translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Moreover, 500 disciples who gathered in the first editorial meeting of Buddhist sutra (結集（けつじゅう）were called the 500 Rakans and were eagerly respected.",
"ja": "また、第1回の仏典編集（結集（けつじゅう））に集まった500人の弟子を五百羅漢と称して尊敬することも盛んであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Particularly, the Zen sect emphasized that Shaka's true dharma (正法) was transmitted directly to Arakan, Daikasho (Mahakasyapa) and produced pictures of the 500 Rakans, and statues of Rakan idealized the figures of Shaka's disciples training, which were later worshipped to pray for keeping true dharma.",
"ja": "ことに禅宗では阿羅漢である大迦葉に釈迦の正法が直伝されたことを重視して、釈迦の弟子たちの修行の姿が理想化され、五百羅漢図や羅漢像が作られ、正法護持の祈願の対象となった。"
} |
{
"en": "According to \"Daiarakan Nandai Shosetsu (Hojuki),\" it means sixteen Arakans who live in this world forever by Buddha's order and serve as redeemers of living things.",
"ja": "大阿羅漢難提多所説（法注記）によると、仏勅を受けて永くこの世に住し衆生を済度する役割をもった16人の阿羅漢といわれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Bindorabaradaja, Pindolabharadraja",
"ja": "賓度羅跋囉惰闍（びんどらばらだーじゃPindolabharadrāja）"
} |
{
"en": "The first of 16 Rakans",
"ja": "十六羅漢の第一。"
} |
{
"en": "It is known as Binzuru-sonja or, in other words, Obinzuru-sama.",
"ja": "賓頭盧尊者即ち「おびんずる様」として知られる。"
} |
{
"en": "There is a view that includes Binzuru as another Rakan among \"the 18 Rakans\" with Keiyu, who is regarded as having originated the idea of the 18 Rakans.",
"ja": "後に、賓頭盧を別の羅漢として、十六羅漢思想を創始したとされる慶友とあわせ十八羅漢とする場合もある。"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,000 followers and lives in the Godhanga region of the west.",
"ja": "所属1000人を有し、西瞿耶尼州に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanakabassa, Kanakavatsa",
"ja": "迦諾迦伐蹉（かなかばっさKanakavatsa）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 500 followers and lives in Kashmir.",
"ja": "所属500人を有し、北迦湿弥羅国（カシミール）に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanakabaridaja, Kanakabharadraja",
"ja": "迦諾迦跋釐堕闍（かなかばりだじゃKanakabharadrāja）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 600 followers and lives in the Purva-Videha region.",
"ja": "所属600人を有し、東勝身州に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Subinda, Subinda",
"ja": "蘇頻陀（すびんだSubinda）"
} |
{
"en": "Nakora, Nakula",
"ja": "諾距羅（なこらNakula）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 800 followers and lives in Kulu country.",
"ja": "所属800人を有し、南瞻部洲に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Badara, Bhadra",
"ja": "跋陀羅（ばだらBhadra）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 900 followers and lives in T'an-mo-lo-Chow.",
"ja": "所属900人を有し、耽没羅州に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "At the bathrooms of various temples, the statue of this saint is often placed in accordance with a description of the Shuryogon-gyo sutra.",
"ja": "諸寺の浴室では首楞厳経の記述に随いこの尊者像が安置される事が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Karika, Kalika",
"ja": "迦哩迦（かりかKālika）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,000 followers and lives in Seng-ka-t'a.",
"ja": "所属1000人を有し、僧伽茶州に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Bajaraputara, Vajraputra",
"ja": "伐闍羅弗多羅（ばじゃらぶたらVajraputra）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,100 followers and lives in Po-la-na, Parnadvipa.",
"ja": "所属1100人を有し、鉢刺拏州に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Jubaka, Jivaka",
"ja": "戎博迦（じゅばかJīvaka）"
} |
{
"en": "Hantaka, Panthaka",
"ja": "半託迦（はんたかPanthaka）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,300 followers and lives in the Touriten.",
"ja": "所属1300人を有し、忉利天に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "It means Mahapanthaka, an elder brother of Shuri Handoku (Cuuda-pantaka).",
"ja": "周利槃特の兄、摩訶槃特のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Ragora, Rahula",
"ja": "羅ご羅（らごらRāhula）"
} |
{
"en": "The son of Shakuson",
"ja": "釈尊の実子"
} |
{
"en": "Nagasena, Nagasena",
"ja": "那伽犀那（ながせなNāgasena）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,200 followers and lives in Mt. Pandava.",
"ja": "所属1200人を有し、半度波山に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "He seems to be Nagasena, who is seen in the scene depicting Milind's question.",
"ja": "ミリンダ王の問いに出るナーガセーナと思われる。"
} |
{
"en": "Ingada, Angaja",
"ja": "因掲陀（いんがだAńgaja）"
} |
{
"en": "Banabasu, Vanavasin",
"ja": "伐那婆斯（ばなばすVanavāsin）"
} |
{
"en": "It has 1,400 followers and lives in Habitable Mountain.",
"ja": "所属1400人を有し、可住山に住す。"
} |
{
"en": "Ajita, Ajita",
"ja": "阿氏多（あじたAjita）"
} |
{
"en": "It is seen as the same as Miroku Bosatsu (Maitreya Bodhisattva).",
"ja": "弥勒菩薩と同一視される。"
} |
{
"en": "Chudahantaka, Chudapanthaka",
"ja": "注荼半諾迦（ちゅだはんたかCūdapanthaka）"
} |
{
"en": "It is Shuri Handoku (Cuuda-pantaka).",
"ja": "周利槃特のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Statues of the 16 Rakans",
"ja": "十六羅漢像"
} |
{
"en": "Kennin-ji Temple (Kyoro City Kyoto Prefecture)",
"ja": "建仁寺（京都府京都市）"
} |
{
"en": "Kuon-ji Temple （Minobu-cho, Minamikoma-gun, Yamanashi Prefecture）",
"ja": "久遠寺（山梨県南巨摩郡身延町）"
} |
{
"en": "Statues of the 18 Rakans",
"ja": "十八羅漢像"
} |
{
"en": "Mampuku-ji Temple (Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture)",
"ja": "萬福寺（京都府宇治市）"
} |
{
"en": "Statues of the 500 Rakans",
"ja": "五百羅漢像"
} |
{
"en": "Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Morioka City) (Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture)",
"ja": "五百羅漢(盛岡市)（岩手県盛岡市）"
} |
{
"en": "Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Tono City) (Tono City, Iwate Prefecture)",
"ja": "五百羅漢(遠野市)（岩手県遠野市）"
} |
{
"en": "Kita-in Temple (Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture)",
"ja": "喜多院（埼玉県川越市）"
} |
{
"en": "Naritasan Shinsho-ji Temple Shaka-do (Narita City, Chiba Prefecture)",
"ja": "成田山新勝寺釈迦堂（千葉県成田市）"
} |
{
"en": "Gohyaku Rakan-ji Temple (Meguro Ward, Tokyo)",
"ja": "五百羅漢寺（東京都目黒区）"
} |
{
"en": "Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Omori-cho Oda City, Shimane Prefecture)",
"ja": "五百羅漢（島根県大田市大森町）"
} |
{
"en": "Otagi Nenbutsu-ji Temple (Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City)（sen-nihyaku Rakan)",
"ja": "愛宕念仏寺（京都市右京区）-千二百羅漢"
} |
{
"en": "Rakan-ji Temple (Kasai City) (Kasai City, Hyogo Prefecture)（Hojo Gohyoku Rakan)",
"ja": "羅漢寺(加西市)（兵庫県加西市）-北条五百羅漢"
} |
{
"en": "Rakan-ji Temple (Nakatsu City) (Nakatsu City, Oita Prefecture)",
"ja": "羅漢寺(中津市)（大分県中津市）"
} |
{
"en": "Toko-ji Temple (Usa City) (Usa City, Oita Prefecture)",
"ja": "東光寺(宇佐市)（大分県宇佐市）"
} |
{
"en": "Chokei-ji Temple (Toyama City) (Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture)",
"ja": "長慶寺(富山市)（富山県富山市）"
} |
{
"en": "Biyun Temple (Beijing, People's Republic of China)",
"ja": "碧雲寺（中華人民共和国北京市）"
} |
{
"en": "Xiyuansi Temple (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province China)",
"ja": "西園寺（中国江蘇省蘇州市）"
} |
{
"en": "Jiuhuashan Hu Guo Wan Nien Temple (Chizhoushi, Anhui Province, China)",
"ja": "九華山護国萬年寺（中国安徽省池州）"
} |
{
"en": "GuiYuanSi Temple (WuHan City, HuBei Province, China)",
"ja": "帰元寺（中国湖北省武漢）"
} |
{
"en": "Baoguangsi Temple (ChengDu City, SiChuan Province, China)",
"ja": "寶光寺（中国四川省成都）"
} |
{
"en": "QiongZhuSi Temple (KunMing City, YunNan Province, China)",
"ja": "筇竹寺（中国雲南省昆明）"
} |
{
"en": "Man Fat Tsz Temple, Monastery of 10,000 Buddhas (Hong Kong, China)",
"ja": "萬佛寺（中国香港）"
} |
{
"en": "Sutra,' of the Buddhist sutra (Kyoten, Kyoden, sutra in Sanskrit, sutta in Pali), means a record of Shaka's teachings among Buddhist scriptures.",
"ja": "経典（きょうてん、きょうでん、(サンスクリット語)sutra(सूत्र)sanskrit、(パーリ語)sutta）の、「経」とは仏教聖典の内、釈迦が説いた教えを記録しているもの。"
} |
{
"en": "The way of ascetic training and religious precepts is called 'vinaya'; commentaries of Buddhist sutra are called 'abhidharma'; and sutra, vinaya and abhidharma are collectively called 'Tripitaka.'",
"ja": "修行法や戒律に関するものは「律」、経典を注釈したものは「論」と呼ばれ、経・律・論を合わせて「三蔵」と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Buddhist sutra' means only 'sutra' in a narrow sense, but in a broad sense it means all Buddhist scriptures.",
"ja": "「経典」という場合、狭義には「経」のみを指すが、広義には仏教典籍全般を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "In that sense it has the same meaning as Buddhist scriptures.",
"ja": "その意味では仏典と同義である。"
} |
{
"en": "The major Buddhist sutras include Hokku-kyo Sutra (Dhammapada), Agon-kyo Sutra, Hannya-kyo Sutra, Yuima-kyo Sutra, Nehan-kyo Sutra (Sutra of The Great Nirvana), Kegon-kyo Sutra, Hokke Sanbu-kyo Sutra (Threefold Lotus Sutra), the Three Sutras of the Pure Land (Jodosanbu-kyo Sutra), Kongocho-kyo Sutra, etc.",
"ja": "代表的な経典としては、法句経、阿含経、般若経、維摩経、涅槃経、華厳経、法華三部経、浄土三部経、金剛頂経などが挙げられる。"
} |
{
"en": "It can generally be classified into primitive sutras and Mahayana sutras.",
"ja": "大きく原始仏典と大乗仏典にわかれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Primitive sutras include five sutras of Pali and the Agon-kyo Sutra group (as translated into Chinese), and it is said that portions of these sutras adhere relatively closely to Syakamuni's words.",
"ja": "原始仏典にはパーリ五部および漢訳の阿含経典群があり、その一部は釈尊の言葉を比較的忠実に伝えていると言われる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Mahayana sutras were created by Mahayana Buddhism religious associations beginning around the beginning of the A.D. epoch, so they have no direct relationship to the historical Syakamuni.",
"ja": "大乗仏典は西暦紀元前後以降、大乗仏教教団によって創作されたもので、すべて歴史上の釈尊とは直接関係のないものである。"
} |
{
"en": "They include the Hannya-kyo sutras, the Hokke-kyo sutra, the Kegon-kyo sutra and others..",
"ja": "般若経典群、法華経、華厳経その他がこれに含まれる。"
} |
{
"en": "As for languages, there are various translations ranging from Indian dialects such as Pali and Sanskrit to Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchurian, and a part of the sutra written in the Tangut language remains as well.",
"ja": "言語的には、パーリ語・サンスクリット語などのインドのものを初めとして、中国語、チベット語、モンゴル語、満州語のものがあり、西夏語のものも一部現存する。"
} |
{
"en": "They have been translated into Japanese from Chinese, and Pali is also included in this.",
"ja": "漢語やパーリ語から日本語に訳したものもこれに準じる。"
} |
{
"en": "Additionally, sutra, vinaya, abhidharma and their commentaries were edited into a series called \"Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka)\" or \"Issai-kyo Sutra (Complete Buddhist Scriptures).\"",
"ja": "また、経・律・論および、その注釈書などは、大蔵経もしくは一切経と呼ばれる叢書にまとめられた。"
} |
{
"en": "These works were often implemented by order of the Emperor in China, where they set a tough standard to incorporate scriptures so that the scriptures that were not of the standard were called 'Zougai (蔵外).'",
"ja": "この作業は、中国では皇帝名で行われることが多く、編入される書物の基準が厳格で、基準外のものは「蔵外（ぞうがい）」と称された。"
} |
{
"en": "Taisho Shinshu Daizo-kyo Sutra, edited in Japan in 1934, generally includes scriptures edited or written in China and Japan.",
"ja": "昭和9年（1934年）、日本で編纂された大正新脩大蔵経は、より広範囲に中国・日本撰述の典籍も含めている。"
} |
{
"en": "Sutra (sutta) is a collection of Skaka's and disciples' records of sayings and deeds.",
"ja": "経（スッタ、sutta）は釈迦や、弟子たちの言行録を集めたもの。"
} |
{
"en": "Once Shaka reached nirvana, in order to transmit his teachings correctly his disciples held a meeting to edit Buddhist sutras (Ketuju, 結集) and began to classify them.",
"ja": "釈迦の入滅後、教えを正しく伝えるために、弟子たちは経典編集の集会（結集（けつじゅう））を開き、経典整理を開始した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, from 100 to 200 years after Shaka's nirvana, the religious association split into many Hinayana, and each one came to succeed and keep its own Tripitaka.",
"ja": "ところが、仏滅後100-200年ころには教団は多くの部派仏教に分裂し、それぞれの部派が各自の三蔵を伝持するようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Apparently, they were written in each respective language of the various regions in India.",
"ja": "それらはインドの各地の言語によっていたと思われる。"
} |
{
"en": "Only the Pali Buddhist sutra of Theravada Buddhism, which was transmitted to Sri Lanka, exists in complete form; it is used widely in the Southeastern Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar.",
"ja": "完全な形で現存するのは、スリランカに伝えられた上座部仏教系のパーリ語経典のみで、現在、スリランカ、タイ、ミャンマーなど東南アジアの仏教国で広く用いられている。"
} |
{
"en": "The contents are as provided below:",
"ja": "その内容は次の通りである。"
} |
{
"en": "Vinayapitaka: Kyofunbetsu (経分別, Commentary on the Texts of Religious Precepts), Kendo (けん度, Systems and Rules of Religious Associations) and an appendix.",
"ja": "律蔵：経分別（戒律の本文解説）、けん度（けんど、教団の制度規定）、付録。"
} |
{
"en": "Kyozo, storehouse of sutra: the five sections of diigha-nikaaya, majjhima-nikaaya, saMyutta-nikaaya, AGguttara-nikaa and khuddaka-nikaaya.",
"ja": "経蔵：長部、中部、相応部、増支部、小部の5部。"
} |
{
"en": "The former four sections correspond to \"Agon-kyo Sutra,\" as translated into Chinese.",
"ja": "前4部は漢訳『阿含経（あごんきよう）』に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "Abhidhamma-piTaka: the seven sections of DhammasaGgaNI, VibhaGga, DhAtukathA, Puggala-paJJatti, KathAvatthu, Yamaka and PaTThAna.",
"ja": "論蔵：法集論、分別論、界説論、人施設論、論事論、双対論、発趣論の7部。"
} |
{
"en": "These were written gradually until around 2 B.C. - 1 B.C. and are said to have been transmitted to Sri Lanka around 1 B.C.; subsequently, many commentaries, essentials and history books of Zogai were produced.",
"ja": "これらは紀元前2世紀-紀元前1世紀ころまでに徐々に形成されたもので、前1世紀ころにスリランカに伝えられたといわれ、以後、多くの蔵外の注釈書、綱要書、史書等が作られた。"
} |
{
"en": "At the end of the nineteenth century, the Pali Text Society was founded in London and published a revised edition of original sutras, while in Japan the 65 volumes of \"Nanden Tripitaka\" (1935-1941), including some Zogai scriptures, were published as a complete translation.",
"ja": "19世紀末ロンドンにパーリ聖典協会（PāliTextSociety）が設立されて原典の校訂出版等がなされ、日本では若干の蔵外文献も含めて『南伝大蔵経』65巻（1935年-1941年）に完訳されている。"
} |
{
"en": "It should be remembered that Pali Buddhist sutra haven't necessarily kept the original words.",
"ja": "注意が必要なのは、パーリ語経典が必ずしも古い形を残しているとは限らない点である。"
} |
{
"en": "In \"Agon-kyo Sutra,\" as translated into Chinese, there are descriptions that are older than those transmitted to Theravada Buddhism or those that seem to have been translated into Chinese from Sanskrit.",
"ja": "漢訳の『阿含経』には上座部に伝わったより古い形態のものがあったり、あきらかにサンスクリット語からの漢訳と考えられるものがある。"
} |
{
"en": "In that sense, it is not only a false expression but also an incorrect one to think the Pali Buddhist sutra keep the original forms.",
"ja": "その意味で、パーリ語経典が原初の形態を伝えていると考えることは、間違いではないが正確な表現ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "In Tibet, the translation of individual Buddhist scriptures was begun by order of King Songtsan Gambo in the seventh century; the translation of Buddhist sutra into the Tibetan language was begun by Tonmisanboda (トンミサンボータ).",
"ja": "チベットにおける個別の仏典翻訳は、7世紀ソンツェン・ガンポ王の命令で、経典のチベット語訳は、トンミサンボータによって始められたが、"
} |
{
"en": "In accordance with the ascendance of Buddhism as the national religion at the end of the eighth century, the translation of Buddhist scriptures became a national project of the kingdom; thus the work of collecting and translating Buddhist scriptures from India encyclopedically and systematically was begun and completed in the space of just a few decades.",
"ja": "八世紀末、仏教が国教となるのにともない、仏典翻訳は王国の国家事業となり、隣国インドより網羅的、体系的に仏典を収集し、翻訳する作業が開始され、数十年の短期間で一挙に完遂された。"
} |
{
"en": "In order to translate the original scriptures in Sanskrit, Tibetan grammar and vocabulary were set up, and due to the efforts of Shanyeshede (シャンイェシェデ), Kawaperutseku (カワペルツェク), Chokuroruigentsen (チョクロルイゲンツェン) and others it was completed in about 824.",
"ja": "サンスクリット語の原典を正確に翻訳するためのチベット語文法と語彙の整備が行われ、シャンイェシェデ、カワペルツェク、チョクロルイゲンツェンらが作業に従事、824年、一応の完成をみた。"
} |
{
"en": "As for the classification of Buddhist sutras in Tibetan Buddhism, separation into two parts--'Bkah-hgyur' and 'Bstan-hgyur'--was given more value than that into the three parts of 'sutra, vinaya and abhidharma,' which is common to other Buddhist countries.",
"ja": "チベット仏教における経典の分類は、他の仏教圏とも共通する「経・律・論」の三部分類よりも、「仏説部(カンギュル)」、「論疏部（テンギュル）」の２分類が重視される。"
} |
{
"en": "Bkah-hgyur means 'hgyur (translation)' of 'Bkah,' i.e., Syakamuni's word itself, and Bstan-hgyur means 'hgyur (translation)' of 'Bstan,' i.e., a commentary of 'Bkah' by scholars of Indian Buddhism such as Ryuju.",
"ja": "カンギュルとは釈尊のことばそのものである「カー」をチベット語に「ギュル」（翻訳）したもの、テンギュルとは、竜樹らインドの仏教学者たちが「カー」に対してほどこした注釈である「テン」をチベット語に「ギュル」したもの、の意味である。"
} |
{
"en": "In Tibetan, Buddhist sutras were for a long time widely distributed as manuscripts in order to reveal religious devotion, but in 1410 Emperor Yongle of China's Ming dynasty ordered the carving of wooden blocks of the Tripitaka as souvenirs for Tibetan feudal lords and religious associations that sent messengers to China; this custom was incorporated into Tibet and subsequently led to the carving of various Buddhist sutras.",
"ja": "チベットでは、経典は、信仰心を著わすものとしてながらく写本で流布していたが、中国の明朝の永楽帝は中国に使者を派遣するチベット諸侯や教団への土産として、1410年木版による大蔵経を開版、この習慣がチベットにも取り入れられ、以後、何種類かが開版されることになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Beijing edition: Bkah-hgyur of the Yongle edition (1410), Bkah-hgyur of Wanli (1606), Bkah-hgyur of the Kangxi edition (1692), Bstan-hgyur of the Yongzheng edition (1724)",
"ja": "北京版 永楽版カンギュル(1410年)、万暦版カンギュル(1606年)、康熙版カンギュル(1692年)、雍正版テンギュル(1724年)"
} |
{
"en": "Litang edition (1621-24)",
"ja": "リタン版 (1621-24年)"
} |
{
"en": "NaTang edition: Bkah-hgyur (1732), Bstan-hgyur (1773)",
"ja": "ナルタン版 カンギュル(1732年)、テンギュル(1773年)"
} |
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