translation
translation
{ "en": "However, the last one is seldom used because it could be confused with Hokke Sect of Nichiren kyogaku (religious doctrine advocated by Nichiren).", "ja": "䜆し、最埌の呌び名は日蓮教孊の法華宗ず混乱を招く堎合が有るために甚いないこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "The writings related to the Tendai Sect were initially brought into Japan by Ganjin Wajo, who was a priest of the Ritsu Sect as well as the Tendai Sect.", "ja": "初め、埋宗ず倩台宗兌孊の僧鑑真和䞊が来日しお倩台宗関連の兞籍が日本に入った。" }
{ "en": "Then, Denkyo daishi Saicho (767 - 822) traveled to Tang (805), visited Mt. Tendai, learned the doctrine of the Tendai Sect, returned to Japan (806) and founded the Japanese Tendai Sect.", "ja": "次いで、䌝教倧垫最柄さいちょう、767幎-822幎が延暊24幎805幎唐に枡り倩台山にのがり、その教えを受けお翌幎806幎垰囜し䌝えたのが日本における倩台宗のはじたりである。" }
{ "en": "At that time, Nanto rokushu (the six sects of Buddhism which flourished in ancient Nara), such as the Hosso Sect and the Kegon Sect, had already been introduced into Japan, but in China, they were the sects that were founded later than Tendai Sect.", "ja": "この時代、すでに日本には法盞宗や華厳宗など南郜六宗が䌝えられおいたが、これらは䞭囜では倩台宗より新しく成立した宗掟であった。" }
{ "en": "After returning to Japan, Saicho came back to Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei and since then, he nurtured many Buddhist monks including Ennin and Enchin.", "ja": "最柄は日本ぞ垰囜埌、比叡山延暊寺に戻り、埌幎円仁・円珍等倚くの僧䟶を茩出した。" }
{ "en": "As Saicho advocated the doctrine of Hokke ichijo which asserted all people were able to become Buddha, disputes arose between Nara Buddhism (Nanto rokushu) which stuck to the position of Theravada Buddhism.", "ja": "最柄はすべおの衆生は成仏できるずいう法華䞀乗の立堎を説き、小乗的立堎を堅持する奈良仏教ず論争が起こる。" }
{ "en": "In particular, the debate conducted between the Tokuitsu of the Hosso Sect is well-known.", "ja": "特に法盞宗の埳䞀ずの論争は有名である。" }
{ "en": "His innovative initiatives to establish Daijo kaidan, recognize monks who received Daijokai (the commandment of Mahayana Buddhism) as Tendai Sect monks and train them as Bosatsuso (priests of Mahayana Buddhism) by containing them in Mt. Hiei for 12 years deepened the confrontation between Nara Buddhism, which monopolized, due to vested interests, and Kaidan-in which were authorized to grant Shojokai (commandments of Theravada Buddhism) brought by Ganjin Wajo.", "ja": "たた、鑑真和䞊が将来した小乗戒を授ける戒壇院を独占する奈良仏教に察しお、倧乗戒壇を蚭立し、倧乗戒を受戒した者を倩台宗の僧䟶ず認め、菩薩僧ずしお12幎間比叡山に籠山しお孊問・修行を修めるずいう革新的な最柄の構想は、既埗暩益ずなっおいた奈良仏教ず察立を深めた。" }
{ "en": "As Daijokai was deemed at that time as commandments for secular people, not for Buddhist monks (even at present, Daijokai is not recognized as Buddhist precepts under Theravada Buddhism, such as Sri Lanka Theravada Buddhism), the refutation by Nanto (Nara) priests might be reasonable in light of the common sense that then prevailed.", "ja": "圓時倧乗戒は俗人の戒ずされ、僧䟶の戒埋ずは考えられおおらず珟圚でもスリランカ䞊座郚など南方仏教では倧乗戒は戒埋ずしお認められおいない、南郜の孊僧が反論したこずは圓時の垞識に照らしお劥圓なものず蚀えよう。" }
{ "en": "As a result of disputes, imperial sanction concerning Daijo kaidan was given after Saicho's death and the Tendai Sect was formally established, both in name and substance, as an independent religious sect.", "ja": "論争の末、最柄の没埌に倧乗戒壇の勅蚱が䞋り、名実ずもに倩台宗が独立した宗掟ずしお確立した。" }
{ "en": "While Mikkyo of the Shingon Sect is called Tomitsu, that of the Tendai sect is called Taimitsu.", "ja": "真蚀宗の密教を東密ず呌ぶのに察し、倩台宗の密教は台密ず呌ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Religious sects that deem Nichiren to be the real Buddha in the Mappo era criticize the current Japanese Tendai Sect asserting that it is close to the Shingon Sect because it has substantially incorporated the elements of Esoteric Buddhism and the teaching of Mt. Hiei was distorted by Ennin and Enchin because they incorporated Shingon Esoteric Buddhism after Saicho's death and against his will.", "ja": "日蓮を末法の本仏ずする宗掟などは、珟圚の日本の倩台宗は密教を倧幅に取り入れおいるためむしろ真蚀宗に近く、最柄亡き埌、その意向を無芖した円仁・円珍などが真蚀密教を取り入れ比叡山を謗法化正しい法を信じずそしるこずしたものだず批刀する向きもある。" }
{ "en": "In considering the above, however, several points, including historical situation, should be taken into account.", "ja": "しかしこれには歎史的な事情など考慮すべきポむントがいく぀かある。" }
{ "en": "When Tendai daishi Chigi, who is said to be the founder of Tendai Sect in China, advocated Kyoso hanjaku (also called Kyohan for short) based on Goji hakkyo, in which he systemized Buddhism as a whole according to the doctrine of Hokke-kyo sutra, Esoteric Buddhism had not yet been introduced and therefore, it was not included in Kyohan.", "ja": "圓初、䞭囜の倩台宗の祖ずいわれる倩台倧垫智顗が、法華経の教矩によっお仏教党䜓を䜓系化した五時八教の教盞刀釈略しお教刀ずいうを唱えるも、その時代はただ密教は䌝来しおおらず、その教刀の䞭には含たれおいなかった。" }
{ "en": "However, Esoteric Buddhism, the latest Buddhism at the time, had already been introduced when Denkyo daishi Saicho, the founder of the Japanese Tendai sect, traveled to Tang.", "ja": "しかし日本倩台宗の宗祖・䌝教倧垫最柄が、唐に枡った時代になるず最新の仏教である密教が䌝えられおいた。" }
{ "en": "As Saicho worried that Japanese Esoteric Buddhism was imperfect, he received Kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) of Esoteric Buddhism from Jungyo and returned to Japan with the intention of systemizing Buddhism as a whole, including Esoteric Buddhism.", "ja": "最柄はただ日本では密教が䞍備であるこずを憂い、密教を含めた仏教のすべおを䜓系化しようず考え、順暁じゅんぎょうから密教の灌頂を受け持ち垰った。" }
{ "en": "When Kukai returned from Tang one year later after Saicho had returned, Saicho recognized that the Esoteric Buddhism he had learned in Tang from Jungyo was collateral and asked Kukai with the utmost courtesy to take him in as a disciple in order to study Esoteric Buddhism, but he eventually parted from Kukai due to their differences in views on Buddhism.", "ja": "しかし最柄が垰囜しお䞀幎埌に空海が唐から垰囜するず、自身が唐で順暁から孊んだ密教は傍系のものだず気づき、空海に瀌を尜くしお匟子ずなり密教を孊がうずするも、次第に䞡者の仏教芳の違いが顕れ決別した。" }
{ "en": "Due to the above, incorporation of perfect Esoteric Buddhism into Tendai kyogaku was stopped.", "ja": "これにより日本の倩台教孊における完党な密教の線入はいったんストップした。" }
{ "en": "However, there is no doubt about the fact that Saicho intended to establish the doctrine of comprehensive Buddhism by integrating Buddhist precepts based on Hokke-kyo sutra, Zen, Nenbutsu (Buddhist prayer) and Esoteric Buddhism and his disciples, including Ennin and Enchin, succeeded Saicho's will, restudied Esoteric Buddhism and completed Tendai kyogaku which had been the earnest desire of Saicho.", "ja": "ずはいえ、最柄自身が法華経を基盀ずした戒埋や犅、念仏、そしお密教の融合による総合仏教ずしおの教矩確立を目指しおいたのは玛れもない事実であり、円仁・円珍などの匟子たちは最柄自身の意志を匕継ぎ密教を孊び盎しお、最柄の悲願である倩台教孊の確立を芋たのである。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, it can be said that the origin of the current Tendai Esoteric Buddhism is not Ennin and Enchin but Saicho himself.", "ja": "したがっお今日の倩台密教の系譜は、円仁・円珍に起因するものではなく、そもそも最柄にその源流を芋出だすこずができる。" }
{ "en": "Further, as Enchin pointed out 5 defects in Kukai's 'Jujushinron' (Ten Stages of Mind Development) and refuted it as 'there is no superiority or inferiority between Tendai and Shingon,' the views held by sects which deem Nichiren to be the real Buddha that Ennin and Enchin distorted Tendai by incorporating Shingon Esoteric Buddhism, is completely denied by the above fact.", "ja": "たた円珍は、空海の「十䜏心論」を五぀の欠点があるず指摘し「倩台ず真蚀には優劣はない」ず反論しおおり、日蓮を本仏ずする宗掟の、円仁・円珍は倩台に真蚀密教を取り入れ謗法化したなどずいう芋解はここにおいおも完党に吊定されおいる。" }
{ "en": "The difference between Shingon Esoteric Buddhism (Tomitsu) and Tendai Esoteric Buddhism (Taimitsu) is that while Tomitsu advocates its doctrine with Dainichi nyorai being its principal image, Taimitsu takes the stance of Hokke ichijo with Shakamunibutsu of Kuon-jitsujo (eternal life of the Buddha), which is the principal image of Hokke-kyo sutra, being its principal image.", "ja": "なお真蚀密教東密ず、倩台密教台密の違いは、東密は倧日劂来を本尊ずする教矩を展開しおいるのに察し、台密はあくたで法華䞀乗の立堎を取り、法華経の本尊である久遠実成の釋迊牟尌仏ずしおいるこずである。" }
{ "en": "In view of the above-mentioned, it is pointed out that the Japanese Tendai Sect founded by Saicho is, in spite of the same name, a different one from the Chinese Tendai Sect which is based on Hokke-kyo sutra and founded by Chigi, and although it succeeds Chigi's doctrine and is based on Hokke-kyo sutra, it is a unique one that tried to fuse the elements of Zen, Buddhist precepts, nenbutsu and Esoteric Buddhism or the one that tried to develop Chigi's Tendai kyogaku while succeeding it.", "ja": "たた䞊蚘の事項から、同じ倩台宗ずいっおも、智顗が確立した法華経に䟝る䞭囜の倩台宗ずは違い、最柄が開いた日本の倩台宗は、智顗の説を受け継ぎ法華経を䞭心ずし぀぀も、犅や戒、念仏、密教の芁玠も含み、それらの融合を詊みた独特なもので、性栌がやや異なるもの、たた智顗の倩台教孊を継承し぀぀それをさらに発展しようず詊みたものであるず指摘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Enryaku-ji Temple is also called dojo (a hall used for training) for Shishu kengaku.", "ja": "したがっお延暊寺は四宗兌孊の道堎ずも呌ばれおいる。" }
{ "en": "Ascetic training of the Tendai Sect emphasizes 'Shikan,' which is based on Hokke-kyo sutra and could be said to be Hokke Zen.", "ja": "倩台宗の修行は法華経を䞭心ずする法華犅ずも蚀うべき「止芳」を重んじる。" }
{ "en": "Ascetic training of the current Japanese Tendai Sect can be summarized in the words of \"asa daimoku, yu nenbutsu\" (read the Lotus Sutra in the morning and pray to Amida Buddha in the evening).", "ja": "たた、珟圚の日本の倩台宗の修行は朝題目・倕念仏ずいう蚀葉に集玄される。" }
{ "en": "In the morning, Buddhist monks practice daimoku, namely gyoho of chanting Hokke-kyo sutra (it is called hokke senbo) and in the evening, they practice gyoho of praying to a principal image Amida Buddha (it is called reiji saho).", "ja": "午前䞭は題目、぀たり法華経の読誊を䞭心ずした行法法華懺法ずいうを行い、午埌は阿匥陀仏を本尊ずする行法䟋時䜜法ずいうを行う。" }
{ "en": "Shikangyo developed further in later years and became the first step of the development of new Buddhism called 'nenbutsu.'", "ja": "これは埌に発展し、「念仏」ずいう新たな仏教の展開の萌芜ずなった。" }
{ "en": "The sect strengthened its basis by conducting incantation of Tendai Esoteric Buddhism (Taimitsu) and becoming comprehensive Buddhism (there is doubt and criticism concerning the reason why the sect needed to conduct nenbutsu and/or incantation if it believed the doctrine of Hokke-kyo sutra was right).", "ja": "倩台密教台密などの加持も行い、総合仏教ずなる事によっお基盀を固めたしかし、法華経の教矩が正しいのならば、なぜ念仏や加持を行わねばならないのか、ずいう疑問・批刀もある。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, in later years, the sect established the Tendai hongaku philosophy, which asserts that Buddhist nature dwells in all beings.", "ja": "さらに埌䞖には党おの存圚に仏性が宿るずいう倩台本芚思想を確立するこずになる。" }
{ "en": "As the sect played a leading role in the education of Buddhism in Japan, many scholar monks who advocated new religious sect doctrines, such as the Yuzu Nenbutsu Sect, the Jodo Sect, the Jodo-Shin Sect, the Rinzai Sect, the Soto Sect and the Nichiren Sect, were turned out from the sect from the end of Heian period to Kamakura period.", "ja": "長く日本の仏教教育の䞭心であったため、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけお融通念仏宗・浄土宗・浄土真宗・臚枈宗・曹掞宗・日蓮宗などの新しい宗旚を唱える孊僧を倚く茩出する事ずなる。" }
{ "en": "Bosatsu, or Bodhisattva (in Sanskrit) is a disciplinant who wants to become Buddha (tries to become Nyorai) in Buddhism.", "ja": "菩薩がさ぀、bodhisattva(sanskrit)は、仏教においお、成仏を求める劂来に成ろうずする修行者。" }
{ "en": "Later Bosatsu, in spite of a disciplinant, became a target of people's belief because it was considered to live with people and lead people to Buddha's teaching.", "ja": "埌に菩薩は、修行䞭ではあるが、人々ず共に歩み、教えに導くずいうこずで、庶民の信仰の察象ずなっおいった。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "抂芁" }
{ "en": "It came from the phrase \"bodhi-sattva\" in Sanskrit.", "ja": "サンスクリット語のボヌディサットノァ(bodhi-sattva)を音写したものである。" }
{ "en": "Bodhi means 'awake,' and sattva means 'a living person' so that it was freely translated into 'the living things' or 'humanity.'", "ja": "bodhiは「芚」であり、sattvaは「生きおいる者」の意味で衆生ずか有情ず意蚳された。" }
{ "en": "For this reason he is referred to in the two senses of 'a person who pursues enlightenment' and 'a person who has awakened' so that there are two kinds of Bosatsu in India, while in China 'an Indian Mahayana Buddhism monk' is also called Bosatsu.", "ja": "このため、「芚りを求める人」ず「悟りを具えた人」の二぀の意味で呌ばれるので、むンドでの菩薩には2皮類の菩薩が、さらに䞭囜では「むンドの倧乗仏教の僧」を菩薩ず呌んだ。" }
{ "en": "As a result, there are three kinds of Bosatsu.", "ja": "埓っお、同じ菩薩に3皮類あるこずになる。" }
{ "en": "However, merely seeking enlightenment leads to the same as Shomon, Engaku and Bykakushibutsu, so that in order to avoid this, the Hannya-kyo sutra, a Mahayana sutra of the early stage, added Bodhisattva Mahasattva (菩薩摩蚶薩) and Mahasattva (æ‘©èš¶è–©) (the great living thing) and differentiated Mahayana Bosatsu.", "ja": "ただし「芚りを求める」だけでは声聞しょうもん、瞁芚えんがく、蟟支仏びゃくしぶ぀、Pratyekabuddhaず同じになっおしたうので、これをさけるために初期倧乗経兞である般若経では菩薩摩蚶薩ず、摩蚶薩偉倧な衆生を付加しお倧乗の菩薩を差別化しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in the Hannyashin-kyo sutra translated by Genjo there is a word, '菩提薩埵' in the latter part, which is said that it was intentionally divided into '菩提' and '薩埵' according to nirukti.", "ja": "なお、玄奘蚳の般若心経には埌段に「菩提薩」ずいう語があるが、これは挢蚳における語源孊的解釈niruktiで意図的に〈菩提薩埵〉ず分割したずいう説がある。" }
{ "en": "In the Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra, Daihannyaharamitta-kyo Sutra translated by Genjo, it was described as Bodhisattva Mahasattva (菩薩摩蚶薩).", "ja": "玄奘蚳倧般若波矅蜜倚経では菩薩摩蚶薩ずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "After the idea of Bosatsu was established, the rank of Bosatsu was produced next.", "ja": "倧乗の菩薩の抂念が定着するず、次は菩薩の階䜍が蚭けられた。" }
{ "en": "This had been segmented and structured in accordance with the development of Mahayana Buddhism, but various theories emerged according to the interpretation of sutra.", "ja": "これは、倧乗仏教の発展ずずもに现分化、構造化されたが、経論によっお所説が皮々䞍同になった。" }
{ "en": "In \"Kegon-kyo Sutra\" and \"Sutra of the Fundamental Vows of the Jeweled Bodhisattva,\" the status or grades of training were divided into 52 ranks, ranging from Myokaku, Tokaku, Jicchi (Ten Stages), Jueko (Ten Transferences), Jugyo (Ten Behavioral Activities), Juju (Ten Dwelling), Jushin (Ten Faith), and from this 52 ranks have often been adopted.", "ja": "『華厳経』及び『菩薩瓔珞本業經』では、菩薩の境涯、あるいは修行の階䜍は、䞊から劙芚、等芚、十地、十廻向、十行、十䜏、十信の52の䜍にたで分けられ、この52䜍を採甚するこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "Myokaku", "ja": "劙芚みょうかく" }
{ "en": "The last position of the 52 ranks for Bosatsu training, Bosatsu in Tokaku rank, gets this rank by overcoming Mumyo, abidya, of Ippon.", "ja": "菩薩修行の階䜍である52䜍の最埌の䜍で、等芚䜍の菩薩が、さらに䞀品いっぜんの無明を断じお、この䜍に入る。" }
{ "en": "It is also a rank with overcoming Bonno (earthly desires), and is seen as being the same as Buddha and Nyorai.", "ja": "なお䞀切の煩悩を断じ尜くした䜍で、仏・劂来ず同䞀芖される。" }
{ "en": "Tokaku", "ja": "等芚ずうかく" }
{ "en": "It is the fifty-first rank and one of the highest of the 52 ranks for Bosatsu training, and it means that its wisdom and virtue become equal to those of Myokaku, a Buddha of 略䞇埳円満.", "ja": "菩薩修行の階䜍である52䜍の䞭、51䜍であり菩薩の極䜍で、その智埳が略䞇埳円満の仏、劙芚ず等しくなったずいう意味で等芚ずいう。" }
{ "en": "Jicchi, Juchi, Ten Stages", "ja": "十地じっち、じゅうぢ" }
{ "en": "From the forty-first through fiftieth in the 52 ranks of Bosatsu training", "ja": "菩薩修行の階䜍である52䜍の䞭、第4150䜍たで。" }
{ "en": "The 10 ranks from the highest are as follows: dharma-cloud, the finest wisdom, unperturbed state, afar practice, open mind, mastery of utmost difficulty, glowing wisdom, illumination, purity, and joy from the upper rank.", "ja": "䞊から法雲・善想・䞍動・遠行・珟前・難勝・焔光・発光・離垢・歓喜の10䜍。" }
{ "en": "It was named '地', 'a land' because it can be compared to a land putting on all things and giving benefit to them that Bosatsu gets the wisdom of Buddha, keeps holding without moving, bears the burden of all living things, teaches them and gives them benefit.", "ja": "仏智を生成し、よく䜏持しお動かず、あらゆる衆生を荷負し教䞋利益するこずが、倧地が䞇物を茉せ、これを最益するからに䌌おいるから「地」ず名づく。" }
{ "en": "Jueko, Ten Transferences", "ja": "十廻向じゅうえこう" }
{ "en": "From the thirty-first through fortieth in the 52 ranks of Bosatsu training", "ja": "菩薩修行の䜍階である52䜍の䞭、第3140䜍たで。" }
{ "en": "The 10 ranks from the highest are as follows: Transference of equalizing the boundless dharma realm; Transference of the liberation without any tie nor attachment; Transference of the mark of true suchness; Transference of viewing all sentient beings in equality and harmony; Transference of the good roots of equality and harmony; Transference of the store of boundless virtues; Transference of reaching everywhere; Transference of equalizing all Buddhas; Transference of non-destruction; and Transference of salvaging all sentient beings but detaching from any form of sentient being.", "ja": "䞊から入法界無量廻向・無瞛無著解脱廻向・真劂盞廻向・等随順䞀切衆生廻向・随順䞀切堅固善根廻向・無尜功埳蔵廻向・至䞀切凊廻向・等䞀切諞仏廻向・䞍壊䞀切廻向・救護衆生離衆生盞廻向の10䜍。" }
{ "en": "They are the ranks in which a disciplinant does (廻斜) all selfish and altruistic training that it had already done for the living things and tries to reach an enlightenment (仏果) by putting this good deed after Jugyo.", "ja": "十行を終わっお曎に今迄に修した自利・利他のあらゆる行を、䞀切衆生の為に廻斜するず共に、この功埳を以っお仏果に振り向けお、悟境に到達せんずする䜍。" }
{ "en": "Jugyo, Ten Behavioral Activities", "ja": "十行じゅうぎょう" }
{ "en": "From the twenty-first through thirtieth in the 52 ranks of Bosatsu training", "ja": "菩薩修行の䜍階である52䜍の䞭、第2130䜍たで。" }
{ "en": "The 10 ranks, from the highest, are as follows: manifesting in all things the pure, final and true reality; perfecting Buddha's law by complete virtues; exalting the paramitas among all beings; unimpeded; appearing in any form at will; never out of order; without limit; never resenting; beneficial service; and joyful service.", "ja": "䞊から真実・善法・尊重・無著・善珟・離癡乱行・無尜・無瞋根・饒益・芳喜の10䜍。" }
{ "en": "This is the rank where Bosatsu tries to relieve the living things in order to complete more altruistic training after getting a certification (印可) as a Buddhist (仏子) at the end of Juju.", "ja": "菩薩が、十䜏䜍の終に仏子たる印可を埗た埌、曎に進んで利他の修行を完うせん為に衆生を枈床するこずに努める䜍。" }
{ "en": "Dana - Generosity, charity, giving of oneself; Sila - Morality, purity of conduct; Ksanti - Endurance, forbearance, patience; Virya - Diligence, zeal; Dhyana - Meditation, mental concentration; Upaya - The ways and means of emptiness and detachment; Pranidhana - Spiritual vows; Bala - Spiritual Powers; Jnana - Spiritual wisdom", "ja": "垃斜・持戒・忍蟱・粟進・犅定・方䟿・願・力・智の十波矅密のこず。" }
{ "en": "Juju, Ten Dwellings", "ja": "十䜏じゅうじゅう" }
{ "en": "From the eleventh through twentieth in the 52 ranks of Bosatsu training", "ja": "菩薩修行の䜍階である52䜍の䞭、第1120䜍たで。" }
{ "en": "The 10 ranks from the highest are as follows: Kanjo, Abhiseka; Being the prince of the law; Being Buddha's son; Non-retrogression; The whole mind as Buddha's; Perfect expedience; Acquiring the seed of Tathagata; Unobstructed cultivation; Clear understanding and mental control; Setting objectives.", "ja": "䞊から灌頂・法王子・童真・䞍退・正信・具足方䟿・生貎・修行・治地・発心の10䜍。" }
{ "en": "It is called '䜏' in the sense that the mind of the disciplinant lives in Shintai, the real truth after Jushin.", "ja": "十信䜍を経お心が真諊しんたいの理に安䜏する、ずいう意味で「䜏」ず名づく。" }
{ "en": "Another theory asserts that Jicchi of Bosatsu should be called Juju.", "ja": "あるいは菩薩の十地を十䜏ずいう説もある。" }
{ "en": "Jushin, Ten Faiths", "ja": "十信じゅうしん" }
{ "en": "From the first through tenth in the 52 ranks of Bosatsu training", "ja": "菩薩修行の䜍階である52䜍の䞭、第110䜍たで。" }
{ "en": "The 10 ranks, from the highest, are as follows: Vow, Precept, Reflexive power, Non-retrogression, Concentration, Wisdom, Zeal, Remembrance, and Faith.", "ja": "䞊から願心・戒心・廻向心・䞍退心・定心・慧心・粟進心・念心・信心の10䜍。" }
{ "en": "This is the rank where a disciplinant has no doubt regarding the belief in Buddha's dharma.", "ja": "仏の教法を信じお疑心のない䜍。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, Jushin names generically the gebon, (i.e., outer stages) the ranks from Juju to Jueko (called naibon, i.e., inner stages or the three virtuous positions) and the ranks from Jushin to Jueko (called 凡).", "ja": "なお、十信を倖凡、十䜏十廻向たでを内凡あるいは䞉賢ず称し、十信十廻向たでを凡ず総称する。" }
{ "en": "Juchi and Tokaku names 因, Myokaku names 果, and the ranks from Juchi to Myokaku name 聖, which are in opposition to 凡", "ja": "たた十地ず等芚を因、劙芚を果ず称し、十地劙芚たでを聖ず総称し、凡ず盞察する。" }
{ "en": "Suppositional idea", "ja": "前提抂念" }
{ "en": "Although there could be various reasons behind the development of the Mahayana Buddhism movement, it can be thought to be a movement that emerged due to the fact that any Hinayana priest who performed the ascetic practices of Shomon could not become Buddha.", "ja": "倧乗仏教運動が起こった背景にはさたざたな理由が考えられるが、声聞の修行をしおいた郚掟仏教小乗仏教の僧䟶が誰も成仏できなかったこずから起こった運動ずも考えられる。" }
{ "en": "It was thought that there were two reasons for that, and the disciplinants who could not become Buddha were called as follows:", "ja": "その倧きな芁因を二぀考え、欠けた者たちを次のように呌んでいた。" }
{ "en": "Shomon, who was awakened by Buddha's teaching", "ja": "仏陀の教えを聞いお芚った声聞" }
{ "en": "Engaku or Byakushibutsu, who did not preach in spite of reaching enlightenment by itself", "ja": "独力で悟りながら他人に説かない瞁芚、蟟支仏" }
{ "en": "Early in Mahayana Buddhism, these were called two vehicles and were regarded as being unable to become Buddha.", "ja": "初期倧乗仏教ではこれらを二乗ず呌び、成仏できないずされた。" }
{ "en": "Bosatsu as a disciplinant", "ja": "修行者ずしおの菩薩" }
{ "en": "From the early stage of Buddhism, Buddha in the disciplinant age before enlightenment was called Bosatsu.", "ja": "初期から、悟りを開く前の修行時代の仏陀のこずを菩薩ず呌んでいた。" }
{ "en": "In Jataka, Shaka's previous life story, a figure of Shaka's previous life was also called Bosatsu.", "ja": "さらに釈迊の前生物語である本生話ゞャヌタカでは、釈迊の前生の姿も菩薩ず呌んでいる。" }
{ "en": "What was created as a representative of this Bosatsu was Miroku Bosatsu (Maitreya Bodhisattva), who was said to become Buddha next.", "ja": "この菩薩の代衚ずしお創造されたのが、次に成仏するず䌝えられる匥勒菩薩である。" }
{ "en": "Miroku Bosatsu is considered to appear in this world as 匥勒仏 after ascetic training for 5670 million years.", "ja": "匥勒菩薩は56億7千䞇幎の修行を経お、この䞖に匥勒仏ずしお珟れるずされる。" }
{ "en": "Amitabha Buddha, which later became Amitabha Buddha, is a representative example.", "ja": "埌に阿匥陀仏ずなった阿匥陀仏などもこの代衚的事䟋である。" }
{ "en": "Bosatsu for working in this world", "ja": "珟䞖で掻動するための菩薩" }
{ "en": "Despite having reached enlightenment already, Bosatsu, who was prohibited from becoming Buddha, was created.", "ja": "すでに悟りを埗おいるにもかかわらず、成仏を吊定した菩薩も創造された。" }
{ "en": "This is because it was thought that the activity of Buddha itself had a restriction, so that a person who worked for Buddha hand and foot, as it were, was called Bosatsu.", "ja": "これは仏陀自身の掻動に制玄があるず考えられたためで、いわば仏陀の手足ずなっお掻動する者を菩薩ず呌ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Monju Bosatsu and Fugen Bosatsu, of the Amida triad, are examples of this.", "ja": "この代衚者が、釈迊䞉尊の文殊菩薩ず普賢菩薩である。" }
{ "en": "They are not only symbols of Shaka's functions but also work as functions themselves.", "ja": "圌らは、釈迊のはたらきを象城するたけでなく、はたらきそのものずしお掻動するのである。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, Kanzeon Bosatsu and Seishi Bosatsu are Bosatsu who work without regard to becoming Buddhas.", "ja": "他にも、芳䞖音菩薩、勢至菩薩なども、自らの成仏ずはかかわりなく、掻動を続ける菩薩である。" }
{ "en": "Mahayana priest in India", "ja": "むンドの倧乗僧" }
{ "en": "In China, since the details of the Indian situation were not heard, the priests of the early Mahayana Buddhism were given honorific titles, of Bosatsu in particular.", "ja": "䞭囜では、むンドの有様が詳现に䌝わったわけではないので、こずに初期倧乗仏教の孊僧たちを菩薩ず尊称した。" }
{ "en": "Ryuju Bosatsu, Seshin Bosatsu and others were examples in this case.", "ja": "韍暹菩薩、䞖芪菩薩などずするのがこれである。" }
{ "en": "Miroku Bosatsu needs attention.", "ja": "泚意が必芁ずされるのは、匥勒菩薩である。" }
{ "en": "There were Miroku Bosatsu created as Bosatsu in Isshohusho (䞀生補凊, the rank where a disciplinant could become Buddha by one more reincarnation) and Miroku who were told to edit Yugashijiron (there is another opinion that another person edited it but that Miroku was asked to pretend to be an editor (仮蚗説)).", "ja": "創造された䞀生補凊あず䞀回の生で仏を補う凊にあるの菩薩ずしおの匥勒菩薩ず瑜䌜垫地論を線纂したず䌝えられる匥勒仮蚗説もあるずがいる。" }
{ "en": "Bosatsu in Japan", "ja": "日本における菩薩" }
{ "en": "In Japan it was a subject of faith.", "ja": "日本では信仰の察象ずなった。" }
{ "en": "The following major Bosatsu were greatly admired: Kannon Bodhisattva, Kannon Bosatsu, who is depicted as a mother; Miroku Bosatsu who relieves people in the far future; Fugen Bosatsu, who appears in the Hokke-kyo sutra, which says women can become Buddhas and has been deeply admired by women; Monju Bosatsu, who controls the wisdom; and Zijo Bosatsu, who is at the roadsides and nearest to the grass roots.", "ja": "䞻な菩薩ずしお、母性的なむメヌゞが投圱される芳音菩薩、はるか未来で人々を救う匥勒菩薩、女人成仏を説く法華経に登堎し女性に節く信仰されおきた普賢菩薩、知恵を叞る文殊菩薩、道端にたたずみ最も庶民の身近にある地蔵菩薩などが、尊厇されおきた。" }
{ "en": "Syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism", "ja": "神仏習合" }