13H", "1997ApJ...479..632S", "1997MNRAS.289..327V", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998MNRAS.297..195D", "1999ApJ...514..587C", "1999ApJ...522...39T", "1999MNRAS.304..288N", "2000A&A...357..809D", "2000AJ....119.2038V", "2000MNRAS.311..762S", "2000MNRAS.316..779B", "2001ApJ...559L..75M", "2004ApJ...600..657K", "2005ApJ...618....1H", "2005ApJ...629..781K", "2005MNRAS.359..191S", "2006ApJ...645..170S", "2006ApJ...647....8H", "2006ApJ...650..770P", "2007A&A...464..451P", "2007MNRAS.380.1207S", "2009ApJ...695.1446E", "2009ApJ...696.1441T", "2010MNRAS.403.2077S", "2010MNRAS.405.2215O", "2010arXiv1008.4620L", "2011AN....332..537B", "2011MNRAS.414.2029P", "2012MNRAS.419.2646S", "2012MNRAS.422..719R", "2013A&A...559A..89W", "2013MNRAS.428.2241S", "2013SSRv..177..155L", "2015MNRAS.448..642E", "2016A&A...586A..63Z", "2016ApJ...819...36D", "2016JCAP...04..023P", "2017MNRAS.467.3801S", "2020MNRAS.499.1985K", "2023A&A...676A..66F", "2023MNRAS.523.1364Y" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1965ApJ...142.1431L", "1968PASP...80..252S", "1971ApJS...23..371S", "1972ApJ...175..627R", "1973A&A....27....1I", "1974AJ.....79..745L", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976ApJ...205..716G", "1977AJ.....82..249S", "1977ApJ...213..368S", "1977ApJ...216..194T", "1977MNRAS.181..735B", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1978IAUS...79..409Z", "1978MNRAS.185..227A", "1979MNRAS.188..273B", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1980MNRAS.191..325C", "1981ApJ...243...26D", "1981ApJ...250..432B", "1981PhDT.......235S", "1982A&A...107..338B", "1982scre.book.....B", "1983ARA&A..21..373O", "1984ASSL..111..163F", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1985ApJS...57...77S", "1985MNRAS.217..805P", "1986ApJ...300..557B", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986Natur.322..329Q", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987A&A...183..217R", "1988AJ.....95..267P", "1988AJ.....95..298T", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1989ApJ...336...46W", "1990A&A...237..283V", "1990AJ....100.1006L", "1990ApJ...359..257M", "1991A&AS...91..513R", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.249..662P", "1992PhDT........75V", "1993AJ....106.1314Z", "1993ApJ...416..546F", "1993ApJ...417..427S", "1993ApJ...419L...9E", "1993PhDT........65S", "1993nbpg.conf..211S", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1993sfu..book.....P", "1994AJ....108....1S", "1994ApJ...425L..59V", "1994ApJ...431..486B", "1994ApJ...434..402C", "1994ApJS...95..401P", "1994MNRAS.268...79W", "1994PhDT........56V" ]
1204758
astro-ph/9311018
Non-linear clustering in the cold plus hot dark matter model
The main aim of this work is to find out if hierarchical scaling, observed in galaxy clustering, can be dynamically explained by studying N-body simulations. Previous analyses of dark matter (DM) particle distributions indicated heavy distortions with respect to the hierarchical pattern. Here, we shall describe how such distortions are to be interpreted and why they can be fully reconciled with the observed galaxy clustering. This aim is achieved by using high-resolution (512^3 grid-points) particle-mesh (PM) N-body simulations to follow the development of non-linear clustering in a Omega=1 universe, dominated either by cold dark matter (CDM) or by a mixture of cold+hot dark matter (CHDM) with Omega_cold=0.6, and Omega_hot=0.3 and Omega_baryon=0.1 a simulation box of side 100 Mpc (h=0.5) is used. We analyse two CHDM realizations with biasing factor b=1.5 (COBE normalization), starting from different initial random numbers, and compare them with CDM simulations with b=1 (COBE-compatible) and b=1.5. We evaluate high-order correlation functions and the void probability function (VPF). Correlation functions are obtained from both counts in cells and counts of neighbours. The analysis is carried out for DM particles and for galaxies identified as massive haloes of the evolved density field. We confirm that clustering of DM particles systematically exhibits deviations from hierarchical scaling, although the deviation increases somewhat in redshift space. Deviations from the hierarchical scaling of DM particles are found to be related to the spectrum shape, in a way that indicates that such distortions arise from finite sampling effects. We identify galaxy positions in the simulations and show that, quite differently from the DM particle background, galaxies follow hierarchical scaling (S_q=xi_q/&amp; xgr^q-1_2=consta nt) far more closely, with reduced skewness and kurtosis coefficients S_3~2.5 and S_4~7.5, in general agreement with observational results. Unlike DM, the scaling of galaxy clustering is must marginally affected by redshift distortions and is obtained for both CDM and CHDM models. Hierarchical scaling in simulations is confirmed by VPF analysis. Also in this case, we find substantial agreement with observational findings.
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11.8725
3.93879
1995-03-01
17
1995MNRAS.273..101B
[ "DM particles", "CDM simulations", "Hierarchical scaling", "hierarchical scaling", "galaxy clustering", "such distortions", "simulations", "redshift distortions", "cold dark matter", "cold+hot dark matter" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "DARK MATTER", "EARLY UNIVERSE", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.1.101", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9311018" ]
[ "Bonometto, Silvio A.", "Borgani, Stefano", "Ghigna, Sebastiano", "Klypin, Anatoly", "Primack, Joel R." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy", "INFN, Sezione di Perugia, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università, via A. Pascoli, I-06100 Perugia, Italy", "Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy", "Astronomy Department, New Mexico State University, Box 30001/Department 4500, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001, USA", "Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA" ]
[ "1995NCimC..18..281B", "1995RPPh...58.1207G", "1996APh.....5...53M", "1996ApJ...463..395G", "1996ApJ...465...14C", "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996ApJ...469...40G", "1997ApJ...474..533K", "1997ApJ...479..580G", "1998ApJ...496..586S", "1998MNRAS.296..109C", "1998astro.ph..9080B", "1999ApJ...514..563B", "1999ApJ...517..531S", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2004MNRAS.352..828C", "2005MNRAS.361..357P" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1978ApJ...221...19F", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1983PhLB..127..242C", "1984A&A...130...79S", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1984ApJ...277L...5F", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984ApJ...285L...1P", "1985ApJ...289...10F", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...305L...5J", "1986ApJ...306..358F", "1986ApJ...310L..21M", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1987ApJ...320...13M", "1988ApJ...332...67H", "1988ApJ...333...21S", "1989ApJ...340...11F", "1989ApJ...347..575S", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1990ApJ...348..398B", "1990ApJ...349L...5A", "1990MNRAS.242P..59P", "1991A&A...243..295K", "1991ApJ...383...19B", "1991MNRAS.251..575V", "1991MNRAS.253..727C", "1991Sci...253..390E", "1992A&A...263....1C", "1992ApJ...390...17M", "1992ApJ...393..415K", "1992ApJ...394L...5B", "1992ApJ...398...33V", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1992MNRAS.259..652W", "1992Natur.356..489D", "1992Natur.359..199S", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993ApJ...403..450G", "1993ApJ...405..428H", "1993ApJ...412L...9J", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993ApJ...419..451B", "1993MNRAS.264..749C", "1993MNRAS.265..379L", "1993MNRAS.265..507P", "1993MNRAS.265..689K", "1994ApJ...420..504S", "1994ApJ...422..430L", "1994ApJ...422L..45N", "1994ApJ...425....1F", "1994ApJ...437L..71G", "1994MNRAS.266..191A", "1994MNRAS.267..605L", "1994MNRAS.268..913G" ]
1971616
null
Galaxy number counts - III. Deep CCD observations to B=27.5 mag
By combining a 26-h exposure taken with the prime-focus RCA CCD camera on the 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope and a 13-h exposure taken with the Tektronix CCD camera at the Cassegrain auxiliary focus of the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope we have extended our determination of the form of the galaxy number-magnitude count relation on one CCD field to a blue magnitude limit of B_ccd~27.5 mag. These data are deeper than any previously published B-band counts. We investigate the reliability and completeness of our data by subjecting simulated CCD frames to the same data analysis procedures as the real data. We see a clear evidence that the slope of the log N-m relation is decreasing faintward of B~25. However, the counts are still rising at the limit of our data. We show that, for high q_0, it is not possible to reconcile the slope and numbers of galaxies at B&gt;25 with the slope of the local faint galaxy luminosity function unless this was steeper in the past, or density evolution has taken place. The required luminosity function slope is close to the steep slope detected for low-redshift, late-type galaxies. The presence of a change in the number-count slope is consistent with the idea that a redshift limit, or at least a redshift where the cosmological volume element ceases to rise sharply with redshift, has been reached in the galaxy distribution. We show that this hypothesis is supported by an observed flattening seen in the galaxy clustering amplitude at similar magnitudes. Low-q_0, pure luminosity models are still consistent with the count data, provided that the count models have a high normalization appropriate to the bright data at B~18.
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12.481606
6.02496
1995-03-01
165
1995MNRAS.273..257M
[ "galaxies", "simulated CCD frames", "pure luminosity models", "redshift", "William Herschel Telescope", "Isaac Newton Telescope", "CCD", "similar magnitudes", "the local faint galaxy luminosity function", "The required luminosity function slope" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.2.257" ]
[ "Metcalfe, N.", "Shanks, T.", "Fong, R.", "Roche, N." ]
[ "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Physics Department, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE" ]
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1948699
null
A 20 CM VLA Survey of Abell Clusters of Galaxies. IV. The Radio Sample and Cluster Properties
This is the fourth in a series of papers describing an in depth study of a large statistical sample of radio galaxies in Abell clusters. This sample forms the basis of a detailed optical and radio study of the host galaxy properties, environments, and evolutionary models for radio galaxies as a class of objects. In this paper, we examine the radio detection statistics as a function of cluster morphological type, galaxy richness, and spatial location within the cluster galaxy distribution. These relationships are also parameterized as a function of radio power. The spatial distributions of the radio sources as a function of distance from the cluster center indicate that radio galaxies are preferentially located at small radii from the center of the cluster potential. This is observed as a factor of 2-3 excess over that predicted by a King-model surface-density distribution. The excess is higher in the upper radio power bin. This result is easily explained, however, from the spatial distribution of the brightest galaxies and the relationship between radio and optical luminosity. The sample is divided into richness classes 0,1, and 2, according to Abell's criterion, and in two radio power ranges. While simple counting shows that richer clusters have more radio galaxies in both radio power bins, when the detections are scaled to the number of galaxies surveyed in each cluster, no significant correlations are found. This result implies that the number of radio galaxies detected simply scales with the number of galaxies surveyed. The higher galaxy density (and presumably higher ICM gas density) in richer clusters does not appear to affect the rate of radio source formation. The clusters are divided into Rood-Sastry and Bautz-Morgan morphological types. While it would appear that the more regular clusters have higher radio detection rates, when the classes are normalized to the number of galaxies, the radio detection rates are found to be identical regardless of cluster morphology. In conclusion, it is the optical properties of the host galaxy which most influence both the radio detection rate and the radio source properties. The cluster properties, galaxy density, and spatial location of the galaxy do not significantly affect the observed radio statistics.
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14.732368
5.820035
1995-03-01
106
1995AJ....109..853L
[ "radio galaxies", "more radio galaxies", "higher radio detection rates", "radio power", "radio source formation", "galaxies", "galaxy richness", "richer clusters", "cluster morphological type", "Abell clusters" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Radio Waves", "Galactic Structure", "Radio Galaxies", "Radio Observation", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spatial Distribution", "Brightness Distribution", "Data Reduction", "Flux Density", "Luminosity", "Radio Astronomy", "Red Shift", "Statistical Analysis", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
5
[ "10.1086/117328" ]
[ "Ledlow, Michael J.", "Owen, Frazier N." ]
[ "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM, US", "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110...46D", "1995AJ....110.1959L", "1995ApJ...451...88B", "1996AJ....111...53O", "1996AJ....112....9L", "1996ASPC..100..341B", "1996ASPC..100..353O", "1996ASPC..100..359L", "1996IAUS..175..238L", "1996IAUS..175..305O", "1996MNRAS.282...40F", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ASPC..115...21B", "1997ASPC..116..421L", "1997ApJ...474..580G", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJS..108...41O", "1997PASA...14..221H", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1998AuJPh..51..971S", "1998MNRAS.296..531R", "1998MNRAS.297..486C", "1998MNRAS.297L..86S", "1998MNRAS.301..609B", "1998PhR...303...81B", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999AJ....117.1967S", "1999AJ....118.1988M", "1999ARep...43...65B", "1999ASPC..159..389F", "1999ASPC..176...83L", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...514..148D", "1999ApJ...516L..53L", "1999MNRAS.302..571R", "1999MNRAS.306..599E", "2000A&A...353..507G", "2000A&AS..142..353G", "2000A&AS..143..369G", "2000AJ....119...21R", "2000AJ....119..567G", "2000AJ....119.1562M", "2000Ap.....43...32N", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000ApJ...542..731F", "2000ApJS..128..469H", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2000MNRAS.311..649S", "2001AJ....121.2915B", "2001ARep...45..173Z", "2001ASPC..227...22S", "2001ApJ...556..749S", "2001ApJ...562..618I", "2001ApJS..134..355M", "2002AJ....123.3018M", "2002ApJ...580..154S", "2002ApJS..140..265P", "2002IAUS..199..171O", "2002NewAR..46..327E", "2003A&A...400..465B", "2003A&A...405..821E", "2003AJ....125..506M", "2003AJ....125.2393M", "2003AJ....125.2427M", "2003AJ....126..119R", "2003AJ....126.2740L", "2003ApJ...592..129K", "2003ApJ...597..202D", "2003NewAR..47..179B", "2003astro.ph..9612B", "2004ApJ...602..659H", "2004MNRAS.349..560H", "2004rcfg.proc...61M", "2005AJ....130.2541M", "2005ARep...49..431L", "2005ApJ...630L..13D", "2005MNRAS.361..469M", "2006A&A...446...97B", "2007A&A...462..449B", "2007AJ....134..897C", "2007ApJS..170...71L", "2007MNRAS.381..211S", "2008AJ....136..358S", "2008MNRAS.384..953K", "2008MNRAS.391..297S", "2009AIPC.1201..202H", "2009ApJ...694..992L", "2009ApJ...705..854H", "2010A&A...511A..53V", "2010A&A...519A..62K", "2010ApJ...723.1119L", "2011AJ....141..149C", "2011ApJ...728..100M", "2011ApJ...734..103G", "2011ApJ...735...57B", "2011ApJ...740...51M", "2012A&A...544A..18V", "2012A&A...546A..17V", "2013MNRAS.436L..84G", "2014ApJ...792..113C", "2014ApJ...792..114C", "2016MNRAS.458.2221N", "2017A&A...608A..58T", "2019A&A...623A..48C", "2020MNRAS.494.5207M", "2021A&A...655A..17S" ]
[ "1957AJ.....62..248S", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1970ApJ...162L.149B", "1971PASP...83..313R", "1975ApJ...195..593O", "1975ApJ...198..249B", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977A&A....57...41A", "1977AJ.....82....1R", "1979MNRAS.188..495M", "1980AJ.....85..117W", "1981ApJS...45..613N", "1981SvA....25..647F", "1982A&A...108L...7S", "1982AJ.....87....7S", "1982AJ.....87.1083O", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983clun.proc...15C", "1984AJ.....89.1487S", "1985AJ.....90.1400P", "1985AJ.....90.2540C", "1986AJ.....91.1051C", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987AJ.....94..587B", "1987ApJS...63..555S", "1989AJ.....98...64Z", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.240..591S", "1990AJ.....99...14B", "1991ApJ...373..336Y", "1991ApJS...77..363S", "1992ApJ...384..404P", "1992ApJS...80..501O", "1993ApJS...87..135O", "1993LNP...421..273O", "1993egte.conf..265B", "1994ASPC...54..319O", "1994PhDT.......269L", "1995AJ....109...14O" ]
1948684
null
A Photometric Study of the Globular Cluster M54 and the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: Evidence for Three Distinct Populations
We present VI CCD color-magnitude diagrams for the globular cluster M54 and the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. These are used to derive the following quantities: [Fe/H]= -1.79+/-008 for M54 and [Fe/H] = -0.52+/-0.09 for Sagittarius. We find a metallicity dispersion of +/-0.16 dex in M54, and we infer the possible existence of a [Fe/H]~-1.3 component in Sagittarius, which may have a metallicity dispersion as well. The mean reddening in the direction of M54 is E(B - V) = 0.13+/-0.02. The distances to M54 and Sagittarius, determined using their horizontal branch magnitudes, are identical to within the uncertainties of existing RR Lyrae luminosity-abundance relations. This, together with positional and radial velocity arguments, suggests that M54 is physically associated with Sagittarius. We note that M54 is substantially brighter than the globular cluster members of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, and that the metal abundance of Sagittarius is quite high for its estimated absolute magnitude.
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8.927357
8.040759
1995-03-01
148
1995AJ....109.1086S
[ "M54", "Sagittarius", "+/-0.16 dex", "the globular cluster M54", "spheroidal galaxy", "VI CCD color-magnitude diagrams", "existing RR Lyrae luminosity-abundance relations", "the Sagittarius dwarf", "their horizontal branch magnitudes", "its estimated absolute magnitude" ]
[ "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Distance", "Dwarf Galaxies", "Globular Clusters", "Local Group (Astronomy)", "Metallicity", "Radial Velocity", "Sagittarius Constellation", "Astronomical Photometry", "Calibrating", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Horizontal Branch Stars", "Hydrogen", "Image Analysis", "Iron", "Star Distribution", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: PECULIAR", "LOCAL GROUP", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117343" ]
[ "Sarajedini, Alta", "Layden, Andrew C." ]
[ "National Opitical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ", "National Opitical Astronomy Observatoires, Tucson, AZ" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.2533D", "1995AJ....110.1141M", "1995Obs...115..256B", "1996A&A...312L..21Z", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996AJ....112.1035H", "1996AJ....112.1536M", "1996AJ....112.2576D", "1996ASPC..112....1M", "1996ApJ...458L..13M", "1996ApJ...459L..65F", "1996ApJ...462..241N", "1996ApJ...469L..81S", "1996NewA....1...57W", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996PASP..108..900C", "1997A&A...328..211N", "1997AJ....113..264S", "1997AJ....113..531D", "1997AJ....113..634I", "1997ApJ...474..217A", "1997ApJ...478L..99C", "1997ApJ...486L.107L", "1997ApJ...487..651W", "1997MNRAS.290....7E", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997RvMA...10...29G", "1998A&A...330..453M", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998AJ....115..685L", "1998AJ....115.2369S", "1998ARA&A..36..435M", "1998ApJ...508L.133M", "1998IAUS..179..199M", "1998MNRAS.294..315M", "1998PASP..110..533S", "1999AJ....117.1313L", "1999AJ....117.1792D", "1999AJ....118..442O", "1999AJ....118.1245B", "1999AJ....118.1709M", "1999ASPC..192..150S", "1999ASPC..192..185L", "1999ApJ...523L..25H", "1999IAUS..192..121B", "1999MNRAS.304..633B", "1999MNRAS.305..373D", "1999MNRAS.307..619B", "1999Natur.402...55L", "2000A&A...357..871C", "2000A&A...359..663B", "2000A&A...363..717D", "2000AJ....119.1760L", "2000AJ....120.3127M", "2000Sci...287...69B", "2001A&A...375..909C", "2001ApJ...559L..17C", "2001stcl.conf....1C", "2002AJ....124..915B", "2002ApJ...567..915S", "2002ApJ...568L..23G", "2002ApJ...573L..19M", "2002ApJ...578L..47M", "2002astro.ph..5411S", "2003AJ....125.1352P", "2003AJ....126..803S", "2003AJ....126.1871L", "2003ApJ...597L..25M", "2003ApJ...599.1082M", "2003MNRAS.340..175M", "2003PhDT.........3P", "2003egcs.conf..199M", "2003egcs.conf..211L", "2004A&A...414..503B", "2004A&A...424..199B", "2004AJ....127..958R", "2004ASPC..327..190M", "2004ASPC..327..255M", "2004ApJ...603..135R", "2004ApJ...613..262L", "2004MNRAS.353..874M", "2005AJ....130.2140P", "2005MNRAS.356.1396M", "2007A&A...473..429F", "2007ApJ...667L..57S", "2007MNRAS.376.1621M", "2007PASP..119..939G", "2008AJ....136.1147B", "2009A&A...507.1393B", "2009AJ....137.4478K", "2009ApJ...697L..58A", "2009ApJ...704.1327P", "2009ApJ...705.1481D", "2009MNRAS.397..488P", "2010AJ....140.1500M", "2010ApJ...708.1290C", "2010ApJ...714L...7C", "2010ApJ...725..288C", "2010IAUS..268..183M", "2010MNRAS.406..329S", "2010MNRAS.407..854D", "2010PASP..122.1171S", "2011A&A...532A...8M", "2011A&A...534A..29D", "2011ApJ...731..119R", "2011ApJ...737....3G", "2011ApJ...737....4G", "2011ApJ...740...60C", "2011PASA...28...28D", "2012A&ARv..20...50G", "2012AJ....143...52S", "2012AJ....144...76W", "2012ApJ...760...86C", "2012MNRAS.427.2647M", "2013Ap.....56..271G", "2013ApJ...778..149M", "2013MNRAS.436..413M", "2013MmSAI..84...29M", "2013NewA...22...57L", "2014A&A...572A..30K", "2014ApJ...780...43G", "2014MNRAS.438.3507D", "2015AJ....150...63J", "2015MNRAS.447..927M", "2016ASSL..420...31L", "2016AcA....66..197H", "2016ApJ...816L...5T", "2016IAUS..312..157G", "2016IAUS..317..170M", "2016MNRAS.457.2078A", "2016MNRAS.461.1276G", "2017A&A...605A..46M", "2017MNRAS.465.1123S", "2017MNRAS.466.1741C", "2017MNRAS.466.2895C", "2019A&A...622A..86M", "2019ApJ...878...18S", "2020ApJ...897..106K", "2020MNRAS.493.6109W", "2021A&A...645A..64K", "2021A&A...649A..24D", "2021A&A...653A...2K", "2021MNRAS.500.2514P", "2021MNRAS.505.5957B", "2022A&A...666A..64R", "2022ApJ...924...48P", "2024A&A...681A..54A", "2024MNRAS.tmp.1647A" ]
[ "1973PDDO....3F...1S", "1973cvsg.book.....S", "1975ApJS...29..397H", "1978MNRAS.183..569D", "1981ApJS...45..259W", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984ApJS...55...45Z", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1987A&AS...71....1C", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1990AJ.....99.1491C", "1990AJ....100..162D", "1990ApJ...350..155L", "1990ApJ...363..159L", "1990PASP..102..932S", "1991AJ....102..628S", "1991ApJ...375..121P", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...386..663C", "1992MNRAS.256..376F", "1993AJ....106..703S", "1993ASPC...48..302Z", "1993ASPC...48..608F", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1994A&AS..106..161B", "1994AJ....107..618S", "1994AJ....108..507S", "1994AJ....108..555W", "1994ApJ...423..248L", "1994ApJS...93..161S", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995AJ....109..269S" ]
1948676
null
CCD Photometry of the Globular Cluster Systems in NGC 4494 and NGC 4565
NGC 4494, a large elliptical galaxy, and NGC 4565, an edge-on Sb spiral similar in size to M31 and the Milky Way, have usually been regarded as members of the Coma I group of galaxies at d~10 Mpc. We present new V- band CCD photometry of the globular cluster systems around both of these galaxies, and use these data to test whether or not the two galaxies are indeed in the same group. Our photometry of the cluster luminosity function (GCLF) yields distance moduli for the two systems of (m -M)_0_ = 30.8+/-0.4 (NGC 4494) and (m - M)_0_ = 30.00+/-0.30 (NGC 4565), which suggest that they are not in the same physical group (NGC 4565 is in Coma I, while NGC 4494 is in the background). We use these galaxies along with several others in the literature to review the calibration of the GCLF turnover luminosity as a function of Hubble type: for large spiral galaxies, we find &lt;M_V_^0^&gt; = -7.4+/-0.2, and for large ellipticals, &lt;M_V_^0^&gt; = -7.2+/-0.1 (although the latter mean depends strongly on an assumed Virgo distance modulus of 31.0). For both NGC 4494 and 4565, we also derive the structural parameters of the two globular cluster systems, including their radial distributions and specific frequencies.
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10.304139
7.927773
1995-03-01
82
1995AJ....109.1044F
[ "large spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "NGC", "new V- band CCD photometry", "distance moduli", "large ellipticals", "the globular cluster systems", "a large elliptical galaxy", "Hubble type", "several others" ]
[ "Distance", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Halos", "Globular Clusters", "Spatial Distribution", "Spiral Galaxies", "Stellar Luminosity", "Brightness Distribution", "Calibrating", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Classifications", "Image Analysis", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astronomy", "GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117340" ]
[ "Fleming, David E. B.", "Harris, William E.", "Pritchet, Christopher J.", "Hanes, David A." ]
[ "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canda", "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canda", "University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada", "University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada" ]
[ "1995AJ....109.1033M", "1995AJ....110.1164A", "1995AJ....110.2537B", "1995PASP..107..496S", "1996A&A...308..704K", "1996AJ....111.2224K", "1996AJ....112..954F", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996AJ....112.1409F", "1996ApJ...457..578M", "1996ApJ...462....1J", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1996ApJ...464L..51S", "1996MNRAS.278..617E", "1996MNRAS.280..971E", "1996RvMA....9..139T", "1997AJ....113..895P", "1997AJ....113.1652F", "1997AJ....114.1797W", "1997AJ....114.2381M", "1997PASP..109.1364S", "1997eds..proc..197J", "1998AJ....115.1801H", "1998ApJ...505..207T", "1999AJ....118..197K", "1999ASPC..167..204T", "1999ApJ...512...48G", "1999PASJ...51..663M", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2001A&A...369..812R", "2001AJ....121.2557D", "2001ApJ...562..679B", "2001MNRAS.327.1116L", "2001MNRAS.328..237G", "2001PABei..19..477L", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002A&A...383..472N", "2002AJ....123.3108H", "2002ApJ...570..119D", "2002ApJ...576L.113J", "2003LNP...635..281R", "2004AJ....127...24J", "2004AJ....128..237B", "2004AJ....128..260D", "2005ApJ...631..262R", "2006A&A...447..877G", "2007AJ....134...43H", "2007ApJ...657...76F", "2007ApJ...666..903H", "2007ApJ...670.1074M", "2008ApJ...681.1233W", "2008ApJ...683..630H", "2009MNRAS.396.1231R", "2010ApJ...718.1118D", "2011A&A...530A..58C", "2012A&A...546A..15A", "2012MNRAS.422.3591C", "2013ApJ...763...40K", "2014ApJ...790..122T", "2014SPIE.9149E..0CC", "2015A&A...577A..59S", "2015ApJ...799...73K", "2015ApJ...804..134R", "2015ApJ...808..178H", "2015ApJ...813L..35K", "2015MNRAS.447.3639M", "2016ApJ...817...58H", "2016ApJ...829...50A", "2016MNRAS.460...30R", "2016MNRAS.461.3639K", "2016MNRAS.461.3702R", "2017ApJ...842..127T", "2018MNRAS.477.3869H", "2019ApJ...875..152B", "2020ApJ...904..111K", "2021ApJ...920...78B", "2021MNRAS.503.2406A", "2022AJ....164..114K", "2023ApJ...943....5N", "2023SCPMA..6619511C", "2024AJ....168...38H", "2024arXiv240513500S" ]
[ "1973AJ.....78..959L", "1977ApJ...213..345G", "1978AJ.....83.1163D", "1978ApJ...223L..63K", "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1981AJ.....86.1627H", "1981ApJ...251..497H", "1982AJ.....87..494V", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1985AJ.....90.2027P", "1986AJ.....91..822H", "1986ApJ...309..564H", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988AJ.....96..909S", "1988ApJ...335..720A", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...341..168B", "1989ApJ...344..715C", "1989ApJ...346L..57T", "1990ASPC....8..289S", "1990PASP..102....5F", "1990PASP..102..949H", "1990PASP..102..966H", "1991AJ....101..469B", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..800B", "1992AJ....103.1828B", "1992AJ....104.1472S", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1993AJ....105.1358S", "1993ASPC...48..472H", "1993ASPC...48..580P", "1994A&A...287..463K", "1994AJ....107..503S", "1994AJ....107..555R", "1994AJ....108.2087A", "1994ApJ...422..486M", "1994ApJ...427..628F", "1994ApJ...429..177H" ]
1971604
null
Improved numerical modelling of clusters of galaxies
We have attempted to model the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies consisting of both galaxy and dark background particles. Starting from initial conditions with only equal-mass dark particles, as traditionally done, at a certain epoch galaxies are identified using a local density percolation technique combined with a virial equilibrium condition. For each galaxy found, its constituent particles are replaced by a single softened particle, where the binding energy of the original particles is transferred into internal energy of the single particle galaxy. While rather crude, this is a first attempt to include dissipation (by hand) on galactic scales in inherently dissipationless N-body methods. More importantly, it keeps galaxies intact which would otherwise get disrupted within clusters because of either two-body or tidal effects. Not doing so results in smooth final mass distributions, in which galaxies cannot be identified, even for quite large particle numbers. The softening parameter of a galaxy is proportional to the half-mass radius of its original group, so a spectrum of masses and sizes is thus produced automatically. However, the softening of the dark background particles is still chosen on numerical grounds, since at present their nature and distribution are largely unknown. These ideas have been tested on several matter distributions, including an average piece of universe, a small cluster (or group) of galaxies with a mass of around 2x10<SUP>14</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB>, regular clusters with a mass of almost 10<SUP>15</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB>, and a rich cluster heavier than 3x 10<SUP>15</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB>. Galaxies are made 'instantly' at one or more redshifts, supposing a peak in the galaxy formation rate, with both a lower and an upper mass cut-off. The resulting mass functions compare reasonably to observed luminosity functions. Mass segregation of the galaxies with respect to the dark matter is shown to occur, with details depending on the epoch of galaxy formation. A clear spatial bias between these two mass components is observed. There is only marginal evidence for velocity bias in some of the simulations. The segregation and biasing effects cause a general underestimation of the total cluster mass. H<SUB>0</SUB>=50 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP> is adopted throughout the paper.
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12.002551
5.16274
1995-03-01
55
1995MNRAS.273..295V
[ "galaxy formation", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "smooth final mass distributions", "clusters", "several matter distributions", "only equal-mass dark particles", "the single particle galaxy", "the galaxy formation rate", "velocity bias" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.2.295" ]
[ "van Kampen, Eelco" ]
[ "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands" ]
[ "1996A&A...310....8K", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996A&A...313..363G", "1996ASPC...94..265V", "1996MNRAS.279..349D", "1997ApJ...478..462C", "1997ApJ...490....1C", "1997MNRAS.284..286D", "1997MNRAS.286..329N", "1997MNRAS.289..327V", "1997MNRAS.290..119L", "1998A&A...336...63A", "1998MNRAS.294..193T", "1998MNRAS.297..195D", "1999ApJ...516..530K", "1999ApJ...516..591O", "1999ApJ...522...82K", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "1999IAUS..183..262O", "1999MNRAS.310...43V", "1999astro.ph..4270V", "1999astro.ph.11017T", "2000ASPC..200...39V", "2000MNRAS.317..630K", "2000cucg.confE..71M", "2001ApJ...561...69T", "2002MNRAS.332..647Z", "2004ASSL..301..117V", "2004ApJ...600..657K", "2004MNRAS.351..399G", "2004MNRAS.352..535D", "2005MNRAS.364..515T", "2005MNRAS.364..535T", "2005MNRAS.364..823W", "2006ApJ...639..600K", "2006ApJ...646..815S", "2007ASPC..380..297V", "2007ApJ...659.1082S", "2009ApJS..182..608K", "2010A&A...519A..94P", "2010ApJS..191...43S", "2010MNRAS.405.1544D", "2011MNRAS.415.2293K", "2013MNRAS.435.1618K", "2017MNRAS.468.4056S", "2017MNRAS.470.3359R", "2018MNRAS.474.3043V", "2018MNRAS.475.4066V", "2018MNRAS.477..359C", "2020ApJS..251...17D", "2020MNRAS.491.1471S", "2021ApJ...909..112D", "2021MNRAS.504.1379S", "2023arXiv230500993D", "2024arXiv240112318K" ]
[ "1911MNRAS..71..460P", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1963MNRAS.126..223A", "1969ApJ...158L.139S", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1979ApJ...228..684T", "1980ApJ...236...43A", "1981ApJ...251...61C", "1981csup.book.....H", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1982ApJ...253..512F", "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1984ApJ...278..536S", "1984ApJ...281...13M", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...295..305V", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985ComAp..11...53F", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1986AJ.....92..595H", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...310..518S", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987AJ.....93..116C", "1987AJ.....94..251B", "1987ApJ...320..493L", "1987ApJ...321..622M", "1987ApJ...323L.103B", "1987ApJS...64..715H", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ASPC....5.....D", "1988ASPC....5..175M", "1988ApJ...325..583A", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...333..542W", "1988ApJ...335..532W", "1989ApJ...336...46W", "1989MNRAS.237..799C", "1989PhDT........99R", "1990AJ....100....1F", "1990ApJ...348..515M", "1990ApJ...349..562H", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1990ApJ...352L..29C", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990MNRAS.243..199H", "1990NASCP3098..321W", "1990clga.conf..111F", "1990clga.conf..287E", "1991AJ....101.1561P", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJ...380L...5H", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1991ComPh...5..164B", "1991MNRAS.250..340M", "1991MNRAS.251P..10K", "1991PhST...36...97R", "1991vgls.book.....V", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...395....1S", "1992ApJ...396..395S", "1992ApJ...398..519S", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992LNP...408....1P", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1992PhDT........45G", "1992mpcg.work..139D", "1993ApJ...403L..59A", "1993ApJ...404...73H", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...418..544V", "1993MNRAS.263..481V", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...433..468C" ]
1950543
null
A Test of Galaxy Evolutionary Models via Angular Sizes
The relationship between angular size, magnitude, and redshift of faint galaxies is explored as a potential tool to distinguish between different galaxy evolutionary models. Different models, based on merging, mild luminosity evolution, and no evolution, lead to different predictions of the angular size distribution, redshift-size relation, and magnitude-size relation. The merging model predicts significantly smaller sizes for faint galaxies than the standard modeL because of the requirement for more intrinsically small faint objects at high redshift. A dwarf-rich no-evolution model also predicts small sizes for faint galaxies. The mild luminosity evolution model predicts more luminous galaxies of large angular size at high redshift, as does a standard no-evolution model. Prerefurbishment HST Medium Deep Survey observations of magnitudes and sizes of faint galaxies indicate an excess of small versus large faint galaxies, favoring the dwarf rich, no evolution model with respect to the merging model; the other two models are more discrepant with the data. While these results cannot yet rule out with certainty any of the proposed models, they demonstrate the potential of angular size to discriminate between models of galaxy evolution, especially with the high-resolution HST WFPC2 data.
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11.833348
6.295212
1995-03-01
52
1995ApJ...441..494I
[ "different galaxy evolutionary models", "galaxy evolution", "faint galaxies", "large faint galaxies", "Different models", "large angular size", "angular size", "small sizes", "models", "mild luminosity evolution" ]
[ "Angular Resolution", "Astronomical Models", "Faint Objects", "Galactic Evolution", "Red Shift", "Stellar Magnitude", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Size Distribution", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175376" ]
[ "Im, Myungshin", "Casertano, Stefano", "Griffiths, Richard E.", "Ratnatunga, Kavan U.", "Tyson, J. Anthony" ]
[ "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, US", "AT&amp;T Bell Lab., Murray Hill, NJ, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1995ApJ...453L...5R", "1995PASP..107..590N", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...461L..83C", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...467L..53C", "1996ApJ...473L..17D", "1996ApJS..104..185H", "1996MNRAS.282.1159G", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1996MNRAS.283..865S", "1997AJ....113..521F", "1997AJ....113..569S", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...488..606C", "1997ApL&C..36..355G", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997MNRAS.288..404H", "1997NYASA.808..205T", "1998ASPC..133..263I", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998ApJ...509..103S", "1998ApJS..119....1H", "1998MNRAS.298..483H", "1998MNRAS.299.1159A", "1998astro.ph..6314S", "1998astro.ph.10395B", "1999AJ....118...86R", "1999ASPC..177...75I", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999astro.ph..4179R", "2000PhST...85..259T", "2001A&A...371...52H", "2001AAONw..97....9D", "2001AIPC..586..593H", "2001AJ....121..598M", "2001AJ....122..750I", "2001ApJ...560L..41H", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002ApJ...577..680P", "2015MNRAS.450.2231C", "2017ApJ...834...73Y", "2020ApJ...897..163T", "2022A&A...665A...5T" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972ApJ...173..485S", "1975MNRAS.171..329D", "1977ApJ...218..333K", "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1981gask.book.....M", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1984AJ.....89...64B", "1984ApJS...56..105K", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1985ApJ...298L..37B", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...304..305B", "1986ApJ...304..305S", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987AJ.....94.1111H", "1988A&AS...74..185G", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990A&A...227..362G", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...382...32N", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1992A&A...257...85P", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992PASP..104..861V", "1993AJ....106.1394B", "1993ApJ...402....3S", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...405L..43K", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993Natur.361..134K", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994Natur.367..538M" ]
1950507
null
Globular Cluster Systems in Three cD Galaxies within Rich Abell Clusters
We present new CCD photometry from the CFH telescope for three cD galaxies that are the centrally dominant objects in the rich Abell clusters A2052, A2107, and A2666. Photometry to I(lim) = 25.0 reveals the existence of globular cluster populations around all three of these: the first two appear to have M87-like high specific frequencies around S_N_ ~16, but the third has a normal or subnormal value S_N_~3. With these new data, globular cluster systems have now been searched for in a total of 12 centrally dominant cD galaxies in a wide range of galaxy clusters. We find that neither S_N_ nor the cluster population are correlated with any known property of the hot intracluster gas that usually surrounds such galaxies (cooling flow rate, gas temperature, total X-ray luminosity, etc.). From this, we conclude that cooling flows at the present epoch (i.e., in the last few Gyr) have little or nothing to do with globular cluster formation. The recently formed globular clusters in the central regions of such galaxies as NGC 1275 seem, instead, to be the result of occasional starburst phenomena. The vastly larger old-cluster populations filling the outer halos of many cD galaxies must be the result of an intensive phase of cluster formation during the very early protogalactic epoch.
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10.034604
7.983606
1995-03-01
56
1995ApJ...441..120H
[ "galaxy clusters", "globular cluster populations", "globular cluster formation", "cluster formation", "globular cluster systems", "such galaxies", "new CCD photometry", "total X-ray luminosity", "gas temperature", "the rich Abell clusters A2052" ]
[ "Elliptical Galaxies", "Globular Clusters", "Intergalactic Media", "Lenticular Bodies", "Luminosity", "Astronomical Photometry", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Radial Distribution", "Starburst Galaxies", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175341" ]
[ "Harris, William E.", "Pritchet, Christopher J.", "McClure, Robert D." ]
[ "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada", "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada", "Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria, BC, Canada" ]
[ "1995ApJ...450..534D", "1995ApJ...453L..77W", "1995Obs...115..256B", "1996AJ....111.2224K", "1996AJ....112..416H", "1996AJ....112.1839S", "1996ApJ...467..126F", "1996CeMDA..64...69M", "1996IAUS..171...87H", "1996MNRAS.281.1290B", "1997AJ....113..895P", "1997AJ....113.1652F", "1997AJ....114..482B", "1997ASPC..116..447S", "1997ApJ...481L..59B", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997astro.ph..3048H", "1998AJ....115.1778C", "1998AJ....115.1801H", "1998ApJ...501..554C", "1998AstL...24..343S", "1998CeMDA..72..157B", "1999AJ....117.2398M", "1999AJ....118.1506B", "1999Ap&SS.269..469E", "1999MNRAS.307..131C", "2001ApJ...550..503J", "2001ApJ...552L.105B", "2001ApJ...557..137J", "2001ApJ...562..679B", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002A&A...383..472N", "2002ApJ...568..174M", "2002IAUS..207..330L", "2003ASSL..289....1L", "2003MNRAS.344..399B", "2004AJ....127...24J", "2004ApJS..153..223C", "2004IAUS..217...77B", "2005A&A...439..913K", "2005ApJ...631..262R", "2006ApJ...636...90H", "2009ApJ...699..254H", "2010ApJ...709.1083L", "2011MNRAS.415..993M", "2011arXiv1101.2325M", "2012ApJ...750...91C", "2012ApJ...759..116P", "2013ApJ...775...20A", "2014ApJ...797..128H", "2014MNRAS.438.2117H", "2016ApJ...817...58H", "2017ApJ...835..101H", "2020MNRAS.492.3263G", "2020arXiv200305777C", "2022PASA...39...29C" ]
[ "1981AJ.....86.1627H", "1982MNRAS.201..933F", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJ...268..552S", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1983ApJ...272..456H", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...278..536S", "1984ApJ...285....1S", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1985A&A...144..431R", "1985AJ.....90..595V", "1985ApJ...291....8M", "1985ApJ...298...18F", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1986AJ.....91..822H", "1987AJ.....93...53M", "1987ApJ...312..503C", "1987ApJ...315L..29H", "1987ApJ...315L..35T", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1987nngp.proc...18S", "1988ASIC..229...31A", "1989ApJ...338...48H", "1989PASP..101.1156M", "1990ApJ...355..410P", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990PASP..102....5F", "1991A&A...245...31L", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991AJ....101..469B", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992AJ....103.1828B", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992ApJ...385...49D", "1993A&A...279...61N", "1993AJ....105..877R", "1993AJ....106.1354W", "1993ASPC...48..472H", "1993ASPC...48..572H", "1993ApJ...409L..45M", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...413..518S", "1993ApJ...416L..61S", "1993ApJ...418L..55F", "1993MNRAS.264..611Z", "1993MNRAS.265..755W", "1994ApJ...422..486M", "1994ApJ...422L...9G", "1994ApJ...429..177H", "1994ApJ...431..625B", "1994ApJ...431..634B" ]
1948713
null
Washington photometry of the globular cluster system around NGC 3311. I. Analysis of the metallicities.
We have obtained metal abundances from Washington photometry (C, T1) for a large sample of globular clusters around NGC 3311, the central cD in the Hydra I (A1060) galaxy cluster. Our spatial coverage extends out to a galactocentric radius approximately 2.2 arcmin (about 30 kpc for H<SUB>0</SUB> = 75). Analysis of the metallicity distribution function (MDF) reveals a median metallicity of (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB> = -0.31 with a dispersion of 0.35 dex; the MDF is skewed, with a small but definite low-metallicity tail extending down to (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB> approximately -1.8 dex. It may also be bimodal, with significant peaks near (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB> = -0.5 and 0.15 dex. We estimate that 30 percent of the clusters exceed solar abundance, based upon a linear extrapolation of the galactic calibrating relation between (c-T(sub1))<SUB>0</SUB> and (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB>. Perhaps most notably, the population of clusters near (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB> approximately -1 that dominates the MDF in order giant E galaxies is almost totally missing in NGC 3311 making it the most metal-rich system known. Finally, we find a significant radial gradient in mean metallicity, Delta (Fe/H)<SUB>C-T1</SUB>/ Delta (log R<SUB>gc</SUB> = -0.78+/-0.60. It is suggested that virtually all the protostellar gas in this cD galaxy went through a considerable amount of pre-enrichment everywhere in the halo, before almost any stars or clusters formed. These data provide a strong challenge to any model which requires low metallicity for globular cluster formation.
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9.206948
8.650297
1995-03-01
49
1995AJ....109.1019S
[ "galaxy cluster", "globular clusters", "low metallicity", "globular cluster formation", "mean metallicity", "clusters", "order giant E galaxies", "metal abundances", "solar abundance", "MDF" ]
[ "Abundance", "Galactic Halos", "Globular Clusters", "Metallicity", "Star Formation", "Stellar Color", "Stellar Composition", "Stellar Luminosity", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Data Reduction", "Spatial Distribution", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astronomy" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117338" ]
[ "Secker, Jeff", "Geisler, Doug", "McLaughlin, Dean E.", "Harris, William E." ]
[ "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada", "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada", "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada", "McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada" ]
[ "1995AJ....110..620P", "1995AJ....110.1164A", "1995ApJ...450...27V", "1995ApJ...454..762P", "1995PASP..107..496S", "1996AJ....111..480G", "1996AJ....111.1529G", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996ApJ...457..578M", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1996ApJ...469L..81S", "1996BaltA...5..399L", "1996IAUS..171...87H", "1996JRASC..90S.328B", "1996MNRAS.281.1290B", "1997A&A...319..470K", "1997AJ....113.1652F", "1997BaltA...6...11H", "1997MNRAS.284..376B", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997astro.ph.12206Z", "1998A&A...335..449T", "1998A&A...336...83F", "1998AJ....115..105K", "1999A&A...346..721C", "1999Ap&SS.269..469E", "1999IAUS..186..181F", "2000AJ....119.2699W", "2000ApJ...543L..19B", "2001ApJ...559..828C", "2001MNRAS.322..257F", "2001PABei..19..477L", "2001PASP..113..154V", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....124.2664L", "2002ApJ...578..833Y", "2002IAUS..207..218B", "2002IAUS..207..281H", "2002MNRAS.333..383B", "2003A&A...408..929D", "2003AJ....125.1908D", "2003ApJ...591..850C", "2003MNRAS.345..949W", "2003egcs.conf...83K", "2005A&A...439...59H", "2006ARA&A..44..193B", "2006MNRAS.367..156B", "2007ApJ...668L..35W", "2008ApJ...681.1233W" ]
[ "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1976AJ.....81..228C", "1976ApJ...205..709S", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1980MNRAS.190..631S", "1982A&A...111..193R", "1983ApJ...272..456H", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985ApJ...293..424Z", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987A&AS...67..237R", "1988AJ.....95..682C", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1988IAUS..126..323F", "1988mmia.book.....M", "1988uglr.work...17B", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989ApJ...347..214T", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ.....99.2019L", "1990ASPC....8..289S", "1990ApJ...350L...5G", "1990MNRAS.247..662A", "1990PASP..102....5F", "1991A&A...241..399W", "1991A&A...247..335V", "1991AJ....101..469B", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ASPC...13....3L", "1991ApJ...372...97C", "1991ApJ...379..157B", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992AJ....104..613H", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1993AJ....105.1762O", "1993AJ....106..493L", "1993ASPC...48..738M", "1993ApJ...406L..59C", "1993ApJS...85..249H", "1993MNRAS.264..611Z", "1993gcgc.work..738M", "1994ApJ...422..486M", "1994ApJ...431..634B", "1994MNRAS.268..793P", "1995AJ....109.1033M" ]
1950554
null
Cosmological and Astrophysical Consequences of a High Primordial Deuterium Abundance
We explore the consequences of the first detection of deuterium in a high-redshift, very metal-poor absorbing cloud complex, D/H = (1.9-2.5) x 10^-4^, by Songaila et al. and Carswell et al., obtained with the Keck telescope. This value reflects closely the primordial abundance ratio provided that the observed spectral features are not due to the corruption of the signal by an errant hydrogen cloud of misfortunate velocity. Assuming that the measured D abundance is free from contamination, the baryon/photon ratio is now confined to the range 1.3-2 (instead of 3-4 and more), in both the classical and inhomogeneous big bangs. Other light elements (^3^He, ^4^He, and ^7^Li) are consistent with these figures. The low baryonic density of the universe that ensues leaves no room for baryonic matter in the extended halos of elliptical galaxies, especially if the Hubble parameter is close to 100 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^. Nonbaryonic matter clearly dominates the gravitating mass of clusters of galaxies. The upper limit of the gas density at high redshift (before bulk galaxy formation) is now consistent with the baryonic one. A massive destruction of deuterium, in the course of the evolution of the galaxy (say, by a factor of 10-25) is required to match the D/H ratio observed in the local interstellar medium. The higher D destruction proposed up to now corresponds to galactic evolutionary models devised by Vangioni-Flam &amp; Audouze (1988) and Vangioni-Flam, Olive, &amp; Prantzos (1994). We discuss the virtues and the limits of this class of models and propose an alternative based on mass loss related to a galactic wind.
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13.111934
9.784892
1995-03-01
42
1995ApJ...441..471V
[ "bulk galaxy formation", "elliptical galaxies", "high redshift", "galactic evolutionary models", "baryonic matter", "galaxies", "Carswell et al", "al.", "et al", "Other light elements" ]
[ "Abundance", "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Deuterium", "Galactic Evolution", "Intergalactic Media", "Red Shift", "Baryons", "Dark Matter", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Nuclear Fusion", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "NUCLEAR REACTIONS", "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS", "ABUNDANCES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175373" ]
[ "Vangioni-Flam, Elisabeth", "Casse, Michel" ]
[ "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France", "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France" ]
[ "1995ApJ...443..536G", "1995ApJ...444..680O", "1995ApJ...451...44P", "1995ApJ...451L..49A", "1995ApJ...453L..41C", "1995NYASA.759...56F", "1996APh.....6...35D", "1996ASPC...98..213C", "1996ASPC...99...78F", "1996ASPC...99..366V", "1996ApJ...456...98M", "1996ApJ...462..960S", "1996RPPh...59.1493S", "1997A&A...323L...9G", "1997ApJ...476..521S", "1997ApJ...479..752O", "1997ApJ...483..320B", "1997ApJ...488..515O", "1997Natur.388..250W", "1997NuPhA.621..576C", "1998A&A...338..694V", "1998ApJ...498..226T", "1998SSRv...84..185R", "1998paun.conf...60O", "1998pnge.conf..185R", "1999A&A...350..643H", "1999ASIC..541..261O", "1999ApJ...510..759B", "1999NewA....4..231L", "1999PhyU...42..563K", "1999astro.ph..1231O", "2000NuPhS..80...79O", "2000NuPhS..80..119V", "2001ApJ...549..483R", "2001astro.ph.12180L", "2001astro.ph.12181H", "2001coev.conf...49V", "2002ApJS..140...67L", "2002ApJS..140..103H", "2002P&SS...50.1161V", "2003ApJ...599..297H", "2004ApJ...609..838W" ]
[ "1972A&A....18..126G", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1988A&A...193...81V", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1990ASIC..306..237P", "1990ApJ...361..487F", "1990ApJS...74...37S", "1991A&A...246L..10B", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991AdSpR..11k..97V", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...381..137F", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1991SSRv...57....1M", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...265...55C", "1992ApJ...384..423B", "1992ApJ...384..433S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...401..150S", "1992ApJS...78..179P", "1992IAUS..150...85F", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1992MNRAS.258P..14P", "1992RMxAA..24..155P", "1993ApJ...402..694L", "1993ApJ...403...65M", "1993ApJ...408..347T", "1993ApJ...412...99R", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993ApJ...419..573D", "1993ApJ...419L..57C", "1993ApJS...85..219S", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993Natur.366..309F", "1993Sci...262...86T", "1993nbpg.conf..188M", "1993oee..conf...89G", "1993oee..conf..107B", "1993oee..conf..112S", "1993oee..conf..201S", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...421..318T", "1994ApJ...421L..63H", "1994ApJ...427..618V", "1994ApJ...430..667B", "1994Natur.368..599S", "1994RvMP...66..193R" ]
1950546
null
Disk Galaxies near the Line of Sight to 3C 273 and Conjectures on Lyman-Alpha Absorption
Using data from the preceding paper (Hoffman, Lewis, &amp; Salpeter 1995) and recent literature, we augment compilations by Salzer (1992) and by Morris et al. (1993) to select (by projected distance) 22 disk galaxies near the line of sight to the quasar 3C 273. These galaxies are correlated with the seven Lyα absorption lines (from HST observations) below 10,000 km s^-1^ on velocity scales typical of galaxy groups (a few hundred km s^-1^). For three of the seven lines an individual galaxy is close enough in position and velocity that it may provide the absorption. This includes the galaxy MGC 0-32-16, which has a projected separation of 204 kpc and a velocity difference of 93 km s^-1^ from the lowest velocity absorption line. For a fourth of the seven lines, there is a small group of galaxies fairly close by. For the remaining three of the seven absorption lines, however, no ordinary galaxies are nearby. Thus, while some of the absorption lines are likely to arise in extensions of ordinary galaxy disks, the majority must be caused by otherwise invisible objects. Whatever the physical nature of these objects, many of them are likely to reside in "clouds or filaments" in voidlike regions which also contain some ordinary galaxies or galaxy groups. As an alternative to "minihalos" for the invisible objects, we postulate an "almost invisible" class of galaxies ("Vanishing Cheshire Cats") which are born with central column densities already about 10 times smaller than for ordinary disk galaxies and which then suffer further mass loss from the inner disk. Recent observations that show a larger fraction of Lyman-limit systems with H I column density below 10^17.7^ cm^-2^ for z &lt; 1 than for z &gt; 2 provide further motivation for this model.
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13.955951
8.033669
1995-03-01
30
1995ApJ...441...51S
[ "ordinary disk galaxies", "ordinary galaxy disks", "galaxy groups", "galaxies", "velocity scales", "central column densities", "Recent observations", "further mass loss", "the lowest velocity absorption line", "recent literature" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Disk Galaxies", "Lyman Alpha Radiation", "Quasars", "Velocity Distribution", "Astronomical Models", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Line Of Sight", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175334" ]
[ "Salpeter, E. E.", "Hoffman, G. Lyle" ]
[ "Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US", "Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...441...28H", "1995ApJ...450...32C", "1995ApJ...452L..81C", "1996A&A...306..691L", "1996AJ....112.1397V", "1996ApJ...458..518R", "1996ApJ...464..141B", "1996MNRAS.279..197K", "1996Natur.381..489F", "1996astro.ph..1121C", "1996astro.ph.10225M", "1997ApJ...483..638C", "1998ARA&A..36..267R", "1998ASPC..143...19M", "1998ApJ...500..789H", "1999ApJS..122..355V", "1999PhR...311..429S", "2000Ap.....43..141E", "2002ApJ...575..697T", "2002ApJ...580..169B", "2003ASSL..281..133B", "2003PABei..21..163H", "2005MNRAS.356..703B", "2005RPPh...68.2747S", "2009RvMP...81.1405M", "2010MNRAS.405.1736W", "2012ApJ...754...84Y", "2015A&ARv..24....1G", "2019MNRAS.485.2167G", "2022MNRAS.516.1462T" ]
[ "1969ApJ...156L..63B", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1986Ap&SS.118..509I", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1988A&A...192..117V", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989ApJS...69..703S", "1991ApJ...367L...9K", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...379...99L", "1992AJ....103..385S", "1992ApJ...398L..89M", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993A&AS...97..801G", "1993AJ....106...39H", "1993AJ....106.1265S", "1993AJ....106.2213V", "1993ApJ...414...41M", "1993ApJ...415..174W", "1993ApJ...417..494B", "1993ApJ...418..585P", "1993ApJ...419...30C", "1993ApJ...419...94C", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1993ApJS...88..383L", "1993MNRAS.260..617M", "1993MNRAS.264..705M", "1994ApJ...421L..79M", "1994ApJ...423..196D", "1994ApJ...427..696M", "1994ApJ...427L..13S", "1994ApJ...430L..29C", "1994MNRAS.269...52M", "1995ApJ...441...28H" ]
1950584
null
The Large-Scale Distribution of Late-Type Galaxies between Virgo and the Great Wall
Neutral hydrogen data are presented for 88 of the Virgo Cluster Catalog galaxies thought on morphological grounds to lie in the background of the cluster. We confirm that the morphological assignment of cluster membership works quite well; very few of the "background" galaxies are in fact at cluster redshifts. The resulting sample of redshifts, along with optical redshifts from the literature, allow us to explore the large-scale distribution of galaxies in the space between the Local Supercluster and the Great Wall. Galaxies in a larger window around the Virgo Cluster, but at redshifts between Virgo and the Great Wall, have a fairly low average number density, but the distribution is far from uniform: Some portions resemble voids, but in other portions galaxies can be assigned to clouds or filaments of appreciable size (sometimes containing bound groups). We investigate the luminosity function in high- and low-density regions of our galaxy sample, which excludes the Virgo Cluster proper. We find no significant difference. However, our selection procedures are insensitive to galaxies of very low surface brightness, which have been reported to be more abundant in low- density regions. The average probability of a line of sight intersecting the optical disk of our sample galaxies is derived separately for the Virgo Supercluster region (redshifts below 3500 km s^-1^) and for the region behind (out to 10,000 km s^-1^). The number density ratio of Lyα forest lines to galaxies is larger by a factor of order 10 in the far (low-density) region than in the near. A survey of recent literature on galaxy redshifts uncovers a new candidate, MCG 0-32-16, for the lowest redshift absorption line.
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11.111166
7.250834
1995-03-01
23
1995ApJ...441...28H
[ "galaxy redshifts uncovers", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "other portions galaxies", "cluster redshifts", "low- density regions", "optical redshifts", "Virgo Cluster", "Virgo Supercluster", "redshifts" ]
[ "Distance", "H I Regions", "Red Shift", "Size Distribution", "Virgo Galactic Cluster", "Absorption Spectra", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Brightness Distribution", "Morphology", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175333" ]
[ "Hoffman, G. Lyle", "Lewis, B. M.", "Salpeter, E. E." ]
[ "Lafayette College, Easton, PA, US", "Lafayette College, Easton, PA, US", "Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...441...51S", "1996ASPC..106..357S", "1996ApJ...458..518R", "1997ApJS..108..417Y", "1997ApJS..111..143B", "1998ARA&A..36..267R", "1998ApJS..119..277G", "1999ApJ...524..536I", "1999LNP...530....9B", "1999MNRAS.309..481L", "1999PASP..111..438F", "2000A&AS..146..259G", "2000AJ....120.3027C", "2000astro.ph..7127G", "2001MNRAS.324..509B", "2002ApJ...575..697T", "2005A&A...429..439G", "2007ApJ...655..144M", "2012ApJ...754...84Y", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012ApJS..200....4F", "2013A&A...550A.115H", "2014ApJS..215...22K" ]
[ "1888MmRAS..49....1D", "1895MmRAS..51..185D", "1910MmRAS..59..105D", "1972AJ.....77..405B", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1981AJ.....86..161G", "1981AJ.....86..953W", "1981ApJS...46..267H", "1983AJ.....88..489S", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1984ApJ...282...19F", "1984ApJS...55..433H", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...297...27D", "1985PASJ...37..133T", "1985PASJ...37..427T", "1986AJ.....92..722D", "1986AJ.....92..742S", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...306..466H", "1987AJ.....93..788D", "1987AJ.....94..251B", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1987ApJ...320...96G", "1987ApJ...321..280T", "1987ApJS...63..247H", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1988AJ.....96.1791F", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...329..618T", "1989ApJ...339..812H", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989ApJ...342..718G", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989ApJS...69...65H", "1989ApJS...71..701H", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1989lssm.conf..365H", "1990A&A...228...42B", "1990A&AS...82..391B", "1990A&AS...83..399G", "1990AJ....100..999B", "1990ApJ...353...39S", "1990ApJ...357..408P", "1990ApJ...360..448H", "1990ApJ...365....1S", "1990MNRAS.243..390K", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...377L..21M", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991ApJS...75..241D", "1991MNRAS.253..584L", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...260...17T", "1992AJ....103..318O", "1992AJ....103..385S", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992AJ....104.2086H", "1992ApJ...384..396R", "1992ApJ...398..441S", "1992ApJS...80..479T", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993A&A...276....1J", "1993A&AS...97..801G", "1993A&AS...98..275B", "1993AJ....106..530B", "1993AJ....106.1265S", "1993AJ....106.2197T", "1993AJ....106.2213V", "1993ApJ...412L..13F", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1993ApJS...88..383L", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993PhDT.........2K", "1993eeg..conf..345V", "1993egte.conf...84K", "1994ApJ...426..473L", "1995ApJ...441...51S" ]
1971630
null
The nature of discordant redshift galaxies in compact groups
We have analysed the sample of 92 compact groups in Hickson's revised catalogue to investigate whether the numbers and properties of the discordant redshift galaxies in these groups are consistent with the projection hypothesis. The main conclusion of our analysis is that the numbers, sizes, magnitudes and morphological types of the discordant redshift galaxies in the Hickson compact groups are as expected if these are due to chance projections of unrelated galaxies on the groups. The distribution of positions for the discordant galaxies in quintets, however, is more centrally concentrated than that predicted for a uniform distribution of field interlopers. One of the possible explanations for this discrepancy is that compact groups can act as gravitational lenses, causing the brightening of background galaxies that would otherwise fall below the magnitude cut-off of the group. Distances to two galaxies in the Hickson compact group 61, one of them a discordant redshift galaxy, have been determined using the Tully-Fisher relation. Both objects were found to be at distances consistent with their redshifts and an expanding Universe. All these results support the view of a cosmological origin for galaxy redshifts.
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11.858782
6.213557
1995-03-01
22
1995MNRAS.273..139M
[ "galaxy redshifts", "compact groups", "background galaxies", "unrelated galaxies", "a discordant redshift galaxy", "the discordant redshift galaxies", "the Hickson compact group", "the Hickson compact groups", "chance projections", "Hickson" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.1.139" ]
[ "Mendes de Oliveira, C." ]
[ "European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, 19 Santiago, Chile" ]
[ "1996Ap&SS.244...23S", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ASPC..116..469B", "1997ApJ...474...74A", "1997ApJ...482..640S", "1997MNRAS.287...21I", "1999A&A...348..693T", "1999ASPC..176..127T", "1999ApJ...523...87T", "2000AJ....119.1687T", "2001A&A...378..740T", "2001MNRAS.324..859B", "2001MNRAS.325..133O", "2001PASP..113..543T", "2001RMxAA..37..173T", "2002A&A...392...33T", "2002AJ....124.2471I", "2002AN....323..488T", "2004A&A...421..407L", "2010Ap.....53...50T", "2020JAsGe...9...30M", "2021MNRAS.503..106B" ]
[ "1961AJ.....66..541B", "1972IAUS...44..380A", "1973ApJ...183..411A", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976ApJ...210...58A", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977ApJ...211..311R", "1978A&A....66..355N", "1981PASP...93..554K", "1982ApJ...255..382H", "1983A&A...118....4B", "1983A&A...120...36S", "1983ApJ...270..417S", "1984ApJ...281...95P", "1986A&A...155..420H", "1987ApJ...322..605S", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...329L..65H", "1988ApJ...331..605S", "1989ApJ...339..772R", "1989ApJS...70..687H", "1990NASCP3098...77H", "1990PhDT........20K", "1990dig..book..380W", "1991ApJ...380...30M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...399..353H", "1992PhDT........74M", "1993Ap&SS.209..181A", "1993ApL&C..29....1H", "1993VA.....36....1K", "1994ApJ...427..684M" ]
1441756
null
The UV alignment effect in a low-redshift radio galaxy
We present the results of optical/near-UV imaging polarimetry of a small sample of low- to moderate-redshift radio galaxies. The main result is the discovery of the alignment effect in a low-redshift radio galaxy (3C 195 at z=0.1). The UV continuum of this galaxy appears extended and aligned with the radio axis, and its linear polarization is strong and perpendicular to the UV axis. The H alpha+[N II] emission is also extended and aligned with the radio axis 3C 195 mimics the general UV properties observed in radio galaxies at high redshift. The tight correlation observed in powerful radio galaxies between the observed optical polarization and the redshift disappears if we fix the spectral region in the rest-frame UV, and is therefore mostly due to a K-correction effect.
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14.970525
6.108906
1995-03-01
20
1995MNRAS.273L...7C
[ "radio galaxies", "powerful radio galaxies", "high redshift", "moderate-redshift radio galaxies", "a low-redshift radio galaxy", "the radio axis", "the general UV properties", "the UV axis", "the observed optical polarization", "optical/near-UV imaging polarimetry" ]
[ "POLARIZATION", "SCATTERING", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 3C 195", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.1.L7" ]
[ "Cimatti, Andrea", "di Serego Alighieri, Sperello" ]
[ "Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125, Firenze, Italy", "Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125, Firenze, Italy" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2597T", "1996A&A...311...79M", "1996ASSL..209..493C", "1996ApJ...465..145C", "1996ApJ...469...66M", "1996IAUS..175..234C", "1996MNRAS.281..591T", "1997A&A...317..350V", "1997A&A...328..510D", "1997ApJ...476..677C", "1998MNRAS.294..478Y", "1998MNRAS.294..494S", "1999AJ....118.1963C", "1999ApJ...514..579H", "1999PhDT.......255L", "2000MNRAS.317..120R", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2002A&A...381..389A", "2003ApJ...583..632T", "2005ASPC..343..457T" ]
[ "1974ApJ...194..249W", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984ApJ...278..499A", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987Natur.329..604C", "1988Natur.334..591D", "1988PhDT........22M", "1989ApJ...340...77L", "1989ApJS...69..365S", "1989blo..conf.....M", "1990AJ....100.1014M", "1990MNRAS.246..163T", "1992A&AS...93..399W", "1992ApJ...385...61R", "1992MNRAS.256P..53T", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993ApJ...404..584D", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1993MNRAS.263..999T", "1993MNRAS.263.1023M", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1993Msngr..74...11F", "1994ApJ...422..562C", "1994ApJ...431..123D", "1994MNRAS.269..998D" ]
1952749
null
Automated Software for Surface Photometry of Galaxies
We have developed image measuring software to carry out fully automated surface photometry for wide-field galaxy surveys. This paper describes the details of the architecture of the software. We also present a detailed description of its performance which is tested with surface photometry for rather bright galaxies in the 10^deg^ x 10^deg^ field centered on the Coma cluster using B-band Schmidt plates. It is shown that the software works nearly as good as galaxy-by-galaxy surface photometry and produce varieties of photometric parameters, including rudimentary galaxy morphologies, for a wide magnitude range with errors close to the limiting accuracy that is expected for photographic photometry based on our Schmidt plates.
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11.57656
5.237496
1995-03-01
9
1995ApJS...97...59D
[ "surface photometry", "rudimentary galaxy morphologies", "photographic photometry", "galaxy", "surface", "software", "wide-field galaxy surveys", "fully automated surface photometry", "photometric parameters", "Schmidt" ]
[ "Astronomical Catalogs", "Astronomical Photometry", "Computer Programs", "Galactic Clusters", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Astrometry", "Astronomical Photography", "Error Analysis", "Image Processing", "Microdensitometers", "Schmidt Telescopes", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: COMA", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "TECHNIQUES: PHOTOMETRIC" ]
0
[ "10.1086/192135" ]
[ "Doi, M.", "Fukugita, M.", "Okamura, S." ]
[ "Tokyo Univ., Tokyo, Japan", "Tokyo Univ., Tokyo, Japan", "Tokyo Univ., Tokyo, Japan" ]
[ "1995PASP..107..766K", "1996A&AS..120..207P", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998ApJ...500..750K", "1999A&AS..138..213D", "2001AJ....121.2331C", "2002AJ....123...66Y", "2002ApJS..138..265K", "2018A&C....24..129M" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1978AJ.....83...73S", "1983ApJ...266..562K", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1983gcpm.book.....L", "1984VA.....27..433M", "1984amd..conf..277K", "1985MNRAS.214..575I", "1986AnTok..21...31Y", "1988ApJS...68....1L", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990MNRAS.247..311B", "1991ApJ...376....8F", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992Natur.359..129W", "1992PASP..104..744S", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1995ApJS...97...77D" ]
1971629
null
Oscillations of the primordial spectrum and long-distance correlations in a cold dark matter universe
Specific anomalies (we call them `peak-like long-distance correlations') are discussed for the space correlation function xi(r) in cosmological models with modulations of the primordial spectrum fluctuations. These modulations are the result of the specific shape of the inflation potential in the early Universe. The comparison of the results of simulations of the space correlation function with observational data of galaxy-galaxy and cluster-cluster correlations is reported. It is pointed out that a search for `peak-like long-distance correlations' in the cluster-cluster correlation function, at scales r~=10^2 h^-1 Mpc, is crucial for determining the peculiarities of the inflation and the nature of the dark matter.
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11.954305
3.386734
1995-03-01
0
1995MNRAS.273..376K
[ "the space correlation function", "h^-1 Mpc", "Specific anomalies", "cosmological models", "modulations", "observational data", "the cluster-cluster correlation function", "peak-like long-distance correlations", "galaxy-galaxy and cluster-cluster correlations", "`peak-like long-distance correlations" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "EARLY UNIVERSE", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.2.376" ]
[ "Kotok, E. V.", "Naselsky, P. D.", "Novikov, D. I." ]
[ "University Observatory, Ostervoldgade 3, Copenhagen, Denmark", "University Observatory, Ostervoldgade 3, Copenhagen, Denmark", "University Observatory, Ostervoldgade 3, Copenhagen, Denmark" ]
null
[ "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...248..885P", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1985PhLB..157..361K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987Natur.327..210P", "1989ApJ...341..557G", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1990MNRAS.242..200K", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1992A&A...257....1M", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...400....1G", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992JETPL..55..489S", "1992MNRAS.257..125E", "1992MNRAS.259..494P", "1993A&A...272....1G", "1993ApJ...405....1M", "1993ApJ...405..413P", "1993ApJ...413...14N", "1993MNRAS.260..705E", "1993MNRAS.260..925B", "1993MNRAS.265..261J" ]
11580277
astro-ph/9410018
The Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey. II. Variation of Galaxy Clustering with Morphology and Luminosity
We present clustering measurements for samples of galaxies selected by morphological type and luminosity from the recently completed Stromlo-APM redshift survey. We find very different results between real and redshift-space estimates of the correlation function. The real space correlation function for the all-galaxies sample is well fitted on scales 0.2-20h^-1^ Mpc by a power law with slope γ_r_ = 1.71 and correlation length r_0_ = 5.1h^-1^ Mpc. In redshift space the slope is shallower, γ_S_ = 1.47 and the correlation length is slightly higher, s_0_ = 59h^-1^ Mpc. Early-type galaxies are clustered more strongly by a factor 3.5-S.5, than late-type galaxies. In real space the slope of the correlation function for early-type galaxies is γ_r_ = 1.85, slightly steeper than for late types, γ_r_ = 1.64. In redshift space, however, early-type galaxies have a very shallow correlation function slope, γ_S_ = 1.25. This implies that these early-type galaxies suffer from enhanced redshift-space distortions compared to late-type galaxies. Low-luminosity galaxies are clustered more weakly by a factor of ~2 than L^*^ and brighter galaxies on scales ~&gt; 1h^-1^ Mpc. Also the slope of the correlation function is steeper for low-luminosity galaxies, so that the amplitude is a factor 4 lower at 10h^-1^ Mpc. No difference, however, is seen between the clustering of L^*^ and more luminous galaxies, an observation which may be hard to reconcile with some theories of biased galaxy formation. Both redshift-space and real-space clustering estimates show a similar dependence on luminosity. Our results hint that luminosity segregation may be a purely primordial effect, due to a lower bias factor for low-luminosity galaxies, whereas morphological segregation, being most apparent on scales &lt;~ 1h^-1^ Mpc, may be enhanced by environmental factors.
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12.274022
5.051604
1995-04-01
284
1995ApJ...442..457L
[ "brighter galaxies", "galaxies", "biased galaxy formation", "redshift space", "late types", "morphological type", "real space", "luminosity segregation", "luminosity", "Early-type galaxies" ]
[ "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Luminosity", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Statistical Correlation", "Astronomical Models", "Cosmology", "Data Reduction", "Data Sampling", "Mathematical Models", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "SURVEYS", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/175453", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9410018" ]
[ "Loveday, J.", "Maddox, S. J.", "Efstathiou, G.", "Peterson, B. A." ]
[ "Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, US", "Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, US", "Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford, England, UK", "Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford, England, UK" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2009O", "1995MNRAS.276.1425E", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996AJ....112.1780D", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...466...13K", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996ApJ...469..519H", "1996ApJ...470...92P", "1996ApJ...470..172S", "1996ApJ...471..617L", "1996ApJ...472..452B", "1996ApJS..107..201L", "1996MNRAS.278.1025L", "1996MNRAS.280..267B", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.281..893C", "1996MNRAS.282..820R", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996astro.ph..1014S", "1997A&A...328....1M", "1997ApJ...475....1T", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...477..560E", "1997ApJ...479...82S", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...481..594V", "1997ApJ...484...53O", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1997ApJ...488..524R", "1997ApJ...488L..11Z", "1997ApJ...489...29L", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997ApJ...490....1C", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997MNRAS.284..885P", "1997MNRAS.286..795K", "1997MNRAS.287..817V", "1997MNRAS.291..372A", "1997NewA....2..517G", 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"2013A&A...557A..17M", "2013ApJ...767..122G", "2013CaJPh..91...12D", "2013RMxAA..49..181D", "2013arXiv1303.3302B", "2014A&A...568A..24B", "2014Ap&SS.352..833D", "2014ApJ...780..139G", "2014AstL...40..753Z", "2014MNRAS.441.2398G", "2014RMxAA..50..181D", "2015Ap&SS.358...35D", "2015ApJS..218....7B", "2015MNRAS.449.1454P", "2016ApJ...818..174H", "2016BaltA..25..153D", "2016ChJPh..54..263D", "2017A&A...604A.133M", "2017AN....338..720D", "2017ApJ...838...87C", "2018ApJ...869..152D", "2019ApJ...875...83L", "2019JAsGe...8...15F", "2020ChJPh..63..248D", "2021AN....342..658D", "2022Ap.....65...19X" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983MNRAS.205..605B", "1984MNRAS.210P..19B", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...308..510B", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1987MNRAS.229..621P", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1988A&A...206L..11A", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988ApJ...333L..45W", "1988LNP...297..312E", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...340...29E", "1989Natur.341..215V", "1989PhDT.......212L", "1990A&A...228...42B", "1990ApJ...353...39S", "1990ApJ...362..386S", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1991ApJ...369...30M", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991ApJ...372L..13W", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993MNRAS.263..191H", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.267..390C" ]
11580334
astro-ph/9411030
Constraints on the Formation History of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 3923 from the Colors of Its Globular Clusters
We present a study of the colors of globular clusters associated with the elliptical galaxy NGC 3923. Our final sample consists of Washington system C and T_1_, photometry for 143 globular cluster candidates with an expected contamination of no more than 10%. We find that the color distribution of the NGC 3923 globular cluster system (GCS) is broad and appears to have at least two peaks. A mixture modeling analysis of the color distribution indicates that a two-component model is favored over a single-component one at a high level of confidence (&gt;99%). This evidence for more than one population in the GCS of NGC 3923 is similar to that previously noted for the four other elliptical galaxies for which similar data have been published. Furthermore, we find that the NGC 3923 GCS is redder than the GCSs of previously studied elliptical galaxies of similar luminosity. The median metallicity inferred from our (C-T_1_)_0_ colors is [Fe/H]_med_ = -0.56, with an uncertainty of 0.14 dex arising from all sources of uncertainty in the mean color. This is more metal rich than the median metallicity found for the GCS of M87 using the same method, [Fe/H]_med_ = -0.94. Since M87 is more luminous than NGC 3923, this result points to significant scatter about any trend of higher GCS metallicity with increasing galaxy luminosity. We also show that there is a color gradient in the NGC 3923 GCS corresponding to about -0.5 dex in {DELTA}[Fe/H]/{DELTA} log r. We conclude that the shape of the color distribution of individual GCSs and the variation in mean color among the GCSs of ellipticals are difficult to understand if elliptical galaxies are formed in a single protogalactic collapse. Models in which ellipticals and their globular clusters are formed in more than one event, such as a merger scenario, are more successful in accounting for these observations.
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9.981939
8.061315
1995-04-01
62
1995ApJ...443..570Z
[ "higher GCS metallicity", "elliptical galaxies", "globular clusters", "mean color", "GCS", "NGC", "increasing galaxy luminosity", "Washington system C", "more metal", "T_1_" ]
[ "Algorithms", "Astronomical Models", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Globular Clusters", "Stellar Color", "Astronomical Photometry", "Color-Magnitude Diagram", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Image Processing", "Imagery", "Luminosity", "Metallicity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 3923", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175549", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9411030" ]
[ "Zepf, Stephen E.", "Ashman, Keith M.", "Geisler, Doug" ]
[ "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena, Chile" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1164A", "1995AJ....110.2700V", "1995ApJ...445L..19Z", "1995ApJ...454..762P", "1996A&A...314..357H", "1996AJ....111.1529G", "1996ASPC...98..479K", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...457..578M", "1996ApJ...463..543D", "1996ApJ...467..221M", "1996BaltA...5..399L", "1996BaltA...5..413M", "1996IAUS..171...87H", "1996JRASC..90S.328B", "1996MNRAS.281.1290B", "1997A&A...319..470K", "1997AJ....113..887F", "1997AJ....113.1652F", "1997ASPC..116..447S", "1997ASPC..116..489Z", "1997BaltA...6...11H", "1997MNRAS.284..376B", "1997astro.ph.12206Z", "1998A&A...335..449T", "1998AJ....115.1801H", "1998AJ....116.2206S", "1998IAUS..184...11R", "1998MNRAS.293..325F", "1999A&A...346..721C", "1999Ap&SS.269..469E", "1999ApJ...513..733K", "1999ApJ...526L..13T", "2000AJ....120.2928Z", "2000ApJ...543L..19B", "2001AJ....121.1482B", "2001AJ....121.2647B", "2001MNRAS.322..257F", "2001MNRAS.322..643G", "2001MNRAS.328..237G", "2001PASP..113..154V", "2001PhDT.........5B", "2001stcl.conf..223H", "2002AJ....124.2664L", "2002IAUS..207..653Z", "2002MNRAS.333..383B", "2003A&A...408..929D", "2003AJ....125.1908D", "2003AN....324..242E", "2004AJ....127..368V", "2004MNRAS.349.1493Y", "2006A&A...458...53S", "2006ApJ...636...90H", "2006MNRAS.367..156B", "2007ApJ...659..188F", "2008ApJ...681..197P", "2008MNRAS.385...40N", "2010RSPTA.368..889H", "2011MNRAS.416..155F", "2012MNRAS.421.1485N", "2018MNRAS.480.1715P", "2019MNRAS.490.4080A" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1975ARA&A..13..217V", "1975MNRAS.173..671L", "1976AJ.....81..228C", "1977AJ.....82..798H", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1979AJ.....84.1750H", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1986ARA&A..24..577B", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...185...51M", "1987nngp.proc...18S", "1988AJ.....96...92A", "1988ASSL..141...17B", "1988mmia.book.....M", "1989AJ.....98..538F", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...350..505C", "1990ApJ...350L...5G", "1990ApJ...356..332J", "1990Natur.344..417W", "1990PASP..102....5F", "1990PASP..102..344G", "1990PASP..102..709L", "1990dig..book...60S", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...372...97C", "1991ApJ...379..157B", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..691H", "1992AJ....104..613H", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1992ApJ...384...50A", "1992ApJ...399..462B", "1993AJ....105.1762O", "1993AJ....106..493L", "1993AJ....106.1354W", "1993ApJ...416...62M", "1993ApJ...419..479C", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1993MNRAS.264..611Z", "1993PhR...231..293S", "1994ApJ...423L..97C", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1994ApJ...435L.117Z", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994MNRAS.267..981K", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C" ]
11591176
astro-ph/9409077
Trends in large-scale structure observations and the likelihood of early reionization
With the imminent promise of constraints on the epoch of reionization from observations of microwave background anisotropies, the question of whether or not the standard cold dark matter (CDM) model permits early reionization has been subjected to detailed investigation by various authors, with the conclusion that reionization may occur at quite high redshift. However, it is widely accepted that this model is excluded, since when normalized to the COBE observations it possesses excessive galaxy clustering on scales below tens of megaparsecs. We examine the trends in observations, first in a fairly model-independent way, and secondly by considering variants on the standard CDM model introduced to resolve the observational conflicts. We conclude that the epoch of reionization favoured by the observational data is typically considerably later than the standard CDM model suggests, and amongst models that may fit the observational data only the introduction of a cosmological constant leads to a reionization redshift close to that of standard CDM.
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13.529343
3.53642
1995-04-01
25
1995MNRAS.273.1177L
[ "standard CDM", "early reionization", "reionization", "models", "observations", "the standard CDM model", "microwave background anisotropies", "excessive galaxy", "various authors", "detailed investigation" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "DIFFUSE RADIATION", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.4.1177", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409077" ]
[ "Liddle, Andrew R.", "Lyth, David H." ]
[ "Astronomy Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK", "School of Physics and Materials, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB" ]
[ "1995ApJ...450..477W", "1995PhLB..345..414S", "1995PhRvD..52.3338L", "1995PhRvD..52.5498H", "1995pcc..conf..429G", "1996ApJ...456..413N", "1996MNRAS.278..644L", "1996MNRAS.282..281L", "1996MNRAS.283..107W", "1996NuPhB.472..377R", "1996PhRvD..53.3011W", "1996PhRvL..77.4704W", "1997ApJ...474....1T", "1997PhRvD..56.7750G", "1997astro.ph..5101S", "1998PhRvD..57..674V", "1999IJMPD...8...61N", "1999MNRAS.308..854G", "1999PhRvD..60j3520W", "2000MNRAS.315L..51C", "2000PhRvD..62j3504L", "2000PhRvL..84.4525K", "2001MNRAS.326..885C", "2004MNRAS.348..105A", "2021JPhCo...5h5016M" ]
[ "1965ApJ...142.1633G", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1984ApJ...285L..39V", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1984PhLA..103..369B", "1984PhRvL..53.1292S", "1985SvAL...11..271K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.221...53C", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1989AJ.....98.1507S", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1990PhLB..252..336L", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1992A&A...264..365B", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1992ApJ...394..409B", "1992ApJ...399L..11C", "1992HiA.....9..319B", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992PhLB..279..244L", "1992PhLB..291..391L", "1992PhRvL..69.1856D", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...413....1K", "1993ApJ...419L...1S", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993PhR...231....1L", "1994ApJ...420..484T", "1994ApJ...427...25S", "1994ApJ...430L..25M", "1994ApJ...430L..89G", "1994ApJ...430L..97K", "1994ApJ...432L...5R", "1994ApJ...434L...1K", "1994ApJ...434L...5M", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.269..563F", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1994PhRvD..49.4990S", "1994PhRvL..73..509S", "1995ApJ...441..458T", "1995ApJ...446...49B", "1995Sci...267..980B", "1995pcc..conf..255L" ]
11581042
astro-ph/9409016
Assessing the Accuracy of Masses and Spatial Correlations of Galaxy Groups
Two algorithms for the identification of galaxy groups from redshift surveys are tested by application to simulated data derived from N-body simulation. The accuracy of the membership assignments by these algorithms is studied in a companion to this paper (Frederic 1995). Here we evaluate the accuracy of group mass estimates and the group-group correlation function. We find a strong bias to low values in the virial mass estimates of groups identified using the algorithm and parameters of Nolthenius &amp; White (1987). The Huchra &amp; Geller (1982) algorithm gives virial mass estimates which are correct on average. These two algorithms result in group catalogs with similar two-point correlations. We find that groups in a cold dark matter (CDM) model have excessively large mass-to-light ratios even when the group richness distribution agrees with observations. We also find that our CDM groups are more strongly correlated than individual halos (galaxies), unlike the groups in the Center for Astrophysics redshift survey extension.
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12.141346
5.260625
1995-04-01
22
1995ApJS...97..275F
[ "group mass estimates", "galaxy groups", "group catalogs", "groups", "virial mass estimates", "Astrophysics redshift survey extension", "redshift surveys", "the group richness distribution", "the group-group correlation function", "our CDM groups" ]
[ "Algorithms", "Astronomical Models", "Correlation", "Galactic Clusters", "Mass Distribution", "Numerical Analysis", "Red Shift", "Spatial Distribution", "Computerized Simulation", "Dark Matter", "Luminosity", "Many Body Problem", "Mathematical Models", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/192143", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409016" ]
[ "Frederic, James J." ]
[ "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1995ApJS...97..259F", "1997AJ....113..483R", "1997ApJ...475....1T", "1997ApJ...480...43N", "1998A&AS..130..341T", "1999A&A...342....1R", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999ApJ...518...69M", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "2000A&A...353...57G", "2000ASPC..209..434D", "2000ApJ...540...45G", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2001ApJ...552..427C", "2001ApJ...554..857G", "2002AJ....123.2976R", "2002ApJ...580..122M", "2003A&A...406..403G", "2006MNRAS.373..179C", "2007ApJ...655..790C", "2007MNRAS.382.1864N", "2011PhDT........96N" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1982ApJ...257..423H", "1983ApJ...270...20B", "1983ApJS...52...61G", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1987MNRAS.225..505N", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1990ApJ...353...51R", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1992PhDT........45G", "1993AJ....105.2035D", "1993ApJS...85....1N", "1995ApJS...97..259F" ]
11580304
astro-ph/9410074
Interstellar Titanium in the Galactic Halo
We present observations of Ti~II~$\lambda 3384$ absorption towards 15 distant stars in the Galactic halo and the Magellanic Clouds. These new data extend existing surveys of the distribution of Ti$^+$ to larger distances from the plane of the Galaxy than sampled previously, allowing the scale height of titanium to be determined for the first time. We find $h_{Ti^+} = 1.5 \pm 0.2$~kpc, a value which although greater than those of other tracers of neutral gas, is not as large as had been suspected. We interpret the extended distribution of Ti$^+$ as an indication that its severe depletion in interstellar clouds in the disk is reduced at the lower densities prevailing in the halo. The data are consistent with a simple power-law dependence of the Ti abundance on the ambient density, with exponent $k \simeq -1$. If the model is correct, it implies that refractory elements like Ti are fully returned to the gas phase at distances beyond $\sim 1$ kpc from the plane of the Galaxy.
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9.642514
10.145554
1995-04-01
20
1995ApJ...442..628L
[ "larger distances", "Ti", "neutral gas", "\\pm 0.2$~kpc", "refractory elements", "interstellar clouds", "other tracers", "existing surveys", "distances", "Galaxy" ]
[ "Absorption Spectra", "Galactic Halos", "Interstellar Gas", "Magellanic Clouds", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Titanium", "Ultraviolet Astronomy", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Abundance", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Density (Number/Volume)", "Scale Height", "Spectrum Analysis", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: MAGELLANIC CLOUDS", "GALAXY: HALO", "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/175466", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9410074" ]
[ "Lipman, Keith", "Pettini, Max" ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK" ]
[ "1996A&A...314..609R", "1996ARA&A..34..279S", "1996ASPC...99..315S", "1996ASSL..206..255C", "1996ApJ...457..211S", "1996ApJ...462..758J", "1996ApJ...465..205C", "1997A&A...327...47V", "1997ApJ...474L..95R", "1997ApJ...489..672W", "1997ApJS..112..507W", "1998LNP...506..371F", "1999ApJS..121..369P", "2001ApJS..136..463W", "2005ApJ...620L..39P", "2009ApJ...700.1299J", "2009ApJ...702.1472S", "2010MNRAS.404.1321W", "2012ApJS..199....8G", "2015MNRAS.451.3504R" ]
[ "1973ApJ...182..481N", "1977ApJ...215...53W", "1977ApJ...216..291S", "1978ApJS...36..115S", "1979ApJ...229..136S", "1979ApJ...230L..77S", "1981ApJ...243..460S", "1982ApJ...260..561P", "1982MNRAS.200..673K", "1983MNRAS.204..317B", "1983MNRAS.205.1191M", "1984MNRAS.206..337P", "1985ApJ...290L..21S", "1985ApJ...295L...9S", "1985ApJS...59...77F", "1986ApJ...301..355J", "1986ApJ...301..380L", "1986ApJ...303..198S", "1986ApJ...310..700P", "1987ASSL..134..533J", "1989ApJ...340..762E", "1989ApJ...342..785D", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1990ARA&A..28...71S", "1990ApJ...352..506H", "1990ApJ...355..114S", "1990MNRAS.246..545P", "1991ApJS...77..119M", "1991IAUS..144..109T", "1991IAUS..144..131S", "1991IAUS..148....1F", "1992ApJS...81..125D", "1992ApJS...83..147S", "1992QJRAS..33..325K", "1993ApJ...409..299S", "1993ApJ...413..116S", "1993ApJS...88...81A", "1993sfgi.conf..275S", "1994ApJ...427..267L", "1994ApJ...427..274D", "1994ApJ...427..784S", "1994ApJ...437..204A", "1994ApJS...93..211D" ]
11579605
astro-ph/9501106
Stellar Population Gradients in Bright Cluster Galaxies at z=0.2
Slit spectra, covering the rest frame near-ultraviolet and blue wavelength regions, are combined with moderately deep g and R images to investigate radial population gradients in the brightest components of six z = 0.2 galaxy clusters selected according to x-ray brightness. We conclude that the brightest members of the EMSS 0440+02, EMSS 0906+11, and EMSS 1231+15 clusters have global stellar contents similar to nearby elliptical galaxies, although all three galaxies studied in EMSS 0440 contain a central blue component, suggesting that a young or intermediate-age population is also present. Our ability to investigate the stellar content of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in the clusters EMSS 0839+29, EMSS 1455+22, and Abell 2390 is complicated by ionized gas, which is detected over large portions of all three systems. Radial color variations are detected in the majority of galaxies and, for those systems not showing extended [O II] emission, there is a tendency for the 4000 A break to weaken with increasing radius, such that {DELTA}D4000/{DELTA}log(r), where D4000 measures the strength of the 4000 A break in magnitudes, falls near the upper range of what is seen among nearby ellipticals. However, there is no correlation between local D4000 values and g - r), suggesting that these quantities are sensitive to different parameters. There is a slight tendency for the steepest spectroscopic gradients to occur in the BCGs. We estimate the metallicity sensitivity of the 4000 A break using a combination of observational and theoretical data, and find that {DELTA}D4000/{DELTA}[Fe/H]~0.4-0.8 in the super metal-rich regime. The metallicity gradients derived for the BCGs from this calibration are relatively steep, and are in qualitative agreement with predictions for galaxies which experience a single monolithic dissipative collapse. Line gradients measured with respect to g surface brightness, as opposed to radius, show excellent galaxy-to- galaxy consistency, and are in good agreement with what has been measured in Coma cluster galaxies, suggesting that common physical processes controlled the early phases of star formation and chemical enrichment in these systems. The presence of significant stellar population gradients in the BCGs suggests that the material from which they formed experienced dissipation during the collapse phases, and it seems likely that these galaxies could not have formed solely from the merging of gas-poor galaxies.
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11.643025
6.882111
1995-04-01
11
1995AJ....109.1433D
[ "Coma cluster galaxies", "nearby elliptical galaxies", "galaxies", "significant stellar population gradients", "radial population gradients", "excellent galaxy-to- galaxy consistency", "EMSS", "global stellar contents", "Line gradients", "the brightest cluster galaxies" ]
[ "Brightness", "Galactic Clusters", "Metallic Stars", "Star Formation", "X Rays", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Ionized Gases", "Metallicity", "Stellar Structure", "Ultraviolet Spectra", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "DISTANCE SCALE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117373", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9501106" ]
[ "Davidge, T. J.", "Grinder, M." ]
[ "Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B.C., Canada", "Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B.C., Canada" ]
[ "1997AJ....113..985D", "1998MNRAS.298..977C", "1999A&AS..139...29G", "2000AJ....119.1123H", "2000ApJ...540..113B", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2002AJ....124.2012D", "2007MNRAS.378.1507B", "2012MNRAS.425..841L", "2014MNRAS.439.2281P", "2015MNRAS.449..328W" ]
[ "1963AJ.....68..413V", "1965AJ.....70..353V", "1968PASP...80..252S", "1973ApJ...183..743S", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1978ApJ...224..320H", "1978MNRAS.184..185W", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1980MNRAS.191..325C", "1980MNRAS.191P...1W", "1981MNRAS.196..381T", "1982A&A...107..338B", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983ApJ...268..476S", "1984ApJ...286..403C", "1984ApJ...287..586B", "1985ApJ...289...18M", "1985ApJ...291...45T", "1986AJ.....92.1039C", "1986ApJ...301...83B", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987AJ.....94..899D", "1987ApJ...315..460T", "1987ApJ...317..668S", "1987MNRAS.224...75J", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988AJ.....96..867C", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1989AJ.....98.2018M", "1989ApJ...338..718B", "1989ApJ...347..214T", "1990AJ.....99.1621O", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990ApJ...359L..41F", "1990MNRAS.245..217G", "1991AJ....101.1561P", "1991ApJ...375...15O", "1992A&A...266..127A", "1992AJ....103.1457B", "1992AJ....103.1512D", "1992AJ....103.1721R", "1992AJ....103.1814B", "1992ApJ...393..579M", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1992ApJ...400...65M", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992ApOpt..31.2291M", "1993AJ....106..493L", "1993AJ....106..923S", "1993ApJ...409L..45M", "1993ApJ...410..515R", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1993MNRAS.265..553C", "1994A&A...282..325L", "1994AJ....107..946D", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994JRASC..88...39C" ]
1950457
null
On the Universality of Microlensing in Quadruple Gravitational Lenses
It is well known that mutiply imaged quasars are likely to be affected by microlensing. Quadruply imaged systems are especially useful laboratories for studying microlensing because their macrolens models are relatively well constrained. We begin with analytical results for a simple family of galaxy models. These results can be used to estimate the magnifications and time delays for the quadruple systems. We compute expected brightness fluctuations due to microlensing in several such systems for a range of source sizes. Among these we treat for the first time the limiting case of a completely unresolved source. For the case of MG 0414+0534 we interpret the discrepant optical-to-radio flux ratios for the different components as the result of microlensing. On the assumption that the lensing galaxy is roughly isothermal this gives a 95% confidence upper limit on the optical source size of 10^16^ cm x (&lt;M&gt;/0.1 M_sun_)^1/2^ where &lt;M&gt; is the average stellar mass of the lensing galaxy. For more centrally concentrated macromodels the upper limit is greater. Sufficiently long strings of photometric observations can in principle constrain the degree of concentration.
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14.057519
3.867694
1995-04-01
110
1995ApJ...443...18W
[ "several such systems", "source sizes", "galaxy models", "analytical results", "photometric observations", "brightness fluctuations", "microlensing", "principle", "the optical source size", "radio" ]
[ "Brightness", "Gravitational Lenses", "Magnification", "Quasars", "Time Lag", "Astronomical Models", "Extraterrestrial Radio Waves", "Flux (Rate)", "Light (Visible Radiation)", "Ratios", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: MG 0414", "0534", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175499" ]
[ "Witt, Hans J.", "Mao, Shude", "Schechter, Paul L." ]
[ "Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544", "MS 51, Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138", "Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1471W", "1995MNRAS.276..103L", "1996ApJ...472L...1W", "1996CRABS..49....5P", "1996IAUS..173..263S", "1997AJ....113..540F", "1997ApJ...475..512K", "1997ApJ...475L..85S", "1997ApJ...489...21B", "1997MNRAS.291..211W", "1998AJ....115.1377M", "1998AJ....115.1383C", "1998ApJ...492L...9M", "1998ApJ...503L.127F", "1998MNRAS.295..488S", "1998MNRAS.295..587M", "1999ApJ...510L..87M", "1999ApJ...527...46N", "1999MNRAS.303..471H", "2000A&A...362..845R", "2000ApJ...535..671T", "2000ApJ...544...98W", "2000ApJ...545..657A", "2000MNRAS.311..689W", "2000astro.ph..9048S", "2001A&A...370...43M", "2001AJ....122..103K", "2001ApJ...554.1227H", "2001ApJ...555....1M", "2001ApJ...558..119C", "2001MNRAS.327.1260E", "2002A&A...395...17W", "2002ApJ...565...17C", "2002ApJ...568..509C", "2002ApJ...575..650W", "2002ApJ...578...25K", "2002ApJ...580..685S", "2002ApJ...580..696M", "2002LNP...608....1C", "2002MNRAS.330..575W", "2002MNRAS.331.1041W", "2002MNRAS.332..951W", "2002astro.ph..4043K", "2003AJ....126..666I", "2003AJ....126..696M", "2003ApJ...584..664K", "2003ApJ...595...29R", "2003ApJ...599...70K", "2003MNRAS.338L..25O", "2003MNRAS.339..607M", "2003MNRAS.345.1351E", "2003astro.ph..4480S", "2004A&A...423..797B", "2004A&A...424...91E", "2004AJ....127.1860B", "2004ApJ...606...78C", "2004MNRAS.349...14W", "2005A&A...437L..15G", "2005ApJ...628..594M", "2005MNRAS.356.1409A", "2005astro.ph..3018L", "2006AN....327.1063C", "2007ApJ...660....1O", "2007ApJ...661...19P", "2007MNRAS.376.1814A", "2007MNRAS.381.1591B", "2008A&A...480..647E", "2008ApJ...684..248B", "2008MNRAS.386..397J", "2008MNRAS.391.1955B", "2008MmSAI..79.1271F", "2009ApJ...697.1892P", "2009ApJ...699.1720K", "2009ApJ...706.1451M", "2009KPCB...25...28T", "2009MNRAS.398..233F", "2010MNRAS.408.1721X", "2010NewA...15..181G", "2010NewA...15..726B", "2011ApJ...731...71B", "2011MNRAS.413.1537G", "2011MNRAS.415.1985O", "2012ApJ...744...90B", "2012ApJ...744..111P", "2012ApJ...755...82M", "2012MNRAS.420.3574G", "2013A&A...559A..37S", "2013MNRAS.434..832V", "2014ApJ...784..100Y", "2014ApJ...793...96S", "2014MNRAS.445.1223V", "2015ApJ...813...62O", "2016MNRAS.461.4466C", "2016MNRAS.462.3255C", "2017AJ....153..219S", "2017MNRAS.465.3607A", "2018ASPC..514...79S", "2018ApJ...857...25D", "2018ApJ...864...91S", "2018CQGra..35f3001S", "2018MNRAS.480.4675V", "2019ApJ...880..152W", "2019MNRAS.483.5649S", "2020MNRAS.496..138B", "2020MNRAS.496.3270M", "2021ApJ...922...70W", "2022JCAP...10..098B", "2024AJ....167..171M", "2024SSRv..220...14V", "2024arXiv240213476L" ]
[ "1979Natur.282..561C", "1981ApJ...243..140G", "1981ApJ...244..756Y", "1986A&A...158L...5V", "1986A&A...166...36K", "1989AJ.....98.1989I", "1989Natur.338..745K", "1990ApJ...364...15K", "1991AJ....101..813S", "1991AJ....102..864W", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1991MNRAS.251..698F", "1992AJ....104..959R", "1992AJ....104..968H", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...395L..65R", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...268..501W", "1993AJ....105....1S", "1993ApJ...403..530W", "1993ApJ...409L...9K", "1993ApJ...416..425M", "1993ApJ...419...12K", "1993LIACo..31.....S", "1993LIACo..31..111P", "1993LIACo..31..127F", "1993LIACo..31..169A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993Natur.366..242H", "1994A&A...281..388A", "1994A&A...286..357K", "1994AJ....107..466H", "1994ApJ...429...66W", "1994ApJ...436L.103U", "1994MNRAS.268..305H", "1994MNRAS.268..889H", "1994RPPh...57..117R" ]
1950611
null
Measurements of Globular Cluster Specific Frequencies and Luminosity Function Widths in Coma
We use a variant of the surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) method to study the globular cluster populations around NGC 4874 and NGC 4889 in the I band. The fluctuations due to globular clusters, a nuisance factor in the standard SBF technique, provide a means for investigating that portion of the globular cluster population which cannot be observed directly. At the distance of Coma, we can also directly count the number of clusters occupying the bright end of the globular cluster luminosity function (GCLF). The direct counting and fluctuation measurements together provide a constraint on the width of the GCLF, which in turn decreases the uncertainty in the inferred specific frequencies. We find the Gaussian widths of the luminosity functions to be 1.43 +/- 0.09 mag and 1.37 +/- 0.13 mag for NGC 4874 and NGC 4889, respectively. Using these measured Gaussian widths, we derive specific frequencies (S_N_; number of globular clusters per M_V_ = - 15 of galaxy luminosity) of 14.3 +/- 3.3 for NGC 4874 and 6.9 +/- 1.8 for NGC 4889, confirming that NGC 4874 is a member of the class of anomalously high S_N_ galaxies. By measuring the globular cluster fluctuations at several radii, we find that S_N_ increases outward from the centers of both galaxies, indicating that the globular cluster systems are more extended than the halo light, in accord with previous studies of NGC 4874 and nearby ellipticals. We confirm the reliability of our technique for measuring GCLF widths by applying it to NGC 4472 (M49) and NGC 4486 (M87) in Virgo. A brief discussion of the universality of the GCLF width for large ellipticals and the high S_N_ anomaly of central galaxies is provided.
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9.987503
8.014688
1995-04-01
47
1995ApJ...442..579B
[ "globular clusters", "clusters", "NGC", "GCLF widths", "galaxy luminosity", "fluctuation measurements", "the globular cluster luminosity function", "GCLF", "the globular cluster fluctuations", "_ anomaly" ]
[ "Brightness", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Mass", "Globular Clusters", "Star Distribution", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomical Photometry", "Data Reduction", "Frequency Distribution", "Image Analysis", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: COMA", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4874", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 4889", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS", "STARS: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175461" ]
[ "Blakeslee, John P.", "Tonry, John L." ]
[ "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US", "MIT, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2537B", "1995ApJ...453L..77W", "1995ApJ...454..762P", "1996ApJ...465L..19B", "1997AJ....114..482B", "1997ApJ...481L..59B", "1998ApJ...505..111J", "1998PASP..110..365B", "1999AJ....118.1506B", "1999ASPC..167..279M", "1999ASSL..237..181B", "1999Ap&SS.269..469E", "1999ApJ...510...71J", "1999ApJ...515...79P", "2000A&A...361...68M", "2000ApJ...533..125K", "2000ApJ...533..137H", "2000RPPh...63..763M", "2000cucg.confE..61B", "2000eaa..bookE1636M", "2001A&A...366...54M", "2001A&A...371..779M", "2001A&A...376..793M", "2001ARep...45..581B", "2001ApJ...557L..31L", "2002ApJ...564..216L", "2002ApJ...568..174M", "2002IAUS..207..348M", "2003A&A...399..441M", "2003ApJ...594...63M", "2005A&A...438..103M", "2005ApJ...625..121M", "2005PASP..117..589D", "2005astro.ph..6314M", "2006A&A...458.1013M", "2006astro.ph..5660M", "2007ApJ...662..940C", "2007ApJ...668..130C", "2009AJ....137.3314H", "2009ApJ...694..556B", "2010ApJ...722.1707M", "2011ApJ...730...23P", "2012PASA...29..489F", "2016ApJ...822...95C", "2017ApJ...835..101H", "2021ApJ...908...24G", "2022LRR....25....6M" ]
[ "1976RC2...C......0D", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1986AJ.....91..822H", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1987ApJ...315L..29H", "1987ApJ...315L..35T", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ASPC....5..175M", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989ESOC...31...69M", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...350L...5G", "1990ApJ...355..410P", "1990ApJS...73..671C", "1991AJ....101..469B", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...372...97C", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJS...76..115H", "1992AJ....103.1457B", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992AJ....104.1472S", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992nrfa.book.....P", "1993AJ....105.1358S", "1993ASPC...52..300M", "1993ApJ...409..530W", "1993ApJ...409L..45M", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994AJ....108.2087A", "1994ApJ...422..486M" ]
1948683
null
Near-Infrared Surface Photometry and Morphology in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxy Nuclear Regions
This paper presents very high spatial resolution (seeing 0.75 arcsec FWHM) K band surface photometry of 15 Virgo cluster spiral galaxy nuclear regions (radii &lt; 1 kpc). It presents B and J band CCD images of 13 of these galaxies. The goals of the study were: (1) to begin to establish a K band baseline of normal spiral galaxy nuclear regions against which peculiar galaxies may be compared, (2) to provide better constraints on N-body models, and (3) to complement near-infrared studies of large scale structure in spiral galaxies with very high resolution imaging of the important nuclear regions. The principal findings are: (1) between 1/4 and 1/3 of these nuclear regions show K band evidence of triaxiality, (2) approximately 1/2 of these galaxies have axisymmetric nuclear regions, and (3) NGC 4321 has a bar that is not detectable in the optical images.
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11.099556
7.022114
1995-04-01
19
1995AJ....109.1608R
[ "normal spiral galaxy nuclear regions", "axisymmetric nuclear regions", "spiral galaxies", "K band evidence", "K band surface photometry", "peculiar galaxies", "J band CCD images", "15 Virgo cluster spiral galaxy nuclear regions", "large scale structure", "K" ]
[ "Active Galactic Nuclei", "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Structure", "Infrared Astronomy", "Morphology", "Near Infrared Radiation", "Virgo Galactic Cluster", "Astronomical Models", "Charge Coupled Devices", "High Resolution", "Infrared Imagery", "Many Body Problem", "Spatial Resolution", "Astronomy", "LOCAL GROUP", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117389" ]
[ "Rauscher, Bernard J." ]
[ "University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US" ]
[ "1996A&AS..117..417H", "1997A&A...325..769S", "1997A&AS..125..479J", "1998A&A...333..864G", "1998ApJ...506..116R", "1999AJ....117..826S", "2000A&A...355...99B", "2000A&AS..141..103L", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2001BASI...29..449P", "2002ApJS..139...37T", "2002AstL...28..207S", "2003A&A...397..871P", "2003A&A...409..907P", "2003ApJS..146..299E", "2005ApJ...623..767J", "2006MNRAS.367...46G", "2011A&A...526A..43S", "2012ApJ...754...67F" ]
[ "1958MeLu2.136....1H", "1961hag..book.....S", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1976ApJ...206..883V", "1979ApJ...227..714K", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982ApJ...256..460K", "1983ApJ...266..562K", "1983ApJ...273L...7K", "1983ApJS...52..229K", "1985ApJS...59....1W", "1985gcpm.book.....L", "1986A&A...167...41M", "1987ApJ...312..529D", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&A...200...29A", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...343..158T", "1989ApJ...344..171K", "1989ApJS...71..433P", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990ApJ...359....4V", "1990ApJ...364..456T", "1990SPIE.1235...84H", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1992ApJ...397..463M", "1992nrfa.book.....P" ]
1948650
null
The Far-Infrared-Radio Relation in Cluster Spiral Galaxies
We present a study of the far-infrared (FIR) and radio emission in a sample of group and cluster spiral galaxies. Galaxies are separated into rich and poor cluster samples based the value of the galaxy-galaxy correlation coefficient (Andersen &amp; Owen 1994) of their parent cluster. Galaxies in the rich clusters have lower-FIR-radio ratios than a radio selected sample of field galaxies, while galaxies in poor clusters do not. We find that the degree of radio enhancement with respect to FIR emission is consistent with a model where the radio emitting ISM is compressed by the ram pressure as the galaxy moves through the intracluster medium. We suggest that galaxy-galaxy tidal interactions are important in the poorer clusters, but in general of much less importance in richer clusters.
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13.442533
7.657421
1995-04-01
21
1995AJ....109.1582A
[ "field galaxies", "Galaxies", "galaxies", "poor clusters", "richer clusters", "radio emission", "radio enhancement", "galaxy-galaxy tidal interactions", "FIR emission", "group and cluster spiral galaxies" ]
[ "Correlation", "Far Infrared Radiation", "Galactic Clusters", "Infrared Astronomy", "Radio Astronomy", "Radio Emission", "Spiral Galaxies", "Astronomical Models", "Correlation Coefficients", "Extragalactic Radio Sources", "Galactic Cosmic Rays", "Interacting Galaxies", "Interstellar Matter", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERING", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117387" ]
[ "Andersen, Victor", "Owen, Frazer N." ]
[ "New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, US", "New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, US" ]
[ "1997MNRAS.290....1R", "1998ApJ...495..227L", "1999ApJ...516..604H", "1999ApJ...518..632Q", "1999ApJ...525..609S", "2000ApJS..128..469H", "2001AJ....121.1903M", "2002MNRAS.330...17B", "2004ApJ...600..695R", "2005MNRAS.358.1231L", "2005SSRv..119..425M", "2006ApJ...653..184K", "2006PASP..118..517B", "2008A&A...486...73S", "2010ASPC..421...57S", "2010ASSP...14..349S", "2012Ap.....55..317M", "2014ApJ...795..148T", "2015MNRAS.447..168R", "2015MNRAS.452.2731S", "2022A&ARv..30....3B" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1970ranp.book.....P", "1971phco.book.....P", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1975ApJ...200..535R", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1977MNRAS.181..323G", "1977Natur.266..501C", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1980A&AS...41..151H", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1981ApJ...247..403H", "1982A&A...105..372M", "1982MNRAS.198.1007N", "1983ApJ...264...24M", "1984AJ.....89.1279K", "1984ApJ...276..169B", "1984ApJ...279L...5K", "1984ApJ...284..461D", "1985AJ.....90..708K", "1985ApJ...288..481D", "1985ApJ...292..404G", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1985ApJ...294L..89G", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1985ApJS...57..423B", "1986ApJ...310...53G", "1987AJ.....94..587B", "1987ApJ...314..513L", "1987ApJ...316..145S", "1987ApJ...321..645B", "1987ApJS...63..543S", "1988A&A...203L...9C", "1988iras....1.....B", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989AJ.....98...64Z", "1989cgqo.book.....F", "1989ifss.book.....M", "1990AJ.....99.1381V", "1990ApJ...357...97C", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1991AJ....101..362C", "1991AJ....101.1207G", "1991AJ....102...14P", "1991AJ....102.1663C", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1991ApJS...75..297H", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1994AJ....107..427D", "1994AJ....108..361A" ]
1950566
null
The Luminosity Structure and Objective Classification of Galaxies
The luminosity structure of spiral galaxies is studied using the technique of principal component analysis. It is found that ~94% of the variation in the luminosity distribution of galaxies can be accounted for by just two principal components. The principal luminosity components may contain valuable information about star formation history or whatever luminosity-regulating processes occur in galaxies. Practically, these principal components provide a new approach for the investigation of the luminosity structures of galaxies and their dependence on other properties. They also serve as an excellent objective classification system for galaxies. We introduce in this paper such a classification scheme and explore its various properties. The new system shows a number of very impressive characteristics. Most important, it can well segregate virtually all the important galactic properties we tested and does so much better than the conventional morphological classification systems. Of particular interest is that some distance-dependent parameters can also be determined to a surprisingly good accuracy; for example, absolute magnitude may be determined to an accuracy of ~0.6 mag (yet further improvement is believed highly possible). Second, the system is objective, and the classification procedure can be automated to a large degree; also the new system can apply to much smaller and fainter images than do any eye-based classification systems. These properties make the new system suitable for practical application, especially on very large (and deeper) digital image catalogs. Third, the classification is expressed in dimensionless numbers, yet the simple notation bears significant and easily understandable meaning, making it easy and convenient to use. Finally, the new system has another extremely useful feature: it provides a very powerful and convenient platform not only for classification, but also for easily recording, examining, and studying the variations and correlations of galaxy properties-all these may be carried out graphically by using the C-vectors and the C-diagrams introduced in the paper. We will also give an example to demonstrate the use of the classification system for the study of the internal extinction problem in spiral galaxies.
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11.753552
5.68214
1995-04-01
18
1995ApJ...442..504H
[ "galaxy properties", "classification", "spiral galaxies", "galaxies", "principal component analysis", "other properties", "an excellent objective classification system", "the conventional morphological classification systems", "the classification system", "dimensionless numbers" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Classifications", "Luminosity", "Principal Components Analysis", "Spiral Galaxies", "Data Correlation", "Data Reduction", "Data Sampling", "Scaling Laws", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175457" ]
[ "Han, Mingsheng" ]
[ "University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1602Z", "1995AJ....110.1614M", "1995ApJ...444..556G", "1995PASP..107..770O", "1996A&AS..118..111H", "1996ApJS..103..363C", "1997A&A...324..877B", "1997ASPC..117...90R", "1997NYASA.808..184O", "1999A&A...344..421M", "1999ASPC..162..363F", "2000AJ....119.2645B", "2000ApJ...529..886C", "2002AJ....123...66Y", "2002ApJ...568..539O", "2003A&A...405.1163L", "2006MNRAS.373.1389C", "2011RMxAC..40..122I" ]
[ "1936rene.book.....H", "1973A&A....23..259B", "1976ApJ...206..883V", "1976ApJ...209L...1P", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1984ApJ...278...61W", "1984ApJ...280....7O", "1985ApJ...297..423B", "1987A&A...172..375B", "1987ASSL..131.....M", "1988ApJ...329..519D", "1991A&A...248...57K", "1991ApJ...376..458B", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...261..697B", "1992AJ....103.2102S", "1992ApJ...391..617H", "1992ApJ...395...75H", "1992ApJS...81...35H", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1992MNRAS.259P...8S", "1993A&A...276...16C", "1993AJ....106.1685S", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1994A&AS..105..481M", "1994AJ....107.2036G", "1994ApJ...432...75A", "1994ApJ...432..114B" ]
1971389
null
Simulations of starburst spectral evolution superimposed on old populations: extension to dwarf ellipticals
In order to gain a better understanding of starburst and merger events, we have extended to dwarf galaxies our previous spectral simulations of burst evolution over 3 Gyr, superimposed on an old underlying stellar population. We have used a library of star cluster and galaxy integrated spectra in the 3700-9700 A wavelength range. Two kinds of galaxy spectra representing the underlying red stellar populations have been considered: (i) an average spectrum of the central regions of NGC 3056 and 4476, for which previous population syntheses have shown a maximum metallicity of [Z/Z_solar]=-0.5, and (ii) a combination of globular cluster spectra in the range -2&lt;=[Z/Z_solar]&lt;=-1, which could represent the old stellar population in the transition between dwarf ellipticals and dwarf spheroidals. These spectra were combined with those of Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Galactic disc star clusters in the 3-Myr to 3-Gyr age range, in order to simulate starburst events in dwarf galaxies and model the subsequent spectral evolution on the composite system. The star cluster spectra have been properly scaled to represent starburst-to-galaxy mass fractions of 10, 1 and 0.1 per cent. The resulting models form a spectral atlas for comparisons with observations. Rest-frame BVRI magnitudes and the related colours have been derived from these models, as well as the equivalent widths for a set of metallic and Balmer features. The behaviour of these indices is analysed as a function of the burst age and strength. The results can be used to study the properties of star-forming events in galaxies.
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12.260828
7.728924
1995-04-01
16
1995MNRAS.273..945S
[ "dwarf galaxies", "starburst events", "previous population", "Galactic disc star clusters", "globular cluster spectra", "dwarf ellipticals", "dwarf spheroidals", "galaxies", "galaxy", "cluster spectra" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/273.4.945" ]
[ "Schmidt, Alex A.", "Alloin, Danielle", "Bica, Eduardo" ]
[ "Departamento de Matematica e NEPAE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97119-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil", "Observatoire de Paris, DAEC, URA 173 CNRS, F-92195, Meudon, France", "Departamento de Astronomia, IF-UFRGS, CP 15051, 91501-970 Porto Alegre" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276.1155S", "1996AJ....111..182L", "1996ASPC...98...56S", "1996ASPC...98...77O", "1998AJ....116.2886S", "1998Ap&SS.263..127G", "1998ApJ...495L..13G", "1999AJ....118.2705S", "1999ASPC..182..503J", "1999ASPC..192...81S", "1999ApJ...525..709S", "2000AJ....120.1713S", "2000ApJ...544..747S", "2001AJ....121.3007S", "2003A&A...407...91G", "2008A&A...487..901S" ]
[ "1969SvA....13..316A", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979ApJ...227..232B", "1979PASP...91..589B", "1983ApJS...52..121G", "1985A&A...152...65B", "1986A&A...162...21B", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986A&AS...66..171B", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987A&A...186...49B", "1987A&A...188...13Y", "1987A&AS...70..281B", "1987ApJ...315L..73P", "1987sbge.proc..467L", "1988A&A...195...76B", "1988A&A...202....8B", "1989A&A...222...89A", "1990A&A...228...23B", "1990MNRAS.242..241B", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992IAUS..149..201A", "1992MNRAS.255..165C", "1993AJ....106.1420L", "1993fces.conf..229H", "1994ApJS...91..553G" ]
1950869
null
The Influence of Stellar Populations on Elliptical Galaxy Distance Estimates
Simple models are used to gauge the effects of stellar populations on elliptical galaxy distance estimates based on the fundamental plane (FP). The models are characterized by varying age, the slope of the initial mass function, and metallicity. Varying these quantities within astrophysically plausible limits can systematically affect distance estimates by factors of up to several. Two nearby examples where this occurs are presented. Coupled with the thinness of the FP of the Coma Cluster, the models constrain the spread in ages of the Coma elliptical galaxies to be &lt;= 1.5 Gyr and the spread in initial mass function slope to be approximately 0.7 &lt;= x &lt;= 1.1. It is argued that if a difference in mean age exists between ellipticals in the Virgo and Coma clusters (Bower et al. 1990), then the Coma-Virgo relative distance based on the FP has been overestimated; however, the modeling is too crude to estimate the size of the effect reliably. The results also predict that FP distance estimates at redshifts of ~0.5 or greater will yield spurious peculiar velocities of several times 10^4^ km s^-1^ unless corrected for luminosity evolution. The D-σ relation in the Coma Cluster has 15%-28% less scatter in the I band and nearly a factor of 2 less in the K band, suggesting that distance estimates to elliptical galaxies based on red and infrared photometry are more accurate than those derived from B-band photometry. Stellar population effects and extinction probably both contribute to this effect.
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11.642615
6.179139
1995-04-01
10
1995ApJ...443..527G
[ "elliptical galaxy distance estimates", "FP distance estimates", "distance estimates", "Coma", "elliptical galaxies", "initial mass function slope", "Stellar population effects", "varying age", "mean age", "FP" ]
[ "Astronomical Models", "Distance", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Structure", "Red Shift", "Stellar Systems", "Astronomical Photometry", "Chronology", "Imagery", "Infrared Astronomy", "Interstellar Extinction", "Mass", "Metallicity", "Velocity", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175545" ]
[ "Gregg, Michael D." ]
[ "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, US" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.1052G", "1996ApJS..106....1W", "1996MNRAS.280..167J", "1997ASPC..116..180S", "1997MNRAS.291..461S", "1997NewA....1..363G", "1997astro.ph..3089M", "1999MNRAS.304..225M", "1999astro.ph..3380G", "2001AJ....121..649G" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1961ApJ...133..355S", "1971phco.book.....P", "1972ApJ...173L..93T", "1975ApJ...195..255G", "1975ApJ...202L.113O", "1976ApJ...203...52T", "1979ApJ...229....1A", "1980ApJ...236..430O", "1980ApJ...241..493H", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981ApJ...249...48G", "1981gask.book.....M", "1983ApJ...266..747V", "1985AJ.....90.1927R", "1985ApJ...296..340P", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJ...317....1D", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1987ApJS...64..601B", "1987ryil.book.....G", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988MNRAS.235..813C", "1988egds.symp..329D", "1989ApJ...344L..57P", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1990AJ.....99..530B", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1990ApJ...364..104I", "1990ApJ...364L..33S", "1990ApJ...365....1S", "1991ApJ...375...15O", "1991MNRAS.249..755L", "1992ApJ...384...43G", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1993ApJ...411...34J", "1993gcgc.work..191D", "1994ApJ...425..418L" ]
1974349
null
Photometric and Morphological Analysis of UCM Galaxies
A set of 212 objects of the UCM (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) survey of emission-line galaxies (ELGs), selected from objective prism plates by the presence of H-alpha emission in their spectra, has been analysed in the Thuan &amp; Gunn r filter. From CCD images of these UCM objects we have obtained the fundamental photometric parameters (apparent and absolute magnitudes, linear diameters) and a set of characteristic morphological parameters extracted by surface photometry techniques (parameters of bulb + disk decomposition, concentration indexes and mean surface brightnesses). From this information, we have carried out intrinsecal statistical analysis of the data in the UCM sample and extrinsecal comparison with other samples of galaxies. And specially, we have simultaneously applied, for the first time in a sample of ELGs, five morphological criteria in order to obtain the Hubble type of these galaxies. As results of this work we have obtained that the UCM survey is specially effective in the detection of ELGs smaller and less luminous than normal spirals (the median values of the UCM sample are M_r = -20.6 and D_24 = 19.4 kpc) and that emission arises fundamentally from the nuclear regions of the galaxies (only 22% of the sample show emitting knots outside the nucleus). Morphologically, the UCM sample is dominated by late-type galaxies, with 66% being Sb or later. This result confirms the expected tendency of the ELGs to be advanced type galaxies due to the higher mass fraction in gas available in these systems. Specially, we have found 9 candidates to BCD (blue compact dwarf galaxy), five of them previously unknown. We have also obtained that 10% of the UCM ELGs present typical parameters of S0 types, supporting the idea that not all S0 galaxies are dead systems without prominent recent star formation, and that in the subsample of 16 UCM galaxies showing obvious signs of interactions, 25% are S0 type galaxies. Finally, we have analysed the influence of the medium in the occurence and nature of the ELGs. So, we have compared the presence of ELGs and their morphologies in a subsample of galaxies in the Coma cluster respect to the subsample of field galaxies. Then, we have found that whereas 34% of the field Zwicky galaxies are ELGs, this fraction is reduced to 9% in the Coma cluster, consistent with the known efect that the fraction of galaxies that are ELGs is much lower in high-density cluster environments than in the field due to the lower fraction of star forming gas available in these dense media. And respect to the morphology, the objective prism technique permits to reveal, inside a cluster globally dominated by E-S0 type galaxies, a population of ELGs with 71% being Sb type or later. In the future, we propose to study in others filters the subset of these UCM galaxies specially peculiar, like the BCD galaxies (candidates to low metalicity objects), irregular and interacting systems, and to continue investigating the conexion between the medium and the presence of ELGs and its influence on the morphology of these galaxies. (SECTION: Dissertation Summary)
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10.864242
7.464077
1995-04-01
2
1995PASP..107..404V
[ "advanced type galaxies", "S0 type galaxies", "field galaxies", "galaxies", "Zwicky galaxies", "E-S0 type galaxies", "blue compact dwarf galaxy", "UCM", "characteristic morphological parameters", "S0 types" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133566" ]
[ "Vitores Gonzalez, Alvaro G." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...455L...1G", "1998Ap.....41...89C" ]
null
11579187
astro-ph/9408050
Steps towards nonlinear cluster inversion through gravitational distortions II. Generalization of the Kaiser and Squires method.
The weak distortions of high-redshift galaxies caused by gravitational light deflection near clusters of galaxies can be used to reconstruct the projected (two-dimensional) surface mass density of intermediate redshift clusters. This technique, pioneered by Tyson et al., and Kaiser &amp; Squires, is reconsidered in the present paper, where we generalize the inversion equation found by Kaiser &amp; Squires (KS) in several respect. Adopting a different smoothing procedure for the discreetly sampled data (individual galaxy images), we effectively reduce the shot noise in the KS procedure. In particular we show that the best density reconstructions are obtained if the smoothing scale is adapted to the `strength of the signal', which yields a better resolution near the center of the cluster where the distortions are strongest. Furthermore, we point out the importance of boundary effects and demonstrate their disastrous impact on rectangular data fields (CCDs) with large side ratio. Most important, however, is the generalization of the KS method to critical clusters, i.e., to such clusters which are capable of producing multiple images and giant luminous arcs. The corresponding modifications of the inversion procedure are severe; in particular, the resulting inversion equation is much more difficult to solve. As we pointed out in a previous paper (Schneider &amp; Seitz), there exists a local degeneracy if the cluster is critical. We have developed an iteration procedure to solve the inversion equation, which we demonstrate to yield a very accurate reconstruction of the cluster mass distribution. In particular, the mass within the inner few arcminutes of the cluster can be determined with an error of only a few percent, thus demonstrating the potential applicability and accuracy of this method for cluster mass determinations.
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12.480835
3.855854
1995-05-01
123
1995A&A...297..287S
[ "cluster mass determinations", "critical clusters", "intermediate redshift clusters", "such clusters", "clusters", "individual galaxy images", "amp", "multiple images", "rectangular data fields", "galaxies" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS GALAXIES: CLUSTERS", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408050" ]
[ "Seitz, C.", "Schneider, P." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
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[ "1990ApJ...349L...1T", "1990MNRAS.247..135K", "1991ApJ...370....1M", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...273..367K", "1993ApJ...404..441K", "1994A&A...287....1B", "1994A&ARv...5..239F" ]
2502785
astro-ph/9408082
Arc statistics with realistic cluster potentials. II. Influence of cluster asymmetry and substructure.
We construct a sample of numerical models for clusters of galaxies and employ these to investigate their capability of imaging background sources into long arcs. Emphasis is laid on the statistics of these arcs. We study cross sections for arc length and length-to-width ratio and optical depths for these arc properties, we examine the distribution of arc widths and curvature radii among long arcs, and we compare these results to predictions based on simplified (radially symmetric) cluster models. We find that the capability of the numerically modeled clusters to produce long arcs is larger by about two orders of magnitude than that of spherically symmetric cluster models with the same observable parameters (core radii and velocity dispersions), and that they are similarly efficient as singular isothermal spheres with the same velocity-dispersion distribution. The influence of source ellipticity is also investigated; we find that the optical depth for arcs with a length-to-width ratio &gt;10 is significantly larger for elliptical than for circular sources. Given these results, we conclude that spherically symmetric lens models for galaxy clusters, adapted to the observable parameters of these clusters, grossly underestimate the frequency of long arcs. We attribute this difference between numerically constructed and simplified analytical lens models to the abundance and the extent of intrinsic asymmetry and to substructure in galaxy clusters.
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12.77516
4.199334
1995-05-01
108
1995A&A...297....1B
[ "long arcs", "arc length", "arc widths", "galaxy clusters", "arcs", "analytical lens models", "clusters", "numerical models", "velocity dispersions", "optical depths" ]
[ "Asymmetry", "Auroral Arcs", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Gravitational Lenses", "Mathematical Models", "Background Radiation", "Cross Sections", "Dark Matter", "Optical Thickness", "Astrophysics", "DARK MATTER", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408082" ]
[ "Bartelmann, Matthias", "Steinmetz, Matthias", "Weiss, Achim" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysick, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysick, Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysick, Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.276.1109D", "1996A&A...313..697B", "1996ApJ...457L...5F", "1996ApJ...463..404W", "1996ApJ...464L.115B", "1996ApJ...469..494E", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173..143B", "1996MNRAS.278.1005S", "1996MNRAS.281.1133G", "1996MNRAS.283..431B", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...319..764H", "1997ApJ...490...56G", "1997ApJ...491..477H", "1997MNRAS.286L...7H", "1997RvMA...10...61B", "1997astro.ph..3014H", "1997gsr..proc...73G", "1998A&A...330....1B", "1998A&A...330..399B", "1998ARA&A..36..599B", "1998ApJ...501..539T", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998MNRAS.294..299W", "1998MNRAS.295..497G", "1998MNRAS.301..389V", "1998NewAR..42...73N", "1998NewAR..42..149V", "1998lsst.conf..333V", "1999A&A...348..351D", "1999A&A...351..413M", "1999A&AS..136..117L", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999Ap&SS.269..513S", "1999ApJ...527..535W", "1999MNRAS.308.1011H", "1999PThPS.133....1H", "1999astro.ph..6329D", "2000ApJ...535..555F", "2000MNRAS.314..338M", "2000MNRAS.319..872M", "2000PhRvD..62d3525B", "2001ApJ...559..572O", "2001ApJ...562..160K", "2001MNRAS.325..435M", "2001MNRAS.328.1001P", "2001astro.ph..2341K", "2001astro.ph..9250M", "2002ApJ...573...51O", "2002ApJ...576..720K", "2002MNRAS.337.1163O", "2003A&A...409..449B", "2003ASPC..301..255B", "2003ApJ...593...48G", "2003ApJ...599....7O", "2003MNRAS.340..105M", "2003astro.ph..4162B", "2004ApJ...606L..93W", "2004MNRAS.349..476T", "2004MNRAS.354..522M", "2004PhDT.........1O", "2005A&A...442..405P", "2005A&A...442..413M", "2005ApJ...627...32S", "2005ApJ...630...38C", "2005ApJ...635..795L", "2005astro.ph..9252S", "2006A&A...447..419F", "2006AJ....131.1974O", "2006ApJ...652...43L", "2006MNRAS.372L..73L", "2007A&A...461...49F", "2007A&A...473..715F", "2007ApJ...654...93H", "2007ApJ...654..714H", "2007ApJ...663...29S", "2007MNRAS.381..171M", "2008A&A...486...35F", "2008ApJ...681.1076D", "2008ApJ...687...22R", "2008MNRAS.388..375A", "2008MNRAS.390..945P", "2009ApJ...690.1764B", "2009MNRAS.392..930O", "2009MNRAS.395.1153P", "2009MNRAS.398.1298P", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2010MNRAS.403..525V", "2011A&A...530A..17M", "2011MNRAS.411.1628D", "2011MNRAS.415.1913D", "2011MNRAS.418...54H", "2012A&A...547A..66R", "2012ApJ...752..104W", "2012MNRAS.419.1983N", "2012MNRAS.423.2308Z", "2013A&A...560A..86D", "2013ApJ...769...52W", "2013MNRAS.433.2975D", "2013MNRAS.434.2971D", "2013SSRv..177...31M", "2014A&A...567A.111M", "2016MNRAS.460.4453S", "2018MNRAS.473.1736K", "2018MNRAS.481.2189D", "2018Univ....4...21B", "2019MNRAS.482.1824S" ]
[ "1982jbor.book.....E", "1985PhDT.........7P", "1988ApJ...324L..37G", "1988ApJ...330..519Z", "1990ApJ...351...10F", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...396...10K", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993A&A...268..391S", "1993A&A...280..351B", "1993ApJ...403..497M", "1993ApJ...403..509M", "1993ApJ...419L...9E", "1993MNRAS.262..187W", "1994A&A...287....1B", "1994ApJ...427..165H", "1994ApJ...435L.109L", "1994MNRAS.267..401N", "1995ApJ...449...18M" ]
1323302
astro-ph/9412067
Axisymmetric galaxy models with central black holes, with an application to M32
The contour integral method of Hunter &amp; Qian is applied to axisymmetric galaxy models in which the distribution function (DF) is of the form f=f(E, L_z), where E and L_z are the classical integrals of motion in an axisymmetric potential. A practical way to construct the unique even part fe(E, L_z) of the two-integral DF for such systems is presented. It is applied to models, both oblate and prolate, in which the mass density is stratified on similar concentric spheroids. The spheroids with scale-free densities are discussed in detail. These provide useful approximations to the behaviour of more realistic models in the limit of small and large radii. The self-consistent case is treated, as well as the case in which there are additional contributions to the potential from a central black hole or dark halo. The two-integral DFs for scale-free densities in a Kepler potential are particularly simple. These can be used to model power-law density cusps near a central black hole, or to model the outer parts of finite-mass systems. The range of axial ratios and density profile slopes is determined for which spheroidal power-law cusps with a central black hole have a physical two-integral DF. More generally, the two-integral DFs are discussed for a set of spheroidal `(alpha,beta)-models', characterized by a power-law density cusp with slope alpha at small radii, and a power-law density fall-off with slope alpha + 2 beta at large radii. As an application, the DF is constructed for the (alpha,beta)-model with a 1.8 x 10^6 M_solar black hole used by van der Marel et al.to interpret their high spatial resolution spectroscopic data for M32. The line-of-sight velocity profiles are calculated. The results confirm that the model fits the data remarkably well. The model is used to calculate the predicted kinematic signatures of a central black hole in M32 in spectroscopic observations through small apertures, such as are now possible with the Faint Object Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope.
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10.033802
5.771391
1995-05-01
85
1995MNRAS.274..602Q
[ "density profile slopes", "axisymmetric galaxy models", "models", "small radii", "slope alpha", "power-law density cusps", "small apertures", "van der Marel et al.to", "a central black hole", "DF" ]
[ "BLACK HOLE PHYSICS", "CELESTIAL MECHANICS", "STELLAR DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: M32", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
12
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.2.602", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9412067" ]
[ "Qian, E. E.", "de Zeeuw, P. T.", "van der Marel, R. P.", "Hunter, C." ]
[ "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Sterrewacht Leiden, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands", "Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA" ]
[ "1995ARA&A..33..581K", "1995MNRAS.274..884V", "1996AJ....112.1085M", "1996ApJ...464L.123B", "1996IAUS..171...47D", "1996IAUS..171..117V", "1996MNRAS.278..488Z", "1996MNRAS.279..673R", "1996MNRAS.280..903D", "1996MNRAS.282..223S", "1996MNRAS.282..909D", "1996MNRAS.283..149Z", "1996MNRAS.283..381V", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1996Sci...271..337M", "1997AJ....113.1279M", "1997ASPC..116..138V", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997ApJ...486..102M", "1997ApJ...487..153V", "1997ApJ...488..119V", "1997MNRAS.287...35R", "1997MNRAS.287..124S", "1997MNRAS.287..543V", "1997Natur.385..610V", "1998AJ....115.1823K", "1998ASPC..136..248G", "1998ApJ...493..613V", "1998CeMDA..72..219D", "1998MNRAS.301..419P", "1998NYASA.867...61H", "1998NYASA.867...85T", "1998astro.ph..8197P", "1999ASSL..234..157H", "1999Ap&SS.267..239D", "1999ApJS..124..383C", "1999CeMDA..73..187Z", "1999MNRAS.303..495E", "1999PASP..111..129M", "2000ApJ...533...62R", "2000ApJ...541..579M", "2000MNRAS.317..488S", "2000MNRAS.319.1067Z", "2001AJ....122.1707G", "2001ApJ...550..668J", "2001ApJ...563...34M", "2001MNRAS.328..511J", "2001bhbg.conf...78D", "2002APh....17..319E", "2002MNRAS.329..513D", "2002MNRAS.331..959V", "2002MNRAS.335..517V", "2002MNRAS.335..928J", "2003ApJ...589..783H", "2003MNRAS.342.1056V", "2003MNRAS.346..746C", "2004ApJ...602...66V", "2004cbhg.symp....1K", "2004cbhg.symp...86S", "2005A&A...432..411B", "2005A&A...437..419C", "2005A&A...443..133R", "2005A&A...443..793G", "2005MNRAS.357.1113K", "2005MNRAS.360.1355T", "2007MNRAS.374..385K", "2007MNRAS.376...71D", "2008MNRAS.383.1343W", "2008MNRAS.390...71C", "2008MNRAS.390...93K", "2009A&A...500..781B", "2009CeMDA.103...31J", "2011ApJ...728L..39N", "2012MNRAS.427..204D", "2013ARA&A..51..511K", "2015MNRAS.447..948C", "2015MNRAS.453..939C", "2017A&A...597A..18T", "2017MNRAS.465.1621P", "2017MNRAS.470.1233P", "2019PhRvD..99d3003P", "2020PhRvD.102l3028P", "2021JCAP...08..031P", "2022A&A...667A..51T", "2024MNRAS.527.2341S" ]
[ "1952AN....280..193F", "1962AdA&A...1..165P", "1962MNRAS.123..447L", "1969efe..book.....C", "1975AJ.....80..783H", "1977AJ.....82..271H", "1980ApJ...242.1232Y", "1982ApJ...259..535T", "1983MNRAS.202..995J", "1984MNRAS.210..711N", "1985MNRAS.216..273D", "1986PhR...133..217D", "1987ApJ...322..632T", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...324..701D", "1988ApJ...327L..55F", "1988ApJ...333...90D", "1988MNRAS.235..949D", "1990A&A...229..441B", "1990ApJ...353..118R", "1990ApJ...361...78B", "1990MNRAS.245..582V", "1991MNRAS.250..812G", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1992A&A...253..366M", "1992AJ....104..552L", "1992MNRAS.254..389R", "1993A&A...271..104B", "1993ApJ...407..525V", "1993ESOC...45..147E", "1993MNRAS.260..191E", "1993MNRAS.262..401H", "1993MNRAS.265..250D", "1994A&A...285..739E", "1994AJ....107..634T", "1994ApJ...432L..91V", "1994MNRAS.267..333E", "1994MNRAS.268..521V", "1994MNRAS.268.1019D", "1994MNRAS.270..271V", "1994MNRAS.270..325C", "1994MNRAS.270..743C", "1994MNRAS.271...99V", "1994MNRAS.271..202E", "1994MNRAS.271..949M", "1994PhDT........55V" ]
11590879
astro-ph/9409075
The observed properties of high-redshift cluster galaxies
We use the semi-analytic models of galaxy formation developed by Kauffmann, White &amp; Guiderdoni to generate predictions for the observed properties of galaxies in clusters and groups at redshifts between 0 and 0.6. We examine four different sets of cosmological initial conditions: a low-density cold dark matter (CDM) model with and without cosmological constant, a flat cold dark matter model (b=1.5) and a mixed dark matter (MDM) model. These models were selected because they span a wide range in cluster formation epoch. The semi-analytic models that we employ are able to follow both the evolution of the dark matter component of clusters and the formation and evolution of the stellar populations of the cluster galaxies. We are thus able to generate model predictions that can be compared directly with the observational data. In the low-density CDM models, clusters form at high redshift and accrete very little mass at recent times. Our models predict that essentially no evolution in the observed properties of clusters will have occurred by a redshift of 0.6, in direct contradiction with the data. In contrast, in the MDM model, both galaxies and clusters form extremely late. This model predicts evolution that appears to be too extreme to be in agreement with the observations. The flat CDM model, which is intermediate in structure formation epoch, is most successful. This model is able to account for the evolution of the blue fraction of rich clusters with redshift, the relationship between blue fraction and cluster richness at different epochs, and the changes in the distribution of the morphologies of cluster galaxies by a redshift of 0.4. In this model, galaxies have assembled most of their mass by a redshift of 1, but rich clusters seen today are still undergoing considerable merging activity at redshifts as low as 0.2.
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12.008755
6.012053
1995-05-01
70
1995MNRAS.274..161K
[ "cluster galaxies", "model predictions", "cluster formation epoch", "rich clusters", "cluster richness", "clusters", "galaxy formation", "high redshift", "a flat cold dark matter model", "structure formation epoch" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.1.161", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409075" ]
[ "Kauffmann, Guinevere" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA" ]
[ "1995MNRAS.274..153K", "1996IAUS..171..265K", "1996MNRAS.280L..43C", "1996MNRAS.281..487K", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1996dmu..conf....1P", "1997A&A...320...41K", "1997ASPC..114...37W", "1997ApJ...486..197B", "1997ApJ...487L..13W", "1997MNRAS.285L...1D", "1997MNRAS.288..702W", "1997MNRAS.292..920W", "1997astro.ph..6161C", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997euvl.conf..219W", "1998A&A...334...87W", "1998ApJ...497..188C", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998MNRAS.293...53T", "1998MNRAS.295..877G", "1998MNRAS.297..427A", "1998egdg.conf..203W", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999ASPC..163..227B", "1999ASPC..193..292E", "1999ApJ...516..591O", "1999ApJ...516..647A", "1999ApJ...518..576P", "1999ApJS..123..437F", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.307...67H", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "1999mdrg.conf..265B", "2000A&A...356..435N", "2000ASPC..200..109C", "2000AdSpR..25..611H", "2000ApJ...531..184K", "2000MNRAS.311..833C", "2000MNRAS.314..611C", "2000MNRAS.317..265M", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000MNRAS.319..539F", "2000RMxAA..36...23A", "2001A&A...367L...5O", "2001A&A...370L..39O", "2001MNRAS.323..999D", "2001MNRAS.327.1041B", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001astro.ph.12547V", "2002ASPC..268..265V", "2002ApJ...566..103N", "2002ApJ...574..104B", "2002RMxAC..13..203O", "2003ApJ...591...53T", "2004bdmh.confE.104P", "2005A&A...429..101S", "2005A&A...430...19F", "2005ApJ...620...78S", "2005ApJ...623..721P", "2005MNRAS.358.1116L", "2006ApJ...642..188P", "2006ApJ...647..934S", "2006MNRAS.366..499D", "2008ApJ...679..279F", "2009ApJ...704..548O", "2009MNRAS.400..937M", "2010ApJ...718...86K", "2015MNRAS.452..701W", "2018MNRAS.477..648T" ]
[ "1977egsp.conf..157F", "1982ApJ...263..533D", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1986ApJ...300..639T", "1986ApJ...302..564S", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1987MNRAS.229..423C", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...330..596L", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1993ApJ...404..521A", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1995MNRAS.274..153K" ]
11579190
astro-ph/9411072
Protogalactic evolution and magnetic fields.
We show that the relatively strong magnetic fields (&gt;=1μG) in high redshift objects can be explained by the combined action of an evolving protogalactic fluctuation and electrodynamic processes providing the magnetic seed fields. Three different seed field mechanisms are reviewed and incorporated into a spherical "top-hat" model and tidal torque theory for the fate of a forming galaxy in an expanding universe. Very weak fields 10^-19^~10^-23^G created in an expanding over-dense region are strongly enhanced due to the dissipative disk formation by a factor ~10^4^, and subsequently amplified by strong non-axisymmetric flow by a factor ~10^6-10^, depending on the cosmological parameters and the epoch of galaxy formation. The resulting field strength at z~0.395 can be of the order of a few μG and be close to this value at z~2.
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14.279174
4.122056
1995-05-01
66
1995A&A...297..305L
[ "strong non-axisymmetric flow", "galaxy formation", "tidal torque theory", "high redshift objects", "electrodynamic processes", "Three different seed field mechanisms", "the magnetic seed fields", "The resulting field strength", "gt;=1μG", "Very weak fields" ]
[ "MHD", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: MAGNETIC FIELDS", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9411072" ]
[ "Lesch, H.", "Chiba, M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996A&A...308..433V", "1996Ap.....39...58A", "1997A&A...321.1007H", "1997A&A...327....1F", "1997ApJ...488..595M", "1998A&A...334..388W", "1998A&A...335..789K", "1999A&A...348..351D", "1999Ap&SS.264..347W", "1999PhRvD..60b1301D", "1999astro.ph..6329D", "1999astro.ph.12260D", "2000A&A...353..108B", "2000ApJ...540..755D", "2000ApJ...543..235H", "2000PhPl....7..701W", "2000Prama..55..575M", "2000ppeu.conf..254T", "2000psc..proc..314T", "2001PhR...348..163G", "2002A&A...393..685B", "2002ChJAA...2..293H", "2002PhPl....9.4285W", "2002PhRvD..65f3505D", "2002RvMP...74..775W", "2003A&A...401..809L", "2003PhRvD..67d3505L", "2004A&A...414....1S", "2004A&A...422...23S", "2004JKAS...37..553L", "2004NewAR..48..763V", "2005ApJ...633..941H", "2005Icar..175...15W", "2005PhRvD..72l3514B", "2005PhRvL..95l1301T", "2006AN....327..410T", "2006ApJ...651..627S", "2006GReGr..38.1029D", "2006Sci...311..827I", "2006astro.ph..1243T", "2007PhRvD..75j3501K", "2008JCAP...02..001B", "2008PhRvD..77d3001C", "2009A&A...494...21A", "2009arXiv0912.2686H", "2010ApJ...716.1438K", "2011MNRAS.415.3189K", "2011NewAR..55...91V", "2012MNRAS.422.2152B", "2013A&A...560A..93G", "2013IAUS..294..225H", "2014ApJ...780..146C", "2015ComAC...2....3G", "2016PhRvD..93d3003B", "2017ASPC..511..264A", "2018MNRAS.479.3343M", "2018PhRvD..98f3534S", "2019PhRvD.100f3523S", "2021FoPh...51...56C", "2021PhRvD.104d3509S", "2021PhRvD.104l3504G", "2022MNRAS.513.3326M", "2022PhRvD.105d3530G", "2022PhRvD.106l3520D", "2023GReGr..55...27K", "2023IJMPD..3250025K" ]
[ "1950ZNatA...5...65B", "1968dms..book.....S", "1969ApJ...155..393P", "1972JETP...34..233M", "1980MNRAS.193..189F", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982ApJ...263..518K", "1986ARA&A..24..459S", "1986ApJ...301...27B", "1986ESASP.251..531K", "1987ARA&A..25..603F", "1987QJRAS..28..197R", "1987nngp.proc..154B", "1989ApJ...342..650P", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990ApJ...363...40S", "1991ApJ...377..365K", "1992ApJ...387..528K", "1992ApJ...388...17W", "1992ApJ...396..606K", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1993A&A...278..561H", "1993A&ARv...4..449W", "1993ApJ...406..407P", "1993PhFlB...5.3779H", "1994A&A...284..731C", "1994RPPh...57..325K" ]
3071512
astro-ph/9409006
The Spatial Distribution, Kinematics, and Dynamics of the Galaxies in the Region of Abell 2634 and 2666
A total of 663 galaxies with known redshifts in a 12^deg^ x 12^deg^ field centered on A2634, including 211 new measurements, are used to study in detail the structure of the region. In it we find six main galaxy concentrations: the nearby clusters A2634 and A2666, two groups in the vicinity of A2634, and two distant clusters at ~18,000 (A2622) and ~37,000 km s^-1^ seen in projection near the core of A2634. For A2634, the most richly sampled of those concentrations, we are able to apply strict cluster membership criteria. Two samples-one containing 200 galaxies within 2^deg^ from the cluster center and a second, magnitude-limited, of 118 galaxies within the central half degree-are used to examine the structure, kinematics, dynamics, and morphological segregation of the cluster. We show that early type galaxies appear to be a relaxed system, while the spiral population eschews the center of the cluster and exhibits both a multimodal velocity distribution and a much larger velocity dispersion than the ellipticals. We propose that the spiral galaxies of A2634 represent a dynamically young cluster population. For the galaxy component of A2634, we find no evidence of significant substructure in the central regions. We also conclude that the adoption of lenient membership criteria that ignore the dynamical complexity of A2634 are unlikely to be responsible for the conflicting results reported on the motion of this cluster with respect to the CMB. The kinematical and dynamical analysis is extended to A2634's close companion, A2666, and the two distant background clusters.
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12.987844
5.220589
1995-05-01
51
1995ApJ...444...41S
[ "strict cluster membership criteria", "A2634", "early type galaxies", "lenient membership criteria", "A2634s close companion", "the cluster center", "two distant clusters", "six main galaxy concentrations", "the nearby clusters", "12^deg^" ]
[ "Astrodynamics", "Distance", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Kinematics", "Spatial Distribution", "Astronomical Spectroscopy", "Classifications", "Elliptical Galaxies", "Galactic Mass", "Spiral Galaxies", "Two Body Problem", "Velocity Distribution", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A2634", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: A2666", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175581", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9409006" ]
[ "Scodeggio, Marco", "Solanes, Jose M.", "Giovanelli, Ricardo", "Haynes, Martha P." ]
[ "Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US", "Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US", "Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US", "Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...453L..77W", "1996AN....317...77B", "1996ApJ...473..670F", "1996AuJPh..49..977S", "1997A&A...327...37S", "1997AJ....113...22G", "1997AJ....113..101S", "1997AJ....113.1197H", "1997AJ....114...25M", "1997AJ....114..482B", "1997ApJ...481L..59B", "1997ApJ...482...41G", "1997MNRAS.287..899L", "1997MNRAS.291..488H", "1997cdc..conf..439G", "1998A&A...331..439A", "1998AJ....116.2728S", "1998ApJ...496..693R", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998MNRAS.293..489S", "1999A&A...349...97N", "1999ApJS..121..287H", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.305..417S", "1999PASP..111..438F", "1999astro.ph..3380G", "2000AJ....120.2269P", "2000ASPC..221..269R", "2000ApJ...533...62R", "2001AJ....121..649G", "2001AJ....122.1718Y", "2001AJ....122.2858O", "2001MNRAS.327..265H", "2002ApJ...567..202E", "2004AJ....127.3273V", "2004AJ....127.3300V", "2004AJ....127.3325V", "2005AJ....129.1311R", "2005ApJS..160..149S", "2005JASS...22..223O", "2005MNRAS.359.1007H", "2007MNRAS.377..843W", "2008AJ....135..588S", "2010A&A...516A...1L", "2011MNRAS.413.1333W", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2015MNRAS.452.1617H", "2016A&A...595A..73B", "2018MNRAS.474.5199L", "2019A&A...631A..16Z", "2020MNRAS.498L..72R" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1970ApJ...162L.149B", "1973ApL....14....7B", "1973MNRAS.164..271R", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1975MNRAS.170...53R", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977A&A....59...23S", "1977ApJ...214..347Y", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJS...42..565D", "1981ApJ...244..805B", "1982AJ.....87..945K", "1982ApJ...257...23B", "1982PASP...94..586O", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...278...37E", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1985AJ.....90.2445G", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1985ApJ...299....5B", "1986AJ.....92..250G", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...302..536A", "1986desd.book.....S", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1988AJ.....95..284D", "1988AJ.....95..985D", "1989AJ.....97..633G", "1989AJ.....97.1279S", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990ApJ...359..257M", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...72..715T", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1991ApJ...367...64W", "1991MNRAS.248..804L", "1991MNRAS.249..755L", "1991MNRAS.252..428E", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1992scma.conf..111B", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993AJ....105.1251W", "1993AJ....105.1271G", "1993AJ....105.1596B", "1993ApJ...402..398S", "1993ApJ...407L..53R", "1993ApJ...410....1S", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...415L..17L", "1993ApJ...416...36P", "1993ApJ...417..427S", "1993ApJ...419....1K", "1993MNRAS.264...71V", "1993PASP..105.1308H" ]
11580363
astro-ph/9408022
The Orientation of Spin Vectors of Galaxies in the Ursa Major Filament
Spin vectors of 60 galaxies in the "Ursa Major filament" are obtained from CCD images and spectroscopic determinations of the directions of rotation. These data are used to remove the fourfold degeneracy introduced by the projected images of galaxies, making possible the complete reconstruction of the galaxy spin vectors. Several possible organizations of spin vectors are investigated by means of statistical analyses of the three-dimensional spin vector maps. The results indicate that there exists no significant alignment of galaxy spin vectors with respect to the supergalactic plane, the supergalactic axis, or the cylindrical axis of the filament itself. No tendency for linear alignment of spin vectors toward any specific direction was detected. We also obtain a statistically negative result for azimuthal, radial, and circular-helical orientation of spin vectors.
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11.252966
5.37569
1995-05-01
20
1995ApJ...445...46H
[ "galaxy spin vectors", "Spin vectors", "spin vectors", "the galaxy spin vectors", "CCD images", "galaxies", "linear alignment", "Several possible organizations", "spectroscopic determinations", "statistical analyses" ]
[ "Alignment", "Attitude (Inclination)", "Galactic Rotation", "Galaxies", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Spin Dynamics", "Charge Coupled Devices", "Data Correlation", "Radial Velocity", "Red Shift", "Spectrum Analysis", "Statistical Analysis", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "Astrophysics" ]
17
[ "10.1086/175671", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408022" ]
[ "Han, Cheongho", "Gould, Andrew", "Sackett, Penny D." ]
[ "Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, US", "Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, US", "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, US" ]
[ "1998A&A...339..709G", "1998AJ....116.1094C", "1999AJ....118...46C", "1999ApJS..121..445T", "1999MNRAS.303...50G", "2000ApJ...532L...5L", "2000ApJ...543L.107P", "2000ApJ...545..561C", "2001ApJ...555..106L", "2002ASSL..276..119V", "2003A&A...403..847B", "2005ApJ...627..647B", "2006Ap&SS.302...43H", "2010ApJ...720..522H", "2010MNRAS.408..897J", "2011IJMPD..20.1643G", "2012JPhSt..16.4901P", "2018AstSR..14...87T", "2022MNRAS.516.2281S", "2023ApJ...943...32J" ]
[ "1969ApJ...155..393P", "1972ApJ...175..627R", "1975AJ.....80..477H", "1978AJ.....83..732S", "1978ApJ...220..798S", "1978IAUS...79..448J", "1978MNRAS.184..643D", "1982A&A...107..338B", "1982ApJ...252...75H", "1982MNRAS.198..605M", "1983A&A...118...33K", "1983ApJ...274L...7D", "1984ApJ...286...38W", "1986MNRAS.222..525F", "1987ApJ...319..575B", "1987ang..book.....T", "1989ApJS...69...65H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103..393M", "1992AJ....104..935T", "1993MNRAS.264..865D", "1993MNRAS.265..874G" ]
11580384
astro-ph/9408100
An Extended Galactic Population of Low-Luminosity X-Ray Sources (CVs?) and the Diffuse X-Ray Background
Summary of abstract: The existence of a new population of yet unrecognized x-ray sources has been often suggested to resolve some pecularities in the properties of the x-ray background (XRB), and has recently been indicated by an analysis of resolved sources in deep ROSAT observations (Hasinger \etal 1993). We investigate the possibility that the indicated new population of x-ray sources is Galactic in origin, and derive its properties which would resolve the discrepancy found in the number counts of faint sources, and be consistent with observational constraints on the total background intensity, the XRB anisotropy, the number of unidentified bright sources, the Galaxy's total x-ray luminosity, and with the results of fluctuation analyses of the unresolved XRB. We find that a flattened Galactic halo (or a thick disk) distribution with a scale height of a few Kpc satisfies all the above requirements. The typical x-ray luminosity of the sources is $\approx 10^{30-31}$ erg/s in the 0.5-2 KeV band, the number density of sources in the Solar vicinity is $\sim 10^{-4.5} pc^{-3}$, their total number in the Galaxy is $\sim 10^{8.5}$, and they contribute $\sim 10^{39}$ erg/s to the Galaxy's total x-ray luminosity. We discuss the possible nature of these sources (subdwarfs, LMXBs, old neutron stars), and argue that the inferred x-ray and optical luminosities of the sources, their $\sim 2-4$ KeV spectrum, and the derived local number density and spatial distribution are all consistent with them being intrinsicly faint cataclysmic variables with low accretion rates. We discuss the possible origin of such population, including an origin from disrupted globular clusters or dark clusters, make predictions, and suggest observational tests.
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14.503886
6.412017
1995-05-01
10
1995ApJ...444..183M
[ "x-ray sources", "resolved sources", "faint sources", "sources", "unidentified bright sources", "yet unrecognized x-ray sources", "The typical x-ray luminosity", "the x-ray background", "the Galaxys total x-ray luminosity", "such population" ]
[ "Background Radiation", "Diffuse Radiation", "Galactic Structure", "Milky Way Galaxy", "Populations", "X Ray Astronomy", "X Ray Sources", "Cataclysmic Variables", "Faint Objects", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "Neutron Stars", "X Ray Stars", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXY: HALO", "STARS: NOVAE", "CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "X-RAYS: STARS", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175593", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408100" ]
[ "Maoz, Eyal", "Grindlay, Jonathan E." ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...451..553V", "1995ApJ...451..739Z", "1996ApJ...471..248Z", "1997A&A...320..705S", "1997A&A...321..696D", "1997MNRAS.287...10W", "1997MNRAS.288..273P", "1998A&A...329...74D", "1998ChGeo.144...81C", "2016ASSP...42..257D" ]
[ "1962PhRvL...9..439G", "1972ApJ...174L.101B", "1973asqu.book.....A", "1977ApJ...215..885T", "1980Natur.283..337H", "1981ApJ...243..234J", "1981gask.book.....M", "1982ApJ...255..111W", "1982ApJ...260..111I", "1983ARA&A..21...13B", "1984AdSpR...3j..19G", "1984ApJ...276..427B", "1984ApJ...278..137H", "1984ApJS...54..443P", "1984MNRAS.207..223G", "1985ApJ...292..535P", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1985MNRAS.213..613L", "1986ApJ...305..526K", "1986ApJ...307..170D", "1987AJ.....93...74S", "1987ApJ...316...23C", "1987ApJ...318...93H", "1987PhR...146..215B", "1988MNRAS.230..189B", "1989ARA&A..27...87F", "1989ApJ...336L..47P", "1989MNRAS.237..119B", "1990ARA&A..28..657M", "1990ApJ...348..485P", "1990ApJ...348..625H", "1990ApJ...353...81R", "1990ApJ...354L..37M", "1990ApJ...356..623H", "1990ApJ...360..483G", "1990ApJ...364..251H", "1990ApJ...365..704S", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1990LNP...369...57S", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1990MNRAS.245..305J", "1990hrxr.conf..276G", "1991A&A...246L...2H", "1991ApJ...379..564W", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1991MNRAS.250..241S", "1991Natur.353..315S", "1991Sci...251..537S", "1992MNRAS.257..507C", "1992xrb..work..187S", "1993A&A...275....1H", "1993ARA&A..31...93V", "1993ApJ...409L..37W", "1993MNRAS.260...49B", "1993MNRAS.260..376C", "1993Natur.361..136O", "1994AIPC..308..339G", "1994ApJ...423..274D", "1994ApJ...428L...5M", "1994ApJ...431L..87K", "1994ApJ...433..670W", "1994ApJ...437..781F", "1994Natur.369..127L", "1995ApJ...442L...5M" ]
1952754
null
Optical Spectroscopy of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. I. Nuclear Data
A spectroscopic survey of a large sample of luminous infrared galaxies [log (L_ir_/L_sun_)^7^ ~ 10.5-12.5; H_0_ = 75 km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^] has been carried out using the Palomar 5 m telescope,, and the University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope. Long-slit spectra covering 375o-8000 A at a resolution of ~10 A were obtained of 200 IRAS galaxies, including 114 objects from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey, and 86 objects with fainter infrared fluxes selected on the basis of their "warm" far-infrared (S_60_/S_100_) colors. The methods of observation and data reduction are discussed. An atlas of the spectra extracted from the nuclear region of these objects is presented along with a large number of parameters describing the properties of the emission lines, the stellar absorption lines, and the continuum emission that were measured from the spectra. An analysis of these data is presented in a companion paper (Veilleux et al. 1995) along with a discussion of the spatial variations of these parameters in a subsample of twenty-three objects.
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13.384321
7.594656
1995-05-01
186
1995ApJS...98..129K
[ "luminous infrared galaxies", "fainter infrared fluxes", "Veilleux et al", "parameters", "_", "IRAS", "m", "Palomar", "H_0", "the IRAS Bright Galaxy Survey" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
6
[ "10.1086/192157" ]
[ "Kim, D. -C.", "Sanders, D. B.", "Veilleux, S.", "Mazzarella, J. M.", "Soifer, B. T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1973rngc.book.....S", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1982PASP...94..586O", "1982euse.book.....L", "1985ApJ...293L..11M", "1985MNRAS.213....1W", "1986ApJ...303L..41S", "1987A&AS...70...95D", "1987AJ.....94..854V", "1987ApJ...320..238S", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1988AJ.....95..356C", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1990AJ....100...70C", "1990ApJS...73..359C", "1991AJ....101..354S", "1991ApJ...369..331V", "1991ApJ...370..158S", "1992ifss.book.....M", "1993ApJS...89....1R", "1995ApJS...98..171V" ]
1939795
null
Evolutionary Population Synthesis in Stellar Systems. II. Early-Type Galaxies
In this work we present an articulated analysis addressing the general problem of the present evolutionary status of early-type galaxies (ETGs). This relies on the original approach to stellar evolutionary population synthesis developed in Buzzoni(1989). Optical and infrared synthetic colors and spectral indices are analyzed in some detail exploring their selective sensitivity to the distinctive parameters of the stellar populations. We demonstrate that, among broadband colors, B - V is the best tracer of age while V - K is the most effective tracer of metallicity. Also the infrared indices of the CO and H_2_O features are implemented supplying a grid of 78 theoretical models for simple stellar populations (SSPs). It is shown that they have a direct impact both on the study of the stellar mass loss modulating post-main-sequence evolution and internal reddening, as well as on the determination of the initial mass function (IMF) and the M/L ratio of galaxy stellar populations through the study of the dwarf star contribution. The relevant case of the template galaxy M32 is discussed in detail, dealing with the well-known "age-metallicity dilemma" for a confident discrimination of the combined effects on the galaxy spectral energy distribution. ETGs are found to be fully consistent with old (15 Gyr) stellar populations, confirming that metallicity is the main parameter governing the observed color distribution. The typical value of [Fe/H] is about or slightly higher than the solar value([Fe/H] = +0.10+/-0.35). Cluster ellipticals are found to be coeval within a +/-20% uncertainty, while a larger spread in age is found for field ETGs with a mean age of 11.5 Gyr. About three-fourths of the ETG population in the field should be older than 10 Gyr, and only 2% younger than 5 Gyr. Stellar populations in ETGs seem consistent with a Salpeter or with a slightly flatter IMF (s &lt;= 2.35) with a spread in the power-law index {DELTA}S &lt;= +/-1. Dwarf-dominated populations are definitely ruled out, at least in the core of the galaxies. The case of composite stellar populations to fit real galaxies is accounted for, deriving a contribution from the metal-poor stellar component to the galactic spectral energy distribution of typically 5%. Luminosity evolution of ETGs follows a power law such as partial derivative of (M_v_) with respect to (lnt) = 1.30 - 0.27 (s - 1) which exactly matches Tinsley &amp; Gunn's (1976) former results. Evolutionary (e + k)-corrections are given in the Johnson B, V, and K bands and in the Gunn g, r, and i system, allowing us to track the expected apparent evolution in magnitude and color for six different cosmological models.
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11.811809
6.769187
1995-05-01
114
1995ApJS...98...69B
[ "galaxy stellar populations", "Stellar populations", "simple stellar populations", "composite stellar populations", "stellar evolutionary population synthesis", "real galaxies", "spectral indices", "broadband colors", "color", "the stellar populations" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT" ]
2
[ "10.1086/192155" ]
[ "Buzzoni, Alberto" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.3035T", "1995ApJ...453L..69Y", "1996A&AS..119..391M", "1996AJ....111.1529G", "1996AJ....112.1975G", "1996ASPC...98..467W", "1996ApJ...456L..79P", "1996ApJ...461..176C", "1996ApJ...463L..59E", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996IAUS..171...37D", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...321..343A", "1997AJ....113..985D", "1997AJ....114..474G", "1997ApJ...475..399T", "1997ApJ...476...12H", "1997ApJ...477L..17S", "1997ApJ...486..201Y", "1997ApJ...489..822B", "1997ApJS..109..397A", "1997ChA&A..21..285X", "1997MNRAS.285..151G", "1997MNRAS.288..161J", "1997Natur.387..159R", "1997astro.ph..4227G", "1997astro.ph.11072B", "1998A&A...330..447M", "1998A&A...334..805L", "1998A&A...338..874M", "1998A&AS..130..251L", "1998ASPC..142...89W", "1998Ap&SS.262..271G", "1998ApJ...496..635S", "1998ApJ...505..111J", "1998ApJS..116....1T", "1998MNRAS.301.1001S", "1998RvMA...11..267S", "1998astro.ph.11382B", "1999A&A...343..720A", "1999A&A...348L...5I", "1999A&A...349..751S", "1999A&AS..140..155M", "1999AIPC..470..299M", "1999ASPC..163..268M", "1999ApJ...513..224V", "1999IAUS..183..134B", "1999MNRAS.306..199J", "1999MNRAS.306..607J", "2000A&A...356....1B", "2000AJ....120..998L", "2000ASSL..255..275M", "2000ApJ...540..715R", "2000MNRAS.312L...9M", "2000PhST...85..156M", "2000fepc.conf...52M", "2001A&A...368...74M", "2001A&A...369..812R", "2001A&A...375....1S", "2001A&A...379..781R", "2001A&A...380..425M", "2001Ap&SS.276..893M", "2001ApJ...562..689P", "2001MNRAS.320..193B", "2001PASP..113.1365B", "2002A&A...391..453P", "2002AJ....123.1188B", "2002AJ....124.2664L", "2002ASSL..274...39R", "2002ASSL..274..189B", "2002ASSL..274..269L", "2002ApJ...571..107B", "2003A&A...403..449A", "2003A&A...405..455F", "2003A&A...409..511C", "2003egcs.conf..261L", "2004MNRAS.350..710Z", "2005A&A...436..535G", "2005AJ....130..554F", "2005MNRAS.356...41C", "2005MNRAS.357..945G", "2005MNRAS.361..725B", "2005RMxAC..24..129V", "2005astro.ph..9602B", "2006A&A...457..809S", "2006ARA&A..44..141R", "2006BaltA..15...49B", "2006MNRAS.368..877B", "2007A&A...464..507M", "2007ASPC..374..311B", "2007ASPC..374..399B", "2007ApJ...657.1046C", "2007arXiv0708.0193G", "2007arXiv0710.1318R", "2007arXiv0712.1859L", "2008ApJ...685..752G", "2008ApJ...686.1007B", "2009A&A...508.1285G", "2009ASSP....7...51G", "2009ASSP....7..239R", "2009ApJ...703L.127B", "2009RAA.....9..191L", "2009RMxAC..37...83S", "2009RMxAC..37..110B", "2010MNRAS.404.1639V", "2011MNRAS.415.1155B", "2012A&A...546A..31P", "2012ApJ...749...35B", "2012MNRAS.420.3427B", "2015MNRAS.449..296B", "2015MNRAS.449.1177V", "2016A&A...589A.108C", "2020MNRAS.493.5807C", "2020NewA...8101417T" ]
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1950690
null
Interpretation of the Faint Galaxy Number Counts in the K Band
Number counts of K(2.2 micron)-selected galaxies reaching to K = 23 mag are compared to model predictions which take into account the selection bias against high-redshift galaxies inherent in the methods used to detect faint galaxy images. Using a standard model for galaxy luminosity evolution with a constant comoving density of galaxies, we find that these number count data favor a flat, low-density {OMEGA}_0_~0.2 universe with a nonzero cosmological constant. We argue that the agreement with the model predictions for a low-density universe considerably diminishes any need to introduce a hypothetical population to explain the excess galaxies found in deep blue surveys.
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12.553519
6.197217
1995-05-01
41
1995ApJ...444...15Y
[ "galaxy luminosity evolution", "galaxies", "faint galaxy images", "model predictions", "Number counts", "high-redshift galaxies", "deep blue surveys", "the excess galaxies", "a constant comoving density", "the model predictions" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Counting", "Extremely High Frequencies", "Galactic Evolution", "Galaxies", "Universe", "Astronomical Models", "Detection", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Space Density", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "SURVEYS" ]
3
[ "10.1086/175579" ]
[ "Yoshii, Yuzuru", "Peterson, Bruce A." ]
[ "University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan", "University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan" ]
[ "1996A&A...315...21V", "1996A&A...316....1V", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...460..303T", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996MNRAS.279.1357L", "1996MNRAS.281..953P", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1996PhyA..226..195S", "1997Ap&SS.252..139L", "1997ApJ...475..445M", "1997ApJ...489..485C", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...505...50B", "1998ApJ...507...46S", "1998PhR...293...61S", "1998RvMA...11...83F", "1999A&A...349..751S", "1999ApJ...510...42C", "1999ApJ...511..574H", "1999PThPS.133..115C", "2001ApJ...557..505N", "2001ApJ...559..592T", "2001sgrb.conf..287S", "2002AJ....123.2903O", "2002ApJ...570..470T", "2002ApJ...578..675N", "2002PThPh.108..103T", "2003ASSL..288..309G", "2006A&A...458..385C", "2010AN....331..837B", "2010MNRAS.401.1429D", "2013ApJ...773..152F", "2013JCAP...10..043R", "2014GReGr..46.1731D", "2014SAAS...37....1B", "2014msu..book..119R", "2015CaJPh..93..250M", "2016MNRAS.462...75S", "2017hsn..book.2623D", "2021SHPSA..88..220M" ]
[ "1961ApJ...133..355S", "1972gcpa.book.....W", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1983ApJ...273..105B", "1986A&A...164..260A", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...326....1Y", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1990ApJ...360L...1C", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991AJ....101.1595J", "1991AJ....102..445P", "1991ASIC..348..257C", "1991ASIC..348..267Y", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991PhST...36..102C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992PThPh..88..283Y", "1993ASPC...51..328C", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994ApJ...434..114C", "1994MNRAS.266...65G" ]
1951222
null
The Local Metallicity--Surface Brightness Relationship in Galactic Disks
We present the results of a first attempt to employ multiaperture masks to obtain spectrophotometry of H II regions in nearby galaxies. A total of 97 H II regions in six southern spiral galaxies were observed using a combination of multiaperture masks and conventional long-slit spectrophotometry. The oxygen abundances derived from the multiaperture mask observations using the empirical abundance diagnostic R_23_ are shown to be consistent with those from long-slit spectra and generally show better reproducibility and object definition. Although the number of objects that can be observed simultaneously with this particular system is still quite limited compared with either imaging spectrophotometry or fiber-fed spectrographs, the spectral resolution offered and high throughput in the blue help make multiaperture spectrophotometry a competitive technique for increasing the sampling of H II regions in both radial distance and luminosity. There is still no clear trend of abundance gradient with either the galaxy's luminosity or its Hubble type, although the extrapolated central abundance does appear to correlate with galaxy luminosity/mass. In order to avoid the difficulty in choosing an appropriate normalizing radius, we instead plot the oxygen abundance against the underlying I-band surface brightness at the radial distance of the H II region and confirm the existence of a local metallicity-surface brightness relationship within the disks of spiral galaxies. Although the simple closed-box model of galaxy evolution predicts almost the right form of this relationship, a more realistic multizone model employing exponentially decreasing gas infall provides a more satisfactory fit to the observational data, provided the expected enriched gas return from dying low-mass stars shedding their envelopes at late epochs is properly taken into account.This same model, with a star formation law based upon self- regulating star formation in a three-dimensional disk (Dopita &amp; Ryder 1994), is equally capable of accounting for the observed relationship between recent massive star formation and stellar surface brightness (Ryder &amp; Dopita 1994).
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11.191972
8.464124
1995-05-01
75
1995ApJ...444..610R
[ "H II regions", "multiaperture spectrophotometry", "galaxy luminosity", "multiaperture masks", "recent massive star formation", "self- regulating star formation", "spiral galaxies", "abundance gradient", "galaxy evolution", "stellar surface brightness" ]
[ "Accretion Disks", "Brightness Distribution", "Galactic Evolution", "H Ii Regions", "Metallicity", "Spiral Galaxies", "Abundance", "Data Reduction", "Galactic Mass", "Oxygen", "Star Formation", "Stellar Envelopes", "Stellar Spectrophotometry", "Astronomy", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "ISM: H II REGIONS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175634" ]
[ "Ryder, Stuart D." ]
[ "University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, US" ]
[ "1996ASPC..112...73E", "1996ApJ...460..284R", "1996ApJ...462..147S", "1996ApJ...466..668M", "1996ApJ...468..598M", "1996MNRAS.281..362P", "1997A&A...321..363M", "1997A&A...322...41C", "1997A&A...326..449M", "1997ASSL..212..211N", "1997ApJ...486..259E", "1997ApJ...487..579H", "1997ApJ...489...63G", "1997PASA...14..133R", "1998ASPC..147...78G", "1998ASPC..147...83R", "1998ApJ...497..650D", "1998ApJ...501..643D", "1998salg.conf..457S", "1999A&A...350..827P", "1999ASPC..170..383E", "1999ApJ...514..781M", "1999ApJ...516...62D", "1999MNRAS.310..175T", "1999cezh.conf..139G", "2000ApJ...537..589K", "2000ApJ...538..141M", "2000MNRAS.313..338P", "2001A&A...370....1S", "2001A&A...370.1103A", "2001AJ....122.1644D", "2001ApJ...548L.159B", "2002AJ....123.2302M", "2002ASSL..274..139P", "2002ApJ...581.1019G", "2002astro.ph.11148G", "2003ApJ...585L...5H", "2003astro.ph..2093M", "2003astro.ph..9104V", "2004A&A...421..571H", "2004A&A...425..849P", "2004ARep...48..353K", "2004NewAR..48..861D", "2005MNRAS.358..521M", "2005MNRAS.358.1337R", "2006A&A...459..103L", "2006ApJ...645.1062F", "2006ApJ...649..709S", "2010ApJ...715..506M", "2010ApJS..190..233M", "2011arXiv1112.3300M", "2012A&A...544A..74M", "2012ApJ...752...64H", "2012MNRAS.420.3091B", "2013MNRAS.431.2006K", "2014A&A...572A..75K", "2014AJ....147..131P", "2014AJ....148..134P", "2014MNRAS.444..757K", "2015A&A...582A..35Z", "2015ApJ...799...19Q", "2015MNRAS.454.3664B", "2016arXiv160207841G", "2017A&A...608A.127P", "2018PASA...35...15Y", "2019A&A...623A...7Z", "2019A&A...623A.122P", "2020ARA&A..58...99S", "2020ApJ...893...96B", "2021RMxAA..57....3S", "2022A&A...668A...5P", "2022ApJ...929..118G", "2022arXiv220913967P", "2023A&A...676A..57P", "2023MNRAS.519.4801C" ]
[ "1963ApJ...137..758S", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972NPhS..236....7L", "1972Natur.236...21L", "1974ApJS...27...21O", "1975MNRAS.172...13P", "1977egsp.conf...97L", "1978ApJ...219.1008A", "1978ApJ...221..554T", "1979A&A....78..200A", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981A&A....98....1M", "1981A&A....99..177N", "1982A&AS...50..451R", "1982MNRAS.198..127M", "1982PASP...94..715F", "1982PhDT........35M", "1983ApJ...269..466K", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983MNRAS.204..743W", "1984MNRAS.209...93S", "1984MNRAS.211..507E", "1984PhDT........95W", "1985ApJ...288..438E", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJ...295L...5D", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1986A&A...154..279M", "1986ApJ...307..431D", "1986ApJS...61..159C", "1988PASP..100..626R", "1988PASP..100..841R", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989AJ.....97...97Z", "1989ApJ...341..722W", "1989RMxAA..18..145M", "1989epg..conf..356E", "1990AJ.....99.1108Z", "1990MNRAS.243..468S", "1990bdm..proc..159C", "1990ismg.conf..437D", "1991ApJ...380..140M", "1991ApJS...75..407M", "1991ApJS...76.1085M", "1991MNRAS.251...84P", "1991RC3...C......0D", "1992AJ....104...92S", "1992ApJ...384..508R", "1992ApJ...397..463M", "1992ApJS...78...61B", "1992MNRAS.259..121V", "1992PhDT.......259B", "1992mpcg.work..461D", "1993A&A...268...65F", "1993ApJ...406..580W", "1993ApJ...411..137O", "1993ApJS...88..415R", "1993PhDT.......149R", "1993prpl.conf...75G", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...424..599M", "1994ApJ...426..135M", "1994ApJ...430..142R", "1994ApJ...430..163D", "1994ApJ...430L.105F", "1995ApJ...438..170H" ]
1951176
null
Statistics of Close Galaxy Pairs from a Faint-Galaxy Redshift Survey
The statistics of galaxy pairs and the merging fraction are examined in a magnitude-limited sample of galaxies with redshift measurements. The sample has a magnitude limit of r = 21.5 mag and an average redshift of 0.38. The fraction of galaxies in physical close pairs with projected separation less than 20 h^-1^ kpc is estimated to be ~15%. About 60% of these pairs are physically within 20 h^-1^ kpc of each other and represent the most likely merging population. Using statistics from UGC galaxies as representative of the current epoch, the close pair fraction is estimated to evolve as (1 + z)^4.0+/-1.5^, in general agreement with previous investigations based solely on direct images. Separating the galaxies into subsamples according to redshift produces essentially identical results. The average g - r colors and luminosities of paired and isolated galaxies are found to be nearly identical, with only suggestive differences. However, as up to 2/3 of the paired galaxies may be optical pairs or physical pairs that are not merging, this lack of difference between paired and isolated galaxies may be attributed to contamination.
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11.564808
6.136135
1995-05-01
85
1995ApJ...445...37Y
[ "galaxy pairs", "UGC galaxies", "physical close pairs", "galaxies", "physical pairs", "optical pairs", "paired and isolated galaxies", "redshift measurements", "previous investigations", "only suggestive differences" ]
[ "Faint Objects", "Galactic Clusters", "Interacting Galaxies", "Luminosity", "Red Shift", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Statistical Analysis", "Astronomical Catalogs", "Brightness", "Data Correlation", "Distance", "Stellar Magnitude", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/175670" ]
[ "Yee, H. K. C.", "Ellingson, E." ]
[ "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada" ]
[ "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...460...94L", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1997ASPC..114..111D", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJS..108...99D", "1998AJ....115.1329S", "1998AJ....116.1513W", "1998AJ....116.2659P", "1998AstL...24..153R", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998astro.ph..4121C", "1999ASPC..156..113G", "1999Ap&SS.265..417C", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999IAUS..186...11A", "1999PhR...321....1S", "2000A&A...353...92R", "2000ASPC..197..327L", "2000ApJ...530..652H", "2000ApJ...532L...1C", "2000ApJ...536..153P", "2000MNRAS.311..565L", "2001ApJ...546..223G", "2001ApJ...561..517K", "2002ApJ...565..208P", "2002ApJ...571....1M", "2002ApJ...574..527L", "2002sdef.conf..139H", "2003ChPhL..20.1652S", "2003IJMPD..12..101D", "2003MNRAS.346.1189L", "2004AJ....127.1883A", "2004ApJ...601L.123B", "2004ApJ...603L..73X", "2004ApJ...612..679L", "2004ApJ...617L...9L", "2004MNRAS.352.1081A", "2005AJ....130.1516D", "2006ApJ...652...56B", "2006ApJ...652..864H", "2006MNRAS.367.1029S", "2006astro.ph..5333X", "2007ApJ...659..931B", "2007ApJS..172..320K", "2008ApJ...677.1040D", "2008ApJ...678..751R", "2008ApJ...680...41D", "2008ApJ...681..232L", "2008ApJ...683...33H", "2008MNRAS.386..577F", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2008MNRAS.391.1489K", "2009ApJ...691.1828P", "2009ApJ...692..511W", "2009ApJ...695.1559D", "2009ApJ...698..956C", "2009arXiv0901.4545D", "2010ApJ...709.1067B", "2010ApJ...713..330X", "2011A&A...535A..60H", "2011ApJ...726....1B", "2011ApJ...735..123F", "2012A&A...539A..45L", "2012MNRAS.426.1647B", "2013ApJ...762...43K", "2013BaltA..22..123D", "2013MNRAS.433.3547D", "2014MNRAS.438.1784M", "2014RMxAA..50..237D", "2015ApJ...804...34H", "2018MNRAS.481.2458D", "2019ApJ...876..110D", "2021MNRAS.501.1046M", "2021MNRAS.506...98K", "2022BAAA...63..168A", "2023A&A...679A.142O", "2023MNRAS.526..198Y", "2023arXiv230611045K", "2024ApJ...963..141Z", "2024arXiv240608213Y", "2024arXiv240709472D" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1977ApJ...211..311R", "1977egsp.conf..401T", "1978MNRAS.182..181B", "1984ApJ...285..426B", "1985ApJ...288..456K", "1986ApJS...62..301S", "1987AJ.....94.1461Y", "1988ApJ...331..699B", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1990ApJ...359L...1C", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJS...92...33E", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C" ]
1951156
null
Signatures of White Dwarf Galaxy Halos
Population synthesis models are combined with constraints from deep galaxy surveys to show that only a small fraction (&lt;~10%) of the dark mass in present-day galaxy halos could be in the form of white dwarf remnants of intermediate-mass stars. The bright early phases of halos containing such stars imply that they should be detectable in deep galaxy counts, especially in the near-infrared. Signatures of dark baryonic halos include luminous, low surface brightness galaxies and helium-enriched gas that has either collapsed into cold, dense clouds or else has been ejected into intergalactic space.
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5.587581
11.506674
1995-05-01
94
1995ApJ...445..124C
[ "deep galaxy surveys", "deep galaxy counts", "dark baryonic halos", "halos", "white dwarf remnants", "such stars", "present-day galaxy halos", "luminous, low surface brightness galaxies", "Population synthesis models", "intergalactic space" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Dark Matter", "Density Distribution", "Galactic Evolution", "Galactic Halos", "White Dwarf Stars", "Brightness Distribution", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Red Shift", "Star Distribution", "Star Formation Rate", "Stellar Evolution", "Stellar Models", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: HALO", "STARS: WHITE DWARFS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175677" ]
[ "Charlot, Stephane", "Silk, Joseph" ]
[ "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US", "University of California, Berkeley, CA, US" ]
[ "1996ApJ...464..218M", "1996ApJ...466L..55F", "1996ApJ...468..586A", "1996ApJ...468L..21C", "1996ApJ...473L..99N", "1996NuPhS..51..131P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...322..709K", "1997ASPC..117..242F", "1997ASPC..117..578W", "1997ASSL..214..113I", "1997ASSL..214..121C", "1997ApJ...482...98G", "1997ApJ...483..625F", "1997ApJ...484L..11D", "1997ApJ...486..697A", "1997ApJ...487L.139N", "1997ApJ...488L..35C", "1997ApJ...490..143B", "1997MNRAS.291L...8G", "1997NuPhA.621..580F", "1997PhR...279...67R", "1997dmap.conf..204F", "1998A&A...329...81F", "1998A&A...330..953M", "1998ApJ...499....7G", "1998ApJ...500...59D", "1998ApJ...503..239I", "1998ApJ...503L.139H", "1998ApJ...503L.155K", "1998ApJ...509L.101H", "1998Natur.394..860H", "1998NewA....3..347F", "1998PThPh..99..963N", "1998PhR...307..155J", "1998PhRvD..58f3003I", "1998SSRv...84..219F", "1998astro.ph..1103C", "1998astro.ph..8273H", "1998pnge.conf..219F", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999AIPC..478..305Z", "1999ASPC..165...27S", "1999ASPC..165..399C", "1999ASPC..165..426K", "1999ASPC..182..391H", "1999ASPC..193..475M", "1999ApJ...511L.107S", "1999ApJ...513L.103C", "1999ApJ...516..195C", "1999ApJ...516..863V", "1999ApJ...524L..95I", "1999MNRAS.306L..15C", "1999NewA....4..265A", "1999NuPhB.564..185M", "1999NuPhS..70...14S", "1999NuPhS..77..402S", "1999PThPS.133..211N", "1999PThPh.102..983I", "1999PhLB..452...83F", "1999PhRvD..59l4014J", "1999PhRvD..60h3512I", "1999RvMP...71..421S", "1999astro.ph.11149G", "1999dmap.conf..375B", "1999dmap.conf..397F", "2000ApJ...537..708G", "2000MNRAS.312L...9M", "2000NuPhB.564..185M", "2000NuPhS..80...95S", "2000NuPhS..80C0305F", "2000PhR...333..183F", "2000PhST...85..254S", "2000SHEP...15....1S", "2001A&A...377..132M", "2001ASPC..239...37C", "2001ASPC..239..271G", "2001ApJ...547..786G", "2001ApJ...548...19N", "2001IAUS..204..359M", "2001astro.ph..7358K", "2001pteu.conf..267C", "2002A&A...395..779M", "2002A&ARv..11...33K", "2002ApJ...569..432M", "2003ARA&A..41..465H", "2003ApJ...595..794V", "2003CQGra..20R.301S", "2004A&A...426...65C", "2004PASA...21..153L", "2004PhR...399....1H", "2007A&A...471..151C", "2008A&A...486..427T", "2010A&A...511A..88T" ]
[ "1971AcA....21....1P", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1981ApJ...251...61C", "1983ApJ...265..730B", "1983Natur.306..669G", "1984ApJ...277..355W", "1985ApJ...299..303S", "1985NuPhB.252...81C", "1986ASSL..128....9D", "1986ASSL..128..471S", "1986ApJ...303...56H", "1986RSPTA.320..447V", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1989A&A...214..106M", "1990ARA&A..28..103W", "1990ApJ...353...81R", "1990MNRAS.247...91L", "1991A&A...243..344B", "1991A&A...250..113M", "1991ARA&A..29..409F", "1991ApJ...372..448S", "1992AJ....104.1543F", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...388..354R", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992MNRAS.255..105K", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1992Natur.358..383R", "1993A&A...268..833M", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415..797N", "1993ApJ...417..102M", "1993ApJ...419L..57C", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1993Natur.365..623A", "1993PNAS...90.4814R", "1994A&A...285...79P", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ARA&A..32..531C", "1994ApJ...420L...1S", "1994ApJ...436..262M", "1994MNRAS.266..399F", "1994Natur.371..493H" ]
1951180
null
Time Delay in the Einstein Ring PKS 1830-211
We present radio observations of the gravitational lens PKS 1830-211 at 8.4 and 15 GHz acquired using the Very Large Array. The observations were made over a 13 month period. Significant flux density changes over this period provide strong constraints on the time delay between the two lensed images and suggest a value of 44 +/- 9 days. This offers new direct evidence that this source is indeed a gravitational lens. The lens distance is dependent upon the model chosen, but reasonable limits on the mass of the lensing galaxy suggest that it is unlikely to be at a redshift less than a few tenths, and may well be significantly more distant.
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13.70292
4.34855
1995-05-01
41
1995ApJ...444..561V
[ "new direct evidence", "Significant flux density changes", "radio observations", "strong constraints", "reasonable limits", "the gravitational lens", "the lensing galaxy", "a gravitational lens", "The lens distance", "the time delay" ]
[ "Gravitational Lenses", "Image Processing", "Radio Astronomy", "Time Lag", "Calibrating", "Flux Density", "Galactic Mass", "Mass Distribution", "Red Shift", "Very Large Array (Vla)", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL ALPHANUMERIC: PKS 1830-211", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175630" ]
[ "van Ommen, T. D.", "Jones, D. L.", "Preston, R. A.", "Jauncey, D. L." ]
[ "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US", "California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US" ]
[ "1996ApJ...470L..23J", "1996ApJ...472L...5L", "1996FCPh...17....1W", "1996IAUS..173..341H", "1996IAUS..173..347L", "1996MNRAS.282..530G", "1997A&AS..124..307R", "1997ApJ...484..140M", "1997ApJ...488L..31G", "1997ApJ...489...21B", "1997VA.....41..281G", "1997astro.ph..7285P", "1997eds..proc...60B", "1998ASPC..144..315L", "1998ApJ...499L.119C", "1998ApJ...500..129W", "1998ApJ...508L..51L", "1999A&A...343L..79C", "1999A&A...346..392G", "1999ASPC..156..240F", "1999ApJ...514L..57L", "1999ApJ...527..513K", "1999fsu..conf....3P", "2000A&A...356..391K", "2001ApJ...549L..29S", "2002ApJ...575...95C", "2002LNP...608..124W", "2005MNRAS.362.1157N", "2006A&A...458..417M", "2008A&A...485..451H", "2008A&A...491..739M", "2008ApJ...683..400Z", "2009A&A...500..725H", "2014arXiv1412.5408S", "2015A&A...574A.108S", "2015ApJ...799..143A", "2020A&A...641L...2M", "2021A&A...652A...5M", "2022PrPNP.12503948A", "2023A&A...674A.101M", "2023ApJ...944...93E" ]
[ "1964MNRAS.128..295R", "1988MNRAS.231..229P", "1990MNRAS.246..263S", "1991Natur.352..132J", "1992MNRAS.257..240D", "1993ApJ...407...46N", "1993sara.conf..134J", "1994PhDT.......218K" ]
1971324
null
The reddened quasar 3C 22 and its implications
We prove the presence of a broad (apx-}5000 km s^-1) Hα emission line in the spectrum of the z=0.935 `radio galaxy' 3C 22. This confirms suspicions that some of the faint red objects classified as high-redshift radio galaxies are actually slightly reddened quasars. Using our WHT and UKIRT spectra, we estimate a rest-frame extinction towards the quasar of A_V~2. We review the difficulties involved in detecting broad emission lines in high-redshift radio galaxies, concluding that, if one wishes to discover the origin of the observed near-infrared light, then near-infrared spectroscopy is a very limited technique. We argue that a programme of thermal imaging is likely to prove far more fruitful.
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14.815878
6.530741
1995-05-01
45
1995MNRAS.274..428R
[ "broad emission lines", "Hα emission line", "thermal imaging", "high-redshift radio galaxies", "UKIRT", "WHT", "suspicions", "the faint red objects", "the z=0.935 `radio galaxy", "a broad (apx-}5000 km s^-1" ]
[ "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "QUASARS: GENERAL", "QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL: 3C22", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.2.428" ]
[ "Rawlings, Steve", "Lacy, Mark", "Sivia, D. S.", "Eales, S. A." ]
[ "Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK", "Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK" ]
[ "1996ASSL..206..391B", "1996ASSL..209..493C", "1996ApJ...460...68E", "1996ApJ...465..145C", "1996Natur.379..304S", "1997ApJS..112..415M", "1997MNRAS.286..241J", "1997MNRAS.291..593E", "1997MNRAS.292..758B", "1997astro.ph.11010B", "1997gsr..proc..232B", "1998ASPC..146..482B", "1998ASSL..226...11B", "1998ASSL..226..171R", "1998ApJ...498..553E", "1998MNRAS.294..494S", "1998MNRAS.295...10L", "1998MNRAS.295..451B", "1998MNRAS.295..549B", "1998MNRAS.297L..39S", "1998MNRAS.300..625W", "1999ApJ...516....9K", "1999MNRAS.303..616B", "1999MNRAS.306..828S", "1999MNRAS.309..474L", "1999MNRAS.309.1017W", "1999PhDT.......255L", "1999mdrg.conf...33E", "2000A&ARv..10...81V", "2000AJ....120...68L", "2000MNRAS.311....1B", "2000MNRAS.311...23B", "2000MNRAS.316..449W", "2000MNRAS.317..720B", "2000MNRAS.319..963S", "2002A&A...381..757L", "2003MNRAS.346.1009H", "2004ApJ...607...60G", "2005AJ....130.1345E", "2007ApJ...667..673G", "2012ApJ...757...51G", "2013MNRAS.436..395S", "2015AJ....150...87L", "2015MNRAS.447.1184F", "2020NatAs...4..352L" ]
[ "1978ApJ...223...56K", "1980ApJ...236..419S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984MNRAS.209..159P", "1984MNRAS.209..665A", "1984MNRAS.211..833L", "1985MNRAS.212..631W", "1985PASP...97..932S", "1987ajte.proc..185P", "1988A&AS...75...93R", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989IAUS..134..305R", "1989MNRAS.238.1171D", "1989PhDT.......176M", "1991ApJ...373..465F", "1991MNRAS.249..729R", "1991MNRAS.251P..46T", "1991hbic.book.....F", "1992AIPC..254..386B", "1992JChPh..96..170S", "1992MNRAS.254...93M", "1993AJ....105.1690F", "1993ApJ...409..578E", "1993ApJ...411...67E", "1993MNRAS.263..425M", "1993MNRAS.263..936D", "1993Natur.362..326H", "1993flus.conf..135R", "1994SPIE.2198..350P", "1995MNRAS.272L...5E", "1995MNRAS.273..821L" ]
1950717
null
Compton X-Ray Emission from NGC 253
A calculation is presented of X-ray emission from the disk and radio halo of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. Compton scattering of the radio emitting electrons off the far-infrared radiation field in the halo of this galaxy can account for the 50-200 keV emission recently detected by OSSE. This could possibly be the first detection of diffuse Compton emission from a galaxy which is not a bona fide active galactic nucleus.
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12.843559
8.424145
1995-05-01
23
1995ApJ...444..113G
[ "diffuse Compton emission", "X-ray emission", "Compton", "electrons", "starburst", "the starburst galaxy", "the disk and radio halo", "first", "OSSE", "NGC" ]
[ "Compton Effect", "Computational Astrophysics", "Emission", "Starburst Galaxies", "X Ray Astronomy", "Electron Distribution", "Far Infrared Radiation", "Galactic Halos", "Gamma Ray Observatory", "Radiation Distribution", "Radio Emission", "Astrophysics", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL NGC NUMBER: NGC 253", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GAMMA RAYS: THEORY", "RADIATION MECHANISMS: NONTHERMAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175586" ]
[ "Goldshmidt, Oleg", "Rephaeli, Yoel" ]
[ "Tel Avive University, Tel Aviv, Israel", "Tel Avive University, Tel Aviv, Israel" ]
[ "1996ApJ...460..295P", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1998A&A...330..823S", "1999A&A...350..777C", "1999ApJS..120..179P", "1999NuPhS..69..550G", "2002A&A...382..843P", "2002A&A...389..752R", "2002A&A...396L...1I", "2003A&A...399....9P", "2003A&A...402..443I", "2003ApJ...584L..65I", "2003ICRC....4.2289Y", "2004ApJ...617..966T", "2004ESASP.552..589P", "2008A&A...486..143P", "2008arXiv0802.0818P", "2010MNRAS.401..473R", "2013ASSP...34..193R", "2014NuPhS.256..252R", "2019MNRAS.486.2496R", "2024MNRAS.528.1596R", "2024MNRAS.529.4137C" ]
[ "1970RvMP...42..237B", "1972Phy....60..145G", "1973ApJ...182L..89H", "1980ApJ...235..392T", "1980ApJ...239.1089L", "1981ApJ...243L...9R", "1981ApJ...246..360L", "1983A&A...127..177K", "1987AJ.....93..264M", "1988ApJ...329..687D", "1988ApJS...68...91R", "1990A&A...240..232K", "1991ApJ...380L..59R", "1992A&A...261...57B", "1992ARA&A..30...11D", "1992ApJ...399L..59C", "1994ApJ...430L..33S", "1994ApJ...431..586G", "1994ApJ...431..640V", "1994ApJ...437..173B", "1994ApJS...94..551F" ]
1951154
null
Transverse Velocities of Galaxies from Microlens Parallaxes
The transverse velocity of a spiral galaxy can be measured to an accuracy ~60 km s^-1^ by making parallax observations of quasars being microlensed by stars in the disk of the galaxy. To make the measurement, a quasar must be located behind the disk of the galaxy between about 1 and 2 scale lengths from the center. The quasar must then be monitored for microlensing events and the events followed simultaneously from the Earth and a satellite in solar orbit, preferably at ~30 AU. A systematic search in a volume within 21,000 km s^-1^ could locate quasars with B &lt; 23 behind a total of ~1900 galaxies. The rate of lensing events (and hence galaxy velocity measurements) would be ~3 yr^-1^. The events would have typical characteristic times ω^-1^ ~ 3 yr. Under the assumption that the mass spectrum of lensing objects is the same in other spiral galaxies as in our own, the observations could be used to measure the Hubble parameter to an accuracy of 5%.
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13.972758
3.840544
1995-05-01
15
1995ApJ...444..556G
[ "other spiral galaxies", "lensing events", "microlensing events", "quasars", "lensing objects", "velocity measurements", "typical characteristic times", "parallax observations", "solar orbit", "a spiral galaxy" ]
[ "Astrometry", "Gravitational Lenses", "Parallax", "Quasars", "Spiral Galaxies", "Velocity Measurement", "Background Radiation", "Light Curve", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Radial Velocity", "Red Shift", "Velocity Distribution", "Astronomy", "ASTROMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175629" ]
[ "Gould, Andrew" ]
[ "Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...452L.111N", "1995ApJ...455...37G", "1996PASP..108..465G", "1997ASSL..218...37G", "1997ApJ...486..687G", "1997idm..work..246G", "1998ASPC..133...96K", "1999Ap&SS.267..217K", "1999ApJ...513..619G", "2004MNRAS.352..125T", "2005A&A...432...83G", "2009PhRvD..80d4009I", "2010ApJ...712..658P", "2018ApJ...866..101Z", "2019MNRAS.483L.132S" ]
[ "1986Natur.324..126G", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1987gady.book.....B", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJ...383..467M", "1992ApJ...392..442G", "1993Natur.365..621A", "1994ApJ...421L..75G", "1994ApJ...425..418L", "1994ApJ...435L..51B", "1995ApJ...441L..21G", "1995ApJ...442..504H" ]
1974390
null
Dust and Ionized Gas in Elliptical Galaxies
The thesis presents results of a study of the optical and far-infrared properties of dust and ionized gas in a complete, blue magnitude-limited (B_T^0 &lt; 12) sample of 56 luminous elliptical (E) galaxies. The main aim is to investigate the origin and fate of this interstellar material and possible implications for scenarios of galaxy formation and evolution. To ensure consistency in the assignment of morphological types, the galaxy sample was drawn exclusively from the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies. A deep, systematic optical survey has been performed, including CCD imaging through both broad-band filters and narrow-band filters. For each galaxy we have constructed colour index (B-V, B-I) images and images of the H-alpha+ [N II]-emitting gas to derive the distributions of dust features and ionized gas. Long-slit spectra have also been obtained in two resolutions. Low-resolution spectra (covering the whole optical region) are used to study the properties of the underlying stellar populations (e.g., metallicity gradients), and to study the excitation mechanism of the ionized gas. Additional medium-resolution (~2A) spectra in the wavelength region around H-alpha have been obtained for all sample elliptical galaxies containing ionized gas to study the kinematics of the gas, and derive pure H-alpha luminosities. In this thesis, analysis of the extensive imaging data and of the medium-resolution spectra is reported. In Chapter 1 we report an early result of our survey: The galaxy IC 1459 is found to exhibit a large (15 Kpc diameter) H-alpha+[N II] emission-line region, showing spiral structure. Patchy dust absorption is also found in the inner part of the emission-line region. This galaxy was already shown to contain a massive stellar core which counter-rotates rapidly with respect to the stellar body of the galaxy. Interestingly, the sense of rotation of the spiral "arms" of the ionized gas distribution is the same as that of the rapidly rotating stellar component in the centre (assuming trailing spiral arms). These findings are clear signatures of an acquisition of a companion galaxy. The radial emission-line intensity profile peaks much more strongly towards the centre than the stellar light profile does, suggesting a powerful nuclear ionization source. In Chapter 2 we present deep surface photometry of NGC 1275, the central dominant galaxy of the Perseus cluster. This peculiar galaxy features two distinct filamentary systems, 3000 km s^-1 apart in velocity space. The "host"-galaxy NGC 1275 is associated with the low-velocity system, whereas the nature of the high-velocity system is still controversial. We find that prominent dust absorption features of NGC 1275 have the same distribution on the sky as the high-velocity system of ionized gas. Hence, the dust patches are most probably associated with the high-velocity system. However, our analysis of the extinction properties of the dust patches shows that the dust is well within NGC 1275, implying that the high-velocity system has moved approximately halfway through NGC 1275. We have also found many blue star clusters in our images of NGC 1275, for which we discuss the origin and nature by comparing colour-magnitude diagrams with theoretical population models. We suggest that the blue star clusters have been formed in a cooling flow in the central part of the X-ray-emitting gas of the Perseus cluster of galaxies. Chapter 3 presents the CCD broad-band photometry of the sample ellipticals. Radial profiles of the surface brightness, colours, and characteristics of the detailed isophotal shape are derived. In addition, we show that fitting power-laws to the outer radial intensity profiles of elliptical galaxies is an excellent tool for determining the sky background for CCD photometry. Chapter 4 presents colour-index images and narrow-band images of the H-alpha+[N II]-emitting gas to derive the distribution and amount of dust and ionized gas for the sample ellipticals. The detection rate of dust and ionized gas are found to be about 40% and 60%, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of previous imaging studies. The distributions of dust and ionized gas are consistent with being physically associated with each other. The wavelength dependence of the dust extinction in elliptical galaxies with large-scale dust lanes are presented and discussed in chapter 5. We find that the dust grains in dust-lane elliptical galaxies are smaller on average than the canonical grain size in our Galaxy. Comparing the typical lifetime of dust grains in different environments with formation timescales of lanes and/or rings in elliptical galaxies, we suggest that the observed characteristic dust grain size is determined by the time elapsed since the dust lane was accreted from outside. In Chapter 6 we combine the IRAS far-infrared observations, our optical survey data, and the available X-ray data of the galaxies in our sample. We find that dust masses as determined from the IRAS data are roughly an order of magnitude higher than those determined from optical extinction. To solve this dilemma we argue that the majority of the dust in elliptical galaxies exists as a diffusely distributed component. We show that the assumption of this newly postulated distribution of dust in terms of total masses and energetics of the dust is entirely consistent with heating by optical photons and hot electrons in the X-ray-emitting gas. The diffuse component of dust is found to have a non-negligible effect on the radial colour gradients in elliptical galaxies, and should thus be taken seriously in the interpretation of colour gradients. Several arguments in favour of an external origin of dust in elliptical galaxies are discussed. Last but not least, a strong anticorrelation between the masses of dust and hot gas in X-ray luminous elliptical galaxies is found and discussed. (SECTION: Dissertation Summaries)
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12.408446
7.917337
1995-05-01
9
1995PASP..107..502G
[ "elliptical galaxies", "X-ray luminous elliptical galaxies", "dust grains", "dust masses", "dust", "dust features", "galaxy formation", "galaxies", "Patchy dust absorption", "prominent dust absorption features" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1086/133581" ]
[ "Goudfrooij, Paul" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1996IAUS..173....1R", "1997eds..proc..197J", "1999ApJS..124...33B", "2002A&A...389..355F", "2003AJ....125.1150B", "2009ApJ...696..681A", "2012MNRAS.426.2957M", "2016ASSL..435..739D", "2022A&A...666A.171D" ]
null
1950936
null
Structure and Photometry of an I &lt; 20.5 Galaxy Sample from the Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey
A set of 100 faint galaxies from nine Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera I-band images have been analyzed as part of the Medium Deep Survey (MDS) Key Project. This sample reaches a depth of I &lt;~ 20.5 (corresponding to B ~ 22-23) and complements the first set of fainter galaxies analyzed by the MDS team. Images were deconvolved using the Lucy-Richardson algorithm and a newly developed procedure designed to yield a more reliable determination of structure in the low-S/N regime. These deconvolved images were used to characterize the structure of the galaxies through quantitative measurements of total magnitudes, half- light radii, exponential disk scale lengths, and disk-to-total ratios. Extensive testing was done to establish the validity of the procedures used and to characterize the degree of systematic errors present in the analysis techniques. The observed size-magnitude distributon appears consistent with a scenario in which luminous galaxies have evolved little in intrinsic luminosity, size, or structure over recent epochs in a "normal" cosmology (0 &lt; q_0_ &lt; 0.5 and λ_0_ = 0). The predicted nonevolving distributions were based on models designed to fit existing counts, colors, and redshifts of faint galaxies and on the observed correlations between metric rest-frame size and luminosity found in a nearby galaxy sample studied by Kent (1984, 1985). The typical galaxy in our sample is expected to be at z~0.3, and to have a luminosity ~0.5 mag fainter than L^*^ and a half-light radius of ~1" or~ 6 kpc (H_0_= 50km s^-1^ Mpc^-1^). The observed distribution of disk-to-total ratios, while uncertain, is in agreement with that of Kent's sample and thus supports the view that substantial evolution has not occurred over the look-back times characteristic of our sample.
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12.211331
6.416916
1995-05-01
11
1995ApJ...444...21P
[ "fainter galaxies", "faint galaxies", "luminous galaxies", "total magnitudes", "intrinsic luminosity", "exponential disk scale lengths", "half- light radii", "structure", "Hubble Space Telescope Wide", "a nearby galaxy sample" ]
[ "Astronomical Photometry", "Galactic Structure", "Galaxies", "Image Analysis", "Sky Surveys (Astronomy)", "Cosmology", "Error Analysis", "Galactic Evolution", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Image Reconstruction", "Radii", "Red Shift", "Stellar Luminosity", "Astronomy", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175580" ]
[ "Phillips, Andrew C.", "Bershady, Matthew A.", "Forbes, Duncan A.", "Koo, David C.", "Illingworth, Garth D.", "Reitzel, David B.", "Griffiths, Richard E.", "Windhorst, Rogier A." ]
[ "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "University of California, Santa Cruz, California, US", "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, US", "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, US" ]
[ "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1996ASPC..103..103H", "1996ASSL..209..211G", "1996ApJ...462...89F", "1996ApJ...467L..53C", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1997AJ....113..569S", "1997ApL&C..36..355G", "1998AJ....116..102T", "1999ApJ...519...27C" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977ApJS...35..171H", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1984ApJS...56..105K", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1987A&A...183..177I", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1989ARA&A..27..235K", "1989PASP..101..445L", "1991AJ....101..677H", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...369L..21B", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1992A&A...257..501G", "1992AJ....104..552L", "1992AJ....104.2067L", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...400L...1W", "1992ApJS...78....1D", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1992MNRAS.254..723F", "1993AJ....105.1581S", "1993ApJ...404L..45D", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993PhDT........42P", "1994AJ....107..930W", "1994AJ....107.1904P", "1994AJ....108..870B", "1994AJ....108.2362R", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994ApJ...437L..17F", "1994PASP..106..632E", "1995AJ....109...87B", "1995ApJ...439...14N" ]
1948167
null
The Optical and IR Morphology of the BAL Quasar PG 1700+518
A deep R-band image of the low-redshift (z= 0.292) BAL quasar PG 1700+518 (with 0.5" resolution after image restoration) reveals an unusual boomerang-like morphological feature only ~2.5" north of the quasar point source. A relatively faint and almost symmetric nebulosity is possibly hidden by the bright quasar point source, which might be interpreted as the host galaxy. From the suspected host galaxy component, an even fainter asymmetric extension is possibly detected towards the southwest. In contrast to the suspected host galaxy, the boomerang feature north and the asymmetric extension southwest of the quasar are also detected in an H-band image of PG 1700+518, which might be due to the fact that they are redder than any nebulosity underlying the bright quasar point source. The new data give a much clearer view of the unusual morphology of PG 1700+518, the components of which had been suggested by previous images of similar angular resolution.
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15.894504
7.054378
1995-05-01
7
1995AJ....109.1979S
[ "previous images", "image restoration", "PG", "similar angular resolution", "the bright quasar point source", "the suspected host galaxy component", "the quasar point source", "an even fainter asymmetric extension", "the suspected host galaxy", "the asymmetric extension southwest" ]
[ "QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL: PG 1700+518" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117423" ]
[ "Stickel, M.", "Fried, J. W.", "McLeod, K. K.", "Rieke, G. H." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1997ApJ...480L...5C", "1998ApJ...500L.121S", "1999ApJ...512..140H", "2000ApJ...544..258S", "2001A&A...371...97M", "2003RMxAC..16..135M", "2009AJ....138..262E" ]
[ "1982AJ.....87.1106G", "1987ApJ...312..518H", "1987ApJ...316..584S", "1990PASP..102...48H", "1991AJ....101..434H", "1992AJ....103.1746N", "1992PASP..104...62H", "1993MNRAS.263..425M", "1994ApJ...431..137M" ]
1948197
null
A Continuum Search for Primeval Galaxies
A technique is described to efficiently detect the Lyman break in a population of primeval galaxies using direct imaging and two specially tuned, intermediate-band filters. Compared to more popular narrow-band emission-line searches, this technique has a number of advantages which are demonstrated through simulations: It is sensitive to a redshift range over an order of magnitude greater (per filter pair), it is less sensitive to the explicit details of star/galaxy formation, and it is less sensitive to the effects of extinction. Although this technique is versatile and applicable to any formation redshift, it is argued that a Lyman break search might best be carried out at a redshift ~5 for a number of practical reasons which are discussed. Discrimination criteria are derived for this epoch which permit the unambiguous selection of primeval galaxies. Confusion between Lyman break objects and "contaminators"-older, more nearby continuum break galaxies, or objects for which a strong emission line falls into the redder bandpass-may be avoided by supplementing the data with Gunn r and i images. The technique remains robust even if primeval galaxies are internally reddened.
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13.165737
6.480358
1995-05-01
4
1995AJ....109.1947D
[ "primeval galaxies", "Lyman break objects", "Lyman", "filter pair", "more nearby continuum break galaxies", "direct imaging", "star/galaxy formation", "objects", "a Lyman break search", "practical reasons" ]
[ "EARLY UNIVERSE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/117420" ]
[ "Derobertis, M. M.", "McCall, Marshall L." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1995AJ....110.2519S", "1996IAUS..171..277D", "1996MNRAS.279L..27F", "2000A&AT...19..585D" ]
[ "1976PASP...88..543T", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1979PASP...91...35W", "1980ApJ...241...54H", "1980PASP...92..537K", "1981ApJ...243..127K", "1981ApJ...246L.109M", "1983ApJ...273...81K", "1984A&A...132..389P", "1985A&A...149..330B", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1988ApJ...326..101H", "1988MNRAS.230P...5E", "1988MNRAS.235..209C", "1988prun.proc....1C", "1989AJ.....98.1507S", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...69..703S", "1989egf..conf...63L", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1990ApJ...348..371S", "1990ApJ...351..343D", "1990ApJ...357L...9G", "1990PASP..102..503V", "1991AJ....101....5T", "1991AJ....102..837S", "1992AJ....104..941S", "1992ASPC...24...73D", "1992ApJ...385...61R", "1992IAUS..149..337D", "1993AJ....105.1243D", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993ARA&A..31..639M", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...415..580C", "1993ApJ...418...11H", "1993ApJ...419....7V", "1993PASP..105.1051M", "1994AJ....107....1T", "1994ApJ...425L...1G", "1994ApJ...425L...5G", "1994MNRAS.266..983P", "1994PASP..106.1052P" ]
5273618
astro-ph/9502078
A comparative study of morphological classifications of APM galaxies
We investigate the consistency of visual morphological classifications of galaxies by comparing classifications for 831 galaxies from six independent observers. The galaxies were classified on laser print copy images or on computer screen using scans made with the Automated Plate Measuring (APM) machine. Classifications are compared using the Revised Hubble numerical type index T. We find that individual observers agree with one another with rms combined dispersions of between 1.3 and 2.3 type units, typically about 1.8 units. The dispersions tend to decrease slightly with increasing angular diameter and, in some cases, with increasing axial ratio (b/a). The agreement between independent observers is reasonably good but the scatter is non-negligible. In spite of the scatter, the Revised Hubble T system can be used to train an automated galaxy classifier, e.g. an artificial neural network, to handle the large number of galaxy images that are being compiled in the APM and other surveys.
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11.725501
5.464226
1995-06-01
99
1995MNRAS.274.1107N
[ "galaxy images", "galaxies", "laser print copy images", "increasing axial ratio", "independent observers", "Revised Hubble", "individual observers", "visual morphological classifications", "rms combined dispersions", "angular diameter" ]
[ "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "GALAXIES STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.4.1107", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9502078" ]
[ "Naim, A.", "Lahav, O.", "Buta, R. J.", "Corwin, H. G., Jr.", "de Vaucouleurs, G.", "Dressler, A.", "Huchra, J. P.", "van den Bergh, S.", "Raychaudhury, S.", "Sodre, L., Jr.", "Storrie-Lombardi, M. C." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324, USA", "California Institute of Technology, IPAC M/S 100, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "Department of Astronomy, RLM 15.308, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1083, USA", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101-1292, USA", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, 5071 W. Saanich Road, Victoria, BC, V8X 4M6, Canada", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP9638, 01065-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.283..207L", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1996PASP..108....8T", "1997A&A...319..747A", "1997AJ....113.1865I", "1997ApJ...490L.135M", "1997MNRAS.286..969N", "1997daa..conf...43L", "1998A&AS..128..299P", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998ApJ...499..112B", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998astro.ph..2036A", "1998astro.ph..9131A", "1998astro.ph.10395B", "1999A&A...341..371D", "1999A&A...350...31M", "1999ASPC..191..173L", "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999ApJS..122..109T", "1999MNRAS.308..569A", "2000AJ....119..536E", "2000ChA&A..24..435M", "2000ChPhL..17...70M", "2000MNRAS.316..519B", "2000astro.ph.11458K", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001AJ....122.1238S", "2001ApJ...560..566K", "2001MNRAS.323..270S", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2001Sci...293.1273A", "2001misk.conf...33L", "2002AJ....123...66Y", "2002Ap&SS.279..377G", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002ApJ...574..104B", "2002ApJS..142....1S", "2002ApJS..143...73E", "2003A&A...408..845D", "2003AJ....126.2707S", "2003ApJ...594..186B", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2003MNRAS.338..197M", "2004A&A...418..393S", "2004AJ....127..625K", "2004ApJS..154..235P", "2006A&A...446...19T", "2006ApJ...649..678B", "2006MNRAS.371....2A", "2007ApJ...669..184A", "2008A&A...488..523H", "2008ApJS..175...86P", "2009A&A...503..379T", "2009PhDT.......265H", "2009RAA.....9.1131Z", "2009RMxAA..45...75C", "2010ApJS..186..427N", "2010ApJS..190..147B", "2010IJMPD..19.1049B", "2010PhyU...53..415Z", "2012A&A...544A..81H", "2012ApJ...755..105S", "2012MNRAS.423.2726G", "2012MNRAS.427..790S", "2012MsT.........22A", "2013ApJ...765...28A", "2013ApJ...769..105K", "2013MSAIS..25...93S", "2013arXiv1304.6615C", "2014ApJ...791...80A", "2014ApJ...796...52B", "2014AstBu..69..121K", "2014MNRAS.443...72J", "2014arXiv1403.4006K", "2015A&C....12...60S", "2015AJ....150...24K", "2015ApJS..217....1T", "2015Galax...4....1S", "2015MNRAS.451.2376M", "2016AJ....152...73S", "2016ApJ...831...63X", "2016ExA....41..409D", "2017MNRAS.471.4027B", "2018AJ....156..118S", "2018MNRAS.476.3661D", "2019A&A...622A.132M", "2019MNRAS.488..590B", "2019MNRAS.488.2175B", "2020gbar.conf...48S", "2020kdbd.book..307V", "2021ApJ...915....1C", "2021MNRAS.502.3128P", "2022AstBu..77...40S", "2022MNRAS.512.2222V", "2023AstBu..78..304S", "2023RSOS...1021454S", "2024arXiv240704257Y" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1936rene.book.....H", "1958PASP...70..364M", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1960ApJ...131..215V", "1960ApJ...131..558V", "1961hag..book.....S", "1963ApJS....8...31D", "1964rcbg.book.....D", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...206..883V", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980ApJS...44..451D", "1981gask.book.....M", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1989A&AS...80..299P", "1989PASP..101.1072V", "1989spce.book.....L", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992MNRAS.259P...8S", "1994AJ....107..118B", "1994ApJ...432...75A" ]
11580553
astro-ph/9406049
The Optical Redshift Survey: Sample Selection and the Galaxy Distribution
This is the first in a series of papers describing the Optical Redshift Survey (ORS), a redshift survey of optically selected galaxies covering 98% of the sky above |b| = 20° (8.09 sr). The survey is drawn from the Uppsala Galaxy Catalogue (UGC), the European Southern Observatory Galaxy Catalogue (ESO), and the Extension to the Southern Galaxy Catalogue (ESGC), and it contains two subcatalogs, one complete to a B magnitude of 14.5, the other complete to a B major axis diameter of 1.9. The entire sample consists of 8457 objects, of which redshifts are now available for 8286; 171 objects remain without measured redshifts Roughly 1300 of the redshifts were measured for the completion of the sample; the remainder were taken from the literature. Most of these new redshifts are concentrated at low Galactic latitudes 20° ≤ |b| ≤ 30°, and within the strip not covered by either the UGC or ESO catalogues: - 17°.5 ≤ δ ≤ - 2°.5. The ORS provides the most detailed and homogeneous sampling of the large-scale galaxy distribution to date in these areas. The density field of bright optical galaxies is well defined to 8000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> and is dominated by the Virgo, Hydra-Centaurus, Pisces-Perseus, Coma-Al 367, and Telescopium-Pavo-Indus superclusters The dense sampling provided by ORS allows a detailed analysis of the galaxy density field and will be used to test its dependence on morphology and other galaxy parameters.
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12.441833
5.539505
1995-06-01
94
1995ApJ...446..457S
[ "other galaxy parameters", "bright optical galaxies", "measured redshifts", "redshifts", "≤ δ", "low Galactic latitudes", "≤", "ORS", "the European Southern Observatory Galaxy Catalogue", "UGC" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "SURVEYS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175805", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9406049" ]
[ "Santiago, Basilio X.", "Strauss, Michael A.", "Lahav, Ofer", "Davis, Marc", "Dressler, Alan", "Huchra, John P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1996ASPC...94..145L", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996MNRAS.283..367D", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996Natur.379..489Y", "1997ASPC..126..550H", "1997ASSL..212..223K", "1997ApJ...488L...1R", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997ApJ...490...63D", "1997MNRAS.284..607D", "1997MNRAS.287..425W", "1997MNRAS.291..488H", "1997RvMA...10..159G", "1997cdc..conf..423S", "1998ApJ...494...20S", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998ApJ...508....6B", "1998ApJ...508..440N", "1998astro.ph..9343L", "1999ApJ...515..471N", "1999ApJ...521...50M", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "1999ApJ...523..480P", "1999ApJ...527L..73B", "1999MNRAS.304..893S", "1999MNRAS.308....1B", "1999MNRAS.309...89S", "1999PASA...16...53K", "1999astro.ph..9255G", "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000AJ....120...95D", "2000ASPC..201...17C", "2000ASPC..201...62W", "2000ASPC..201...96H", "2000ASPC..201..254B", "2000ASPC..201..314M", "2000ASPC..201..329B", "2000ASPC..218..101H", "2000ApJ...536..112B", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000ApJ...544..636C", "2000LNP...556..301K", "2000MNRAS.312..166L", "2000MNRAS.313..553E", "2000MNRAS.318..681M", "2000MNRAS.319..573P", "2001ApJ...546...85S", "2001ApJ...546..681T", "2001ApJ...553..513N", "2001ApJ...557..495P", "2001ApJ...563..473S", "2001ApJS..136....1N", "2001MNRAS.326.1191B", "2001PASJ...53.1153I", "2002AJ....123.2990B", "2002ApJ...571..172Z", "2002MNRAS.335...53B", "2002PThPh.108..789N", "2003ApJ...586.1211Y", "2003ApJ...592..311Y", "2003ApJ...594..208C", "2003ApJ...596.1044Y", "2003ApJ...598L...1M", "2003ICRC....2..659Y", "2003MNRAS.341..692F", "2003PASJ...55..121Y", "2004ApJ...607..840Y", "2004ApJ...614...43Y", "2004MNRAS.355.1378R", "2004NewAR..48.1281W", "2004NuPhS.136..250Y", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2005A&A...440..425R", "2005ASPC..329...21L", "2005ASPC..329..135H", "2005ApJ...635...11P", "2005IAUS..216..170H", "2005IAUS..216..190T", "2005astro.ph..2105S", "2006ApJ...637....1P", "2006ApJ...639..803T", "2006PhDT.......399S", "2008PASP..120..235R", "2009ApJ...691..633T", "2011ApJ...738...22W", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012arXiv1210.1063C", "2013MNRAS.428.1579C", "2018MNRAS.481.2694A", "2019ApJ...882....6S", "2022ApJS..262...33S" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977A&A....56..259P", "1977ApJ...217..903Y", "1980ApJ...242..448Y", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...253..423D", "1982euse.book.....L", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1985A&A...150..192F", "1985A&AS...60..285F", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1987A&A...184...86P", "1987MNRAS.225..213L", "1987ang..book.....T", "1988ApJ...327..544D", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988MNRAS.234..677L", "1988lsmu.book...31H", "1989AJ.....98.1175M", "1989MNRAS.241..325L", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1990AJ.....99..751P", "1990ApJ...350..119L", "1990ApJ...361...49S", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990MNRAS.247....1R", "1991A&AS...91..371P", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJS...75..241D", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1991MNRAS.252..219H", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...385..421S", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...396..430L", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1992MNRAS.256..229S", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992PhDT.........7H", "1993AJ....105.1637H", "1993ASPC...43..153S", "1993ASPC...53.....S", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1993MNRAS.264..439S", "1993MNRAS.265...43H", "1993cvf..conf..187F", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.266..475H", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1994MNRAS.268..943F" ]
3119880
astro-ph/9408065
Galaxy formation in a variety of hierarchical models
We predict the observable properties of the galaxy population in several popular hierarchical models of galaxy formation. We employ a detailed semi-analytic procedure which incorporates the formation and merging of dark matter haloes, the shock heating and radiative cooling of gas, self-regulated star formation, the merging of galaxies within dark matter haloes, and the spectral evolution of the stellar populations. We contrast the standard CDM cosmogony with variants of the CDM models having either a low value of H_0, or a low value of Omega with or without a cosmological constant. In addition, we compare galaxy formation in these CDM universes with a 'cold plus hot' dark matter model (CHDM). The cosmological parameters in these models are constrained by observations of large-scale structure, light-element abundances, and globular cluster ages, while the astrophysical parameters we determine by attempting to produce the best fit to the present-day observed B-band luminosity function. Having fixed the parameters in this manner we gauge the success or failure of each model by comparison with other properties of the observed galaxy population: the K-band luminosity function, the infrared Tully-Fisher relation, B-K colours, number counts and redshift distributions. We find that, although the models have some success in remedying the shortcomings of the standard CDM cosmogony, none of these new models produces broad agreement with the whole range of observations. Although the low-Omega and Omega+Lambda=1 CDM models reduce the discrepancy between the predicted and observed Tully-Fisher relations (the main weakness of galaxy formation in standard CDM), these models predict an inverted colour-magnitude relation and do not produce an exponential cut-off at the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function. All of our models predict recent star formation in the majority of galaxies and exhibit galaxy colours bluer than observed, but this problem is far more severe in the CHDM model, which produces colours about two magnitudes too blue in B-K. The excessively blue colours in the CHDM model are a direct consequence of the late epoch of structure formation and are independent of our modelling of star formation and feedback. We discuss several potential refinements to the galaxy formation recipe: the inclusion of metallicity effects, non-local feedback, inhibited star formation in cooling flows and an initial mass function that varies in time and space.
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11.576425
6.438469
1995-06-01
70
1995MNRAS.274..755H
[ "galaxy formation", "Omega+Lambda=1 CDM models", "star formation", "several popular hierarchical models", "structure formation", "recent star formation", "exhibit galaxy", "galaxies", "dark matter haloes", "standard CDM" ]
[ "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.3.755", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408065" ]
[ "Heyl, Jeremy S.", "Cole, Shaun", "Frenk, Carlos S.", "Navarro, Julio F." ]
[ "Department of Physics, South Road, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, South Road, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, South Road, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK", "Department of Physics, South Road, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK" ]
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[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1978ApJ...226..559B", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1984ApJ...276..169B", "1985ApJ...292..104L", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985Natur.317..595F", "1986ASIC..180..177R", "1986ApJ...301...27B", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ApJ...327..507F", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.233..637C", "1989ASIC..264...31C", "1989ASIC..264..121G", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.237..799C", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990ApJS...74..833H", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243....1B", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991ApJ...367...45C", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1991ApJ...369...79L", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ApJ...381...14L", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1991MNRAS.253..584L", "1991MNRAS.253..710V", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992ApJ...387...47P", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...391..502K", "1992ApJ...395....1S", "1992ApJ...396L...1S", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1992MNRAS.256P..43E", "1992Natur.359..393D", "1992Natur.359..396T", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993AJ....106..719S", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...406L..43H", "1993ApJ...411..501L", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...412..443F", "1993ApJ...414..407C", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994ApJ...422...11E", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...430..107D", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1994MNRAS.267..981K", "1994MNRAS.267L...1N", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1994MNRAS.269..742M", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995MNRAS.273..157G" ]
11591007
astro-ph/9511133
Are disappearing dwarfs just lying low?
Recent redshift surveys have shown that the excess galaxies seen in faint galaxy number counts (above those expected, given the local galaxy luminosity function) are not evolved giants at high redshifts, but low- to moderate-luminosity objects at more modest redshifts. This has led to the suggestion that there was once an additional population of dwarf galaxies which has since disappeared, i.e. there is non-conservation of galaxy number. Here we investigate the possibility that these disappearing dwarfs have actually evolved to become the population of very low surface brightness galaxies which is now being detected in nearby clusters.
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12.338545
6.069578
1995-06-01
61
1995MNRAS.274..832P
[ "dwarf galaxies", "galaxy number", "faint galaxy number counts", "high redshifts", "Recent redshift surveys", "the local galaxy luminosity function", "very low surface brightness galaxies", "the excess galaxies", "nearby clusters", "giants" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.3.832", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9511133" ]
[ "Phillipps, Steven", "Driver, Simon" ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona, USA" ]
[ "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995MNRAS.275..121S", "1996ASPC...98..496F", "1996ApJ...461..525D", "1996ApJ...466L...5D", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996IAUS..171..431P", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.280..337M", "1996MNRAS.281..362P", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997A&A...318..729J", "1997AJ....114.1834C", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASSL..212..267H", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...489..543P", "1997ApJ...489..559G", "1997ApL&C..36..161P", "1997MNRAS.287..415S", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1998AJ....115.2169G", "1998ApJ...495..251D", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...498L.119P", "1998ApJ...501..578S", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998ApJ...506..222M", "1998MNRAS.295...99M", "1998MNRAS.296..585F", "1998MNRAS.301..357D", "1998MNRAS.301..369D", "1999A&A...345..712L", "1999ASPC..170...60S", "1999ASPC..170..183P", "1999Ap&SS.269..243W", "1999ApJ...510...42C", "1999ApJ...526L..69D", "1999IAUS..183..107E", "2000A&A...355..900D", "2000ApJ...543...97M", "2000MNRAS.319..591W", "2001AAONw..97....9D", "2001AJ....121.3007S", "2001AJ....122.3046H", "2001MNRAS.323..795M", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2003MNRAS.344..307L", "2005MNRAS.360...81D", "2005nfcd.conf..346P", "2006A&A...445...29P", "2006ApJ...639..644E", "2010MNRAS.404.1215H", "2011A&ARv..19...41J", "2013MNRAS.434.3469D", "2014MNRAS.439.1245K", "2015MNRAS.450.1268D", "2020MNRAS.494.2600N" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1977MNRAS.181..163E", "1978PhDT........13K", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1983ApJ...266L..21L", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJ...299..593W", "1986AJ.....92.1007B", "1986MNRAS.221.1039P", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1987A&A...186....1G", "1987MNRAS.227..115P", "1987MNRAS.229..505P", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...329..618T", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988ApJ...332L..29C", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1988MNRAS.233..553D", "1988MNRAS.235..827B", "1989A&AS...80..317O", "1989ASIC..264...71K", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1990ASPC...10...25O", "1990ApJ...361L...1F", "1990MNRAS.242..235P", "1990MNRAS.244..408C", "1990MNRAS.245..164E", "1990MNRAS.245..289I", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1990PhDT.........1F", "1991A&A...252..435G", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991ApJ...367..126C", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991Gemin..34...12M", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1991Natur.354..430L", "1991eoud.conf..193G", "1992AJ....103.1107S", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...385....9C", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...399L..31C", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1992Natur.355...55B", "1993A&A...277...53T", "1993ASPC...51..308P", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993ApJ...403..552Y", "1993ApJ...404...51E", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993ApJ...415L..87D", "1993ApJ...418L...1R", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1993MNRAS.261...39T", "1993MNRAS.263...86P", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994IAUS..161..645M", "1994MNRAS.266..155D", "1994MNRAS.267..889S", "1994MNRAS.267..981K", "1994MNRAS.267.1108C", "1994MNRAS.268..393D", "1994MNRAS.270..245S", "1994Natur.367..538M", "1995MNRAS.273..157G", "1995MNRAS.273..257M" ]
11579242
astro-ph/9407091
Cosmological parameters from angular correlations between QSOs and galaxies.
The angular two-point correlation function between background QSOs and foreground galaxies induced by gravitational lensing is derived. It is shown that the shape of this correlation function depends sensitively on the spectrum of the density fluctuations in the Universe, thus providing a possibility to distinguish between different models for the spectrum. Using numerical large-scale structure simulations, I estimate that the QSO-galaxy correlation function can be measured from galaxy counts down to =~21^st^...22^nd^ magnitude in fields with radius &lt;~25' around 50...100 QSOs with redshift z&gt;=1. Since the QSO-galaxy correlation function is proportional to (-a-1)b, where b is the biasing factor of galaxy formation and a is the effective slope of the QSO number counts, steep number counts are favorable for this kind of analysis. I show that a=-4...-5 can be achieved with the 1-Jansky sample of radio-loud QSOs when the double-waveband magnification bias is employed. Moreover, the cross-correlation analysis allows to determine the galaxy-formation bias factor b.
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12.910994
3.829523
1995-06-01
54
1995A&A...298..661B
[ "galaxy counts", "galaxy formation", "foreground galaxies", "steep number counts", "QSO", "the QSO-galaxy correlation function", "background QSOs", "analysis", "different models", "this correlation function" ]
[ "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9407091" ]
[ "Bartelmann, M." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "1995ApJ...448L..89B", "1996ApJ...467L..41K", "1996IAUS..173...83M", "1996astro.ph..6001N", "1997A&A...319..375B", "1997A&A...320....8B", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997MNRAS.290..553B", "1997MNRAS.291..418S", "1997MNRAS.291..446D", "1998A&A...333..767S", "1998ApJ...498...43S", "1998LRR.....1...12W", "1998MNRAS.294L..18M", "1998ptc..conf..273M", "1999A&A...348..673C", "1999AJ....118..613N", "1999ARA&A..37..127M", "1999RvMA...12..131F", "2000ApJ...537L..77M", "2000ApJ...538....1F", "2001AJ....121.2392N", "2001ASPC..237..209N", "2001MNRAS.320..241B", "2001MNRAS.325..278G", "2001PASA...18..169C", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002A&A...386..784M", "2002astro.ph..8361M", "2002sf2a.conf...57M", "2003A&A...403..817M", "2003A&A...409..411M", "2003ApJ...583..594W", "2003MNRAS.345...62J", "2003MNRAS.346..949T", "2005ApJ...633..589S", "2005ApJ...634..793N", "2005MNRAS.359..741M", "2005MNRAS.362..657G", "2009PhRvD..79b3517Y", "2010CQGra..27w3001B", "2010MNRAS.401.2093V", "2010MNRAS.405.1025M", "2010PhRvD..82d3527Y", "2015MNRAS.447..345Y", "2016arXiv161110326G", "2017ApJ...845..174Y", "2017JCAP...03..016D", "2018ApJ...864...10Z", "2018JCAP...04..033V", "2018MNRAS.476.1071G", "2021RAA....21..247H", "2022JCAP...08..050Y", "2023A&A...673A.111Y" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1980tisp.book.....G", "1983MNRAS.203..181S", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987Natur.326..455D", "1987Natur.330..451W", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989MNRAS.236..385G", "1990A&A...240...11F", "1990ApJ...365...22J", "1990MNRAS.247..260W", "1991A&A...248..349B", "1991A&A...251L..35B", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1992A&A...259..413B", "1992ApJ...388..272K", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994A&A...284....1B", "1994A&A...290..399B" ]
11591131
astro-ph/9505052
ROSAT HRI observations of IRAS P09104+4109: a massive cooling flow
A ROSAT HRI image of the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS P09104+4109 shows extended X-ray emission peaked around the central galaxy in a profile characteristic of a cooling flow. The inferred soft X-ray luminosity is comparable to that detected with ASCA. The ASCA spectrum is well fitted by a cooling-flow spectrum, indicating a mass cooling rate of about 1000 M_solar yr^-1. The cooling flow dominates the total luminosity of the surrounding cluster. Any contribution from a hidden AGN in the host galaxy to either the total ASCA spectrum or the HRI image is small.
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13.835802
5.202754
1995-06-01
47
1995MNRAS.274L..63F
[ "extended X-ray emission", "The inferred soft X-ray luminosity", "ASCA", "HRI", "the hyperluminous infrared galaxy", "IRAS P09104", "The ASCA spectrum", "AGN", "A ROSAT HRI image", "the central galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: IRAS P09104+4109", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.1.L63", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9505052" ]
[ "Fabian, A. C.", "Crawford, C. S." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK" ]
[ "1996ApJ...468..565F", "1996ApJS..106..399P", "1996MNRAS.282.1483C", "1996MNRAS.283.1003C", "1996MNRAS.283L..95F", "1997A&A...317..646S", "1997A&A...318L...1T", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ASPC..115...38C", "1997ASPC..115..128N", "1997ASPC..124..376S", "1997ApJ...476...83T", "1997ApJ...476..677C", "1997ApJ...486..147G", "1997MNRAS.292..105R", "1997PASJ...49..179O", "1997SSRv...81....1H", "1998MNRAS.297.1219I", "1998MNRAS.300L...7W", "1999ASPC..176..389S", "1999Ap&SS.266...55W", "1999Ap&SS.266..113A", "1999ApJ...512..145H", "1999ApJ...520...87N", "1999ApJS..121..473B", "1999MNRAS.305...61T", "1999MNRAS.306..599E", "1999MNRAS.308.1159C", "2000A&A...353..910F", "2000MNRAS.312..712R", "2000MNRAS.316..234R", "2001ASPC..234..375I", "2001MNRAS.321L..15I", "2001MNRAS.326.1467D", "2001MNRAS.328..762E", "2002MNRAS.335..574V", "2003MNRAS.339..913E", "2004MNRAS.352..508R", "2005MNRAS.362L..20I", "2007A&A...471..775R", "2007A&A...473...85P", "2008ApJS..176...39Q", "2011MNRAS.416.2068V", "2012MNRAS.424.2971O", "2013ApJ...778...33U", "2013MNRAS.430.2943C", "2016ApJ...831...76F" ]
[ "1981ApJ...251L..65W", "1986ApJ...301..689H", "1988ApJ...328..161K", "1990MNRAS.247..439F", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992MNRAS.255..431J", "1992MNRAS.259...67A", "1992MNRAS.259..265C", "1993ApJ...415...82H", "1993MNRAS.262..901A", "1993MNRAS.264L..25B", "1994ARA&A..32..277F", "1994ApJ...436L..51F", "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994MNRAS.267..779F", "1994MNRAS.270L...1E", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1994PASJ...46L.131B", "1994nhxr.conf..541F" ]
11580451
astro-ph/9408062
The Deuterium Abundance and Nucleocosmochronology
We examine galactic chemical evolution models which reproduce the present-day and presolar values of deuterium starting with a primordial value which is consistent with a baryon-to-photon ratio of 3 × 10<SUP>-10</SUP> We consider various galactic chemical evolution models to determine the viability of significant deuterium destruction and which provide a consistent age of the galaxy at the time of the formation of the solar system and consequently its present-day age from nuclear chronometers. These models generally require some amount of infall which we take with rates proportional to the gas mass as well as exponentially decreasing rates and some initial disk enrichment which we limit to the range of 0%-30%. We present those models which give the observed presolar value and present-day value of D/H and which lead to a present-day gas fraction of σ = 0.05-0.2. These models result in a broad range for the age of galaxy between 9.8 and 21.6 Gyr.
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12.75211
9.891749
1995-06-01
8
1995ApJ...446..272S
[ "galactic chemical evolution models", "various galactic chemical evolution models", "significant deuterium destruction", "present-day value", "rates", "deuterium", "galaxy", "present-day", "the observed presolar value", "a present-day gas fraction" ]
[ "NUCLEAR REACTIONS", "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS", "ABUNDANCES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175786", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9408062" ]
[ "Scully, Sean Thomas", "Olive, Keith A." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1996ApJ...456..478F", "1996IJMPA..11..409O", "1997ApJ...476..521S", "1997ApJ...479..752O", "1998ApJ...498..226T", "1998PhLB..430..132K", "1998SSRv...84..207T", "1998pnge.conf..207T" ]
[ "1974ApJ...192..487A", "1975MNRAS.172...13P", "1975VA.....19..299L", "1976ARA&A..14...43A", "1980ApJ...242..242T", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1982GeCoA..46.2363A", "1984A&A...138..285V", "1984ApJ...285..411C", "1984ApJS...54..335I", "1985A&A...150...53D", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJ...290..428C", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986MNRAS.218..409L", "1987ApJ...313..813O", "1987ApJ...323..543C", "1988A&A...193...81V", "1988A&A...197...33T", "1991A&A...244..294R", "1991ARA&A..29..129R", "1991ARA&A..29..447C", "1991AdSpR..11k..97V", "1992ApJ...401..150S", "1992IAUS..150...85F", "1992MNRAS.255..325P", "1993ApJ...402..694L", "1993ApJ...403..630P", "1993oee..conf...89G", "1993oee..conf..201S", "1994ApJ...427..618V", "1994MNRAS.268L...1C", "1994MNRAS.269L..53S", "1994Natur.368..599S", "1995ApJS...97...49O" ]
1950943
null
Cosmological Implications of ROSAT Observations of Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
We have combined ROSAT PSPC and optical observations of a sample of groups and clusters of galaxies to determine the fundamental parameters of these systems (e.g., the dark matter distribution, gas mass fraction, baryon mass fraction, mass-to-light ratio, and the ratio of total-to- luminous mass). Imaging X-ray spectroscopy of groups and clusters show that the gas is essentially isothermal beyond the central region, indicating that the total mass density (mostly dark matter) scales as ρ_dark_ is proportional to r^-2^. The density profile of the hot X-ray-emitting gas is fairly flat in groups with ρ_gas_ is proportional to r^1.0^ and becomes progressively steeper in hotter richer systems, with ρ_gas_ is proportional to r^2.0^ in the richest clusters. These results show, that in general, the hot X-ray-emitting gas is the most extended mass component in groups and clusters, the galaxies are the most centrally concentrated component, and the dark matter is intermediate between the two. The flatter density profile of the hot gas compared to the dark matter produces a gas mass fraction that increases with radius within each object. There is also a clear trend of increasing gas mass fraction (from 2% to 30%) between elliptical galaxies and rich clusters due to the greater detectable extent of the X-ray emission in richer systems. For the few systems in which the X-ray emission can be traced to the virial radius (where the overdensity δ~200), the gas mass fraction (essentially the baryon mass fraction) approaches a roughly constant value of 30%, suggesting that this is the true primordial value. Based on standard big bang nucleosynthesis, the large baryon mass fraction implies that {OMEGA} = 0.1-0.2. The antibiased gas distribution suggests that feedback from galaxy formation and hydrodynamics play important roles in the formation of structure on the scale of galaxies to rich clusters. All the groups and clusters in our sample have mass-to-light ratios of M/L_V_ ~ 100-150 M_sun_/L_sun_, which strongly contrasts with the traditional view that the mass-to-light ratio of rich clusters is significantly greater than individual galaxies or groups with M/L_V_~ 250-300 M_sun_/L_sun_. We also show that M/L_V_ is essentially constant within the virial radius of clusters (where δ &gt;~ 200), which is consistent with the peaks formalism of biased galaxy formation. While the mass-to-light ratios of groups and clusters are comparable (indicating a constant mass fraction of optically luminous material), the ratio of the total mass-to-luminous mass (gas plus stars) monotonically decreases between galaxies and clusters. The decrease in M_tot_/M_lum_ arises from two factors: (1) the composition of baryonic matter varies from a predominance of optically luminous material (stars) on the scale of galaxies (~10 kpc) to a predominance of X-ray luminous material (hot gas) on the scale of rich clusters (~1 Mpc), and (2) the hot gas has a more extended spatial distribution than the gravitating matter. The observed decrease in M_tot_/M_lum_ in between galaxies and clusters indicates that the universe actually becomes "brighter" on mass scales between 10^12^ and 10^15^ M_sun_, in the sense that a greater fraction of the gravitating mass is observable.
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12.731836
4.994287
1995-06-01
247
1995ApJ...445..578D
[ "increasing gas mass fraction", "rich clusters", "hot gas", "X-ray luminous material", "hotter richer systems", "clusters", "galaxy formation", "biased galaxy formation", "elliptical galaxies", "individual galaxies" ]
[ "Cosmology", "Galactic Clusters", "Galactic Structure", "Gas Density", "Gas Dynamics", "Rosat Mission", "Spatial Distribution", "Baryons", "Dark Matter", "Gravitational Effects", "Mass To Light Ratios", "Proportional Counters", "X Ray Spectroscopy", "Astrophysics", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
2
[ "10.1086/175722" ]
[ "David, Laurence P.", "Jones, Christine", "Forman, William" ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, US" ]
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[ "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977AJ.....82..187F", "1977ApJ...215..401M", "1977MNRAS.178..701M", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1981ApJ...243...26D", "1981ApJ...243L.127O", "1984ApJ...276...26M", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984Natur.311..517B", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1985ApJ...293..102F", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1986AJ.....92.1248T", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1986RvMP...58....1S", "1987ApJ...313..121M", "1987ApJ...317..593C", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988AJ.....96.1775O", "1988ApJ...332L..23H", "1989ApJ...337...21H", "1989PhDT.......221H", "1990AJ....100....1F", "1990ApJ...356...32D", "1990ApJ...363..349E", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991A&ARv...2..191F", "1991AJ....102.1581B", "1991ApJ...367...69W", "1991ApJ...380...39D", "1991ApJ...383..104K", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992A&A...259L..31B", "1992ASIC..366...17W", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...389..510D", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992PhT....45b..28T", "1993ApJ...404...81B", "1993ApJ...404L...9M", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1993ApJ...418..519P", "1993ApJ...418L..55F", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1994ApJ...421L..63H", "1994ApJ...424..714S", "1994ApJ...427...25S", "1994ApJ...428..544D", "1994ApJ...428..555T", "1995ApJ...440...48D" ]
1948150
null
Quantitative Morphology of Bars in Spiral Galaxies
As suggested by numerical simulations, the axis ratio of the bar is a fundamental parameter to describe the dynamical evolution of a barred galaxy. In a first-order approximation considering bars as elliptical features, visual measurements of bar axis ratios and lengths of 136 spiral galaxies were performed on photographs of good linear scale. Despite the limitations affecting such measurements, morphological properties of bars in spirals along the Hubble sequence as well as the relationship between the bar axis ratio and nuclear star formation activity are studied. It is found that the relative length of bars in early-type galaxies is, on average, about a factor of 3 larger than the length observed in late-type spirals. Also, a relation between bar lengths and bulge diameters is observed for both early-type and late-type spirals, confirming results from previous works. Furthermore, although the number of objects is small, there is an apparent correlation between the presence of nuclear star formation activity and the bar axis ratio: about 71% of the starburst galaxies included in the sample have a strong bar (b/a &lt; 0.6). The introduction of these quantitative parameters in galaxy classification schemes is discussed.
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10.528695
6.890691
1995-06-01
208
1995AJ....109.2428M
[ "bar axis ratios", "bar lengths", "bars", "galaxy classification schemes", "nuclear star formation activity", "the bar axis ratio", "the bar axis ratio and nuclear star formation activity", "lengths", "such measurements", "visual measurements" ]
[ "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES", "SPIRAL" ]
3
[ "10.1086/117461" ]
[ "Martin, Pierre" ]
[ "-" ]
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1950261
null
New Constraints on the Unified Model of Seyfert Galaxies
We present new 10 microns (N-band) photometry for 70 Seyfert galaxies, 43 of them previously unobserved. These observations, together with those collected from the literature, complete the 10 microns photometry for the CfA Sy galaxies and cover 80% of the Sy found in the RSA and 70% of the Sy in the IRAS 12 microns sample. <P />From this data set, we find that Sy not showing any evidence for broad lines are systematically weaker in 10 microns nuclear emission than Sy nuclei having broad lines. This result may indicate the existence of a group of very low-luminosity Sy2 galaxies that do not have Sy1 counterparts in equal numbers, contrary to the strict unified theory. Alternately, the result can be reconciled with unified theories if a specific type of geometry is assumed for the circumnuclear obscuring material. <P />By comparing the 10 microns ground-based observations with the IRAS 12 microns fluxes, we also study the properties of the extended mid-IR emission, i.e., the star forming activity of the host galaxy of the Sy nucleus. We find Sy2 to lie preferentially in galaxies experiencing enhanced star-forming activity, while Sy1 lie in normal or quiescent galaxies. This result appears to be inconsistent with the strict unified model, since the host galaxy properties should be independent of the orientation of a circumnuclear torus and therefore should be independent of nuclear type. Our finding could be explained by adding to the unified model a link between star-forming activity and the amount of obscuring material collected in the circumnuclear region.
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14.916802
7.824567
1995-06-01
166
1995ApJ...446..561M
[ "galaxies", "Sy nuclei", "nuclear type", "broad lines", "obscuring material", "the CfA Sy galaxies", "unified theories", "the host galaxy properties", "enhanced star-forming activity", "10 microns nuclear emission" ]
[ "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/175815" ]
[ "Maiolino, R.", "Ruiz, M.", "Rieke, G. H.", "Keller, L. D." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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1971309
null
The Edinburgh-Durham Southern Galaxy Catalogue - VII. The Edinburgh-Milano cluster redshift survey
In this paper, we present the redshifts of the galaxies and galaxy clusters which form the Edinburgh-Milano (EM) cluster redshift survey. A total of 777 galaxy redshifts have been measured in 94 clusters extracted from the digitized Edinburgh-Durham Cluster Catalogue. We also present the radial velocity dispersions for 37 clusters. Observational and data reduction techniques are discussed in detail, together with the strategy adopted to determine the mean redshift of a cluster and to identify and discard plausible phantom clusters. Some 10 per cent of our clusters show heavy contamination, indicating that projection is a serious problem for optically selected, rich clusters. The median velocity dispersion estimated for a subsample of richness R&gt;=1 clusters is 742+/-63 km s^-1. From a simple comparison with Omega=1 cold dark matter models of structure formation, these results favour a biasing parameter b=1.6-2.0 and are inconsistent with a bias outside of the range b=1.3-2.5.
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12.597194
5.207742
1995-06-01
78
1995MNRAS.274.1071C
[ "plausible phantom clusters", "Omega=1 cold dark matter models", "structure formation", "heavy contamination", "richness R&gt;=1 clusters", "the galaxies and galaxy clusters", "-", "777 galaxy redshifts", "detail", "37 clusters" ]
[ "CATALOGUES", "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/mnras/274.4.1071" ]
[ "Collins, C. A.", "Guzzo, L.", "Nichol, R. C.", "Lumsden, S. L." ]
[ "Astrophysics Group, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-22055 Merate, Italy", "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Road, Chicago, IL 60637, USA", "Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping Laboratory, PO Box 296, Epping NSW 2121, Australia" ]
[ "1995LNP...455..265B", "1995MNRAS.276..689E", "1995MNRAS.277.1191B", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996A&AS..117..519E", "1996ASPC...94..157G", "1996Ap&SS.240..241P", "1996ApJ...473..670F", "1996ApJ...473L..67C", "1996MNRAS.281..799E", "1997MNRAS.284...73K", "1997MNRAS.289..263D", "1997MNRAS.289..327V", "1997MNRAS.290..119L", "1997MNRAS.291..353B", "1997NewA....1..321B", "1997NewA....2..119B", "1998A&AS..129...31C", "1998A&AS..130..567K", "1998ApJ...505...74G", "1998JKAS...31..105P", "1998MNRAS.294..245C", "1998MNRAS.301..881E", "1998NewA....3..631R", "1999ApJ...511...65J", "1999ApJ...514..148D", "1999ApJS..125...35S", "1999MNRAS.305..866B", "1999MNRAS.308..618A", "1999astro.ph.12362M", "2000A&AS..143..303D", "2000AJ....120.2148G", "2000ASPC..218...93B", "2000ApJ...533..601B", "2000ApJS..129..435B", "2000ApJS..130..237T", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2000astro.ph..8184N", "2001A&A...368...86S", "2001A&A...369..826B", "2001A&A...379...35Z", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001MNRAS.320...49K", "2001misk.conf..136D", "2002AJ....123.1200C", "2002AJ....124.1934M", "2002ApJS..140..239C", "2002JKAS...35..111L", "2002MNRAS.329...87D", "2002NuPhS.110..115G", "2002dmap.conf....3G", "2003A&A...407..869S", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004AJ....128.1558S", "2004AJ....128.2642C", "2004ApJ...613...95C", "2004cgpc.sympE..28K", "2005AJ....130..968M", "2006AJ....131..114B", "2006AJ....131..168K", "2007AJ....134..466K", "2007ApJ...660..239K", "2008ApJ...675.1106R", "2008PASA...25..176P", "2009A&A...499..357G", "2010MNRAS.403.1812R", "2011ApJ...734....3Z", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2012MNRAS.419..503G", "2012MNRAS.422...25S", "2013MNRAS.432..243P", "2016MNRAS.458.3083S", "2016MNRAS.460.1640C", "2018MNRAS.478.4952F", "2019arXiv190907757T", "2020Ap.....63...23T", "2021Ap.....64..141T", "2023Univ....9..302H" ]
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