translation
translation |
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{
"en": "As a stage of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism there came the idea that the god of Japan hoped to escape from crime and achieve enlightenment as well as human beings.",
"ja": "神仏習合の一段階として、日本の神も人間と同様に罪業から逃れ自らも悟りをひらくことを望んでいるという思想が生まれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on that idea, Bosatsu-go (菩薩号) was used as a name of the god of Japan who came to believe in Buddhism.",
"ja": "それに基づき、仏道に入った日本の神の号として、菩薩号が用いられた。"
} |
{
"en": "The Hachiman deity is representative of that.",
"ja": "八幡神が代表的である。"
} |
{
"en": "Titles of high priests",
"ja": "高僧の称号"
} |
{
"en": "In some cases the Imperial Court gave high priests the Bosatsu title.",
"ja": "朝廷より、高僧に菩薩の称号を下されることがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Gyoki Bosatsu is an example in this case.",
"ja": "例えば、行基菩薩などである。"
} |
{
"en": "This article describes the history of Hongwan-ji Temple of the Jodo Shinshu sect, founded by Shinran.",
"ja": "この項目では、親鸞を宗祖とする浄土真宗における本願寺の歴史について述べる。"
} |
{
"en": "On November 28, 1262 (old lunar calendar), Shinran, a founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect, fell ill at Zenpo-bo of Sanjo Tominokoji and entered nirvana at the age of 90.",
"ja": "弘長2年（1262年）11月28日(旧暦)浄土真宗の開祖親鸞は三条富小路の善法坊で発病し、90歳をもって入滅。"
} |
{
"en": "His funeral was held at 8 p.m. on the next day, the 29th.",
"ja": "翌29日午後8時に葬送。"
} |
{
"en": "Kenchi of Takada Shimotsuke Province, Senshin of Ikeda Totomi Province and others came up to Kyoto and participated in the funeral.",
"ja": "下野国高田の顕智、遠江国池田の専信なども上洛し参列。"
} |
{
"en": "His body was cremated at Ennin-ji Temple, located in the south of Higashiyama Toribeno.",
"ja": "東山鳥辺野（とりべの）の南、延仁寺で火葬。"
} |
{
"en": "On the 30th his born was collected.",
"ja": "翌30日拾骨。"
} |
{
"en": "His grave was built at Otani, located in the north of Toribeno, and his born was placed in the grave.",
"ja": "鳥辺野の北、大谷に墳墓を築き納骨。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1272, the Otani Mausoleum was built in what is now the Rinka-cho, Higashiyama Ward (around Sotaiin, the north of Chion-in Temple's gate), the living place of Kakushinni, Shinran's youngest daughter, and Shinran's portrait was placed there.",
"ja": "文永9年（1272年）親鸞の末娘覚信尼が住む地、現在の東山区林下町（知恩院山門北の崇泰院あたり）に大谷廟堂を造営、親鸞の影像を安置。"
} |
{
"en": "It is thought that the temple where Shinran's portrait was placed should be called Hongwan-ji Temple, after a transfer of the temple.",
"ja": "寺院移転後は、この親鸞の影像を安置している寺を本願寺とするのが妥当と考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Kakusinni was in charge of Rusushiki, who preserved it.",
"ja": "守護をする留守職（るすしき）は覚信尼が当たる。"
} |
{
"en": "After that, her descendants were deemed to be successors, which later became a basis of inheritance by Kechimiyaku (血脈), a bloodline or lineage of succession, of Hongwan-ji Temple.",
"ja": "以後、尼の子孫を留守職の後継者と定め、後の本願寺の血脈相続の基礎を築く。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusushiki was succeeded by Kakushinni and then to Kakue and Kakunyo.",
"ja": "留守職は覚信尼から覚恵・覚如両人へ受け継がれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Emperor Kameyama (who reigned from 1259 to 1274) gave the title of \"Kuon Jitsujo Amida Hongwan-ji Temple,\" but the mausoleum was ultimately destroyed because of infighting.",
"ja": "亀山天皇（在位1259-1274）より『久遠実成阿弥陀本願寺』（くおんじつじょうあみだほんがんじ）という号を賜るが、その後内紛のため廟堂は破壊された。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1312 the third Rusushiki Kakunyo rebuilt Mausoleum as a temple, Senju-ji Temple.",
"ja": "正和元年（1312年）三代覚如は廟堂を再建、寺院化し専修寺（せんじゅじ）とした。"
} |
{
"en": "(Moreover, there is no direct relationship to Takada Honzan Senju-ji Temple of the same Jodo Shinsu sect.)",
"ja": "（尚、同じ浄土真宗系の高田派本山専修寺と直接の関係は無い）"
} |
{
"en": "However, it changed the name to Hongwan-ji (Otani Hongwan-ji Temple) in accordance with the protest of the Mt. Hiei-zan priests.",
"ja": "ところが比叡山衆徒の抗議により、その後本願寺（大谷本願寺）と称す。"
} |
{
"en": "Kakunyo tried to integrate all disciples of Shinran under Hongwan-ji Temple.",
"ja": "覚如は、親鸞の全門弟を本願寺の下に統合しようと図る。"
} |
{
"en": "He wrote \"Kuden-sho\" and described that the teachings of the Jodo Shinshu sect were transferred by word of mouth from Honen to Shinran, from Shinran to his grandson Nyoshin, and from Nyoshin to Kakunyo.",
"ja": "『口伝鈔』を著し、浄土真宗の教えが、法然から親鸞、親鸞から孫の如信へ、如信から覚如に口伝されたとする。"
} |
{
"en": "This showed that Kakunyo, a chief priest of Hongwan-ji Temple, succeeded Shinran in the point of dharma as well.",
"ja": "このことは、本願寺住持の覚如は、教えの上からも親鸞を継承することを表明した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, in reality it was difficult to establish an independent religious organization in Kyoto as opposed to established temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, which acquired economic power over the years and in some cases had military forces.",
"ja": "だが現実問題として、長年培ってきた経済力、場合によっては軍事力を有する延暦寺以下の既存寺院に対抗して京都の中で独自の教団を打ち立てる事は困難であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Before the Showa era it was oppressed in 1330, 1352 and 1388, and while other schools of Jodo Shinshu sect spread in eastern Japan and elsewhere, only Hongwan-ji Temple declined and was permitted existence on the condition of loyalty to Enryaku-ji Temple and the forbiddance of Buddhism invocation as a subtemple of Shorenin, which was influenced by Enyryaku-ji Temple.",
"ja": "正和以後も元徳2年（1330年）・観応3年（1352年）・嘉慶_(日本)2年（1388年）にも弾圧を受けており、浄土真宗の他派が東国などで勢力を広めている間にも、逆に本願寺のみは衰退して延暦寺の支配下にあった青蓮院の末寺として延暦寺への忠誠と念仏の禁止を条件として存続を許されているという状況であった。"
} |
{
"en": "At that time, the Jodo Shinshu sect was not integrated into the Hongwan-ji Temple group.",
"ja": "当時浄土真宗は本願寺に一本化されたわけではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Other groups were scattered throughout Japan.",
"ja": "地方には教団が乱立していた。"
} |
{
"en": "The Takada, a lay follower group (門徒) (based in Senshu-ji Temple), the Araki group and the Wada group were lineages of Shinbutsu and Kenchi.",
"ja": "真仏・顕智の系統をひく高田門徒（専修寺を中心とする）・荒木門徒・和田門徒。"
} |
{
"en": "The Kashima lay follower group, the Date group and the Yokosone group were influential as well.",
"ja": "他にも鹿島門徒・伊達門徒・横曽根門徒が有力であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Particularly, the Takada lay follower group flourished.",
"ja": "特に高田門徒は非常に盛んであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, Ryogen's group developed by using '名帳' and '絵系図' based in Bukko-ji Temple of Kyoto.",
"ja": "また、了源の教団は、京都の仏光寺を中心にして「名帳」「絵系図」によって発展をとげた。"
} |
{
"en": "The chief priest of Hongwan-ji Temple was succeeded by Zennyo, Shakunyo, Konnyo, and Zonnyo after Kakunyo.",
"ja": "本願寺は、覚如の後、善如・綽如・巧如・存如と続いた。"
} |
{
"en": "During this period, Hongwan-ji Temple gradually became influential, centered in Omi Province and the Hokuriku district.",
"ja": "その間、本願寺は、近江国や北陸地方を中心に、徐々に教線を拡張した。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1390, Shakunyo, the fifth chief priest, built Zuisen-ji Temple (Nanto City) in Inami, Ecchu Province (Toyama Prefecture).",
"ja": "明徳元年（1390年）第5代綽如は、越中国（富山県）井波に瑞泉寺(南砺市)を建立。"
} |
{
"en": "Konyo, the sixth chief priest, was also engaged in missionary work at Hokuriku, centered on Zuisen-ji Temple.",
"ja": "第6代巧如もここで北陸への布教活動を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "In the succeeding era of Zonnyo, it became more influential and Hongwan-ji groups were established in Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), Kaga Province (Ishikawa Prefecture), Noto Province (Ishikawa Prefecture), Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture), etc.",
"ja": "つづく存如の時代に一段と前進し、近江国（滋賀県）・加賀国（石川県）・能登国（石川県）・越前国（福井県）などで本願寺教団の形成がみられる。"
} |
{
"en": "In Hongwan-ji Temple, 御影堂 and Amida-do were built.",
"ja": "本願寺にも御影堂と阿弥陀堂の両堂が建てられた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, it is said that these constructions put pressure on the financial condition of Hongwan-ji Temple.",
"ja": "ただし、この時の無理が祟り、本願寺の財政は逼迫したと言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1415, Rennyo was born as the first son of Zonnyo.",
"ja": "応永22年（1415年）蓮如、存如の長男として誕生。"
} |
{
"en": "He became a monk at Shoreiin Temple when he was 17.",
"ja": "17歳のとき青蓮院で得度。"
} |
{
"en": "His posthumous name was Kenji, and his priestly name was Rennyo.",
"ja": "諱を兼寿、法名を蓮如と称する。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1449, at age 35, Rennyo went to Hokuriku with his father Zonnyo.",
"ja": "宝徳元年（1449年）蓮如35歳、父存如と北陸におもむく。"
} |
{
"en": "Rennyo scattered the remains of Shinran to far Oshu for worship, and civilized lay follower groups.",
"ja": "蓮如は、遠く奥州まで各地の親鸞の遺跡を巡拝、門徒を教化。"
} |
{
"en": "On June 18, 1457 (old lunar calendar), Zonnyo entered nirvana at the age of 62.",
"ja": "長禄元年（1457年）6月18日(旧暦)存如が62歳で入寂。"
} |
{
"en": "Nyoenni, Zonno's wife, tried to make her son Rensho succeed as the chief priest, but instead Rennyo became the eighth chief priest of Hongwan-ji Temple, supported by Nyojo, Zonnyo's brother.",
"ja": "存如の妻如円尼は実子の蓮照に継職させようと図ったが、存如の弟如乗の支持で蓮如が本願寺第8代を継いだ。"
} |
{
"en": "At that time Rennyo was 43.",
"ja": "ときに蓮如43歳。"
} |
{
"en": "When Rennyo became the eighth chief priest, Hongwan-ji Temple declined and lost its status as the central temple of the sect, whereupon it became a subtemple of Shorenin Temple.",
"ja": "蓮如が第8代となった当時の本願寺は衰亡の極みにあり、宗派の中心寺院としての格を失い、青蓮院の一末寺に転落していた。"
} |
{
"en": "Around this time, Kyoto was seething from the Tsuchi Ikki (peasant riot).",
"ja": "そのころ京都は土一揆で騒然。"
} |
{
"en": "Two years later there occurred a severe famine, and many people starved to death in the region of the Kamogawa River.",
"ja": "翌々年には大飢饉で、加茂川が餓死者で埋まる。"
} |
{
"en": "Many provinces were caught up in war, showing the seriousness of the situation.",
"ja": "諸国は戦乱が絶えず、深刻な様相を呈していた。"
} |
{
"en": "Society developed gradually, and the grass roots increased in power.",
"ja": "社会は徐々に進展し、民衆が力を得た。"
} |
{
"en": "Farmers improved their status through the increase of productivity in villages and the decline of lords of the manor, so that soon they were able to create autonomous villages (惣村).",
"ja": "農村の生産力の増大と、荘園領主の没落で、農民の地位はしだいに向上し、やがて自治的な惣村をつくる。"
} |
{
"en": "Rennyo responded to this social situation quickly, and he energetically undertook missionary work.",
"ja": "蓮如はこうした社会の動きに機敏に対応し、積極的な伝道を開始した。"
} |
{
"en": "Lay follower groups that sympathized with Rennyo's enthusiastic mission work spread from Kinki to the Tokai district.",
"ja": "蓮如の熱烈な伝道に共感する門徒は、近畿から東海地方にひろがった。"
} |
{
"en": "Especially in Omi (Shiga Prefecture), many people believed Rennyo so that 無碍光本尊 was worshiped in many villages.",
"ja": "特に近江（滋賀県）では広く帰依し、村々には無碍光本尊が普及した。"
} |
{
"en": "This greatly stimulated Enryaku-ji Temple, of the Tendai sect in Mt. Hieizan.",
"ja": "これは比叡山にある天台宗の延暦寺を強く刺激した。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1465, Otani Hongwan-ji Temple was destroyed by priest soldiers of Mt. Hieizan.",
"ja": "寛正6年（1465年）大谷本願寺は、比叡山の僧兵によって破却された。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1471, Rennyo escaped from Kyoto to Omi in order to avoid trouble, and moved to Yoshizaki Gobo in Echizen (Fukui Prefecture).",
"ja": "文明(日本)3年（1471年）京都から近江に難をさけた蓮如は、越前（福井県）吉崎御坊に移った。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1475, Rennyo withdrew Yoshizaki Gobo in order to calm the unrest, and he undertook aggressive missionary work based in Deguchi of Kawachi (Osaka Prefecture).",
"ja": "同7年（1475年）蓮如は争いを鎮静化させるため吉崎を退去し、河内（大阪府）の出口を拠点に積極的な伝道を開始。"
} |
{
"en": "As a result, many priests and lay people of the Jodo and Shodo sects came to believe in him.",
"ja": "結果、浄土・聖道諸宗の僧俗が多く帰依。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1478, Rennyo moved from Deguchi to Yamashina and began to build Hongwan-ji Temple in January of the next year.",
"ja": "同10年（1478年）蓮如、出口から山科へおもむき、翌年1月本願寺造営に着手。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1483, halls such as 御影堂, Amida-do were completed, along with the main house.",
"ja": "同15年（1483年）山科に御影堂・阿弥陀堂・寝殿など諸堂舎が完成。"
} |
{
"en": "(Yamashina Hongwan-ji Temple)",
"ja": "（山科本願寺）"
} |
{
"en": "In 1488, a riot group established a republic, 'a country ruled by farmers,' in Kaga Province.",
"ja": "長享2年（1488年）一揆衆は加賀において共和国「百姓のもちたる国」を樹立。"
} |
{
"en": "Jinaimachi, Temple Town, were established by building both a temple and many grass-roots houses around the temple.",
"ja": "伽藍の整備と平行し、寺の周辺に多数の民家が営まれ、寺内町を構成した。"
} |
{
"en": "In this country, many visitors who made pilgrimages to the temple and many people of various occupations gathered, so that it flourished more than Kyoto City.",
"ja": "ここには諸国から参詣人や各職種の人たちが集い、京都市中をしのぐ盛況を呈する。"
} |
{
"en": "Hongwan-ji Temple's teachings spread throughout Japan, from Hokkaido Prefecture to Kyusyu.",
"ja": "本願寺の教線は、北海道から九州にいたる全国にのびた。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, the Khitan came to Japan from the northern part of China in order to learn the teachings.",
"ja": "さらに中国大陸北部の契丹人も教えを求めて来日した。"
} |
{
"en": "Through the efforts of Rennyo, Hongwan-ji Temple became one of the largest religious organizations in Japan.",
"ja": "蓮如によって本願寺は日本有数の大教団に成長した。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1489, Rennyo was 75.",
"ja": "延徳元年（1489年）蓮如75歳。"
} |
{
"en": "He passed over Hongwan-ji Temple to Zitunyo.",
"ja": "実如に本願寺を譲る。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1496, Rennyo was 82.",
"ja": "明応5年（1496年）蓮如82歳。"
} |
{
"en": "On September, he began to build a vihara in Osaka.",
"ja": "9月、大坂に坊舎を建立を始める。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1497, Rennyo was 83.",
"ja": "同6年（1497年）蓮如83歳。"
} |
{
"en": "Once the vihara in Osaka was complete, he went into retirement there.",
"ja": "大坂の坊舎が完成して、隠居所とする。"
} |
{
"en": "(Osaka Gobo)",
"ja": "（大坂御坊）"
} |
{
"en": "The place name 'Osaka' first appeared in Chapter 4, Section 15 of Rennyo's \"Epistles of Rennyo Shonin (Gobunsho)\" as of November 22, 1498, according to historical sources.",
"ja": "同7年（1498年）11月22日付の蓮如の『御文（御文章）』四帖の十五に、「大坂」という地名が史料にはじめて現れる。"
} |
{
"en": "Although I do not know what kind of promise I made in ancient times, it has been three years since I saw this village, Shonai Osaka in the Ikutama Higashinari district of Sesshu, at the end of fall 1496, and built a vihara.",
"ja": "「そもそも當國摂州東成郡生玉に荘内大坂といふ在所は往古よりいかなる約束のありけるにや、さんぬる明応第五の秋下旬のころより、かりそめながらこの在所をみそめしより、すでにかたのごとく一宇の坊舎を建立せしめ、年はやすでに三年の星霜をへたりき。"
} |
{
"en": "I think this must be a destiny that is closely connected to ancient times.'",
"ja": "これすなはち往昔の宿縁あさからざる因縁なりとおぼえはんべりぬ。」"
} |
{
"en": "In the spring of 1499,",
"ja": "同8年（1499年）春。"
} |
{
"en": "Rennyo got worse.",
"ja": "蓮如の病状悪化。"
} |
{
"en": "on February 20 (old lunar calendar), he returned to Yamashina Hongwan-ji Temple.",
"ja": "2月20日(旧暦)山科本願寺に帰る。"
} |
{
"en": "On March 25th (old lunar calendar), Rennyo entered nirvana.",
"ja": "3月25日(旧暦)蓮如示寂。"
} |
{
"en": "Hongwan-ji Temple during the Sengoku period (oppression and forbiddance of lay follower groups by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period))",
"ja": "戦国時代の本願寺 （戦国大名の門徒禁圧）"
} |
{
"en": "The 100 years of the ninth Jitsunyo, the tenth Shonyo and the eleventh Kennyo were the chaotic age of civil war.",
"ja": "第9代実如・第10代証如・第11代顕如の時代100年間は、戦国混乱の時期にあたる。"
} |
{
"en": "Hongwan-ji Temple supported the freedom movement which the grass roots requested in opposition to rulers, serving as the ideological driving force of social reform.",
"ja": "本願寺は民衆が支配者に対して展開した解放運動のささえとなり、社会変革の思想的原動力となった。"
} |
{
"en": "During that period, Hongwan-ji Temple became more influential and established itself as one of the largest religious sects as well as a strong social group.",
"ja": "その間に、本願寺の教勢は大いに発展し、日本有数の大教団として、また一個の強力な社会的勢力としての地位を得るにいたる。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1500, 照如 entered nirvana at the age of 22.",
"ja": "明応9年（1500年）実如の長男照如、22歳で入寂。"
} |
{
"en": "From 1504 to 1521",
"ja": "永正年間。"
} |
{
"en": "Lay follower groups in Kaga (Ishikawa Prefecture) stepped into the internal problems of the Asakura clan in Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture).",
"ja": "越前（福井県）の朝倉氏の内紛に加賀（石川県）の門徒が介入。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1504, the Go-Hojo clan in Sagami Province (Kanagawa Prefecture) prohibited belief in the Jodo Shinsu sect in the province, a prohibition that continued for 50 years.",
"ja": "永正元年（1504年）相模国（神奈川県）の後北条氏は、この年から50年間にわたって領内の浄土真宗を禁ずる。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1506, lay follower groups of Hongwan-ji Temple rose in revolt in the Kinki, Hokuriku and Tokai districts, all at roughly the same time.",
"ja": "同3年（1506年）近畿・北陸・東海で、本願寺門徒が一斉に蜂起。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was murdered as a result of trouble over clan succession.",
"ja": "同4年（1507年）細川政元が家督争いのため殺された。"
} |
{
"en": "Hongwan-ji Temple, which had had a close friendship with Masamoto since Rennyo, was afraid of becoming involved in that conflict so that Jitsunyo and Shinran's portraits were instead taken to Omi Katada.",
"ja": "本願寺は蓮如以来、政元と親交があり、紛争にまきこまれることを恐れ、実如と宗祖真影は近江堅田に避難。"
} |
{
"en": "They stayed there for nearly two years.",
"ja": "2年近く滞在。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1516, it became an official temple of Emperor Gokashiwabara.",
"ja": "同13年（1516年）後柏原天皇の勅願寺となる。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1521, the Nagao clan in Echigo Province (Niigata Prefecture) oppressed the lay follower groups of Hongwan-ji Temple.",
"ja": "同18年（1521年）越後国（新潟県）の長尾氏、本願寺門徒を禁圧。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1521, Ennyo, the second son of Jitsunyo, entered nirvana at the age of 32.",
"ja": "大永元年（1521年）実如の次男円如、32歳で入寂。"
} |
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