translation
translation |
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{
"en": "The practice in Shinto began in 676 when Emperor Tenmu issued a decree for the release of caged animals, and came to be carried out at times of natural disaster and during religious festivals.",
"ja": "神道においては、676年に天武天皇より放生の勅が出され、天変地異や祭礼の際に放生を行なったことに始まりました。"
}
|
{
"en": "The first Hojoe ritual is thought to have been that held at Usa-jingu Shrine in 720 as a reparation for the deeds that took the lives of numerous soldiers in the conflicts up to that time (it is written in the history of Usa-jingu Shrine that this was conducted as a ritual to repose the souls of the Hayato people who were massacred by the Yamato Sovereignty during the subjugation of Kyushu).",
"ja": "720年（養老4年）それまでの戦において多くの兵の命を奪った罪への禊ぎとして宇佐神宮で行なわれたのが放生会の最初とされる（宇佐神宮の縁起にはヤマト王権が九州平定の際に隼人を殺戮したことへの鎮魂儀式であると記されている）。"
}
|
{
"en": "The ritual was first conducted at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine in 863, and became an event attended by an imperial envoy in 948.",
"ja": "石清水八幡宮では863年（貞観_(日本)4年）に始まり、その後948年（天暦2年）に勅祭となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The use of the Buddhist deity name Hachiman Daibosatsu was prohibited by the Meiji government in 1868 as a result of the separation of Buddhism and Shinto, leading Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine to conduct Mid-autumn festivals instead of Hojoe.",
"ja": "1868年（明治1年）、神仏分離のため仏教的神号の八幡大菩薩が明治政府によって禁止され、石清水八幡宮や鶴岡八幡宮の放生会は中秋祭に改めさせられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hojoe Throughout Japan",
"ja": "各地の放生会"
}
|
{
"en": "Buddhism",
"ja": "仏教"
}
|
{
"en": "Kofuku-ji Temple",
"ja": "興福寺"
}
|
{
"en": "Held every April 17th.",
"ja": "例年4月17日。"
}
|
{
"en": "Animals are released into Sarusawa-no-ike Pond at the south of the temple.",
"ja": "寺の南にある猿沢の池が放生池とされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kofuku-ji Temple also participates in the Hojoe of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine but the spring ritual of the temple and the autumn ritual of the shrine are remnants from the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.",
"ja": "興福寺は石清水八幡宮の放生会にも参加しているが、興福寺内で行なわれる春は仏教、石清水八幡宮で行なわれる秋は神仏習合の名残としての儀式である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hosho-ji Temple (Shinjuku-ku Ward, Tokyo Prefecture)",
"ja": "放生寺(東京都新宿区)"
}
|
{
"en": "The name of Hosho-ji Temple (Shinjuku-ku Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) in Waseda, Tokyo, consists of the 'Hojo' characters of Hojoe.",
"ja": "東京早稲田にある放生寺(東京都新宿区)（ほうしょうじ）は、寺号に「放生」の名を持つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that the temple was given the temple's name 'Hosho-ji' by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, 3rd Tokugawa Shogun, in 1649 as it had been deeply revered by the Tokugawa shogun family since the time of its founding.",
"ja": "この寺号は、開創当時より徳川将軍家より厚い崇信を受け、1649年（慶安2年）、徳川三代目将軍徳川家光より「放生寺(東京都新宿区)」という寺号を受けたものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "(the hollyhock crest of the Tokugawa family was also permitted to be used as the temple crest)",
"ja": "（寺紋に葵紋を使用することも許されている）"
}
|
{
"en": "The Hojoe ceremony is said to have been conducted at the temple since the time of its founding.",
"ja": "放生会法要は、その開創当時から行われていたと伝えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "A 'Hojo Kuyo Hoyo' is held every year on Health and Sports Day, which is the ritual event that fish are released into the pond within the precinct in order to give thanks to the animals that are eaten on a daily basis.",
"ja": "現在は毎年体育の日に、日々食事で魚介、鳥、動物等の命をいただく事に感謝をする「放生供養法要」を厳修し、境内の放生池に魚を放流する。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is often said that services for pets are conducted at Hosho-ji Temple (Shinjuku-ku Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) but this is not true.",
"ja": "よく放生寺(東京都新宿区)でペット供養が行われているといわれているが、これは間違いである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shinto",
"ja": "神道"
}
|
{
"en": "Usa-jingu Shrine",
"ja": "宇佐神宮"
}
|
{
"en": "Formally held on August 15 of the old calendar but is now held over three days ending with Health and Sports Day (from Saturday to Monday).",
"ja": "正式には旧暦8月15日(旧暦)であるが、現在は体育の日を最終日とする3日間（土曜日～月曜日）に催される。"
}
|
{
"en": "The name of the ceremony has been changed to 'Chushu-sai' (Mid-autumn Festival) but is referred to as 'Hojoe' by all involved with the exceptions of the media and tourists.",
"ja": "「仲秋祭」という名に改称されているものの、マスコミや観光客に限らず氏神など関係者も「放生会」と呼んでいる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The ceremony at this shrine is thought to be the origin of the Hojoe in Shinto but is unique in several ways.",
"ja": "神道における放生会の起源であるとされるが、その内容はいくつかの点で独特である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The animals released during the Hojoe are Terebralia palustris snails (whereas ordinarily fish and birds are used for a more dramatic effect).",
"ja": "放生会で放されるのは蜷（巻貝）である（通常は演出効果の意味もあり魚や鳥が使われる）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Several shrines in Northern Kyushu come together to participate in the procession, with the holy bronze mirror in which the god is thought to reside being offered by Komiya Hachiman-gu Shrine.",
"ja": "北九州にある幾つもの神社が神幸に加わり、古宮八幡宮から神道となる銅鏡が奉納されるなど、北部九州の神社が一体となって行なわれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The event coincides with the 'Rinji Chokushi Hoei-sai' (the festival of provisional hohei (offering a wand with hemp and paper streamers to a Shinto god) by Imperial envoy) once every ten years.",
"ja": "10年に1度「臨時勅使奉幣祭」と重なる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The next ceremony will take place in 2015.",
"ja": "次回は2015年（平成27年）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine",
"ja": "石清水八幡宮"
}
|
{
"en": "Held every September 15 as part of the Iwashimizu Festival.",
"ja": "例年9月15日に石清水祭の中の儀式として執り行われる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Hojoe at the shrine dates from roughly the same period when the Hachimanshin was transferred from Usa-jingu Shrine, and became an event attended by an imperial envoy in 948 as well as being one of the most important annual festivals in Kyoto.",
"ja": "宇佐神宮より八幡神を勧請したのとほぼ同時期に放生会も伝わり、948年（天暦2年）には勅祭として執り行われるようになるなど、京都の年中行事の中でも重要な祭の1つであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although it was prohibited as a result of the separation of Buddhism and Shinto during the Meiji period, it carries on as the Iwashimizu Festival but many of the traditions have been lost.",
"ja": "しかし明治期の神仏分離によって禁止され、石清水祭として残るものの、伝統の多くが失われていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After an absence of 137 years, the \"Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine Hojo Taikai\" was revived in 2004 by volunteers in its original joint Buddhist and Shinto form, and is conducted in a fashion reminiscent of ancient Hojoe.",
"ja": "2004年、『石清水八幡宮放生大会』として有志等の手により137年ぶりに古来からの神仏習合としての儀式が復活し、かつての放生会が推測できるような形での祭が行なわれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hakozaki-gu Shrine",
"ja": "筥崎宮"
}
|
{
"en": "Held from September 12 -18 every year and is one of the three great festivals of Hakata.",
"ja": "例年9月12日～9月18日に博多三大祭の1つとして盛大に行なわれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is thought of as a typically autumn festival as some say 'pears and persimmons are sold at hojoe.'",
"ja": "「ナシもカキも放生会」と言われるほど、秋の行事として親しまれている祭である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Other Information",
"ja": "その他"
}
|
{
"en": "Hojoe served as entertainment for the masses during the Edo period, and it was recorded that the number of visitors who assembled for Hojoe at Tomioka Hachiman-gu Shrine was so great that their weight caused the Eidai-bashi bridge to collapse in 1807.",
"ja": "江戸時代の放生会は民衆の娯楽としての意味合いが強く、1807年（文化(元号)4年）には富岡八幡宮の放生会例大祭に集まった参拝客の重みで永代橋が崩落するという事故も記録されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zasu",
"ja": "座主（ざす）"
}
|
{
"en": "A term of Buddhism, a different name of a chief priest.",
"ja": "仏教用語-住職の別称。"
}
|
{
"en": "Generally speaking, it refers to the title of representative priests of the Tendai Sect.",
"ja": "一般には天台宗の代表する僧侶への敬称。"
}
|
{
"en": "A term of the history of the law system, an examiner in Kakyo (Chinese higher civil service examinations)",
"ja": "法制史用語-中国の科挙における試験官"
}
|
{
"en": "Zasu in Buddhism term generally refers to the top priest of the Japanese Tendai Sect, Tendai-zasu (chief abbot).",
"ja": "仏教用語における座主とは、一般に日本の天台宗のトップ、天台座主（管長）の事を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "While this term originally referred to priests or chief priests who had the ability to unite many priests, later it came to mean the top priests in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which required the approval from the Imperial court in order to control all of the Tendai Sect.",
"ja": "本来は仏教寺院において衆僧を束ねられる程の力量を持った僧や住持の事を指すが、後に延暦寺においてトップの僧を座主と呼ぶようになり、天台宗全体を統括するため、朝廷の承認が必要となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It seems that mainly the Imperial family assumed the position after the Kamakura period.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代以降は主として皇族が就任しているようである。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) in the Meiji period, approval from the Imperial Court was no longer necessary and the term was used as the title of the chief priest in Tendai Sect temples.",
"ja": "明治の廃仏毀釈以降は朝廷の承認がなくなり、天台宗管長の敬称として使用されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is used, not only in Enryaku-ji Temple, but also in Kongobu-ji Temple, Daigo-ji Temple, Hossho-ji Temple, Gankei-ji Temple, and so on.",
"ja": "また、延暦寺以外でも金剛峯寺・醍醐寺・法性寺・元慶寺などの寺院でも使用されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zasu refers to an examiner in Kakyo, Chinese higher civil service examinations.",
"ja": "座主は、中国の科挙における試験官を指す言葉である。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the examinations, a successful applicant visited the examiners to show his gratitude for allowing him to pass the examinations and they made a contract as teacher and student.",
"ja": "科挙受験後、合格者は選抜してくれたことへの感謝の意を込めて担当試験官を訪問し、そこで師弟の契りを結ぶ。"
}
|
{
"en": "At that time, the examiner was called 'zasu,' meaning the master of that place.",
"ja": "その時、試験官をその場の主と言う意味で「座主」と呼んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Such relationships did not seem problematic from the viewpoint of a relationship between a successful Kakyo applicant and the examiner in charge, however, they produced bureaucratic alliances, which created a breeding ground for the development of factions.",
"ja": "科挙及第者と担当試験官との間の私的な関係という面では、問題のないものと見えるが、これが機縁となって、科挙官僚中に党派が生まれ、それが党争に発展する温床となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "So, the denshi (palace examination as the final step of scholarly career in China) system was created in the Baisong period in order to abolish these negative effects.",
"ja": "そのため北宋代にその弊害を除去することを目的として、殿試の制度が生まれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The theory was that if the ultimate examiner was the Emperor, zasu being the Emperor, the Emperor and each Kakyo bureaucrat already had the teacher-student relationship, irrelevant of bureaucratic parties.",
"ja": "つまり、最終的な試験官が皇帝ということになれば、座主は皇帝であるから、官僚中の派閥とは無関係に、皇帝と個々の科挙官僚との間に師弟の関係ができるという論理である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nichiyo (1556 - January 1, 1641, Japan) was a Shingon Sect priest in the Edo period.",
"ja": "日誉（にちよ、弘治_(日本)2年（1556年）-寛永17年11月20日(旧暦)（1641年1月1日））は、江戸時代の真言宗の僧侶である。"
}
|
{
"en": "His secular surname was Onodera, connected to the Mochizuki clan in Bushu (Musashi Province).",
"ja": "俗姓は武州望月氏ゆかりの小野寺氏。"
}
|
{
"en": "He shaved his head to become a priest at the age of fifteen and went to Mt. Negoro, Kishu Province to learn to be a priest by pursuing his studies.",
"ja": "15歳で剃髪得度し、20歳の時に紀州・根来山に登り学僧となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He went to Mt. Koya to escape from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's attacks on Negoro in 1585, and later assumed the position of the chief priest at Saikoin Temple in his homeland, Monma-mura Village, Musashi Province (present-day Miyashiro-machi, Minami Saitama-gun, Saitama Prefecture).",
"ja": "天正13年、豊臣秀吉の根来攻めの兵乱を逃れて高野山に登り、後に故郷の武蔵国・百間村（現埼玉県南埼玉郡宮代町）の西光院の住職となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "After a while he was taught by Senyo Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest) at Hase-dera Temple in Nara, and became absorbed in the secrets of the Shingon Sect by Genyu Sojo at Chishakuin Temple.",
"ja": "しばらくして奈良・長谷寺にて専誉僧正の教えを受け、さらに智積院の玄宥僧正に随って真言宗の奥義を究める。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was favored and valued highly by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and was appointed as the third noge (master) of Chishakuin Temple by the order of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in December, 1612.",
"ja": "徳川家康の知遇と評価を得て、その幕命により慶長17年（1612年）11月、智積院の第三世の能化職に就任する。"
}
|
{
"en": "After that time, he was deeply trusted by Ieyasu and Hidetada TOKUGAWA and additionally was given a temple estate 300 koku (approximately, 54 cubic meters) as a reward for his prayers for victory in the Siege of Osaka.",
"ja": "以降、家康・徳川秀忠の信認厚く、元和(日本)元年（1615年）、大坂の役の戦勝祈願の論功により、寺領300石の加増を受ける。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also granted Shoun-zenji Temple, which was built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and established the foundation of Chizan (School) as Chishakuin in Negoro-ji Temple on Mt. Ihobuttcho.",
"ja": "さらに、豊臣秀吉が建てた祥雲禅寺を下賜され、改めて五百仏頂山根来寺智積院として智山の基礎を確立した。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was appointed as gon no sojo (a high ranking priest, next to a sojo) in August, 1617, retired from the position of noge in the winter of 1631, and passed away in January 1, 1641 at the age of 85.",
"ja": "元和3年（1617年）8月に権僧正に任ぜられ、寛永8年（1631年）冬に能化職を隠退し、寛永17年11月20日、85歳で寂す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shukyu BANRI (October 26, 1428 - ?) was a Zen priest and kajin (waka poet) in the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "万里集九（ばんりしゅうく、1428年10月17日（正長元年9月9日(旧暦)）-没年不詳）は、室町時代の禅僧、歌人である。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was from the Hayami clan in Omi Province.",
"ja": "近江国の速水氏の出自。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was born in Omi Province.",
"ja": "近江国に生まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He became a priest at Yomeiin, Tofuku-ji Temple of the Rinzai Sect in Kyoto, conducted ascetic practices at Unchoin of Shokoku-ji Temple in Kyoto, and studied under Daikei Sokai.",
"ja": "京都の臨済宗東福寺永明院で僧となり、京都相国寺雲頂院で修行、大圭宗价に師事する。"
}
|
{
"en": "He also attended lectures given at Kennin-ji Temple and Nanzen-ji Temple and studied under Shinzui KIKEI of Inryoken Household.",
"ja": "建仁寺や南禅寺の講席、蔭涼軒季瓊真蘂にも師事する。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Shokoku-ji Temple was burned down in the Onin war, which started in 1467, Shukyu left the capital for Omi and then other places.",
"ja": "1467年からの応仁の乱で相国寺が焼失すると都を離れ、近江などへ移る。"
}
|
{
"en": "He returned to secular life in the country and, in 1471, moved to Mino Province, where he formed a companionship with Myochin SAITO.",
"ja": "地方で還俗し、1471年には美濃国に住み、斎藤妙椿とも交友。"
}
|
{
"en": "Then, Shukyu moved to Owari Province and Mikawa Province and in 1485 he was invited to stay at Edo-jo Castle by Dokan OTA.",
"ja": "その後は尾張国、三河国へ移り、1485年には太田道灌に招かれて江戸城に滞在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Dokan was assassinated by Sadamasa UESUGI in 1486, Shukyu was forced by Sadamasa to stay at Edo-jo Castle for a while.",
"ja": "1486年に道灌が上杉定正に暗殺されると、しばらくは定正に留められる。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, later Shukyu visited Dokan's son, Sukeyasu OTA, who was purged from the castle by Sadamasa.",
"ja": "後に定正に追われた道灌の子太田資康を見舞っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "His literary works included \"Joshokenki\" (literally, records at Joshoken Keep), \"Anthology Baika Mujinzo,\" a collection of Chinese poems about his travels to Togoku (seven volumes and it is said to have been completed in 1506).",
"ja": "著作に『静勝軒記』、漢詩文集の東国旅行記『梅花無尽蔵』(7巻、永正3年（1506年）完成と言われる)など。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo (832 - July 30, 909) was a Shingon Sect priest in the early Heian period.",
"ja": "聖宝（しょうぼう、天長9年(832年)-延喜9年7月6日(旧暦)(909年8月29日)）は、平安時代初期の真言宗の僧。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was the founder of the mountaineering asceticism of Tozan School.",
"ja": "当山派修験道の祖。"
}
|
{
"en": "His secular name was Prince Tsunekage.",
"ja": "俗名は恒蔭王。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was a sixth generation-descendent of the Emperor Tenchi and his father was Prince Kadona.",
"ja": "天智天皇の6世孫にあたり、父は葛声王（かどなおう）という。"
}
|
{
"en": "His shigo (a posthumous name) was Rigen Daishi.",
"ja": "諡号は理源大師。"
}
|
{
"en": "He studied under Shinga, Kukai's biological brother.",
"ja": "空海の実弟真雅の室に入る。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo studied the doctrine of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism (Shingon Sect), traveling to Nanto (southern capital (Nara)) to study the doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism (Sanron Sect, Hosso Sect and Kegon Sect).",
"ja": "真言密教（真言宗）の教学を学び、南都に遊学して大乗教学（三論宗・法相宗・華厳宗）を修めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "While his mentor, Shinga had importance for intercommunion with aristocratic society, Shobo kept himself detached from the society.",
"ja": "貴顕社会との交流を重視した師真雅に対して、華美や権勢と一定の距離を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was known to live a clean life and have a faultless and doubtless character.",
"ja": "清廉潔白・豪胆な人柄として知られた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The differences even suggested that there was a conflict between Shinga and himself.",
"ja": "この点から真雅との確執すらも言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo's following activities were thought to form a marked contrast to Shinga's behavior: Shobo conducted mountain ascetic practices on Mt. Kinpu in Yoshino, and, by adoring EN no Gyoja (A semi-legendary holy man noted for his practice of mountain asceticism during the second half of the 7 century) in his heart, revived the mountaineering asceticism training in Mt. Omine, which was thought to have been abandoned after the disappearance of EN no Gyoja.",
"ja": "吉野の金峰山（きんぷせん）で山岳修行を行い、また役行者に私淑して、以降途絶えていた修験道、即ち大峯山での修験道修行を復興したことで、真雅の活動と好対照とされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo received Jumyo Kanjo (a water rite to be a disciple) and Muryoju-ho (teachings of Sutra of Immeasurable Life) from Shinga.",
"ja": "真雅からは受明灌頂と無量寿法を受法。"
}
|
{
"en": "After his mentor's death, he climbed up Mt. Koya at the age of 49, and received a secret art of both the vajra (the Diamond Realm) and garbha (the Womb Realm) mandalas from Shinzen, Shinga's disciple.",
"ja": "師の死後、49歳で高野山に上がり、真雅の資（弟子）真然から金胎両部の秘法を受けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He received denpo-kanjo (the consecration for the Transmission of the Dharma) from Gennin of Nanchiin of To-ji Temple at the age of 53, was given the position of Ajari (a master in Esoteric Buddhism; a high priest) to became the head of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism succeeding Kukai at the age of 56.",
"ja": "53歳で東寺南池院源仁から伝法灌頂を受け、56歳で阿闍梨位を得て、空海以来の真言密教正嫡となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo founded Daigo-ji Temple in Yamashina, Kyoto (present day, Yamashina, Fushimi-ku Ward).",
"ja": "京都山科の地（現在の伏見区山科）に醍醐寺を開山した。"
}
|
{
"en": "He also made a base of San-lun (Three Shastras) Teachings by establishing Tonanin Temple in Todai-ji Temple, which should not be overlooked by the two following viewpoints; Shobo's high evaluation of Chugan (Intermediate) or Hannya-ku (the truth that nothing is substantial, void, taught in the Heart Sutra) and Kukai's adjusting ceremonies to Shingon Esoteric Buddhism at major temples at Nanto.",
"ja": "一方で東大寺に東南院を建立して三論教学の拠点を築いたが、これは聖宝の中観／般若空重視の態度という観点からだけではなく、宗祖空海によって実施された南都大寺における儀礼の真言密教化という観点からも見落とすべきではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shingon Esoteric Buddhism itself developed based on the doctrine of the Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka Sutra).",
"ja": "そもそも真言教学それ自体は、華厳経の教説を基盤として展開するものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "In other words, from the fact that the Kegon (a thought of virtues are correctly provided due to trainings and performing acts of charity) doctrine was placed not as the eighth (Tendai Hokke) but as the ninth Jushin (stages of Mind Development) in Himitsu Mandala Jujushinron (Ten Abiding Stages on the Secret Mandalas), Juju taimo (endlessly interconnected net of Indra) (unobstructed) of Sokushin Jobutsu gi (Principle of Attaining Buddhahood with the Present Body) can be thought to have developed into a theoretical foundation of practical code based on the philosophy which symbolized the Kegon doctrine of Ichi-soku-ta and Ta-soku-ichi (one is equal to many, many to one).",
"ja": "言い換えると、華厳教学が秘密曼荼羅十住心論において第八（天台法華）ではなく第九住心に配置された意味を併せて考えれば、即身成仏義の重重帝網（無碍）が、一即多・多即一という華厳教学を象徴的にする哲理を重要な基礎として、実践作法の理論的基礎に展開したものとして見ることできるからである。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is very meaningful that Vairocana, who had been considered a silent existence, described as \"this world is Buddha's body (rokudai),\"declared that he, himself would preach.",
"ja": "『この世界は仏の身体である（六大）』として、沈黙する存在としてばかり考えられていたビルシャナ仏が自ら説法すると宣言した意味は大きいのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Esoteric Buddhism faith, which puts strong emphasis on measures, moving from theory to practice should be approved from the viewpoint of Mahayana Buddhism prosperity.",
"ja": "方便を極めて重要視する密教信仰において、理論から実践への橋渡しをすることは、大乗仏教興隆の観点からも大きく肯定されるべきものとなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It should be interpreted that because of the idea, Shobo, recognizing that he was in a direct line of Kukai, the founder, promoted activities at Todai-ji Temple.",
"ja": "この点に聖宝が宗祖空海の直系を自覚して、東大寺における活動を推進した根本義が表れていると見るべきである。"
}
|
{
"en": "It should be noted that Mandala, itself, is based on the Kegon-kyo doctrine, \"the integral of Fugen Bosatsu's trainings.\"",
"ja": "また曼荼羅それ自体が、華厳経の教説『普賢菩薩の行の総体』を基盤としていることにも注意すべきであろう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobo served as betto (steward) of Kegon Sect of Todai-ji Temple and To-ji choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), and so on, and studied both Exoteric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism.",
"ja": "その後も東大寺華厳宗の別当職、東寺長者等を務め、顕密両教の研鑽に努めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ningai, the founder of the Ono School of Tomitsu (Shingon Sect's esoteric teaching), established Mandala-ji Temple at Ono, Yamashina and founded the base for Esoteric Buddhism's practice, and Kancho, younger than Yakushin, who received the kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) from Emperor Uda at Omuro-Ninna-ji Temple, founded the Hirosawa School of Tomitsu and established Hensho-ji Temple along the shores of Hirosawa-no-ike Pond, and others are thought to have been successors in practical training and contrasted with Shobo, however, it should be interpreted that Shobo as well as the Hirosawa School of Yakushin made important foundations in Shingon-ji Saho Bunryu (branch schools in manners of Shingon Sect), which was later called Yataku Sanjuroku-ryu (thirty-six schools of yataku (Ono School and Hirosawa School)).",
"ja": "一方、山科小野の地に曼荼羅寺を建立して密教修行の活動拠点を築いた東密小野流の開祖／仁海、御室仁和寺で宇多天皇に灌頂を授けた益信の後進にして、広沢池ほとりに遍照寺を建立した東密広沢流の開祖／寛朝らが事相面の法孫として対照されるが、広沢流／益信とともに、後世野沢三十六流と呼ばれる真言事作法分流における重要な基点を創った法匠として捉える。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was recorded that Shobo admired both Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion) and Juntei Kannon, ran rites and festivals for them at Mt. Kasatori, also known as Kami Daigo, and prayed for the births of the Emperors Suzaku and Murakami.",
"ja": "聖宝は如意輪観音・准胝観音の両観音を尊崇して上醍醐笠取山上に祭祀し、朱雀天皇・村上天皇両帝の誕生を祈ったことが記録される。"
}
|
{
"en": "The belief was also traditionally maintained that Nyoirin Kannon was the incarnation of Seiryo Gongen (A protective god associated with the Chinese temple Ch'ing-lung), who accompanied Kukai when he came back to Japan.",
"ja": "同時に如意輪観音には、空海が帰朝する際に付き従った清滝権現（清瀧権現）（せいりょうごんげん）の化身であるとの信仰が護持伝承されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kangen, the first zasu (head priest) of Daigo-ji Temple, was considered to be Shobo's legal child, who accompanied by Junyu, his disciple, dedicated Kobo Daishi-go title to Oku no in (inner sanctuary) on Mt. Koya, and intended for the prosperity of the post-Kukai Shingon organization.",
"ja": "正嫡には、弘法大師号を弟子淳祐(僧)を伴い高野山奥の院に奉告し、空海後の真言宗団の組織興隆化を図った醍醐寺第一世座主観賢とする。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) in Tozan School, which Shobo was founded, is thought to demonstrate profound preaching by Dainichi Nyorai with Funi Ichijo (most important of the Shingon principles which states to climb the mountain of Ichijo (truth), Mt. Omine, and pray for obtaining the body of funi (a thought that Ri (the innate reason) and Chi (knowledge) are non-two)), which was expressed through \"Shugen Ein So Mandala\" (literally, mandala of Shugendo under the teaching of Ein (Dainichi Nyorai's most secret teachings)).",
"ja": "聖宝を祖とする当山派修験道においては、一方で『修験恵印総漫拏羅』を通じて表現された不二一乗の世界観をもって大日如来による秘奥の説法を示すものとする。"
}
|
{
"en": "Generally speaking, it is known that the preaching of Dainichi Nyorai should be developed and grasped through both the vajra (the Diamond Realm) and garbha (the Womb Realm) mandalas, whether in so-called \"dai (Great Mandala) (hoshin (Buddhism's highest form of existence) Dainichi), san (sanmaya mandala) (imitsu (mystery of mind)), ho (Buddhist Law Mandala) (kumitsu (esoteric speech)), katsu (katsuma mandala (action mandala)) (shinmitsu (bodily mystery))\" panorama, which are related with Ri and Chi of Esoteric Buddhism world, or in both a pluralistic perspective including rokudai (six great elements; that is Dainichi Nyorai) (tai (body)), shiman (four mandala) (so (match)), sanmitsu (three mysteries) (yu (function)), and a general perspective of Juju taimo (unobstructed) (Sokushin Jobutsu gi), but in the viewpoint of mountaineering asceticism, the Japanese animistic belief in holy spirit, it should be noted that Shobo, at this time, exhibited the Ri and the Chi in a monastic way.",
"ja": "一般に真言密教においては、金胎両部の曼荼羅を通じて、密教宇宙の理と智に係わるそれぞれの所謂『大（法身大日）・三（意密）・法（口密）・羯（身密）』パノラマで、或いは六大（体）・四曼（相）・三密（用）などの多元的な視点と、重重帝網（無碍）という統合的視点から大日如来の教えを展開／把握することが知られるが（即身成仏義）、聖宝においてはこの時代において理と智を一元論的な手法をオモテにして示していることは、修験道という日本的アニミスティック神霊信仰の点から注目される。"
}
|
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