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{ "en": "In Mikkyo it is shaped as a child with its hair tied in a bun (髻), which conveys a pure mind.", "ja": "密教では清浄な精神を表す童子形となり、髻を結う。" }
{ "en": "The number of buns can be one, five, six or eight, depending on the statue, and a statue that has one bun is regarded as a principle image in ascetic training for the increase of benefit; the one with five is for adoration, the one with six is for Chobuku (conquest, 調伏) and the one with eight is for safety.", "ja": "この髻の数は像によって一、五、六、八の四種類があり、それぞれ一＝増益、五＝敬愛、六＝調伏、八＝息災の修法の本尊とされる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, the 'Monju quintet' Monju gosonzo was produced, consisting of Monju riding a lion, Zenzai-doshi as an usher, Udenno drawing the reins of the lion, Buddhapali, and the elder Saisho Ronin.", "ja": "また、騎獅の文殊、先導役の善財童子、獅子の手綱を握る優填王、仏陀波利、最勝老人を従える文殊五尊像も造形された。" }
{ "en": "In the Zen sect it is placed as 'Shoso,' which shows the complete figure of an ascetic monk in the monk hall (僧堂) and is shaped as a figure with hair cut engaged in the practice of seated meditation.", "ja": "また禅宗においては、修行僧の完全な姿を表す「聖僧」（しょうそう）として僧堂に安置され、剃髪し坐禅を組む僧形となる。" }
{ "en": "In this case, from the viewpoint that Monju is also on the way of ascetic training, it is sometimes called Monji Daishi, which avoids using the title of Bosatsu.", "ja": "この場合、文殊もまた修行の途上であるとの観点から、菩薩の呼称を避け文殊大士（だいし）と呼ぶことがある。" }
{ "en": "Major works in Japan are the seated statue at Kofuku-ji Temple Tokondo (Eastern Golden Hall) (made by Jokei, a national treasure), Gosonzo at Abe Monju-in Temple (made by Kaikei, an important cultural property) and Gosonzo at Chikurin-ji Temple in Kochi city (an important cultural property).", "ja": "日本における作例としては、奈良の興福寺東金堂の坐像（定慶作、国宝）や安倍文殊院の五尊像（快慶作、重要文化財）、高知の竹林寺(高知市)の五尊像（重要文化財）などが見られる。" }
{ "en": "On Arahasyanou", "ja": "オン・アラハシャノウ" }
{ "en": "Taishakuten is one of the Tenbu, deities of Buddhism who reside in a heavenly realm, this being one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another.", "ja": "帝釈天（たいしゃくてん）は、仏教の守護神である天部の一つ。" }
{ "en": "It is the war god of Brahmin, Hindu and Zoroastrianism and the same god as Indra that is seen in the clauses of Hittite.", "ja": "バラモン教・ヒンドゥー教・ゾロアスター教の武神でヒッタイト条文にもみられるインドラと同一の神。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Shaku Daikanin.", "ja": "釈提桓因（しゃくだいかんいん）とも称する。" }
{ "en": "Shaku is Azana, and Daikanin means \"most high.\"", "ja": "釈は字（あざな）、提桓因は天主のこと。" }
{ "en": "It is often shown as a pair of statues with Bonten (Brahma), a major Hindu deity thought to be responsible for creating the world.", "ja": "梵天と一対の像として表されることが多い。" }
{ "en": "It is the husband of Sachi, a daughter of Ashura.", "ja": "阿修羅の娘であるシャチー（シャチー）の夫" }
{ "en": "The name of Taishakuten (帝釈天) originated from Indra's name, Sakro Devanam Indrah, as follows: Sakuro is transliterated to 釈, Devanam is translated freely to 天, and Indrah is translated freely to 帝 and placed first.", "ja": "帝釈天の名はインドラの名前のサックロ・デヴァーナーム・インドラ（SakroDevanamIndrah）のうち、サックロを釈と音訳したものに、デヴァーナームを天と意訳して後部に付け足し、インドラを帝と意訳して冠したもの。" }
{ "en": "Originally, Indra was a war god that fought with Ashura, but it became one of the two good major deities of Buddhism with Bonten after it was incorporated to Buddhism, and it was considered to have helped Shaka before gaining enlightenment and hearing its preaching (see the article on Indra).", "ja": "本来のインドラ神は、阿修羅とも戦闘したという武勇の神であったが、仏教に取り入れられ、成道前から釈迦を助け、またその説法を聴聞したことで、梵天と並んで仏教の二大護法善神となった（インドラの項を参照）。" }
{ "en": "It is said that it has some followers such as the Shitenno (four guardian kings) and lives at Zenken-jo Castle atop Mt. Shumisen (the Touriten).", "ja": "四天王などを配下とし、須弥山の頂上・忉利天の善見城に住むとされる。" }
{ "en": "There are Buddhist pictures of Indra, in which Taishakuten, who follows Shaka, has been drawn.", "ja": "インドにおける仏伝図様においては、釈迦に従う帝釈天の様子が描かれることがある。" }
{ "en": "In Vol. 33 of Nehan-kyo Sutra (The Sutra of the Great Nirvana) and Vol. 56 of Daichidoron, there is a description that Taishakuten was called Kyoshika （Kauśika）when he was a human.", "ja": "涅槃経巻33や大智度論巻56には、帝釈天が人間だった頃の名前は憍尸迦（きょうしか、Kauśika）であると説かれている。" }
{ "en": "In ancient times, in Mahadh there was a Brahmin whose first name was Maka and family name was Kyoshika, and who did good deeds (福徳) and had great wisdom.", "ja": "かつて昔にマガダ国の中で名を摩伽（まか）、姓を憍尸迦という、福徳と大智慧あるバラモンがいた。" }
{ "en": "He had 32 acquaintances and friends with whom to learn and do good deeds, and after death he was reborn in the second world above on the top of Mt. Shumisen.", "ja": "彼には知人友人が32人いて共に福徳を修して命終して、須弥山の頂の第2の天上に生まれた。" }
{ "en": "Maka Brahmin became most high, and 32 acquaintances and friends became ministers to give advice so that 33 (including him) are called the 33 Ten.", "ja": "摩伽バラモンは天主となり、32人は輔相大臣となったため、彼を含めた33人を三十三天という。" }
{ "en": "For this reason Shaka Buddha calls him Kyoshika, his true name.", "ja": "これゆえに釈迦仏は彼の本名である憍尸迦と呼ぶという。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, his wife Sachi is in some cases called Mrs. Kyoshika.", "ja": "また、このために彼の妻・舎脂を憍尸迦夫人と呼ぶこともある。" }
{ "en": "In Japan it is often expressed as a statue with two upper arms (二臂像), its hair tied in a treasure bun (宝髻) atop the head, and dressed in Chinese formal clothes.", "ja": "日本では、頭上に宝髻を結び、中国式の礼服を着た二臂像として表現されることが多い。" }
{ "en": "In some cases he wears armor under the clothes and has a kongosho or a lotus root in his hand.", "ja": "また、着衣下に甲冑をつけることもあり、手には金剛杵や蓮茎などを執ることがある。" }
{ "en": "In Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism) there are some examples in which he has one face and two upper arms (一面二臂) with a crown on the head, armor on the body and a tokkosho, a pestle with a single sharp blade at each end--this being considered an attribute of Buddhist guardian figures as well as a symbolic item of Esoteric Buddhism--in his hand.", "ja": "密教においては、一面二臂で、冠を戴き、身体には甲冑を着け、手には独鈷杵を執る例が見られる。" }
{ "en": "The other figure depicts him riding a white elephant.", "ja": "また、白象にまたがった姿でも表現される。" }
{ "en": "The oldest work in Japan is seen in 'the picture of Seshin Monge, giving up the body to hear a verse of scripture,' drawn on Tamamushi no zushi, the Beetle Wing Shrine, (Asuka period) at Horyu-ji Temple.", "ja": "日本最古の遺存例は、法隆寺の玉虫厨子（飛鳥時代）に描かれた「施身聞偈図」（せしんもんげず）に見られるものである。" }
{ "en": "At Jiki-do in Horyu-ji Temple were placed statues of Bonten and Taishakuten (Nara period) (currently placed at Dai-Hozo-In (Great Treasure Gallery).", "ja": "同寺の食堂（じきどう）には梵天・帝釈天の塑像（奈良時代）が安置されている（現在は大宝蔵院に安置）。" }
{ "en": "At Hoke-do (Sangatsudo) in Todai-ji Temple there are statues of Bonten and Taishakuten of kanshitsu-zukuri, done in the dry lacquer technique (Nara period).", "ja": "東大寺法華堂（三月堂）には、乾漆造の梵天・帝釈天像（奈良時代）がある。" }
{ "en": "At Toshodai-ji Temple Kondo there are wooden statues of Bonten and Taishakuten (Nara period).", "ja": "唐招提寺金堂には、梵天・帝釈天の木像（奈良時代）が見られる。" }
{ "en": "At the Toji Lecture Hall, in Kyoto, there is a wooden statue on a white elephant, which is characteristic of Mikkyo.（first stage of the Heian period)", "ja": "京都・東寺講堂には、密教系の白象に乗った木像（平安時代前期）が安置される。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, Ennichi (Hoping) is held on Koshin Day.", "ja": "日本においては庚申の日を縁日とする。" }
{ "en": "For an example of the temple where Taishakuten is enshrined, Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyo-ji Temple) in Tokyo's Katsushika Ward, has been made famous by the movie \"Otoko Wa Tsurai Yo (It's Tough Being a Man).\"", "ja": "帝釈天を安置する寺院としては、映画『男はつらいよ』で著名な東京都葛飾区の柴又帝釈天（題経寺）がある。" }
{ "en": "Since the lost Ita-honzon (wooden main deity) of Taishakuten was discovered during the restoration of the main hall of Daikyo-ji Temple one Koshin Day in the latter half of the eighteenth century, Ennichi became to be held on Koshin Day (for details, see \"Shibamata Taishakuten\").", "ja": "18世紀後半に題経寺の本堂を修復している際に、紛失していた帝釈天の板本尊が発見され、その日が庚申だったことから、庚申の日を縁日とするという（詳しくは柴又帝釈天を参照）。" }
{ "en": "In the Dankun myth, which originated in the Goryeo period of Korea, Dankun, a founder of Dankun (Korea) is regarded as a son who was born from Kanyu, a bastard child of Taishakuten (Kanin in 'Sangokuiji'), and a woman that had humanized from a female bear.", "ja": "朝鮮の高麗時代に成立した檀君神話においては、檀君朝鮮の始祖である檀君は、帝釈天（『三国遺事』では「桓因」）の庶子・桓雄と、雌熊が人間化した熊女との間に生まれた子ということになっている。" }
{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai, bhaiSajya-guru in Sanskrit, is a Nyorai of Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "薬師如来(やくしにょらい)、サンスクリットバイシャジヤ・グル(bhaiSajya-guru）は、大乗仏教における如来の一尊。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Yakushi Ｒuriko Ｎyorai or Daiiobutsu.", "ja": "薬師瑠璃光如来（やくしるりこうにょらい）、または大医王仏とも称する。" }
{ "en": "Its Sanma yagyo (characteristic of the Buddha) is a medicine vase or a bowl containing pills.", "ja": "三昧耶形は薬壷または丸薬の入った鉢。" }
{ "en": "Its shuji (characteristic one syllable word) (Esoteric Buddhism) (shuji) is bhai, the initials of its name.", "ja": "種子(密教)（種字）は尊名のイニシャルのバイ(bhai)。" }
{ "en": "Representative Buddhist scriptures that preach 'Yakushi Nyorai are Yakushi ruriko nyorai hongan kudokukyo (Yakushikyo),' which was translated by Genjo, and 'Yakushi ruriko shichibutsu hongan kudokukyo (Shichibutsu yakushikyo),' which was translated by Gijo.", "ja": "薬師如来が説かれている代表的な経典は、玄奘訳「薬師瑠璃光如来本願功徳経（薬師経）」と義浄訳の「薬師瑠璃光七佛本願功徳経（七仏薬師経）」がある。" }
{ "en": "According to Yakushi hongan kudokukyo, Yakushi Nyorai was a founder of a religious sect in Toho joruri sekai (Eastern Pure Land), and swore 12 oaths when it was Bodhisattva, lengthened people's lives by curing their diseases, removed disasters, provided clothes and food, practiced Buddhist ascetic training and finally became Buddha by attaining Mujo bodai (perfect Buddhist enlightenment).", "ja": "薬師本願功徳経では、薬師如来は東方浄瑠璃世界の教主で、菩薩の時に12の大願を発し、この世門における衆生の疾病を治癒して寿命を延べ、災禍を消去し、衣食などを満足せしめ、かつ仏行を行じては無上菩提の妙果を証らしめんと誓い仏と成ったと説かれる。" }
{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai is believed to cure people's diseases by Ruriko (lazuline light).", "ja": "瑠璃光を以て衆生の病苦を救うとされている。" }
{ "en": "Unlike other Nyorai, it is the target of worship seeking worldly interests since it is the buddha of medicine which provides medicine to cure avidya disease.", "ja": "無明の病を直す法薬を与える医薬の仏として、如来には珍しく現世利益信仰を集める。" }
{ "en": "It is a Nyorai of exoteric Buddhism and the Japanese Shingon Sect (Shingon Esoteric Buddhism) basically does not emphasize it.", "ja": "顕教系の如来であり、日本の真言宗（真言密教）では本来あまり重視されない。" }
{ "en": "Although it is often treated as chuson (the center statue of three or more statues) in Besson mandara (Mandara of individual deities) of Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism), it doesn't appear in Ryokai mandara (Mandara of the two Realms) of Jun-mitsu (The Pure Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "雑密系の別尊曼荼羅では中尊となる事も多いが、純密の両界曼荼羅には居場所は無い。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Tendai Sect (Tendai Esoteric Buddhism) which traditionally had close ties with the Emperor's family, it was sometimes linked with the Emperor, a king of the eastern country, because it was the founder of a religious sect in Toho joruri sekai.", "ja": "しかし伝統的に天皇家と結びつきが強かった天台宗（天台密教）では、薬師如来が東方浄瑠璃世界の教主であることから、東の国の王たる天皇と結び付けられもした。" }
{ "en": "Being an eastern Nyorai, he is also regarded as the same Nyorai as Ashuku Nyorai.", "ja": "また東方の如来という事から阿しゅく如来とも同一視される。" }
{ "en": "Further, there exist views that assert it is the same Nyorai as Dainichi Nyorai and such views derive from the interpretation by Tendai Esoteric Buddhism that Shaka Nyorai of Kuon-jitsujo, advocated in Lotus Sutra of exoteric Buddhism, coincides with Dainichi Nyorai of Esoteric Buddhism or Shaka Nyorai appears in the shape of Dainichi Nyorai in order to save people.", "ja": "さらに大日如来と同体とする説があるが、これには天台密教において、顕教での妙法蓮華経に説かれる久遠実成の釈迦如来＝密教の大日如来との解釈と、釈迦如来の衆生救済の姿という二つの見方による。" }
{ "en": "As for the statue form, there exist both standing statues and seated statues and normally, their right hands make semui in (mudra for bestowing fearlessness), while the left hands make yogan in (wish-granting mudra) and hold a medicine vase.", "ja": "像容は、立像・坐像ともにあり、印相は右手を施無畏（せむい）印、左手を与願印とし、左手に薬壺（やくこ）を持つのが通例である。" }
{ "en": "However, many statues produced in ancient Japan, such as the statue in the main hall of the Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara and the statue in the main hall of the Toshodai-ji Temple in Nara, don't hold a medicine vase.", "ja": "ただし、日本での造像例を見ると、奈良・薬師寺金堂像、奈良・唐招提寺金堂像のように、古代の像では薬壷を持たないものも多い。" }
{ "en": "It is believed that the production of statues holding a medicine vase started after the introduction of 'Yakushi Nyorai nenju giki' translated by Fuku.", "ja": "これは、不空訳「薬師如来念誦儀軌」の伝来以降に薬壷を持つ像が造られるようになったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai is enshrined not only as a single statue but also as Yakushi Sanzonzo (three statues) with Nikko Bosatsu and Gakko Bosatsu situated on both sides.", "ja": "単独像として祀られる場合と、日光菩薩・月光菩薩を脇侍とした薬師三尊像として安置される場合がある。" }
{ "en": "The statue of Juni Jinsho (the twelve divine generals) is often enshrined together as the followers of Yakushi Nyorai.", "ja": "また、眷属として十二神将像をともに安置することが多い。" }
{ "en": "In the halo of Yakushi Nyorai, 6 or 7 statues of the same size are situated.", "ja": "薬師如来の光背には、七体または六体、もしくは七体の同じ大きさの像容がある。" }
{ "en": "They are called Shichibutsu Yakushi (to be mentioned afterward) and believed to be Yakushi Nyorai and its avatars.", "ja": "これは七仏薬師（後述）といって薬師如来とその化身仏とされる。" }
{ "en": "Temple festival of Yakushi Nyorai is held on the 8th of each month.", "ja": "薬師如来の縁日は毎月8日である。" }
{ "en": "The above practice is believed to have derived from 'Yakushiko' (religious meeting of worshipping Yakushi Nyorai) at which people learnt and praised the virtue of Yakushi Nyorai.", "ja": "これは、薬師如来の徳を講讃する「薬師講」に由来すると考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Most Kokubun-ji Temples enshrine Yakushi Nyorai as their principal image.", "ja": "国分寺のほとんどは現在は薬師如来を本尊としている。" }
{ "en": "In 'Yakushi ruriko shichibutsu hongan kudokukyo (Shichibutsu Yakushikyo)' translated by Gijo and 'Yakushi Nyorai hongankyo' translated by Daruma Gyuta, original vows and bukkokudo (the land that Buddha has purified) of Shichibutsu, including Yakushi Nyorai, are advocated.", "ja": "義浄訳「薬師瑠璃光七仏本願功徳経（七仏薬師経）」や達磨笈多訳「薬師如来本願経」では、薬師如来を主体とした七尊の仏の本願と仏国土が説かれる。" }
{ "en": "Tendai Esoteric Buddhism emphasized Shichibutsu Yakushi ho (praying to the seven Yakushi Nyorai), which was believed to have originated by Ennin, as the one which brings about health and safe delivery, and prayer for safe delivery using Shichibutsu Yakushi ho was conducted at the Fujiwara sekkanke (the families which produced regents) in the 8th -9th century.", "ja": "天台密教では、円仁から始まったとされる七仏薬師法が息災・安産をもたらすとして重要視され、8-9世紀には藤原摂関家で同法による安産祈願が行われた。" }
{ "en": "Zenmyosho Kichijoo Nyorai", "ja": "善名称吉祥王如来（ぜんみょうしょうきちじょうおうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Hogetsu Chigonkoon Jizaio Nyorai", "ja": "宝月智厳光音自在王如来（ほうげつちごんこうおんじざいおうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Konjiki Hokomyogyo Jojuo Nyorai", "ja": "金色宝光妙行成就王如来（こんじきほうこうみょうぎょうじょうじゅおうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Muusaisho Kichijoo Nyorai", "ja": "無憂最勝吉祥王如来（むうさいしょうきちじょうおうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Hokaiun Raion Nyorai", "ja": "法海雲雷音如来（ほうかいうんらいおんにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Hokaishoe Yugejintsu Nyorai", "ja": "法海勝慧遊戯神通如来（ほうかいしょうえゆげじんつうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "Yakushi Ruriko Nyorai", "ja": "薬師瑠璃光如来（やくしるりこうにょらい）" }
{ "en": "In Japan where a creed seeking worldly interests was prevalent among people, Yakushi Nyorai scriptures were often produced for the purpose of praying for the healing of diseases.", "ja": "現世利益的信仰が有力な日本においては、薬師如来は病気平癒などを祈願しての造像例が多い。" }
{ "en": "Along with Amida Nyorai which promises peaceful death, Yakushi Nyorai attracted the most worshippers in Japan.", "ja": "極楽往生を約束する仏である阿弥陀如来とともに、日本においてはもっとも信仰されてきた如来である。" }
{ "en": "Although the year of 607 is seen in the halo of the seated statue of Yakushi Nyorai enshrined at the main hall of the Horyu-ji Temple in Nara, it is said, judging from the terms used in its inscription and casting technology employed in the production of the statue, that it was actually produced in the late 7th century.", "ja": "奈良・法隆寺金堂の薬師如来坐像は光背に推古天皇15年（607年）の銘があるが、銘文中の用語や像自体の鋳造技法等から、実際の制作は7世紀後半と言われている。" }
{ "en": "Further, as it is the rare Nyorai that presides over worldly interests, many typical (in charge of praying to defend and maintain the nation) Esoteric Buddhism temples, such as Enryaku-ji Temple, Jingo-ji Temple, To-ji Temple and Kanei-ji Temple, enshrine Yakushi Nyorai as their principal image.", "ja": "また、現世利益を司る数少ない如来である事から、延暦寺、神護寺、東寺、寛永寺のような典型的な(国家護持の祈りを担う)密教寺院においても薬師如来を本尊とするところが多い。" }
{ "en": "(As there are a lot of statues, only those that are famous from the viewpoint of Buddhist sculpture history and those designated as national treasure are listed.)", "ja": "（作例多数につき、国宝指定像のほか、仏教彫刻史上著名な作例を挙げるにとどめる）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima (the center statue of Yakushi Sanzon, a seated statue, the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "福島・勝常寺像（薬師三尊の中尊、坐像、平安時代前期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Ninna-ji Temple (the former Kita-in) in Kyoto (a seated statue, the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "京都・仁和寺（旧北院）像（坐像、平安時代、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Jingo-ji Temple in Kyoto (a standing statue, the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "京都・神護寺像（立像、平安時代初期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at Yakushido of the Daigo-ji Temple (Kami Daigo) in Kyoto (the center statue of Yakushi Sanzon, a seated statue, the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "京都・醍醐寺（上醍醐）薬師堂像（薬師三尊の中尊、坐像、平安時代前期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Shishikutsu-ji Temple in Osaka (a seated statue, the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "大阪・獅子窟寺像（坐像、平安時代前期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the main hall of the Horyu-ji Temple in Nara (a seated statue, from the Asuka period to the Nara period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・法隆寺金堂像（坐像、飛鳥～奈良時代、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the lecture hall of the Horyu-ji Temple in Nara (the center statue of Yakushi Sanzon, a seated statue, the middle of the Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・法隆寺講堂像（薬師三尊の中尊、坐像、平安時代中期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the main hall of the Toshodai-ji Temple in Nara (a standing statue, from the Nara period to the early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・唐招提寺金堂像（立像、奈良時代～平安時代初期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara (the center statue of Yakushi Sanzon, a seated statue, the Nara period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・薬師寺像（薬師三尊の中尊、坐像、奈良時代、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Shin Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara (seated statue, early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・新薬師寺像（坐像、平安時代初期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at Nara National Museum (seated statue, early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良国立博物館像（坐像、平安時代前期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "The statue at the Ganko-ji Temple in Nara (Shibanoshinya-cho, Nara City) (standing statue, early Heian period, a national treasure)", "ja": "奈良・元興寺（奈良市芝新屋町）像（立像、平安時代前期、国宝）" }
{ "en": "In the Tokugawa period, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun, was deified and was called shinkun.", "ja": "徳川時代、初代将軍徳川家康が神格化され、神君と呼ばれるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Thanks to the work of Buddhist monk Tenkai, Ieyasu was given the posthumous name of 'Tosho Daigongen' by the imperial court and was enshrined at the Toshogu Shrine.", "ja": "僧天海などの働きもあり、朝廷より、「東照大権現」の名が下され、東照宮に祭祀された。" }
{ "en": "This is the origin of the faith in Tosho Gongen.", "ja": "ここで、東照権現信仰が始まる。" }
{ "en": "This faith is the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism and according to it, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA is assumed as the temporary figure of Yakushi Nyorai who appeared in Japan while religious service is conducted in the way of Jinja Shinto.", "ja": "この信仰では、徳川家康は薬師如来の仮の姿が日本に現れたものとし、神仏習合の形をとり神社神道形式で祭祀を行う。" }
{ "en": "As Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was believed to have been born after his mother, Odai no kata, prayed to Yakushi Nyorai enshrined at the Horai-ji Temple (Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture) as its principal image, it is also said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the reincarnation of Yakushi Nyorai, a principal image of the Horai-ji Temple, who appeared in the human world.", "ja": "また、徳川家康は生母於大の方が鳳来寺（愛知県新城市）の本尊の薬師如来に祈願して誕生したと言われ、徳川家康は鳳来寺（愛知県新城市）の本尊の薬師如来が人間界に現れたものとも言われる。" }
{ "en": "As for the mantra of Yakushi Nyorai, its shoshu is 'on korokoro sendari matougi sowaka' and it coincides with that of Muno Shomyoo.", "ja": "薬師如来の真言は、小咒が「オン　コロコロ　センダリ　マトウギ　ソワカ」(oMhuruhurucaNDaalimaataGgisvaahaa)であり、これは無能勝明王（ハヤグリーヴァ）の真言と合致する。" }
{ "en": "Its taishu is 'noumo bagyabatei baiseija kuro beiruria haraba arajaya tatagyataya arakatei sanmyakusanbodaya taniyata on baiseizei baiseizei sanborigyatei sowaka' and it appears in Yakusi hongan kudokukyo.", "ja": "大咒は「ノウモ　バギャバテイ　バイセイジャ　クロ　ベイルリヤ　ハラバ　アラジャヤ　タタギャタヤ　アラカテイ　サンミャクサンボダヤ　タニヤタ　オン　バイセイゼイ　バイセイゼイ　サンボリギャテイ　ソワカ」であり、薬師本願功徳経に説かれている。" }
{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai's shoshu has the meaning which reflects primitive Indian or Asian customs.", "ja": "薬師如来の小咒は原始的なインド、ないしアジアの風習を感じさせる意味合いをもつ。" }
{ "en": "The translation of this shoshu is 'omu (sacred voice), remove, Candari, Matangi, achieve (subaha)'.", "ja": "この小咒を訳すと「オーム(聖音)、取り払え、チャンダーリーよ、マータンギーよ、成就せよ（スヴァーハー）」となる。" }
{ "en": "Remove' means removing plague and Candari and Matangi are the female names of a clan that was engaged in slaughter work, but originally they were the names of goddesses that were worshipped by people of lower class.", "ja": "「取り払え」とは疫病を取り除くこと、チャンダーリーとマータンギーは屠殺を生業とする一族の女性名だが、本来は彼らインドの下層民族の崇めた女神の名でもある。" }
{ "en": "Original meaning of 'subaha' is an offering to be thrown into the festival fire.", "ja": "「スヴァーハー」は、本来は祭火に投じる供物の意味。" }
{ "en": "Later, it was deified as the wife of Agni, the god of fire, and became a yell to be used when praying for the achievement of hope while making an offering.", "ja": "後に神格化されて火神アグニの妻とされ、供物を捧げて願いの成就を祈願する際の掛け声となった。" }
{ "en": "Upper class people despised Candari and Matangi or regarded them as dangerous as the goddesses that were worshipped by dirty people.", "ja": "チャンダーリーやマータンギーは、汚穢の民の崇める女神として、上層階級からは蔑視あるいは危険視されていた。" }
{ "en": "However, it was generally believed that people were able to escape from plagues presided by such a goddess by daring to pray to them.", "ja": "しかし敢えてそんな女神に祈る事で、彼女たちの司る疫病などの災いから逃れられると考えられたのである。" }
{ "en": "In terms of the concept of escaping from plague by chanting mantra to aragami which causes such plague, it has a similar nature with 'Somin shorai' in Japan.", "ja": "疫病をもたらす荒神に呪文をとなえて逃れるという点は、日本における「蘇民将来」と似た性質をもっている。" }

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