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What causes the majority of diseases with a Mendelian inheritance pattern? | Epigenetic disorders. | Monogenic disorders due to rare single nucleotide variants (SNV), small insertion/deletion variants (indel), and copy number variants of a gene (CNV). | Chromosomal Aneuploidies. | Biology | Chromosomal translocations, mutations in introns, and mutations in mitochondrial DNA. | 170 | 1 | 08e5c838-7784-430e-88c5-a0cf2e041e9b | 2020 |
How can fetal sex be non-invasively determined during pregnancy? | Only by cordocentesis. | Only through amniocentesis. | By ultrasound analysis in week 7 of gestation. | Biology | In the plasma of the pregnant woman, through the genetic analysis of regions belonging to the Y chromosome from the 7th week of gestation. | 171 | 3 | 92d8e00e-c0a2-4b3f-83c0-15b18148cdd5 | 2020 |
Which of the following techniques is not for DNA or RNA sequencing?: | Terminator-based sequencing, or Sanger sequencing. | "Chemical" sequencing, or Maxam and Gilbert sequencing. | Edman reagent-based sequencing. | Biology | Pyrosequencing. | 172 | 4 | 56c03c71-191d-4501-817d-d615c50f2d3d | 2020 |
Which is not an indispensable component of the "master mix" in a PCR reaction?: | The primers. | The polymerase. | The deoxyribonucleotides. | Biology | Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). | 173 | 3 | 214067cc-ae0b-42f1-8e20-98621edf1bea | 2020 |
What is a transposon? | A mobile DNA fragment. | A protein fragment. | A chaperone. | Biology | A very specific enzyme of protein metabolism. | 174 | 2 | bceccf65-92af-41d2-a43c-e4aebd1d8b3f | 2020 |
What are the stages of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? | Denaturation, progression, and termination. | Denaturation, elongation and renaturation. | Denaturation, annealing, and renaturation. | Biology | Denaturation, annealing and elongation. | 175 | 3 | be22c71d-8703-4720-bebd-1dc028634012 | 2020 |
At sea level, when ventilating atmospheric air, the pO2 in the pulmonary venules is approximately: | 75 mm Hg. | 40 mm Hg. | 750 mm Hg. | Biology | 100 mm Hg. | 176 | 3 | 0a0a52ef-6cfa-4a31-bcf9-96e18610d463 | 2020 |
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus communicates: | The right and left ventricles. | The pulmonary artery with the primitive carotid artery. | The pulmonary veins with the subclavian artery. | Biology | The pulmonary artery with the aorta. | 177 | 3 | dda2727d-ba57-4944-a987-16fb6dbc811c | 2020 |
In relation to microscopic organography, it is true that: | B lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the thymus. | The renal corpuscles are located in the renal medulla. | The seminiferous tubules are made up of Leydig cells and germ cells. | Biology | The enterocytes have an apical border of microvilli. | 178 | 3 | df6baed0-bda1-4067-8e14-0f1231b3ec56 | 2020 |
A base transition substitution occurs when one is replaced: | Adenine for thymine. | Cytosine to guanine. | Guanine for adenine. | Biology | Cytosine for adenine. | 179 | 4 | 3f58d022-33d3-4162-b1af-20b917ef7ddb | 2020 |
For a standard deviation value of 9, what will be its variance value? | 18. | 3. | It cannot be known. | Biology | 81. | 180 | 3 | d2ce2fac-00ad-43ad-bc89-928ce3b94349 | 2020 |
An example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction is: | Myasthenia gravis. | Latex allergy. | Graft versus host disease. | Biology | Systemic lupus erythematosus. | 181 | 2 | e4b148f0-d3b4-4aa8-8970-730bc79f76f0 | 2020 |
The genus Aspergillus: | The reservoir is always human. | It is a yeast-like fungus. | The confirmation diagnosis is carried out through serology. | Biology | The species most isolated in clinical samples is Aspergillus fumigatus. | 182 | 3 | 369e9d74-b0cf-4d1c-8ca2-bff345d83b03 | 2020 |
The mycoplasmas: | They are bacteria that grow very quickly. | They do not stain with Gram staining. | They can be treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. | Biology | They are not obligatory parasites of eukaryotic cells. | 183 | 1 | 0bf39a33-bf31-453a-91b3-5df14d780bb9 | 2020 |
Which of the following tumor markers are characterized by having high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the suspicion of cancer?: | Ca.125 and Ca.15.3. | β fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (β-HCG) and calcitonin. | Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cyfra-21-1. | Biology | Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). | 184 | 1 | ce7efcdc-e986-496d-ba65-760c688b1244 | 2020 |
In relation to the processes of discrimination and generalization, what is the correct answer?: | The generalization of a stimulus increases as the subject is exposed to differential reinforcement in response to variations of said stimulus. | Discriminative stimuli are not subject to the generalization process. | The greater our generalization, the finer our adjustment to the environment will be. | Psychology | Whether the act of generalizing or discriminating is more adaptive depends on the demands of the environment. | 1 | 3 | 7cc11dad-d391-4530-ae4a-dace0350f7b2 | 2024 |
When we are teaching a small child to read with a children's book that has large pictures and a short sentence on each page, the child finds it easier to learn about the pictures than about the words, what learning phenomenon is occurring? | Visual conditioning. | Overshadowing. | Stimulus equivalence. | Psychology | Generalization. | 2 | 1 | 6071944b-f190-44bd-bec0-3a3c4bcfb26c | 2024 |
What does Brehm's concept of psychological reactance explain? | It refers to why we sometimes feel a lack of control. | Explain why we comply with the rules. | Refers to why behavior is motivated by fears. | Psychology | Explain why sometimes a person does the opposite of what they are asked to do. | 3 | 3 | d5f8d0a4-70cb-4661-8f88-2f6848ded9c2 | 2024 |
Which of the following statements corresponds with A. Damasio's (1994) Somatic Marker Theory? | The processing of emotion depends on the processing of somatic information. | Reasoning is not influenced by emotional information. | Emotional processing depends on the processing of stimuli carried out in the pineal gland. | Psychology | Emotional processing often depends on the left hemisphere. | 4 | 2 | f1532f27-d68d-4c39-81b3-f962ed6a6f1c | 2024 |
When we receive an electric shock on a finger, we have an unpleasant sensation. If the intensity of the electric stimulus is doubled, our sensation is more than twice as unpleasant as before. According to Stevens' Law, how is this phenomenon known? | Response expansion. | Straight Line Phenomenon. | This theory does not explain this phenomenon. | Psychology | Understanding the response. | 5 | 2 | 59f0db0d-52f5-4904-ae12-d2d5e4775628 | 2024 |
According to the hypothesis proposed by Sapir-Whorf, indicate the incorrect one: | This hypothesis proposes the relationship between thought and language. | Language does not influence cognitive processes. | The structure of a language determines the world view of a native speaker. | Psychology | Language can affect cognitive processes. | 6 | 1 | 925afcb1-0bba-493d-b98b-3c951eb15e60 | 2024 |
Maria, after moving to a new apartment, continues to press the 3rd-floor elevator button (her previous apartment), when she now lives on the 5th floor. What memory-related phenomenon explains this situation? | Proactive interference. | The magic number. | Retroactive interference. | Psychology | Constructive interference. | 7 | 2 | 845453f1-13a1-4838-82dc-213b16bc016f | 2024 |
Regarding heuristics, indicate the incorrect option: | These decision-making processes are framed within normative models. | They are general strategies that we use to make predictions. | They give rise to errors or systematic biases. | Psychology | They can be carried out based on similarity calculations or case retrieval. | 8 | 2 | b115f2ab-4c6b-438c-9fd5-834d91146963 | 2024 |
Indicate the incorrect one regarding automatic processes: | They are set in motion without the need for training. | They involve low attention consumption. | They produce low interference with other concurrent processes. | Psychology | They are not the cause of new learning. | 9 | 2 | 5014e1f2-2006-4df9-b48f-f8a70ccfd423 | 2024 |
A researcher administers an intelligence test to 305 participants and finds that the average intelligence of the sample is 107. The researcher wants to analyze the relationship between processing speed (defined as the number of correct answers) and intelligence (high and low). What type of correlation coefficient will the researcher apply? | Biserial correlation coefficient. | Partial correlation coefficient. | Tetrachoric Correlation Coefficient. | Psychology | Phi Correlation Coefficient. | 10 | 2 | 6b2c5fc8-f49c-4963-a02d-7a1e81e471e2 | 2024 |
The statistical power of an experiment is the probability that the study yields a significant result if the research hypothesis is true. Indicate which is the CORRECT answer regarding the factors that influence the statistical power: | When the sample size is small and the population standard deviation (σ) is large, power increases. | When the effect size (d) is large and the population standard deviation (σ) is small, power increases. | When the effect size (d) is large and the population standard deviation (σ) is large, the power increases. | Psychology | When the sample size (n) is large and the significance level (α) is high, the power decreases. | 11 | 1 | d8aa8c29-d8ee-4d0b-9bc0-1d2534d9fa10 | 2024 |
One advantage of using the Bonferroni correction and Tukey's HSD procedure and other post hoc tests is that: | Decreases statistical power. | Increase the statistical power. | It reduces the probability of making a Type I error. | Psychology | Reduces the likelihood of committing a Type II error. | 12 | 4 | a2a75db4-47a4-422c-aeee-867f3e8960c3 | 2024 |
What is the best index of asymmetry? | Pearson's, as it is based on central tendency indices. | The interquartile, as it is based on positional indices. | The coefficient of variation takes into account the variability between the standard deviation and the mean. | Psychology | Fisher's, because it takes into account all the scores. | 13 | 3 | aaa20c88-c6f5-40c5-a5ba-8d0dfd74ad40 | 2024 |
Select the most appropriate statistical test for the following two hypotheses. H1: The IQ estimates of males are higher than those of females. H2: The average IQ of females is higher than that of males. | H1: Spearman's rho (ρ); H2: Pearson's r. | H1: Mann-Whitney; H2: t-test for independent samples. | H1: Wilcoxon's T-test; H2: Binomial sign test. | Psychology | H1: t-test for related samples; H2: Chi-squared. | 14 | 1 | 1e7c156c-394d-4d5d-ae17-5c572c0aef30 | 2024 |
One of the advantages of experimental designs with repeated measures (compared to experimental designs with independent samples) is: | These designs are more economical in terms of the participants. | Loss of participants between conditions. | Different stimulus lists are needed. | Psychology | Order effect. | 15 | 2 | dd0b12ca-10f6-477a-ae6e-61e3473535ab | 2024 |
Of the following statements, select the CORRECT one. If in a right-tailed test we use 0.005 as the significance level: | The probability of rejecting H0 when it is true is 0.005. | The probability of maintaining H0 being false is 0.005. | The probability of rejecting H0 when it is true is 0.995. | Psychology | The probability of maintaining H0 being false is 0.995. | 16 | 2 | 2177b12c-9c82-46ef-afb5-b9327792cd3b | 2024 |
According to Beauchamp and Childress (1979), which bioethical principle would prevail in case of conflict between two or more of them? | Autonomy. | Justice. | All principles equally obligate the professional in Clinical Psychology, who in the case of conflict between two or more of them would have to evaluate the specific situation to analyze which principle could be prioritized. | Psychology | Non-maleficence (primum non nocere; first and foremost, do no harm). | 17 | 4 | b4c84f2c-0ce7-4b2d-8d99-5055467cd71c | 2024 |
What is it called when a Clinical Psychology professional, in addition to the strictly therapeutic relationship, maintains some other type of relationship with the patient? | Dual. | Abusive addition. | Of power. | Psychology | Summative. | 18 | 2 | acbf6637-e92b-4a5c-8e25-0c6d820dbfbd | 2024 |
What does the set of characteristics that each Clinical Psychology professional applies to each psychotherapeutic situation refer to, constituting their basic attributes and encompassing idiosyncratic aspects that drive them to behave in a particular way during the course of their professional performance: | Therapist's Personality Traits. | Therapist's Cognitive Style. | Personal Style of the Therapist. | Psychology | Therapist Involvement Function. | 19 | 4 | 4a27730c-ef79-4671-a1e9-8f47aebdc72b | 2024 |
In psychological assessment, interaction matrices and behavior maps are: | Observational protocols of behavior. | Appreciation Scales. | Narrative records. | Psychology | Automatic sampling procedures. | 20 | 2 | 43f0428c-0640-4cd6-a575-7d09a8db1be8 | 2024 |
Indicate which of the following specific instruments for the evaluation of alcoholism is a 10-item test developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to have a quick, simple, reliable, and comparable detection test among countries: | ACQ (Alcohol Craving Questionnaire); Singleton et al.'s Alcohol Craving Questionnaire, 1996. | AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification); Identification Test for Alcohol Consumption Disorders by Babor et al., 1989. | CAGE (The CAGE Questionnaire); The CAGE Questionnaire by Ewing, 1984. | Psychology | MALT (Munich Alcoholism Test); Munich Alcoholism Test by Feuerlein et al., 1977. | 21 | 1 | 08165791-e379-4d89-88f6-68c60dd467e4 | 2024 |
What are the characteristics that measures should have in order to serve as a basis for the evaluation of a psychological treatment, according to Fernández-Ballesteros et al. (2013): | Adequacy, accuracy and reliability. | Reliability, validity, and utility. | Internal consistency, objectivity and reliability. | Psychology | Construct validity, efficacy, and effectiveness. | 22 | 1 | 2ced593f-af38-4f92-bd2d-338ec644f454 | 2024 |
Which of the following options is not one of the three dimensions of character in Cloninger's Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R)? | Persistence. | Self-direction. | Self-transcendence. | Psychology | Cooperation. | 23 | 2 | 3a16fa54-eaef-4e54-bfc4-95f5d073bf3a | 2024 |
In the assessment of schizophrenia, which of the following psychophysiological markers has not been preferentially used?: | The evoked potentials. | The electrodermal activity. | Eye movements. | Psychology | The respiratory activity. | 24 | 3 | 6c78244c-9612-472c-a2f0-60d9ec27702a | 2024 |
Which of the following tests allows the assessment of both psychopathological personality and normal personality?: | 16PF-APQ. 16 PF Personality Questionnaire for Adolescents (Schuerger). | PAI-A. Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescents (Morey).
| NEO PI-R. Neo Revised Personality Inventory (Costa and McCrae). | Psychology | 16PF-5. Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattell, Cattell and Cattell). | 25 | 1 | 58c7c06a-0f55-477a-bb90-33291ba52d0f | 2024 |
If we want to evaluate the intelligence of a 7-year-old child, in the briefest possible way and assessing verbal and non-verbal aspects, which of the following tests would be most suitable?: | Reynolds Intelligence Scales (RIAS). | TONI-4. | WISC-V. | Psychology | Raven's Progressive Matrices. | 26 | 2 | 37c45af1-121f-45d8-9fc8-cac4edf697ac | 2024 |
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the diagnosis of ADHD? | The information provided by parents is generally not considered reliable. | It is essential to apply the following tests: CARAS-R, D2, ENFEN and SENA. | The diagnosis of ADHD is exclusively clinical. | Psychology | For efficiency reasons, it is only necessary to collect information from the school in doubtful cases. | 27 | 4 | 36129019-746f-4392-af61-5c3db01a01c8 | 2024 |
One of the following tests is designed to assess comprehensive language and provides a measure of verbal intellectual quotient for children from the age of 2 years and 6 months: | Test for Understanding of Grammatical Structures (CEG, Mendoza E., Carballo, G., Muñoz J., and Fresneda, M.D., 2005). | Objective and Criterion Language Battery (BLOC-S-R, Puyuelo M., Renom J., Solanas A., and Wigg E.H., 2007). | Peabody Test (PPVT-III, Dunn L. and Arribas D., 2006). | Psychology | Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (Boehm, A.E., 2000). | 28 | 4 | 47bafdd8-6c74-485d-89c8-852e951e4481 | 2024 |
One of the following tests is designed as a screening, with the aim of identifying those language functions that require a more comprehensive evaluation: | Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 2000). | Barcelona Test 2 (Peña-Casanova, 2019). | Boston Naming Test (Kaplan et al., 1983). | Psychology | Bedside language test (Sabe et al., 2008). | 29 | 3 | e3430aaf-0384-4f59-b0da-637992421872 | 2024 |
To what severity level of Autism Spectrum Disorder does it correspond, according to the DSM-5 classification, a case where without on-site help, deficits in social communication cause significant problems, with difficulty initiating social interactions and with atypical or unsatisfactory responses to the social overtures of others, and where behavioral inflexibility causes significant interference with functioning in one or more contexts? | Grade 2. | Degree 1. | Grade 4. | Psychology | Grade 3. | 30 | 1 | 97c692e3-f0d3-4455-94f6-849396391285 | 2024 |
What requirement must a patient meet to be able to make a comorbid diagnosis of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, according to the DSM-5 classification? | There must be movements, use of objects or stereotyped or repetitive speech. | They must exhibit a performance in social communication below what is expected for their overall level of development. | Both diagnoses must be confirmed through standardized psychometric tests. | Psychology | They must show hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli. | 31 | 1 | b387173a-fcf7-4214-a2fa-ed5c065f8263 | 2024 |
The Battelle Developmental Inventory: | It is used for ages ranging from birth to 6 years old. | Includes the Motor, Adaptive, and Communication areas, but not Cognitive. | It is used for ages ranging from birth to 8 years old. | Psychology | It is a self-reported scale. | 32 | 4 | c9999e74-556e-44a5-ac35-b93752fbb8cb | 2024 |
A baby begins to press a toy, producing a striking sound. According to Piaget's stages of sensorimotor intelligence development, this would be an example of behavior from the: | Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions. | Stage 2: First acquired reactions and primary circular reactions. | Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions. | Psychology | Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemas and their application to new situations. | 33 | 2 | 8f36b86e-9bb1-405c-a3e0-22bedd75ec6a | 2024 |
Indicate the incorrect option regarding the main manifestations of intellectual egocentrism in the preoperational period: | Animism. | Finalism. | Reversibility. | Psychology | Realism. | 34 | 4 | 23c4c0b7-4536-41dd-9079-0688bd119fa4 | 2024 |
The reflex involving the extension of the toes in a fan-like manner, followed by the flexion of the toes, is known as: | Moor. | Babinski. | Plantar grasp. | Psychology | Patellar. | 35 | 1 | 9f2dc5be-b6e5-4418-be7d-02c7b2731fba | 2024 |
According to Vygotsky, internal language: | It usually begins to be used around the age of 10. | Precedes social language in the child's development. | It has a grammatical organization similar to that of social language. | Psychology | It has a function of planning and regulating one's own behavior. | 36 | 3 | 0c19725c-3188-4931-b0e9-d7e6c4e5fd96 | 2024 |
Mary Ainsworth designed a laboratory procedure, termed "The Strange Situation," by which the attachment of children between 12 and 18 months was studied. When reunion with the attachment figure occurred in this test, those children who were more interested in the toys than in reestablishing contact with this figure, could be classified as attachment: | Ambivalent (Type C). | Avoidant (Type A). | Insurance (Type B). | Psychology | Disorganized (Type D). | 37 | 1 | fff881a1-a1b2-487f-bdc3-01da2bcdf30b | 2024 |
Indicate the CORRECT answer regarding Tronick's "still face" paradigm: | It is a theory about autism that allows explaining the difficulties of theory of mind that they present. | It is a research procedure that is used to measure mutual regulation in infants. | It has only been proven in Western cultures. | Psychology | Its limitation is that it does not explain the intergenerational transmission of trauma. | 38 | 1 | 5acc61a0-14f2-48c8-8b48-7a8e535f72d9 | 2024 |
Functional play is a level of play that: | It is the most common in school-aged children. | It involves the use of the symbolic function. | It involves repeated practice in broad muscular movements, such as rolling a ball. | Psychology | It involves the use of objects or materials to form something, like a tower with cards. | 39 | 4 | 1ce6098e-099a-41bd-bbcd-8c9f76cbc5ea | 2024 |
In the study of personality, which method considers factorial analysis as the most used statistical methodology? | The qualitative methodology. | The clinical method. | The experimental method. | Psychology | The correlational method. | 40 | 3 | ec78180b-1d76-48c3-91f9-7976669759d3 | 2024 |
What does Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory propose? | That, when it comes to solving problems, people do not employ logical systems or formal rules of inference, but rather simpler, practical, and situational mental models. | That internal, stable, and general attributions of failures promote depression. | That cognitive processes are active, and that knowing consists of organizing and integrating information that is being constantly received, but in an idiosyncratic and individual way. | Psychology | That people are defined by quantitative traits, bipolar or unipolar, general, trans-situational, and analytical. | 41 | 4 | 15c88d95-100a-48e4-b3ae-de3e9e0f1bd2 | 2024 |
What are the repercussions of discrepancy between different domains of identity, or self-guides, according to Higgins' Self-discrepancy Theory (1987)? | A discrepancy between the real identity (or "Real Self") and the obligatory identity (or "Should Self") is related to shame. | A discrepancy between the real identity (or "Real Self") and the ideal identity (or "Ideal Self") is related to depression. | A discrepancy between the real identity (or "Real Self") and the possible identity (or "Potential Self") is related to frustration. | Psychology | A discrepancy between the mandatory identity (or "I that Should") and the assumed identity (or "I that I Assign to Myself") is related to the achievement motivation. | 42 | 1 | 141c2b2e-f006-4b8e-a658-f71b07ce0a66 | 2024 |
Fredrickson and Losada (2005) discuss a "positivity" ratio that can be represented as the quotient between positive and negative emotions (EP/EN). What do these authors postulate? | People are naturally optimistic and cheerful ("positivity bias") so this ratio will naturally tend to be twice as many positive emotions as negative ones; that is, a ratio of 2:1. | There should be a balance between positive and negative emotions in a ratio of 1:1. | People with negative emotions tend to have higher chances of survival therefore, for optimal functioning, negative emotions should outweigh positive ones at a ratio of 1:2. | Psychology | People tend to feel only slightly happy ("negativity bias"), therefore, for optimal functioning, positive emotions should outweigh negative ones at a ratio of 3:1. | 43 | 3 | fe8f5a0f-d677-4351-9aff-e60b7084226a | 2024 |
Regarding the studies that examine genetic and phenotypic similarity in personality, using correlations with the Big Five personality traits among monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, we can conclude that: | The similarities in the correlations that occur in MC twins are due to non-shared environmental influences. | The correlations in MC are higher than in DC, which supports the importance of genetic influence on these dimensions of personality. | The correlations in neuroticism for MZ twins are maximal, which implies that this trait is exclusively influenced by genetic factors. | Psychology | Studies with MC and DC twins have conclusively shown that there are no genetic influences on personality and that response tendencies are learned. | 44 | 1 | 9f8221b9-0417-4914-9893-41151c2c3ccb | 2024 |
What do longitudinal studies indicate about the stability of the five major personality dimensions throughout life? | The correlation of personality traits in the same subjects, measured at different temporal moments, remains very stable throughout life. | 51% of the population does not change their personality, 35% change it somewhat, and 14% change it a lot. | People are very aware of changes in their personality and that there is a very high correlation between the perception of change and objective change. | Psychology | People who are very extroverted as youths have high neuroticism as adults. | 45 | 2 | 88321ee4-5a22-42cf-883d-982a61df9976 | 2024 |
The socio-cognitive approaches to the study of personality: | They focus on the way in which the person processes and handles each particular situation, rather than inferring the traits they generally have. | They are criticized because they do not take into account aspects such as the values, interests, goals, and life projects of individuals. | They argue that extroverted people are so because they behave in an extroverted manner in all situations. | Psychology | They argue that traits can predict the behavior of specific individuals in specific circumstances. | 46 | 2 | d28ed8d3-1752-4210-85c0-ccbd6df67b49 | 2024 |
Which of the following statements about Thurstone's primary mental abilities model is CORRECT?: | Consider that Perceptual Speed is the necessary skill for carrying out those reasoning processes that go from the specific to the general. | Confirms the existence of the G factor of intelligence from Spearman's bifactorial model. | It is based, in the same way as Spearman's model, on factor analysis. | Psychology | It postulates the existence of eleven independent factors from each other. | 47 | 4 | b89237e1-a2d4-40dc-becf-c7f895080a3d | 2024 |
Indicate the CORRECT answer about the Cattell-Horn model of intelligence: | It is a non-hierarchical model that confirms Spearman's two-factor theory. | The morphology of intelligence could be represented from a general three-dimensional cube composed of 120 small cubes or "independent mental abilities". | We would have two third-order factors: The historical fluid intelligence (Gf-h) and a common learning factor (Se). | Psychology | There are a series of first-order factors such as "fluid intelligence (Gf)", "crystallized intelligence (Gc)", "visual intelligence (Gv)", "resilience ability (Gr)" and "cognitive speed (Gs)". | 48 | 4 | 43553e43-e7e1-4c10-9eb4-f52eee65e257 | 2024 |
Which of the following definitions about the dimensions of the Big Five factors model is CORRECT?: | Extraversion assesses the active pursuit and appreciation for experience, tolerance, and exploration of the unfamiliar. | An individual with a high score in neuroticism will tend to feel confident in themselves. | Willpower and meticulousness differentiate serious and formal individuals from informal and careless ones. | Psychology | An individual with a low score in openness to experience will be curious, imaginative, and non-traditional. | 49 | 4 | a8f2685b-3496-4683-a738-5c4bcccb02a4 | 2024 |
Which of the following is considered one of the main contributions of Francis Galton to the study of Differential Psychology? | The use of reaction time to measure variables such as attention, fatigue or the effects of practice. | The contemporary conceptual systematization of the discipline. | The creation of tests and evaluation strategies to obtain direct measures of mental functions. | Psychology | The development of the subtractive method, origin of mental chronometry. | 50 | 4 | cdbc4551-11ca-486a-b9a3-92b18a57c8d8 | 2024 |
What is the name of the concept that refers to the set of customs, feelings, and ideals that make an individual's reactions relatively stable and predictable? | Temperament. | Character. | Cognitive style. | Psychology | Constitution. | 51 | 1 | ab7edaf6-6d51-43a5-a5be-3efc327b0157 | 2024 |
In the study of intelligence, what is the term for the minimum time it takes for a person to correctly recognize a stimulus that is presented for a very brief period of time? | Choice reaction time. | Simple reaction time. | Decision time. | Psychology | Inspection time. | 52 | 3 | 3a68ccf1-bc41-4453-b87f-31f47f16a4bc | 2024 |
Regarding Robert Hare's Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), factorial studies revealed the existence of 2 factors. Which of these items does not belong to either of the two factors? | Impulsivity. | Parasitic lifestyle. | Machiavellianism. | Psychology | Early behavior problems. | 53 | 4 | ada900e3-749a-45d0-969a-a6bc5db09d5a | 2024 |
Indicate which of the following diagnostic criteria is not part of the schizotypal personality disorder according to the DSM-5: | Behavior or aspect that is strange, eccentric, or peculiar. | He/she has no close friends or confidants apart from his/her immediate family members. | Excessive social anxiety that does not decrease with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about oneself. | Psychology | Does not desire or enjoy intimate relationships, including being part of a family. | 54 | 3 | 353e9177-8fd0-48f5-a107-66f2a4d3af80 | 2024 |
Which of the following is not a type of frontotemporal dementia?: | Primary progressive fluent aphasia, semantic variant (previously called semantic dementia). | Nonfluent Primary Progressive Aphasia. | CADASIL Syndrome (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy). | Psychology | Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. | 55 | 4 | 15f7a4a6-49aa-4570-ac83-7a1f7065fabb | 2024 |
They request our assessment for a patient with brain damage and dysexecutive syndrome, who presents significant irritability, sexual disinhibition, and severe impulsivity. Within the classification of dysexecutive syndromes based on the topography of the lesion, which area of the frontal lobe would be most affected? | Orbital. | Dorsolateral. | Supplementary motor area. | Psychology | Cingulate. | 56 | 2 | dff4563b-4c44-46b8-abe1-1ac572d93b6d | 2024 |
In dementia with Lewy bodies, the typical neuropsychological profile involves: | Severe memory problems from the beginning, but only in episodic memory. | Visuospatial problems and executive function issues, especially in attentional switch or shifting. | Bradykinesia, compulsivity, and apathy. | Psychology | Severe memory problems from the beginning, but only in semantic memory. | 57 | 1 | b724f8f3-c493-476d-bfc8-9e701c8ee2e3 | 2024 |
How is myelin produced in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | In the CNS, it is produced by the oligodendrocytes and in the PNS by the Schwann cells. | In the CNS, it is produced by neurotransmitters and in the PNS, it is produced by hormones. | In the CNS, it occurs in the Ranvier nodes and in the PNS directly by the axons of the neuron itself. | Psychology | In both cases, it is directly generated by the axons of the neurons. | 58 | 2 | 4f0ed3aa-fd48-41ab-943c-46d013630845 | 2024 |
Which of these areas of the Central Nervous System is primarily irrigated by the basilar artery? | The frontal lobes. | The knee of the corpus callosum. | The parietal lobes. | Psychology | The brain stem. | 59 | 3 | b262be99-7c12-4eb3-9329-2e1d6035128b | 2024 |
The brain pathway involved in the processing of movement and spatial perception: | It is a pathway that projects from the occipital lobe to lower temporal areas. | It is called the parvocellular pathway or P pathway. | It projects from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe. | Psychology | It begins and ends in the striate cortex of the occipital lobe. | 60 | 4 | b7a63025-28ce-4d07-8d87-bcf8d9adcd43 | 2024 |
What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate in relation to dopamine? | It inhibits the release of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. | It has been shown that methylphenidate does not influence the dopaminergic pathway and that its mechanism of action occurs only in the noradrenergic pathway. | It increases synaptic reuptake, which leads to a decrease in the extraneuronal concentration of dopamine. | Psychology | It blocks the dopamine transporters, which reduces synaptic reuptake and increases the extraneuronal concentration of dopamine. | 61 | 3 | b245655a-b3c6-4ce3-8a20-371e8d12530e | 2024 |
What does the APA (2006) refer to with the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise in the context of the patient's characteristics, culture, and preferences? | To the Evidence-Based Practice. | To Evidence-Based Practice. | To Reflective Practice. | Psychology | To Deliberate Practice. | 62 | 1 | 341459f1-bafe-4397-bb08-4111442e8cff | 2024 |
According to Anderson et al. (2009), verbal fluency, warmth, empathy, emotional expression, persuasive ability, the ability to instill hope, the ability to connect and to understand the problem presented by the patient: | They constitute skills of interpersonal facilitation. | No relationship has been found between them and the effectiveness of Clinical Psychology specialists (Supershrinks). | They are part of Bennett-Levy's concept of Reflective Practice. | Psychology | The age of professionals does not positively correlate with the presence of these skills. | 63 | 2 | 2b702263-75fd-4ec9-8641-aa0bc04e2972 | 2024 |
In reference to speech disorders, indicate which of the answer options corresponds to the definition of dysarthria: | Disorder of speech articulation or muscular control, secondary to a neurological deficit. | Disorder of the ability to correctly pronounce certain phonemes or groups of phonemes. | Speech disorder characterized by stutters, spasms, and repetitions due to imperfect coordination of cerebral ideomotor functions. | Psychology | Pronunciation disorder determined by structural problems in the oral speech apparatus. | 64 | 2 | 9b6c920d-56b3-4b98-8a19-c065b8cdd032 | 2024 |
In relation to the Severity Scale of the symptoms of the dimensions of psychosis, included in Section III of the DSM-5: | Evaluate the severity of symptoms in the previous 7 days. | It is a self-administered scale. | It does not take into account the severity of cognitive impairment. | Psychology | Evaluates 5 domains: Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganized Speech, Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior, and Adaptive Behavior. | 65 | 2 | 50f6a0f4-6cdc-403f-9d5e-072c31658fa3 | 2024 |
Behavioral Economics proposes addiction as a disorder of choice characterized by the "pathology of reinforcement". Within this, what is referred to as "delay discounting"? | An excessive preference for immediate reinforcers over delayed ones. | The excessive preference for higher intensity reinforcers over those of lower intensity. | The excessive preference for more numerous, yet less intense reinforcers, as opposed to the less numerous, yet more intense ones. | Psychology | To the excessive preference for more prominent reinforcers over less prominent ones. | 66 | 2 | 0a3dd086-7e94-432f-a41a-18d183459757 | 2024 |
In relation to the empirical evidence of contingency management in cannabis intervention, randomized clinical trials have shown better results when directed at: | Reinforce other behaviors of adherence to treatment (conducting urine analysis or attending sessions). | Reinforce abstinence. | Reinforce positive communication with other family members. | Psychology | Reinforce the completion of homework tasks. | 67 | 1 | 6ebb7cf5-f1f5-4b7b-8217-3bd6920d9fab | 2024 |
Which of the following is not a proven effective therapy (grade A recommendation) for alcohol addiction?: | Family and Couples Behavioral Therapy. | Brief motivational interventions. | Cue Exposure Therapy (CET). | Psychology | Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) Approximation. | 68 | 4 | 2752e8d3-8463-4034-adf8-72193109ad90 | 2024 |
When comparing substance addictions with non-substance addictions (behavioral addictions): | Cognitive-behavioral therapy has proven effective in substance addictions, but not in behavioral addictions. | In both cases, complete abstinence is intended. | It is not expected that research into substance addictions will aid in understanding behavioral addictions. | Psychology | Behavioral addictions and substance abuse disorders often respond positively to the same treatments. | 69 | 3 | 9cf22322-b97c-4b3f-9ef5-d2a31e13f768 | 2024 |
Which of the following disorders, included in the category "Obsessive compulsive and related disorders" (DSM-5 and ICD-11), was previously classified in earlier versions of both manuals under "Impulse control disorders"? | Excoriation. | Hoarding disorder. | Body Dysmorphic Disorder. | Psychology | Trichotillomania. | 70 | 3 | 8a8f8d57-08ad-42fb-b5dd-f27fc92e2a34 | 2024 |
Regarding the so-called "pure obsessions": | In the early stages of obsessive-compulsive disorder development, obsessions become evident before compulsions. | They appear in people who are in early or very advanced stages of obsessive compulsive disorder. | It is currently not considered appropriate terminology, which could lead to diagnostic and treatment errors. | Psychology | They can be associated with a very poor understanding of the problem (insight) and other metacognitive difficulties. | 72 | 4 | 90f88b60-d37b-435e-9864-e3b8572d40d2 | 2024 |
Which of the following obsession suppression strategies is most characteristic of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder?: | Social control. | Distraction. | Worry. | Psychology | Self-punishment. | 73 | 3 | 56a15d17-4926-4616-84c5-fb6348b41b6d | 2024 |
In relation to the level of insight that a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder has about their symptoms: | The level of insight is lower when obsessive contents of symmetry, order, and cleanliness are presented. | A low level of insight is associated with higher comorbidity with other problems. | The late onset of symptoms is associated with a low level of insight. | Psychology | The level of insight is a stable characteristic throughout the evolution of the disorder. | 74 | 1 | 3c7e3405-208e-4948-b40c-3587980d0694 | 2024 |
The "feeling of knowing" is a distortion of memory classified as: | Recognition Paramnesia. | Paramnesia of memory. | Parapraxis of recognition. | Psychology | Parapraxis of memory. | 75 | 3 | 73c17a94-11e9-4f57-8a1b-8f507b5ea0be | 2024 |
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the "compulsive checking or verification" has been explained by Radomsky et al. (2006) as: | Result of the reduction of recency effect generated by repetitive behaviors, making it difficult to remember recent events. | Originated from the very low confidence in the verifier's own memory and the repetition of the verified behavior itself. | A mistake in the temporal ordering of one's own memory during the encoding of repetitive activities. | Psychology | Associated with the quality of the memory, resulting from the tendency towards visual memory of compulsive checkers. | 76 | 1 | 2e0d79ac-b02a-4639-9571-a8616f088602 | 2024 |
Among the stereoagnosias, the difficulties in recognizing internal body sensations, such as the perception of body temperature, are called: | Anosognosia. | Agnosia for objects. | Autotopagnosia. | Psychology | Somatoagnosia. | 77 | 3 | 34d79ddf-6d24-46c1-9a2a-375deee8ea23 | 2024 |
Transient global amnesia is a sudden and massive loss of autobiographical memories characterized by: | High level of recurrence throughout life (between 25-30%). | Affect primarily young adults, have a good prognosis and complete recovery naturally and gradually. | Compared to other possible causes, the presence of systemic or cardiovascular diseases plays a fundamental role. | Psychology | Present for a duration of between one and two weeks. | 78 | 4 | 978a9edc-097f-4d0d-a846-2f0fa88839a6 | 2024 |
Double depression: | It is a term used in research protocols. | It is a disorder included in the DSM-5 to describe conditions in which both major depression and persistent depressive disorder coexist. | It is a disorder included in the ICD-11 to describe conditions where a major depression and a dysthymic disorder coexist. | Psychology | It is a disorder included in the DSM-5 to describe conditions in which a major depression and a substance use disorder coexist. | 79 | 2 | 5ee5280f-f7fa-4a3c-94f7-c798d83a71ff | 2024 |
According to the DSM-5, some of the differences between major depression and bipolar disorder are: | Bipolar disorder is associated with a lower risk of suicide than major depressive disorder. | Major depression responds worse to conventional antidepressant treatment than bipolar disorder, and it is generally considered to have a greater genetic burden than the latter. | Major depression has an approximate 12-month prevalence of 7%, while bipolar disorder has an approximate 12-month prevalence of 0.6%. | Psychology | Depressive disorders have more episodes on average throughout a lifetime than bipolar disorders. | 80 | 4 | c9c54212-40ec-458c-a4c2-b5afd8afac98 | 2024 |
Indicate the incorrect option about selective mutism: | In the ICD-10, the disorder is named selective mutism. | In the DSM-5, it is included within the anxiety disorders. | The duration of the disturbance is at least one month (not limited to the first month of school). | Psychology | In the DSM-5, it is included within the neurodevelopmental disorders. | 81 | 3 | 46bee37f-12b3-4ae3-b180-b0fefb50c2fc | 2024 |
The model of anxious apprehension has been proposed by: | Barlow. | Borkovec. | Wells. | Psychology | Semerari. | 82 | 2 | 97d721d2-4f9f-4b40-aca3-92f01e2e3bc3 | 2024 |
Seligman's Learned Helplessness Theory proposes that: | The maintenance of behaviors through social reinforcement and the lack of social skills as the main determinant of the low reinforcement rate. | The attributional style of depression is characterized by internal, stable, and global attributions for failures or negative events. | The ability for self-reinforcement is the core of depression. | Psychology | The loss of self-esteem is the core of depression. | 83 | 1 | afcf9094-cc9e-4a60-8888-86dad54e2d93 | 2024 |
Panic disorder: | The woman is three times more likely to develop the condition than the man. | It has an annual prevalence of 5-7% in the general population. | Shows a low comorbidity with bipolar disorder. | Psychology | It presents a high comorbidity with physical and medical diseases. | 84 | 3 | 21157928-85d0-497a-8dc1-cf90bb0bdc90 | 2024 |
The greatest risk of suicidal behavior in psychotic disorders has been described in: | The first years after the onset of the psychotic disorder. | The prodromal phase of a psychotic episode. | Late-onset psychotic disorders (between the ages of 40 and 60). | Psychology | Long-term psychotic disorders. | 85 | 2 | 995e91fd-1e07-4797-a88f-d04fb756fe0d | 2024 |
The cognitive bias called "jumping to conclusions": | It is observed in less than a third of individuals with delusional ideas. | It is associated with the presence of hallucinations. | It does not occur in the general population. | Psychology | It is associated with the presence of delusional ideas. | 86 | 3 | 67cd0e10-0b61-4842-8f37-0f1df27e7d25 | 2024 |
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