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{ "en": "According to this theory, Jishorinjin represents the truth and the state of enlightment itself and corresponds to Gobutsu, Shoborinjin represents the one preaching the truth and corresponds to Godai Bosatsu and Kyoryorinjin represents the one forcibly guiding people who cannot be educated by preaching and corresponds to Godai Myoo, respectively.", "ja": "自性輪身とは真理や悟りの境地そのものであって五仏に相当し、正法輪身は真理を説く者、すなわち五大菩薩に相当し、教令輪身は説法によって教化されない者を力づくで導こうとする者で五大明王に相当する。" }
{ "en": "Statues enshrined at the Lecture Hall of To-ji Temple make up a three dimensional mandala that represents such Esoteric Buddhist philosophy in the form of three dimensional sculptures.", "ja": "東寺講堂の諸仏は、こうした密教の思想を立体的な彫像で表わした立体曼荼羅にほかならない。" }
{ "en": "Tenbu (deva in Sanskrit) means deities of Buddhism.", "ja": "天部（てんぶ、サンスクリット(deva））は、仏教における神々。" }
{ "en": "The origin of most of them are deities of Brahmanism in ancient India and later on, they were introduced in Buddhism and became Goho Zenshin (good deities protecting dharma), guardian deities of Buddhism.", "ja": "ほとんどは、古代インドのバラモン教の神々が仏教に取り入れられ、仏教の守護神である護法善神となったものである。" }
{ "en": "Ten (deity of heavenly realm), Tenbu-shin (Tenbu deity).", "ja": "天、天部神。" }
{ "en": "While Tenbu is sometimes simply referred to as Ten, the world where Tenbu resides in is also translated as Ten (Buddhism) (devaloka) and these two are often confused in Chinese character using regions.", "ja": "天部を単に天ともいうが、天部が住む世界も天(仏教)（devaloka）と訳されるため、漢字圏ではしばしば混同される。" }
{ "en": "Although the term of deva in Sanskrit means 'deity,' it was translated as 'Ten' in China and the Japanese language followed such translation.", "ja": "原語のデーヴァ(deva)は「神」に相当する語であるが、中国において「天」と訳され、日本語においてもそれが踏襲されている。" }
{ "en": "The Chinese character of 'Bu,' which makes up the term of 'Tenbu' together with the Chinese character of 'Ten,' doesn't have a significant meaning other than 'division' or 'group.'", "ja": "「天部」の「部」は「部門」「グループ」というほどの意味である。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, simply referring to as 'Ten' ought to be enough for understanding but in Japanese, the term 'Tenbu zo' (image of Tenbu) has been traditionally used instead of 'Ten zo' (image of Ten).", "ja": "したがって、「天」だけで意味が通じるはずだが、日本語では「天像」とは言わず「天部像」と言いならわしている。" }
{ "en": "The term of deva is also translated as Tenjin (heavenly deities) or Tennin (heavenly beings), but in this case, the shades of meaning are different to a certain extent.", "ja": "なおdevaは天神、天人とも訳すが、その場合は多少ニュアンスが異なる。" }
{ "en": "Brahmanism deities in ancient India, the roots of deities of Tenbu, include a wide variety of deities ranging from the deity of universe creation to those of evil spirits or demons.", "ja": "天部諸尊のルーツである古代インドのバラモン教の神々は、宇宙の創造神から、悪霊鬼神の類に至るまでさまざまである。" }
{ "en": "These deities have various appearances and nature including male deities (Bishamonten (Vaisravana), Daikokuten (Mahakala), and so on), female deities (Kisshoten (Laksmi), Benzaiten (Sarasvati, Buddhist goddess of music, learning, eloquence, wealth, longevity, and protection from natural disasters), and so on), type of kishin (nobles) (Bonten (Brahma, a major Hindu deity thought to be responsible for creating the world)), type of tennyo (a heavenly maiden) (Kisshoten), type of rikishi (strong men) Kongo Rikishi (protector deities) and type of busho (Japanese military commander) (Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities)), and so on.", "ja": "そのうちには、男性神（毘沙門天、大黒天など）、女性神（吉祥天、弁才天など）、貴紳形（梵天）、天女形（吉祥天）、力士形（金剛力士）、武将形（十二神将）など、さまざまな形態や性格のものを含む。" }
{ "en": "Buddha' in broad terms that are the target of worshipping and making sculptures in Buddhism are generally categorized into four groups, namely 'Nyorai-bu' (group of Tathagata), 'Bosatsu-bu' (group of Bodhisattva), 'Myoo-bu' (group of Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings) and 'Tenbu' (group of protesters of Buddhist laws).", "ja": "仏教の信仰・造像の対象となっている、広い意味での「仏」は、その由来や性格に応じ、「如来部」「菩薩部」「明王部」「天部」の4つのグループに分けるのが普通である。" }
{ "en": "Nyorai' is equivalent to 'Buddha' and means 'those who have attained enlightment,' 'Bosatsu' means those who are engaged in ascetic training in pursuit of attaining enlightment and under Exoteric Buddhism, Myoo-bu is not included basically because it holds Jikkai (the Ten Realms) theory.", "ja": "「如来」とは「仏陀」と同義で「悟りを開いた者」の意、「菩薩」とは悟りを開くために修行中の者の意、なお、なお顕教では、十界を立てて本来は明王部を含まない。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Esoteric Buddhism holds Sanrinshin (the three wheel-embodiments) theory which asserts that Buddha has three figures of Jishorinjin (the embodiment of the wheel of own-nature), Shoborinjin (the embodiment of the wheel of the true Dhara) and Kyoryorinjin (the embodiment of the wheel of injunction) and according to this theory, 'Myoo' is considered as Kyoryorinjin, the incarnation of Nyorai, that forcibly guides people who cannot be educated by preaching only.", "ja": "これに対し密教では、自性輪身・正法輪身・教令輪身の三輪身説を立てて、その中の「明王」は教令輪身で、如来の化身とされ、説法だけでは教化しがたい民衆を力づくで教化するとされる。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, many Myoo sculptures have fierce facial expressions called hunnu.", "ja": "そのため忿怒（ふんぬ）といって恐ろしい形相をしているものが多い。" }
{ "en": "In contrast with deities belonging to the above three groups, those belonging to 'Tenbu' carry the connotation of a guardian deity of Buddhism or a deity of fortune and many of them are the target of worship seeking worldly divine help.", "ja": "以上3つのグループの諸尊に対して、「天部」に属する諸尊は、仏法の守護神・福徳神という意味合いが濃く、現世利益的な信仰を集めるものも多数存在している。" }
{ "en": "Deities Belonging to Tenbu", "ja": "天部の諸尊" }
{ "en": "Principal deities belonging to Tenbu are Bonten, Taishakuten (Sakra devanam Indra), Shitenno (four guardian kings) that consists of Jikokuten (Dhrtarastra), Zochoten (Virudhaka), Komokuten (Virupaksa) and Tamonten (Vaisravana) (Bishamonten (Vaisravana)), Benzaiten, Daikokuten (Mahakala), Kisshoten, Idaten (Kitchen God, Protector of Monasteries & Monks) Marishiten (Goddess of Wealth & Warrior Class), Kangiten (Nandikesvara, Ganesh in the Buddhist pantheon), Kongorikishi, Kishimo-jin (Goddess of Children) (Kariteimo), Junishinsho, Juniten (twelve deities), Hachi Bushu (or Eight Legions, Protectors of Buddhist Teachings) and Nijuhachi Bushu (The twenty-eight attendants of Senju Kannon), and so on.", "ja": "天部の神を代表するものに、梵天、帝釈天、持国天・増長天・広目天・多聞天（毘沙門天）の四天王、弁才天（弁財天）、大黒天、吉祥天、韋駄天、摩利支天、歓喜天、金剛力士、鬼子母神（訶梨帝母）、十二神将、十二天、八部衆、二十八部衆などがある。" }
{ "en": "Shitenno, Hachi Bushu, Juniten, Junishinsho and Nijuhachi Bushu are known as the group of deities that aim to enhance the power of protecting Buddhism as guardian deities by gathering several deities.", "ja": "数尊を集めて護法や守護神的な威力を高めたものとして、四天王・八部衆・十二天・十二神将・二十八部衆などが挙げられる。" }
{ "en": "These deities are enshrined in various places, for example at both sides of a temple's entrance gate, nearby Honzon (principal image of Buddha) or around Butsudan (Buddhist altar) but in the case of Bishamonten and Benzaiten, they are often enshrined as Honzon and are the target of worship.", "ja": "安置形態としては、寺院の入口の門の両脇に安置される場合、本尊の周辺や仏壇の周囲に安置される場合などさまざまであり、毘沙門天、弁才天などは堂の本尊として安置され、崇敬の対象となっている場合もある。" }
{ "en": "Mandala (Sanskrit: mandala) means works that express sanctuary, Buddhahood and/or the world view of Buddhism visually and symbolically by means of statutes of Buddha, symbols and characters (especially those of Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "曼荼羅（まんだら、サンスクリット：maṇḍala）は仏教（特に密教）において聖域、仏の悟りの境地、世界観などを仏像、シンボル、文字などを用いて視覚的・象徴的に表わしたもの。" }
{ "en": "Chinese character of 曼陀羅 is also used instead of 曼荼羅 (mandala).", "ja": "「曼陀羅」と表記することもある。" }
{ "en": "Mandala originated in ancient India and was introduced into central Asia, China, Korean Peninsula and Japan.", "ja": "古代インドに起源をもち、中央アジア、中国、朝鮮半島、日本へと伝わった。" }
{ "en": "In the 21st century, a lot of mandala works are being produced in Tibet and Japan, and so on.", "ja": "21世紀に至っても、チベット、日本などでは盛んに制作されている。" }
{ "en": "The uniform name of mandala works designated as important cultural properties is '曼荼羅' in Japan, the word of '曼荼羅' is to be used in this column.", "ja": "なお、日本語では、重要文化財等の指定名称は「曼荼羅」に統一されており、ここでも「曼荼羅」と表記することとする。" }
{ "en": "曼荼羅' or '曼陀羅' expresses the Sanskrit pronunciation of मण्डल in Chinese characters and these Chinese Characters themselves have no particular meaning, and ('荼' (da) is a different Chinese character from '茶' (cha)).", "ja": "「曼荼羅」ないし「曼陀羅」は、サンスクリット語मण्डलの音を漢字で表わしたもので、漢字自体には意味はない（なお「荼」（だ）は「茶」（ちゃ）とは別字である）。" }
{ "en": "The meaning of मण्डल is usually explained as follows.", "ja": "मण्डलの意味については、多くの場合、次のように説明されている。" }
{ "en": "As मण्ड (maṇḍa) means 'real nature, quintessence or essence' and ल (la) means 'have' respectively, मण्डल means 'something that has the essence.'", "ja": "すなわち、मण्डmaṇḍaは「本質、真髄、エッセンス」などの意味を表わし、लlaは「もつ」の意であって、मण्डलとは「本質をもつもの」の意だとする。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, since मण्डल has the adjective meaning of 'round' and the Chinese character 円 that means round has also the meaning of perfectness and peacefulness, some people assert that this is the word origin of mandala and in China, mandala is sometimes called 円満具足 (peacefulness and content).", "ja": "また、मण्डलには形容詞で「丸い」という意味があり、円は完全・円満などの意味があることから、これが語源であるとする説もあり、中国では円満具足とも言われる事がある。" }
{ "en": "When inviting deities, people in ancient India painted round or square magic squares and mandala with colored sand on a dirt mound, and exercised secret arts.", "ja": "インドでは諸神を招く時、土壇上に円形または方形の魔方陣、マンダラを色砂で描いて秘術を行う。" }
{ "en": "Although old works do not exist because they were painted on dirt mounds with colored sand, this practice still remains in Tibet as part of ascetic training on the occasion of rites or festivals.", "ja": "色砂で土壇上に描くため、古い物は残っていないが、チベット仏教などでは今でも修行の一環として儀式、祭礼を行う時に描かれる。" }
{ "en": "Although the term 'mandala' is broadly interpreted in English as the cosmology in Hindu and other religions, it usually means paintings, and so on, that express the world view of Buddhism in Japanese.", "ja": "「マンダラ」という語は、英語ではヒンドゥー教やその他の宗教のコスモロジー（宇宙観）も含め、かなり広義に解釈されているが、日本語では通常、仏教の世界観を表現した絵画等のことを指す。" }
{ "en": "Mandala' means Esoteric Buddhism mandala in the narrow sense, but in Japan, there are many works called 'mandala' other than those of Esoteric Buddhism, such as 'Jodo Mandala' which expresses Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (Western Pure Land) where Amida Nyorai (Buddha of Paradise) resides and 'Suijaku Mandala' of Shinto Religion, and their contents and styles of expression are also so diversified that it is difficult to define in a word what should be regarded as 'mandala.'", "ja": "「曼荼羅」はもっとも狭義には密教曼荼羅を指すが、日本においては、阿弥陀如来のいる西方極楽浄土の様子を表わした「浄土曼荼羅」、神道系の「垂迹（すいじゃく）曼荼羅」など、密教以外にも「曼荼羅」と称される作品がきわめて多く、内容や表現形式も多岐にわたり、何をもって「曼荼羅」と見なすか、一言で定義することは困難である。" }
{ "en": "Esoteric Buddhism mandala works have geometric composition and all statues are painted as frontal views but they do not express three dimensional scenery and perspective.", "ja": "密教の曼荼羅は幾何学的な構成をもち、すべての像は正面向きに表わされ、三次元的な風景や遠近感を表わしたものではない。" }
{ "en": "However, all mandala works are not necessarily works that express such abstract space since Jodo mandala works express three dimensional space and many of the Shinto Religion mandala works express real scenery from the shrines' holy precinct.", "ja": "しかし、全ての曼荼羅がそのような抽象的な空間を表わしているのではなく、浄土曼荼羅には三次元的な空間が表現されているし、神道系の曼荼羅には、現実の神社境内の風景を表現したものも多い。" }
{ "en": "The common characteristics of all mandala works are (1) they are composed of plural elements (Buddhist statutes, and so on) (2) these plural elements are not arranged at random but are arranged based on certain rules an/or meanings.", "ja": "全ての曼荼羅に共通する点としては、(1)複数の要素（尊像など）から成り立っていること、(2)複数の要素が単に並列されているのではなく、ある法則や意味にしたがって配置されている、ということがあげられる。" }
{ "en": "Esoteric Buddhism paintings that express a single Buddhist statute are not called mandala.", "ja": "密教系の絵画でも、仏像1体だけを表わしたものは「曼荼羅」とは呼ばない。" }
{ "en": "In a nutshell, 'mandala' is a painting that combines plural elements and express a certain religious world view as a whole.", "ja": "「曼荼羅」とは、複数の要素がある秩序のもとに組み合わされ、全体として何らかの宗教的世界観を表わしたものと要約できるであろう。" }
{ "en": "There are a wide variety of mandala works according to their forms and uses.", "ja": "曼荼羅はその形態、用途などによってさまざまな分類がある。" }
{ "en": "Esoteric Buddhism mandala works are divided into the 4 categories shown below according to their forms (appearances).", "ja": "密教では曼荼羅をその形態（外観）から次の4種に分けている。" }
{ "en": "Great Mandala - the one that express the statutes of Dainichi Nyorai (Cosmic Buddha) and other Buddha by means of painting.", "ja": "大曼荼羅－大日如来をはじめとする諸仏の像を絵画として表現したもの。" }
{ "en": "This is what people usually imagine when they hear the term 'mandala.'", "ja": "一般的に「曼荼羅」と言ったときにイメージするものである。" }
{ "en": "Samaya Mandala - the one that expresses various Buddha by means of the symbols that represent them, instead of painting them directly.", "ja": "三昧耶曼荼羅（さまやまんだら、さんまや－）－諸仏の姿を直接描く代わりに、各尊を表わす象徴物（シンボル）で表わしたもの。" }
{ "en": "Instead of various Buddha, things like Vajra (weapons that defeat worldly desires), renge (lotus flowers), swords and bells are painted.", "ja": "諸仏の代わりに、金剛杵（煩悩を打ち砕く武器）、蓮華、剣、鈴などの器物が描かれている。" }
{ "en": "These things are called 'Samayagyo Symbol' and they are the symbols of each Buddha's enlightenment and actions.", "ja": "これらの器物を「三昧耶形」（さまやぎょう）と言い、各尊の悟りや働きを示すシンボルである。" }
{ "en": "Ho Mandala - the one that expresses a Buddha symbolically by means of a single letter (Sanskrit character, bonji (Siddhaṃ script)), instead of painting him directly.", "ja": "法曼荼羅－諸仏の姿を直接描く代わりに、1つの仏を1つの文字（サンスクリット文字、梵字）で象徴的に表わしたもの。" }
{ "en": "It is also called 'Shuji Mandala' (Seed-Syllable Mandala) as a character that represents Buddha, and is called shuji in Buddhism (Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "仏を表わす文字を仏教では種子(密教)（しゅじ、あるいは「種字」とも）と言うことから、「種子曼荼羅」とも言う。" }
{ "en": "Katsuma Mandala - 'Katsuma' means 'actions or effects' in Sanskrit.", "ja": "羯磨曼荼羅（かつままんだら）－「羯磨」とはサンスクリット語で「働き、作用」という意味である。" }
{ "en": "Katsuma Mandala is the one that expresses mandala by means of three dimensional statutes (sculptures), instead of plane paintings or symbols.", "ja": "羯磨曼荼羅とは、曼荼羅を平面的な絵画やシンボルではなく、立体的な像（彫刻）として表わしたものである。" }
{ "en": "The mandala enshrined at Lecture Hall of To-ji Temple in Kyoto, which consists of 21 Buddhist statutes with Dainichi Nyorai situated in the center, was produced in accordance with the initiative of Kukai and is regarded as a kind of katsuma mandala.", "ja": "京都・東寺講堂に安置される、大日如来を中心としたの21体の群像は、空海の構想によるもので、羯磨曼荼羅の一種と見なされている。" }
{ "en": "According to the classification of mandala works based on contents, there exist Besson mandala (mandala of individual deities) in Esoteric Buddhism besides Ryokai Mandala (mandala of the two realms) that are the basis, and there are Jodo Mandala, Suijaku Mandala and Miya Mandala (literally Shrine Mandala) in other sects than Esoteric Buddhism.", "ja": "次に、曼荼羅の内容から区分すると、密教系では、根本となる両界曼荼羅の他に別尊曼荼羅があり、密教以外では浄土曼荼羅、垂迹曼荼羅、宮曼荼羅などがある。" }
{ "en": "Ryokai Mandala - It is also called 'Ryobu Mandala' and consists of 2 kinds of mandala, i.e. 'Vajradhatu Mandala' and 'Daihitaizosho Mandala' (mandala born of the womb of great compassion).", "ja": "両界曼荼羅－「両部曼荼羅」とも言い、「金剛界曼荼羅」「大悲胎蔵生曼荼羅」という2種類の曼荼羅から成る。" }
{ "en": "Vajradhatu mandala' and 'Daihitaizosho Mandala' were created based on 'Kongocho-kyo Sutra' (Vajrasekhara Sutra) and 'Daibirushana Jobutsu Jinbenkaji-kyo Sutra' (Mahavairocana Sutra), and both are the fundamental scriptures of Esoteric Buddhism, respectively and in these 2 kinds of mandala, many statutes of Buddha are arranged in a fixed order with Dainichi Nyorai, the fundamental Buddha of Esoteric Buddhism, situated in the center.", "ja": "「金剛界曼荼羅」は「金剛頂経」、「大悲胎蔵生曼荼羅」は「大毘盧遮那成仏神変加持経」という、密教の根本経典に基づいて造形されたもので、2つの曼荼羅とも、密教の根本尊である大日如来を中心に、多くの尊像を一定の秩序のもとに配置している。" }
{ "en": "It represents Esoteric Buddhism's world view symbolically.", "ja": "密教の世界観を象徴的に表わしたものである。" }
{ "en": "As for details, refer to the column of 'Ryokai Mandala.'", "ja": "なお、詳細は「両界曼荼羅」の項を参照。" }
{ "en": "Besson Mandala - Unlike Ryokai Mandala, it is the one in which other statutes of Buddha than Dainichi Nyorai are situated in the center and is used as a principal image in the prayer for particular purposes such as peace of state and recovery from disease.", "ja": "別尊曼荼羅－両界曼荼羅とは異なり、大日如来以外の尊像が中心になった曼荼羅で、国家鎮護、病気平癒など、特定の目的のための修法の本尊として用いられるものである。" }
{ "en": "The purposes of prayer are normally categorized into 4 kinds, i.e. prosperity, protection, acquiring love and subduing demons.", "ja": "修法の目的は通常、増益（ぞうやく）、息災、敬愛（けいあい、きょうあい）、調伏の4種に分けられる。" }
{ "en": "Prosperity is the prayer for continuation of good things like longevity and/or good health, protection is the prayer for removing or allaying misfortunes like disease and/or disaster, acquiring love is the prayer for a good marital relationship and subduing demons is the prayer for beating back enemies respectively.", "ja": "増益は長寿、健康など、良いことが続くことを祈るもの、息災は、病気、天災などの災いを除きしずめるように祈るもの、敬愛は、夫婦和合などを祈るもの、調伏は怨敵撃退などを祈るものである。" }
{ "en": "In this category, there exists Butsugen Mandala (literally Buddha-Eye Mandala), Ichijikinrin Mandala (One-Syllable Golden Wheel Mandala), Sonsho Mandala (Mandala composed of holy spirits of Mahavairocana's parietal region), Hokke Mandala (lotus mandala), Horokaku Mandala (Jeweled Pavilion Mandala) and Ninnogyo Mandala (the Sutra of Benevolent Kings Mandala), and so on.", "ja": "仏眼曼荼羅、一字金輪曼荼羅、尊勝曼荼羅、法華曼荼羅、宝楼閣曼荼羅、仁王経曼荼羅などがある。" }
{ "en": "Jodo Mandala - Jodo (pure land) means the sanctuary or perfect land where each Buddha resides, such as jodo of Miroku Buddha (Maitreya) and jodo of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha), but when simply referring to 'jodo,' it usually means Saiho Gokuraku Jodo of Amida Nyorai.", "ja": "浄土曼荼羅－浄土（清らかな国土）とは、それぞれの仏が住している聖域、理想的な国土のことで、弥勒仏の浄土、薬師如来の浄土などがあるが、単に「浄土」と言った場合は、阿弥陀如来の西方極楽浄土を指すことが多い。" }
{ "en": "Jodo Mandala is the one that concretely expresses the image of Amida jodo which is advocated in 'Kanmuryo Jukyo Sutra' (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life) and other scriptures.", "ja": "浄土曼荼羅とは、「観無量寿経」などの経典に説く阿弥陀浄土のイメージを具体的に表現したものである。" }
{ "en": "While these works are called 'jodo henso-zu' (the picture describing Buddhist Heaven and Pure Land) in China, they are called mandala in Japan.", "ja": "この種の作品を中国では「浄土変相図」と称するのに対し、日本では曼荼羅と称している。" }
{ "en": "Based on patterns and contents, Jodo mandala works in Japan are categorized into 3 kinds, i.e. Chiko Mandala, Taima Mandala and Seikai Mandala, and these are collectively called Jodo Sanmandala (three Jodo mandala).", "ja": "日本の浄土曼荼羅には図柄、内容などから大きく分けて智光曼荼羅、当麻曼荼羅、清海曼荼羅の3種があり、これらを浄土三曼荼羅と称している。" }
{ "en": "Suijaku Mandala - The philosophy which advocates that deities of the Japanese Shinto Religion are various Buddha from Buddhism that appear tentatively in different figures, is called Honji-Suijaku Setsu (Honji-Suijaku thesis).", "ja": "垂迹曼荼羅－日本の神道の神々は、仏教の諸仏が「仮に姿を変えて現われたもの」だとする思想を本地垂迹説という。" }
{ "en": "According to this thesis, various Buddha, which are the original figures of Deities, are called 'Honjibutsu' (Honji Buddha) and deities originating from Honjibutsu are called 'Suijakushin' (Suijaku deity).", "ja": "この場合、神の本体である仏のことを「本地仏」と言い、本地仏が神の姿で現われたものを「垂迹神」と言う。" }
{ "en": "The works that express the deities of a particular shrine in the style of mandala, while assuming them to be Honjibutsu or Suijakushin, are called Suijaku Mandala.", "ja": "特定の神社の祭神を本地仏または垂迹神として曼荼羅風に表現したものを垂迹曼荼羅と言う。" }
{ "en": "There also are many kinds of Suijaku Mandala works such as those expressing only Honjibutsu, those expressing only Suijakushin and those expressing both.", "ja": "これにも多くの種類があり、本地仏のみを表現したもの、垂迹神のみを表現したもの、両者がともに登場するものなどがある。" }
{ "en": "Typical examples are Kumano Mandala (Devotional paintings of the three shrines of Kumano), Kasuga Mandala (Mandala form that sprang from Kasuga-Taisha Shrine) and Hie Sanno mandala (Mandala having to do with Hie Sannosha Shrine).", "ja": "代表的なものに熊野曼荼羅、春日曼荼羅、日吉山王曼荼羅などがある。" }
{ "en": "Each of them depicts the enshrined deities of Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) in Wakayama Prefecture, Kasuga Taisha in Nara Prefecture and Hiyoshi Taisha, which is Chinju (local Shinto deity) of Mt. Hiei, respectively.", "ja": "それぞれ、和歌山県の熊野三山、奈良の春日大社、比叡山の鎮守の日吉大社の祭神を並べて描いたものである。" }
{ "en": "Miya Mandala - Some works that depict neither Honjibutsu nor Suijakushin but depict the scenery of a shrine's holy precinct are also called 'Mandala.'", "ja": "宮曼荼羅－本地仏や垂迹神を描かず、神社境内の風景を俯瞰的に描いた作品にも「曼荼羅」と呼ばれているものがある。" }
{ "en": "These works are considered to have depicted a shrine's holy precinct as sanctuary or jodo.", "ja": "これは神社の境内を聖域、浄土として表わしたものと考えられる。" }
{ "en": "Other than the above, there exists many kinds of painting works that are called 'mandala' regardless of being those of Buddhism or the Shinto Religion.", "ja": "この他、仏教系、神道系を問わず、「曼荼羅」と称される絵画作品には多くの種類がある。" }
{ "en": "Moji Mandala - It was invented by Nichiren and depicts chants and various Buddha by means of letters (Chinese characters) instead of paintings.", "ja": "文字曼荼羅（法華曼荼羅）－日蓮の発案したもので、絵画ではなく題目や諸尊を文字(漢字)で書き表している。" }
{ "en": "This is called Ita Mandala (board mandala) or Hige Mandala (beard mandala) because of its distinguishing characteristics of a long line drawn from the title lettering situated in the center.", "ja": "板曼荼羅とも呼ばれ、また中央の題字から長く延びた線が引かれる特徴から髭曼荼羅とも呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Sects belonging to Fujimon school including the Nichiren Shoshu sect, enshrine Nichiren's mandala as their principal image (Nichiren Shoshu sect calls it Honmon no kaidan no dai gohonzon).", "ja": "日蓮正宗をはじめとする富士門流などでは、日蓮の曼荼羅を本尊としている(日蓮正宗では本門戒壇之大御本尊と称する)。" }
{ "en": "In other sects like Icchi school, mandala are not necessarily their principal image.", "ja": "一致派、等、他宗派では、曼荼羅は必ずしも本尊とは限らない。" }
{ "en": "Tibetan Mandala - A mandala of Tibetan Buddhism.", "ja": "チベット曼荼羅－チベット仏教の曼荼羅。" }
{ "en": "There exist many kinds of mandala works including those that depict various Buddha or rokudo-rinne (Rebirth in the Six Worlds) and Sand mandala which was produced with colored sand is also well known.", "ja": "諸仏、六道輪廻、他など多くの種類があり、色砂で創られる砂曼荼羅も有名である。" }
{ "en": "Soho TAKUAN (January 3, 1574 - January 27, 1646) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect who was active in the Edo period.", "ja": "澤庵宗彭（たくあんそうほう、1573年12月24日（天正元年12月1日(旧暦)）-1646年1月27日（正保2年12月11日(旧暦)））は、江戸時代の臨済宗の僧。" }
{ "en": "He was the juji (chief priest) of Daitoku-ji Temple.", "ja": "大徳寺住持。" }
{ "en": "He was born in Izushi in Tajima Province (present-day, Izushi-cho, Toyoka City, Hyogo Prefecture).", "ja": "但馬国出石（現兵庫県豊岡市出石町）の生まれ。" }
{ "en": "He was once exiled to Dewa Province because of his involvement in the Shie Incident but was later pardoned and subsequently founded Tokai-ji Temple (Shinagawa-ku Ward, Tokyo) in Edo.", "ja": "紫衣事件で出羽国に流罪となり、その後赦されて江戸に東海寺(東京都品川区)を開いた。" }
{ "en": "He was familiar not only with painting, calligraphy and poetry but also with Chanoyu (the tea ceremony) and he left many bakuseki (writing, especially of a Zen monk).", "ja": "書画・詩文に通じ、茶の湯（茶道）にも親しみ、また多くの墨跡を残している。" }
{ "en": "Although he is widely believed to be the inventor of takuanzuke (pickled daikon radish), there are many views on this subject (refer to the column on takuanzuke).", "ja": "一般的に沢庵漬けの考案者と言われているが、これについては諸説ある（同項目を参照のこと）。" }
{ "en": "On January 3, 1574, he was born as the second son of Tsunanori, Noto no kami (the governor of Noto Province), AKIBA in Izushi, Tajima Province.", "ja": "1573年12月24日（天正元年12月1日）に秋庭能登守綱典の次男として但馬国出石に生まれる。" }
{ "en": "His father, Tsunanori AKIBA, was a senior vassal of Suketoyo YAMANA, then the castellan of Izushi-jo Castle in Tajima Province.", "ja": "父秋庭綱典は但馬国出石城主山名祐豊の重臣であった。" }
{ "en": "When he was eight years old, the Yamana family was ruined by the invasion of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and his father became a ronin (masterless samurai).", "ja": "8歳のとき山名家は豊臣秀吉に攻められて滅亡し、父は浪人した。" }
{ "en": "When he was ten years old, Takuan became a priest at Shonen-ji Temple in Izushi and was granted Kaimyo (posthumous Buddhist names) of Shuno.", "ja": "沢庵は10歳で出石の唱念寺で出家し、春翁の戒名を得た。" }
{ "en": "When he was 14 years old, he joined Sukyo-ji Temple in Izushi and studied under Saido KISEN.", "ja": "14歳で同じく出石の宗鏡寺に入り、希先西堂に師事。" }
{ "en": "He changed his name to Shuki.", "ja": "秀喜と改名した。" }
{ "en": "In 1591, when Saido KISEN passed away, Nagayasu MAENO, who had become the castellan of Izushi-jo Castle by then, invited Sochu TOHO, a disciple of Soen SHUNOKU, from Daitoku-ji Temple as the chief priest of Sukyo-ji Temple.", "ja": "1591年（天正19年）希先西堂が没すると、この間、出石城主となっていた前野長康は、大徳寺から春屋宗園の弟子、薫甫宗忠を宗鏡寺の住職に招いた。" }
{ "en": "Takuan then studied under Sochu.", "ja": "沢庵も宗忠に師事する事になった。" }
{ "en": "In 1594, Toho went up to Kyoto as he became the juji of Daitoku-ji Temple and Takuan followed him and joined Daitoku-ji Temple.", "ja": "1594年（文禄3年）薫甫が大徳寺住持となり上京したため、沢庵もこれに従い大徳寺に入った。" }
{ "en": "At Daitoku-ji Temple, he studied under Soen SHUNOKU of Sangenin Temple and changed his name to Soho.", "ja": "大徳寺では三玄院の春屋宗園に師事し、宗彭と改名した。" }
{ "en": "After the demise of Toho, he moved to Sakai City in Izumi Province.", "ja": "薫甫の死後、和泉国堺市に出た。" }
{ "en": "In Sakai, he studied under Shoteki ITTO of Yoshunin of Nanshu-ji Temple and was granted hogo (a Buddhist name) of Takuan in 1604.", "ja": "堺では南宗寺陽春院の一凍紹滴に師事し、1604年（慶長9年）沢庵の法号を得た。" }
{ "en": "In 1607, Takuan became shuso (the leader of monks practicing asceticism) of Daitoku-ji Temple and while residing at Tokuzen-ji Temple situated in Daitoku-ji Temple, he also became the chief priest of Nanshu-ji Temple.", "ja": "1607年沢庵は大徳寺首座となり、大徳寺徳禅寺に住むとともに南宗寺にも住持した。" }
{ "en": "In 1609, he was promoted to the 154th chief priest of Daitoku-ji Temple at 37, but Takuan, who didn't seek fame and wealth, left Daitoku-ji Temple three days after his promotion and returned to Sakai.", "ja": "1609年、37歳で大徳寺の第154世住持に出世したが、名利を求めない沢庵は3日で大徳寺を去り、堺へ戻った。" }
{ "en": "In 1620, he returned to his birthplace Izushi and lived in a hermitage built at Sukyo-ji Temple, which had been revived by Yoshihide KOIDE, then the lord of a domain.", "ja": "1620年（元和(日本)6年）郷里出石に帰り、藩主小出吉英が再興した宗鏡寺に庵を結んだ。" }

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