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translation |
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{
"en": "Shinjitsu-horin - Shaka preached Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra).",
"ja": "真実法輪（しんじつほうりん）-法華経を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Muyo-horin - Shaka preached Daihatusnaion-kyo Sutra (only first half of Nehan-gyo Sutra (the Nirvana Sutra) translated by Hokken).",
"ja": "無余法輪（むよほうりん）-大般泥洹経（だいはつないおんきょう、法顕訳の涅槃経前半部のみ）を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Next, Ekan exhorted Kyohan, called the Fivefold Periods.",
"ja": "次いで、慧観（えかん）の五時の教判が提唱される。"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka preached Shitai Tenporin (literally, spinning the dharma wheel and metaphorically to 'expounding the truth' of Four Noble Truths) at Sarnath.",
"ja": "サルナートで四諦転法輪（したいてんぽうりん）を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka preached Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra at various places.",
"ja": "各所で大品般若経（だいぼんはんにゃきょう）を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka preached Yuima-gyo (Vimalakirti Sutra) and Bontenyakushi-kyo (Brahmapariprccha Sutra) at various places.",
"ja": "各所で維摩経（ゆいまきょう）・梵天思益経（ぼんてんしやくきょう）を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka preached Hoke-kyo sutra at Ryojusen Mountain (Griddhakuta).",
"ja": "霊鷲山で法華経を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka preached Daihatsu Nehan-gyo (the Nirvana Sutra) at a grove of sal trees.",
"ja": "娑羅双樹（しゃらそうじゅ）林で大般涅槃経を説いた"
} |
{
"en": "Ekan was believed to have established Fivefold Periods and founded the origin of the Fivefold Periods Kyohan.",
"ja": "慧観は、この五時を定めて、五時の教判の源流を創始したとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Both Dosho and Ekan were the principal disciples of Kumaraju, who translated Hoke-kyo Sutra.",
"ja": "道生・慧観ともに、法華経を訳した鳩摩羅什の筆頭の弟子である。"
} |
{
"en": "Although there is a difference between them in their interpretation of Nehan-gyo, and Ekan once criticized Dosho, both judged the Nirvana Sutra to be the supreme scripture in their Kyohan.",
"ja": "また両者は涅槃経の解釈に差異があり、慧観が道生を批判したりするが、両者ともに教判上では最高の経典は涅槃経であると位置付けていた。"
} |
{
"en": "As far as the Fivefold Periods Kyohan is concerned, that of the Tendai sect is famous today but its origin is the Fivefold Periods as exhorted by Ekan.",
"ja": "今日、五時の教判といえば、天台宗のものが有名だが、もともとは慧観の提唱した五時がその始めである。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on this, a variety of Kyoso-hanjaku were practiced.",
"ja": "これにより、さまざまな教相判釈が行われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, the origin of 'Fivefold Periods Kyohan and Eight Teachings' of the Tendai sect can be traced back to Dosho and Ekan.",
"ja": "したがって天台宗の「五時八教の教判」は、道生・慧観にそのルーツを見ることができる。"
} |
{
"en": "Thesis of Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings (Tendai)",
"ja": "五時八教説（天台）"
} |
{
"en": "Kyohan based on Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings, or the thesis of Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings, is what Chigi (538 - 597) of Mt. Tendai divided Issai-kyo Sutra (complete Buddhist scriptures) into Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings.",
"ja": "五時八教の教判、あるいは五時八教説(ごじはっきょうせつ)とは、天台山智ギ（ちぎ、538年-597年）が、一切経を五時八教に分けたものである。"
} |
{
"en": "Saicho introduced it into Japan.",
"ja": "日本へは最澄が紹介した。"
} |
{
"en": "Nichiren adopted it as the basis of his advocacy that Hoke-kyo Sutra is the supreme scripture.",
"ja": "これを日蓮が採用し、法華経が最高の教えであるという根拠とした。"
} |
{
"en": "Fivefold Periods",
"ja": "五時"
} |
{
"en": "According to this thesis, Shaka preached Kegon-kyo Sutra (Avatamska Sutra) first but as it was too difficult for people to understand, he preached Agon-kyo Sutra (Agama Sutra) next which was easier.",
"ja": "最初に華厳経を説き、その教えが難しいため人々が理解できなかったとして、次に平易な阿含経を説いたとする。"
} |
{
"en": "Shaka, then preached Hodo-kyo Sutra (Vaipulya Sutra) and Hannya-kyo Sutra (Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra) depending on peoples' level of understanding and during the final 8 years, he preached Hoke-kyo Sutra and Nehan-gyo.",
"ja": "人々の理解の割合に応じて、方等経、般若経を説き、最後の8年間で法華経と涅槃経を説いたとする。"
} |
{
"en": "As a conclusion, this thesis asserted that Hoke-kyo Sutra, which Shaka finally preached, was the most important teaching.",
"ja": "そして最後に説いた法華経が釈迦のもっとも重要な教えであるとしている。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on duration, Eza (place where Shaka preached) and scripture, D are sorted out as follows.",
"ja": "五時を、説法した期間・会座（えざ＝説法の場所）・経典などを分類すると次の通り。"
} |
{
"en": "The Period of Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka)",
"ja": "華厳時"
} |
{
"en": "Duration - 21 days (some assert it was 31 days)",
"ja": "期間-21日間（一説に31日間とも）"
} |
{
"en": "Eza - 8 meetings at 7 places including nearby Gaya Castle and under a lime tree along the Niranjana River.",
"ja": "会座-ガヤー城近郊、ナイランジャナー河の菩提樹の下など、7処8会"
} |
{
"en": "Scripture - Kegon-kyo Sutra (Daihokobutsu Kegon-kyo Sutra)",
"ja": "経典-華厳経（大方廣仏華厳経）"
} |
{
"en": "Contents - Nyuso (Fresh milk), Sudden Teaching that advocates Betsu-kyo (Distinctive Teaching) and En-kyo (Complete Teaching) and the teaching of gigi (to gauge good things).",
"ja": "位-乳酥、別・円を説く頓教、擬宜の教え"
} |
{
"en": "The Period of Agon-kyo (Agamas)",
"ja": "阿含時"
} |
{
"en": "Duration - 12 years",
"ja": "期間-12年間"
} |
{
"en": "Eza - Sarnath in Varanasi",
"ja": "会座-バラナシー国の鹿野苑"
} |
{
"en": "Scripture - Agon-kyo Sutra of zoitsu (or Ekottara Agama, Additional Discourses), Jo (or diigha-nikaaya, Collection of Long Discourses), chu (or majjhima-nikaaya, Collection of Middle-length Discourses), zo (or saMyutta-nikaaya, Connected Discourses or Kindred Sayings), and sho (or khuddaka-nikaaya, Collection of Little Texts) and Nanden Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka coming from the south) such as Hokku-kyo Sutra (Dhammapada).",
"ja": "経典-増一、長、中、雑、小の阿含経、法句経などの南伝大蔵経"
} |
{
"en": "Contents - Rakuso (Cream), Zen-kyo (gradual teaching) that advocates only Daizo-kyo (including Himitsu-kyo (Secret Teaching) and Fujo-kyo (Variable Teaching)) and the teaching of yuin (to lead).",
"ja": "位-酪酥、蔵のみを説く漸教（秘密・不定教もあり）、誘引の教え"
} |
{
"en": "The Period of Hodo-kyo (Vaipulya)",
"ja": "方等時"
} |
{
"en": "Duration - 16 years (some assert it was 8 years)",
"ja": "期間-16年間（一説に8年間）"
} |
{
"en": "Eza - Gion-shoja (the Jetavana monastery) at Sravasti, Venuvana Monastery in Magadh and Amrapali in Vaisali",
"ja": "会座-舎衛城の祇園精舎、マガダ国の竹林精舎、ヴェーサリー国のアンバーパリー園など"
} |
{
"en": "Scripture - Gon-daijo-kyo (sutras to explain Mahayana Buddhism) including Amida-kyo Sutra, Dainichi-kyo Sutra (Mahavairocana Sutra), Konkomyo-kyo Sutra Konkomyo-kyo Sutra (Golden Light Sutra), Yuima-kyo Sutra (Vimalakirti Sutra), Shoman-kyo Sutra (Srimala Sutra) and Gejinmitsu-kyo Sutra (Samdhinirmocana-sutra).",
"ja": "経典-阿弥陀経、大日経、金光明経、維摩経、勝鬘経、解深密経など権大乗経"
} |
{
"en": "Contents - Shoso (Curds), Zen-kyo (including Himitsu-kyo and Fujo-kyo) that advocates the comparison of 4 teachings of Daizo-kyo, Tsu-kyo (Shared Teaching), Betsu-kyo and En-kyo and the teaching of danka (to scold).",
"ja": "位-生酥、蔵通別円の4教を対比して説く漸教（秘密・不定教もあり）、弾訶の教え"
} |
{
"en": "The Period of Hannya-kyo (Prajna)",
"ja": "般若時"
} |
{
"en": "Duration - 14 years (some assert it was 22 years)",
"ja": "期間-14年間（一説に22年間）"
} |
{
"en": "Eza - 16 meetings at 4 places including Ryojusen Mountain nearby Rajagrha in Magadh.",
"ja": "会座-マガダ国のラージャガハ附近の霊鷲山など、4処16会"
} |
{
"en": "Scripture - Daihannya-kyo (Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra), Kongohannya-kyo Sutra (Diamond Sutra) and Hannya Shin-gyo (Heart Sutra), and so on.",
"ja": "経典-大般若経、金剛般若経、般若心経など"
} |
{
"en": "Contents - Jukuso (Butter), Zen-kyo that advocates En-kyo with Tsu-kyo and Betsu-kyo mixing (including Himitsu-kyo and Fujo-kyo) and the teaching of tota (to select).",
"ja": "位-熟酥、円教に通別を帯ばしめて説く漸教（秘密・不定教もあり）、淘汰の教え"
} |
{
"en": "The Period of Hokke Nehan-gyo (Lotus Nirvana)",
"ja": "法華涅槃時"
} |
{
"en": "Duration - 8 years (1 day 1 night as for Nehan-gyo Sutra)",
"ja": "期間-8年間（うち涅槃経は一日一夜）"
} |
{
"en": "Eza - 3 meetings at 2 places including Ryojusen Mountain nearby Rajagrha in Magadh (Hoke-kyo Sutra) and under a sal tree along the Ajitavati River in Kushinagar (Nehan -gyo Sutra).",
"ja": "会座-マガダ国のラージャガハ附近の霊鷲山など、2処3会（法華経）、クシナガラのアジタパティー河辺の沙羅双樹の下（涅槃経）"
} |
{
"en": "Scripture - Hokke Sanbu-kyo Sutra (The Threefold Lotus Sutra) centered on Hoke-kyo Sutra 28 chapters and Nehan-gyo Sutra.",
"ja": "経典-法華経28品を中心とする法華三部経、涅槃経"
} |
{
"en": "Contents - Daigo (Ghee), Ton-kyo that advocates En-kyo (no Himitsu-kyo and Fujo-kyo) and the teaching of kaie (to reveal).",
"ja": "位-醍醐、円教を説く頓教（秘密・不定教なし）、開会の教え"
} |
{
"en": "However, the above time-series classification was made simply based on the time, descriptions relevant to time and places that are described in scriptures together with their contents, it does not necessarily mean that Shaka actually preached in this order.",
"ja": "ただしこれは、経典に書かれている時間・時期的な記述や場所、またその内容から、あくまでも順序だてて分けただけで、必ずしも釈迦が絶対的に必ずその順番で説いたわけではない。"
} |
{
"en": "In this connection, Nichiren said in his Shugo Kokka-ron (Treatise on protection of the nation); 'The above is a summary of voluminous sutra.",
"ja": "そのことは、日蓮も守護国家論で、「大部の経、大概（おおむね）是の如し。"
} |
{
"en": "Concerning various sutras of Mahayana and Hinayana other than this, their histories are definitely confirmed and there is a possibility that Shaka preached Kegon-kyo Sutra after Agon-kyo Sutra or he preached Hodo-kyo Sutra and Hannya-kyo Sutra after Hoke-kyo Sutra.",
"ja": "此れより已外（いげ）諸の大小乗経は次第不定（しだいふじょう）なり、或は阿含経より已後に華厳経を説き、法華経より已後に方等般若を説く。"
} |
{
"en": "As the meanings of them are analogous, they should be treated together.'",
"ja": "みな義類（ぎるい）を以て之を収めて一処に置くべし」と述べている。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, attention should be paid to the fact that Shaka preached his teachings taking into account people's patience (ability to listen to or understand his teachings) and as the term taiki-seppo (the best suitable expression of the teaching for the target audience) and Rinki Ohen (the best suitable action according to circumstances) indicate, he preached not necessarily in sequence.",
"ja": "したがって、対機説法（たいきせっぽう）、臨機応変という言葉が示すように釈迦仏が衆生の機根（教えを聞ける器、度合い）に応じて、教法を前後して説いたことを留意しなくてはならない。"
} |
{
"en": "From the viewpoint of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha as well as the history of scriptures, attention also should be paid to the fact that even Nichiren admitted the history of sutras was not confirmed while he adopted the Fivefold Periods thesis which Chigi had determined.",
"ja": "また智顗が分類した五時説を日蓮が採用しつつも、次第不定で前後していることを既に認知していたという事実があることを、大乗非仏説及び経典成立史の観点から留意しなくてはならない。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, although some members of the current Buddhist community reject the Fivefold Periods thesis as wrong, it cannot be denied completely.",
"ja": "したがって今日の仏教学では五時説は間違いであるとして否定する向きもあるが、完全に否定されるものともいえない。"
} |
{
"en": "In this connection, Chigi asserted that the content of Nehan-gyo Sutra was almost the same as that of Hoke-kyo Sutra, and its truth had already been clarified in Hoke-kyo Sutra and therefore, it was preached only for the purpose of rescuing people who had been left out from Hoke's rescue.",
"ja": "なお、智顗は、涅槃経に対しては、法華経とほぼ同内容で、その真理は既に法華経で明かしており、法華の救いに漏れた者達のために説かれた教えにすぎないと位置づける。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on this standpoint, Chigi further asserted that, rather than separating Nehan (nirvana) and Hoke, he classified them together in the 'Hoke-Nehan period' because Nehan was preached only for one day and one night, while Hoke was preached for 8 years; judging from the content and the place of preaching while the period of preaching from the Kegon-kyo and Hoke-kyo sutras were unknown, however, the Nehan-gyo Sutra are the only teachings that Shaka preached when he was dying.",
"ja": "そうした位置づけのうえで、涅槃は一日一夜の説法なので法華の八年間に摂したため、法華と涅槃とを分けず「法華涅槃時」としたが、華厳経から法華経までは次第不定に説かれたのに対して、涅槃経は経典の内容や場所から判断して唯一、釈迦が入滅の時に至って説いた教法である、としている。"
} |
{
"en": "Gomisosho-no-tatoe (The five flavors, or stages of making ghee, which is said to be a cure for all ailments; it is a Tiantai illustration of the five periods of the Buddha's teaching)",
"ja": "五味相生の譬"
} |
{
"en": "Chigi also linked Fivefold Periods, Kegon, Agon, Hodo, Hannya and Hoke-Nehan, to Five Flavors, fresh milk, cream, curds, butter and ghee, that are advocated by Nehan-gyo Sutra as Gomisosho-no-tatoe.",
"ja": "また智顗は、華厳・阿含・方等・般若・法華涅槃の五時を涅槃経に説かれる、乳酥・酪酥・生酥・熟酥・醍醐の五味である五味相生の譬（ごみそうしょうのたとえ）に配釈した。"
} |
{
"en": "Nyuso = Kegon",
"ja": "乳酥＝華厳"
} |
{
"en": "Rakuso = Agon",
"ja": "酪酥＝阿含"
} |
{
"en": "Shoso = Hodo",
"ja": "生酥＝方等"
} |
{
"en": "Jukuso = Hannya",
"ja": "熟酥＝般若"
} |
{
"en": "Daigo = Hoke-Nehan",
"ja": "醍醐＝法華涅槃"
} |
{
"en": "This is well-known as Daigo-no-tatoe (analogy of Daigo).",
"ja": "これは醍醐のたとえとしても有名である。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the above description of Nehan-gyo Sutra solely advocates that Nehan-gyo Sutra is the ultimate and supreme sutra among all sutras and strictly speaking, Hoke-kyo Sutra does not appear in this description.",
"ja": "しかし、この涅槃経の記述は、あくまでも、あらゆる経典の中で涅槃経が最も最後であり優れたものである、ということを説いたもので、厳密にいえば、そこに法華経の名称は見当たらない。"
} |
{
"en": "Precisely, the description of Nehan-gyo Sutra says 'a cow creates nyu (fresh milk), nyu creates rakuso, rakuso creates jukuso (salpis, which is the word origin of Calpis (Japanese milk-based soft drink) and jukuso creates ghee and similarly in the teaching of Buddhism, Buddha creates Junibu-kyo Sutra (the Twelve Divisions of Scriptures), Junibu-kyo Sutra creates Shutara (sutra), Shutara creates Hodo-kyo Sutra, Hodo-kyo sutra creates Hannya Haramitsu (prajnaparamita) and Hannya Haramitsu creates Dainehan-kyo Sutra' (the Nirvana Sutra).",
"ja": "実際に涅槃経を読めば「牛より乳を出し、乳より酪酥（らくそ）を出し、酪酥より熟酥（じゅくそ salpis サルピス：カルピスの語源）を出し、熟酥より醍醐を出す、仏の教えもまた同じく、仏より十二部経を出し、十二部経より修多羅（しゅたら）を出し、修多羅より方等経を出し、方等経より般若波羅密を出し、般若波羅密より大涅槃経を出す」（「譬如從牛出乳從乳出酪從酪出生蘇從生蘇出熟蘇從熟蘇出醍醐醍醐最上若有服者衆病皆除所有諸藥、悉入其中善男子佛亦如是從佛出生十二部經從十二部経出修多羅從修多羅出方等経從方等経出般若波羅蜜從般若波羅蜜出大涅槃猶如醍醐言醍醐者喩于佛性」）とある。"
} |
{
"en": "Strictly speaking, therefore, linkage is (presumed to be) as follows.",
"ja": "したがって厳密には、以下のように配釈される（と想定される）。"
} |
{
"en": "Nyu = Junibu-kyo Sutra",
"ja": "乳＝十二部経"
} |
{
"en": "Rakuso = Shutara",
"ja": "酪酥＝修多羅"
} |
{
"en": "Shoso = Hodo-kyo Sutra",
"ja": "生酥＝方等経"
} |
{
"en": "Jukuso = Hannya Haramitsu",
"ja": "熟酥＝般若波羅密"
} |
{
"en": "Daigo = Dainehan-kyo Sutra",
"ja": "醍醐＝大涅槃経"
} |
{
"en": "Chigi linked Fivefold Periods and Five Flavors by his intelligent inspiration.",
"ja": "智顗は、聡明なる閃きにより五時と五味を配釈した。"
} |
{
"en": "By people belonging to the Buddhist academy, however, much criticism has been raised against his interpretation which judges that Nehan-gyo Sutra is inferior to Hoke-kyo Sutra, asserting that he twisted the argument too much in favor of Hoke-kyo Sutra from his standpoint regarding Hoke-kyo Sutra's superiority.",
"ja": "しかし法華優位の立場から涅槃経を劣ると判じるその解釈については、やや牽強付会（けんきょうふかい）であった、という指摘が仏教学において多く提示されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Eight Teachings",
"ja": "八教"
} |
{
"en": "Eight teachings are divided into Kegi-no-shikyo (Shakamuni's four modes of instruction) and Keho-no-shikyo (Shakamuni's four kinds of teaching the content of the Truth, accommodated to the capacity of his disciples).",
"ja": "八教（はちきょう）は、化義(けぎ)の四教と、化法(けほう)の四教に分けられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Kegi-no-shikyo",
"ja": "化義の四教"
} |
{
"en": "Kegi-no-shikyo is the categorization of Shaka's teachings based on the form of teaching to guide people (such as rites) with the calling of such form as Gi.",
"ja": "化義の四教とは、人々を導くための形式（儀式など)を義と呼び、釈迦の教えを形式の上から分類したもの。"
} |
{
"en": "Ton-kyo (ton means immediately and Ton-kyo are the teachings which Buddha preached immediately after he attained Satori regardless of people's patience)",
"ja": "頓教（とん、頓とは速やかの意で、仏が悟りを開いた直後、衆生の機根に関係なくすぐに説いた教え）"
} |
{
"en": "Zen-kyo (zen means gradually and Zen-kyo is the teaching which Buddha preached stepwise from shallow teachings to deep teachings depending on people's patience)",
"ja": "漸教（ぜん、漸とは次第にの意で、浅い教えから深い教えと次第し順序を追って衆生の機根に応じて説いた教え）"
} |
{
"en": "Himitsu-kyo (Its correct name is Himitsu Fujo-kyo and it is the teaching which Shaka preached in order to give indefinite benefits separately (individually) to people whose patience is different while keeping the difference in teachings a secret (confidentially))",
"ja": "秘密教（ひみつ、正しくは秘密不定教といい、機根の違う衆生同士に説法の違いを知られず（秘密）に、各々別々（各別）に応じた不定の得益がある法を説いた教え）"
} |
{
"en": "Fujo-kyo (correct name is Kenro Fujo-kyo and it is the teachings which Shaka preached in order to give indefinite benefits separately (individually) to people whose patience is different while revealing the difference of the teachings)",
"ja": "不定教（ふじょう、正しくは顕露（けんろ）不定教といい、機根の違う衆生同士でも説法の違いを知り（顕露）ながらも、各々別々（各別）に応じた不定の得益がある法を説いた教え）"
} |
{
"en": "These four correspond to Fivefold Periods as Ton-kyo to the Period of Kegon-kyo, Zen-kyo to three periods of Agon-kyo, Hodo-kyo and Hannya-kyo, Himitsu-kyo and Fujo-kyo to a part of Kegon and Agon, Hodo and Hannya and neither Ton-kyo, Zen-kyo, Himitsu-kyo nor Fujo-kyo correspond to the Period of Hoke-Nehan-kyo.",
"ja": "これを五時と配釈すると、頓教は華厳時、漸教は阿含・方等・般若の三時、秘密教と不定教は華厳の一部と阿含・方等・般若となり、非頓非漸・非秘密非不定が法華涅槃時とする。"
} |
{
"en": "Keho-no-shikyo",
"ja": "化法の四教"
} |
{
"en": "Keho-no-shikyo is the categorization of Shaka's teachings based on their contents and such teachings (such as the Four Axioms, and so on) are called ho (teaching).",
"ja": "化法の四教とは、教えそのもの(四諦など)を法と呼び、釈迦の教えを内容から分類したもの。"
} |
{
"en": "Zo-kyo (the abbreviated name of Sanzo-kyo (Tripitaka Teaching) that consists of kei (Sutta-pitaka), ron (Abhidhamma-pitaka) and ritsu (Vinaya-pitaka)).",
"ja": "蔵教（ぞう、経・論・律の三蔵教（さんぞう）の略。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also called Hinayana and it advocates the necessity of attaining enlightenment of Kuri (abstract or impracticable theory) in order to renounce worldly desires but as it regards every substance as a part of Ku (mind that is not bound by anything), it is called 'Tanku-no ri' (the theory of only Ku) or 'Henshin no Kuri' (the abstract or impracticable theory of prejudicial truth) because it is a prejudiced truth.",
"ja": "小乗教ともいい煩悩を断ずるために、空理を悟るべきことを説くが、すべての実体をただ空の一辺のみと見るので「但空（たんくう）の理」といい、また偏った真理なので「偏真の空理」ともいう）"
} |
{
"en": "Tsu-kyo (teachings that are similar to Zo-kyo and Betsu-kyo.",
"ja": "通教（つう、蔵教と別教に通じる教え。"
} |
{
"en": "It is a primer of Mahayana",
"ja": "大乗の初門。"
} |
{
"en": "It advocates Taikukan which regards the substances of various Ho as Ku, but while clever Bodhisattva attained 'Futanku-no-ri' which contains Chudo-no-myori (profound reasons of moderation) that is not mere Ku from it, stupid Bodhisattva, shomon (Sharavakia) and Engaku (or paccekabuddha, who has come to Bodhi independent of any other person) attained only 'Tanku' which could be attained from Zo-kyo).",
"ja": "諸法の本体に即しそのまま空とする体空観（たいくうかん）を説くが、利根な菩薩は、ただ単なる空ではないという中道の妙理を含む「不但空の理」を悟るも、鈍根な菩薩や声聞・縁覚は蔵教と同じく「但空」を悟るに止まった）"
} |
{
"en": "Betsu-kyo (unlike Zo-kyo and Tsu-kyo above or En-kyo below, it is the teachings which Shaka separately preached to Bodhisattva only.",
"ja": "別教（べつ、前の蔵・通二教や後の円教と違い、菩薩のみに別に説かれた教え。"
} |
{
"en": "While the above two teachings advocate only Kuri, it advocates the three axioms of Ku, Ke (or difference, a though that things exits temporally) and Chu (or totality) but as the three axioms are not united and separated, it is called 'Kakureki-no-sandai' (three separate axioms) and it advocates only discrimination, rather than harmonization, concerning all things.",
"ja": "前の二教が空理のみを説くのに対し、空・仮・中の三諦を説くが、三諦は互いに融合せず、各々が隔たるので「隔歴の三諦」といい、一切の事物について差別のみが説かれて、融和を説いていない。"
} |
{
"en": "Although it also advocates the axiom of Chudo (moderation), it is called 'Tanchu-no-ri' (the theory of only Chudo) because what it advocates is mere Chudo that is separated from two axioms of Ku and Ke.",
"ja": "また中道諦も説くが、空・仮二諦を離れた単なる中道なので「但中の理」という。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, it advocates the three delusions (illusions from imperfect perception, illusion and temptation through the immense variety of duties in saving men, illusions and temptations that arise from failure philosophically to understand things in their reality) and, to renounce them, it advocates the 52 steps of ascetic practices for Bodhisattva.",
"ja": "また三惑（見思惑・塵沙惑・無明惑）を説き、これを断ずるために、菩薩の五十二位の修行の段階を説く。"
} |
{
"en": "It further advocates karma of Jikkai (the Ten Realms) but only advocates the border of each realm separately.",
"ja": "さらに十界の因果を説くも、各々の境界を別個に説くだけである。"
} |
{
"en": "In view of the above, Betsu-kyo is deemed an imperfect teaching since it lacks Sandai Enyu (The Perfectly Integrated Three Truths) and Jikkaigogu (Mutual Containment of the Ten Realms)).",
"ja": "したがって別教は三諦円融や十界互具（じゅっかいごぐ）の義もない不完全な教えとされる）"
} |
{
"en": "En-kyo (the teachings of peace and harmonization.",
"ja": "円教（えん、円満融和の教え。"
} |
{
"en": "It is the supreme teachings that advocate the harmonization of three axioms of Ku, Ke and Chu as well as Jikkaigogu).",
"ja": "空仮中の三諦の融和、十界互具を説く、最も優れた完全なる教え）"
} |
{
"en": "These four teachings correspond to Fivefold Periods as Zo-kyo to Agon and Hodo, Tsu-kyo to Hodo and Hannya, Betsu-kyo to Kegon, Hodo and Hannya and En-kyo to Kegon, Hodo, Hannya and Hoke-Nehan respectively.",
"ja": "これを五時と配釈すると、蔵教は阿含・方等、通教は方等・般若、別教は華厳・方等・般若、円教は華厳・方等・般若・法華涅槃となる。"
} |
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