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{ "en": "Juni Shinsho (the 12 protective deities) are tenbu, deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another; they are worshiped and shaped into statues in Buddhism, and are good deities that guard Buddhism.", "ja": "十二神将（じゅうにしんしょう）は、仏教の信仰・造像の対象である天部の神々で、また護法善神である。" }
{ "en": "They are also called Juni Yashataisho or Juni Shinmyoo and comprise 12 war gods who guard people who believe in the Yakushi-nyorai and Yakushi-kyo sutra.", "ja": "十二夜叉大将、十二神明王（じゅうに・やしゃたいしょう、しんみょうおう）ともいい、薬師如来および薬師経を信仰する者を守護するとされる12の武神である。" }
{ "en": "It is said that the Juni Shinsho guard each 12 hours of the day and night in accordance with the 12 wishes of Yakushi-nyorai.", "ja": "十二神将は、薬師如来の12の大願に応じて、昼夜の12時を保護するという。" }
{ "en": "For this reason the zodiac is applied.", "ja": "そのため十二支が配当される。" }
{ "en": "Each protective deity heads each of 7,000 attendants, covering a total of 84,000 Yasha, i.e., a class of semi-divine being usually considered to be of a benevolent and inoffensive disposition but sometimes also classified together with malignant spirits.", "ja": "各神将がそれぞれ7千、総計8万4千の眷属夜叉を率いるという。" }
{ "en": "Above their heads are often placed signs modeled after the animals of the zodiac.", "ja": "頭上には各十二支の動物を形どった標識を置くことが多い。" }
{ "en": "In Japan the life-size statue of Juni Shinsho at Shin-Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara is the oldest, and it is famous for its excellence of form.", "ja": "日本では奈良・新薬師寺の等身大の十二神将像が、最古の作であるとともに造形的にも優れたものとして名高い。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, the Juni Shinsho have each principal image of Buddha such as Buddha, Bosatsu and Myoo.", "ja": "また、十二神将にはそれぞれ本地の仏・菩薩・明王などがある。" }
{ "en": "Each name and its corresponding principal image of Buddha and the zodiac follows (although there are a few differences in the letters and sounds, depending on the sutras, but the following names are commonly used).", "ja": "それぞれの名称と対応する本地尊と十二支は次のとおりである（経典によって若干用字や読みが異なるが、ここではもっとも一般的なものを挙げる）。" }
{ "en": "Although the 12 deities' belongings and poses are not necessarily unified, it is nearly impossible to distinguish them only by characters depicted in pictures and statues.", "ja": "上記12体の持物、ポーズ等は必ずしも統一されたものでなく、図像的特色のみから各像を区別することはほとんど不可能である。" }
{ "en": "In China the statue of Juni Shinsho had been produced in early times, and there is an example of wall painting in Dunhuang City.", "ja": "十二神将像は、中国では早くから制作され、敦煌市壁画にも作例がある。" }
{ "en": "In China they have been worshiped in association with the zodiac, and many works in Japan also depict animals of the zodiac above their heads.", "ja": "中国では十二支と結び付けて信仰され、日本における作例にも頭上に十二支の動物を戴くものが多い。" }
{ "en": "In Japan many statues such as the statue of Shin-Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara (eighth century) in the Nara period have been produced.", "ja": "日本では奈良時代（8世紀）の奈良・新薬師寺像をはじめ、数多く制作されている。" }
{ "en": "In many cases, at the Buddhist halls where Yakushi-nyorai is placed as the principle image of Buddha, each of six deities is placed on the left and right side of Yakushi-nyorai, or in a line ahead of the Buddhist altar.", "ja": "多くの場合、薬師如来を本尊とする仏堂において、薬師如来の左右に6体ずつ、あるいは仏壇の前方に横一列に安置される。" }
{ "en": "There are various ways of expression; in one case they are placed around a circular Buddhist altar such as the statues of Shin-Yakushi-ji Temple, and in another case they form a halo or a foundation of the statue of Yakushi-nyorai.", "ja": "新薬師寺像のように円形の仏壇周囲をぐるりと取り囲んで配置される場合もあり、薬師如来像の光背や台座部分に十二神将を表す場合もあるなど、表現形態はさまざまである。" }
{ "en": "They are shown as war gods, the same as the statues of the Shitenno (four guardian kings), and in many works each of twelve characters is distinguished by its facial expression or pose, and they vary widely as a group.", "ja": "四天王像などと同様、甲冑を着けた武神の姿で表され、12体それぞれの個性を表情、ポーズなどで彫り分け、群像として変化をつけた作例が多い。" }
{ "en": "Major works of Juni Shinsho in Japan", "ja": "日本における十二神将像の主な作例" }
{ "en": "National treasures", "ja": "国宝" }
{ "en": "The statue of Shin-Yakushi-ji Temple (Nara City, Nara Prefecture) - statue, Nara period; 11 bodies among 12 bodies are national treasures", "ja": "新薬師寺像（奈良県奈良市）―塑造、奈良時代、12躯のうち11躯が国宝" }
{ "en": "The statue of Kofuku-ji Temple Tokondo (Eastern Golden Hall) (Nara City, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "興福寺東金堂像（奈良県奈良市）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Kofuku-ji Temple (Nara City, Nara Prefecture) a wooden print block, Heian period", "ja": "興福寺像（奈良県奈良市）―板彫、平安時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Koryu-ji Temple (Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture) - wooden statue, Heian period", "ja": "広隆寺像（京都府京都市）―木造、平安時代" }
{ "en": "OK", "ja": "重要文化財（国指定）" }
{ "en": "The statue of Horyu-ji Temple Saien-do (Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura and Momoyama periods", "ja": "法隆寺西円堂像（奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町）―木造、鎌倉･桃山時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Ryosen-ji Temple (Nara City, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "霊山寺(奈良市)像（奈良県奈良市）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Eizan-ji Temple (Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Muromachi period", "ja": "栄山寺像（奈良県五条市）―木造、室町時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Murou-ji Temple (Uda City, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "室生寺像（奈良県宇陀市）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Todai-ji Temple (Nara City, Nara Prefecture) - wooden statue, Heian period", "ja": "東大寺像（奈良県奈良市）―木造、平安時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Hokkai-ji Temple (Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "法界寺像（京都府京都市）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of To-ji Temple (Kyoogokoku-ji Temple)(Kyoto city, Kyoto Prefecture) - wooden statue (attached on the foundation of the main image of Buddha at Kondo), Momoyama period", "ja": "東寺像（京都府京都市）―　木造（金堂本尊台座付属）、桃山時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Keisoku-ji Temple (Kinomoto-cho, Ika-gun, Shiga Prefecture) - mokushin kanshitsu-zukuri, wood-core dry lacquer, currently only three bodies in existence; Heian period", "ja": "鶏足寺(木之本町)像（滋賀県伊香郡木之本町）―木心乾漆造、3躯のみ現存、平安時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Yukino-ji Temple (Ryuo-ji Temple) (Ryuo-cho, Gamo-gun, Shiga Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "雪野寺（龍王寺）像（滋賀県蒲生郡竜王町）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Jomyo-ji Temple (Arida City, Wakayama Prefecture) - Kamakura period", "ja": "浄妙寺(有田市)像（和歌山県有田市）―鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Tosan-ji Temple (Awaji City, Hyogo Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "東山寺像（兵庫県淡路市）像木造、平安時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Ikaruga-dera Temple (Taishi-cho, Ibo-gun, Hyogo Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "斑鳩寺像（兵庫県揖保郡太子町）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The statue of Sekkei-ji Temple (Kochi City, Kochi Prefecture) - wooden statue, Kamakura period", "ja": "雪渓寺像（高知県高知市）―木造、鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "Additionally, as opposed to the above Buddhist scriptures, Juni Tensho, which is used in Rikujinshinka, one of the mantic or shikisen in Onmyo-do, is sometimes incorrectly called Juni Shinsyo.", "ja": "また上記の仏典とは異なり、陰陽道の占術・式占の一つである六壬神課で使用する十二天将も、間違って十二神将と呼ばれることがある。" }
{ "en": "In 'Junisho Shoshuhodaiyon,' the fourth chapter of Senjiryakketsu, written by ABE no Seimei, a famous master of Onmyo-do, things that Juni Tensyo reveal are explained as follows:", "ja": "陰陽師として名高い安倍晴明が残した占事略决の第4章の「十二将所主法第四」では十二天将が表す事柄について以下のように解説されている。" }
{ "en": "Junisho Shoshuhodaiyon", "ja": "≪十二将所主法第四≫" }
{ "en": "前一螣蛇火神家在巳主驚恐怖畏凶将", "ja": "前一螣蛇火神家在巳主驚恐怖畏凶将" }
{ "en": "Toda or Tosya: serpent, tei (丁), fire (yin), summer, southeast", "ja": "（とうだ／とうしゃ）：巳、丁、火(陰)、夏、南東" }
{ "en": "前二朱雀火神家在午主口舌懸官凶将", "ja": "前二朱雀火神家在午主口舌懸官凶将" }
{ "en": "Suzaku: horse, hei (丙), fire (yang), summer, south", "ja": "（すざく）：午、丙、火(陽)、夏、南" }
{ "en": "前三六合木神家在卯主陰私和合吉将", "ja": "前三六合木神家在卯主陰私和合吉将" }
{ "en": "Rikugo: hare, otsu (乙), wood (yin), spring, east", "ja": "（りくごう）：卯、乙、木(陰)、春、東" }
{ "en": "前四勾陣土神家在辰主戦闘諍訟凶将", "ja": "前四勾陣土神家在辰主戦闘諍訟凶将" }
{ "en": "Kochin: dragon, bo (戊), earth (yang), canicular days, southeast", "ja": "（こうちん）：辰、戊、土(陽)、土用、南東" }
{ "en": "前五青龍 (四神)木神家在寅主銭財慶賀吉将", "ja": "前五青龍(四神)木神家在寅主銭財慶賀吉将" }
{ "en": "Seiryu: tiger, ko (甲), wood (yang), spring, northeast", "ja": "（せいりゅう）：寅、甲、木(陽)、春、北東" }
{ "en": "天一（天乙）貴人上神家在丑主福徳之神吉将大无成", "ja": "天一（天乙）貴人上神家在丑主福徳之神吉将大无成" }
{ "en": "Kijin: ox, ki (己), earth (yin), canicular days, northeast", "ja": "（きじん）：丑、己、土(陰)、土用、北東" }
{ "en": "後一天后水神家在亥主後宮婦女吉将", "ja": "後一天后水神家在亥主後宮婦女吉将" }
{ "en": "Tenko: wild boar, ki (癸), water (yin), winter, northwest", "ja": "（てんこう）：亥、癸、水(陰)、冬、北西" }
{ "en": "後一天后水神家在亥主後宮婦女吉将", "ja": "後一天后水神家在亥主後宮婦女吉将" }
{ "en": "Daion or Taiin: cock, shin (辛), metal (yin), fall, west", "ja": "（だいおん／たいいん）：酉、辛、金(陰)、秋、西" }
{ "en": "後三玄武水神家在子主亡遺盗賊凶将", "ja": "後三玄武水神家在子主亡遺盗賊凶将" }
{ "en": "Genbu: mouse, jin (壬), water (yang), winter, north", "ja": "（げんぶ）：子、壬、水(陽)、冬、北" }
{ "en": "後四大裳土神家在未主冠帯衣服吉将", "ja": "後四大裳土神家在未主冠帯衣服吉将" }
{ "en": "Taimo or Taijo: sheep, ki (己), earth (yin), canicular days, southwest", "ja": "（たいもう／たいじょう）：未、己、土(陰)、土用、南西" }
{ "en": "後五白虎金神家在申主疾病喪凶将", "ja": "後五白虎金神家在申主疾病喪凶将" }
{ "en": "Byakko: monkey, ko (庚), metal (yang), fall, southwest", "ja": "（びゃっこ）：申、庚、金(陽)、秋、南西" }
{ "en": "後六天空土神家在戌主欺殆不信凶将", "ja": "後六天空土神家在戌主欺殆不信凶将" }
{ "en": "Tenku: dog, bo (戊), earth (yang), canicular days, northwest", "ja": "（てんくう）：戌、戊、土(陽)、土用、北西" }
{ "en": "Reference for names: \"Nihon Onmyodo-shi Sosetsu\"", "ja": "『名称参考：日本陰陽道史総説より』" }
{ "en": "Bishamonten (vaizravaNa in Sanskrit) is a Buddha of the Tenbu, deities who reside in a heavenly realm, this being one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another, in Buddhism.", "ja": "毘沙門天（びしゃもんてん）、サンスクリットヴァイシュラヴァナ(vaizravaNa)とは、仏教における天部の仏。" }
{ "en": "It is a war god and one of the Shitenno (four guardian kings) with Jikokuten (Dhrtarastra), Zochoten (Virudhaka) and Komokuten (Virupaksa).", "ja": "持国天、増長天、広目天と共に四天王の一尊に数えられる武神である。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, it is not only one of the shitenno but is worshiped individually over a broad region, such as Central Asia and China (other than in Japan).", "ja": "また四天王の一員としてだけでなく、中央アジア、中国など日本以外の広い地域でも、独尊として信仰の対象となっている。" }
{ "en": "Its predecessor is Kubera, a treasure god in Indian myth.", "ja": "インド神話の財宝神クベーラを前身とする。" }
{ "en": "The title of vaizravaNa originally meant 'the son of vizravas,' so it originated from his father's name, but it can be interpreted as 'a man who listens very well' so that it is also translated as Tamonten.", "ja": "ヴァイシュラヴァナという称号は本来「ヴィシュラヴァス(vizravas)神の息子」という意味で、彼の父親の名に由来するが、「よく聞く所の者」という意味にも解釈できるため、多聞天(たもんてん)とも訳される。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, when it is shaped as a statue and placed as one of the Shitenno it is usually called 'Tamonten,' but when in the form of a statue and placed individually it is usually called 'Bishamonten.'", "ja": "日本では四天王の一尊として造像安置する場合は「多聞天」、独尊像として造像安置する場合は「毘沙門天」と呼ぶのが通例である。" }
{ "en": "The Sanmayagyo symbol is a treasure club (a club with which to defeat the enemy of Buddhism in order to protect the Buddhist dharma) as well as a pagoda.", "ja": "三昧耶形は宝棒(仏敵を打ち据える護法の棍棒)、宝塔。" }
{ "en": "Shushi (Shuji, Bija) in Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism) is vai.", "ja": "種子(密教)はベイ(vai)。" }
{ "en": "The mantra (shingon) for Bishamonten is 'On Beishiramanayasowaka (oM vaizravaNaaya svaahaa, that is, om (saintly sound), the son of vizravas, svaahaa), etc.", "ja": "毘沙門天に捧げられた真言としては「オンベイシラマナヤソワカ」(oMvaizravaNaayasvaahaa『オーム(聖音)、ヴィシュラヴァスの御子よ。スヴァーハー』)等がある。" }
{ "en": "Although there are various figures (as below), in Japan it is generally expressed as a warrior figure of the Tang dynasty that dons leather armor.", "ja": "その姿には様々な表現があるが(後述)、日本では一般に革製の甲冑を身に着けた唐代の武将風の姿で表される。" }
{ "en": "Its belongings generally consist of a pagoda.", "ja": "持物は宝塔が一般的。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, it often stands on an ogre called Jaki (邪鬼).", "ja": "また、邪鬼と呼ばれる鬼形の者の上に乗ることが多い。" }
{ "en": "For example, in the Ryokai Mandala (Mandala of the Two Realms) of Mikkyo, it is drawn as a figure that has a treasure club in the right hand and a pagoda in the left hand and is wearing armor.", "ja": "例えば密教の両界曼荼羅では甲冑に身を固めて右手は宝棒、左手は宝塔を捧げ持つ姿で描かれる。" }
{ "en": "However, the Shitenno statue in Todai-ji Temple Kaidan-do is shaped as a figure that has a pagoda in the right hand and a treasure club in the left hand.", "ja": "ただし、東大寺戒壇堂の四天王像では右手に宝塔を捧げ持ち、左手で宝棒を握る姿で造像されている。" }
{ "en": "(The statue in Nara Taima-dera Temple has a pagoda in the right hand as well.)", "ja": "（奈良當麻寺でも同様に右手で宝塔を捧げ持っている。）" }
{ "en": "In India, it was considered as a treasure god and was hardly depicted as a warrior.", "ja": "インドにおいては財宝神とされ、戦闘的イメージは殆ど無かった。" }
{ "en": "As to the character in this age, see the article on Kubera.", "ja": "この頃の性格についてはクベーラの項を参照の事。" }
{ "en": "During the process that was transmitted to China through Central Asia, the faith as a war god was created and it came to be a guardian deity as one of the Shitenno.", "ja": "中央アジアを経て中国に伝わる過程で武神としての信仰が生まれ、四天王の一尊たる武神・守護神とされるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, as a following of Taishakuten it is said to live in Tengyo-jo Castle of Suishota, which is the north of Mt. Shumisen (Mt. Sumeru) or to guard Hokkurushu (uttara-kuru), one of the four continents in the world view of ancient India.", "ja": "そして帝釈天の配下として、仏の住む世界を支える須弥山の北方、水精埵の天敬城に住み、或いは古代インドの世界観で地球上にあるとされた4つの大陸のうち北倶盧洲（ほっくるしゅう）を守護するとされる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, it subordinates devils such as Yasha (a class of semi-divinity that is usually considered to be of a benevolent and inoffensive disposition but is sometimes also classified with malignant spirits) and Rasetsu (Rakshasa).", "ja": "また、夜叉や羅刹といった鬼神を配下とする。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in Mikkyo it is one of the juniten (十二天) and is said to guard the north.", "ja": "また、密教においては十二天の一尊で北方を守護するとされる。" }
{ "en": "In Japan it is one of the seven deities of good luck as a unique faith and is revered because it seems to benefit games especially.", "ja": "また日本独自の信仰として七福神の一尊とされ、特に勝負事に利益ありとして崇められる。" }
{ "en": "Figure of image", "ja": "像容" }
{ "en": "There is no clear rule regarding Bisyamonten's figure, so that various expressions exist.", "ja": "毘沙門天の姿にははっきりした規定は無く、様々な表現がある。" }
{ "en": "It is expressed as the figure of a warrior in Japan as mentioned above, and generally it has a pagoda.", "ja": "前述のとおり日本では武将風の姿で表され、宝塔を持つ姿が一般的。" }
{ "en": "There is another work that has a trident: for example, the statue at Mimuroto-ji Temple in Kyoto does not have a pagoda but a trident in one hand and places the other hand on his hip.", "ja": "ほかに三叉戟を持つ造形例もあり、例えば京都・三室戸寺像などは宝塔を持たず片手を腰に当て片手に三叉戟を持つ姿である。" }
{ "en": "In the folk faith of China it is expressed as a figure that has a green face with an umbrella in the right hand and a silver mouse in the left hand.", "ja": "また、中国の民間信仰に於いては緑色の顔で右手に傘、左手に銀のネズミを持った姿で表される。" }
{ "en": "In Tibetan Buddhism it is expressed as a figure that has a mongoose who disgorges gold, silver and jewels, thus maintaining the character of a treasure god in India.", "ja": "チベット仏教では金銀宝石を吐くマングースを持つ姿で表され、インドでの財宝神としての性格を残している。" }
{ "en": "There are many works as an individual deity or the central deity.", "ja": "独尊、また中心尊としても多くの造形例がある。" }
{ "en": "The styles of placement are as follows: a triad style in which Bishamonten is placed at the center with Kyoji (attendant figures) of Kisshoten (Kichijoten, Sri-mahadevi, who is said to a wife of the sister of Bishamonten) and Zennishi-doji (who is said to be a son of Bishamonten) (Kurama Temple in Kyoto, Sekkei-ji Temple in Kochi, and so on); a style that places a pair of Bishamonten with Kisshoten (the statue of Horyuji Temple Kondo (法隆寺金堂) in Nara); and a style that places a pair of Bishamonten with Fudo Myoo (the statue of Koyasan Kongobuji Temple and so on).", "ja": "安置形態としては、毘沙門天を中尊とし、吉祥天（毘沙門天の妃または妹とされる）と善膩師童子（ぜんにしどうじ。毘沙門天の息子の一人とされる）を脇侍とする三尊形式の像（京都・鞍馬寺、高知・雪蹊寺など）、毘沙門天と吉祥天を一対で安置するもの（奈良・法隆寺金堂像など）、毘沙門天と不動明王を一対として安置するもの（高野山金剛峯寺像など）がある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in the temples of the Tendai sect it is often seen that Senju Kannon is placed at the center and Bishamonten and Fudo Myoo are placed at its sides (Myoo-in Temple in Shiga, Bujo-ji Temple in Kyoto).", "ja": "また、天台宗系の寺院では、千手観音を中尊として両脇に毘沙門天・不動明王を安置することも多い（滋賀・明王院像、京都・峰定寺像など）。" }
{ "en": "There are many works of Tamonten statues that guard the north (the back of the dais for a Buddhist image on the observer's right) as being among the Shitenno.", "ja": "四天王の1体として北方（須弥壇上では向かって右奥）を護る多聞天像の作例も数多い。" }
{ "en": "The figure is nearly the same as an individual Bishamonten statue but often has a pagoda in one hand.", "ja": "その姿は独尊の毘沙門天像と特に変わるところはないが、左右いずれかの手に宝塔を捧げ持つ像が多い。" }
{ "en": "Designated works from the nation are Tamonten statues among the Shitenno statues at Todai-ji Temple Kaidan-do, Joruri-ji Temple in Kyoto, Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara.", "ja": "国宝指定品としては東大寺戒壇堂、京都・浄瑠璃寺、奈良・興福寺などの四天王像中の多聞天像がある。" }
{ "en": "Derived figures", "ja": "派生的な姿" }
{ "en": "Takutori-tenno", "ja": "托塔李天王" }

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