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{ "en": "On February 2, 1525 (old lunar calendar), Jitsunyo entered nirvana at the age of 68.", "ja": "同5年（1525年）2月2日(旧暦)実如、68歳で入寂。" }
{ "en": "In 1532, it helped Harumoto HOSOKAWA and defeated the Hatakeyama clan with 20,000 troops of lay follower groups in the Kinki district.", "ja": "天文(元号)元年（1532年）細川晴元を助け、近畿の門徒2万人を動員して畠山氏を破る。" }
{ "en": "In August of the same year, a coalition force of the Nichiren sect and Sadayori ROKKAKU of Omi burned down Yamashina Hongwan-ji Temple.", "ja": "同年8月、京都の日蓮宗徒と近江の六角定頼の連合軍、山科本願寺を焼却。" }
{ "en": "(Hokke Ikki Riot (法華一揆))", "ja": "(法華一揆)" }
{ "en": "It moved to the vihara in Osaka Ishiyama (Osaka Gobo).", "ja": "大坂石山の坊舎（大坂御坊）へ移る。" }
{ "en": "(Osaka Ishiyama Hongwan-ji Temple)", "ja": "（大坂石山本願寺）" }
{ "en": "In 1541 it had a peace conference with the Asakura clan.", "ja": "同10年（1541年）朝倉氏との間で和談。" }
{ "en": "In 1553, Kagetora NAGAO (Kenshin UESUGI) was reconciled with Hongwan-ji Temple in order to maintain a route to Kyoto.", "ja": "同22年（1553年）長尾景虎（上杉謙信）は京都への通路を確保するため本願寺と和解。" }
{ "en": "On August 11, 1554 (old lunar calendar), Kennyo became a priest.", "ja": "同23年（1554年）8月11日(旧暦)顕如、得度。" }
{ "en": "He was 12 years old.", "ja": "12歳" }
{ "en": "On August 13, 1554 (old lunar calendar), Shonyo entered nirvana at the age of 39.", "ja": "同23年（1554年）8月13日(旧暦)証如、39歳で入寂。" }
{ "en": "In 1556 it concluded a peace treaty with the Asakura clan.", "ja": "弘治(日本)2年（1556年）朝倉氏との間で講和成立。" }
{ "en": "In 1559, Kennyo was ordained as Monzeki, a temple in which resided a member of the nobility or the Imperial Family.", "ja": "永禄2年（1559年）顕如、門跡に列せられる。" }
{ "en": "The Shimotsuma clan became 坊官 and Mikawa Honshu-ji Temple, Harima Hontoku-ji Temple, Kawachi Kensho-ji Temple (Yao City) became 院家.", "ja": "下間氏が坊官、三河本宗寺・播磨本徳寺・河内顕証寺(八尾市)が院家となる。" }
{ "en": "In 1563, Hongwan-ji Temple's lay follower groups of Mikawa Province (Aichi Prefecture) fought against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, but a year later they made peace.", "ja": "同6年（1563年）三河国（愛知県）の本願寺門徒、徳川家康と争い、翌年に和睦。" }
{ "en": "Subsequently, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA oppressed and prohibited Hongwan-ji Temple lay follower groups in the province.", "ja": "これ以後、徳川家康は領国内の本願寺門徒を禁圧。" }
{ "en": "It was in 1583, 20 years later, that he ceased forbiddance.", "ja": "禁圧がとけたのは、20年後の天正11年（1583年）。" }
{ "en": "The Shimazu clan in Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture) continued to forbid such groups until 1868.", "ja": "薩摩（鹿児島県）の島津氏、明治初年まで禁教を継続。" }
{ "en": "In 1568, Nobunaga ODA went to Kyoto.", "ja": "同11年（1568年）織田信長、京都に入る。" }
{ "en": "In 1569, Kosho-ji Temple, which was founded by Kenson, the second son of Kennyo, was ordained as Waki Monzeki (a subtemple in which resided a member of the nobility or the Imperial Family).", "ja": "同12年（1569年）　顕如の次男顕尊が入寺した興正寺は脇門跡に任ぜられる。" }
{ "en": "In 1570, Nobunaga ODA, whose goal was the integration of Japan, ordered Hongwan-ji Temple to withdraw from the moated castle city Ishiyama, a the headquarters of the Jodo Shinshu sect's lay follower groups and a strategic point against western Japan, which led to a war (the Ishiyama War).", "ja": "元亀元年（1570年）　天下統一を目指す織田信長が、一大勢力である浄土真宗門徒の本拠地でありかつ西国への要衝でもあった環濠城塞都市石山からの退去を命じたため、戦いに発展する（石山合戦）。" }
{ "en": "It continued for about 10 years.", "ja": "約10年間継続。" }
{ "en": "Sometime after the Ishiyama War, Hongwan-ji Temple came to be called Ishiyama Gobo.", "ja": "石山合戦の頃から、本願寺は、石山御坊といわれた。" }
{ "en": "In March 1581, Kennyo made peace with Nobunaga.", "ja": "天正8年（1581年）3月　顕如、信長と和議。" }
{ "en": "He withdraw from Ishiyama and moved the foundation of the temple to Saginomori Kii Province (Kii Saginomori Hongwan-ji Temple.)", "ja": "石山を退去して紀伊国鷺森に寺基を移転（紀伊鷺森本願寺）。" }
{ "en": "The halls and buildings of Ishiyama Hongwan-ji Temple were all burned down.", "ja": "石山本願寺の堂舎はすべて炎上する。" }
{ "en": "In 1583, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built Osaka-jo Castle at the place that included the old site of Ishiyama Hongwan-ji Temple.", "ja": "1583年、石山本願寺跡地を含む一帯に豊臣秀吉によって大坂城が築かれた。" }
{ "en": "In 1583 it moved to a subtemple of Ishiyama Hongwan-ji Temple at Kaizuka, in Izumi Province (later Gansen-ji Temple (Kaizuka City)), along with Shinran's portrait.", "ja": "同11年（1583年）　宗祖真影を奉じて、和泉国の貝塚にある石山本願寺の末寺であった寺（のちの願泉寺(貝塚市)）に移る。" }
{ "en": "(Kaizuka Hongwan-ji Temple)", "ja": "（貝塚本願寺）" }
{ "en": "In May 1585, it moved to Temma in Osaka and obtained a donation of land for a temple from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.", "ja": "同13年（1585年）5月　豊臣秀吉の寺地寄進を得て、大坂の天満（てんま）に移る。" }
{ "en": "In August of the same year, Amida-do was built first, and the following August 御影堂 of about 18 square meters was built.", "ja": "同年8月にまず阿弥陀堂を建て、翌年の8月には十間四面の御影堂が落成する。" }
{ "en": "(Osaka Temma Hongwan-ji Temple)", "ja": "（大坂天満本願寺）" }
{ "en": "In 1591 came another donation of land for a temple from Hideyoshi; 御影堂 and Amida-do of Hongwan-ji Temple were built at the place where Nishi Hongwan-ji Temple now stands.", "ja": "同19年（1591年）　秀吉から京都へ再び寺地の寄進を受け、現在の西本願寺の場所に本願寺の御影堂と阿弥陀堂とが完成する。" }
{ "en": "On November 24, 1592 (old lunar calendar), Kennyo entered nirvana at the age of 50.", "ja": "同20年（1592年）11月24日(旧暦)顕如は50歳で入寂。" }
{ "en": "Kennyo and his first son Kyonyo were opposed to each other over the end of the Ishiyama War.", "ja": "石山戦争の終結をめぐり顕如と長男教如の意見が対立。" }
{ "en": "After Kennyo's nirvana, Kyonyo succeeded as the chief priest.", "ja": "顕如が入寂すると、教如が継職。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, Kyonyo retired based on an assignment document and Junnyo succeeded as the twelfth chief priest of Hongwan-ji Temple.", "ja": "さらに譲状によって、教如は隠退し、准如が本願寺第12代を継職。" }
{ "en": "In 1602, Ieyasu donated land for a temple to the east of Hongwan-ji Temple.", "ja": "慶長7年（1602年）家康は教如に本願寺の東へ寺地を寄進。" }
{ "en": "The next year, Kyonyo built a hall and placed a wooden image of the founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect from Myoan-ji Temple in Hitachi Province (Ibaraki Prefecture), which led to the establishment of another Hongwan-ji Temple.", "ja": "翌年、教如は家康より寄進された寺地へ、常陸国（茨城県）妙安寺から宗祖の木像を迎え、御堂を建立して安置、本願寺を別立する。" }
{ "en": "Subsequently, more lay follower groups came to believe in Kyonyo, and thｒough repeated meetings and partings of lay follower groups the Hongwan-ji Temple groups were divided roughly in half as the eastern group and the western group.", "ja": "その後、教如へ帰依する門徒も多くなり、やがて門徒は集合離散し、本願寺教団は東西にほぼ半分に分割される。" }
{ "en": "For more than 400 years since then, both groups have continued their missionary work at the present places.", "ja": "それ以後400年以上に渡り現在の地で法灯を掲げている。" }
{ "en": "Godai Myoo (the five great Myoo) is a subject of faith in Buddhism and a combination of the five Myoo, which play a central role among Myoo, an honorific entity, which is specific to Mikkyo Esoteric Buddhism.", "ja": "五大明王（ごだいみょうおう）は、仏教における信仰対象であり、密教特有の尊格である明王のうち、中心的役割を担う5名の明王を組み合わせたものである。" }
{ "en": "Myoo, which were originally produced as independent honorific entities, are arranged around Fudo Myoo.", "ja": "本来は別個の尊格として起こった明王たちが、中心となる不動明王を元にして配置されたものである。" }
{ "en": "In images such as statues and pictures, often Fudo Myoo is placed in the center, Gozanze Myoo at the east, Gundari Myoo at the south, Daiitoku Myoo at the west and Kongoyasha Myoo at the north.", "ja": "彫像、画像等では、不動明王が中心に位置し、東に降三世明王（ごうざんぜみょうおう）、南に軍荼利明王（ぐんだりみょうおう）、西に大威徳明王、北に金剛夜叉明王を配する場合が多い。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, this arrangement is seen in Mikkyo (Tomitsu), which has been transmitted in the Shingon sect, but in the other Mikkyo (Daimitsu), which has been transmitted in the Tendai sect, Ususama Myoo is included in Godai Myoo instead of Kongoyasha Myoo.", "ja": "なお、この配置は真言宗に伝承される密教（東密）のものであり、天台宗に伝承される密教（台密）においては金剛夜叉明王の代わりに烏枢沙摩明王が五大明王の一尊として数えられる。" }
{ "en": "Statues of the Godai Myoo were actively produced in Japan, while in China a few works were made.", "ja": "五大明王像は日本において盛んに造像されたが、中国でも若干の遺例を見ることができる。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, Mikkyo was very popular during the first stage of the Heian period, and Godai Myoo was enshrined as the principal image of Buddha in the Godanho ritual.", "ja": "日本では、密教が平安時代前期に隆盛したことから、五壇法の本尊として五大明王が祀られた。" }
{ "en": "As a representative example in Japan, the statue, which was made in the first stage of the Heian period and is located at the auditorium of To-ji Temple, is well known (as a national treasure).", "ja": "日本における代表的な造像例としては、京都の東寺講堂に安置されている平安時代前半の像（国宝）が知られる。" }
{ "en": "It is estimated that the statues was made around 839, when the auditorium was built.", "ja": "その造像は、講堂が創建された承和(日本)6年（839年）頃と推定されている。" }
{ "en": "As for the festivals related to Godai Myoo, Godairikisonninnoue is famous, and Kyoto Daigo-ji Temple performs it in February of each year.", "ja": "五大明王に関する祭事では、京都醍醐寺が毎年2月に厳修する　五大力尊仁王会（ごだいりきそんにんのうえ）が有名。" }
{ "en": "In this festival, the power of Godai Myoo is magnified by burning a large ritualistic 'Saito Goma' outside, and on the last day the contest of strength by holding up a big Kagami-mochi of 150 kg has been held as a traditional event.", "ja": "壮大な屋外大護摩「柴燈護摩」を焚き上げて五大明王の威力を讚えるこの祭事は、最終日に150キロもある超特大の鏡餅を持ち上げる力自慢大会が伝統行事として今に伝えられている。" }
{ "en": "An ama is an unmarried woman over the age of 20 or a woman who becomes a priestess after the period of Shamini (a female Buddhist novice), even though she has been married.", "ja": "尼（あま）とは20歳以上の未婚、もしくは結婚経験があっても沙弥尼（しゃみに）の期間を経て出家した女性のこと。" }
{ "en": "She is also called Bikuni.", "ja": "僧（びくに）とも呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "A nun of Christianity is also called Ama in some cases.", "ja": "キリスト教の修道女も尼と称することがある。" }
{ "en": "The type of woman who had her hair cut around shoulders was called 'Amasogi,' and girls with such a hairstyle were called 'Ama' in some cases.", "ja": "女性が髪を肩のあたりで切ったのを尼削（あまそぎ）というが、そのような髪形の童女を尼という場合がある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in recent times the word 'ama' was used in reference to a prostitute girl or woman.", "ja": "また近世以降少女または女性をいやしめて呼ぶときにも尼という語を用いた。" }
{ "en": "The origin of the word 'ama' could be considered a transcription of the slang expression of 'ambaa' in Sanskrit, which means 'a good woman.'", "ja": "尼の語源は、サンスクリット語の「善良な女性」を意味するambaaの俗語形の音写ではないかと考えられる。" }
{ "en": "Originally it meant Bikuni (bhikSuNii in Sanskrit) and a female Buddhist disciple opposite Biku, a male Buddhist disciple.", "ja": "本来は比丘尼（サンスクリット：bhikSuNii）のことであり、男性の出家修行者（比丘びく）に対して、女性の出家修行者をいう。" }
{ "en": "According to tradition, the first Bikuni were Makahajadai, Mahaprajapati, (Mahaaprajaapatii in Sanskrit), Shaka's adopted mother, and 500 women of the Shaka clan.", "ja": "伝承では、最初の比丘尼は釈迦の養母の摩訶波闍波提（まかはじゃはだい、mahaaprajaapatii(sanskrit)）と500人の釈迦族の女性たちであった。" }
{ "en": "Shaka did not permit women to become priestesses at first, but admitted them based on their passion and meditationof Anan (Ananda) on the condition that they would keep eight promises, such as respecting Biku without slander.", "ja": "釈迦ははじめ女性の出家を許さなかったが、彼女たちの熱意と阿難のとりなしによって、比丘を敬い、罵謗したりしないなど8つの事項を守ることを条件に、女性の出家を認めたという。" }
{ "en": "By this, Yashotara (Yashodhara), Shaka's ex-wife, Bhadraa-Kapilaanii, ex-wife of Daikasho (Mahakasyapa), and Sama (Ksemaa) who was the princess of Bimbisara, Sister Uppalavanna and others became priestesses one after another and established a priestess group.", "ja": "これにより釈迦の元妻である耶輸陀羅（やしょたら、ヤソーダラー）、大迦葉のかつての妻である妙賢（バドラー・カピラーニ）、ビンビサーラ王の妃であった差摩（さま、ケーマ）、蓮華色比丘尼（ウッパラヴァンナー）など次々と出家し尼僧集団が形成された。" }
{ "en": "In Japan Ama generally means a woman who becomes a priestess, shaves her head, puts on clerical garment and practices ascetic training at Ama-dera Temple.", "ja": "日本では一般に、出家得度して剃髪し染衣をつけ、尼寺にあって修行する女性をさす。" }
{ "en": "They are called Ama Nyudo, Ama Nyobo, Ama Goze or Ama Midai and so on.", "ja": "尼入道、尼女房、尼御前（あまごぜ）、尼御台などと呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "The first ama in Japan were three women including Zenshin-ni, a daughter of Tatto SHIBA, who SOGA no Umako made them become priestess in 584.", "ja": "日本最初の尼は、584年に蘇我馬子が出家させた司馬達等の娘善信尼ら3人である。" }
{ "en": "They crossed to Kudara in order to learn Buddhism precepts (戒法), and lived at Sakurai-ji Temple after their return to Japan in 590.", "ja": "彼女たちは百済にわたって戒法を学び、590年に帰国して、桜井寺に住した。" }
{ "en": "At the beginning of Buddhism in Japan, the ama seemed to play the same role as a shrine maiden who worshiped God.", "ja": "仏教伝来の当初、尼は神まつりする巫女と同じ役割を果たしたと思われる。" }
{ "en": "In 741 provincial monasteries were built around the country by an order of emperor Shomu, and provincial monasteries were built at the same time.", "ja": "741年（天平13年）、聖武天皇の発願で国分寺が諸国に設けられたが、同時に国分寺も置かれた。" }
{ "en": "However, in accordance with the idea of the guard of nation becoming stronger, people tended to dislike that women (including ama) approached Buddhism from the standpoint of emphasizing that priests kept the precepts of Buddhism.", "ja": "しかし、鎮護国家の思想が強まるにつれて僧侶の持戒を重んじる立場から、尼を含めて女性が仏教に接することを厭う風潮が生まれた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, giving Buddhist precepts (授戒) against ama was rejected and ama had been denied as priestess in Buddhism society for a long time in spite of the fact that there were many ama at that age.", "ja": "そのため、尼に対する授戒は拒絶され、当時大勢の尼が存在しながら、仏教界においては僧侶としては否認されるという扱いが長く続く事になる。" }
{ "en": "Against this situation, Princess Shoshi, the empress of Emperor Junna, tried to make Kaidan (Ama Kaidan), the Buddhist ordination platform for women, but due to objections she could not.", "ja": "これに対して淳和天皇の皇后であった正子内親王が女性のための戒壇（尼戒壇）を作ろうとするが反対に遭って果たせなかった。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Shoshi (a daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga), of the Palace of the Empress of Emperor Ichijo, placed Ama Kaidan at Hojo-ji Temple, which was built by Michinaga, when she became priestess in 1027, but it was lost in the devastation of the temple.", "ja": "一条天皇の中宮であった藤原彰子（藤原道長の娘）が自身の出家を機に道長が建てた法成寺に尼戒壇を設置した（万寿4年（1027年））が、同寺の荒廃とともに失われた。" }
{ "en": "In medieval times, aristocratic women could become 'ama' called Sage Ama by having her hair cut around shoulders (of course they couldn't become ama formally because they could not be given the precepts of Buddhism).", "ja": "中世には貴族出身者はさげ尼と称して、髪を肩の辺りで削いで「尼」となることができた（勿論、授戒が受けられないために正式な尼にはなれない）。" }
{ "en": "Subsequently this custom became widespread, and women who were bereaved of husbands, divorced or had grown old were called 'ama' based on their appearance.", "ja": "それ以降この風習が一般に広まり、夫と死別したり、離婚したり、老婆となった時など、姿かたちだけ「尼」となった。" }
{ "en": "For example, Masako HOJO, a wife of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, became an ama and was called Ama Shogun because she wielded influence over government.", "ja": "たとえば、源頼朝妻の北条政子は尼となり、権勢を振って尼将軍と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "Kamakura new Buddhism regretted the former position to depreciate women and preached to relieve women, and Honen showed deep sentiment against Ama Nyudo, which was seemed to be a slang term for fools, as it were.", "ja": "鎌倉新仏教は、従来の女性軽視の立場を反省し、女性の救済を説いたが、法然は、当時、愚かものの代名詞の観すらあった尼入道に深い理解を示した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, Eison built Ama Kaidan at Hokke-ji Temple, which was the Great Head Temple of old provincial nunneries, when it was rebuilt (in 1249).", "ja": "また、叡尊もかつての国分尼寺の総本山であった法華寺再興の際に同寺に尼戒壇を設置した（建長元年（1249年））。" }
{ "en": "Influenced by the missionary works of his Shingon Risshu sect, giving Buddhist precepts to ama had been gradually admitted.", "ja": "彼の真言律宗の布教の影響によって次第に尼への受戒が許容されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "In the Kanakura and Muromachi periods, Ama Gozan was determined in Kyoto and Kamakura.", "ja": "鎌倉時代・室町時代には、京都・鎌倉に尼五山が定められた。" }
{ "en": "A private shrine maiden, married with an itinerant Buddhist monk of Shugen, performed worship and divine revelation together, and also adopted the custom of having her hair cut so that a Shugen shrine maiden was called Bikuni.", "ja": "民間の巫女は修験の山伏と夫婦になって祈祷や託宣を行ったが、剃髪の風習が巫女にも及び、修験巫女は比丘尼とよばれた。" }
{ "en": "Such bikuni went around the country, which led to the creation of the Haooyaku-bikuni (Yao-bikuni) legend.", "ja": "このような比丘尼は各地を遊行し、これを背景に八百比丘尼の伝説が生まれた。" }
{ "en": "Kumano-bikuni, who propagated the Kumano faith in various places, lectured on Rokudo-zu (i.e., paintings of the six paths of existence) are also called the \"six realms\" of reincarnation or Kumano Mandala (i.e., devotional paintings of the three shrines of Kumano).", "ja": "熊野信仰を各地に広めた熊野比丘尼は六道図や熊野曼荼羅などを絵解きした。" }
{ "en": "During the Edo period, Uta Bikuni who served at a banquet appeared and some ama fell into prostitution.", "ja": "江戸時代に入ると宴席にはべる歌比丘尼となり、売春に転落するものもいた。" }
{ "en": "Ama was seen in nearly every Buddhist sect in Japan, but after the Meiji Restoration the values of patriarchal authority based on Confucianism became widespread among people other than those of the former warrior class, so there was an example that ama was abolished, such as occurred in the Nichiren Shoshu sect in the Showa period, when nationalism also became influential.", "ja": "尼は日本仏教のほぼ全ての宗派に置かれたが明治維新以降は儒教的な家父長制の価値観が旧武士階層以外にも広まり、これに加えて国粋主義も台頭した昭和期には日蓮正宗のように尼を廃止した例もある。" }
{ "en": "Arakan (arhat in Sanskrit) is a saint in Buddhism who is eligible to receive respect and charity.", "ja": "阿羅漢(あらかん、サンスクリット：arhat)は、仏教において、尊敬や施しを受けるに相応しい聖者のこと。" }
{ "en": "It is a transcript of \"arhan,\" the nominative of \"arhat\" in Sanskrit.", "ja": "サンスクリット語\"arhat\"の主格\"arhan\"の音写語。" }
{ "en": "It is also abbreviated as Rakan.", "ja": "略称して羅漢（らかん）ともいう。" }
{ "en": "It is translated into 応供 (Ougu) in Chinese.", "ja": "漢訳は応供(おうぐ)である。" }
{ "en": "It was one of the honorific titles of Shaka.", "ja": "もとは釈迦の尊称の一つであった。" }
{ "en": "For details on the temples that enshrine Arakan, see Rakan-ji Temple.", "ja": "阿羅漢を祀る寺院については、羅漢寺を参照。" }
{ "en": "It is also called 殺賊 (Setsuzoku), transferred from killing (殺す (han)) rebel (賊 (ari)) of earthly desires and '不生,' transferred from a（不）＋ruh（生ずる), which means not to relive in a wandering world (past, present and future existences, or three realms) after nirvana, but these are vulgar views of the origin of word.", "ja": "煩悩の賊(ari)を殺す（han）から殺賊（せつぞく）と言われたり、涅槃に入って迷いの世界（三界）に生れない（a（不）＋ruh（生ずる））から「不生」と言われたりするが、これはいずれも通俗語源解釈である。" }
{ "en": "It is originally a derivative word of the root, arh-, which means 'valuable', 'respectable' and so on.", "ja": "本来は「価値ある」「立派な」などの意味を持つ語根〈arh-〉の派生語である。" }
{ "en": "Originally, in the general sense it meant 'respectable disciplinant' in the Indian religion.", "ja": "元々、インドの宗教一般で「尊敬されるべき修行者」をこのように呼んだ。" }
{ "en": "In early Buddhism it meant the top level that a disciplinant could attain.", "ja": "初期仏教では、修行者の到達し得る最高位をこのように呼ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Arakan-ka, the state of full attainment of arhatship in which it isn't necessary to learn any more, is called 'Mugakui (無学位).'", "ja": "学道を完成し、これ以上に学ぶ要がないので阿羅漢果を「無学位」という。" }
{ "en": "As for the grades below that, Fugen-ka (the consummation of the stage of the non-returner), Ichirai-ka (one who has fully consummated the stage of the once-returner) and Yoru-ka (one who has fully attained the stage of the stream-enterer) are called 'Ugakui (有学（うがく）位).'", "ja": "それ以下は、不還果・一来果・預流果を「有学」（うがく）位という。" }
{ "en": "(Shiko Shika, four accesses and four accomplishments)", "ja": "（四向四果）" }
{ "en": "Especially in Mahayana Buddhism, Shomon was called Arakan and was distinguished from Buddha critically.", "ja": "特に大乗仏教では声聞を阿羅漢と呼び、批判的に仏と区別した。" }
{ "en": "However, in Mahayana Buddhism it is referred to as two vehicles, and Arakan and Dokkaku are said to be unable to become 'Buddha.'", "ja": "しかし、大乗仏教では二乗と呼ばれて、阿羅漢と独覚（どっかく）は「仏」になれないとされた。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is a theory that they cannot even go to 'Hell' but must repeat reincarnation at the same level.", "ja": "さらには「地獄」へも堕ちることができず、その位のまま輪廻が繰り返されるとする論書さえある。" }
{ "en": "In China and Japan, 16 disciples who swore to keep Buddhism were respected as the 16 Rakans.", "ja": "中国・日本では仏法を護持することを誓った16人の弟子を十六羅漢と呼び尊崇した。" }

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