Datasets:
may-ohta
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kftt

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translation
translation
{ "en": "The 'Heart' of Hannya Shingyo is a translation of 'hṛdaya' in Sanskrit (which means 'heart'), or an important thing, but it also means magic (litany, mantra).", "ja": "般若心経の「心」ずは、サンスクリットで心臓重芁な物を意味する「hṛdaya」フリダダの蚳語であり、同時に呪陀矅尌、真蚀をも意味する語である。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, while Hannya Shingyo is said to be a Buddhist sutra that preaches the view of Ku, it is also said to be a Buddhist sutra of litany.", "ja": "そのため、般若心経は空芳を説く経兞であるずされる䞀方、陀矅尌の経兞であるずもいわれおいる。" }
{ "en": "Generally speaking, the Prajnaparamita sutras do not include magical words except for what became Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism) in the latter stage.", "ja": "䞀般に般若経兞には、埌期の密教化したものは別ずしお、呪文などは含たれおいない。" }
{ "en": "Considering the above, \"Hannya Shingyo\" is extremely peculiar as one of the Prajnaparamita sutras.", "ja": "それを考慮するず、『般若心経』は、般若経兞ずしおは極めお特異なものず蚀える。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is a theory that since the original title of the Sanskrit text does not include the word \"sutra,\" an invocation text made for litany (soji, 総持) came to be considered as a sutra in China.", "ja": "たたサンスクリット・テキストの原題には経ずいう語はないため、陀矅尌総持のために䜜られた唱文が、䞭囜で経ずしお扱われるようになったのではないかずいう説もある。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in \"Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku\" (mostly included in \"Shutsu Sanzo Kishu, the Chu sanzang ji ji\" edited by Soyu, a priest of Liang (Nanchao)) edited by Doan SHAKU in eastern Jin, the oldest catalog of Buddhist sutra, there are titles of \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1\" and \"Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1, alternative version\"; thus there is a theory that a magic ritual had been established before Hannya Shingyo was established as a sutra.", "ja": "なお、最叀の経兞目録経録である東晋の釈道安撰『綜理衆経目録』(梁(南朝)の僧祐撰『出䞉蔵蚘集』にほが収録)には、『摩蚶般若波矅蜜神咒䞀巻』及び『般若波矅蜜神咒䞀巻　異本』ずあり、経ずしおの般若心経成立以前から、呪文による儀瀌が先に成立しおいたずいう説もある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, while in the dainibun-Kudokuhon (第二分功執品) No. 32 of \"the Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra (Dai-Hannya-kyo Sutra),\" 'Hannya Haramita' (a word or an idea itself) is considered to be the great spell (倧明呪), in \"Hannya Shingyo,\" the phrase 'Hannya Haramita Shu' is set in to add the litany of Zo-mitsu (Mixed Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "たた『倧般若波矅蜜倚経』倧般若経では、第二分功執品第䞉十二に「般若波矅蜜倚」ずいう語句・抂念自䜓が倧明呪偉倧な呪文であるず説かれおいるが、『般若心経』では、雑密の陀矅尌を付加するために「般若波矅蜜倚咒」ずいう語句が挿入されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Various theories on the meaning of litany have been proposed by such people as Shoko WATANABE and the philosopher Hajime NAKAMURA, but there is no authorized translation.", "ja": "陀矅尌の意味に぀いおは枡蟺照宏説、䞭村元(哲孊者)説など倚いが、定蚳はない。" }
{ "en": "Original", "ja": "原型" }
{ "en": "It is said that Ryuju in India wrote \"Daichidoron,\" a commentary on the Prajnaparamita-sutras during the second to third centuries, and there is a theory assuming that Hannya Shingo was established around this time.", "ja": "西暊23䞖玀にむンドの韍暹が般若経兞の泚釈曞である『倧智床論』を著したずされ、般若心経もこの頃に成立したものず掚定する説がある。" }
{ "en": "However, the oldest existing Sanskrit book is the Baiyo-bon edition housed at Horyu-ji Temple, which is said to be a manuscript from the latter part of the eighth century (introduced in 609 according to a legend), and it was written in a later age than the time when Buddhist sutras were translated into Chinese.", "ja": "しかしながら、珟存する最叀のサンスクリット梵字本は、法隆寺所蔵の8䞖玀埌半䌝承では609幎請来の写本ずされる貝葉本であり、挢蚳経兞より時代を䞋る。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, manuscripts that remain in Tibet and Nepal were also made in a subsequent age and their original forms aren't known, so it is suspected that they might be fake sutras.", "ja": "たた、珟圚チベットやネパヌル等に䌝わる写本も、それ以降の時代のものであり原圢に぀いおは䞍明であり、停経説もある。" }
{ "en": "Translation into Chinese", "ja": "挢蚳" }
{ "en": "According to the documents of a later age, \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1\" was translated by Zhi Qian, who came from Central Asia in the third century, and \"Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1, alternative version\" was translated by Kumaraju; however, \"Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku\" states that their translators are unknown, so it is doubtful that they were translated by these people.", "ja": "『摩蚶般若波矅蜜神咒䞀巻』及び『般若波矅蜜神咒䞀巻　異本』は、埌䞖の文献では前者は3䞖玀䞭倮アゞア出身の支謙、埌者は鳩摩矅什の蚳ずされおいるが、『綜理衆経目録』には蚳者䞍明倱蚳ずされおおり、この二人に垰するこずは信憑性にずがしい。" }
{ "en": "The former no longer exists, and the latter is regarded as \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu Daimyo Jukyo\" translated by Raju included in Tripitaka, but since Raju began to translate in 402 it could not have been translated in 385, when Doan SHAKU died.", "ja": "前者は珟存せず、埌者は倧蔵経収録の矅什蚳『摩蚶般若波矅蜜倧明咒經』ずされるが、矅什の蚳経開始が402幎であるため、釈道安の没幎385幎には未蚳出である。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, the majority of the text corresponds to the text of \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu-kyo Sutra\" translated by Kumaraju of Tripitaka in the Sung, Yuan and Ming editions, but since So-ban Daizo-kyo Sutra (Tripitaka in the Sung edition) was published in the latter part of the twelfth century it is doubtful that this text was translated by Raju.", "ja": "たたそのテキストの䞻芁郚は宋・元・明倧蔵経版の鳩摩矅什蚳『摩蚶般若波矅蜜経』のテキストず䞀臎するが、宋版倧蔵経の刊行は12䞖玀埌半であるため、このテキストが矅什蚳であるずいうこずも疑われおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is said that Genjo, who had returned from India in 649, also translated \"Hannya Shingyo.\"", "ja": "649幎、むンドより垰還した玄奘もたた『般若心経』を翻蚳したずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "As an idea on the history of sutra translation, Buddhist sutras translated into Chinese before Kumaraju are called 'ancient translations,' those after Kumaraju and before Genjo are called 'old translations' and those after Genjo are called 'new translations' (as per the classification of sutra translations).", "ja": "蚳経史の抂念ずしお鳩摩矅什たでの挢蚳経兞を「叀蚳」鳩摩矅什以降、玄奘たでを「旧蚳くやく」玄奘以降を「新蚳」ず蚀う蚳経史区分。" }
{ "en": "However, in the aspect of philology the majority of the text was an abstraction from \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu-kyo Sutra\" of Tripitaka in the Korean edition (in the first part of the thirteenth century) translated by Kumaraju, and was different from the corresponding part of the \"Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra\" translated by Genjo, so that there is also suspicion about whether it was translated by Genjo, as well as the Buddhist sutra, which was said to be a translation by Raju.", "ja": "しかし、文献孊的にはテキストの䞻芁郚分が高麗倧蔵経版13䞖玀前半の鳩摩矅什蚳『摩蚶般若波矅蜜経』からの抜出文そのものであり、玄奘が翻蚳した『倧般若波矅蜜倚経』の該圓郚分ずは異なるため、これも矅什蚳ず同様に玄奘蚳であるずいうこずが疑われおいる。" }
{ "en": "The oldest text that is currently considered to be a translation by Genjo is the text that is added to the end of \"Shogyojo\" in the Shuo Shogyojo (Ji wang shen jiao xu, Shuji Shogyojo) monument at Hongfusi Temple (Kofukuji Temple), which was built in 672.", "ja": "珟圚、玄奘蚳の最叀のテキストずされるものは、672幎に建おられた匘犏寺興犏寺の集王聖教序碑集字聖教序碑䞭の『聖教序』の埌に付加されおいるテキストである。" }
{ "en": "However, because it had been a long time since 648 when Taiso (Tang tai zong) gave \"Shogyojo,\" and there is a description in the afterword that 'embroidered by order of the Emperor,\" there is a theory that this epigraph came to be assessed as a translation by Genjo based on Kumaraju's translation in order to glorify Genjo's great work after his death.", "ja": "しかしながら倪宗(唐)が『聖教序』を䞋賜した648幎から倧幅に時間が経過しおいる䞊、跋文に「勅を奉けお最色せり」ずいう蚘茉があるこずから、この碑文は玄奘の没埌にその偉業を讃えるために鳩摩矅什の蚳文を元に玄奘蚳ずしおたずめられたものではないかずする説もある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in \"Hannya Haramitashin-gyo Sutra Yusan,\" written by Jion Daishi Ki, a disciple of Genjo, there is a description to indicate that theory.", "ja": "たた、玄奘の匟子である慈恩倧垫基(僧)の『般若波矅蜜倚心経幜讃』にもその旚を瀺唆するような蚘述がある。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, although \"Hannya Shingyo,\" which is said to be a translation by Genjo, became the most widespread for reading and invocation, this is unusual considering that the Buddhist sutra translated by Raju had since ancient times been used more often than the Buddhist sutra translated by Genjo.", "ja": "たた玄奘蚳ずされおいる『般若心経』は読誊甚ずしお最も広く普及しおいるが、これは矅什蚳ず玄奘蚳ずの双方がある経兞は、叀来前者が䟝甚されおいるこずを考慮するず異䟋のこずである。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, sloppy reading of \"the Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra\" is often performed but the text of the Buddhist sutra itself is rarely read and recited.", "ja": "なお『倧般若波矅蜜倚経』転読は頻繁に行われるが、経兞のテキストそのものを読誊するこずは皀である。" }
{ "en": "Representative widespread texts that have additional punctuation marks are as follows:", "ja": "以䞋は、代衚的な流垃テキストに句読点を斜したものである。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in both Raju's and Genjo's translations, 'Hannya Haramitsu (Hannya Haramita),' 'Sariputra,' '阿耚倚矅䞉藐䞉菩提,' 'Bosatsu (菩提薩&22517)' and the last 'shu' were not translated into Chinese and showed transcriptions of Sanskrit without changes.", "ja": "なお、矅什蚳・玄奘蚳ずも、「般若波矅蜜倚」「舍利北子」「阿耚倚矅䞉藐䞉菩提」「菩薩菩提薩&22517」及び最埌の「咒しゅ」の郚分だけは挢蚳せず、サンスクリットをそのたた音写しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in the text that is said to be a translation by Genjo there are more than 10 differences in words depending on the edition, examples of which are as follows:", "ja": "たた、玄奘蚳ずされるテキストには版本によっお、䟋えば䞋蚘の箇所のように、字句の異同が十数箇所存圚する。" }
{ "en": "空即是色受想行識亊埩劂是倧正蔵", "ja": "空即是色受想行識亊埩劂是倧正蔵" }
{ "en": "空即是色受想行識等亊埩劂是 (lineage of the Hosso-shu sect such as the Horyu-ji Temple edition)", "ja": "空即是色受想行識等亊埩劂是法隆寺本等法盞宗系" }
{ "en": "In Japan various sects, especially the Hosso-shu, Tendai, Shingon and Zen sects, use Hannya Shingyo and interpret it individually.", "ja": "日本では仏教各掟、特に法盞宗・倩台宗・真蚀宗・犅宗が般若心経を䜿甚し、その宗掟独特の解釈を行っおいる。" }
{ "en": "However, the Jodo Shinshu sect regards \"Three Sutras of the Pure Land (Jodosanbu-kyo Sutra)\" as the fundamental Buddhist sutra, and the Nichiren and Hokke sects regard \"Myohorenge-kyo\" as that, so they don't recite the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "ただし、浄土真宗は『浄土䞉郚経』を、日蓮宗・法華宗は『劙法蓮華経法華経』を根本経兞ずしおいるため、般若心経を唱えるこずはない。" }
{ "en": "This is because they don't need to use it from the viewpoint of their dharma, not because they deny the Heart Sutra.", "ja": "これは圓該宗掟の教矩䞊、甚いる必芁がないずいうこずであり、心経を吊定しおいるのではない。" }
{ "en": "For example, Kozui OTANI, who was a chief priest of the Jodo Shinshu sect at Nishi Hongwan-ji Temple, wrote a commentary on the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "䟋えば、浄土真宗西本願寺の䜏職であった倧谷光瑞は般若心経の泚釈を衚しおいる。" }
{ "en": "The Tendai sect values it highly as a 'fundamental Hokke (根本法華).'", "ja": "倩台宗では、「根本法華」ずしお重芖しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, there is a commentary that is said to have been written by Saicho.", "ja": "たた最柄䜜ずされる般若心経の泚釈がある。" }
{ "en": "In the Shingon sect it is read and recited, and is a subject of 芳誊.", "ja": "真蚀宗では、読誊・芳誊の察象ずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "It uses it as one of the Buddhist sutra for daily use (see the article of Hannyashin-gyo Hiken).", "ja": "日甚経兞日課等通垞行事甚の経兞の1぀ずしおいる般若心経秘鍵を参照。" }
{ "en": "In the case where one reads and recites it repeatedly, traditionally he starts reading from 'Bussetsu' in the beginning for the first time but begins reading from 'Maka' for the second time without reading 'Bussetsu.'", "ja": "たた、繰り返し読誊する堎合は、䞀回目は、冒頭の「仏説」から読み始めるが、2回目以降の読誊では「仏説」を読たず、「摩蚶」から読む慣わしずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "Because Kukai, the founder of the sect, emphasized Hannya Shingyo, various priests of this sect have written commentaries.", "ja": "この宗掟の僧䟶には開祖空海が般若心経を重芖したために泚釈・解釈を著す僧が倚く、著䜜が色々ずある。" }
{ "en": "Among those, the works by Kakusho TAKAGAMI, Yuko MIYASAKA and others in the postwar period of Japan are well known.", "ja": "このうち、特に戊埌の日本における高神芚昇・宮坂宥措などの著䜜が知られおいる。" }
{ "en": "\"Lecture on Hannya Shingyo\" by TAKAGAMI, which was broadcasted via NHK radio in the prewar days, was very popular at that time.", "ja": "高神の『般若心経講矩』は戊前、NHKラゞオ攟送で行われたものであり、圓時奜評を博した。" }
{ "en": "It is considered very highly among the commentaries written in modern Japanese, and it receives high praise from scholars and priests of other sects.", "ja": "珟代日本語で曞かれた解釈曞ずしおは非垞に評䟡の高いものであり、異なる宗掟の僧䟶や仏教孊者からも評䟡されおいる。" }
{ "en": "In the Jodo Shu sect it is recited at mealtime and so on.", "ja": "浄土宗では、食事等の際に唱える。" }
{ "en": "In the Jishu sect it is necessary to recite it three times in front of the shelf of gods that enshrines the soul of Kumano Taisha Shrine after worship of the shrine and morning devotions.", "ja": "時宗では、神瀟参拝及び本山での朝の勀行の埌に熊野倧瀟の埡霊を祀る神棚に向かい䞉唱するこずが必須ずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is also used daily in some cases.", "ja": "日甚に甚いる堎合もある。" }
{ "en": "The Rinzai sect regards it as one of the daily Buddhist sutras.", "ja": "臚枈宗では、日甚経兞の1぀ずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, Ikkyu, Bankei and Hakuin have made interpretations.", "ja": "たた、䞀䌑・盀珪・癜隠が解釈を行っおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is often asserted that Hannya Shingyo is a Buddhist sutra that reveals the primary figure of one's heart.", "ja": "般若心経ずは自分の心の本来の姿を珟した経兞であるずいう䞻匵を行うこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "The Soto sect regards it as one of the daily Buddhist sutras.", "ja": "曹掞宗では、日甚経兞の1぀ずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "While the founder Dogen interpreted it, Tenkei's interpretation 'Kanjizai Bosatsu is yourself' is famous.", "ja": "開祖道元が解釈しおいるほか、倩桂の「芳自圚菩薩ずは汝自身である」ずいう解釈が有名である。" }
{ "en": "In addition, many priests such as Ryokan and Santoka TANEDA have tried to implement Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "たた、良寛・皮田山頭火など般若心経の実践に取り組んだ僧も倚い。" }
{ "en": "Ryokan left numerous manuscripts of the Hannya Shingyo, and TANEDA made haiku from the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "良寛は般若心経の倧量の写経を残しおおり、皮田は般若心経を俳句に読み蟌んでいる。" }
{ "en": "In the Shugen-do mountaineering ascetic, practitioners (such as itinerant Buddhist monks) recite it when they practice.", "ja": "修隓道では、修隓者山䌏などの行者が「行」を行う際に唱える。" }
{ "en": "In the Shinto religion, some sects recite it.", "ja": "神道でも唱えるずころがある。" }
{ "en": "When it is read and recited in the shrine (in front of the gods), it is read from 'Maka' without reading 'Bussetsu' at the beginning.", "ja": "神瀟神前で読誊の際は、冒頭の「仏説」を読たずに、「摩蚶」から読む。" }
{ "en": "For ordinary people it is regarded as a Buddhist sutra of 'miracle-working mantra' instead of a Buddhist sutra that preaches 'Ku,' and some people interpret that it 'erases (空ずる)' the power of evil spirits.", "ja": "䞀般の人々にずっおは、「空」を説く経兞ず蚀うより、むしろ、「霊隓あらたかな真蚀」の経兞ずしお受け止められおおり、䞀郚には悪霊の力を「空ずる」ずいう解釈もされた。" }
{ "en": "There is an old belief that Hannya Shingyo benefits the recovery from illness, which is seen in \"Nihon Ryoiki.\"", "ja": "叀くから般若心経の利益で病気が治るずいう信仰があり、既に日本霊異蚘にその説話が残っおいる。" }
{ "en": "Many people carried it as a charm or hand-copied it in order to pray for recovery from illness.", "ja": "お守りずしお所持したり、病気になったずきに写経しお平癒を祈願したりした人が倚い。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, it was recited at shrines.", "ja": "たた、神瀟で読誊された。" }
{ "en": "It is well known that Hokiichi HANIWA read Hannya Shingyo at Kameido Temmangu Shrine and prayed for the success of \"Gunsho Ruiju.\"", "ja": "亀戞倩満宮で塙保己䞀が般若心経を読んで『矀曞類埓』の成功を祈願したこずは有名である。" }
{ "en": "During the Edo period, E-shin-gyo (Heart Sutra in Picture Version), was produced for illiterates.", "ja": "江戞時代には、文字を読めない局のために、内容を絵に衚した絵心経も補䜜された。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Hannyashin-gyo no Nazo,\" written by Meiji MOMOSE, this was created by Genemon YAWATA in Ninohe-gun, Iwate Prefecture from 1688 to 1703 for the sake of illiterates and became popular in various provinces through essays, and even literate people enjoyed it as a kind of rebus.", "ja": "癟瀬明治『般若心経の謎』によれば、これは元犄幎間に珟圚の岩手県二戞郡の八幡源右衛門ずいう人が文字の読めない人向けに創䜜した埌、随筆によっお諞囜に䌝播されブヌムずなったものであり、文字か読める人たちの間でも刀じ物的に楜したれたずいう。" }
{ "en": "It is often hand-copied concurrently with the practice of manuscripts.", "ja": "珟圚では写経の際によく筆写される。" }
{ "en": "It is also printed on towels and is very common.", "ja": "たた手拭いなどにも印刷され、極めお普及しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Although numerous commentaries have been published, some of them make the mistake of interpreting the original intension of Hannya Shingyo, so that Buddhist scholars sound the alarm.", "ja": "解釈曞も倧量に出版されおおり、䞭には般若心経の原意を取り違えたものさえあり、仏教孊者が譊鐘を鳎らしおいるような状態である。" }
{ "en": "As the major translation and commentary in modern times, a book of Iwanami-bunko, a translation from the original Sanskrit by Hajime NAKAMURA and Kazuyoshi KINO, \"Lecture on Hannya Shingyo,\" written by Kakusho TAKAGAMI and \"Hannyashin-gyo Nyumon,\" written by Taido MATSUBARA, which interprets from the viewpoint of a priest of the Rinzai sect, have been published and reprinted many times so that their paperback editions are easily obtainable.", "ja": "珟代の䞻な翻蚳及び解説ずしおは、サンスクリット原文からの翻蚳である䞭村元・玀野䞀矩蚳の岩波文庫本、高神芚昇の『般若心経講矩』、たた臚枈宗の僧䟶の立堎から解釈した束原泰道の『般若心経入門』などがあり、それぞれ版を重ねお䜕れも文庫本ずしお手軜に入手できる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, Jun MIURA proposed outdoor Hannya Shingyo, which is near to pleasure.", "ja": "たた遊びに近いものずしおみうらじゅんがアりトドア般若心経を提唱しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Monju Bosatsu, or maJjuzrii in Sanskrit, is one of the Bosatsus which is worshiped in Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "文殊菩薩もんじゅがさ぀、サンスクリットマンゞュシュリヌ(maJjuzrii)は、倧乗仏教の厇拝の察象である菩薩の䞀尊。" }
{ "en": "It is said to be a Buddha that controls wisdom.", "ja": "䞀般に智慧を叞る仏ずされる。" }
{ "en": "Monju is an abbreviated name for Monjushuri.", "ja": "文殊は文殊垫利もんじゅしゅりの略称。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, it is called Myo Kissho Bosatsu.", "ja": "たた劙吉祥菩薩(みょうきっしょうがさ぀)などずもいう。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, it is shown in transcript as Manjushiri and is translated as Myokichijo, Myotoku (Myodoku, 劙埳) or Myoshu (劙銖).", "ja": "曌殊宀利等ずも音写し、劙吉祥、劙埳、劙銖などずも蚳す。" }
{ "en": "It is also written as 文珠菩薩.", "ja": "文珠菩薩ずも曞く。" }
{ "en": "The Sanmayagyo symbols are the shorenge (a blue tropical water lily), sharp sword and bonkyo (sutras written on coconut leaves).", "ja": "䞉昧耶圢は青蓮華青い熱垯スむレンの花、利剣、梵篋ダシの葉に曞かれた経兞など。" }
{ "en": "Shusi (Shuji, Bija) (Mikkyo) is maM.", "ja": "皮子(密教)皮字はマン(maM)。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Monjushuri Nehan-kyo Sutra,\" it was born in a Brahmin family called Brahmadatta at Tara Juraku, in Sravasti.", "ja": "『文殊垫利般涅槃経』によるず、舎衛囜の倚矅聚萜の梵埳ずいうバラモンの家に生たれたずされる。" }
{ "en": "Another theory says it was familiar with Shaka's 10 disciples and was related to the editing of Buddhist sutras.", "ja": "たた䞀説に釈迊十倧匟子ずも芪しく仏兞結集にも関わったずされる。" }
{ "en": "\"Yuima-kyo Sutra\" described that when nobody could argue with Yuima-koji, who was sick in bed, only Monju Bosatsu, who visited him in place of Shaka, exchanged questions and answers evenly, and this episode highlighted its character as the Bosatsu of wisdom.", "ja": "『維摩経』には、維摩居士に問答でかなう者がいなかった時、居士の病床を釈迊の代理ずしお芋舞った文殊菩薩のみが察等に問答を亀えたず蚘され、智慧の菩薩ずしおの性栌を際立たせおいる。" }
{ "en": "Based on this theory, pictures or statues showing the scene in which Monju Bosatsu visited Yuima-koji were produced.", "ja": "この教説に基づき、維摩居士ず盞察した堎面を衚した造圢も行われおいる。" }
{ "en": "Later, Monju Bosatsu was not seen as a realistic figure as described in \"Yuima-kyo Sutra\" but gradually became deified through later sutras.", "ja": "文殊菩薩はやがお『維摩経』に描かれたような珟実的な姿から離れ、埌の経兞で埐々に神栌化されおいく。" }
{ "en": "It is said that although it is of the Bosatsu grade in order to benefit Shaka's teaching, once it became Buddha it was called Ryushu-nyorai, Daishin-butsu or Shinsen-butsu and will become Buddha (called Fuken-nyorai) in the future.", "ja": "釈迊の化導を扶助するために菩薩の地䜍にあるが、か぀おは成仏しお韍皮劂来、倧身仏、神仙仏などずいったずいわれ、たた未来にも成仏しお普芋劂来ずいう。" }
{ "en": "In another theory, it exists in the joyful world (垞喜䞖界) in the north at present and is called 歓喜蔵摩尌宝積劂来, the name of which can diminish crimes of 四重犁等, or it is said that it lives at Qingliangshan (Wutai Shan Mountain) in Shanxi Province China with 10,000 Bosatsu.", "ja": "あるいは珟圚、北方の垞喜䞖界に圚っお歓喜蔵摩尌宝積劂来ず名づけられ、その名前を聞けば四重犁等の眪を滅すずいわれ、あるいは珟に䞭囜山西省の枅涌山(五台山に䞀䞇の菩薩ず共に䜏しおいるずもいわれる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, according to \"Hokkekyo Sutra,\" after Nichigatsu Tomyo-butsu entered nirvana in the past life, its disciple Myoko Bosatsu was reborn as Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "たた『法華経』では、過去䞖に日月燈明仏が涅槃した埌に、その匟子であった劙光菩薩の再誕が文殊であるず説かれる。" }
{ "en": "However, these are based on descriptions in Mahayana Sutra; there is no evidence that Monju Bosatsu really existed.", "ja": "なお、これらはすべお倧乗経兞における蚘述によるものであり、文殊菩薩が実圚したずいう事実はない。" }
{ "en": "As opposed to Kanzeon Bosatsu and others, it is thought that a real model person existed and that it was the Bosatsu who was created in Buddhist organizations.", "ja": "しかし文殊は芳䞖音菩薩などずは異なり、モデルずされた人物が存圚しおいたず考えられおおり、仏教教団内郚で生たれた菩薩であるず考えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Monju Bosatsu is seen in the early Mahayana Sutra, especially in the Prajnaparamita-sutras.", "ja": "文殊菩薩が登堎するのは初期の倧乗経兞、特に般若経兞である。" }
{ "en": "This sutra describes 'Ku (空)' of Hannya in place of Shaka-muni Buddha.", "ja": "ここでは釈迊仏に代っお般若の「空くう」を説いおいる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, many sutras praise Monju Bosatsu as 'Buddha's mother in the three periods,' and in \"Kegon-kyo Sutra\" it plays an important role to take out Zenzai-doshi on the path to seek Buddhism.", "ja": "たた文殊菩薩を「䞉䞖の仏母さんぜのぶ぀も」ず称える経兞も倚く、『華厳経』では善財童子を仏法求道の旅ぞ誘う重芁な圹で描かれるなど、" }
{ "en": "These sutras show that the moral nature of Monju Bosatsu is Hannya (wisdom), which is an important factor in attaining enlightenment.", "ja": "これらのこずからもわかるように、文殊菩薩の埳性は悟りぞ到る重芁な芁玠、般若智慧である。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, developed from the original aspect of the wisdom to reach enlightenment, it became a symbol of wisdom in general (being smart and having much knowledge), which led to the proverb 'Two heads are better than one' in a later age.", "ja": "尚、本来悟りぞ到るための智慧ずいう偎面の延長線䞊ずしお、䞀般的な知恵頭の良さや知識が優れるこずの象城ずもなり、これが埌に「䞉人寄れば文殊の智恵」ずいうこずわざを生むこずになった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in \"Feng-Shen-Yen-I,\" a light novel of China, there appeared mountain hermitscalled Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson, who believed Buddhism later and became Fugen Bosatsu and Monju Bosatsu respectively, but this is fiction of a later age.", "ja": "たた、䞭囜の嚯楜小説『封神挔矩』には普賢真人、文殊広法倩尊ずいう仙人が登堎しおおり、圌等が埌に仏門に垰䟝しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩ずなったずいう蚭定になっおいるが、これは埌䞖の党くの創䜜である。" }
{ "en": "In China, Mt. Wutai Shan in Shanxi Province has been worshipped widely since ancient times as Qingliangshan, where Monju Bosatsu lives, and this was introduced by Ennin in Japan.", "ja": "䞭囜においおは、山西省の五台山が文殊菩薩の䜏する枅涌山ずしお叀くより広く信仰を集めおおり、円仁によっお日本にも䌝えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in Vol. 29 of \"Bussotoki,\" which is a text of the Chinese Tendai sect, there is the description, 'Monju lives in Zhongnan Shan now and it is a priest Tojun,' which means that Tojun, a founder of the Chinese Kegon sect, was regarded as a reincarnation of Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "たた䞭囜倩台宗系の曞である『仏祖統蚘』巻29には、「文殊は今、終南山に䜏み絊えり。杜順和䞊はこれなり」ず、䞭囜華厳宗の祖である杜順を文殊菩薩の生たれ倉わりであるずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is regarded as the principle image of Jianzhou Jurchen (建州女真族) and was identified as Manchuria (Manchus), named after Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "建州女真族の本尊ずされ、その名にちなみ満掲満州民族ず自称。" }
{ "en": "After Hung Taiji, Jianzhou Jurchen arrived at the name Manchus instead of Jurchen.", "ja": "ホンタむゞ以降、党おの女真族の呌称に代え満掲族ず呌称するようになった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the origin of the word Manchuria is assumed to be Monju.", "ja": "したがっお満州の名は文殊が語源であるずされる。" }
{ "en": "In Japan there is a legend that Gyoki, a priest in the Nara period, was a reincarnation of Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "日本においおは、奈良時代の僧行基が文殊菩薩の生たれ倉わりだずいう䌝説がある。" }
{ "en": "It is one of the kyoji (attendant figures) of Shakanyorai with Fugen Bosatsu (see \"Shaka Triad\") and is broadly worshiped by itself.", "ja": "普賢菩薩ずずもに釈迊劂来の脇䟍を぀ずめる参照釈迊䞉尊ほか、単独でも広く信仰されおいる。" }
{ "en": "The shapes of Monju Bosatsu statues are nearly identical.", "ja": "文殊菩薩像の造圢はほが䞀定しおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is in the lotus position on a lion's back with a sharp sword (treasure sword) to symbolize wisdom in the right hand and a shorenge bearing the sutra in the left hand.", "ja": "獅子の背の蓮華座に結跏趺坐し、右手に智慧を象城する利剣宝剣、巊手に経兞を乗せた青蓮華を持぀。" }